The Missionary Review of the World — December 1934

1934

Ancient Persia Goes Modern H. A. Lichtwardt Present-Day Shinto in Japan Albertus Pieters Present Value of Medical Missions Nathaniel Bercovitz Evangelization … in This Generation Kenneth Scott Latourette The Second Coming of Christ Henry W. Frost Go, Preach the Good News James H. Nicol

to Remember ABSOLUTELY FREE!

December 4-7-Federal Council of A CHRISTMAS GIFT EVERY MONTH FOR YOURSELF the Churches of Christ in America, AND A WORTHWHILE GIFT TO A FRIEND Biennial Meeting, Dayton, Ohio. God so loved the world that He gave His Son December 9-Universal Bible Sunday. Christ so loved mankind that He gave His life January 6-12-Universal Week of Millions of men and women have never even heard of this gift Prayer. of love. As a result they have not the benefits of this gift. What are you doing to make God's gift known? January 22 – February 16 – Cornell School for Missionaries, Cornell, Scripture Text Calendar, 1935 THE MISSIONARY N.Y. ~~W>RID FLORIDA CHAIN OF MISSIONARY Size of Calendar, 9% xl6 inches Makes known, month by ASSEMBLIES month, the need of men. FEATURES-This nationally ad- January 26-30-0rlando. vertised Messenger Scripture Text Cal- It describes January 27-30-Deland. endar has thirteen full-color copies of The wonderful work of God in January 30-February 1-Palm Beaches religious paintings of suitable size for February 2-7-Miami. framing. Brief stories of the, pictures. all parts of the world. February 7-8-Bradenton. Daily Scripture quotations. Schedule Carried on by all evangelical February 7-8-Fort Myers. showing how to read the Bible through February 9-15-St. Petersburg. in a year. Golden Texts for Interna- agencies. February 10-13—Clearwater. tional Sunday School lessons. Flower The spread of the Gospel in all February 13-1S-Tampa. and birthstone of each month. Pre- February 17-19-Lakeland. ceding and following month on each lands. February 17-19-Winter Haven. page. Phases of the moon, tides, holi- The transformation of men in February 19-21-Gainesville. days, etc. Value, 30 cents each. February 23-26—Jacksonville. all lands. The modern Miracles of Mis- To Rid Ohina of Leprosy SIons. Rev. T. C. Wu, M.A., B.D., the general secretary of the Chinese Mission Why not send THE REVIEW to Lepers, reports that he has found to your Friends-to some pas- Kwantung and Fukien Provinces to tor, missionary, parent, teacher? be most heavily infected with leprosy; It will bring the Christ Message Yunnan, Kwangsi and Kweichow are every month. This message second; Anwhei, Hupeh, Hunan and brings joy-peace-life. Kiansi third; Shantung fourth; Kiangsu and Chekiang fifth; and Shensi, Will you give as God has Kansu, and Manchuria with lesser given to you-FREELY? numbers. The total of China's lepers is estimated to be at least half a mil- CHRISTMAS CARD BOX ASSORTMENT lion. This gift box contains sixteen beautiful cards Mr. Wu's tours throughout China and folders, each with a Christmas sentiment, have resulted in the formation of engraved Bible text and an envelope to match. many local auxiliaries, and in the Every Scripture text card you mail will bear a establishment of leper hospitals at Christian greeting. The quality and variety of strategic centers. One of these, the both message and design found in our cards are Nanchang Leprosarium, was the first most attractive. They are produced by one of to be built solely through the efforts the finest art lithograph houses in America. of the Chinese. A campaign has been Value, 50 cents. conducted, under Mr. Wu's leadership, to have leprosy prevention informa- NOTIFICATION CARD tion presented to the public through posters, pamphlets, and text books. If desired, with every Christmas gift subscrip- The Nationalist Government was led tion we will send free one of our beautiful notification cards, size 5!4 x3!4 to enact suitable leprosy legislation inches, in colors. and to include "ridding China of leprosy" in its public health program. With every SUbscription we offer to send you FREE either The first National Leprosy Conference a box of assorted Christmas cards or two Scripture Text ever held in China was another proj- Calendars. ect of the Chinese Mission to Lepers whose latest step has been the spon- Send in your list of Christmas gift subscriptions today. We will send THE soring of a campaign to build a model MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD and Notification Card in time to National Leprosarium in Shanghai, reach their destination for Christmas, and your premium selection to you promptly. as a treatment center for Shanghai's estimated 2,000 lepers and as a dem- Subscription price, United States and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $J. onstration center' for the training of nurses and doctors in the care of Subscription Department leprosy. MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD Mr. Wu was educated at Shanghai Baptist College, and has also studied Third and Reily Streets, Harrisburg, Pa. in America at Rochester Theological Seminary, at Columbia University and THIS OFFER IS ONLY GOOD UNTIL DECEMBER 25, 1934 Chicago. Returning to China in 1919, he' founded and became pastor of the • North Shanghai Baptist Church, resigning this post to assist in organizing the movement which has given China a place of leadership and influence among the nations seeking to banish leprosy from the world.

MISSIONARY Personal

REVIEW OF THE WORLD Dr. William B. Millar, former gen- • DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor eral secretary of the New York Fed- eration of Churches, has been made with SPEED VOL. LVII DEC. 1934 No. 12 secretary of the Motion Picture Foun- COMFORT dation of the United States, recently ECONOMY Publication and Business Omce organized. The Foundation will com- Third a.nd Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. bat undesirable motion pictures by EmpresJ ofJapan . .. queen of the Pacifi~ supporting or actually subsidizing GO DIRECT … reach Yokohama in Editorial and Executive Omee good pictures, giving financial aid to 10 days on the fast sister-ships, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City independent producers of motion pic- Empress ofRflSjia and Empress ofAsia Entered as second-olass matter at tures who show a high moral tone. … the Pacific's shortest, fastest Post Omee, Ha.rrlsburg, Pa., under Act crossing. of March 3, 1879. *** OR VIA HONOLULU •.• the Empress oj 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. Japan (fastest liner on the Pacific) Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. Rev. Ren Da Ling, graduate of the and Empress ofCanada reach Hono- Published monthly, except August. Baptist Seminary, University of lulu in 5 days, Yokohamainjust8 All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1934. Shanghai, is the first pioneer mission- days more. ary to enter the land of Mongolia un- REDUCED ROUND -TRIP FARES ••• MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- der support of the Chinese Home Orient fares include passage from LISHING CO., INC. Missionary Society. He is supported Seattle. Luxurious First, excellent entirely by Chinese Christians. Tourist, low-priced Third Class. BOARD OF DIRECTORS FREQUENT SAILINGS ••• from Van· RoBERT E. SPEER, President *** couver (trains to ship-side) and WM. 1. CHAMBERLAIN, Vloe-Presldent Victoria. Orient ports-of-calI: WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer Dr. John W. Bradbury has resigned Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Seoretary his pastorate of the Wadsworth Ave- Shanghai, Hong Kong, Manila. SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT nue Baptist Church, New York City, Booklets, information . .. from your MR8. ORRIN R. JUDD to join the editorial staff of the own travel agent or any Canadian WM. B. LIPPHARD Watchman-Examiner. Dr. Bradbury Pacific office in N ewYork, Boston, ERIC M. NORTH is widely known through his writing Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco, MILTON T. STAUFFER and preaching. Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, A. L. WARN8HUIS Winnipeg, and many other cities SAMUEL M. ZWEMER *** in United States and Canada.

Editorial Chat The Rev. Harold H. Kelley, of Los Angeles, has been appointed superin- The Editor and the Directors of tendent of the Seamen's Church In- THE REVIEW heartily wish our read- stitute of New York. He succeeds the ers, and missionary-minded Christians late Rev. A. R. Mansfield. everywhere, a most Joyous Christmas and blessed. New Year. The only *** reason for the existence of THE RE- VIEW is the great Advent that we com- The Rt. Rev. Derwyn T. Owen, memorate at Christmas time. Christ D.D., Bishop of Toronto, has been is also the only hope for a truly elected Primate of All Canada, suc~ Happy New Year in any heart and in ceeding the Most Rev. C. L. Worrell, any part of the world. Archbishop of Nova Scotia, who re- cently died in Halifax. *** *** The coming year will be full of problems, and of opportunities, as is Dr. Alexander Hodge, of London, a true of years that are passed. One of these problems you can help solve graduate of Spurgeon College, has if you will take the opportunity to speak a good word for THE REVIEW been installed as pastor of the Baptist and the work for which we live and labor, and will do what you can to Tabernacle, Auckland, New Zealand, increase the number of subscribers. Help us to circulate our special num- where he suceeds the late Rev. Joseph bers and to promote interest in missions by leading others to read THE W. Kemp. He is regarded as one of REVIEW. If what readers say is any criterion, both you and they will be the most promising younger Christian gratified over the result. scholars and evangelical ministers of Here is a quotation from a recent letter: the conservative British Baptists. The Auckland Tabernacle is one of the '.'We are always glad to push the strongest churches in New Zealand sale of the MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD and at our National Con- and has connected with it an excellent vention I shall be glad to have extra Bible Training School for Christian copies and call attention to them by a special poster. We always list the Workers. special numbers in our monthly magazine in connection with Mission *** Study material. We also recommend them in our monthly program. Dr. Robert R. Moton, for nineteen "It is always a pleasure to us to years principal of Tuskegee Institute, forward the interests of the REVIEW, is resigning from that important powhich we feel is indispensable to our sition. Dr. Moton is 68 years of age work." and will retire May 1, 1935. He has MRS WYTHE F. MOREHEAD, Executive Secretary, Literature been called the "Elder Statesman" of 12,000,000 American Negroes. After Committee, Woman's Mission- 25 years at Hampton Institute he was ary Society, The United Lu- theran Church in America, called to succeed Booker T. Washing- Philadelphia. Pa. ton at Tuskegee in 1916.

*** Miss Michi Kawai, author of "Jap- anese Women Speak," is filling speak- ing engagements in the Middle West and in December will be on the Pa- cific Coast. She sails for Japan about Christmas time.

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TIlliE-HONORED BURDEN-BEARERS OF PERSIAN

lIOOERN CARS AND AUTO-BUSSES SPEED UP LIFE IN TEHERAN OLD AND NEW METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION IN PERSIA

NARY

REVIB ORLD VOLUME LVII AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER TWELVE DECEMBER, 1934 Tapies of the Times CHRISTMAS AND THE CHRISTIAN Jesus himself proclaimed that He "came into Can a Christian be uncooperative in Christian the world to save sinners." History makes clear missionary work? That many who profess to be that men of all nations have made shipwreck of Christians are not missionary minded is self-evi- their lives. They have broken God's laws and as dent. They do not even claim to be interested. a result their lives have been destined for the The same anomoly applies to Christmas. Many scrap heap. They are like automobiles that have who celebrate the coming of Christ into the world failed to fulfill the purpose of the Maker so that seem to have no real interest in the work He came they need to be remade-to be saved-if they are to do. They join in the annual celebration but that again to function properly. is all. This is true in lands where Christ is generally know'll and widely acknowledged, as well as All that Jesus did on earth was done for the in nonchristian lands. In India, China and Japan, purpose of "saving the lost"; men who had lost and even among Moslems, one sees Christmas the way in the world; had lost their contact with decorations and festivals and the exchange of God; had lost their power and purpose. To seek· gifts. But the promotion of the Christmas spirit and to save men Jesus Christ came to reveal God is too often for social and commercial reasons and to men-in the fulness of His love and power. is not based on any desire to commemorate the He came to redeem men who were slaves of sin birth of Jesus Christ. Nevertheless the prevailing and under penalty for broken laws. He came to spirit of joy, of unselfish thought of others, and a show what men are intended to be and may bedesire to spread peace and goodwill among men come in the purpose of God. He came to make of all ages and classes and races, is something to clear that life on earth is but thEt threshold of a be fostered and promoted even though it fails to larger life, the school in which to prepare us for express the heart of the Christmas message. "God eternal life with God. is love . . . . . . if we love one another, God dwells in us and His love is perfected in us." Jesus came to bring joy to men, but it is the joy that follows release from bondage, the experience But the meaning of Christmas and the heart of of full fellowship with one another and harmony the Christmas message is not revealed in the spir- with God. Jesus Christ completed His work-the it of friendly joy and good fellowship, nor in the work of revelation and redemption-but He left giving and receiving of presents that bring pleas- His followers to complete the work of making ure to the recipient and profit to the tradesman. known the "Good News" to others. The heart of the Christmas message is the "Good News" that Jesus Christ brought when He came Nineteen hundred years ago He commissioned into the world over nineteen hundred years ago. us to carry the Christmas message, the Gospel, by word and life, into all the world; and yet today at least two-thirds of mankind have no clear knowledge of this Gospel. Too often the deeds of How then can anyone truly celebrate Christmas professing Christians have shouted so loud that and at the same time fail to be vitally interested the world cannot hear what our lips testify of in Christian missions? We enjoy Christmas mu- Christ. While the Christmas spirit of giving and sic; we give Christmas presents; we join in love is expressed by gifts and songs, does ;not the Christmas festivals and listen to Christmas mes- anti-Christmas spirit prevail through the year- sages-but what are we doing to complete the the spirit of selfish getting and indifference to the work which Christ Jesus came to do and which temporal and eternal welfare of our fellowmen He has entrusted to those who believe in Him? and women?

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Christmas celebrations are a mockery unless in these sufferers and to stir up governments to they are dominated by the spirit of Christ. This make adequate provision for them and the study spirit of One who gave Himself is best expressed of their disease; (4) to promote steps to rid the by giving ourselves to His service for the redemp- world of leprosy-by prevention, segregation, the tion of our fellow men, to carry out the purpose proper care and medical treatment of lepers, and and program of Christ. Can anyone be a true through a scientific study of the disease. Christian and be lacking in missionary mindedness? Those who would truly celebrate Christmas The problem is as yet far from solved. Much and show the Christmas spirit will feel no indif- has been learned about leprosy; thousands of sufference to the needs of men and progress of Chris- ferers have been comfortably housed; good food tian missions. "Let this mind be in you which and medical treatment have lessened their sufferwas also in Christ Jesus," who, "being rich, for ing; many have been discharged as cured or the our sakes became poor that we through His pov- disease arrested. Homes for untainted children erty might become rich." of lepers have been founded and the coming gen- eration have thus been saved from contamination. THE MISSION TO LEPERS More than this, healthful occupations, have been provided; hope has been given them and thou- One of the most unique and Christ-like pieces sands, who have come to know Christ as their of mission work in the world is The Mission to Saviour, have experienced the joy of new life in Lepers which celebrated this year its diamond Him. The only happy lepers in the world live in jubilee. It was founded sixty years ago in a draw- these mission homes where the love of Christ preing room near Dublin, Ireland, by Wellesley C. vails. Bailey. Thirty-seven years later the American branch of the Mission was organized and was in- But the vast undone overshadows the work accorporated in 1920 as The American Mission to complished. The American Mission to Lepers is Lepers. Christians have long been interested in carrying a large share of the work-in China, lepers; .for centuries isolated missionaries, like Japan, Korea, Siam, the Philippines, India, Per- Father Damien and Francis of Assisi, have sia, Africa and Latin America. The British Comworked among them here and there, but never, mittee is responsible for the work in India and until Mr. Bailey had it laid upon his heart, was Burma, Palestine and Syria. It is an interdenomany systematic effort made to interest people in inational work in which the Mission builds the the whole world problem, and to minister to their hospitals and supplies funds for running expenses needs wherever these sufferers are found. while the denominational boards support their own missionary workers who superintend the hos- Wellesley Bailey was a missionary in India and pitals. The need is great. was deeply impressed with the sufferings of lepers and their neglected condition. He was convinced The reports given at the recent annual meeting that the love of Christ must constrain His follow- of the American Mission show that this Christers to seek to obey His command: "Cleanse the like work has been wonderfully blessed. Christlepers" both physically and spiritually. mas is a great time for lepers and gifts of extra food and clothing have brought joy to hundreds Sixty years ago there was very little being done under Christian care in all parts of the world. In for the 2,000,000 or more lepers of the world, cleansing the lepers, physically and spiritually, we scattered over Asia, Africa, South America and minister not only to them but to ourselves and to the Islands of the Sea. Today as an outgrowth of Christ.* Mr. Bailey's work there are some 180 leper hospitals and settlements at which lepers are cared A REMARKABLE MASS MOVEMENT for by Protestant mission workers of many denominations in forty-four countries. These mis- Dansk Missionsblad calls attention to a remarksions are helping about 11,000 (not including able movement which suddenly and unexpectedly government institutions) lepers out of the 2,000,- has created problems that may prove to be of far 000 sufferers from this disease in all lands. Mr. reaching importance. Several thousand former Bailey still lives in Great Britain at the age of Roman Catholics of the lower classes have come eighty-eight and has the rare privilege of seeing to ask for reception into the Lutheran Church. the work which he started, under the guidance of God, extending its Christlike ministry in all parts In the Trichinopoly and Tanjore there are large of the world where lepers are found. areas where the Catholic influence is so great that in some places, where there are no evangelical The fourfold purpose of the mission is (1) to Christians at all, there are thousands of Roman minister to the physical needs of lepers; (2) to Catholics. Among them the caste question seems proclaim to them the Gospel of Christ and min- to loom large, the upper classes being privileged, ister to their spiritual life ; (3) to awaken interest • Gifts may be sent to the American Mission to Lepers, Inc., Flem- Ing H. Revell, Treas., 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. Dr. William J. Scheffelin is President and William M. Danner, General Secretary.

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

having beautiful churches and other advantages State interference. The Socialistic state believes setting them above the lower castes. Great oppo- in a totalitarian State with the State dominant sition has made itself felt among the lower castes, and no interference by the Church in politics, edu- especially under the influence of the Self-respect cation or business. Formerly in Roman Catholic Movement which has been stirring up the people and Moslem countries it was a question of liberty with promises of social equality and similar ad- or the dictatorship of the Church; today in many vantages. Under the agitations of agents three lands the conflict is between liberty and State dic- year:s ago many thousands of people left the Ro- tatorship. In Mexico any property used for edu- man Church without seeking affiliation with any cational purposes reverts to the State. It is ru- other. Their hopes were far from being realized mored that all Roman Catholic churches may be and since the Indian soul is essentially religious, closed as a result of the present dispute. Under and these people have lost confidence in the Ro- the Mexican constitution any Mexican receiving man Church they are turning in great numbers to appointment or commission from a foreign power the Lutherans. In a meeting which was said to (and the Pope is such) loses his nationality-and represent 30,000 people, they resolved formally to therefore priests of Rome, engaged in propaganda, turn to the great Tamil Church and the Leipzig are subject to expUlsion.

Mission which stands back of it. We cannot ignore the fact that the .Roman A commission, composed of Missionaries Fryk- Catholic Church, which was dominant in Mexico holm and Wangsjo of the Swedish Mission and for so many years, failed to educate or uplift the Dr. Grafe from the old Leipzig Mission, traveled people economically or socially. After four hun- all over the affected area and their report of the dred years of the monoply of education, 85% of investigations was recently published in Svenska the people were in dire poverty. In the fourteen Kyrkans Missionstidning. The commission was years since the State has taken over responsibility everywhere received in large gatherings and with for education, illiteracy has reduced to 35% and much ceremony. Their Indian speakers expressed economic and social conditions have been greatly their intentions of joining the Lutheran Church improved. The question now is-To what will and assured the commission that the spiritual the people be educated? Will they use their knowl- urge was the most important motive. They em- edge for the benefit of the whole country and will phasized the fact that great difficulties would at- there be liberty to worship God and to teach the tend their return to the Roman Church and that rising generation to know, to worship and to serve they expected no material benefits from joining Him. The Protestants of Mexico do not object to the Lutherans. the State control of education, provided that the While some of the motives do not seem entirely State does not prohibit or limit religious education clear and in several meetings representatives of and the worship of God as He is revealed in Jesus the Self-respect Movement seemed to be among Christ.

the prominent speakers, the commission was per- suaded that the movement deserves earnest con- PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL PROGRESS sideration.-C. Theodore Benze. This body of evangelical Christians, that has CHURCH AND STATE IN MEXICO recently held its General Convention in Atlantic City (October 10 to 20), voted to retain the name Now the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house Protestant. Thus they continue to link them- of the Mexican Government, has unanimously selves with those who have "protested" against voted to deport all Roman Catholic bishops and the abuses of the Papacy, while they continue also archbishops from Mexico on the ground that they to claim that they have always been truly "Cath- have engaged in subversive propaganda. This ac- olic."

tion is in line with the policy to exclude religious The convention in the great auditorium some- teaching from all schools so that the Government times numbered over 30,000 people including over can have full control of the education of the peo- one hUlidred bishops and a choir of nearly one ple. The archbishops and bishops are fighting thousand voices. The convention was dramatic against communistic or socialistic teaching l;tnd and even sensational at many points. On October thus the Church is considered an enemy of the 14th there was a "youth demonstration" when a State, which is endeavoring to control the press, seemingly endless line of hundreds of young peo- the schools, the industries, and the government. ple from six to sixteen years of age from all over The Roman Catholic Church believes in a union of the land, filed into the hall and listened to a stir- Church and State, with the Church dominant. ring address by Bishop James E. Freeman, of Protestants believe in the separation of Church Washington.

and State with the Church free to promote the re- The formal presentation of the United Thank ligious and spiritual life of the people without Offering, contributed by the women during the

past three years, was taken up by 150 members State, the new Reich Church proposes to provide of the Girls' Friendly Society at the corporate Nazidom with an alliance of Christianity with communion service of the women. The total Nationalism and Socialism on a cooperative basis.

amount of the offering was announced as $807,- This has led to the clash between "German Chris- 747.87. tians" and the conservative Evangelical Chris- At a joint session of bishops and deputies, the tians.

Presiding Bishop emphasized the fact that mis- Roman Catholics have been invited to join the sionary work is the chief business of the church, new Reich Church, but they have refused to let saying: their Church be used to further the ends of the "Weare here as Christian men and women to Nazi State. Some Protestants, on the other hand, perform the chief work which Jesus Christ has have cooperated with the State. The present con- committed to us. The whole membership of the flict is between German Christians who approve, church is embraced in the Domestic and Foreign and those who oppose this surrender.

Missionary Society. Tlle foundation stone of In spite of official optimism, the experiment with faith is loyalty of the individual to His Lord. the Church is not showing signs of a successful "Missionary work is the work of carrying out result. Some think that under the Reichsbishop the mission of our Lord Jesus Christ to the world. the Protestant Churches would eventually become This work is seriously hampered and endangered Free Churches, as in America, while others pre- by lack of support. Vacancies in the field cannot dict a more complete domination of the Church by be filled; volunteers for service must be turned the State. The situation may grow worse before away and work on the mission field must be a final settlement is reached.

closed." Current national problems affect all religious as This is true both at home and abroad. America well as political thinking and give color to the must not be allowed to become pagan. There is idea that "Germany needs her own type of Chris- need for vision, for courage and for self-sacrifice tianity." The widespread enlistment of the youth, in loyalty to Christ. A deficit of $529,804 was the unemployed, and the able-bodied men and reported in the missionary treasury. At the mis- women in the regimented political organizations sionary mass meeting, a young man knelt at the of the Nazi Party tend to popularize the slogan, altar and then made an inspiring appeal for a "One People, One Nation, One Church."

truly sacrificial offering. Only $5,000 had been The enthusiasm that has marked the political received from over 25,000 people. He pleaded that revival under Adolph Hitler was brought into the those who really cared would reach into their church by men who have banded themselves to- pockets and bring a ten-dollar bill or whatever gether and, according to Hitler's wish, called them- they could to the steps of the altar and lay it there selves 'German Christians.''' These men, led by with a prayer for the mission of the church. He Hossenfelder and Ludwig Mueller, a former naval led the way to the steps and, kneeling there alone, chaplain, resolved to reorganize the "church of placed the first offering. There was a breathless the people." From the start there was no clear moment of surprise, and then the Holy Spirit distinction between religion and politics.

moved that great gathering and they began to It is too early to judge the controversy object. come forward-at first by twos and threes, and ively. There will be a fight to the finish unless a then by hundreds and thousands until the mis- great Reformer appears to bring unity out of the sionary bishops had to act as ushers to guide the present division. The press is muzzled and men vast crowds. There were tears in many eyes, as learn little of what is going on; they see effects men and women old and young, bishops, priests without knowing their cause. The bad effects of the and laity, surged forward and placed $7,916 more struggle have cast a blighting shadow on the spiron the altar. itual health of the nation. The removal of 800 * GERMAN PROTESTANTS PROTEST clergy from office by the Reichsbishop belies the claim of liberty of conscience or of speech. The Protestantism in Germany is in a crucial state dissolution of the Protestant youth organizations in a great experiment. The Hitler Government and their merging into the Hitler Youth deprives has attempted to merge Lutheran, Reformed and the Church of its former influence on the younger Prussian Unionist churches into a new National generation. Nazi thought welcomes the help of the German Church. Protestants the world over have Church but does not protect it from the aggressive been anxiously waiting to see what will happen. so-called new heathenism and its unchristian standards of morality. The Aryan paragraph pro- Organized on the same principle of leadership motes racial discrimination and thwarts the uni- -the "Fuehrerprinzip"-that underlies the Nazi versality of the Gospel.

* This account of conditions In Germany Is written by a Lutheran C. THEODORE BACHMANN.

theological student w'ho spent the past summer In Germany.

PERSIAN PULLMAN CARS). ONE ON EACH SIDE OF A CAMEL ACCOMMODATES A WOMAN AND

Ancient Persia Goes Modern By H. A. LICHTWARDT, M.D.

American Hospital, Hamadan, Persia PERSIA, to many people, is just a word that itation, and had some fine sculptors, wonderful brings up visions of camel caravans winding artists and brilliant painters. their way along endless desert trails; of sweet-throated nightingales singing their beauti- Various factors entered into the decadence of ful songs in the deep-scented rose gardens; of this fine old civilization, causing Persia to lose veiled women and bearded men walking through her position of leadership. First there was milinarrow, winding village streets; of the quatrains tary invasion; the Grecian troops under Alexanof Omar Khayum as they have been so admirably der the Great swept from one end of the country translated by Fitzgerald. to another, robbing, pillaging, destroying, burn- ing, as was the custom of invading armies in those But Persia is more than that; Persia is a nation days. Gengis Khan and Tamerlane and their of fifteen million Aryan men and women striving hordes came down from the north, even more deto awaken from a lethargy of many centuries; structive and cruel. Arthur Upham Pope writing struggling to emerge from a political, economic of these latter invasions, says: and religious morass that has engulfed them for This dreadful succession swept over the country like a centuries. The Persians are a very intelligent bloody foam, leaving the fairest cities a wilderness of rub- People, capable and industrious " and are J'ust now throwing aside the heavy blanket of superstition, bish and rotting corpses. Their speed, their fury and their ignorance and illiteracy, and are stepping forth mastery of every branch of warfare, made resistance not into the light of the new day with political free- only futile but impossible. Their mark was a series of massacres and devastations, which not only destroyed dom, religious liberty and economic independence. every kind of public monument with invaluable contents, Persia was once one of the greatest nations of works of art and books, but blotted out whole cities. The destruction of human life was equally appalling; the acthe ancient world. Twenty-five hundred years cumulated knowledge and traditions of ages were obliter- ated. (Pope; Persian Art. Page 31.) ago, that progressive empire, under Cyrus, Darius Famine and flood have also played their part and Xerxes, was the most highly civilized, the through the centuries, as well as earthquake and most modern on earth. Today excavations at Per- epidemic, but in my opinion the most destructive sepolis and Damghan and Rhey are bringing new influence of all has been the invasion of Islam. evidences of the wonderful culture of that period, Forced upon an unwilling people, this philosophy showing us that they were great builders, fine of the prophet Mohammed, distorted at times by architects, had knowledge of engineering and san- his successors, was of a type that did not encour- [551 ]

age education, research or progress of any kind. ing about him men of real ability, his majesty The result was a mental stagnation of brilliant has succeeded in awakening a spirit of construcminds; a pathetic lethargy settled upon a capable tive nationalism such as Persia has never known nation. During these years too Persia was often before. Formerly the government was greatly inunfortunate in her type of leadership; she had fluenced, and at times actually controlled, by the some splendid men, such as Shah Abbas, who was Moslem ecclesiastics, the mullahs, of whom a few contemporary with Queen Elizabeth of England, were capable honest men, but many of whom were selfish, narrow fanatics. This is now changed, ANCIENT GRANDEUR~EXCAVATED RUINS OF PERSIPOLIS and although Persia is still officially a Mohamme- dan country, the mullahs are only the clergy, and and who earnestly tried to improve the condition have no voice in the central government. There of his people. is religious liberty in Persia today, although the government's interpretation of what this means When we went out to Persia in 1919, the coun- is not as broad or liberal as we should like. try was being ruled by a boy-king, Sultan Ahmet Shah, a selfish, sensual lad, surrounded by even Two decades ago, only one boy out of a hundred more selfish advisors. The central government had a chance for education, and only one girl out was weak, taxes were high, education was at a of ten thousand. Education in those days was standstill, industries were most primitive, and most primitive, with the exception of a few govthe lot of the peasant and laboring man was in- ernment schools and some well-organized mission deed difficult. This young Shah had no patriotic schools in the larger cities. Under this new Shah, motives, no desire to improve the condition of his Persia has had an educational awakening and the people, but merely strove to gather riches for him- leaders, at least, are becoming school-conscious. self; spending his life in luxurious indolence The Department of Education has been re-organeither in his capital city, Teheran, or in Paris. ized and the present head of that department is a The most constructive thing he ever did for Per- splendid Persian, a graduate of the American sia was when he finally went to Paris and re- Mission College in Teheran. New schools are bemained there until he died a few years ago, leaving ing opened even in the smaller cities-schools for an estate of several million dollars, squeezed out girls as well as for boys. The mission schools are of starving farmers and poverty-stricken working people. THE GATEIWAY TO TEHERAN–THE CIAPITAL CITY A new leader, however, was being developed in still maintaining their leadership and are present- Persia. A young man, born of an ordinary family ing a fine program of modern Christian education, in Mazenderan, who as a lad had no opportunity and are reaching hundreds of the finest of the for education, entered the Persian army as a pri- young men and young women of Persia. vate soldier. With no wealth nor influence, but by sheer force of character and ability for leader- In accordance with the government edict severship, he won his way gradually up through the al years ago there are no primary schools con:. ranks, until he became the commander-in-chief of trolled by the missions; however in some centers, all of the troops of Persia. He then became the such as Hamadan, the local Christian group has minister of war, then the prime minister, and assumed charge of the primary school, which is finally in the spring of 1926, he was crowned the real progress. The high schools and colleges in king of kings, the Shah of all Persia. In the eight charge of the missions, in various parts of the years that His Majesty, Riza Khan Pahlevi, has country, are exerting an immeasurable influence in been the ruler of Iran there has been more real progress, more constructive changes in Persia than in the previous eight hundred years.

Inspiring patriotism in his people, and gather-

ANCIENT PERSIA GOES MODERN

PERSIAN DEI.EGA.TES TO A STUDENT CHRISTIAN CONFERENCE, TEHERAN, 1933 Of these delegates, nineteen are from Moslem parentage. Others include Armenians, Assyrians, Jews, Greeks and Americans.

the spread of Christian ideals, as well as in the and textbooks. Post mortem examinations are al- presentation of modern pedagogy. so forbidden, which of course retards medical The new leaders of Persia realize that in addi- progress considerably.

tion to agriculture and the raising of sheep, there Since 1919 we have been working up at Meshed, must be industries developed to take care of the in the northeastern corner of Persia, 100 miles needs of the people; and in the past few years south of the Russian border, and 120 miles west mills have been established that weave a good of the borders of Afghanistan. Our little hospital grade of cloth; other factories make soap, thread, there (The American Christian Hospital) is the shoes, and many other items that formerly had to only one equipped with X-ray and modern surgi- be imported. The government is exerting a wise, cal equipment in that entire province of two mil- paternal control over these various industries to lion people. The Persians however are building avoid duplication and unwise competition. new hospitals gradually, and in Meshed itself, a As a physician, the thing that appalled me most large 300 bed general hospital is in the process of when we first went to Persia, was the great construction. But, even as in America, the physi- amount of disease; sickness, suffering, misery, cians tend to congregate in the larger cities, and death and so little being done to alleviate condi- as one travels through the villages, and up in the tions or improve them. Those who live in Amer- hills, one realizes the tremendous amount of suf- ica, where there are so many fine hospitals, fering and disease. Hundreds throng about the splendid clinics and excellent doctors cannot imag- doctor begging for relief; timid mothers holding ine conditions in a land like Persia with inade- up emaciated babies that have been hopelessly quate medical facilities, and a general lack of blinded by smallpox; young men prematurely knowledge of hygiene, sanitation or even ordinary aged by pulmonary tuberculosis, come in cough- cleanliness. In America today there is one doctor ing, coughing, spitting blood, and ask for medicine for every 780 people; in Persia there is only one to relieve the tightness of their chest: others come well-trained physician to every 100,000 people. holding out crippled hands or feet, covered with The only place in Persia where the young man sores, wounds, ulcers, open to the dust and dirt, may study medicine is in the Imperial Medical sometimes literally black with flies, sometimes School at Teheran, an institution which is gradu- white with maggots, occasionally covered with a a ally improving, but which is still far from what green leaf or a piece of paper, but no clean gauze would be considered class "A" medical school. or dressings such as we are accustomed to. Doz- As Persia is a Mohammedan country, the human ens come, shielding their eyes from the glare of body after death is considered very sacred, and the sun and the desert, and beg for eye-drops to thus the medical students in their study of anat- relieve this constant burning from trachoma or omy are not allowed to dissect the cadaver, but conjunctivitis; so much blindness everywhere, must endeavor to learn the subject from charts little children, old men, young women; blindness

not only from smallpox, but from gonorrhea, and filthy drinking water. Recently when cholera from trachoma and its various complications. threatened from an adjoining country, a vigorous Pale, anemic women, shivering, shivering with the quarantine was established. Free clinics are bechills of malaria, petition for some health-giving ing opened in various centers, and more-or-Iess quinine; crippled deformed lepers hold up their qualified public health doctors are being stationed fingerless hands and ask for some cure for their throughout the country. Medical practice laws disease. are being revised and strengthened to abolish quacks and charlatans, and there is a general im- It is all so pathetic and so unnecessary, for most provement in sanitary conditions, although there of Persia (except regions near the Caspian and is still so much to be done. In the capital city, Teheran, with its 310,000 inhabitants, although MODERN EDUOATION IN THE AMERIC'AN COLLEGE, TEHERAN there are many beautiful wide avenues, and large public buildings, there is no piped water system, down near the Gulf) is very healthy, as far as no proper sewage system, and much disease. climate is concerned; a high, dry plateau with little rainfall and an abundance of life-giving, One of the most hopeful things is that the edugerm-destroying sunshine. Most of the disease is cated Persians themselves are beginning to realpreventable, if only the folks would know how to ize the need of improvement of conditions and live, how to take care of themselves, and if ade- their own newspapers are full of editorials conquate medical facilities were available. We found, demning destructive practices and are suggesting, and even demanding, reforms. In the July 4th in 1920, that 85 % of the little children were dying issue of the Shafagh Sorgh, one of Teheran's larg- est papers, we find an editorial discussing the under the age of five; conditions are gradually question of why the population of Persia is deimproving and our last figures show that only creasing. The writer says that it is not that the young men are not marrying for they do, and 60 % are dying before that age. But even 60 % some get more than one wife. He continues: is much too high. Can you imagine the morbidity, MODERN ME[)ICAL CARE FOR CH~LDREN IN THE the needless suffering, the pain, the agony, the AMERIC'AN HOSPITAL distress, the misery? These conditions are due sometimes to ignorance, sometimes to over crowd- Moreover it is much better that this number do not ing, sometimes to superstition. Much of the in- marry, and not pollute the blood of the next generation fant mortality was due to the Mohammedan cus- with syphilis germs …… A few months ago I was visittom of child marriage; little girls of 9, 10 and 11 ing some of the southern cities …… I saw fathers who being given in marriage to men much older. These during 20 years have had 15 or 16 children, and have girls became mothers at 14 or 15 and know noth- buried all of them, one after another…… I saw quite ing of the care or feeding of infants. The new big villages or towns whose whole population is overtaken Persian Government has passed stringent laws, with malaria, ~hile the crops were left in the fields and forbidding this child marriage, and is enforcing there was nobody to take care of them. One passes them, indicative of their new attitude towards through hundreds of villages and towns without seeing a progress, and towards the general improvement single physician …… In some larger towns one physician of conditions for the Persian people. who has been sent by the government can be seen and this one was a fortune-teller. He diagnoses syphilis as sore The Public Health Department of Persia has throat and treats it in such a way that there is little ·hope been re-organized and improved; smallpox vac- of living. If someone has appendicitis they think it is a cination is being offered in the cities and villages, mere stomachache and in a short time will kill the paand in some places is being required before chil- tient. . . . .. (Shu/ugh Sorgh, July 4, 1934.) dren are admitted to school. Typhoid innoculations are available although few use them, and there is still a great mortality from typhoid, dysentery and various diarrheas spread through

However I am not pessimistic about Persia, for fluence. Commencing a century ago, in western when one considers the obstacles to be overcome, Persia, the modern Christian church has gradual- marvellous progress has been, and is being made. ly spread eastward, until today groups of believ- Superstition must be combatted, lethargy must be ers are found as far east as Khorassan on the destroyed, illiteracy must be removed, ignorance Afghan border, in all the larger cities both in the must be eradicated, immorality must be wiped north and south, and even in some of the smaller out; and all tlIe~e things require patience, wis- towns. Through the Christian schools and Chris- dom, energy and leadership. tian hospitals, as well as through the direct evan- Ancient Persia is going modern; new roads are· gelistic work, carried on by American and British being built, schools are being opened, industries are being developed, disease is being slowly com~ batted. In my opinion, what Persia needs today is not primarily a new civilization, with its new education, its new sanitation its new transporta- tion, as fine as all these things may be. What Persia needs today is a new salvation. The old philosophy of Islam has been weighed in the bal- ances of time and experience and has been found wanting. Persia today is drifting, and in what direction?

Sir Arnold Wilson in his new book on Persia, says: "The present tendency amongst educated Persians is towards a somewhat unenlightened materialism. They have thrown off the shackles of Islam, and have as yet found nothing to take its place; a rigid determinism underlies much of the popular expressions of thought."* DR. LICHTWARDT AND HIS SUNDAY; SCHOOL We who have been working in Iran, as real CLASS OF PEJllSIANS friends of Persia, feel that in the teachings of the missionaries and by the Persian Christians as Christ, there is a genuine philosophy, a workable well, this Gospel of hope is now being spread plan, a real salvation, which can and should take through the entire land. The workers are all to the place of Islam, which has not proven satisfac- few for the field is so large, and there is so much tory. Some of the young men of Persia are drift- to do, but backed by the intercessory prayers of ing into atheism, some into agnosticism, some into Christians throughout the world, we feel that the Communism, but more into Bahai-ism, which is Church of the Christ is the real hope of this new an offshot of Islam, an easy type of universalism, Persia.

that would appeal to a discontented type of shal- Not only does Persia need Christ, but the whole low mind. world needs Him. With so much strife, discon- The Church of Christ in Persia is growing, year tent, bloodshed, lust, hatred, violence, uncertainty by year, in numbers as well as in strength and in- and doubt, the hope of the world today is in the • Sir Arnold Wilson, Persia, page 184; Scribner, 1932. loving, sacrificial saving Christ, and in Him alone.

EXPERIENCE AND EXPRESSION The Wesleyan Movement made two great contributions to the world. One was the fact that the whole movement was founded up'on an inner experience of God which transformed and lighted up the whole of life. All else was secondary to this one central thing-a radiant experience of God. The chief business of the Christian Church is to produce the moral and spiritual miracle of conversion. When it has lost power to do this, the Church has lost its right to live. God has raised us up for the perpetuating of this miracle. Confused and paralyzed men need this today as never before.

The second great contribution of Wesley was his conception: "The world is my parish." There was to be no territorial or racial limitations to the redemption movement.

These two things stand together. One is the experience and the other is the expression. The experience goes to the depths of the individual's need and extends to the need of the earth's last man. Cool either one, and you kill both. We must hold to this vision and reaffirm that the world is still our parish. Put within that word "world" a deeper content than geographical extent-the world of economic relationships and the world of race and international relationships must be our parish. Christ must conquer it all.- E. STANLEY JONES.

A Brahman Becomes a Christian By the REV. H. G. HOWARD, Kodoli, India • Missionary .of the Presbyterian Church. U. S. A.

I N SOME sections of India where there have been mass movements among the outcastes there are now considerable numbers of middle caste aod high caste Hindus becoming Christians. In our part of India there has been as yet no such movement among the middle castes, though we think there are so many Marathas who are convinced of the truth of Christianity that if a few will take the lead in accepting Christ and enduring what persecution may result, many others will follow them.

A few months ago a young man, a Brahman doctor, trained in the Miraj Medical School, accepted baptism after having his heart filled with devotion to the Lord Jesus. Before being bap- tized he visited his home in South India to tell his brother and other relatives why he was taking this step and to try to persuade them, too, to accept the Saviour.

Last May I spent a week in Mahabaleshwar, where the language school for new missionaries is held. On the way there a Hindu sitting near me in the bus asked me where I was going. When I replied he said, "You will see Harshe pandit there; he has become a Christian." I answered, "I have known Mr. Harshe for many years; he is a Poona Brahman. How do you know that he has become a Christian?" "I read it," he replied, "in the newspaper."

On my arrival there I learned that Mr. Ha~she had been baptized on the preceding Saturday. As the service had been announced beforehand it was no secret and Mr. Harshe received many let- ters from people who urged him not to become a Christian. A delegation of Brahmans from Poona went to try to persuade him not to be baptized. When they found out that he was taking the step because of his personal convictions, they said that they would no longer try to dissuade him. An Indian queen wrote him that she supposed he was becoming a Christian because he was probably loaded down with debt, in which case she would give him Rs. 3000 to help him pay his debts and to keep him from being baptized. He replied that he was not in need of money, but it was because of his faith in the Lord Jesus that he was accepting baptism. She then wrote him to go ahead and be baptized. Mr. Harshe said that he could find beautiful passages in the Hindu sacred books, but he could not find in the Hindu books the power he had found in Christ and it was because of his having experienced the power of Christ that he was publicly accepting Him.

Especially interesting in connection with his baptism is the fact that his family did not disown him. His two sons, young men 21 or 22 year~ old, published a letter in the newspapers stating that they were still Hindus, but that they loved thelt father and would not disown him, in fact they hon- ored him more than before because of his acting in accordance with his convictions. Mr. Gandhi wrote them: "I congratulate you on your attitude toward your father. If you find in Hinduism the peace you need, it is your duty to remain Hindus in spite of your father's change of religion." The sons are seriously considering their duty in the matter; they wish, if they become Christians, to do so because of their own personal convictions, not because their father has become a Christian.

When the family returned to Poona in June the father was wondering whether his landlord would let him come back into his house, in the midst of Brahman neighbors. The landlord, how- ever, when he met him, embraced him and said, "You have been my friend all these years; you are still my friend." Many neighbors have asked for Bibles or New Testaments as they say they want to find out what it is in these books that has attracted Mr. Harshe. His sons say they had to get quite a supply of Bibles and New Testaments to give to their inquiring neighbors.

Pray that Mr. Harshe may be strengthened in his faith in the Lord Jesus, that he may have the joy of seeing his wife and two sons and daughter accept the Saviour, and that they may be used to lead others openly to confess the Lord Jesus.

From a letter dated September 10, 1934.

Present–Day Shinto in

By the REV. ALBERTUS PIETERS, D.D., Holland, Michigan Formerly Missionary of the Reformed Church in America; Now Professor of Bible and Missions in Western Theological Seminary THERE is at present one pagan empire in the require us to render it "gods," not god, for in all world-one only-the Empire of Japan. By historic time the Japanese have been, as they are a pagan empire we mean one that, on the one now, a polytheistic people. They have "gods many hand by the prevailing faith and worship of its and lords many." If you ask them how many, the population, and on the other hand by the formal conventional answer is: "Yao yorodzu no kami" profession and determination of its government, -800 times 10,000 gods. This is not to be underis committed to that form of religion that we call stood as an accurate census return of the divine paganism; which is primitive nature worship, population, but rather as a round number for an spirit worship, and hero or ancestor worship, un- uncounted multitude.

modified by philosophic thinking. The first chapter of the Epistle of Paul to the Anciently, the whole world, with the exception Romans contains an accurate description of the of the commonwealth of Israel, was pagan in this paganism of Japan. Sketched from life, as he saw sense, and practically every organized government the worship of the Roman Empire all about him, was pagan; irreligious governments being un- no change is required to make it applicable to that known in ancient times. Today it is not so. There of Japan today; from which we learn that, in its are still pagans enough in many lands, notably in essential principles and results, paganism is as China, India, Africa, and the islands of the sea; unchangeable as Christianity. Its root idea, but, with one exception, there are no "pagan" gov- everywhere and always, is the deification of the ernments. Africa and the South Seas have only creature.

unorganized races, or simple tribal governments, This creature worship takes various forms. In with scarcely a kingdom worthy of the name; one form it is the direct worship of the natural India is under a Christian sovereign, and the lead- object itself: the sun, the moon, mountains, rivers, ing general of the Repul1lic of China is a Chris- trees, animals, and insects. All these are wortian. It is thus Japan-Japan alone-that stands shipped in Japan. The Japanese have coined a forth in the 20th century as a survival of this proverb, half serious, half facetious: Aka iwashi ancient state of things. From the standpoint of no atama de mo shinjirlr-"even the head of a dried religion and missions this is a most interesting sardine may be a god." fact. At the same time Japan is a strong, virile, In a little higher form it is worship of the spirit expanding, military nation, the destiny of which, that resides in a natural object, or is symbolized whether for peace or war, is intimately linked to by it. Scholars call this "animism." Japan is full that of the United States. It is therefore impor- of it. People worship the "kami" of the mountain tant for us to know what the paganism of Japan or river. Although generally to be rendered is, and how this paganism is likely to influence its "god," the word "kami" in such connections means spirit, its attitude, and its actions. the spirit of the mountain rather than its god.

The paganism of Japan goes by the name of In still another form there is personification of Shinto, legitimately anglicised into Shintoism. the natural force or object; and the imaginary This is a compound word, being the Chinese read- person thus produced becomes, to the common peoing of two characters that stand for two Japanese pIe, a real historic individual, although the fact words; "kami"-god, or gods, and "michi"-way, that it is a personification only, remains clear or path: therefore also doctrine. It means, there- enough to any ,student. Thus we have the supreme fore, the way, or doctrine, about the gods. It does divinity of Japan, named Ama Terasu-"She Who not mean the doctrine that comes from God, or the Shines in the Sky"-plainly enough the Sun gods, for Shinto does not profess to originate in Goddess. Her shrine at Ise is the Mecca of Japan, any divine revelation. Although the word "kami" and in the mythology she is the ancestress of the in itself is neither singular nor plural, the facts Emperor, through her grandson, whom she sent [ 557]

down from heaven to rule the world. So nature cruder forms of Shinto, such as find expression in worship passes over into hero worship, ancestor these "ungraded and village shrines." Hence the worship, and emperor worship. decrease in the number of such shrines, both abso- lutely and in proportion to the population. Hence, Paganism, as briefly described above, consisting also, the very dilapidated and neglected condition of primitive nature, spirit, and hero worship, has of many that remain. Besides that, there are arisbeen since the dawn of history, and is today, the ing new forms of Shinto, organized in better harfaith of the masses of Japan. That Buddhism is mony with modern social conditions, and the Govalso largely prevalent, is not inconsistent with this ernment, for its own purposes, is providing larger statement, for most Buddhists are Shintoists at and more popular shrines. the same time. Now, since Japan, for fifty years or more, has been in touch with all modern devel- New Forms of SlrirlIto opments, has enjoyed the privileges of modern education, and has been the field of zealous Chris- The new forms of Shinto are a most interesting tian propaganda by missionaries and Japanese study. Many of them, in terminology and form of preachers, it is an interesting and important ques- organization, are very plainly imitations of Christion how far all this has had an effect. Is modern tian churches. This appears, first of all, in the Shinto losing its hold, and is it in any way differ- fact that they are not community affairs, but are ent from ancient Shinto? groups with voluntary individual membership. lIn its primary form, Shinto, like the ancient pa- Modern Shinto ganism of Greece and Rome, is a community in- terest. The temple is the village temple, main- One can point out certain effects of these mod- tained at village expense, and everybody belongs ern influences, partly in the outward manifesta- to it, merely by virtue of the fact that one resides tions of this ancient paganism, partly in its inner in the village. There is no group of which the life. Outwardly, one of the first results of Japan's individual is a member on account of his own faith contact with the Western world was the abolition or by his own choice. With the new forms of of all public phallic worship, that is, the worship Shinto, however, the case is different. They have of the sex organs. In the past, this logical develop- their membership lists, and a person may join, or ment of nature worship has been almost universal refuse to join, or withdraw after he has joined; in aH pagan countries. Japan was no exception, and therefore his membership is an expression of and when the missionaries began their work in his personal faith in certain doctrines. that country, this worship was carried on openly, in very indecent forms. It was abolished by the There are thirteen sects, or "churches" of this Government out of regard for the feeling of de- kind officially recognized and licensed as Shinto cency of the world at large; and is not now known sects, and their total membership foots up to the in Japan except in some out-of-the-way country impressive total of more than seventeen millions. places where it may still be found if sought for. Beside this, there are others, like Oh Moto Kyo, that carryon a vigorous propaganda, without Statistics of shrines seem to indicate another having, as yet, been officially licensed. The smallnoteworthy change. There are in Japan Shinto est sect, "Misogi Kyo,"-the Religion of Lustrashrines maintained at the expense of the nation tion, is credited with 307,000 members, and the or of provincial governments, for religio-political largest, "Tenri Kyo,"-the Religion of the Heavpurposes, of which we shall speak presently; many enly Reason, with nearly four millions. Brief others are maintained by the people voluntarily as notes on some of these new religions will give the the spontaneous expression of their religious feel- reader an idea of this modern development of ings. These latter are called "village and un- Shinto. graded shrines." From the official figures given in the "Japanese Year Book" for 1924, we learn TENRI Kyo is the most prominent. Besides its that there were at that time 111,181 such shrines, work in Japan, it carries on missionary work and from the same annual statistical publication abroad, having, at least some years ago, a mission for 1934, that there are now only 107,134, a de- station in London. It issues some literature in the crease in ten years of 4,149, or 415 a year. The English language, the latest publication of this proportional decrease is considerably greater, kind being a fine volume of 319 pages, in which since the population of Japan grows at the rate may be found-all that the authorities of the sect of more than half a million each year. It is clear wish the English reading public to know about that something is happening. Either the people their history and doctrines. The new religion are losing faith in their gods, or their faith is find- originated with a very devout woman, Mrs. Miki ing expression in other ways, or both. Nakayama, who was born April 18, 1798, and died on January 26, 1887. In the year 1838 she Probably both causes are responsible for this began to have certain experiences that caused her change. There is a weakening of faith in the

PRESENT-DAY SHINTO IN JAPAN

to think that ten gods, expressed by name, had of Japan, they say, are the model upon which the taken up their abode in her and wished to speak rest of the world was molded, and the superiority through her. These ten divinities are called col- of the Japanese, they teach, is seen in many ways, lectively, The God of the Heavenly Reason, and the but particularly in their hair, which is an instruclaim is even put forward that Tenrikyo is a mono- ment of divine inspiration. Hence devout Oh theistic faith. After the death of Mrs. Nakayama, Moto Kyo believers wear their hair long, for the divine revelations continued through her youngest longer the hair the better the divine influence can daughter, and a follower named Iburi, but these penetrate. It is the supreme misison, they say, had to do mostly with the organization and man- of the Japanese nation to govern the entire world, agement of the church. They ceased altogether bringing all nations into sUbjection to the Emin 1907. peror, who alone is a legitimate ruler, the vice- gerent of heaven upon earth. This sect has offices As now taught, Tenri Kyo is distinctly an eclec- in Paris, and even in Sao Paulo, Brazil. tic religion. Its theology is Shinto. The "eight million gods" are not denied, but practically wor- These two are given as samples of the new forms ship is confined to the ten that took up their abode which ancient Shinto is taking. There are many in the prophetess. Its ethics and its conception of more. All of them make much use of faith healing, the moral state of man, are from Confucius. Its and can produce as many and as striking instances view of the state after death is taken from Bud- of such healing as Christian Science in our own dhism, but with an important modification. Tenri country. Thus the decline in the number of "vil- Kyo accepts transmigration, but not into lower lage and ungraded shrines" is partly counterbalforms of insect or animal life. The soul is re- anced by the growth of these "churches." born, but always in another human body. In its emphasis on faith and love, its organization, and The most important influence in this field is, in much of its popular preaching, it is so nearly no doubt, the attitude of the government. The Christian that many Tenri Kyo exhortations can statesmen of Japan, fearing the disintegrating scarcely be distinguished from Christian sermons. effects of modern civilization, and eager at all Thus the various elements in Tenri Kyo are seen costs to rally the people around the Imperial to be simply those elements from other systems throne, found in Shinto an instrument ready to that have come to be the common intellectual and their hands. With more emphasis than had ever moral property of the common people of Japan. been known in Japan before, they taught the di- They are items of religious faith and feeling that vine nature of the Emperor and the divine basis pass as current coin, and no one asks where they of his authority. They did this so strongly, and were minted. It is not difficult for the ordi- with so little regard for the facts of history, that nary Japanese to become a Tenri Kyo believer. Its Prof. Basil Hall Chamberlin, an outstanding audoctrines are what he has always believed, and thority on all things Japanese, charges them with what seems to him reasonable. Of course it is the invention of a new religion. It is not really nationalistic, intensely so, as the following quo- new in content, but it is in emphasis. tation from one of the Tenri Kyo magazines will illustrate: This new form of Shinto is designated "Em- peror Worship." It has no separate shrines or Japan is the parent nation of the world. It is the source ceremonies, but attaches itself to the established whence the salvation of all nations proceeds. He who is Shinto worship. In many respects it closely rehostile to this nation opposes the will of God. (From the sembles the emperor worship of ancient Rome. "Michi no Torno," Sept., 1914.) As there, so in Japan, the basis is found in ancient faith and feeling, modified for political purposes. This fanatical nationalism finds perhaps its ex- Japan is a modern nation in most respects, but treme expression in OH MOTO Kyo-The Religion not so in religion. So far from belonging reliof the Great Origin-the origin, that is, of the giously to the 20th century, she is not even medire- Japanese Empire and people. This is definitely val. There is no parallel to her religious state an attempt to carry the faith of the people back closer than the state of Rome in the first three cento the ancient gods. It began with the incoherent turies of the Christian era. Dr. Robert E. Speer babblings and scribblings of an ignorant, and per- is reported to have said: "Think of Japan in terms haps demented woman who thought herself in- of ancient Rome." That is a correct summary of spired by one of the gods, and it has grown into her religious condition. a very considerable sect, claiming a million adherents.. In religious and moral content it is The rulers of Japan, in promoting Emperor perhaps the pObrest of all the modern varieties Worship, are not so much interested in religion as of Shinto, but it has certain very attractive mag- in finding a firm basis for the Imperial authority. ical or mesmeric practices. It claims for Japan If it were not for that necessity, they would cheerthe headship of the entire world. Even the islands fully dispense with Shinto, in which they probably believe as little as other intelligent men; but since

faith in the divine nature and descent of His Im- popular. The Christians, of course, object, and so perial Majesty cannot be divorced from faith in do the more earnest Buddhists. Collisions bethe Sun Goddess and all the rest of the ancient tween such dissenters and the government policy mythology, therefore that mythology is taught in occur from time to time, and of late with growing all the public schools as veritable history. There- frequency, chiefly in connection with the requirefore, also, it is required of school teachers to take ments imposed upon the teachers and students of their pupils, from time to time, to the local shrines, public schools. Not many months ago the teachers to do obeisance to the local gods. and students of the Ogaki city school went on an excursion to Ise, to worship at the shrine of the Such instructions to teachers encounter an ob- Sun Goddess. Three of the girls, being Chrisstacle in Article XXVIII of the Constitution of tians, refused to join in this worship. They were Japan, which guarantees freedom of religious expelled and fourteen or more Christian churches faith. To get over this difficulty, the Government in the province were closed by government order. makes a distinction between two kinds of Shinto, called respectively State Shinto and Religious The Roman Catholic Church, of course, stands Shinto. In the latter are included all the various out firmly against any compromise in this matter; new sects already alluded to. Profession of such and on the whole the Protestant leaders are no faith is absolutely a matter for private choice. less inflexible, although there are some among In the former term are included the chief shrines them who are inclined to yield. It is almost preof the ancient faith, and these are officially de- cisely the same conflict as that between the early clared not to be places of religious worship, but church and the Roman emperor worship. If conplaces for the commemoration and honoring of ditions were now as in ancient times, there is no national heroes and of the Imperial Family. At- doubt that the scaffold and the stake would again tendance and worship at such shrines is the duty be appealed to to settle the controversy; but presof every Japanese subject, no matter what his ent-day Japan is too sensitive to international religious beliefs may be. Meanwhile, however, public opinion to employ so crude a method. the old priests remain, and the same old rites are performed, the same prayers are said. Meanwhile, there is no doubt that the Govern- ment policy is meeting with a large measure of In any other country, the attempt of the Gov- success. The decline of Shinto, evident in the disernment to declare that to be irreligious which in appearance of many of the smaller shrines, is the faith and practice of the people has always measurably checked, and the progress of the Chrisbeen the heart of their religion, would be amusing, tian faith is retarded. The larger shrines, estabbut it is not so in Japan. Most people take it seri- lished and maintained at government expense, are ously or pretend to do so, and comply without hesi- becoming more and more popular; and the day tation. Hence, although the smaller shrines are seems to have been indefinitely postponed when decreasing in number and in the number of their the last pagan empire shall cease to be pagan. worshippers, the new shrines are increasingly A PIONEER CHINESE WOMAN DOCTOR By M. P . WALKER, Shanghai, China American Episcopal Church Mission, China AH MEl WONG was one of the few Chinese women doctors in China. She was the daugh- l'".. ter of the Rev. Kong Chai Wong, the first Chinese clergyman of the Episcopal Church in China and the younger sister of Soo Ngoo Wong (afterwards Mrs. F. L. Hawks Pott). After attending St. Mary's Hall, Shanghai, Dr. Wong trained as a nurse in the Memo- rial Hospital at Wuchang, and in St. Luke's Hospital, Shanghai. Wishing to become a doctor, ….1&he went to Canada and studied medicine in Toronto, where she was the first Chinese woman ';i"!medical student at the University. .

When she returned to China she set up a private practice in Shanghai, showing most unu- sual skill and general ability. She was highly respected by Chinese and foreigners alike and all her life was a devoted member of the Church. She continued her regular medical prac- tice until a few days before her death on May 7, 1933, at the age of sixty-five.

She bequeathed to the St. Elizabeth's Hospital over $190,000, Chinese currency, to found the Ah Mei Wong Endowment Fund, the income to be used by the hospital for maternity work.

Present Value of Medical

By NATHANIEL BERCOVITZ, M.D.

American Mission Hospital, Hoi How, Hainan, China A QUARTER of a century ago medical mis- of its value. There have also been great advances sionary work was looked upon as of special in medical science, especially in tropical medicine. value in opening doors, making friendly The bulk of medical missionary work has been contacts, and giving an opportunity for the presen- done in tropical or subtropical countries, and it tation of the Gospel. There are innumerable in- has been possible to bring about a better general stances where entrance, hitherto impossible, was state of health because of better methods of treatmade possible by medical work; where friendships ment. of great value to the whole missionary cause were made by doctors, and where vigorous churches Medical education has been carried forward in grew up as a result of faithful preaching in hos- lands where medical missionary work has been pitals and dispensaries. done and has resulted in the training of native men and women in modern medicine and surgery, The need for medical missions has been recog- with the result that interest in modern medicine nized. Throughout the world, and especially in tropical and subtropical countries, there was a vast amount of illness, formerly untouched by modern medical science. Many of the medical and surgical ailments encountered were imperfectly understood by medical science of that time, for some of the greatest strides in tropical medicine, in public health work, and in sanitation and control of epidemics have been made within the past twenty-five years.

Conditions in mission fields were appallingepidemics ran unchecked; infant mortality was the rule rather than the exception; fetichism and quackery, born of ignorance and based upon superstition, were all that the people had in the way of medical care. Existing conditions made a powerful appeal to doctors in America and Europe, and many consecrated noble men and women went to needy places, and established medical work in has become widespread. Some native practitioners response to the calls for help. may have been coolies in the mission hospital; some may have been amahs in a maternity ward; They went to alleviate suffering in places where but on the other hand, many have been trained in no other trained medical help was available; the best medical schools in their own country, or where disease, superstition, and the grossest hea- in Europe and America. In any case, what they then practices prevailed; and at the same time had to offer at the worst was better than the suthe love and power of Jesus Christ was preached perstition and quackery existing before they came. to transform lives, to make. for better living, and The qualified native doctors have done good work to do away with the unspeakable conditions under among their own people. In most cases financial which the people lived. gain has been their object, but even so, much good has been done, especially in an educational way. During the past twenty-five years there have .others have practiced medicine from altruistic been many changes in regards to medical work, motives. Not all of the native doctors, qualified especially in countries where conditions were the or unqualified, have been Christians, but it is safe worst. The work of pioneer medical missionaries to say that nearly all have come in contact with has borne fruit-much of the fear of modern Christian hospitals. In many countries, where scientific medicine has been broken down, and the medical missionary was the first to introduce people are now ready to accept medical and surgical treatment because they have been convinced [561 ]

modern medical science, the governments have druggists, and treatments by hospital doctors. In undertaken medical and public health work on a general these druggists have helped to stimulate large scale. interest in modern medicine and have helped to It is evident that the problem of medical mis- break down the earlier barriers.

sions as regards the scope and field has changed, A new problem is being faced now in the fact and that a new evaluation of the whole subject that several assistants have accepted positions as should be made. doctors in the Chinese army-with much higher While medical conditions throughout the world, pay than what the mission hospital can afford.

especially in countries where medical mission- For many years Dr. McCandliss worked hard to aries did their pioneer work, have generally build up the maternity work of the hospital. The changed along certain lines, there are still many Chinese in Hainan have been particularly quick places where the medical missionary today is as to realize the benefits of this work, and all over much needed and his work is much the same as Hainan there have sprung up maternity hospitals it was fifty years ago. For such places no new run by young women who have had some training evaluation need be made, except, in anticipation, as midwives in Canton. These midwives are al- as conditions are likely to change. Even in these leviating suffering and what help they give is places, although working under pioneer conditions, better than what the people had previously.

the doctors should be equipped with the knowledge The question is whether the hospital has lost an of modern medical and surgical methods, and opportunity as a missionary agency in not getting must expect to work under better conditions. into the field early, establishing such centers as But where health conditions are different from part of the hospital work, manned by midwives those of twenty-five years ago, new problems arise trained under our supervision, and sent out to do because of these changed conditions. These prob- this work in connection with the other activities lems are concerned with administration, relation of the mission. One maternity center and branch to local hospitals and practitioners, and to the of the hospital has been established in a town 44 local governments. Each missionary hospital must miles west of Hoi How, and is developing this face its particular problem. In view of the chang- work in a very needy and superstitious center.

ing relations between the local churches and gen- Another center was opened in a town 47 miles eral missionary work, the relation of the native south of Hoi How by a group of Christian women church ·to the missionary hospital must be con- as a project. Both centers are doing fairly well, sidered. The present financial situation, with con- and are helping in the study of rural medical mis- sequent limitation of many missionary activities, sionary work.

must also be studied. A former assistant in our hospital at Kachek The medical work in Hainan, China, was begun completed his studies as a doctor, and after three forty-nine years ago by Dr. H. M. McCandliss, years graduate work at the Peiping Union Medical who was superintendent until 1926, and was en- College returned to Hainan to establish a hospital tirely pioneer in its nature at the beginning. of his own in Hoi How. He enlisted the support Through years of assiduous labor he succeeded in of many wealthy Hainanese, and succeeded in building up a remarkable medical work and now erecting a three-story building, fully equipped. there is a well equipped group of buildings, with This hospital is about 300 yards away from our a trained staff of assistants, a training school for hospital and has been fairly successful.

nurses, and seven doctors. During 1933, the new If the Chinese can build, equip, and run a hos- inpatients registered in the hospital numbered pital as well as Dr. Chu's hospital, what is the 2,859, of which 739 were maternity cases and 580 need for the American Presbyterian Hospital in were surgical operations. The patients come Hainan, even though we are crowded with pa- chiefly from the northeastern section of Hainan. tients?

With the growth of the hospital many problems To date the government has not taken over pub- have been encountered. Assistants, trained by lic health work which is still a great untouched Dr. McCandliss, left the hospital and set up for field in Hainan. The American Presbyterian Hos- themselves, on the growing reputation of the 1;1os- pital is well known, and the people usually friend- pital, and their connection with it. At first those ly. How far should this hospital undertake public men attempted everything, although their train- health work? – The problems are extremely prac- ing did not qualify them for such operations as tical. What is the value, need and purpose of cataract, or dissection of the glands of the neck. medical missionary work under changing condi- Later, except for treatment of such diseases as tions? Has medical missionary work served its malaria and dysentery, these men gradually limit- purpose and is its work finished?

ed themselves to the sale of medicine. Gradually It is the opinion of the writer that the ultimate the people learned to differentiate between these purpose of medical missionary work is active ex-

1934J THE PRESENT VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS

tension of Christianity through medical work. other lines as well as strengthening existing mis- This includes the pioneer type of work, as well as sion hospitals to reach the largest possible number every other type of medical missionary work. of people, in the hospital, in the rural dispensary, Without this purpose the field might as well be and by various projects. left to other medical agencies serving only humanitarian and scientific purposes. But the time Christian missions mean the proclamation of should never come when a mission hospital can the direct Gospel message; but the work includes cease to be an active evangelizing agency, as well living the Christian life in every phase and relaas a medical center. tionship, every good deed which is the fruit of the Spirit. Christian propaganda is the living witness One particular case in our work in 1932 was of Christ within men; a powerful demonstration worth the work of the whole year. A man came to all who come in contact with the work that to the hospital with a surgical condition and was there is something in Christ and in Christianity cured. The evangelist sat with him, and when the which is unique and is worth while having. patient left gave him some tracts and a Bible. Some months later the pastor of the Hoi How In all of the rooms of the Hoi How Hospital are church visited the region where this patient lived, placed Bibles and Bible texts are printed on the and was invited to visit the patient's village. The walls. It is not unusual for an educated patient pastor was amazed to find a group of ninety-four people asking for examination for baptism in a to read through the Bible while in the hospital and village where no evangelist had ever gone, and many ask for copies on leaving. One man, whose where the only work had been done through tIiis wife had a very serious surgical operation, said one patient in the hospital. The pastor felt that that one night when her condition was the lowest sixty-one of these candidates were ready to be he never took his eyes off the text on the wallbaptized. Since that time many have had to en- "God is our refuge and strength, a very present dure persecution, but a recent visit brought the help in time of trouble." word that the group was standing firm, a strong Christian nucleus in their village. It is advisable for hospitals to have the as- sistance of an advisory board, on which church It does not mean that because of this ultimate leaders have a prominent part. The church can purpose of medical missionary work that there be invited to assist in the evangelistic work in the should be any but the highest standards for the hospital, and follow up the work with patients who medical and surgical work. On the contrary, if have been in the hospital. Public health work, the mission hospital is to be most effective in rural health centers, clinics, and district maternity achieving its evangelistic purpose it must be out- hospitals, can all be conducted in cooperation with standing as a place of healing. Missionary hos- the church. pitals should be developed to the highest degree of efficiency in staff, nursing, buildings, and equip- As long as we adhere to the main purpose of ment, to do the highest grade of medical work. medical missions, Christian propaganda through With this purpose in view and under these condi- medical work, there is increasing opportunity for tions we believe that missionary hospitals should this form of missionary service. It should reseek enlargement and an increase in the numbers ceive unqualified support; its future should be of patients. They deserve the support of their planned along broad lines; it should be regarded constituencies in the homeland, and of the church as a major missionary activity; its opportunities on the field. should be fully grasped and used. We believe that the blessing of God which has been poured out so It has been argued that as the national medical richly in the past will be given in even greater agencies make progress medical missionary work measure, so long as this form of missionary acwill become less important. If the missionary hos- tivity is kept right in purpose, and in operation. pitals are to do merely humanitarian and scientific work then it might be reasonable to say that their work will become less important but since the great purpose of medical missions is to advance the cause of Christ, the mission hospital holds a unique mission. For this reason its work has not been completed. It will continue to be needed, no matter how much medical work is done by local agencies.

There should be continued activity i:q medical missions-extension of health work in rural districts, maternity work,caring for the poor, and

A Pioneer Journey in

Excerpts from a Letter from Mr. Raymond Joyce, Edsingol, Minghsia Province, to Dr. R. H. Glover, China Inland Mission O N THE edge of the Edsingol Delta, (North- pleasant. Slower going and perhaps more digging west China), with over half our journey would make it better. Cars with a lower center of to Tihwa behind us, we are faced with gravity would find it much less risky than we seeming impossibilities before we can continue. thought it to be.

There are four or more rivers to be crossed and The next part of the journey was mostly they are very full. through country made lumpy by tall grasses grow- It has taken us twelve traveling days to reach ing in clumps. This is the main feature of the here from Kalgan, seventeen days altogether. We route as far as Rain Unter. The river beds pre- rested two Sundays and spent three other days in vious to Rain Unter may give trouble, but are all repairing one of the cars. One of the little springs right if you keep going. The surface is gravelly in the universal joint either came out or, more sand but underneath is sticky red clay. We got probably, had never been put ~n. The whole back stuck before leaving the last river bed before Bain axle had to come off. Apart from this, however, Unter and took five hours to get out! One car we have had no serious mechanical trouble. Apart stopped in changing gear and the other car, fairly from the above delay we have had no undue hind- close behind, slowed up and both stuck and rance. Once we got stuck in a river bed of loose wouldn't start again but sank in. We made a sand with clay underneath and it took us five hours trench from the rear wheels towards the front of digging and "road-making" to get out. On a wheels gradually getting shallower. This was few other occasions it took an hour or two to get laid with stones and brushwood and one car was going again. However, considering the country, rushed out and up the bank. The other car was we have come through very smoothly. Not a few jacked up at the rear, a big pit dug under each cars have found it impossible and most of them back wheel and a firm stone bed made under the have taken longer than we so that there is much wheels. The first car then helped to pull this one to thank the Lord for. Rain on the stretch from out.

Kalgan to Sunit Wang would have meant mud, From Bain Unter onwards is desert and in but we had good weather. The same applies to the main the surface is firm, being gravelly, and the road after Uni Ussu. The sandier part of the flat. The chief trouble is soft patches of ground, journey, between Siao Ch'uan Tsi and Muringol, and hard low-gear work. The water question was fairly good owing to the sand being damp- gives no trouble. We passed water every day, ened by rain just before we arrived. In many though we did carry two drums or more from ways we know that the Lord has undertaken Bain Unter onwards.

for us. The journey from Yagan onwards is really good We had no trouble in getting away from Kalgan going and much of it is down hill after passing -no customs examinations or charges. This was through the hills.

chiefly because we were missionaries. Mr. Soder- The trip has been a somewhat strenuous journey bom was a great help, and Mr. and Mrs. Williams, but enjoyable-the daily round being:-break- were very helpful. Hattin Sumu was a very in- fast, packing, traveling, unpacking, supper, bed.

teresting little place. The missionaries were on We stopped for an hour at mid-day for light lunch.

furlough but the Mongol pastor entertained us As for food we have done very well. We have seen there and children sang hymns to us in Mongol! some wonderful sunsets and beautiful country, The journey as far as Yang Ch'ang Tsi Goh is though desert. The tent has proved waterproof, very interesting. You see lovely droves of horses and we have been glad of sleeping bags. Some careering over the steppe; you pass camel cara- nights have been quite cold but we've had no really vans and gaily dressed Mongols, Lamas and mer- cold weather yet.

chants, all were very friendly, interested and In EdsingoI we found Dr. Horner of the Sino- happy (outwardly at least). Beili Miao was busy Swedish Expedition. He entertained us royally, when we pased through as the Panchan Lama seeking to help and advise us in every way. He was there and many pilgrims had come to see has loaned us a large yurt (Mongolian circular him. felt tent). So we are very comfortable and are Yang Ch'ang Tsi GQh was our first rough ex- waiting for Cerat to return from his inquiries perience. It is not really unsafe but quite un- regarding a guide to take us to Hami.

[564 ]

Evangelization of the World in

Generation By PROF. KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE, Ph.D. New Haven, Conn.

Professor of Missions and Oriental History, Yale University WHAT has happened to the motto, "The ever, as many of us remember, was meant giving Evangelization of the World in this Gene- to all those now living an opportunity to hear the ration"? Many who are still in their late Gospel with a sufficient knowledge of it intelligentyouth can recall when much was made of it. As ly to accept or reject it.

the official watchword it was blazoned in huge Another factor has been the reaction from the letters across the platforms of the Quadrennial "extensive" to the "intensive" policy in missions.

Conventions of the Student Volunteer Movement. To many, "The Evangelization of the World in Its realization was one of the chief objectives of this Generation" has meant the establishment of the Laymen's Missionary Movement. Many pro- a large number of mission stations, most of them claimed it as an attainable goal. It had a marked understaffed, a superficial, broadcast method of influence in shaping missionary policies and pro- proclaiming the Gospel message, either by the grams. written or the spoken word, and the neglect of a Yet in late years we have heard less and less careful tending of the communities of those re- of it, and that little is often accompanied by a cently become Christian. The "extensive" policy half apology or thinly veiled cynicism. Officially has often meant absence of careful supervision, it remains the watchword of the Student Volun- lack of emphasis on trained leadership and of teer Movement, but no publicity is given it. Many growth in the Christian life. Laying the founda- of the younger generation of Christians, even tions for a strong continuing Christian commu- those committed to the missionary enterprise, nity, capable of taking its share in spreading and have scarcely heard of it. Certainly it forms no making effective the Gospel message, was sacri- part of their thinking. No longer is much said by ficed to reaching quickly as large a district and most of our major boards of the "unoccupied as many people as possible. From this policy, :flelds"-those regions still vast where the Gosp~l with its disastrously superficial results and its must be carried if all men are to have the privi- waste of missionary life and money, a reaction legp. of hearing it. Here and there are movements, was to be expected and has been in progress for some of them engaging the interest of large num- some years. bers of Christians, who hold to the motto and seek Still another possible factor is more serious, for to meet the challenge which it embodies. For it may indicate that, for the time being at least, most supporters of Protestant missions, however, great sections of the missionary enterprise are it no longer has an appeal and it would be a hardy slowing down and losing the sense of urgency.

mission board which would place it in the fore- Back of the watchword was the passionate confront of its publicity. For the time being at least, viction of the need of all men for the Gospel of "The Evangelization of the World in this Genera- Christ and of the infinite tragedy of the untold tion" seems to have been relegated to the archives millions who die without ever having heard it.

of half-forgotten slogans. In many of our church circles this sense of need The muffling of this watch cry of other years has weakened. As a partial substitute for it has is no accident. The causes are many and the come the conviction that missions have an impor- change may prove to be an indication of a funda- tant function in rural and village reconstruction, mental revolution in missions. One factor is to in meeting evils in industry, in relieving famine, be found in a widespread misapprehension. By in establishing better racial relations or an im- many "The Evangelization of the World in this proved international order. As a rull, these ob- Generation" was believed to be equivalent to "The jectives do not call forth such devotion and sacri- Christianization of the World in this:Generation." flce as does the conviction of the eternal loss suf- Under such an interpretation the watchword fered by those who sink into Christless graves.

would, of course, have been fantastic. By it, how- Many have acquired an easygoing tolerance of [ 565]

other faiths and to large numbers the threat of tinues, in some regions at an accelerated pace. "secularism," which has been substituted for non- Those peoples who, like the Japanese, have suc- Christian faiths as the major enemy, does not cessfully revolted against the control of the West seem sufficiently grave to warrant heroic meas- have achieved their political and economic autonures. On top of all these elements in the situation omy only by sacrificing their cultural independcame the World War, with its subsequent disloca- ence and adopting much of Western civilization. tions, and now has followed the financial depres- This continued disintegration of the older cultures sipn with its staggering blows to Board incomes. means that the traditional forms of resistance to the Christian message are continuing to weaken. As result of these many factors, the missionary The place of the foreign missionary is most cerenterprise is tending to dig in rather than to ex- tainly being altered, but, if new methods are pand, and even to retrench. To be sure, this is formulated and the younger churches can be put not all loss. It is leading to the placing of more in the forefront of leadership, the door of opporresponsibility on the younger churches which have tunity was never so widely open to the Christian arisen out of the missions of the past century and message. a half. It is accompanied by a more critical appraisal of methods and results than we have yet The factors which have been responsible for the had. neglect of "the evangelization of the world in this generation" must not be permitted to obscure the The Expanding Program continuation of the obligation embodied in that slogan. We must revive it, if not in these exact However, we need to recognize the significance words, then in others which will convey the same of the change. From the time of William Carey meaning and sense of urgency. We must, indeed, the Protestant missionary enterprise has had a not only revive it but greatly add to it. It reconstantly expanding program. We have believed mains eternally true that if the Christian message that, no matter how dark the immediate present "is not true for all, it is not true at all." So long might be, the future was "as bright as the prom- as we remain convinced Christians we must seek ises of God." We have had the conviction that we to share the Gospel with all mankind. If the faith must be ever entering new fields, opening new we profess is not the wellspring of our lives, then missions, founding new stations. In this we we had best either discard it or ask whether we shared the spirit of our age and civilization. The are missing what it may hold in store for us. If missionary enterprise has been intimately con- God in Christ is the source of life we must en- nected with that expansion of European peoples deavor to make others aware of Him. If the Gosand cultures which has been such an outstanding pel is true it remains the obligation of each genfeature of the past four and a half centuries. eration of Christians, as it has since the very be- That expansion of Europe, however, is ceasing, ginning, to try to give that message to all their at least in its economic and political aspects. The contemporaries. If we Christians ever lose sight tide has, indeed, begun to recede. In the Far East of that objective, if we narrow the horizons of European supremacy is being effectively chal- our planning to anything less than the entire hu- lenged by the Japanese, and only somewhat less man race, then we are both recreant to our trust effectively by the Chinese and Filipinos. In and are tacitly admitting our lack of conviction as India Western political domination is passing. Of to the importance of the Gospel for ourselves. the major sections of the world, only in Negro Africa is the frontier of European dominion un- What ,the Watchword Means shaken and unthreatened. We now see that this recession of the wave of European conquest has This does not mean that we must abandon the about it an air of inevitability. Western peoples "intensive" and adopt once more the "extensive" could not permanently hold the remainder of the policy of a superficial broadcast preaching of the . world in subjection. Other peoples were certain Word and many small understaffed Christian sooner or later to acquire the machines and the centers. Nor does it mean that we must close our political and economic organization by which they eyes to what being Christian involves in trying to had been subdued. Christian missions, however, make the Gospel effective in the social, economic, inescapably feel the results of this decay of Euro- international, and interracial relations of life. We pean domination. The efforts we are making to must bear in w.ind future, unborn generations as transfer to "nationals" the control of the churches well as our own, and for their sakes we must do we have founded are merely one evidence of that all that we can to see that strong, intelligent Chris- associatiOIf. tian communities are developed in every land to carryon, in ever-growing power and with decreas- We must not too lightly assume, however, that ing foreign assistance, the Christian task. We the passing of Western political and economic must, too, if we really strive to love our neighbors, control means the end of Christian opportunity. The disintegration of non-European cultures con-

THE EVANGELIZATION OF THE WORLD IN THIS GENERATION

seek in every way possible to help them realize ested. The writer recently gave to the Student that fullness of life, free from debasing economic Volunteer Movement a copy of the pledge which conditions and soul-destroying enmities, which we reads: desire for ourselves as .we pursue it, the implications of our Christian calling become ever more We hold ourselves willing and desirous to do the Lord's complex and far-reaching. work wherever He may call us, even if it be in a foreign land.

It does mean, however, that we must never al- Under this pledge are the names of thirty-four low present discouragements or apathy to narrow girls. Grace Wilder, our gifted and consecrated our horizons. We must continue to plan with the leader, served in India; Elizabeth Post, at Graaf whole world in view. We must not be content to RO.eiPnreets,tSoonu, t1h88A2f-r8i9c;a;anadlsoAninnaSoCu. tCh uAmfmricinag, sM, 'a8r3y, see Christians acknowledge, even tacitly, that any who was Vice-Principal and Principal of Huguehuman being exists who does not need the Chris- not Seminary, Wellington, South Africa, where tian Gospel or who does not possess an inalien- her service was lifelong; Mattie Pixley, '86, who able right to hear it. Nor must we ever be will- joined her parents in East Africa; Carrie Koering supinely to consent to compromises with a ner, '85, later Mrs. Lyman P. Peet, of Foochow, pagan faith or manner of life. We cannot com- China for twenty-eight years; Mary Hall, '83, pletely withdraw from the world. In practice, taught at Constantinople College; Helen Flint therefore, we are often less than Christian in the also taught in Constantinople College; Emily Bismany institutions and contacts in which our com- sell, '83, gave forty-four years to India; Marie plex civilization binds us. To be content with Oldham's field was Poona, India. While Ellen being less than Christian, however, is to deny the Peet's name is not here, she was a member, who, faith. We must continue to be awake to the eter- as Mrs. George H. Hubbard, gave her life to China nal tension between our Christian principles and and was buried there after forty years of service. the less than Christian society in which we are More than thirty years of the writer's life were inextricably enmeshed. We must never be satis- spent in work for girls in the Near East, under fied until that tension is removed by that society becoming fully Christian. While we may not see the American Board. the evangelization of the world a reality in our Not all were called to foreign lands; some were generation, we cannot, if we are Christian, be content with planning for any lesser goal. Let us, called Up Higher to special service; others, to then, once more revive the slogan of other years, and add to it. service in the homeland. It would be impossible to count the years of foreign work or of useful labor in the homeland The Story of the Mount Holyoke Mis, which were given by the members of this M. H. sionary Association, 1878,1884 M. A. Not all names have been mentioned, but these will suffice to prove that the M. H. M. A. By MARY L. MATTHEWS, has a right to be called the predecessor of the Student Volunteer Movement. It is the under- Recently a Missionary of the American Board in Macedonia standing of the writer that Grace Wilder told her brother Robert to go to the Conference at Mount NEARLY half a. century has passed since the Hermon and organize the S. V. M. and she would founding of the Student Volunteer Move- be praying for him at home in Princeton, N. J. ment at a Conference at Mount Hermon, What her life has meant to the world in foreign Massachusetts. Dr. Robert Wilder and Rev. John missionary work and in turning others in that di- Foreman will always be honored for their con- rection, no human being can estimate. nection with the Movement from its beginning. Many missionaries went out from Mount Holy- Probably less than a score of persons now liv- oke Seminary in the years before the M. H. M. A. ing know that there was a forerunner of the S. was formed, but that organization gave an added V. M., dating from 1878 to 1884, at Mt. Holyoke impetus to the cause. A tablet on the wall of the Seminary. It was called the M. H. M. A., mean- College Library lists the missionaries who were ing the Mt. Holyoke Missionary Association. Here pupils in the first fifty classes of the school, and a band of girls formed what was probably the the writer counts it a high honor to be named on only secret society in the Seminary. that tablet. The names of foreign missionaries from the institution in its second fifty years are M. H. M. A. meetings were held on Sunday inscribed in a beautiful parchment book. afternoons, once a month, and little notice was taken of the girls as they. passed quietly into the The Student Volunteer Movement has rendered room. Members were recruited by personal in- immeasurable service to the wide world in recruit- ing missionaries from many institutions of learn- vitation to those who seemed likely to be inter- ing.

Preach the Good

From the Baccalaureate Sermon Preached to the Graduating Class of the Near East School of Theology By JAMES HOWDEN NICOL, Beirut, Syria PREACH the Gospel-this is the whole com- mankind throughout the world, to their food and mission and the charter of the messenger of clothing, their transport by land and sea and air, God. The commission was delivered by Christ all are the legitimate field of trade. Of course himself. It has been passed down the centuries trade is legitimate and essential, but it is some- through a great succession. The Gospel-the times so sinister as to slink into the forests of "good news" of God's loving interest in all men, Africa and South America and the islands of the a loving interest exhibited in the earthlyexperi- sea, and pillage and rape and even murder in its ences, the death, the resurrection, the revealing own interest; it may make the people virtual words of Jesus the Christ. This is the content. slaves; and such are the distances in time and And what is the spirit! Someone has said, "the space between the deed and those who are ulti- ministry dare not be a profession at all, it is a mately responsible for it, that even Christian peo- passion." The great apostle said "Woe is me if I pIe may profit from it, blinding their eyes. And preach not the Gospel." This ,is the passion. those who thus exploit life, are the first to oppose Now the preacher goes forth to preach, and the approach of our servant of God with his pas- what does he find? If the world were eager for sion to witness about the worth of the soul of man preaching, the world would not need it. Its need -his passion to tell the Good News of God's lov- is in proportion to its reluctance. Therefore the ing interest, his passion to tell of the abundant minister's passion must be sufficient to carry him life for rich and poor alike.

past and through the world's opposition and We are commended for saving little children; through this reluctance to hear the Word of God. from starving, when we give them cleansing, food, The world seems to be clear for every sort of clothing and shelter, but many dispute our right preaching except the preaching of the G0spel. to share with them our knowledge of the Friend The passion of the servant of God to spread his of little children. I can give them much that is wares seems alone to provoke a strange opposi- good, but I am told not to give them of my best- tion. A bright salesman of a new variety of soap, my passion is taboo.

or of a new excellence in cosmetics, or of new As to the reasons for this strange prohibition models in radios, or new streamlined autos, which too often inhibits our passion to proclaim arouses no resentment and no opposition, unless the Word of God, we might mention two or three.

from competitors in the same line. Unfortunately There is always opposition from those whose, the same is true of the spread of less harmless selfish aims are frustrated by the presence and the wares. A company of men can sit down to plan preaching of the true servant of God. This has a great crusade, to create a great slogan and se- always been so. And it will be so, so long as sin- lect a goal, which may be to "put a cigarette into ful men can exploit weakness and ignorance and the mouth of every man, woman and child in poverty. It was so in Paul's day when the preach- China," and from the world there is little but ing of the apostle interfered with trade in amulets praise for the clever and effective extension of and idols. Demetrius the silversmith and indi- trade. But for a company of men to sit down and rectly Alexander the coppermith had cause to be counsel how they may put the word of a new and angry. And it will always be so. One of the things abundant life into these same Chinese raises a about Jesus that caused bitter opposition to Him storm of protest. Extracting oil from under the was that because of Him the poor had the Gospel feet of the inhabitants of Persia and Irak is an preached to them, and it opened to them the pos- enterprise to command the admiration of the sibilities of personality that made oppression less world. But any suggestion for a more aggressive easy. This makes it one of the functions of the effort to share with Persians and Irakians this Christian sometimes to preach as did the forerun- Gospel of Christ, is met with coldness and suspi- ner of Jesus, John the Baptist, to stir up these cion. Men do not hesitate to use the influence of nests of poisonous vipers and make them flee from politics and government to gain their commercial the wrath to come. Any preacher should know ends. From the oil and minerals under the feet of that life round about him, with all its seeming [568 ]i fairness and beauty, is full of these. There were sists in sharing, and there must be a way whereby preachers in the days of Amos who gave their we can freely give our best. attention to those who oppressed the poor. So today these oppressors must be warned to flee Sometime ago a very earnest Moslem leader from the certain wrath to come. With this John turned impulsively to me, clasped my hand the Baptist preaching there must be the preaching and said: "Oh, my brother, would that you had of hope to the penitent-but until he becomes the joy that comes from allegiance to our Great penitent he will like neither the preaching nor Prophet." He was living the life of sharing. He the preacher. Today, he and his kind, operators should be free to do it everywhere. So should you of unfair homes, and unfair shops and unfair and so should 1. That is what makes a happy factories-will tell the preacher to keep still, or world. "Freely ye have received, freely give." worse, will tell him to prattle sweet nothings to soothe the souls of the oppressed and make them 3. A third phase of our life today that leads forget their wrongs. Shall I allow this to silence to the same difficulty is the growth all over the my voice, or limit my speech, to make the Word world of the intense nationalistic spirit, connected of God of none effect? in many places with a growing strictness and with serious limitations on the preaching of the Gospel. Religion and Religions The spirit regards such preaching as subversive of social peace and a proper patriotism. 2. A second inhibition comes from the distinction between religion and religions; from the What then shall we do with our commission and seeming necessity of respecting all religions, even our passion to preach? Well, men of God have at the cost of losing opportunities to share our always refused to be silenced or limited. Our own with others. In these Near Eastern lands, business is to introduce Jesus Christ to the world where the three great monotheistic faiths meet, which needs what He has to give-with no trapthe problem becomes most difficult, further in- pings of ecclesiasticism, or undue insistence on tensified by the divisions within the religions creeds and forms, but only as the Saviour from themselves, especially among those called Chris- sin and the Lord of Life. The chances are that tian. Because of this, the minister with the pas- trade, religions, nations will find benefit rather sion for witnessing is inhibited at the very start than injury from a greater knowledge of Jesus, from freely sharing his faith. He himself feels but that is not for us to judge. Men struggling it is not quite Christian to discount another per- with sin and wrong need him, and that is enough. son's religion; he naturally hesitates to break up Our passion is to share with all our knowledge of home allegiances even if Jesus did say that such a great Friend whom not to know is to suffer revolutions in family life were sure to follow the grievous loss. Now in this work of introduction preaching of the Gospel. Here in the Near East let us clearly understand two things: his hesitancy is increased by the fact that political and personal rights are linked up with religious Introducing Jesus, the Saviour allegiance, so that what was meant to be a simple relationship between the soul and God, becomes 1. Be sure that it is Jesus the Saviour whom a most complex thing, with courts and judges, you are introducing. Inevitably there comes the legal forms, sanctions entering in. All this has temptation to present Him so that He shall be brought extreme sensitiveness, tending to dis- attractive and undisturbing to the world as it is. courage the frank sharing of one's faith with During the Great War we even had Jesus preothers. sented as preaching the necessity of armaments. The minister of Christ, seeing the world as it We hear constantly that religion must be left is with its notions of success, its personal rivalout of account while we concentrate on "good ries, its material pride, its exclusiveness of feeling" and brotherhood. Nor is this confined to race and wealth, its changing philosophies and the Near East. Everywhere in the world there pyschologies, each having its vogue for a dayare praiseworthy attempts to bring about a spirit this Christian witness ashamed at the "foolishness of understanding between the Christians and the of preaching" this other worldly Gospel, shrinks Jews but such attempts may be so conducted as to from the thought of introducing Jesus to this leave the Saviour practically outside the door of world. Oh, that He had been more practical, more a good fellowship meeting. Surely no Christian sensible, more successful; less in the clouds and should hesitate to cooperate with high-minded more on the earth. Oh, that He had kept still men of every faith, but not at the cost of losing about some things that make Him so unacceptable his message. We should not be satisfied with a to life as it is! Surely He didn't mean all He said! world like that, an unprogressive world that So the Christian witness says to himself: "I'll does not admit of the free sharing of good gifts leave out this and I'll put the soft pedal on that, and good news with each other. True living con- and I will make Him more like the pattern of life as it is. Thus too often a strange person is being introduced, made up of partial views of the Christ,

the Great Saviour of the world, and being partial, ality. In some way or other these qualities must an insult to God and a tragedy to needy man. I be made to appear in the life of the witness in wonder if to such a witness God's word may not some degree. The great words must be embodied well apply, "I would that thou wert cold or hot, in a consistent life. It must never be truly said of but since though art neither cold nor hot I will us that our lives are so loud with the noises of the spew thee out of my mouth." world, that the people can hear nothing of His words through us. Living letters are we. What It is the whole Gospel, the whole Person, the do the people read as we pass by? whole Word, with all its implications, that is to be preached. Christ is not to be made acceptable There was a nobleman on his way to visit a to sinful man, but sinful man, seeing Him in all friend in the country. A servant was sent to meet His beauty is to be made acceptable to Him. the guest at the station and asked, "How shall I know him?" "You will see a tall man helping 2. Moreover preaching is not confined to spok- somebody." en testimony. Many discount the value of sermons today, saying that Christian living is pref- Here then is the servant of God with his COlllerable by far, and the less preaching the better. mission which is also his passion. Let us go into There is no need of praising or discounting either the quiet places with our Lord and Master to get to the detriment of the other. And yet the preach- the strength that is needed to preach the Gospel er does realize that the Saviour whom he presents to a needy world-the Gospel which is the "good to the world cannot be'exhibited as a visible and news" of God's loving interest, expressed in the tangible person. We know nothing of His person- fullness of Jesus Christ.

WHY SUPPORT CHRISTIAN MISSIONS?

Because I am a Christian, a member of the Church, which is the Body of Christ. Our Lord established the Church on earth to evangelize the world. If I do not work towards the purpose for which the Body was made, I have no right to membership in it.

Because as a representative of Christ my love must embrace all nations, all types of men as His does; my sympathy must have bounds as wide as His.

Because in these days civilization is reaching to the outposts of the world and changing the lives of even the most primitive races. Civilization emanates primarily from the white races of which I am a member. It brings disease and death and an overturning of age-long beliefs, and can only be a blessing to the world in so far as its power is used in the name of Christ.

Because every nation has a special gift to bring to the Church of God, and until all have made their contribution, the Church can never reach the fulness of its life.

HOW SUPPORT MISSIONS?

1. Consider the call to personal service abroad. I have no right to send others unless I myself am ready to go, if God demands this of me.

2. Pray for missions. My prayer must be intelligent and regular. I must pray not only for the world, but for individual missionaries and their work, and my prayer must be offered in certain expectation of a definite answer.

3. Give to missions. Money is a sacrament, inasmuch as the use of it is the expression of those things we believe to be most worth having. I must compare my personal expenditure with my gifts to God. I must compare my own circumstances with the needs of others. I must compare the help, sympathy, and skill that I can claim with the loneliness and suffering of others.

4. Study and learn. There can be no real prayer without knowledge, for without knowledge of the ·magnitude and glory of the work there can be no intelligent desire for its progress; and prayer to be effective, must be the outcome of intense desire.

5. Interest others. Therefore, I will ask God to cast out from me the dumb devil of false pride and false reserve and try by my own enthusiasm and willing sacrifice to win others to help in evangelizing the world.-From the Presbyterian Mission House, 16 Falkner Street, Liverpool, England.

Second Coming of

Does the Premillennial View Cut the Nerve of Missions?

By REV. HENRY W. FROST, D.D., Princeton, New Jersey Author of "The Second Coming of Christ",' American Home . Director Emeritus of the China Inland Mission I T IS not the man who determines his objective; His heavenly state. He was, in consequence, an the objective determines the man. Objectives incomplete and unperfected man, but, as he saw are fixed; it is the man who changes. Hence, Christ exalted and enthroned, he fell at His feet as a man thinketh, so he is; and, we may add- as dead and immediately became God's mightiest since a man thinks as he sees-as a man seeth, so seer and prophet. These were transformations he is. Let a man see small and he is small; let by objective, Paul and John and many another him see large and he is large. Let him see near New Testament saint being utterly and forever and he lives near; let him see far and he lives far. altered in character and purpose by looking upon Let him see earth and he is earthy; let him see Him whom to see is life indeed.

heaven and he is heavenly. Objectives are forma- It was in expression of this principle of transtive in their influence, transforming the watcher formation by objective that God set before Israel for woe or weal. Objectives, therefore, are pro- in Old Testament times the promise of a coming ducers of character; of whatever sort it is. Cer- Messiah. From the garden of Eden, when the tain men of old discovered that certain other men seed of the woman was predicted, to the Bethlewere Christlike. Their explanation was that they hem manger, when that seed was brought into had been with Jesus and in seeing Him had be- life and light, God, by all the enticements that He come like Him. could devise, sought to make men look up and on God recognized this principle in Old Testament to the coming of Him who should be called Wontimes. It was not enough for Him to create Adam derful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everand Eve; in addition, He gave them an environ- lasting Father and The Prince of Peace. It was ment of "all things fair and beautiful." It was this objective which made Israel to differ from not enough to give them to see growing herbage the nations about her and enabled her to become of tender green and fruits and flowers; He gave a separated, holy and mighty nation. That statethem also the vision of the Lord Gop, who walked ment concerning Moses in Egypt, "He endured as with them in the cool of the evening of every seeing him who is invisible," is symptomatic, day. And thus, long later, He revealed Himself being the explanation of the miraculous fact that to Abraham, Moses, Isaiah and many others as Israel has never been assimilated or annihilated. the "Vision Beatific," the sight of whose person In spite of her blindness of heart, she has looked could lift the low to the high, the little to the for a King and a kingdom and so has been strong great, the self-centered to the ~.ltruistic. to endure.

It was this same principle of transformation by Now, it is to be noted that what God did for objective which was so powerfully operative in Israel, He has done for the Church. For He has New Testament times. Take, for instance, the set before His present people, a new and great man Saul, who became Paul: spiritually speak- objective that He may lure them by sight of the coming King and kingdom, to nO,ble purpose and ing, what a small-minded and small-souled man splendid action. He has been frank to tell them he was as he went on his way to Damascus. Of that hard tasks are required. But He has incited course, he thought he was large and great, with them to undertake and accomplish these by the letters in his saddle-bag from the influential San- very splendor of the ultimate in view. As to the hedrin and with the mighty purpose in his breast outcome, think of these statements of the apostle of haling men and women and committing them Paul: to prison. But God suddenly gave him to see himself as he was by showing him Jesus as He was, Do ye not know that the saints shall judge the world? and from that moment Paul was transformed . ….. Know ye not that we shall judge angels? from the paltry. persecutor of Christians into the great apostle to the Gentiles. And think of that other statement made by the apostle John, Or take, f or m· stance, J 0 hn the apostIe wh0 had givIesnawunthtorotnheesman..d.t.h.e.yansdattuhpeoyn ltihveemd aanndd jurediggmneedntwwiaths seen Jesus on earth but had never seen Him in Christ a thousand years.

[571 ]

Such VISIOns of future power and glory are universal kingdom. That was premillennial teach- almost overwhelming! And yet God gives them ing and it then and there changed the whole cur- to us. Moreover and above all, He grants us to rent of my life, for I saw that riches, music, foresee the future, infinite exaltation of Christ as literature and other like things were desirable, King of kings and Lord of lords. And all this is but very secondary, and that the one great ob- to constrain us to gaze upon the glory that ex- jective in life was to prepare the way for the celleth in order that we may pass from glory unto coming of the King. The result was that I gave glory. Israel had a great vision set before her, a my life to missions, and to foreign missions, that babe, a man, a cross, an atoning death, a resurrec- I might do my small part in gathering out God's tion and an ascension. Powerful was the influence elect against the day of Christ's return. Since of this sight upon those who had eyes to see. But then I have become acquainted with hundreds of God has placed before us "the vision magnifical," great and good men in England, America and a coming, a throne, a crown, a scepter, a King, a other lands, who have gone through a somewhat kingdom; and he bids us visualize these things similar experience and have confessed that the that something of their luster and power may fall dedication of their lives to the cause of Christian upon us. missions, at home or abroad, was largely brought The writer of these lines believes in the pre- to pass by the acceptance of premillennial truth.

millennial second coming of Christ. But he would Indeed, I have reason to believe that literally thou- not say that the premillennialists are the only sands of men and women have gone forth into Christians who have an inspirational objective the darkest and hardest places of the earth, con- before them. The postmillennialist looks for the strained by the hope of hastening the coming of personal return of Christ and for a kingdom the Lord. Mr. Hudson Taylor once told me that which, through Gospel preaching, will be estab- the premillennial view was the inspiration of his lished on the earth. And the amillennialists look life and had been the chief incitement that had for a personal return of Christ and a kingdom taken him to China and had led him to form the which will be realized in heaven through the eter- China Inland Mission. Most of his followers have nal ages. By the token of sanctified lives, all the been like their leader, for the large majority of world knows that hundreds of these saints, as the over one thousand missionaries connected with they have looked upon the face of their Lord, have the Mission are in China today largely because been irradiated by the light that comes from His they are looking and waiting for the advent of the person. Moreover, men recognize the fact that Christ.

this light, in the persons of these saints, has been While premillenarians would not compare them- shed abroad into most of the dark places of the selves with others, and would not criticize those earth, until tens of thousands of those who were who differ from them in respect to prophetic dwelling in midnight gloom have come to know truth, they harbor the conviction that premillen- that the splendor of God's sunrising has shone nial views hav.e given them certain important and even upon them. So then, it is our conviction that precious outlooks. I have no right to speak for true Christians who look by faith upon the glory others in this particular, and yet I may venture of the Lord are, each in his own measure, trans- to classify their thoughts somewhat as follows: formed both in life and service. First, this doctrine has made Christ nearer and But the writer cannot leave the subject just dearer to them, and His promised coming more here, for his experiences have been too deep and long to allow him to pass lightly over the value of realized and desired; second, it has given to them premillennial truth, and this as related to mis- a sense of spiritual proportions which they might sions. I well remember the day in Attica, New not otherwise have had, wherein the things which York, when Dr. William J. Erdman expounded to are seen are temporal and the things which are me the meaning of Nebuchadnezzar's dream as not seen are eternal; third, it has developed withrecorded in the ,second chapter of Daniel. I was in them the consciousness that there is only one a young man then-it was forty-nine years ago- thing really worth living for, namely, the gatherand filled with earthly ambitions, to be rich, to ing out, the world over, of the elect of God in excel in music, and to make my name known as a order that the way of the Lord may be prepared; writer, with little thought of saving souls of men fourth, it has formed within them the conviction at home or abroad. But the good Doctor showed that the only-hope of the Church in her pathetic me that God's objective in the present age was weakness, and of the nations in their pitiable disthat of making the Stone smite the image of the tress, is in the coming of the King, the establishnations until it should become a great mountain, ment of His visible kingdom and the dispensing filling the whole earth. This, my friend said, of law and justice such as no king, queen, presi- pointed to the coming of Christ, the subduing of dent or judge has ever been able to bring to pass; His enemies and the setting up on earth of His and lastly, it has given them a desire, and with

WHEN THE DEACON TALKED IN CHURCH

some a veritable passion of longing, to see the With such facts before us, and with the added wrong that was done to Jesus Christ when He was fact that it is indisputable that a large part of here on earth, wholly and forever righted, and the peoples of the earth has been evangelized by this in the very places where He was defamed and those who believe in the premillennial return of dishonored, which is His most just due. This, as a Christ, it seems almost puerile to ask, "Does the total, is the great objective which premillenari- premillennial view cut the nerve of missions?" ans believe God has placed before them, and they Manifestly, it never has; and if those who have as find it uplifting and transforming in all the va- their objective the glorious and impending appearrious walks of life. It is this objective that lures ing of Christ will continue to walk with Him who, them onward and outward as evangels of the King in promising to come again, commanded that His and the kingdom, for in thus doing they seek to gospel should be preached to every creature, it "occupy" till Christ shall come. never will.

When the Deacon Talked in Church * ====;;;;;!JI~- -··+ilfIl!.1=====B;;;;y;;;;W;;;;I;;;;L;;;;LI;;;;A;;;;M=T;;;;.;;;;G;;;;U;;;;N;;;;N;;;;'

IT WAS a warm Sunday in June, and our for- Then he prayed. The choir didn't sing that day, eign missionary sermon was to be given. But but the organ played while the collection was be- we had slept, I may say, through both sermon ing taken. Old Deacon Bright got up to pass the and offering many a time before. The sermon plate on his aisle. He was as fine a man as you didn't seem different from usual; but it just hap- could meet in a day's journey-as good a neighbor pened to come home to the deacon. The preacher and as honest a man as ever lived. He owned a took for his text the verse about, "Go ye into all good two-hundred acre farm, and had a fine family the world and preach the Gospel to every crea- -all members of the church. Jim ran the farm; ture"; and he dwelt on the "go ye." He said it Jack, the second boy, was just ready to go to coldidn't say anything about taking up a collection, lege; and Mary had her diploma as teacher, and but it did say to go, and that the Lord would never was studying to be a nurse. The mother, too, was be satisfied until we went. as fine a woman as you could find anywhere.

Most of us hadn't ever given much, only just The old deacon had been getting considerably enough to look respectable when the plate was deaf of late years, and always sat alone in the ·passed. But the preacher showed us that this front pew. He seemed to be sort of dreaming over command, "Go ye," meant just what it said, and the sermon; for as he rose to get the collection that everybody was included. I always thought plate he began to talk out loud to himself. As far that there was some special kind of call that came as I can recollect, this is what he said: to one here and another there; and that only those who felt the call had to be missionaries. But he "So that 'go ye' means me and everyone of us; said that wasn't in the Bible, and that everybody this is the Lord's plate, and what we put in is was commanded to "go"-unless they had a spe- our substitute for going ourselves; it shows how cial call to stay at home. Even then they were much we love Him and how much we are worth bound to do their best to find a substitute to go to Him, if we don't go ourselves." for them, and to help everyone to go that could. He asked us how we would feel if we hadn't any He went to the back seat, and passed the plate. Christ to go to for forgiveness of our sins, or for The back seats are always full of young men, and help in our trials, or strength against temptations, as they put their money on the plate the old man or comfort in sorrow, or guidance in perplexity; went on: "Twenty-five cents from Sam Jones. no Christ to tell us how to live here, or to tell us My boy, you'd been worth more than that to the about the love of God, and where our loved ones Lord. Ten cents from David Brown, five from went at death. This is what makes life so dark Tom Stone, and nothing from Steve Jackson; and hard to the heathen. In our gifts the preacher forty cents for four boys, and everyone of them told us to think of the Lord's command to us and could go, too; and they's worth at least twentythe heathen's need for us to go. five dollars a week each to their fathers, and only forty cents to the Lord." • Condensed from an old leallet printed by the Ringe Missionary Literature Committee. In the next pew sat Mr. Allen and his family. Mr. Allen put on a dollar for the family, and the old deacon moved away, saying, "The Lord died

for the wife and little ones too, but they have noth- too, on the plate, wife. Jim, my boy, you'd be ing to give." worth far more than that to the Lord." Jack and In front was Judge Purvis with his wife and Mary sat in the choir. two daughters. "Less than the price of one of your dinners down town; half the cost of that So the old man went on from pew to pew until pair of gloves you wear; almost as much as you he came to the front again; and there he stood spent for ice cream last week; one box of candy," for a moment, the plate in his left hand, fumbling were the deacon's comments as the coins fell from in his vest pocket. But he said, "No, that isn't the hands of the judge and family. enough, Lord; you ought to get more than that; you've been very good to me." He put the plate Then farmer John Robb put on a bill rolled up, down, and, taking out an old leather wallet, and Mrs. Robb put on another; Johnnie Robb, a counted out some bills on the plate, and said: "I little envelope bulging with coppers; Maggie am sorry, Lord, I didn't know you wanted me to helped the baby to put on another gift; and the go. Jim will keep mother and me on the farm, old deacon said, "God bless them." now we're getting old; but I won't keep Jack back any longer, and Mary's been wanting to go, too, We were all listening by this time, though we only I wouldn't let her; take them both, Lord." didn't dare to turn round, and lots of us were mighty glad the deacon wasn't taking up the col- Then the old man sat down and buried his face lection in our aisle. in his hands.

John McClay's pew came. "Worth a dollar a Deacon Wise jumped up, and said, "Pastor, we year to the Lord, and two thousand a year to him- haven't done our duty, and we know it. Let's take self," said the deacon. "Seventy-five dollars for up the collection again next Sunday." A chorus a bicycle and twenty cents for the Lord don't of Amens came from all over the church. match, Tommy McClay. Miss Eden, it looks queer for a hand with a hundred dollar ring to drop five The pastor got up, with tears in his eyes, and cents on the plate. said: "My friends, I haven't done all I could, either. I want to give more next Sunday, and I'll "Less than last year, James Stevens, but the give my boy, too." Lord bless you, too. A new house for yourself and an old quarter for your Lord, Alec Bovey. Then we sang a hymn as we closed, but it sounded different than it ever had sounded be- "God bless you, Mrs. Dean. You take in wash- foreing and can give five dollars to the Lord! What! and Minnie has some, too, and wee Bobbie. Love so amazing, so divine, Demands my soul, my life, my all.

"Fifty, seventy-five, eighty-five, ninety; ah, The organist said she believed it went through your dinner will cost more than you have given, the roof, and I guess God thought so too. Mr. Steele. A bright, new dollar bill, and spread out, too, Mr. Perkins; ninety-five cents was for The old deacon felt pretty bad when he found show. A check from Mr. Hay. It'll be a good one, out how his daydreaming had been done aloud; too, because he gives a tenth to the Lord. Two and one or two felt pretty hard at first, but they· dollars from you, Harry Atkins, is a small gift to knew that what he said was true. the Lord that healed your dear wife. That was what started our missionary church, "Ah, Kitty Hughes, that fifty cents never cost and we've kept on ever since. Fourteen members you a thought, and you Marian, only a quarter, of our Christian Endeavor Society have gone out and you could both 'go ye' and support yourselves as missionaries in the last five years-six of our . . . . . . Five cents from the father and a cent each best young men and eight of our brightest girls.

from the family; John Hull and family don't seem Jack Bright? He married the organist, and to love the heathen very hard …… Ah, Mrs. Mc- they are out on the border of Tibet, where his Rimmon, that means a good deal to you; the Lord medical skill is winning a way for Christ. Mary keep you till you join your good man that's gone Bright married the minister's son, and they went . . . . . . Charlie Baker, and you too, Effie; I doubt to Africa. The old deacon has gone to his rest if the Lord will take any substitute for you. Noth- now. I wish we had more like him.

ing from you, Mr. Cantile? not interested, I I have two of my own boys in the work, one in s'pose. Heathens at home; perhaps you're one of India and another in China, and another is get- them. ting ready to go. My name? John Donald. You're "Five cents, Mr. Donald. I don't think you'd laughing? Yes, I was the one that gave only five· want to put that in the Lord's hand; and you, Mr. cents that day; what the old man said about put- Jenkins, no more." ting it into the Lord's hand stuck to me. But I The old man came to his own pew, and as his hope to give the Lord a boy or girl for everyone wife put in an envelope, he said: "Ah, Mary, I ·of those five cents. My two youngest are talking am afraid, my dear, we've been robbing the Lord about going already" You see, the Lord said, "Go all these years. We ought to put Jack and Mary, ye"; so we're going.

of a

-<tUf11 By R. c. TILLINGHAST, New York 11)Be- I LOOKED fondly at my bookshelves. I had been some books in the hospital, where, "men have lain reading of missionaries abroad as well as in for days without a thing to read." Do you know the United States who are far from public of closet shelves loaded with the accumulation of libraries and have very few books and periodicals. a year or more? It is as easy to send them to him They are hungry for such literature but are unable as to your next town and costs little more. Is it to buy. As I looked, the pleasant feeling of pos- not better to use one's own head and heart in session turned to uneasy discomfort as I became choosing various destinations than even to use the conscious that I was a miser, for a miser is one Salvation Army where you can not know how they who hoards what he does not need. My embar- are disposed? rassment increased as I thought how superior a book-lover should be to the selfishness of one who Why save things you will never use? hoards mere money. The feeling grew until I From a college of the Reformed Church in resolved to "bring forth 'books' meet for repent- Europe a professor, who is also an editor and an ance." Some resulting experiences have been so author, writes: "My college has lost all its funds, stimulating as to almost free me from the selfish only the buildings being left …… we cannot order habit of keeping books. Some of these may serve foreign papers …… a real treat to us ……hunothers as an antidote to this seductive habit. gry and thirsty for the best literature." Probably the libraries of clergymen contain a A missionary, who is so far up country in China larger percentage than others of books which are that it took 41 days for his letter to reach me, has valueless beCause they are as out-of-date as last written to thank me heartily for some second- year's newspaper. Had these books been passed hand reading matter. He tells about passing it on when new they might have been useful to many. on and on, speaks of how the cuts in the budget I know of widows who are burdened with inherhave forced them to "dispense with what are really ited libraries which cannot be sold for an aggrenecessities, but commonly are regarded as lux- gate of five cents per volume. There is no such uries-books and periodicals." He tells of a book thing as posthumous generosity. I remember no club through which, "If your friends can spare a promise of blessing or thanks for what is bebook of travel, discussion or (even) fiction ….. . queathed. It seems wise right now to avail ourit will reach over fifty people here and in other selves of the blessing referred to in Acts 20: 35. cities." The young people among whom he works That passage is not generally believed, for if we are "keenly interested." It costs less to mail to believed it we would Jive up to it. The mail, home him a book weighing two pounds than to send it and foreign, brings proof that it is true. I will be glad to assist any penitent like myself to Oregon. who has difficulty in starting a list of donees. By contrast, I saw in a friend's apartment rows The scheme is simple and costs only it few cents now and then for postage. Just take a book from and rows of books which are seldom if ever dis- the shelf, put it in an ordinary manila envelope, turbed except to dust them. The fact that some put on that your return address, and "Secondare handsomely bound and a few were gifts hurts hand Book. No commercial value." Erase any no one but a book-miser like myself. A library notes which may make it liable for a higher rate which was intended as a "lyceum" may become of postage; address it to an appropriate recip- ient; attach llhc for each two ounces for foreign, a "mausoleum." or parcel post rate for domestic, and drop it into the Our sailors and marines on various foreign sta- mail box. Then go out and tell some other miser all about it and laugh at the glassy stare you tions are very likable boys. One of the duties of receive. the chaplains is to provide for the reading-room. From an oriental port where we have about 1,800 of them, "Private Elwin C. Weston" writes of distributing some back numbers of magazines and He that is mastered by Christ is the master of every circumstance. Does the circumstance press hard against you? Do not push it away. It is the potter's hand. Your mastery will come, not by arresting its progress, but by enduring its discipline, for it is not only shaping you into a vessel of beauty and honor, but it is making your resources available.

[575 ]

Medical Needs of the Negroes*

By ANDREW H. CARNEGIE ~- Secretary of the Negro National Hospital Fund .nA .DEQUATE hospital facilities for the Negroes A National Board of Trustees of this Fund has in America constitute a great and crying been organized, with Mr. George E. Wibecan as need, not only for the sake of the Colored Vice-President and Rev. Amos H. Carnegie, race but for the welfare of the White race as well. Executive Secretary. The movement will be in- To supply this need the Negro National Hospital corporated as soon as the other officers have been Fund has recently been initiated, the purpose of elected. This movement is an interracial coopera- which is the establishment of a standard hospital tive enterprise. From all indications the White in every city, where there are 10,000 or more and Colored races are destined to live together.

members of the Negro race. This plan has already It is, therefore, of mutual interest to both groups won the endorsement of the American Hospital that the health of all be the best, for if one is dis- Association, The American Medical Association, eased, it will not be long before others are dis- The American College of Surgeons, The National eased and endangered, regardless of efforts to Hospital Association (a Negro association) and prevent it. Dr. B. C. H. Harvey, of the University of many well known leaders in education, busi- of Chicago Medical School, quoting from the ness, State and Church. United States Public Health Bulletin 174, for Dr. Bert W. Caldwell, Executive Secretary of 1928, says: the American Hospital Association, is deeply in- The mortality among Negroes in cities of the United terested in the problem and has given advice and States is 187 per cent of the mortality among Whites, and encouragement to the movement. in the rural areas it is 149 per cent. As compared with the death rate for the white population, that of Negroes Dr. William J. Walsh, former Executive Secre- from malaria is 344 per cent; pellagra, 327 per cent; tary of The American Hospital Association, has tuberculosis, 236 per cent; typhoid, 174 per cent; puerthis to say: "The need for adequate provision for peral sepsis, 170 per cent; lobar pneumonia, 166 per cent; the hospitalization of the Colored people when Whooping cough, 162 per cent; gastric ulcer, 154 per cent. required, at a cost within their means, is acute These are the diseases that swell the Negro death rate, in almost all localities where there are large num- and they are diseases which can for the most part be prebers of these people; I am convinced that if the vented or cured. Their prevalence among Negroes indi- cates a deplorable lack of medical and sanitary care and leaders among the Negro group will take the ini- education.

tiative in a movement to remedy this deplorable Whatever improvement of a lasting nature situation, the aid of many sympathetic white peo- comes to members of the Negro race must come ple will be soon secured." Mr. Alden B. Mills, as a result of their own initiative. In spite of Managing Editor of The Modern Hospital, which their poverty, they should lead in an effort to solve is regarded as the greatest hospital magazine in their own problems and we believe that $150,- America, said: 000,000 can be raised in twenty years almost alto- gether by Negroes giving on an average of one One of the most pressing social needs in this country at cent per week. the present time is for better facilities for the hospital care of Negroes and for the education and training of The promoters of the movement propose to call Negro physicians who shall be competent to bring to the members of their race the best fruits of modern medical on the Colored pastors throughout the country, science. In so far as the Negro National Hospital Fund who are the recognized leaders of the race, to rally is able to meet these pressing social needs it will assist in one hundred per cent behind the movement and elevating the living standards of a large and important allow the use of the 42,600 Colored churches as body of our citizens. By providing opportunities for professional activity among members of their own race for collecting centres.t the ablest Negro youth, the movement will help to solve t A strong steel bank, provided with a Yale lock will be placed the economic problem which has been the root of some of our racial difficulties and conflicts. If wisely and intel- In each church and the key placed in the hand of the banker with ligently administered, this movement deserves every whom the church dOes business. From week to week the members of the church will deposit their contributions in this bank and each success. member of the church is to make himself a committee of one to win one unchurched individual to Christ, to the program of the local * The Negro National Hospital Fund is a movement founded by church and to the program of The Negro National Hospital Fund. The movement will seU this idea to the pastors and the pastors in the Rev. Amos H. Carnegie, a Methodist Episcopal minister of the turn will seU it to the people, for, after aU, whatever improvement East Tennessee Conference, who was released from the pastorate on comes to the race, must come through the leadership of the pastors. October last and sent out by Bishop WaUace E. Brown of the At the end of each month, a hospital committee, which will be or- Chattanooga Area, to give himself to the realization of his dream ganized in each locality, will take the bank to the banker, have him of adequate hospitalization of the Negro race in America and open it before them, count the contents, buy a cashier's check with proper training for Negro physicians, nurses and social workers. the amount, and send it to the treasurer in New York, who will be The movement Is nonsectarian, but Christian and humanitarian. an outstanding banker.

[5761. While the hospitals will be interracial in man- ment in one payment and get rid of it. Very few agement, until the Negro race becomes capable of people will pay one cent a week. If we can just managing them, they will be owned by the Colored see that the thing is going, twelve millions of us people and managed in the highest interest of all will put it over in a little while."

by their duly elected trustees and their successors. The following are some of the blessings which The whole enterprise will be legally arranged may be expected to come to the Negro race if the from the very start so that it will be impossible program of the National Negro Hospital Fund is for any group of individuals to deprive the race of successfully carried out: their institutions. It will offer high training to Negro physicians, We hope not only to open doors of opportunity nurses and social workers. This will be accom- for the highest training within the realm of the plished by the help of medical schools of the North, medical science to Negro medical students, by af- East, and West, in which physicians will receive filiating fifteen teaching hospitals with as many their clinical training. Each of these medical of the great medical schools of the North, East schools will be asked to take a quota of Negro and West, but to offer them, after they have fin- medical students who exhibit the highest scholas- ished their training, standard hospitals which tic ability, moral character and lofty ambitions.

shall be modern in physical set-up and scientific It will open a door of opportunty for hospital equipment, so that every new discovery or inven- practice and administrative leadership in standtion, contributory to the conservation of health, ard hospitals to Negro physicians, nurses and so- will be placed at their disposal. Sound moral cial workers, which opportunities are beyond character, unquestionable skill and unselfish ap- their reach today. proach to the problem of medical care will be the It will open a door in the clerical field to the unalterable prerequisites of every physician who women of the Negro race to serve as bookkeepers, aspires to a place on the staffs of the hospitals and stenographers and typists, which is closed to them every hospital is to be imbued with the spirit of today. service. It will reduce the enormous death rate in the White leaders in every walk of life are not pre- Negro race, which runs as high as from ten to pared to share the privileges of their institutions twenty times in some sections of the United States with the Negro race socially, economically and higher than for the White population, according culturally, but they are prepared to encourage and to statistics from a very reliable source. assist the Negro to develop his own institutions It will teach the Negro race that they must and derive therefrom the training in independence and self-determination, without which the experi- paddle their own canoe and not look helplessly ence and discipline of life cannot be acquired. to others to do for them that which they can do for themselves. There is a new day ahead for the Negro race, but it must come from within. The Negro must It is estimated that the seventy-six hospitals to decide what he wants and then he must go out and be established throughout the country by the Fund get it. He must learn to exercise rigid economy, will give employment to from 30,000 to 40,000 thrift, simple habits of life. He must begin at Colored people. the very bottom and through a process of Christian education, based upon the impregnable Rock The Negro race will follow honest and unselfish of Truth, as Gladstone called the Bible; through Negro leadership. They want a practical program that has as its objective the uplift of the masses.

the development of rugged character, such as is inspired by hardships; through hard persevering "Don't waste your time in longing for great impos- toil, which is the price of real progress; through sible things, honest, virtuous living, which is the secret of Don't sit supinely yearning for the swiftness of every great people; through peaceful organiza- angels' wings; tion and collective planning; through unselfish Don't spurn to be a candle because you're not a and patriotic leadership in the pulpit, in the class- star, room and in every walk of life, he must forge his But brighten some bit of darkness by shining way forward, and, by God's good grace, he may where you are.

yet teach a lesson of far-reaching importance, not There is need of the tiniest candle as well as the only to this country, but to the entire world. giant sun, Everywhere the colored people of the United The humble deed is ennobled when it is worthily States have manifested keen, fervid interest in done.

the Negro National Hospital Fund. They see in You may never be called to brighten the darkened it the beginning of the physical salvation of the regions afar Negro race, and they promise to rally to it. One So fill, for this day, your mission by shining just man said: "I will payoff my twenty-year assess- where you are." -E. A. Guest.

Dividends in West Africa*

Reported by MRS. EDWIN COZZENS, Elat, Cameroun CARPENTERS, tailors, mechanics, shoemak- must go on to the next town the Spirit of God ers, sawmen, masons and apprentices they would remain to convict the man of sin. Three are usually called; but for the month of days later this obdurate father sought out the July (1933) they were evangelists. The Frank nearest evangelist saying, "I can't eat, I can't J ames Industrial School was closed down in so sleep. My heart keeps saying, 'Repent! Repent!'

far as was possible so that one hundred and Here are my fetishes. I will trust in Jesus."

twenty of the graduate employees and the appren- *** tices might, at their own expense, devote them- "Don't waste your time talking to me. I'm all selves as Christians to the business of winning right. Why, I beat the drum for all the meetings men and women to Christ. July was preceded by in the chapel and I put money in the collection intensive Bible study and many hours o'f prayer and do all the things I should. Go hunt the bad as part of the preparation for the adventure to people."

which we all looked forward. "But the evangelists would not leave such a A prayer meeting at dawn was the start, and man without expounding to him the third and from there the men went in groups to their des- fourth chapters of Romans, "We have all come tinations as far as thirty, even sixty miles out on short of the glory of God; we are justified freely the many paths radiating from Elat. Returning by His grace. Where is boasting then? It is ex- four weeks later, a report hour was held in the cluded by the law of faith." .

Elat Church. Thus another man moved his house from the "We did not experience what we expected," re- sand onto the Rock.

ported Simon Nna Nsim for his group, "but great *** joy far surpassing anything we had believed. Only "We heard that you Tellers-of-the-Good-News the words of the one hundredth Psalm can express were coming but we don't want to hear your Good our joy and thanks." These industrial-evangelists News in this town."

had seen the power of God triumph over many "But we've come to be your guests!" That was untouchable hearts. an arrow which lodged in the most vulnerable "Don't talk to me about God. He killed my wife; point of a Bulu man's pride. So, they broke bread He killed each one of my four children. I was together-Bulu bread, and finally, "Living Bread born into the world an innocent babe; it is He which came down from heaven; if any man eat who should make peace with me, not I with Him." of this bread, he shall live forever."

The evangelists did their best to show the poor *** man that God gave His only Son to bring to us life, abundant life, everlasting life. They talked "You won't find any men in the next town. long and earnestly, reading from the open Testa- They were going off to repair their stretch of ments in their hands; but felt that they had ut- road." terly failed. During the middle of the night one of the group was awakened by this same bereaved The industrial-evangelists went off to the inman who said, "I cannot sleep for my heart tells dustrious road makers. me that it is I who have done wrong, not God." And there, deep in the night, this Nicodemus was "Greetings, brothers!" born again into the tribe of God's children. "Greetings! But we've no time to talk to you today. The policeman is going to put us in jail if we don't finish our road." "Sure enough, and he will. We'd better help *** you." The evangelists set such a pace for work They did their best to present Jesus as the Way, that the townsmen were soon leaning on their the Truth and the Life to a man sitting by his shovels gasping for breath. Ashamed to have own fire. They made one final entreaty before their volunteer helpers outdo them, they kept at leaving his house to which he replied again, "I their job. Soon they suggested going back to refuse. I absolutely refuse!" Immediately his their town to eat, inviting their helpers to accomlittle daughter cried out to him, "0, my father, pany them. "There are no lunch counters in the I'm only a child but I know that God IS. Don't jungle; food had to be prepared. The soul win- refuse, don't refuse!" ners reached into their pockets and laid before the The hearts of these soul winners were troubled hosts that Word which is the Life and the Light for this father and they gathered the next morn- of all men. Into five of those darkened hearts ing before daybreak to pray that even though they that Light shone that morning and Life became • C<Jndensed from The Drum Call, Elat, Cameroun. their life.

[578 ]

WHAT'S RIGHT WITH THE RURAL CHURCH

A leading citizen, a graduate of their own in- out ceasing unto God." At daybreak they began dustrial school, had reverted to polygamy, influ- again to revisit the town. By nightfall twenty encing his whole town in his downfall. All day souls had been won for the Lord whom they had long a group of ten had visited in his town with- trusted. out arousing one spark of interest; without winning one soul for their Lord who had been so Weare told that there is joy in the presence of dishonored by one of their own alumni. What to the angels of God over one sinner that repenteth. do? Go on and mark that day down as a failure? We dare, then, to call you, who have sacrificed No! Prove God to be a living God. The ten evan- that the work of Christ in many lands might not gelists found a house in which they could all sleep be crippled, to rejoice with us over the twentytogether. They divided into four groups, the night three hundred and thirty-two lost sheep who were into four watches; and "prayer was made with- found by these jungle business-men-evangelists during the month of July, 1933.

What's Right With the Rural Church By RALPH A. FELTON, Ph.D., Madison, N. J.

Professor of Rural Sociology, Drew University O NE day while talking with a man in Roch- three thousand counties have from a dozen to ester, New York, I was told that there seventy-five boys in reform schools at a cost of would be no country churches left in Amer- six or seven hundred dollars each per year. Crime ica in ten years. This man said he knew what he is expensive in more ways than one.

was talking about for as a traveling salesman he A high school girl in a rural village was on the spent all of his time visiting churches. verge of being arrested for delinquency. A Sun- This was ten years ago, and I can't see any de- day s~hool teacher took time off from her busy crease in country churches. The 101,000 rural life to win the girl's affection and enlist her in churches in America are, in fact, stronger than Christian living. As a result she is now in college they were ten years ago. Other institutions and preparing for worth-while service.

agencies have come and gone, but the rural church The church is saving countless young people is still the farmers' most loved institution. What from reaping the wages of sin, and at the same makes the church live on through periods when time saving law abiding citizens from paying the other agencies disappear? cost of crime.

The Grange is a powerful force in rural Amer- The church is our most effective missionary ica, with 8,000 units and 700,000 members who institution. Who ever heard of a shipload of are a real social and educational factor in Ameri- Rotarians sailing off to New Guinea or Burma can life. It is the only secret institution to which to give their lives to teach the ideals and prin- the fathers and mothers both belong. But on ciples of Rotary! Today 7,000 missionaries of "Grange Night" the children are left at home. In the church are preaching the Gospel in China, most states the father leaves all of the family at 6,000 are proclaiming "the Christ of the Indian home when he attends the Farm Bureau or a meet- Road," 3,000 more are at work in South America ing of his Cooperative. Rotary, Kiwanis, Zonta and as many in Africa. The church is our only and other service clubs take father or mother, but institution whose members are concerned enough not both and never the children. The girls may for its teachings to carry its message to the ends attend the Camp Fire Girls, and the boys may be- of the earth.

long to the 4-H Club or the Scouts. The church Life on the farm often becomes humdrum. The is the only institution to which the whole family dairy cows do not take a vacation. Canning sea- may belong and which all can attend. In these son in the farm kitchen comes just when a trip to days when so many things tear the family apart, the seashore is most needed. But the Christian the church is still a family institution. It is of message in the church lifts our horizon from interest to all ages; it serves all; it unites all. monotonous chores and limited fields and stifling We hear and talk much today about a "crime kitchen, so that we become a part of God's great wave." It has been estimated that the average universe. We thus renew our faith in Christ and family pays thirty dollars a year in taxes to care become more loyal and effective in carrying out for our delinquents and criminals. Each of our His program for a better world.

A Woman of Ten

, An Appreciation of Helen Barrett Montgomery I -ef I By Her Friend, LUCY W. PEABODY, Orlando, Florida Jie- I FIRST met Helen Barrett Montgomery nearly team in their home, in their church and in social fifty years ago at a missionary meeting. Since life. Mr. Montgomery had a large Bible class of then I have known intimately the life and won- men and was respected for his sterling character derful accomplishments of this great and noble and business ability. These won for him wealth leader. Young, beautiful, radiant with a com- in his latter days, so that these two magnificent pelling appeal, her greeting to me, a young mis- stewards had the joy of giving largely for the sionary just home from India, was that of a highest ends.

friend, not a stranger. We both lived in Roches- Helen Barrett Montgomery was an educator ter, and met often. Later, as Secretary of the more than a mere teacher. After a year of teach- Woman's American Baptist Foreign Missionary ing in Philadelphia, she married, and then began Society, of which Mrs. Montgomery was a mem- her life, chiefly given to Christian and missionary ber, I realized the great power of this young col- education. In 1900, the year of the Ecumenical lege woman, a graduate of Wellesley, and much in Conference in New York, Women's Boards of Mis- demand for lectures before women's clubs, politi- sions formed a committee to prepare books for cal groups and college societies. united study of foreign missions. Following the Her home education was remarkable. Her fa- founder of that committee, Miss Abbie B. Child, ther, head of a boys' school, and later pastor of a I served from 1902 to 1930 as Chairman. During great Baptist church in Rochester, gave Helen her those twenty-eight years we were fortunate to sekeen intellectual inheritance. Her mother, .a bril- cure Mrs. Montgomery as author of six study liant, delightful personality, with a wide range of books: "Christus Redemptor," a study of the Is- interests-primarily in the church-endowed her land World; "Western Women in Eastern Lands,"

daughter with charm, versatility and power of ex- which gave the suggestion of the Women's Mis- pression. As life went on her talents and training sionary Jubilee in 1910 and 1911; "The King's were all consecrated to great spiritual ends. Highway," written after her return from the tour Mrs. Montgomery was a firm believer in wom- of mission fields; "The Bible and Missions,"

an's suffrage, and was active in Rochester's civic called by some experts the best mission study book and educational interests. She served two terms ever published; "Prayer and Missions" followed, as Commissioner of Education-the only woman and, last, "From Jerusalem to Jerusalem," written to hold that position. She was President of the after the International Missionary Council Meet- State Federation of Women's Clubs, and might ing in Jerusalem in 1928. These books had a sale have gone on in these interesting activities to the of more than a half million copies and did much very top. But Mrs. Montgomery's supreme inter- to educate women and girls for the highest mis- est was centered in Christ and the Church. For sionary ideals. years she taught a Bible class, numbering hun- Mrs. Montgomery was the most popular lec- dreds of women. She gave much time to the work turer at summer Schools of Missions. She began of missions in church and county, finally becoming at Northfield when the first Mission School opened Secretary for the Baptist Board in Western New in 1904 and her work extended across the conti- York. Her freedom from home cares, through nent. -the presence of "two mothers" and a devoted aunt, One of her great achievements was the transla- was not from lack of ability or interest and we tion of the New Testament from the Greek, which were often diverted from our major missionary commanded the respect of great Greek scholars.

program to one of recipes. Dr. A. T. Robertson, of Louisville, our first Amer- William A. Montgomery, her devoted husband, ican authority, said: "It is remarkable in its ac- deserves special mention and credit for Helen Bar- curacy and clear expression. I prefer it to Mof- rett's achievements. It was an ideal marriage, fatt's translation." She did this "Just for the joy happy to the very end. She, the intellectual, col- of the work." Mrs. Montgomery had ten talents, lege woman, learned many practical lessons from and she used them all.

him, the keen business man; they made a glorious In the Woman's Foreign Mission Jubilee, which [580 ] we planned one day in Boston, she carried inspira- women, there was nothing to do but to secure tion from coast to coast. The celebration brought funds to found the Seven Colleges for Women of voluntary gifts of one and one-fourth million dol- Asia, with the motto: "Lighted to Lighten." lars to the Boards participating and resulted in With the little Indian lamp as a symbol, the womthe organization of the Federation of Women's en of America made possible the building of Col- Boards of Foreign Missions of the United States leges in Japan, China and India. Though Helen and Canada. Montgomery had taken on the executive work of President of the Woman's Foreign Mission So- She was the only woman ever called to serve as ciety of the Baptist denomination-an absorbing President of the Northern Baptist Convention. task-there was still time and strength for this Wellesley College gave her the honorary degree educational work for women.

HElLEN BARRETT MONTGOMERY A favorite and essential type of mission work in which she was greatly interested was to proof LL.D., while other colleges also conferred de- vide for Christian literature for women and chilgrees upon her. dren in non-Christian lands. Her legacy of $25,000 toward a fund for this department of Out of our memorable trip around the world, work is an example of her wise stewardship.. The with our daughters, came her book, "The King's interest will help the scanty contributions from Highway," over which we traveled together over-burdened Boards. through Egypt, India, China and Japan. Having told a little of what Helen Barrett Mont- The daughters, one from Wellesley and one gomery did, how can we describe what she was? from Vassar, added to the joy of the travels and A loving, lovely, sympathetic, generous friend, an interested great companies of girls from mission ideal woman in her home-life, her church activischools, who begged for women's colleges. They ties, her social contacts, she was deeply, truly have them now. After the trip, not merely around spiritual. Christ, her Saviour, was her dearest the world but into the heart and life of Oriental Friend-always a reality. In these days when men trust so much to intellect, and seem to lose it in a maze of doubt, she, who was always a stu- dent and scholar, retained her firm faith in the supernatural, inspired Word of God.

In later years we met often in Florida, which we adopted ten years ago as our winter home. One more "Missionary Adventure" remained: The Florida Chain of Missionary Assemblies. We had been together at the School of Missions in DeLand, the first in Florida and later, in St. Pe- tersburg. Mrs. Montgomery was delighted to see these links grow into a chain-which now an- nually covers the State.

Last March she came over from St. Petersburg with her brother, Professor Storrs Barrett, and his wife, and was her dear, radiant self. Impaired health did not matter, and days of sunshine, flow- ers and memories, with the group of friends who gathered for the "surprise party" made it a beau- tiful climax to our friendly fellowship here.

Helen Barrett Montgomery has made her own memorial, which will continue. She was interna- tional long before most American women awoke tc, that relation, and realized that the only suc- cessful internationalism to date is Foreign Mis- sions: asking nothing but World Friendship based on faith in the World Saviour. It may be that, in our present dream of making the mission colleges permanent through endowment, we may have a Helen Barrett Montgomery Chair in at least one woman's college in the Orient. This should be made possible by the many whose lives she has blessed.

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Effective Ways of Working 'Tested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA S. AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO ~'=I==============================.~ CHRISTMAS MEDITATION congregational singing of carols. In would make a deeply inspiring our program we tried, by entirely missionary presentation. An Suppose that Christ had not been oorn eliminating congregational singing, to abundance of such material is to avoid any interruption to the worship be found in most denominational That far away Judean morn. period, that all might feel the deep literature departments. Excel- inspiration and power of quiet, rev- lent Christmas pageants and Suppose that God, Whose Mighty hand erent worship. plays for schools, churches and Created worlds, had never planned clubs are listed in a catalog leaf- Carols played by a quartet of trump- let by The Woman's Press, 600 A way for man to be redeemed. eters stationed in the lighted tower Lexington Ave., New York City. Suppose the Wise Men only dreamed room drew an audience outside the church in addition to the one as- Christmas Suggestions for That guiding star whose light still sembled within. As the service was Children's Organizations glows to close exactly at midnight, pains had been taken to see that the watches An Oriental slant may well be Down through the centuries. Suppose of all persons taking part were timed given to celebrations this year. correctly. Carefully prepared pro- True stories from our mission Christ never walked here in men's grams in the hands of the minister, work in Japan and China might sight, choir director and pianist gave the be presented under the topic, closing time of each number, so that "Treasures for the King." Dec- Our blessed Way, and Truth, and adjustments could be made with ease orate the room with the usual Light. if the service proceeded faster or more emblems, arranging the chairs in slowly than had been planned. The a circle with alternating red Suppose He'd counted all the cost, items had been carefully timed at re- and green streamers extending And never cared that we were lost, hearsals, and took place in this se- from their backs to a central quence: chandelier. Under the light on And never died for you and me, a small table, set up a miniature Nor shed His blood on Calvary 10: 45 to 11: OO-Carols by trump- Christmas scene of small trees eters, beginning with "It Came Upon covered with snow and icicles. Upon a shameful cross. Suppose a Midnight Clear" and ending with Under these trees have two open That having died He never rose, "0 Come, All Ye Faithful." jewel boxes-one empty, with a gold star pasted on the lid, the And there was none with power to 11: 00 to 11 : 03-Prelude by pianist. other containing strings of pearl save As the last note of the trumpets died beads, rings, bracelets, etc. The away, the pianist took up the same story of "The King's Special Our souls from darkness and the carol and played it softly while the Treasures" may first be read grave! robed choir and the minister took from Mal. 3: 10-17, emphasizing their places. God's special treasures – his *** "jewels" – and stating that we 11 : 03 to 11: 04-Foreword by min- want to bring others to know As far as piteous heathen know, ister. Him too, adding to His jewels, as These things that I've "supposed"- missionaries are trying to do. 11: 04 to 11: 06-"The First Now- Then let each young person who are so! ell," sung by the choir. tells an assigned story of some- one won for Jesus in a mission.. MARTHA SNELL NICHOLSON. 11 : 06 to 11: 09 – The Christmas ary kindergarten or otherwise story from Luke. hold in her hand while she talks CHRISTMAS WITH A MIS- an object from the box of jew- SIONARY KEYNOTE 11: 09 to 11: 15-Carols by choir. els-the first story, perhaps, be- ing about "Rings of Gold," the A Christmas Eve Service 11: 15 to 11: 23-"Service of Lights" next about "A Ruby Necklace," pageant by young people. another about "A String of *Rev Carl H. Olson, of Kent, Ohio, writing in Church Busi- 11 : 23 to 11: 41-A Christmas story ness, says in part: read by minister.

The commercialization of Christmas 11 : 41 to 11: 47-Christmas anthem is a challenge to the Church to re- by choir. awaken an appreciation of the religious significance of this holy season. 11: 47 to 12: OO-Christmas sermon- Last year our church met this chal- ette by minister. The climax of this lenge with a Christmas Eve serv!ce sermonette was an exhortation that which extended throughout the entIre the bells of Christmas Day might find community. joyous echo in the hearts of men, and coincided with the ringing of the bell In many Christmas Eve services, which announced the advent of the the effectiveness of the atmosphere Day. created by dim lighting is destroyed when the lights are turned on for the By having pageant, story, etc., of a missionary application and • Duplex Envelope Co., Richmond, Va. giving the sermonette the same Copyrighted. keynote-all most appropriate to the occasion – the foregoing [582 ]

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

Pearls," still another about the winner is the one who fans lated, for the most part, to the "Diamonds Rare," etc. through goal first. theme for the corresponding Every Christian may have a part and may bring extra jewels Good handwork would be mak- month. When a member reads for the King, to put into the ing a Japanese garden as a gift a book, he checks it, and if he empty box. Let the members for Mother at Christmas. "Use reads an additional one, he lists suggest what we may place a china bowl, a piece of low pot- it in a blank underneath. What within it: Our money, our pray- tery or a pie or cake tin; a small a widening of horizons that ers, acts of service at home and mirror for the pool of water or amount of good missionary readin community and, best of all, else moss arranged to use real ing will accomplish in each life. "A Christmas Gift of Self." As water; small pebbles for paths, these are enumerated, emblems etc. Make some green things Among the titles of the such as small red hearts or other growing by sprouting carrots or appropriate articles wrapped in monthly meetings are: World silver and gold tin foil, white sweet potatoes in a glass. A ten- Highways; The Highway to the cards inscribed with individual cent store can supply wee names to represent gifts of self, bridges and people to walk in the West; Highways of Goodwill; etc., are to be deposited in the garden, or these can be molded empty box. It is suggested that from clay or putty or carved Setting Sail; In and Around in boys' organizations, nuggets from soap. Tokyo; Seeing the Country, etc. of gold, bags of silver and such The foregoing suggestions like would be especially attrac- Leading thought questions are: tive, the parallel being that have been taken from "The (1) What are the qualities or Window of Y. W. A.," a publimany lads in other lands or com- cation of the Women's Auxiliary characteristics possessed by our munities in our own land would of the Southern Baptist Conven- pioneer leaders? Wherein do tion. they differ from the qualities we need today? (Blanks provided for written replies.) (2) What are my attitudes toward the Jap- anese Americans? Would I be become real gold treasures for High Lights of Some Litera- willing to (a) Meet them sothe King if they had an oppor- ture Packets cially? (b) Admit them to our club? (c) Fellowship with them tunity. As a souvenir there may be pinned on each child a red bell Your Department Editor was in the church? (d) Form friendinscribed with the name of a pleased to note at summer con- ships with them? (e) Entertain Chinese or Japanese missionary. ferences the attractive forms in them as guests in the home? It would be Oriental to send which missionary literature is (3) When you think of Japan, around invitations to s u c h presented nowadays, even to the what comes to your mind? (4) Christmas-missionary functions delight for the eye of exquisite As world Christians we discover on a tray-just one, not a whole coloring and artistic decoration. all people are more alike than supply, on the tray at one time, Real down to date psychology is different. Record here racial the tray-carrier being in J ap- manifest, also, in the adaptation qualities or characteristics which anese costume and doing his of subject matter to the natural seem to you to be universal. (5) work with much bowing and interests of the various age As we leave Japan, we carry groups. The Editor will be memories of Christian men, greeting. Oriental curios such as Jap- pleased to pass on the high lights women and youth who have anese parasols, vases, prints, of denominational literature dis- helped us to know and underfans, etc., should be used to dec- plays and packets whenever they stand their country. Record orate the meeting place. Ohaio are presented to her for review. here your impressions of the is the word of greeting; Sayo- The United Christian Missionary Japanese people.

naro that of departure. To Society has an attractive buff In a similar program guide, create a merry atmosphere, a program guide for its High-Tri "Toward Understanding," to be few native games may be played clubs, the outline taking the used among young people's mis- beforehand. In "Japanese Ball" membership on an imaginary sionary circles, some suggestive one bounces the ball very hard, trip among Orientals in the topics for consideration or meditrying to whirl around and get United States, then on to Japan tation are: (1) What seem to be back into position ready to catch for six months. During the first the most outstanding problems the ball, then trying to hit it period a statement or question which the Japanese-American back to the floor instead of han- for each meeting proposes for faces? How can we help in solu- dling it. This should be done consideration some problem as it tion of these problems? (2) five times in succession. relates to the individual in the What are my own interests?

"Japanese Volley Ball" re- group life. During the second Are they contributing to Chris- quires each player to use a fan. period the guide becomes the tian growth and development?

The goal is made by putting two Travel Book in which members (3) In what way does our books on the floor a foot apart. are expected to record the names church share with the Japanese Then a three-inch square of of interesting places they visit, in the United States? (4) What tissue paper is to be fanned people they meet and types of are the religions of Japan?

through the goal from the start- missionary work that impress What is their appeal to youth?

ing line six feet back. Each them. The "Book-of-the-Month" (5) What is the appeal of player has a separate goal, and page suggests a book that is re- Christianity to me? In what

way is it a vital part of my life, come a globe of the world. Hesi- our Church in the face of Roman interests and enthusiasms? (6) tantly touching and seeming to influence in Mexico? Why send missionaries to a cul- gaze into it, she turns to the tured, educated people like the Your Help Wanted! Japanese? Write your answer audience and tells what she sees from time to time. This subject Your Department Editor is to this question beforehand. matter may pertain to the begin- ever on the alert for "Ways of Would you revise it after the nings of missions in general or Working" that have approved discussion? If so, how? (7) in any given field, certain faces themselves in action. What a joy What do I think of the Nation- seeming to stand out as the story it is when usable material is sent alistic theory that "Nations can proceeds. At an appropriate in. Have you something triedlive to themselves"? How do we point, costumed folk enter softly and-proved-good that might be gain or lose by wholesome rela- from behind the gazer and en- passed along? While plans for tions with other nations? (8) act a scene with dialogue, then all departments of church mis- What are the reasons for Japan's softly slip out again. In this sionary activity are acceptable, foreign policy? What is the at- way a fascinating story is told, there is an especial dearth of ma- terial for pastors and Sunday titude of Japanese Christians? with action to make it seem real. school workers. (9) Can I be a Christian and be- The second crystal gazer relieve in war and the preparation places the first presently and **• for it? Could I participate in it? says: "A glorious past. But we Mrs. T. J. Hopkins, of Wayne, (10) Has Christianity made any cannot dwell in the past. What Pennsylvania, a program builder impact on the everyday world in of the present? May I read of note, has sent an outline used Japan? If so, in what ways? what I see?" And in this sec- at a national gathering in Wash- (11) After studying Japan have ond episode, missions are pic- ington, D. C., on "Building the I gained any new facts? Formed tured, in narrative and action, Nation Beautiful" which will apany new attitudes? Decided on as they are today. The future is pear in this department next any procedure of Christian left problematic in a soul-search- month. She has already subethics? ing way as it hinges on present mitted an outline for a year's acute needs. The close is an an- meetings on the theme, "God's An instructive recreation de- swer to the challenge. Harvest Field," in which the scribed in the packet of litera- monthly topics – usable in any ture is called "What? When? The number of dramatic group-are: "The Field" (Fer- Where? in The World Call- sketches in this packet shows tile Soil); "Preparation of the this being the denominational how much this best-of-all ways Soil" (Pioneers of Yesterday) ; magazine. The method is to di- of vitalizing the truths of mis- "Sowing" (Neglected People, vide the participants into Groups Migrants, Frontiersmen) ; "Sun- A, B, C and D, giving to each sions is being used by wide- shine and Rain – God's Part" group three magazines (of dif- awake workers. (When Christ Was Born – a ferent dates) and twelve ques- Christmas Playlet); "Cultivations. Working together, the ••• tion" (Teaching, H e a lin g, group must find the answers in Preaching) ; "Reaping" (Inthe magazine and write them out In The Luther League Leader, gathering Through Christian or check the page on which each an organ of the American Luth- Centers); "Binding" (Brothermay be read. A time limit- ran Church, questions for study hood Through Good Citizenpossibly ten minutes-is set, the ship), and "Storing and Sharwinning group being the one and discussion reveal the amount ing" (Stewardship R 0 u n d which is through first or which of real thought young people are Table). A Mothers' and Daugh- putting into their mission study ters' Banquet and a Book Refinds the most answers in the nowadays. Some outstanding view meeting were interspersed time. questions are: among the topical sequences.

"Missions Through a Crystal" Do you find any reason for a A budget isn*'t s*um*s to me; is an excellent program device friendly internationalism in It's happy school girls' faces, which may be worked up with Paul's address from Mars Hill? any subject matter in any de- (Acts 17: 26-28.) It's tired, sick mothers getting well, nomination. On a stand at the How do national leaders have front is placed a globe of the responsibility for changing the It's light in gloomy places. world draped completely with a viewpoints of the people as did It isn't just long columns full square of white cloth. A candle- Samuel? (1 Sam. 12: 20-25.) lighted room is preferable for Of "headachy" addition, this gazing scene. The leader To what degree do you think It's missionaries sailing out says there are present two crys- the truth in James 4: 1-3 is back tal gazers who can see into the of warped national points of To fill a Great Commission. past, present and future, telling view? It's you and I, who'd like to go, the audience what they see. The How does the preaching of And send our gifts to prove it. first of these sits down before Christ's Gospel influence the How wonderful a budget is ! the globe, gently removes the world for peace? silk scarf from it and starts It lives, and so I love it. when she sees the crystal has be- Has the Church a right to ex- press a public declaration on the -Edith G. Estey, in The question of international rela- Watchman-Examiner. tionships? (Mat. 10: 7-15.) What is the evident duty of The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK by their prophets, probably more missionary enterprise, steward- ship, and a practical leadership than Chinese who lived the training course. Groups inter- truths taught by their leaders. Yes, there is but one God the ested in dramatics, music, life- Father from the beginning who saving, and nature study were is ever seeking to express Him- also cared for. self in the sons of men; and Jesus was born Son of God and The editor seems to recall that Son of Man. some one in Honolulu said the name Kokokahi means "of one The Christian records show that Mary was not disobedient blood." One is reminded of the to the heavenly vision. "Mary Chinese saying, "Under heaven, said, 'I am here to serve the one family." Lord. Let it be as you have said.''' When Mary listened to the story of the shepherds on the birthday of the little one and heard what was said about the child and that the angels sang of "peace on earth goodwill among men," we are told that "she treasured it all up and mused upon it."

Sometimes we Christians for- get that there was a Holy Fam- ily,-father, mother and child; and that within such a family, Joseph protected mother and child by flight to Egypt.

And "Jesus increased in wis- dom and in stature, and in fa- vour with God and man."

From the New China. YOUNG PEOPLES' CHRIS- Are we Christians preparing TIAN CONFERENCE now for His advent so that in MODERN CHINESE our land the shepherds and all MADONNA At Kokokahi on Kaneohe Bay, shall hear the angels' song on the annual conference for young In our Western world the Ma- people between the ages of 16 Christmas Eve? donna is Mary, mother of the and 25 was held August 26-Sep- Christ-child. Often in China, tember 2. From breakfast at 7 young Chinese women students a. m. to "Lights Out" at 10 p. m. who know that in their tradition the days were filled with wor- even five hundred years before ship, recreation and work in Christ there were prophets or study courses such as How We teachers of men who taught a Got Our Bible, Beginnings of the way of life similar to the Chris- Christian C h u r c h, Missions, tian way, ask "Why should God young peoples course for leaders, not have come as the Christ- and a discussion course on child among us?" And one an- youth Problems. The univer- swer can be that there was a sity age group studied "the im- goodly "remnant" among the plications of the Christian reli- Jews who lived the truths taught gion for social life"; also the [585 ] Why the Church of the Cross- Church of the Crossroads this roads? in part as follows: last summer in an open, covered "The spirit of Hawaii during the pavilion where during the week years from 1915 to 1923 the year the children of the neighborhood in which the church was organ- had gathered for activities and ized was definitely turned to- which for the Sunday services ward interracial cooperation, had been made a churchly place and the intermingling of racial with a simple altar with the groups in business life and so- cross and exquisite lilies. A lay- cial life. Racial lines were not man asked for volunteers to so important as they used to be. come one hour before services Language was no longer a bar- the next Sunday to prepare the rier. Some· of them were eager place of worship. He also called to meet together in religion." attention to the children's handi- REV. AND MRS. GALEN R. WEAVER The Hawaiian Board of Mis- craft work outside the pavilion. sions met the request of young During the meditation period, CHURCH OF THE CROSS- people of various racial back- ROADS grounds for a service in English, a beautiful victrola selection and known as "The Young Peoples' the far view from the open pa- Friends from afar sent Aloha vilion strengthened the bond in May, 1933, to the Church of Service." Attendance averaged existing among the Christians the, Crossroads, Honolulu, T. H., about 100 persons. of several races who "resorted for the tenth anniversary of the with one mind in prayer." founding of the church. Jane In May, 1923, the Hawaiian Addams wrote from Chicago: Board approved the recom- The place was filled with the fragrance of the beauty of holi- The Church of the Crossroads seems mendation of the Religious Edu- ness and life. to me a singularly successful and an cation Committee "that the reunusually brilliant effort to unite quest of 61 applicants for a For your Christmas program through participation in a common cause, people of varied origins and church be granted, and that the send for Services of Worship for experiences. I predict that its his- Secretarial Council in conference World Understandihg and Peace, tory will long be cherished as that of with Mr. Weaver shall take steps a pioneer in a path so often needlessly toward the organization of the 15c; C rea tin g a World of beset with insuperable difficulties. Friendly Children, 25c; A Mes- church." Kagawa, from Japan, wrote: sage to Christians of All Lands.

I am glad to send a message to your Rev. Galen R. Weaver has MISERERE ehurch's tenth birthday. It is very interesting that your church represents been a very true pastor to the God have mercy upon us miserand serves so many nationalities, and group since the organization of that in the Hawaiian Islands you able sinners, have a Christian brotherhood, to some the church. The present par- God have mercy upon us misextent, of all races. May it be per- ticipating constituency of the fected! And may God bless your erable sinners. church to that great end! ….. . church (that is members, asso- For our ignorance and our greed ciates, and attendants in Hono- We must have a world awakening. lulu and active in one or several which have brought to I do not say "revival," for here in the parts of the program totals about Orient we have not yet heard the Gos- 250 of whom 80 are in adult di- multitudes starvation in pel, so I use the term "awakening." vision, 85 in young peoples' di- the midst of plenty. Please pray for all nations, for the Lord, have mercy upon us. so-called Christian nations, and for the mission field. In Honolulu, where From sense of our own virtue at you can look out on all the world, both eastward and westward, you can have some slight charity to the the truly international viewpoint, and do much to bring the world together unemployed, in the Christian world brotherhood, the world family of God our Father. Good Lord, deliver us.

The Rev. Norman C. Schenck, From luxury and display, while of the Hawaiian Board of Missions, answered the question, many have not where to lay their heads.

Good Lord, deliver us.

From spending billions for bat- tleships while the unem- ployed live upon a crust, Good Lord, deliver us.

MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH OF THE That it may please Thee to guide CROSSROkDS, HONOLULU, EXAMIN- us quickly into the good ING THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE life in which there shall be peace and plenty; a· WE'EK-DAY SCHOOL vision, – and the rest younger. sharing of labor and leis- ure and joy by all the On other islands, there are 39 members. There are seventeen children of men, members on mainland United We beseech Thee to hear us, States, and eight in other coun- good Lord.

tries. The editor worshiped -From "Prayers for Self and with the congregation of the Society," by James Myers.

AMERICA unions, but a closed shop on reli- runs one story, "and never saw a

gion, especially as regards the steadier set of officials than the Century of Progress Campaign 'Leadership Group' made up of ones that have comprised these officials and office workers. In meetings, which have been well Midnight evangelism by wom- this connection, an advertise- attended. The drouth-stricken en was a feature of the Century ment for a stenographer for the areas are ghastly in their ap- of Progress threefold Evangel- mill specified 'none but active pearance, but the men have said istic Campaign, conducted in a Christians need apply.' Prayer that those grieving the loudest congested district of Chicago's meetings have been held since are the non-religious and non- West Side, under auspices of the 1916, and since the day now has members of the churches."- Presbyterian Church. A com- two shifts the meetings are at 6 Christian Advocate. mon experience of the women in a. m. and 2 p. m. The whole at- charge was to find girls under mosphere of the mills has Giving of Poor and Rich the influence of liquor attracted changed in these 18 years. There to the meeting, and to be able to has been friendliness, a better A recent book by Robert R. help some of them physically, spirit, and more.important still, Doane, "The Measurement of morally and spiritually. Anoth- the people are happy and con- American Wealth" makes clear er activity was the nightly open tented. Through all the labor that in the prosperous year 1929 forum, when a mixed group of upheavals that have occurred, only 13% per cent of church and 150 to 180 persons-educated this mill has come through un- benevolent contributions came and uneducated, bolshevists and scathed." from persons with an annual in- atheists, communists and other come of $25,000 or more. Those radicals-gathered in the chapel U.ndaunted in Drouth with incomes from $3,000 to of Third Presbyterian Church to $25,000 gave 18% per cent of discuss social, economic, political It is reassuring to read re- all that was contributed, but and religious problems. Ques- ports from drouth stricken areas those with incomes of $3,000 and tions were presented by the au- of the West, and find that faith less gave 68 per cent of the total. dience and answered by newspa- and courage have survived. A When it is remembered that in per men, lawyers, business lead- Methodist district superintend- 1929, a total of 1,122,650 per- ers, college professors, clergy- ent in Nebraska says: sons made income tax returns men and political and social showing incomes of $20,055,- authorities. "Our churches are rallying 000,000 but deducted from those marvelously. In this worst hit returns gifts to charity totalling A third feature was the eight section almost every church will only $380,000,000 or slightly less o'clock evangelistic me e tin g meet its estimate in full. Of sev- than two per cent it is evident when the Gospel was pr.esented enteen churches not more than that the economically better off directly and simply to men and one or two will fall below, and class of Americans have not giv- women of all walks of life. Defi- most of these will attempt to en till it hurts. nite acceptances of Christ were raise the same salaries next reported daily. year. I have never seen such -Presbyterian Tribune. heroic self-sacrifice on the part Prayer Solves Business of both ministers and churches." Curbing Drunken Drivers Another writer from the same Troubles area declares: "The hardest hit An Independence, Kansas, folks are showing the most faith daily newspaper is using this John E. Edgerton, President and vision. The greatest com- unique method to rid the streets of the Lebanon Woolen Mills in plaining is done by those who of drunken drivers. When a citi- Tennessee, believes firmly that have the most. My admiration zen of Independence is arrested Christian principles will cure for the great majority of the for drunken driving he is likely any labor trouble or any other ministers and for many laymen to appeal to the local paper to kind of trouble, if they are not has been heightened by the way keep the matter out of its col- only believed in but practiced. they are facing up to the crisis. umns. Whereupon the editor "Some mill workers in the South No church has refused to make places before the favor-seeking may excel in leading strikes," an estimate for next year." driver this pledge: says a press report, but in the Lebanon Woolen Mills they are Iowa is not. behind in the The undersigned, having been ar- able to'lead a prayer meeting. midst of overwhelming disaster. rested for drunkenness and fined in ,The factory is an open shop on "I have held 21 conferences," the police court of Independence, [587 ]

wishes to have no mention made of ments – religion and crafts. Indians. This work began in the incident in the Dail" Reporter. Classes will be held during the the year 1834 under Rev. Thom- In case no mention is made of this week as well as on Sunday. The as S. Williamson, M.D., at Fort incident we promise to leave liquor only requirement is that each Snelling, Minn. The first Indian alone, and in event that we get into child or adult registered must be church had seven members, and police court again for reason of enrolled in both departments. from this beginning the church "breaking over," then the Reporter has grown to 1,475 communihas our consent to publish a news Courses will be elective, and cants, in 39 churches. story concerning the same, as well as include: Bible study, religion to mention the particulars of the case and biology, normal training -Presbyterian Banner. which caused us to sign this pledge, and likewise the fact that we signed class; confirmation class, church Broadcasting in Alaska it. res ear c h, religious forum, church history, wood cutting, Recently the broadcasting sta- More than a hundred citizens printing, process printing, ec- tion in Anchorage, Alaska, was of Independence have signed this clesiastical embroidery, piano, equipped with the latest and pledge up to date. Only three boys' choir, first aid, weaving, most efficient machinery for have broken it. In all three cases broadcasting. In the fall of 1932 the newspaper gave the full scout craft, camp fire craft, sea- the minister of Anchorage First story to the community. manship, Indian craft, Indian Presbyterian Church made ar- lore, knotting, leather tooling, rangements with the station for -Christian Century. model building, cooking, wood a weekly broadcast of religious carving, folk dancing, sewing services during the winter. The Spiritual Service for Hospitals station agreed to give the use of and dramatics. its equipment for such offerings The Federation of Churches as could be secured from the lisof Rochester, N. Y., has engaged Lutheran Strength teners-in, seeking as a goal $10 a Dr. Frederick Palmer to visit Sunday. Measured by the interhospital patients in the capacity In 59 cities of the United est shown, it was a success from of personal counselor and Chris- the start. Missionary E. L. Wintian friend. Rochester's fifty States the Lutherans are the terberger writes: "We have a hospitals, public and private, board of deacons of 12 members with more than 1,048 patients, largest Protestant denomination. appointed from those who are were thus visited in 1933. One interested, and we issue yearly of the hospitals was so much Among these cities are Albany, certificates of membership to all impressed by Dr. Palmer's serv- those who make contributions. ice that it sent courtesy cards to Buffalo, Chicago Dubuque, Du- The missionary speaks to men, all the ministers of the city. The women and children, the messuperintendent of the Highland luth, Detroit, Milwaukee, Minne- sage of life and hope as they sit Hospital writes of Dr. Palmer's about their firesides, away off in work: "I have so many times apolis, St. Paul, Toledo and the remotest cabins. Two Eskinoticed the beneficial physical mo boys up at Wainwright heard results following the visitation Wilkes-Barre. In 28 cities they the services and asked Dr. Greist of patients by a spiritual adviser if it would be all right if they that I am of the opinion that you are the second largest denomi- took down the sermon and gave are actually a part with us in the it to their people in Eskimo on work of the hospitaL" nation, the list including Cleve- the following Sunday."

Taking Care of Leisure Time land, New York, San Francisco –':"'Presbyterian Banner.

The Church of the Ascension and Tacoma. Lutherans are first LATIN AMERICA in Chicago believes that the church of today has two great in number in eight States,- Whole Family Won problems: First, the teaching of religion; and second, the Michigan 199,694, Minnesota The Baptist Church of Barteaching of the proper use of ranquitas, Puerto Rico, had esleisure; since wit h shorter 483,905, Montana 19,339, Ne- tablished a preaching point in a working hours for adults, lack home about six miles out of of playgrounds and recreation braska 130,826, North Dakota town. One evening the pastor for children, the devil has ample found a congregation gathered, opportunity for the use of idle- 134,424, Pennsylvania 604,684, but no meeting place, because, ness. This church has accord- the owners of the house were ingly worked out a new plan for South Dakota 90,190, Wisconsin away. Preparations were made its school. for an open-air meeting, when 484,348. -So S. Times. an invitation came from a neigh- "The child being father of the bor to hold services in her home man, the child in the Sunday Dakota Indians Conference This family had not accepted the school is certainly father of the Gospel. After giving the mes-. man in the pew," says the an- A most interesting commemonouncement of the new plan, ration of the 100th anniversary which provides for two depart- of Presbyterian work among the Sioux Indians was observed at Fort Peck Indian Reservation last August. One thousand per- sons attended the conference. Each family brought its own tent. Ten churches of that sec- tion of Montana acted as hosts, delivering daily rations to the tents. These consisted, among other things, of 20 head of- sheep, 10 head of beef, a number of pigs and $800 worth of gro- ceries. Each evening a group of 200 persons presented a pageant representing the various stages of progress of" Christian mis- sions among the Sioux Tribe of

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

sage the pastor extended the in- Continuing, the letter says: experience. Dinner-hour meet- vitation to those who were "Yesterday I saw the Minister ings have also been held in facwilling to accept Christ as their of War again, and demonstrated tories; hospitals, schools and Saviour. The first one to come the hand grenade and the billy centers of the unemployed have forward was the owner of the …… The demonstration of the been visited, and 3,000 children house, followed by his wife, and hand grenade was ……entirely have been gathered nightly to then the remainder of his family successful. The Minister of War listen to Bible stories. -six young people; and finally asked your best price on 100 bil- -So S. Times. three young men from the neigh- lies and 200 hand grenades." borhood, making a total of elev- Simavi in Holland en who were converted that Morris Schools Nationalized night. This grouping of letters rep- The Argentine philanthropic resents a new contribution to the -Watchman-Examiner. schools and institutes, popularly formation of alphabetical names. known as the Morris Schools, It stands for six Dutch words: Convinced at 87 Years are being taken over by the na- "Steun In Medische Aangelegen- tional government. Rev. Wil- heeden Voor Inheemschen," i. e., A Bible Society worker, con- liam C. Morris organized and Assistance in Medical Matters versing with a fervent Roman administered the schools over a for Natives. This charitable or- Catholic of 87 years of age, in a period of about 30 years. These ganization assists medical missmall village of the state of San schools have been the outstand- Luis Potosi, made him see clear- ing philanthropic work in the sion work in the Dutch East Inly the difference in the Ten Com- Argentine republic. In 1930, 6,- dies, the German work in Nias mandments which appear even 200 children were enrolled in in the Catholic Bible, and the ten them, and 330 orphan boys and and Sumatra and the Basel Misdeficient commandments which girls were housed in the orphan- sion in Borneo. appear in the Catechism of Fa- age. In the course of those years ther Ripalda; at which the old 140,000 Argentine children have The founder of Simavi was a man was very much surprised, passed through the Morris Dutch medical missionary, Dr. saying: "Eighty-seven years schools. The work has been sup- Hubertus Bervoets, who died have I lived, and I had not seen ported by private contributions July 22, 1933, in Java. He volthis bait held out to the inno- by Argentine citizens and by unteered in 1894 with his bride, cent." He invited the colporteur public spirited foreigners resi- expressing the urgent desire to to speak to all the people of the dent in the republic. In recent be allowed to carry the Gospel village "in the name of God and years the schools have also re- to the natives of Java. He was of the truth." He went person- ceived a considerable subsidy the first medical missionary in ally to give the invitations and from the national government. eastern Java and worked with ordered that the bells of the Upon the death of Mr. Morris in his wife up to 1909 in the hos- Catholic church should be rung 1932 these schools found their pital Modjowarno, to the great -there having been no priest in continuance uncertain. The de- blessing of the people. He began this church for some time. The velopment of the government people congregated, enthusias- school program had lessened the the training of native medical tically listened and bought copies need as well as the. appeal for helpers. He also founded a leper of the Bible. their support, resulting in a asylum. The last commission heavy deficit during the past two given him by the colonial gov- -Bible Society Record. years. A bill providing for the ernment was to build a hospital nationalization of the schools re- in Patio This he was no longer Missions or Hand Grenades? ceived final approval by the sen- able to finish. Dr. Bervoets and ate and was converted into law his wife worked in this field for The Living Church quotes Sept. 28. more than 37 years, their motto from a letter read into testimony being, "He who enters the servof the Senate munitions inquiry. ice of missions, has made his Rev. Paul Young, sent to South choice for his whole life!"

America by a Christian mission- -The Christian Century. French Novelist's Conversion ary board to preach the Gospel, The Methodist Times and wrote to his brother, who is EUROPE president of Federal Laborato- Student Soul Winners Leader, London, tells of a re- markable religious awakening in ries, Inc., makers of gas bombs Eighty-five undergraduates of France which is taking place in and machine guns, as follows: "We have just spent a week Cambridge University, both men the Roman Catholic Church, and of joyful life at this Indian sta- and women, have held a ten days' is going far towards influencing tion. It was a blessing to us and evangelistic campaign in the thought and remodeling life in the two devoted girls who live manufacturing city of Oldham, that country. A remarkable at this post. Six or eight In- England. Open-air meetings thing about the movement is dians expressed a desire to fol- have been held nightly at twelve that one of its leading spirits low the Lord. They have had the places, where crowds varying and most effective evangelists is desire before but have been from 75 to 300 have listened to a novelist of note, Francois pulled down by sin. Indian work the testimony of these students Mauriac. He was born in 1885, needs a great deal of prayer." regarding their own Christian and in 1922 succeeded in produc-

ing a work which placed him in AFRICA Slrull Worshippers the front rank of writers of his time. Later, he experienced con- Demand for Literature The forests of Spanish Guinea version, and thereafter devoted his literary gifts to the service Except in Arabic-speaking are still full of idols, and the of Christ. With a sensuous book areas, Africa is still without a in hand at the time, he re-wrote native literature. Now, with the Okak still ardently worship the it, condemning his former writ- demand for education increasing. His influence is now said to ing, Africans are beginning to skulls of their ancestors. Pracbe widespread and profound. read for pleasure. Missionaries add the writing of books to other tically every hut contains a box Socialists Return to Church absorbing and ·exacting duties, and African authors are increas- or basket of family skulls. In One result of the riotous up- ing. In South Africa some notaheaval at Vienna last February ble literary work has been done each tribe is a "priest" or leader has been the great flow of social- by Africans, and in East and ists back to church membership. West Africa authors are appear- of their worship. When some- Daily papers spoke of 10,000 ing. In 1933 the International having rejoined the Roman Institute of African Languages thing has gone wrong in the Catholic Church in a few weeks, and Cultures, in response to a and many are also joining the competition, received 87 manu- town, a misfortune, loss of Protestant churches. Some 2,- scripts written by Africans in 300 joined one church alone. five different languages on a va- wealth, sickness or disaster, the While the motives are partly ma- riety of subjects. This awakterial and partly political, many ened desire for reading material men gather together the skulls are doubtless moved by desire has' led to the formation of the for better things. Bible Society International Committee 0 n and adjourn to the forest shrine. colporteurs are taking advan- Christian Literature for Africa, tage of the unusual opportuni- supported by a number of mis- The priest is there; the skulls ties not only in Vienna but in sionary societies in England and Graz, Linz and other places. One America. Its bulletin, Books for are heaped into a pile, and the colporteur in Graz, in his house- Africa, goes to over 2,000 misto-house visiting, found himself sionaries in Africa. The maga- idol is placed on top; the people in the midst of a crowd of armed zine Listen, printed in simple socialists. They at first took him English for schools and village are seated on the ground. A for a spy and threatened to hang people, is used in East, West, him, but he showed them his bag and South Africa, and material chicken is provided, and as the full of Bibles and New Testa- from it is translated into a numments, and they let him go. ber of languages. priest wrings its neck over the -Bible Society Record. -C. M. S. Outlook. pile, the blood is sprinkled over Temperance in Russia Boys' Club Wins the skulls and the idol. The Russia, drastic in everything, In the sfums of Cairo a boys' spirits of the ancestors are then is also drastic in seeking to curb club was started by the Church intemperance. Thomas Murray, of England mission less than addressed. Offerings of food Secretary of the Scottish Tem- ten years ago, in the face of perance Alliance, describes their strong Moslem opposition. Ser- are placed at the foot of the pile method in the Christian World. mons in local mosques denounced The advertising of liquor is pro- the Christian effort, Arabic and the men return to their hibited, and vodka shops merely papers thundered, neighborhood intimate 'Vodka sold here,' walls were scribbled with "Be- town. The wife of the priest sometimes adding, 'But you are ware of the Missionaries." From advised not to buy it.' At the a vacant lot across the street cooks up the food and the priest entrance to factories there is a mobs collected stones and bricks miniature model cemetery with and hurled them night after has a feast. If the men complain little crosses, on which appear night; three times the premises the names of workers who are were nearly wrecked. Courage that the trouble continues, the inefficient through drunkenness. and faithfulness on the part of- The names remain there until Egyptian helpers backed up the program must be repeated with reformation takes place. If be- English missionaries, and the ing made a laughing-stock does work developed. Now a new more elaborateness, and a dounot produce the desired result, building and a playground octhe 'habitual' is given a commu- cupy the very lot where the bling of the food offerings. But nal trial by fellow-workers and stone-throwers collected their sent to an anti-alcohol clinic." missiles. for all that, many prayers once addressed to wandering spirits are now ascending to the true God. JOSEPH McNEILL.

Benito, West Africa.

Unity in East Africa A united communion service at Kikuyu in 1913 marked the first definite step toward unity, and this was followed in 1918 by the formation of the .East Africa Protestant Missionary Alliance which affirmed the three great principles of faith in the Triune God, firm belief in Holy Scrip- tures as the Word of God, and regular use of the two sacra- ments, Baptism and the Lord's Supper. There was a variance regarding ordination, but this Alliance declared its purpose to work in as close harmony as pos- sible with other missions. In 1932, with the South India scheme for union in mind, a con- ference was held in Nairobi of delegates appointed by the Scot- tish, Methodist and Anglican Churches, and a representative committee was formed to work

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

out a draft Basis and Constitu- as a medical missionary of the Anatolia College tion. This was published in L. M. S. among the same Bak- July, 1933, and expressed a hope wena people from 1845-1852. The crowning achievement of that this might be a starting There is now a strong mission a strenuous decade was realized point for a much wider union of church there. An agreement on June 17, when the new Churches in East Africa. has been made between the camP1:ls. of Anatolia College at L. M. S. and the United Free SalomkI, Greece, and the build- -C. M. S. Outlook. Church of Scotland, whose rep- ings so far as finished, were resentative Dr. Shepherd is, d~dicated. President Ernest W. Helping Ovimbundu People whereby the activities of this RIggS believes that this was a historic station shall be carried most successful inauguration of Dr. W. E. Strangway, who on henceforth by the United Free the second decade of the service has just returned to his work at Church. There will be no sev- of the college. The friendliness Chissamba, Angola, writes for erance of the church life from of the Government, the Church the United Church Record of the its parent stock, the L. M. S. and the people shown at that encouraging outlook among the Church of the Bechuana, but time was most gratifying. A Ovimbundu people. "The chil- both bodies will form a common class of nineteen graduated the dren do not have to be urged to membership, working toward valedictorian being an Arme'nian attend school. They are all the ultimate aim of an indig- who spoke in Greek. At the afgrateful for the opportunities of enous African Church. There filiated School for Girls 32 dieducation. In almost every case will be no break in the existing plomas were granted, making 51 the classroom is filled to capac- Advisory Council nor in the na- young people going out this year ity. The church, too, is rapidly tive ministry. This is a new to take their share as capable increasing her membership. venture in missionary coopera- and public-spirited citizens in Seldom a service passes without tion. The actual erection of the Macedonia and the Near East. some making application to join Hospital buildings is an illustra- A former student has put the one of the catechumen classes, tion of the use of native skilled college in his will as a residuary and €ach time there is a com- labor. legatee, hoping that this will munion service a large number ultimately provide for the erecare received into full member- -South African Outlook. tion of another building, plus a ship." student scholarship fund. THE NEAR EAST Most of Dr. Strangway's time INDIA is spent in hospital work, and he The Christian Council says: "Gradually are we gain- Why Christians Are Needed ing their confidence as they lose The Near E a s t Christian faith in the witch doctor and the Council was organized eight The editor of Dynanodaya medicine man under whose spell y.ears ago to bring into coopera- thinks that the Bishop of Dornathey were so firmly held not tIon groups of missionaries un- kal spoke very much to the point more than a decade ago. Only a known to each other. Twenty when he said recently to the few years ago, when we asked missions united at the start; Medak Indian Christian Assothe lepers from certain com- thirteen others have come in ciation: munities to come for treatment, during the past six years. The the elders and chiefs laughed at Council area comprises eighteen We Christians are necessary factors us, saying that our medicine countries-M 0 roc c 0, Algeria, in the future of India. How? India would surely fail. A number of Tunisia, Tripoli, Egypt, Sudan, today is drifting away from all rethese outcasts have now returned Abyssinia, Palestine, S y ria, ligion. Our people are today more to their native villages with the Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Bul- materialistic than 100 years ago and leprous sores cleansed, and no garia, R 0 u man i a, Albania, nationalism has now become the'relitrace of the dread disease re- Arabia, Iraq and Persia. In gion of many of our leaders. India maining. Ovimbundu people are these eighteen countries are 181 has been known as a land of religions very appreciative of any help we Christian organizations, with a and the people of India are nothing give them and express their sin- total of 1,997 workers. Through if not religious. Next to the Jewish cere thanks in many different standing committees, coopera- nation, I can say without any fear of ways. Many of them return to tion is attempted in Christian contradiction, that Indians are incorus every year to tell us the story literature, evangelism, educa- rigibly religious. That sacred heritage of how they have been helped." tion, rei at ion to Eastern 1S now threatened…… Materialism churches and work for Jews. and godlessness are threatening the Living.stone Hospital The Council has, after eight future of India. The old gods and years, succeeded in sharing ex- religions of India have ceased to The establishment of a med- periences, reporting causes of satisfy the thinking people. We Chrisical mission at Molepolole marks failure, pooling as far as pos- tians believe that Christianity is really a notable advance in medical sible their resources, preventing the .religion that will satisfy religious service in the Bechuanaland overlapping, and promoting in IndIa; and the onset of no-religion Protectorate. Dr. P. M. Shep- some cases united action. cannot be stopped except through alherd is opening up the tracks of legiance to Jesus Christ. The reli- David Livingstone who worked -Bulletin. gious nature of the Indian nation will respond to the truth of the revelation of God in Jesus Christ. There is an- other reason why Christians are a necessity for the future national life of India, and that is the growth of corruption in public life. Weare not

ignorant of the bribes, official inter- Drink Reform Needed through His servants in spite of many ference, underhand machinations that failures, ….. in view of the greatness are becoming too common at election The Madras Christian Council of the task which awaits us in the times. Giving of bribes to electors, in August passed a series of century to come …… and finally, in and receiving of bribes from candi- view of our own weakness and utter dates, are polluting our civic life. resolutions with reference to insufficiency, of our need of wisdom What can Christians do at this junc- present social and economic and power from on high, ……thereture? We ought to be the conscience problems; among them one on foreof the country. God has given us a drink reform: conduct superior to others. 1. Resolved, That throughout the (1) That in the opinion of this coming year, we give ourselves most A Christian Procession earnestly to prayer every day, thank- Council the Christian public must ing God for mercies received, humbly Ahmednagar, one of the confessing before Him our shortcom- American Board stations, has work for the extinction of the trade ings and sins, and waiting upon Him witnessed drastic retrenchment. for a mighty outpouring of the Holy Somehow the impression got in intoxicants for the following three Spirit ….. . abroad that Christian work was collapsing. When Easter came, main reasons: (a) That from the 7. Resolved, Finally, that a similar the Indian leaders, of their own call be sent to the older churches in accord and uninspired by mis- economic point of view the manufac- the U. S. A., by whose faith and sionaries, decided to have a pro- prayers and gifts the work was becession of Christians through ture and consumption of intoxicants gun, and who are still helping us to this city of 50,000, singing is mere waste. (b) That from the carry it on, asking them to pray with hymns appropriate to Easter. us and for us throughout the year. They said we must let the non- medical point of view it is injurious Christians know that the Chris- to the public health. (c) That from -Presbyterian Banner. tian movement is not dead. In this same district, because of re- the moral and religious point of view Baptist Telugu Mission trenchment measures, the responsibility for evangelizing the it is an impediment to the full de- From the Report of the Amervillages has fallen directly on velopment of the highest type of life, ican Baptist Telugu Mission, Indian leadership. This last South India, we find the total year has been marked by the whether individual or corporate. population is 7,648,139; mission baptism of a considerable num- stations are 28; missionaries on ber of Hindus, their preparation (2) That the ultimate goal of any the field, 78; organized churches, being entirely the work of In- 337; churches self-supporting, dians. Drastic retrenchment Temperance Movement is the creation 145; church members, 110,690; has brought its problems, but In- of a public opinion which accepts and and baptisms for 1933, 4,776. dian leadership has accepted its In 952 Sunday schools there challenge. acts on these propositions. were 27,550 pupils. The number (3) That the Council appeals to of ordained preachers was 67. Legislation on Temple Girls the churches to study the problem There has been a revival in Some of the more progressive the Kurnool field, with large in- Indian states were the first to from the religious standpoint, and to gathering. During the year introduce legislation which made some of the Christians were the dedication of girls to temple discover and live up to the full im- called to undergo persecution. service illegal. A few years ago Some were unj ustly thrown into the Madras legislative council plications of Christian discipleship in jail because they refused to vote passed an act by which this evil for certain officials, and others was met in the Madras presi- this matter. were imprisoned for refusing to dency. Last week the Bombay participate in Hindu worship. legislative council passed a bill (4) That the Government be urged Fiery persecution came to a which is more or less on the lines beautiful Komati girl of fourof the Madras legislation. Ac- to use all possible methods to educate teen years, and often her back cording to the bill just passed the rising generation on the economic, was covered with welts from the dedicating a girl or woman as a cruel rod. Her testimony was, devadasi (servant of the god) in hygienic and moral aspects of the "You may take my life, but I any place in the presidency of question. will not deny Christ." Bombay, even if it were to take place with the consent of the (5) That in the opinion of this -Watchman-Examiner. person dedicated, is prohibited. This ancient custom is attended Council the dependence of the Govern- CHINA with grave evils, for the girls ment on the liquor traffic as a regular thus dedicated become in reality Far East Awake prostitutes. source of revenue must be injurious The 97th Annual Report of· -The Christian Century. to the public welfare, and they would the Board of Foreign Missions therefore urge: (a) that steps be of the Presbyterian Church sur- veys the present situation in taken to find other methods for re- China, Japan and Korea: placing the revenue; (b) that so long All barriers and opposition seem to have vanished; the anti-Christian as any traffic in liquor continues it movement of a few years ago is should be taxed as highly as is pos- sible, short of driving it into illicit channels; and (c) that so long as any revenue from this source continues to exist, it be set aside for capital ex- penditure. especially for grants for original outlay on scientific research, medical or other philanthropic proj- -Dnyanodaya. ects.

Another Centenary November 5, 1834, marked the founding of Presbyterian missionary work in India, with the arrival of Dr. J. C. Lowrie in Ludhiana. It was from this Punjab station that, in the dark days of the Indian Mutiny in 1858, went out the call to prayer which resulted in the Week of_ Prayer throughout the Christian world. Early in this centennial year a similar call was sent out: In view of the completion of a cen- tury of Christian work by our Mis- sions in India, of God's great goodness to us throughout this long period and of the great things He has wrought

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

drowned in an ocean of interest. An ism, he said that this reverence or a certain organ designated by unbelievable harvest is waiting. The is more of a cultural than reli- the Central Government to look harvest is not only waiting; it is be- gious character, more accurately, after matters relating to drouth ing gathered…… The Japanese a school of philosophy. This prevention, its functions to be to Christian leaders feel that the Ap- does not detract from its value, direct and guide the farmers in praisal Commission tended to idealize or the greatness of the character the cultivation of late crops and the native faiths of Japan and did not of its founder. see them as they really are, "that they cereals which mature quickly, saw Buddhism and Shinto from the The Government holds in the seed to be directly supplied; front and not from the rear," as equal esteem all rei i gi 0 n s, to investigate actual conditions Doctor Ibuka, President Emeritus of whether it be Buddhism, Mo-. in the stricken areas and direct Meiji College, put it. They also say, hammedanism, Christianity, or farmers in the irrigation of "We want to make it clear that to any other faith. It also expects their fields; to make plans for neglect preaching in the pioneer stage all religious sects in the country the apportionment of seeds for of evangelism in which we find our- to maintain an attitude of toler- winter sowing; to supervise selves does not fit the national con- ance towards all other religions various districts in the creaditions obtaining in Japan" …… The besides their own. The Govern- tion of emergency organs for the "All Korea Evangelistic Campaign," ment will not, for instance, hold relief of the drought; to regulate in which Presbyterian and Methodist Buddhism in special favor be- the supply of foodstuffs in the Churches united, began during the cause of its desire to pacify the affected areas and stabilize the preceding autumn with a season of people of Tibet; nor will it hold price of cereals; and to prohibit prayer and study in the Churches de- Mohammedanism in special fa- making wine out of cereals. signed to deepen the spiritual life of vor because of its wish to pacify the members……after which the the Mohammedan people, Presi- 2. A drouth prevention fund churches and the missionaries distrib- of $1,000,000 be specially approuted 1,400,000 copies of a twenty-four dent Wang said. page "Life of Christ." priated, of w hi c h $800,000 -Chinese Affairs. should be expended on the pur- The Ohristian Population English Language Banned chase of seeds for distribution The National Christian Coun- among the farmers, and the balcil has attempted to compile statistics of the Christian popula- As an evidence that the ance of $200,000 to be used as tion connected with all non- Chinese are increasingly nation- administrative expenses. Roman churches, and of the -Chinese Affairs. number of foreign missionaries. conscience, desiring to preserve This has been the more difficult because national churches cross their country from cultural indenominational and missionary lines, but the following figures vasion from outside lands, Prof. Ohristian Rural Service Union are considered approximately Henry Huizinga of the Univercorrect: sity of Shanghai cites the re- The Kiangsi Christian Rural 1923 1932 cently adopted rule of the gov- Service Union is an organization ernment in Nanking, that no of Chinese and Western Chris- Communicants …… 402,539 488,539 signboards of Chinese stores in tians who feel the call to help Under religious in- Nanking may henceforth carry build a new rural citizenship to fit the new China. The work struction ……… 292,857 239,655 English words. Professor Hui- area is Lichuan Hsien in South- Ordained Chi n e s e zinga writes further: "In many eastern Kiangsi on the border universities Chinese professors of Fukien, one of the recently re- clergy ……….. 1,966 1,865 are no longer allowed to lecture covered Communist areas. The Foreign missionaries. 7,663 6,150 in English. In many parts of project is to be manned chiefly by young Chinese Christians The Church of Christ in China both teachers and stu- with special training, who, for China, comprising "the Presby- dents must wear clothes made nothing more than a bare living, terian and Congregational com- only in Chinese style and of cloth will dwell in the midst of the munions, ….. also small groups woven in China. At the recent people, identify themselves with of independent and Baptist National Athletic Meet in the their needs, and work with them Christians," with a communicant capital city, the English lan- in solving their problems of remembership of nearly 120,000, guage was drastically banned building life. In this area deis by far the largest group, the structive social forces have long China Inland Mission coming from the athletic fields. Church been at work, leaving poverty next with 77,000. services, prayer m e e tin g s, chapel, and many other kinds of the underlying menace to an -The Church Overseas. student meetings which used to orderly and abundant life. Inde- be held in English are now ex- pendently financed, the project Religious Freedom clusively in Chinese." President Wang Ching-wei has reaffirmed the principle of -Missions. religious freedom. It cannot be attained, he pointed out, except To Oope with Drouth leaders will be quite free to through religious tolerance-re- bring the principles of Chrisspect for other sects and faiths. The Ministry of Industry has tianity to bear upon the acute Referring in particular to the approved a series of measures to problems of the countryside. national esteem for Confucian- cope with the drouth problem, The general plan is one of using providing that: local village men and women 1. A special organ be created who, through the "training-in-

service" method, will be molded show what this service has JAPAN-CHOSEN into leaders in their own com- meant. Gospel Towels munities. The movement is fi- "One poor fellow, lying on his nanced largely by Chinese Chris- bed in a state of extreme ex- Every Japanese has a towel tians. haustion was too far gone to somewhere on his person or near -Agricultural Mission Notes. speak, we were told. After sev- by. Accordingly, Kagawa con- eral of the other sick ones in ceived the idea of putting a peace that ward had been spoken to, message and a graphic portrayal Missionary Requirements we sang a hymn, which was fol- thereof on towels, and distrib- In the midst of all the hazards . lowed by a few words of ex- uting them to help Gospel work. of living in China – bandits, planation. Suddenly from one For example: "If these should murder, pirates – a rigorous of the beds a man called out in hold their peace, the very stones search for ways of strengthen- quite a loud voice, 'I believe on would cry out" (Luke 19: 40), ing Christian leadership is get- the Lord Jesus.' Looking round, together with a whimsical sketch ting under way. Problems of we found to our amazement that of Jesus' entry into Jerusalem missionary and Chinese Chris- the words came from the lips of when these words were uttered.

tian leadership are being ap- this dying man, whom we had Kagawa him s elf distributed proached simultaneously. A been told was too ill to speak. 5,200 of these among the lepers small survey team is starting a "We were standing in the throughout J a pan at New study of the situation. For ward when we saw a man beck- Year's. Another Kagawa towel about 16 years the question of oning to us. On going to his that has done valiant service has missionary training has received bedside we found that he was to do with Moses crossing the no attention nationally. The Na- very sick with fever, and unable Red Sea, and bears a quotation tional Christian Council has now to speak coherently. After a from the Gospel hymn, "The appointed another committee on time we understood that he was Lord will provide." missionary training. Chinese -Watchman-Examiner. leaders must, it is agreed, in- telling us that, when well, he A "Living Epistle" crease both in numbers and in- had attended one of our Gospel fluence. Missionaries, it is ad- meetings, and now he asked if Mr. Takasaki, member of a mitted (except in some mis- we would pray with him. Upon prominent firm, has retired sions) must decrease numeri- doing so, a patient in the next bed remarked, 'He knows how cally, and learn how to wield in- to pray himself. He has always from business and is taking an fluence in subordinate positions; prayed before having his food!' active part in the Japan Methbut both need strengthening along the same lines. Their Then another one, whose face odist Church. Seeing its weakpreparation must be more thor- beamed with happiness, said, 'I ened financial condition, which ough. It must make both effec- am praying to God three times every day, in the morning, and meant the closing of church after church and the dismissal tive agents in social rebuilding. at midday, and in the evening.' of minister after minister, Mr. They must be equipped for a new Another one told us 'I am so Takasaki accepted this problem program which is yet, speaking happy to be trusting in the Lord as his special mission. He enin the large, to be discovered. Jesus Christ. -The Christian Century. couraged the laymen to form a -Chinese Recorder. laymen's assocation whose im- mediate objective was the rais- For Wounded Soldiers Mission to Mongolia ing of the shortage due to the withdrawal of mission funds. Over a year ago Madame The first Chinese missionary The work was attempted in a Chiang Kai-Shek expressed a to be sent to Mongolia by a very spiritual way. Mr. Takadesire that something be done to Chinese church is J en Ta-lin, a saki began to move about the bring the comfort of the Gospel graduate of the Theological De- different churches, paying his to wounded soldiers in the large partment of Shanghai College. own expenses, talking to laymilitary hospitals in Nanchang. He has been appointed by the men; and he put the problem Immediately three groups of Chinese Home Mission Society up to them, asked them to pray Chinese and foreign workers to preach in Mongolia, with Wu about it. and took no subscrip- Shan-lien, a preacher who has were organized from the various been working in Kalgan for the tions. This movement went on missions of the city. After con- quietly and he was able to an· sultation with the medical offi- past ten years, as his associate. nounce recently that twenty-five cers in charge, weekly visits They will spend a year in Inner thousand yen had been sub- Mongolia, preaching in all the scribed for 1934 and that fifteen were arranged, and have been principal places. The opening continued ever since. Over thousand was already in hand. 2,000 Pocket Testaments have of schools in Mongolia will be This money comes from a memo . been distributed. In addition to considered by the China Home bership of 1,549. The money the weekly service, visits are Mission Society should this visit has been raised without any paid to serious cases in the prove successful. urging or special appeals, but – Watchman-Examiner. simply by placing the facts bewards. The following incidents

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

for the people and asking them The chapel at the "Widely mitted, but with the proviso that to pray about it. Loving Society" Orphanage and "work must never be more than -United Church Record. Poole High School for Girls in eight hours at a time, and not the diocese of Osaka were totally after nine o'clock in the eve- Bible Distribution in Japan destroyed, with the loss of 18 ning." The penalty for a breach The Bible House in Tokyo, lives. of the law is imprisonment for just off the Ginza, the main busi- Typhoon Hits Osaka not more than a year, or a fine ness street, consists of eight up to Yl,OOO. While progress stories above ground and two Tiles flying, tin roofs ripped has been noted in Tokyo, little below. The money was given by off and carried away, windows change is apparent in other large Mrs. Russell Sage in memory of smashed and blown in, wind and cities. rain pouring in and making -The Church Overseas. her husband. The American Bible Society havoc inside houses, buildings began its work in Japan in 1837 and fences crashing down! Such Korean Ohristians in Japan in brief is the sketch of the storm but an agency was not estab- whose very centre struck Osaka The Union Christian Church lished until 1876. In these years about 8: 30 on September 21. for Koreans in Japan has been of service more than 13,000,000 organized, and most of the evanvolumes of the Scriptures have Down near the harbor the waves gelical denominations express rushed in sweeping boats and willingness to cooperate. been distributed and three times wreckage far inland. The conwithin the past decade the year- crete piers were destroyed, leav- There are now 45 fully organly distribution has been more ing only the iron girders standthan 900,000 copies. ing. Mud three or four feet ized churches with 18 other reg- ular meeting places and 2,288 Last year the Japan agency deep came along with the water believers. Work for young peo- ple is relatively strong with 42 employed twenty-one full-time and settled in the streets, houses Sunday schools having an enrollcolporteurs who traveled over and everywhere. Many were ment of 2,448; 54 Daily Vaca- 34,000 miles, visiting 339,063 drowned; more were killed by falling buildings, telegraph poles tion Bible Schools with some homes and institutions. Last or flying tiles from the roofs. 2,778 children in attendance; year the agency secretary, Rev. An express train from Tokyo- and 28 Christian Endeavor So- Karl E. Aurell, skillfully guided Osaka was laid on its side on cieties with a membership of the activities of the work so as the bridge crossing the Seta- 792. The Christian educational gawa, near Kyoto, when over work for Koreans includes 24 to put more entire Bibles into one hundred people were killed circulation than in any preced- or injured. In Osaka, sixty-four night schools with an enrollment of 664, and seven kindergartens ing year of the Society's history school buildings were blown with 235 children in attendance.

of Scripture distribution in Japan.

Doshisha Losses by Typhoon down, killing some eight hun- While the Korean people in Japan are for the most part very The most destructive typhoon dred children. Up to Septem- poor and often unemployed, the ever recorded in modern history ber 28, there were 1,646 deaths c h u r c h contributions totaled of Japan swept over the western reported in Osaka Prefecture Yen 13,529.00 last year. part of the country, particularly alone with 8,813 injured, missthe Osaka-Kyoto district, with -Japan Christian Quarterly. unprecedented violence on Sep- ing 316 persons. tember 21. About 3,000 men and Church property and the Ohildren's Bible Clubs women were killed; 13,000 injured; 100,000 houses demol- Church Orphanage were de- Bible Clubs for children have ished; 300 primary and second- stroyed in Osaka and the Chapel had a steady growth in the four ary school buildings collapsed. of Our Redeemer was totally de- years since their beginning. The result of investigation at the Doshisha showed: stroyed. New clubs have been formed, Fortunately, the weather that and the leaders, practically all of King Dormitory, given by whom are students of Union President King of Amherst Col- morning prevented the children Christian College and Academy lege; gymnasium, archery and from holding their Morning have developed in their leader- ship of children and in their Service in the Chapel; otherwise many would have undoubtedly been killed or inj ured.

wrestling rings of the College of Protection for Ohildren loyalty to our Bible Club spirit. Commerce; wrestling ring of The Bible Club program has its the University; bicycle cottage In October, 1933, a measure center in the now fully developed of the Middle School had col- was placed on the Statute-book Ceremonial of Worship, which lapsed; and J unka Hall and Col- in Japan which is a charter of is followed once each week in lege of Commerce were partially freedom for many children. It every Bible Club. During the collapsed, while many roof tiles reads as follows: "No child ceremonial the children sit in and windows were broken. The under 14 may be employed as a rows forming. a large square, total damage suffered at the waitress or geisha where alco- while they conduct the program Doshisha is estimated at Y93,- holic drink is being served." entirely by themselves. The Certain exceptions are per- program inc 1u des sentence 750.00.

prayers and reciting of Bible Of the native races in North GENERAL verses. Twenty to thirty lead in Borneo, of which there are prayer, and as many as fifty roughly 150, about fifty can be The Missionary Job stand and recite Bible verses. called Dyak, but the most im- The entire Club then rises and portant people are not the ab- Dr. Lewis B. Franklin, Viceas one of their number leads re- originals or Malays, but the Chipeats in unison the words of nese. One result of Christian President and Treasurer of the Luke 2: 52. work among these Chinese is that the Gospel is beginning to Episcopal National Council, told There are now fourteen Bible take root and to grow in Chinese Clubs in the city of Pyengyang soil. It is not merely that they a diocesan conference at Newwith an enrolment of over 1,500 believe in the religion of the mischildren. Similar Bible Clubs sionaries; they are beginning to port, R. I., what, in his opinion, have been organized in near-by make Christianity their own. country churches until now they is a clergyman's missionary job: number ten. The Club children -The Mission Field. carryon work for the slums and "An aroused laity can always during the past year some sixty Witchcraft in Papua bushels of grain, over two hun- manage the financial side. The dred pieces of clothing, also Mr. Russell Abel writes of the kindling wood and other neces- fearful grip of superstition upon pastor's job is not to collect sities of life, were distributed the natives of New Guinea: among the poor. They also gave money but to create atmosphere; thirteen yen and thirty-nine sen "This morning I turned from for the cause of Korean Foreign the round of pressing duties to to build a background of con- Mission work in Shantung, have a long chat with a young China. couple in great distress of mind. verted people who will support .They had been converted about a ISLANDS OF THE PAOIFIO year, had clutched at every op- the campaign. Members must portunity to learn more of the The Gospel in Borneo Christian life, but blackmail and be educated to share their in- the fear of sorcery had driven The first missionary sent to them into serious compromise, come rather than give of their North Borneo by the S. P. G. until at last they had lost the went out in 1887. For a time he faith that had been theirs. surplus." was the only missionary there. He used to travel hundreds of "An old sorcerer was in love In dealing with missionary miles up and down the coast with the young woman. Infurlooking after all the isolated iated by her Christian stand and sermons, Dr. Franklin laid down planters and government offi- her resistance to his perpetual cials. He made it his duty to advances, he had put them both four points of procedure: (1) visit each one of these at least under a powerful 'spell.' In once a year, enduring many Papuan eyes they were 'be- Attract Attention. (2) Arouse hardships. He once went to the witched,' and therefore as good Philippine Islands to baptize a as dead. Every native knows Interest. (3) Create Conviction. child, and Customs officers what will happen when that grim opened his baggage and confis- word is pronounced by a sor- (4) Produce Action. The parson cated his clerical collar, because cerer. 'Teacher, we would be they said he was a Protestant lying if we said we were not should (1) Visualize, (2) Perand had no right to a collar! The frightened,' said the woman. baptism had to be camouflaged 'He bewitched three members of sonalize, (3) Vitalize, (4) Dramas an afternoon party, otherwise my family and each one died.' Spanish authorities would have "Your turn next," he says.' atize. As for material, "use put a stop to it. "We laid the whole problem your sanctified imagination." This pioneer, Rev. William H. before the Lord. I told them of Elton, built the only stone church one now working for God in Read magazines, books and in Borneo; very few in the east Sidea, who had been marked are better. In 1914 he retired, down to die just as they were, pamphlets, but make them your and there has been continued who prayed, trusted, and lived, growth on the foundations he while the sorcerer who had un- own. -The Churchman. laid. There are now six pastors, dertaken to bewitch him had of whom three are European and himself died raving in our hos- Oentury of Women's Work three Chinese. A new school pital here. But the hold this has been opened at Jesselton for black magic has upon the peo- The official history of womboys, and also a school for girls. ple's minds is nothing short of en's work in the mission field is hypnotic." just a century old. It was in 1834 that the first women's mis- -Kwato Mission Tidings. sionary society was founded in response to a definite call from the field. In July of that year a number of women representing leading churches in London met in the same building where the C. M. S. had its beginning, and a committee of 24 was appointed for "Promoting Female Educa- . tion in the East." Within the first fifteen years of its history the society had some twenty women missionaries at work in India, Ceylon, China, Palestine and South Africa. Today no fewer than 526 single women and 265 married women are serving the C. M. S. – a total which is more than double that of the men on its roll.

-C. M. S. Outlook.

o Cross, how is it I can sing thy praise? Thou art like precious warmth on win- ter days! -Utsunomiyu, A Japanese Christian Leper. Our Missionary Bookshelf Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information Reminiscences of Livingstonia. By drained pastors and 33,000 superstition and witchcraft, as . Robert Laws, C.M.G., M.D., D.D., Christians. A large central mis- he came into contact with them, sion station was built at Band- the peculiarities of the language, LL.D. Illus. 8 vo. 272 pp. 6 sh. awe; health conditions had the building up of the native net. Oliver and Boyd. London. greatly improved under his med- church and the extension of the ical care and sanitary work. The work into outlying districts. 1934. slave trade is no more; peace There are also chapters on other prevails among the native tribes missions and popular accounts Dr. Laws, who has been called and the mental and' spiritual of the fauna and flora of the to his reward since this book country. The book is a valuable was written, was one of the most outlook of the people has so contribution to the annals of remarkable missionaries of re- changed that they are a truly missionary history and an excent times. He spent over fifty- "new creation." "Old things are cellent companion volume to two years in Nyasaland and was passed away; behold all things "Laws of Livingstonia." greatly beloved and honored by are become new." Dr. Laws all who knew him. The story of and his associates built well on The Rainbow Bridge-A Study of his life and work, as told by W. good foundations. He not only Paganism. By John Strong New- P. Livingstone in "Laws of Liv- preached the Gospel but he lived berry. Pp. 346. $3.75. Houghton ingstonia," is one of the most it. He not only taught the peo- Mifflin. New York. 1934. stirring and noteworthy biog- ple .to read and write but he taught them carpentry, farming, In spite of its attractive title, raphies that have ever been and iron work so that many fascinating style and display of written. It is a story of heroic have become skilled mechanics, learning and documentation, this pioneering, of unswerving aim artisans, nurses, teachers and book is very disappointing. preachers. Dr. Laws never lorded and faithful service, of victory The author has a theory to over difficulties and trials, of it over the natives and did not support, namely that Totemism miracles of transformation, and do for them the things they is at the basis of the origin and spiritual harvests reaped in the development of all religion. "The lifetime of one man in one field. should learn to do for them- earliest example of religion," he selves. He endured many hard- says, "was the worship of a Robert Laws went to Nyasa- ships and suffered much sick- beast. This creed of the caveland in 1875 and was the first ness; he passed through numer- man developed into Totemism, white man to reach the north ous dangers from wild beast which circled the globe." end of Lake Nyasa. At that time tribal warfare and the slave and wild men and had some We read in the Foreword, trade were flourishing and 1,200 thrilling escapes. His life was "This tale of beasts and men and slaves were being taken across demi-gods and gods traces the the lake annually by Arab slave full of trials, sorrows and dis- history of paganism from the dealers. Raids and fighting were appointments but also of joys Stone Age to the Age of Perikles. I have undertaken to analyze the almost continuous. It was a and rewards of service. The ideas that formed the basis of wild, unhealthy, unsubdued coun- guidance and power of God were the religious cults of the cavetry. The first school was opened constantly evident. men, the Sumerians, the Chinese at Cape Maclear, on the south and Japanese, the Hindus, the end of Lake Nyasa, with no These reminiscenses are also Egyptians, the Persians, the Heequipment. The lid of a provi- brews, the Phrygians, and the sion box, held on one pupil's valuable since they give first- Greeks, and to co-ordinate these knee, with a paper on which was different racial attempts to exthe alphabet printed by hand, hand information as to the ex- ploit the supernatural, thus showing how the beliefs of the constituted the first school book. periences passed through in savage evolved into the creed of During Dr. Laws' lifetime this the most enlightened race of ansmall primitive school increased founding and building up the cient times." to 644 well organized schools in the district, with 1,347 trained great Livingstonia Missio.n. Full credit is given to Dr. Laws' asnative Christian teachers and sociates in his humble but vivid 28,330 pupils. There were also narrative of events in which he 37 native churches with 15 or- was the chief actor. Some of the most interesting and inform- ing chapters deal with African Any of the books noted in these columns wiI1 be sent bY' the REVIEW publishers on receipt of price.

[597 ] Each of the great world reli- The Rainbow Bridge is largely lived, with but little change, gions is presented in a series of a story based on myth and im- since emancipation. The shadow chapters from this standpoint, agination. Those who know the of the old slave plantation rests but the authorities quoted do not Living Way to the Father will upon them. A few remember include those scholars that have find little help in the study of those old slavery days, and of rejected the totem-theory as other faiths from this book. these there are some who think wholly inadequate in this con- SAMUEL M. ZWEMER. that they were better off then nection. The Sound of Trumpets. By Arthur than now; but most of the group The author depends mostly on T. Moore. Paper. Southern Meth- young or old, prefer their pres- odist Board, Nashville, Tenn. 1934. Reinach and Robertson Smith. ent liberty, while at the same There is scarcely a reference to This is part of an appeal to time few have escaped from clethe more recent investigations stem missionary retreat by lib- pendence upon white men and and conclusions of such men as eral giving. It has a spiritual Schmidt, LeRoy, Barton Lowie appeal, and is a challenge to new from antiquated and shiftless companionship with Christ in habits, the inheritance from. and others. troubled times, when the revival slavery. To say, as the author does, of a confident, courageous faith is the need of the hour. The The family of this section that "Totemism is the one foun- closing chapter by E. Stanley shows the blight of old slavery dation of all religious thought, Jones, gives eleven clinching days. Illegitimacy, common law arguments for the worthwhilethe aboriginal basis of every ness of Christian missions. mar ria g e, easy separation myth and cult. Survivals of it (naively called divorce) and a exist in every land. Indeed it H.H.F. general low standard .of sex was the source of social prog- morals prevail. Yet in spite of ress," is begging the question. this looseness, considerable sta- When we turn to the chapter bility in family relationships is entitled "The Tree of Knowl- Shadow of the Plantation. By Charles the rule; and on the other hand edge," we have an account of the S. Johnson. 215 pp. $2; Univer- there is much that is admirable origin of the Jewish religion in sity of Chicago Press. 1934. and even beautiful in the home which the "slips" so-called in the The author of this interesting life. No matter how tiny may Bible narrative are emphasized, and valuable study is the head be the cabin, and how little of and doubt is expressed concern- of the department of Sociology furnishings and of food there ing the historicity of the whole in Fisk University, Nashville, are within it, yet the children of the Old Testament until the Tennessee, and no one is better and grandchildren, and even time of Saul. In speaking of qualified in training and experi- nephews and nieces, are wel- Noah, Abraham, and the Patri- ence for such a research project. comed and given an ungrudging archs, the author concludes, This fact, and the further one portion of whatever there is to "And since as history these that the work was made possible share. events are wholly preposterous, by financial support from the The church and religious life while as myths they are reason- Julius Rosenwald Fund, guaran- arewhat wemight expect. Transably intelligible, there seems tees its accuracy and thorough- scripts of actual sermons and fusome ground for regarding the ness. The section chosen for this neral addresses are given by the first of the Israelites (Abraham) realistic study of Negro life in author; and one grows sad as as a humanized form of the god the deep south is a portion of he reads these, that the spiritual Macon County, Alabama, the leadership in such communities of fertility." Even in regard to Moses, we county in which Tuskeegee In- can offer nothing more to needy read, "It may be that there are stitute is located. How truly it souls; but one wonders still grains of actual fact to be found is a part of the "Black Belt" more at the conventional standin the story of Moses, but in the may be seen from the fact that ards of church life which have main the prophet, like Yima, over 82 per cent of the inhabi- crept in to the religion of these should be ranked only a little tants of Macon County are col- people. Many sins are overlower than the Yazatas. He is a ored. looked, but dancing and baseball humanized god of fertility, and In his introductory chapter are always taboo; and attacks his adventures are founded on a Prof. Johnson points out that we on them by the preacher invari- have mapped out for special ably bring fervent response. We cult." "The myth of Adam" is made study in this section, and in sim- must not forget that the intense to centre in "a miraculous apple" ilar sections all through the emotionalism of rural black (to which there is no reference Black Belt, a genuine case of folks today finds its counterpart in the Scriptures). This "apple" "folk ~ulture." The people are among the whites of a generawe are told is connected with a largely isolated. Few of those tion or two ago, and even in the whole series of Greek, Roman who go out into great world present among the more ignoand Phrygian legends, and we lying beyond their own, ever rant classes. have the astonishing conclusion come back; and this is partic- A very depressing picture is that Cain "was not a murderer, ularly true of the young who that of the economic conditions. for he was not a man. He was a find some opportunity for edu- Poverty, unrelieved poverty, god who annually died in order cation or self culture. The in- everywhere exists, partly due to habitants are living as they have the exhaustion of the land, partto restore fertility."

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

ly because of the vicious finan- the struggle for religious liberty, in the lap of luxury. There was cial system which prevails. Through the latter the white and the reasons for the passing almost no money in the country man exploits the labor of the Negro, and by keeping him con- of the dissenting t r a d i t ion and none of the comforts of stantly in his debt keeps him a virtual slave. It is very evident among the churches of dissent- modern civilization. that no improvement in education and morals can be expected ing background. The church and Sunday school until this fundamental social disease finds some cure. Just One regrets that so much val- and day school all occupied the now the burden of the nation- uable historical material is pre- same building-a log structure wide depression presses down sented from an anti-evangelical with plenty of ventilation beupon these people with crushing viewpoint. The author, who is tween the logs. His memories of force. now professor of sociology in slavery, the Civil War and re- Dartmouth College, was a stu- construction days are most in- It would be a mistake to leave dent at Union Theological Sem- structive and thrilling and many the impression that there is any inary and later at Princeton. of them amusing. In 1869 he emotional propaganda in this book. It is an objective, real- He was ordained to the ministry traveled ten days to enter Washistic study, quiet in tone and of the Presbyterian Church in ington College at Lexington, Virconservative in statement; but the impressions are all the more 1896, but he has traveled far ginia, of which General Robert powerful because of this fact. away from his former faith. He E. Lee was then president. The ROBERT M. LABAREE. declares that "the doctrine that young man's impressions of this The Story of American Dissent. By the highest type of character great Christian are worth read- John M. Mecklin. 381 pp. $3.50. can only be purchased through ing. After having been gradu- Harcourt, Brace & Co. New York. 1934. a vicarious atonement is rejected ated from Union Seminary, The author has discussed this both by science and democracy Richmond, and brief pastorates interesting subject with full recognition of its importance. as psychologically absurd and in North Carolina, and other He has delved deeply into the history of the numerous dissents immoral" (p. 365), and that southern centers, Mr. Chester that have affected religious thought in America, and has col- A mer i can Protestantism is was elected Secretary of the Exlected a large and varied amount of information regarding them. "handicapped" by "an outworn ecutive Committee for Foreign While he describes the dissent that has arisen in and against and impossible supernaturalism" Missions of the Presbyterian many denominations, he devotes special attention to the Baptist, (p. 370): ,He vouchsafes the Church, with headquarters at Methodist and Presbyterian bodies, which he classes "among opinion that the churches which Nashville, Tennessee. This post the most powerful sources of moral and spiritual energy in perpetuate it "present today the he occupied for thirty-two years. this country." He adds: tragic spectacle of great organi- After 1893 his experiences were A little more than a century and a half ago these denominations, which zations with wealth and numbers varied-traveling in China, Konow compose forty per cent of all adult church members and two-thirds and responsibilities but without rea and Japan in 1897, when of all Protestants, were despised dissenting minorities in the powerful col- great living traditions, without travel was more difficult than toonies of Massachusetts and Virginia. . . . . . . The Baptists and Methodists, any real insight into modern life day, a visit to Brazil in 1901 and who were beaten and banished in Massachusetts, buffeted and ridiculed in and no great consuming enthu- journeys north and south, east Virginia, have become great conservative churches which in the prohibition siasms" (page 371). and west over the American concontroversy arrogated to themselves the right to control the conscience of Such statements, and others tinent; to Europe in 1920 and the nation. How are we to explain that might be cited, indicate a· 1925; wrestling with various this profound transformation? biased mind and a lack of fa- administrative and missionary miliarity with the Protestantism problems in the Congo and else- He answers this question in a of today, rather surprising in where. series of chapters' in which he one who professes to be a his- The book is a collection of indiscusses the various factors that torian. One may sympathize teresting recollections and congave rise to the dissenting with his criticisms of certain re- tacts with many well-known groups, the part they played in actionary groups, but we know and little – known characters. of no "great" denominational Here we find a wisdom and phi- "organizations" to which the losophy, rich experience and a sentences quoted above jointly keen sense of humor, together with charming Southern cour- apply. ARTHUR J. BROWN. tesy that make the reading de- Memories of Four Score Years-An lightful and rewarding. Dr.

Autobiography. By Samuel Hall Chester and his wife are charac- Chester, D.D. Illus. 8 vo. 235 pp. ters worth knowing. They are $2.00. Presbyterian Committee of Publication, Richmond, Va. intensely human and at the same time reveal their spirit of sacri- Few lives of such active, va- ficial service and their Christ- ried and effective service cover a like nobility of character. period of eighty years. Dr.

Chester was born in Arkansas Education of Primitive People. By on January 17, 1851, and experi- Albert D. Helser. Illustrated. 8 vo.

enced all the hardships of pio- 316 pp. $3.00. Fleming H. Revell. neer days when wild Indians and New York. 1934.

wild animals were plentiful. The real value of this book is Samuel Chester was not coddled apt to be lost if the reader allows

himself to be swayed by first im- C h r i s t ian experience, are There is a distinct assertion of pressions. The extravagant matched by an excellent English the essential relation of Jesus claims made for the author by style, possibly sharpened by his and His religion: "Jesus is more the writer of the Foreword do knowledge of more than one In- than the founder of the Christian not predispose the judicious stu- dian tongue. The book makes religion; He is the Christian redent to take the whole book very easy reading but leaves its im- ligion." In the same vein he seriously. This is greatly to be pression on the reader. The writes: "Social progress requires regretted for not only is the sub- many characters and movements individual regeneration ….. At ject of first importance to the described often run over into the the heart of social programs lies missionary and educator, but it Christian field. Pandita Rama- the requirement of a moral and is treated here in such a fashion bai and Sundar Singh came out religious process transforming as to compel attention and awake from Hinduism while "Praying admiration. In fact, those who John Hyde" was never in it, but the personal life of the individlook around for Dr. Helser's each received influences from the ual." The work is well documonument will best find it in his religious conditions of India mented for further investigaown work as here presented. which doubtless affected life tion. CLELAND B. McAFEE. deeply. Dr. Griswold writes Similarly, the far too exten- widely from personal acquaint- Biblical Backgrounds. By J. McKee sive use of long quotations in the ance with Gandhi, Vivekananda, Adams, Ph.D. Maps and Illus. 800 opening chapters should not be Sundar Singh, Tagore and oth- pp. $3.75. Baptist Sunday School taken as evidence that Dr. Hel- ers. He gives an account of the Board. Nashville, Tennessee. 1934. ser has no opinions of his own. rise and disappearance of Krish- He has plenty of them, and they namurti, the youth whom Mrs. Sunday-school teachers, pasare as thoroughly worth study- Besant picked out as the next tors and other Bible students ing as those of some whose writ- world-teacher. Of these twen- will find this a very useful comings he quotes. But Dr. Helser, ty-three chapters, seventeen are pendium of valuable information although he abounds in love, cer- devoted to separate movements about Bible lands and peoples, tainly does not speak with the of Hinduism and four to various especially ·their geography and tongues of angels, and sometimes Christian characters in India. history. It contains twenty-five not with those of men. On the Probably nowhere could as much maps and about one hundred contrary he relies too often on information regarding Hindu excellent photographic illustramodern catch-phrases and, after movements be found in one vol- tions. The studies are taken up pulling his drag-net through a ume. CLELAND B. McAFEE. geographically in fourteen chapsea of words is apt to pick out ters in the order in which they very queer fish. The W orId Mission of the Christian are related to Bible history; Religion. By Wade Crawford Bar- from ancient Mesopotamia to the But the real merit of the book clay. 12 mo. 301 pp. $1.25. Cokes- Rome and Greece of New Testalies elsewhere. Here we have bury Press. Nashville, Tenn. 1934. ment times. The volume is well concrete examples, and many of documented and indexed. Dr. them, of how the soul of a prim- This volume of the Standard Adams, professor of Biblical Initive community can be nour- Training Series, is intended for struction in the Southern Bapished and developed, of how the class use but is well adapted to tist Theological Seminary at shadowy longings of the African individual study. Dr. Barclay Louisville, Kentucky, endeavors heart can be helped to concrete presents twelve studies in the very successfully to set before expression in terms of immedi- actual program of the Christian us, in a nonpartisan spirit, the ate local significance. At Gar faith in dealing with Society, results of his careful study of Rida in Nigeria they are doing Inter-racial, Economic, and In- the background of Bible history. some of those things of which ternational Relationships, Servothers have only dreamed. We ice for Youth and Childhood and Back of the Mountain. By Mary are grateful to learn how they Mankind as a whole. He closes are doing them, and to verify with an encouraging chapter on Brewster Hollister. 155 pp. $1.25. once more that the job of the the hope for a Christlike world. actor lies not in the study of the His point of view may be taken Fleming H. Revell. New York. part but in the action. from this sentence: 1934.

KENNETH G. GRUBB. No longer is the Christian mission The author of "Mai-Dee of the exclusively or even predominantly Insights into Modern Hinduism. By thought of in terms of the geograph- Mountains," who writes on life Hervey DeWitt Griswold. 12 mo. ical expansion of Christianity, In- in China, has the happy gift of 288 pp. $2. Henry Holt & Co., stead it is primarily interpreted in portraying living personalities, New York. 1934. terms of the domination of the Chris- tian spirit and Christian ideals in the describing the historical back- No one could be better fitted relationships of parent with children, ground, and of linking up misthan Dr. Griswold to furnish the of neighbor with neighbor, of employer sionary problems with presentmaterial of this book. His long with employee, of owner with tenant, day conditions. service in India, his habits as a of seller with buyer, of one racial scholar, his intimate knowledge group with another within the same While in no wayan outstandof the individuals and move- community, of nation with nation, of ments of Indian life, his rich race with race, of one Christian group ing book, the story has sufficient with another, of the Christian religion with non-Christian religions. touch of romance to make it ac- ceptable to young readers, and enough regard for serious facts to command the interest of a stu- dent of affairs. H. H. F.

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

Unkulunkulu in Zululland. By An- analyzed as to time and place, Soviet regime, is thrillingly in- drew Burgess. Illustrated. 8vo. personnel, message and objec- teresting and dramatic, yet 259 pp. $1.00. Board of Foreign tive. It would be well if every simply told and convincing. Missions, Norwegian L u the ran missionary and every Christian There seems to be no effort to Church. Minneapolis. 1934. would study it to find his own make the picture as bad as pos- place in God's program for the sible but it presents conclusive Unkulunkulu-"The G rea t world. While the epistles do evidence that one cannot look Great"-is the Zulu name for not quote the Great Commis- for liberty, mercy or justice in the Creator of the world. But sion, they are the result of obe- Soviet Russia today. The rulers these people believe that the dience to it. are doubtless engaged in a great creator has forgotten man and experiment to make Russia a has left him to his own de- Excavating Kirjath-Sepher's Ten s t ron g, independent, self-supvices. Mr. Burgess has gathered Cities. By Melvin Grove Kyle, D.D. porting country. But power is in this volume many very illu- 8vo. 203 pp. $2.50. Wm. B. in the hands of a small group, minating facts in regard to the Eerdmans Publishing Co. Grand which is supposed to represent pagan Zulus-their religious be- Rapids, Mich. 1934. the laboring classes. According liefs and traditions, their sacri- to this and other reports of eyefices, worship, witch-doctors and This is the last contribution witnesses, the experiment has customs. He gives a brief his- on Biblical archeology by the so many faults that radical tory of the Zulu race, a vivid late Dr. Kyle. It relates to dis- changes are necessary before it picture of life in their native coveries from 1926 to 1932 in can succeed. Some changes are kraals and some results of Kirjath-Sepher (Book Town) being made-such as the propa- Christian mission work. Two and in various other cities of ganda of falsehood, the deparmaps and eighty other illustra- Palestine. Much light is thrown ture from extreme communism tions help to visualize the story. on Canaanite life and religion, and lessening the power of the The information is somewhat on the period of the Judges and Ogpu or secret police-but the sketchy but it is an exception- Kings of Israel and on dates of Soviet attitude toward the inally readable book. While the Biblical events. The sixteen telligencia, toward religion and mission work described is Lu- pages of illustrations help to il- personal freedom must change theran, everyone interested in luminate the text. An index of if Soviet Russia is to survive. Zulus and in Christian progress places, discoveries and Biblical among them will find the whole references would give it added Mrs. Tchermavin vividly picvolume full of valuable informa- value. tures her own sufferings, detion. There is no index. scribes the despotic and cruel In the Cauldron of Russia. An Auto- tribunals, and tells of many Them Also. By Mary W. Booth. biography by I. S. Prokhanoff. friends killed or exiled without Illustrated. 8vo. 254 pp. 3s. 6d. Illustrated. 8vo. 270 pp. $1.50. any trial or proven wrongdoing. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow. 1934. All-Russian Evangelical Christian The story is divided into two Union. New York. 1934. parts-(l) trials, imprisonment A missionary of the Zenana and exile, and (2) the escape Bible and Medical Mission for Here is a story of Russia from into Finland in 1933. While this over a quarter of a century de- 1869 to 1933, from inside per- does not give the whole story of scribes here the triumphs of sonal knowledge. The author the Russian experiment and its Christ among women and girls was for many years the leading results, the book is well worth in Gorakhpur, United Provinces, evangelical Christian pastor in reading for the author wins con- India. Questions are answered Russia, being founder and pres- fidence as to her truthfulness. that puzzle many missionaries; ident of the All-Russian Evanproblems are solved in answer gelical Un ion. He suffered Kidnapping the Constitution. By Mrs. to prayer; stories are told of under the Tzars, persevered, Lucy W. Peabody. 12mo. 110 pp. transformations and of Christ- and was highly respected, and Boards, 40 cents. N. A. Lindsey & like service. These pages show now is in exile in America. He Co. Marblehead, Mass. 1934. clearly that the work of faith, tells his life story, describes the labors of love and patience of conditions in Russia at various Lawlessness has been on the hope are abundantly rewarded. periods, shows present needs increase and few seem to realize Here is a record of loving devo- and future hopes. The interest- where America is drifting. Mrs. tion in the care of the neglected ing information breeds deep Peabody, the de v 0 ted and children of India. As the girls sympathy for the suffering Rus- powerful advocate of "Christian grow to young womanhood they sians, especially for evangelical missions" and for "law enforceare trained to care for babies Christians. ment" makes a strong case and young children in the Name against the repeal of the Eightand Power of Christ. Escape from the Soviets. By Tatiana eenth Amendment. She calls to Tchermavin. Translated from the mind the birth of the Constitu- The Great Commission. By Henry Russian by N. Alexander. 8vo. tion, its defenders and the ef- W. Frost. Pamphlet. 25 cents. 320 pp. $2.50. E. P. Dutton. New forts to nullify it. The time has China Inland Mission. Phila- York. 1934. come to teach all American citi- delphia, Pa. 1934. zens and their children to re- This extraordinary f act u a I spect the Constitution and the Christ's Great Commission to record of the experiences of an His apostles is here defined and intelligent Russian woman, her husband and son, under the

laws of the land and to lead to believe in the deity of Christ, Second Hand. By Emma Gerberding them to think straight on moral the professor replied that the Lippard. 157 pp. Cloth, 75 cents. questions. This book will help student was reversing the nato restore the sense of national tural order, that he (the pro- United Lutheran Publication House, responsibility and shows the fessor) could not believe in God Philadelphia. 1934. basis of national strength. at all if he did not believe in Christ. Dr. Fisher's sermons are Here is a story of mission Women of the Old Testament and written in excellent English, and work in Japan that is of inter- Women of the New Testament. contain eloquent passages and est, both as an entertaining ro- 2 Vol. By Abraham Kuyper. quotations that indicate wide mance and as an answer to some Translated by Prof. Henry Zylstra. reading; but the argument of the criticisms raised in "Re- Paper 60 cents each. Zondervan would be more conclusive if he thinking Missions." Painted in- Pub. House. Grand Rapids, Mich. had presented more fully Christ's to the background is a vivid por- 1934. teachings regarding God. trayal of Japan of today. A young graduate of an American Dr. Kuyper, a famous Dutch A.J.B. statesman, Biblical scholar, and divinity school decides not to be author of "The Work of the God and the World. By J. T. Maw- ordained, but to teach English Holy Spirit," gives us eighty son. 144 pp. Cloth, 18. Pickering in Japan without any church brief sketches of women of the & Inglis, London. 1934. board connections, and with a Bible. They are reverent, valu- friendly sharing, equality, brothable and suggestive studies, Each of the 16 chapters enwholly Biblical and suited for deavor to analyze John 3: 16 erhood aim. His contacts with class discussion. Some of the which has been called "the Bible missionaries, his first-hand characters are unfamiliar, like in Miniature"; and help to show knowledge of their sacrificial Ada and Zillah, Jeroboam's wife its universal application to the service and ability to grapple and Azenath. Others are well needs of mankind. H. H. F. known. with a tangled situation, grad- A Chaplain in India. By G. M. ually make him feel the empti- Can I Know God? By Frederick B. Davies. Illus. 8 vo. 320 pp. 58. Fisher. 12 mo. 140 pp. $1.00. Marshall, Morgan & Scott. London. ness in his own motives and he Harpers. New York. 1934. 1934. comes finally to an overwhelm- ing desire, not to express him- One opens this little book with This chaplain, who here relarge expectation, for the title cords his memories, lives a use- self nor to help in a material suggests a helpful discusison of ful life and served his fellow way, but to give the light of the a vital theme and the author was countrymen in India for twenty- glory of God in Christ to all formerly a missionary bishop of one years. It is not only of inthe Methodist Episcopal Church, terest but reveals the opportuni- men. H.H.F. and later pastor of a large ties and importance of a British church in Ann Arbor, Michigan. chaplain's life. There are also Annals of an Indian Parish. By Ste- Of the ten chapters, only five are many sidelights on India and the phen Neill. 68 pp. Paper, 18. related to the title, the others Indians. The author worked in Church Missionary Society, London. being short sermons or various Bareilly, Sangor, Missoorie, 1934. unrelated topics. The first five Muttra, Kasauli, Amritsar, Nagchapters are captioned: Is There pur and elsewhere and describes Three years ago a missionary a God? What Is God Like? Can not only his experiences as chap- was required to take over from I Know God? Is Christianity lain but tells of work for the an Indian pastor temporary True? and, Is One Religion As Gouds, the prisons, in theaters, charge of a country parish. Thus Good As Another? We confess at melas. He writes of mission- he was brought very close to the to some aversion for the inter- ary unity, the Soldiers' Christian inner life of an Indian church, rogative phrasing of s u c h Association, earthquakes and and this book is a record of his themes. This was the method temperance work. The record is experiences. The purpose of the of the devil in the Garden of a simple narrative of personal narrative is to prove that the Eden, when he wished to create rat her detailed experiences work is not finished when conunbelief. We are puzzled, too, which will be of special interest verts are made, and that the care by the author's answers. The to the narrator and his friends. of the Christian Church, situmost effective approach, through ated as it is in the midst of Christ and His revelation of Life Indeed: The Victorious Life in superstitions and nonchristian God, he practically ignores and Four Aspects. By J. Russell How- standards and ideals is a task treats the problems as if they den. 12 mo. 133 pp. 28. 6d. Pick- calling for rare wisdom and pacould be worked out by means ering & Inglis. Glasgow. tience. of reason without the light thrown upon them by the Bible These chapters, along Keswick Liang A-Fa. By George Hunter Mcand the great Teacher. When lines, deal with repentance, con- Neur. 123 pp. Paper, 75 cents. a theological student told Pro- secration, faith and the Holy Kwang Hsueh Publishing House, fessor Bailey that he found it Spirit. They are by the Vicar of Shanghai. 1934. easy to believe in God but hard St. Peter's Church, Tunbridge Wells, and are clear cut, spir- Liang A-Fa was a colleague Qf itual expositions of truth. Dr. Robert Morrison, first Prot- estant missionary to China. The story of his life and work is a continuation of the Book of Acts of the Apostles. Of him a vet- eran missionary of the London Missionary Society said: "To

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

faith and patience, carried to the and both are working together tory of the organization and in- plane of martyrdom, there was along three lines, physical, intel- cludes a list of duties of its of- added versatility of gifts and lectual and spiritual. The closing ficers and suggestions for methgraces that translates Christi- chapter pleads for a strengthen- ods of work. H. H. F.

anity into Chinese life, and uses ing of the work at this crucial Epistle Message: Sermons from Ad- vent to Trinity Sunday by Seven every gift and grace for its dif- stage. H. H. F. Ministers of the Lutheran Church. Edited by Herman F. Miller. 8 vo. fusion." De'ep Snow. An Indian Story. By 252 pp. $1.50. United Lutheran C. Kuipers. 152 pp. $1.00. Paper, Publication House. Philadelphia. Whatever the reason, Mr. 60 cents. Zondervan Publishing 1933. House, Grand Rapids, Mich. 1934. Liang was gradually forgotten; These thirty-seven sermons by This story, bound together by seven ministers are based on until a few years ago, even the a thread of romance, pictures texts and thoughts in the Letters the traditions, the background of of St. Paul, St. Peter and St. Chinese Christian Church knew James. They are thoughtful superstitious rites and ceremo- rather than unique, spiritual but nothing of him, when a strange nials of the Zunis and Navajos not popular in style. They deal in Arizona and New Mexico. It with such topics as hope, joy, the coincidence led to the discovery shows also the impact of Chris- coming of Christ, the glory of tian mission schools upon the God, worship, boasting, holiness, of his grave in 1918. Interest eager, spirited boys and girls religion and Pentecost.

in the remarkable pioneer began who respond to what is good in Ways That Are Dark. By Ralph the white man's way. The thrill- Townsend. 8 vo. 336 pp. $3.00. to revive, with the result that a ing romance, with a tang as pure G. P. Putman's Sons. New York. 1933. Chinese biography was pub- as mountain air, is a vivid por- trayal of certain phases of life "The Truth About China," the lished in 1930. In response to in the great Southwest. secondary title to this volume, is a misnomer. As is stated by a many requests the story is here H.H.F. review in the New Y.ork Times, the volume is "a long way from told in English. H. H. F. the whole truth about China," the author has had very limited Fresh Springs. By Phyllis L. Gar- contact with the Chinese, in time and area, and his views are evi- lick. 127 pp. Paper, 18. Church dently the result of inadequate Missionary Society, London. 1934. knowledge and immature judg- ment. He sees through smoked The story of the C. M. S. for Some Experiments in Living. By glasses so that he pictures the the year 1933. A very logical Peter Ainslie. 190 pp. $2.00. As- "ways that are dark" in very arrangement of topics is fol- sociation Press, 347 Madison Ave., somber hues and presents an in- New York. 1933. dictment of the whole Chinese lowed in this report of the C. race without discrimination. M. S. work for 1933 in various The Protestant pastor, who de- Authors long resident in China, bated with Judge Ben Lindsey such as Julian Arnold, Putnam fields. The author has developed on companionate marriage a few Weale, George Sokolsky, Henry the theme under the titles: years ago, candidly gives his Springs of Freedom in Africa; views, based on personal experi- Springs of Friendship in the ence in concrete cases, upon the practical possibility of applying Near East; Springs of Service the principle of Christian brothin India; Springs of Courage in erhood as a cure for social in- China; Springs of Hope in Ja- justice, interracial hatred, war, pan. family discord and church unity. The book is a record of thought- Binding the story together as fully worked out experiments in making Christ's teaching real in a whole is the central purpose everyday living, and is a chal- lenge to others to carry thesethat renewed inspiration be sought in the mutual discovery of fresh springs in Jesus Christ for renewing both society and the individual, and for the mis- sionary as well as the new con- vert. H. H. F.

Glimpses of Uganda. By K. M. E. experiments still farther in a Hodgkin, Joseph Bau, J. R. Lillingston. 73 pp. – – . Church reconstructed society. "Every Saunders, Edward Williams and Missionary Society, London. 1934. individual," the author asserts, others offer a good corrective to This brief record of impres- "who works toward abolition of these sketchy snap-judgments of sions, by one deeply interested the world's wrongs and the lib- one who has evidently little acin the development of the Native eration of inborn hopes and quaintance or sympathy with his Anglican Church in Uganda, ideals, is in so far a follower of subject. The Chinese Christian clearly shows the contrast be- Jesus. Human experience holds Student (published in America) tween conditions when East no finer romance than in follow- describes this volume as "the Africa was opened to the mis- ing Him." H. H. F. new low among books that pre- sionary and what we see at The New Why and How of Woman's tend to give the 'low down' about present. Missionary Union. By Wilma Ge- China."

The African of today is de- neva Bucy. 118 pp. Paper, – – . Chinese Ethical Ideals. By Rev. termined to get an education, Frank Rawlinson, M.A., D.D. Coland insists that it shall be defi- Southern Baptist Sunday School lege of Chinese Studies, Peiping, Board. Nashville, Tenn. 1934.

nitely Christian. Willing to meet A revision of a first edition China. 1934.

this demand, the government is which appeared in 1928, with The author's studies of China's cooperating with the missions, new material added. It is a his- literary, social and religious life

were conducted through a series While "virtuous living for the China Year Book. Edited by H. G. W. Woodhead. 854 pp. $12.50. of years in preparation of lec- common weal" appears to have University of Chicago Press. Chitures to foreign students of the been ideally the summum bonum cago. Chinese language and culture. of the sages, yet it became so Discussions we r e had with choked by the loyalties of family The Church Controversy in Germany. groups of Chinese to clarify his Anders Nygren. 115 pp. 28. 6d. and clan as to prevent its bloom- Student Christian Movement Press.

own thinking. While the book ing into a nation- and world- London.

concerns itself chiefly with Chi- blessing philanthropy. Good and Deeds of Daring. Archer Wallace. nese ethical ideals and values, it evil are the voluntary acts of na- 97 pp. $1.00. Harpers. New York.

deals also with their relation to tures all good by birth, the good Digest of the Presbyterian Church of the several "religions" of China. to be rewarded, the evil pun- Chosen-1934. Compiled by Charles The author believes that, though ished, either in this life or an- Allen Clark. 196 pp. Christian Lit- Confucianism is an ethical phi- other. Canons of virtue include erature Society. Seoul, Korea. E pis cop a I Church-Heritage of losophy, religiously rather ag- not merely most of the Old Tes- American Christian. Theo. St. nostic, though modern Taoism is tament code, but also many orig- Clair Will. 135 pp. $1.50 cloth; a compl~x of demonistic super- $1.00 paper. Morehouse Pub. Co. inating in the gross superstitions Milwaukee. stition, and though Buddhism of polytheism. Most Chinese was originally atheistic and later have an idea of some sort of fu- Financial Recovery for the Local polytheistic, yet, in the words of ture life. Those who look for Church. Julius Earl Crawford. 202 a modern Chinese critic, "Reli- "salvation,"-hardly known by pp. $1.00. Cokesbury Press. Nashgion has exercised immense that name,-expect to attain it ville. History of the Korean Mission, Prespower over the Chinese people." through ethical striving or per- byterian Church, U. S. A. 1884-1934. Tho ugh very pragmatic in sonal appeasing, not through Harry A. Rhodes, Ed. 673 pp. any atoning Saviour. Modern $2.00. Revell. New York and thought and life, yet the prac- scientific thought has destroyed Chosen Mission, Seol, Korea. tical and the mystical exist side by side, and the one "religion" for many scholars the idea of im- Margaret King's Vision. Mrs. Howhich seems to be surviving and mortality. ward Taylor. 165 pp. $1.00. China reviving at present is the mys- The little book's discussion of Inland Mission. Philadelphia. tical Buddhism, which, however, "Spirit and Matter," "Person- ality Values," and "How Far are o Carry Me Back. E. A. Bland. 317 after the example of Christian- Men Equal?" should prove of inity, is developing its social side. terest to ethical philosophers, pp. 28. 6d. Pickering & Inglis. Chinese thought has been more London. and somewhat less so to theoloinclined than that of the West to gians. For students of Missions, The Pageant of Chinese Historyseparate religion from ethics, in view of China's greatly dimin- From 3000 B. C. to Founding of the regarding relations with men as Republic. Elizabeth Seegar. $3.00. 386 pp. Longman's Green. New m 0 r e immediately important York. than hazily conceived relations ished reverence for her own an- Pablo and Petra-A Boy and Girl of cient culture, the interest will Mexico. Milicent H. Lee. $1.50. with deities generally feared and also be largely historic, yet well 152 pp. Crowell. New York. auueased rather than loved and repay perusal. obeyed. Religion in the Highlands. Elizabeth COURTENAY H. FENN. R. Hooker. 319 pp. $1.00. Home Missions Council. New York. 1933. The author seems hardly justi- Recent Developments in German fied in giving practically the Rainbow Bridge. By Florence Cran- Protestantism. Otto Piper. 159 pp. nell Means. 152 pp. Cloth, $1.50. 48. S. C. M. London. Christian content of "love" to Paper, 75 cents. Friendship Press, the "jen" of Confucius and other New York. 1934. The Rockefeller Foundation-Annual sages, which scarcely went be- Report. 477 pp. Rockefeller Founyond the idea of "good-will," or This book written for children dation. New York. under twelve years, will be en- "humanity," with un-Christian joyed by all interested in seeing The Story of American Dissent. limitations, and is often little the races brought into a broth- John M. Mecklin. 381· pp. $3.50. more than the "cosmic urge" or Harcourt, Brace & Co. New York. erly understanding. The "Rain- "vital impUlse." The worship of bow Bridge" is a miniature gar- Sally J o. Zenobia Bird. 216 pp. the temples and of the ancestors $1.50. Revell. New York. den ina dish, made by two has emphasized self-s e e kin g homesick Japanese children in Sadhu Sundar Singh. C. F. Andrews. rather than devotion. 205 pp. $2.00. Harpers. New York. America and comes to have a The chapter on "The Ethical special meaning for all the chil- Arabia and the Bible. James A.· Values of Micius" affords an ex- dren in the neighborhood, sig- Montgomery. 208 pp. $2. Uni- nifying a bond between their versity of Pennsylvania Press. cellent introduction to a moral varying interests and problems:- Philadelphia, Pa. reformer most worthy of attention, probably the highest of the H.H.F. Yasu-Bo and Ishi-Ko-A Boy and Girl of Japan. Phyllis Ayer Sow- Confucian school, yet among the New Books ers. 142 pp. $1.50. Crowell. New least well known. To him York. "Heaven" seemed more real and personal, and "mutual love" ap- Negro-White Adjustment: An Inproarhed most nearly to the Boy and Girl Tramps of America. vestigation and Analysis of Methods Christian concept. Thomas Minehan. 267 pp. $2.50. in the Interracial Movement in the Farrar & Rinehart. New York. United States. 272 pp. $3.00. Association Press. New York.

Notes HELP Feed the Hungry educated in Philadelphia, and

Clothe the Naked her husband, went to the West Africa Mrs. Helen Barrett Montgomery Presbyterian Mission in 1928. With the well-known and well-loved author, China's millions threatened with famine. him she covered thousands of miles on educator and religious leader, died in A desolate stricken land nfts appealing the bush path and over the jungle Summit, N. J., at the home of her hands. trails. During the short time she was daughter, Mrs. George F. Simon, on at work in the Cameroun country she October 18th. She was the widow of For seventeen years the Home Of One· was privileged to see many evidences William A. Montgomery, of Rochester, siphorus, largest Christian orphanage in the of better living, and of freedom from N. Y., and was born seventy-three Orient, has been saving lives and preach~ fear of enemies, evil spirits, disease years ago in Kingsville, Ohio. After ing the G06pel. We cannot meet the de· and other curses. teaching in Philadelphia she married mands on us unless you and other loving and later became an ordained minister Christians send us aid. Mrs. Mary C*ary* Da*vis, formerly a in the Baptist Church, and spent her time traveling,· writing and speaking Our work cares also for infirm adults Methodist missionary to India, died at in the interest of Christian missions and maintains a Christian school for grow- her home in New York City on Sept. and deeper spiritual experience. ing youth-sustained solely by faith. Aid 7, at 90 years of age. Mrs. Davis us with your prayers and gifts. We ap· went to India in 1876 as a missionary From 1913 to 1924 she was Presi- peal to you for help in this work of of the W. F. M. S., and married Rev. dent of the Woman's Baptist Foreign Christ's mercy. Franklin G. Davis there in 1880. Mission Society. She also served as President of the Federation of Wom- Write for free booklet "Helping China's Shirts and Sheets an's Boards of Foreign Missions from Helpless" and illustrated catalog of hand 1917 to 1918. embroidered luncheon sets, dresser scarfs, or, ANTI-SEMITISM, handkerchiefs, etc.-artistic hand work of Mrs. Montgomery's mission study our orphans who are learning to support A PRESENT.DAY SIGN OF THE books and her new translation of the themselves. Address: FIRST MAGNITUDE I New Testament have had a wide circulation. She was a very effective HOME OF ONESIPHORUS By LOUIS S. BAUMAN, D.O. speaker at Chautauqua and at other conferences and schools of missions. American Office ONE OF ~ FACTS OF Drawer 6, 3131 Lincoln Avenue, *** THE MOST . THE MOST Chical'o, Illinois Rev. James S. Barr, D.D. died at Location of Home and Mission: TaiaH, TALKED OF ~ STARTLING New Wilmington, Pennsylvania, on October 12, 1934, being almost 102 Shantung, China BOOKLETS . NATURE years old. He was born at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, on December 22, Dr. D. Duncan Main, founder of IN PRINT! SET FORTH! 1832, was educated in Jefferson Col- the C. M. S. Hospital in Hangchow, lege (Washington and Jefferson), died recently in England. He retired 15c ea.; 2 for 25c.; 51.25 per doz. Allegheny Seminary and Jefferson in 1927 after 45 years of service in Medical College and with his wife, China, but to the end he was busy in Post Paid. Stamps Accepted Mary Black Barr, he sailed for India the task of holding the interest of old in 1861, as a missionary of the United friends and securing new ones for the 10 PROPHETIC STUDY MORE TIMELY! Presbyterian Church. When they work at Hangchow. reached Sialkot, Dr. Barr found one ORDER YOUR COpy TODAY I congregation with nine communicant Mr. A. Huds*on *Br*oomhall, Treasmembers and a mission composed of ALAN S. PEARCE three missionaries and two ordained urer in China of the China Inland Dept. W. 1925 E. Filth SI., LONG BEACH, CALIF. Indian ministers. He lived to see a Mission, died at Shanghai, August 18, Presbyterian church of 44,579 mem- from typhoid fever. Mr. Broomhall, I If you use bers in 116 congregations, organized whose father was General Secretary as a synod with six presbyteries. of the C. I. M. in its early days, gave PRINTING When Mrs. Barr died in 1905, Dr. fifty years of valued service to Barr returned to America, but as long Christ's cause in China. The first few YOU will profit from an acas he lived, his heart was in India. years were spent in Shansi and Chih- quaintanceship with us. We li (now Hopei). During this period do the job complete in our own USED CUTS he opened the station of Twailu, liv- plant, whether it be large or ing alone in an inn for many months. small. Plates and half tone illus- Subsequently he was set apart for the business work of the Mission in Che- While our specialty is Books, trations used in THE foo, Kiukiang, Hankow and Chung- Maga:tines and Pamphlets, yet king. we have a variety of modern MISSIONARY REVIEW equipment to meet all the re- *** quirements of your particular during the past two years job. You will find our service Margaret Douglas Lewis, M.D., prompt, careful and courteous. for sale from 25 cents up, missionary in India under the Meth- odist Board since 1900, died in Madras Will you allow us to estimate plus postage. JUly 22, of endocarditis. on your next printing? We be- lieve you will be delighted with The Missionary Review *** our product, price and service. of the World Mrs. Irvin W. Underhill, a Presby- The EVANGELICAL PRESS THIRD AND REILY STREETS terian Colored missionary to West Af- rica, died September 24. She was Print…. of HARRISBURG, PA. The Mi..ionary Revie", of the World Sunday School Supplies PLANT AND MAIN OFFICE Third and Reily Str.ets Harrlsburs, Pa. SOUIld, SI'I/7111111 ~OIlS of'1IIe 1?11~I~ODI~:~II~II~1 .h/O7rlue/!rDnenoonmDliHqIulio/n~s II

-il"' ""' ".. " .. .-

OIIOlrNETEEN cDonayturtiheisrtisy~afopuerrimodoroef time that most of us find dillicult to visualize. On Christmas than nineteen hundred years will have passed since f ___ Jesus Christ came into the World. Though He lived so long ago and though His span ! of earthly life was only thirty~three years, He is th e most o utst apnrdiviinlgegcehs aorfa cCtherriso~f : history. Yet millions who have lived in remote places, c ut off from the I tian teaching and training, do not know Him as a Living Lord and Saviour. For them, j ~ , Christmas will be as meaningless as an anni versary of some heathen god on a south sea , island is to us.

i 1'1r<t::<5IIHtEhrseeetthleumndernetdoyf eAamrseargicoa. by civilized peoples of tbe old world began a little over ..J century and a half later. FWoretyb~eocnaemyeeaa r sr eacfotgenr itzheed nation a few years more tohfanIn~a signing of the Declaration f dependence, the American Sunday School Union began the task of taking the Bible and the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the pioneers who were rapidly spreading across the un~ if known areas of the Mississippi Valley and the farther West. The first Sunday School be~ yond the Father of Waters was founded in Kansas by one of our missionaries.

1'1r.<t.::<J5IIOfiDcroaAmuYnbdonererdaetrhrlyetofciabvreoerdtobefor.uosuaArnndmaiUrsmsnioyionoanfriSoesvu.enrdTaoyhneeSychhduoonotdlsrtehaderelaainnnddoffporeorntmyticothololaiusntsatronudrcaotlaeAastcmhaeenrrd-s and students is enrolled for the regular study of the Bible as God's Revealed Word each Lord's Day. Eight hundred and four Daily Vacation Bible Schools were conducted last summer. Ten Young People's Bible Conferences provided mountain~top experiences for rural young people in various parts of the land. Three years ago only one such conference II<::5was conducted under the auspices of this Society. Next year we hope to have twenty~five. 'rc<. rOUSANDS of denominational churches in existence today hyaedarththeiirrtOy~ritgwioDchinurlcithteles ~ , Union Sunday Schools organized by our missionaries. Last , ..J grew out of our work and were turned over to the official bodies of the denomina~ ~ tions selected by popular choice. No other organization has done more to foster , , and aid the cause of organized Christianity in America. j~ Il i 110 ill ill experience, non-sectarian in principle, true to the Bible and always evangel- , istic in spirit and effort, we continue to exalt Christ as a Divine Savior, as we sow i II; a; ~~ the seed of God's Revealed Word.more many thousands of boys tahnedogldirlbsaacnkdrooalddesroffoAlkmeIirv~- • II"RISTMAS will mean back to the mountains and along ing out on the prairies, in j , ica, because of this tremendously important work. Christmas will mean more to you, if you decide to have at least a small share in this work. No church or Sun~ ; day School in town or city, no man or woman living in the larger centers, has ever known X r, IIanything but added joy and blessing, through gifts sent to help us in this task. No other if religious organization administers these gifts more carefully and effectively than does our Society. They are regarded as a sacred trust. j X if THE Spirit bas prompted you to regard your material possessions in the light of • , Christian Stewardship, ask His guidance in the matter of making a contribution to this needy work among Hthe otherwise unreached" millions in rural America. A j year's subscription to the field magazine, The Sunday~School Missionary, will be j credited to you, following the receipt of your gift. j j Address any of our District Offices as listed below, or j The Department of Missions—THE AMERICAN SUNDAY SCHOOL UNION j 1816 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

189 W. Madison St., Chicago, 111. 1119 Schofield Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio.

508 I. N. B. Bldg., Des Moines, Iowa. 1105 Plymouth Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn• ……10 Madison Ave., Kansas City., Mo 321 E. Oklahoma Ave., Knoxville, Tenn.

8 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. 615 Stock Exchange Bldg., Portland, Ore. I 156 Fifth Ave., New York City. 1332 E. Harvard St., Glendale, Calif. …

… … … … …

The Missionary Review of the World — March 1931

H. W. MY)jJHS O~' KOBE, WHO LED '!'OYOHIKO KAGAWA TO

to Foreign Missions PAY YOU A LIFE INCOME You can make a generous gift to foreign mis- Now ••• sions and have a needed income for yourself and others from the money you give by the 1/0" c"n Vi8it HONOLULU Annuity Gift Plan "nd 8till • •• This plan relieves you of uncertainty and worry caused by changing values of invested funds and assures you a fixed income of 4t% to 9% per year for the rest of your life A reserve fund of over $1.500.000 guarantees EMPRESS" the prompt payment of annuities to you. You need no longer choose between vis- Protect yourself against loss through iting Honolulu or traveling Empress. Em- unwise investments and at the same time press of Canada and the new 23-knot helP send the gospel to aU the world. Empress of Japan, the Pacific's'1ast-word- in-luxury" giantesses sail via Honolulu Foy full iwormatiou 'Write from Vancouver (rail-to-ship connections) Erneat F. Ho.lI~ Secr:etary~ Dept. of Annuitie. and Victoria. Los Angeles and San Fran- cisco passengers connect at Honolulu. On BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS tbe Speedway route are Empress of Asia, of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. Empress of Russia,. favorite ~tcommuter'J' liners, direct express to Yokohama. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York AVOID THIS MISFORTUNE "I know of no one more deserving • • • DOl#) ··Empress~' l::.hln of sympathy than a woman with limited resources, without children to advise The Empress fleet, comprising the iargest, her, without business experience, sud- fastest liners on the Pacific, now offers denly left a widow and compelled to "Empress" Cabin. Travelers in the Mission settle an estate." field find spaciousness and comfort exactly suited to their desires. Expertly cheI'd cui- Who will be her advisor? sine., service ~~ of the Orient" are welcome Who will share her troubles and re- attentions. Community of interests in "Em- sponsibilities? press" Cabin makes them even more enjoy- Who will provide for her in case of able. Naturally, on all Empresses, First loss of principal? Class. Also "Tourist" and "Third."

This can all be avoided by investing Information. reservations from your I your savings in Annui~y Agreements Agent or Canadian Pacific. New York, Chicago, Montreal. and 32 other cities in of the Methodist Mission Boards. U. S. and Canada.

I For further illformation write: CANADIAN PACIFIC •. TO TO MORRIS W. EHNES, Treasurer, Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist ORi€nr Episcopal Church, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y., or W. J. ELLIOTT, Treasurer. Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1701 Arch St., Philadelphia Pa.

World's Oreatest Tra … el S .._te.

Please mention THB MISSIONARY RmVlllIW OF THE WORLD in writin2: to advertisers. THE MISSIONARY PERSONALS REVIEW OF THE WORLD MISS FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, who has been for some years the efficient secre- DELAVAN IJ. PIERSON, Editor tary of the Council of Women for Home Missions is retiring from this office May CONTENTS-March, 1931 1st. She has also rendered valuable service as editor of the Woman's Home Page Mission Bulletin of the REVIEW. The Home Mission cause will suffer for Miss l"RON'l'JSPIECE •…•. H. W. MYERS AND Quinlan's retirement from offil;ial re- sponsibility for the work but her active A JAPANESE A~TI-CnRISTIAN EDICT interest and service will continue.

1a1Vg,.J,ING CIIRJWr IN .TAPAN …••. _ .. .. * • • , • . . . • • .• …. TOYOHIKO I{AOAW A 16a DR. CHARLES R. WATSON, President of the American University at Cairo, 1I1ISSlOXARY HADllUS FOn INDIA .,. has been appointed by the Egyptian Gov- • ••••••…•..•. l!lLIZABETH G. LEWIS 169 ernment, a member of a special Com- sion on Education to work out a national 'l'IIE PLACE OE' HEAVENLY HEAL'l'H program of education. This represents ••…..•..•••….. AMY CARUICHAEL 172 an important change of policy in the Egyptian Government, to have a non- TJ-IE PRODIGAL SON AMONG RELI- official, especially a foreigner, appointed GIONS . . . . . . . . • BA",eEL 11. ZWEMER 1711 on any Government Commission.

DO PUEBLO INDIANS SPEAK JAP- ANESE? •.•.•… A. J. un MONTGOM:ffiRY DISCUSSION OF WORLD – WIDE 11IS- * SIONS AT ATLANTIC CITY •….. ••••••••••••••••• • GEORGE H. TRULL 183 THE REV. JAMES L. BARTON, D.D., has RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN HOME handed over to the government of Greece MISSION MOUNTAIN SCHOOLS .,. • ..•……… MRS. VERNER O. EARLY 187 the orphanage and,pavilion for tubercular WII~ ~ !.~':. .~:~~ .~H?S~?~~ ';i,;,vEi",,,,, 1ti1 children, which were the last of the in- 'rHREE CROSSIilR IN ANOOI,A •…..•• stitutions established and maintained in ••••••• ,,' •••••••.• JOHN '1'. rrUCKNR Hl3 IX THE DO)'lINICAN Rl<!PUBI,IC ….. that country by the Near East Relief. ~ IL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Jj' . •TOlIXSO:-l lUil >- Few American philanthropies have had E:DIA D. CUSIUIAX 01,' KONIA ….. . a more remarkable development from •••••••.•••….••.••… ,V. '1' . 1;JL1.1S 1n7 small beginnings, a wiser and more con- A COLO~lBIAN ~'ItgETHINKER . . . . . . . • •••••••••••••• ALEXA~DER M. ALLAN 198 structive administration, and a more A PAs'rOll WITH A WORLD-WIDE MIN- satisfactory completion of their special ISTRY ………… ltOHERl' g. SPEhlR 200 responsibilities than the Near East Re- 'rOPICS OF THE THIES ………••••. 201 lief. It will go down in history as a CLOUDS WITH A SILVER LINUW magnificent demonstration of practical AFTER THE LONDON ROUND TABLE CO~­ goodwill.. .. * • ll~ERENCE-'VHAT ? SIR WILLIAM WANLESS, a retired mis- 'THE SEED BED O~' IIAPPI NESS sionary of the Presbyterian Board of For- eign Missions, who spent 39 years of METHODS ~'OR WORKERS ………. . active medical service in Miraj, india, is •••••• EDITED BY MRS. Jj….. I. JOHNHON 205 endeavoring to secure funds for a tuber- WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN MIS- culosis sanitorium. The Bombay Christian Council, representing the Indian constit- SION BULLETIN •.•………….. 213 uency, and 30 missionary organizations in India, have decided to build Buch a WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK .•……….. 219 tuberculosis sanitorium in the Deccan de- BOOKS WORTH R1MDING …….•…. 235 signed to meet the needs of all sufferers TFJRMR.-$2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of from this disease without regard to caste five.) Foreign postage, 50 cflnts. Single copies, 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, or creed. It is to be called the Wanless 1031, by ~.[ISSION'RY REVIEW I)C"ln.ISHI!~a COlI· Tuberculosis Sanitorium.

1".:-Y, l:.;c. All rights l'PsprYed.

THE MIS::;WNARY IUJVnJW PUBLISHING *** CO~lPAN¥, he. GEORGE SHERWOOD EDDY was recently lloRERT E. Rl>Fl~R, PrC-'~idcut guest of honor at a testimonial dinner "rILf,IAM 1. CHAllBERI~AfN, Vice-l't'esident tendered by the General Board of the National Council Young Men's Christian DELAVAN L. PIERSO);, Secretary Association, which he has served for 'WAL-fER ~IC})Ol'GALI•• ']'rcasurcr thirty-seven years. Dr. Eddy has re- tired as secretary for Asia but he an- Publication Office, 3d & Reily Sts., Harrisburg, nounced that he would continue his evan- Pn. 25c n copy. $2.50 a year. gelical work.

Etlitorial nntI BUf.li1WRA Office, 150 Fifth AV(,Ilue, *** New York City DR. CHARLES S. MACFARLAND, for Entere.d as Rf'COllU-claAB matter at the Post twenty years Senior General Secretary Office, IInrriRhnTgo, Pn" llndf'f Aet of MaTrh 3, 1870. of the Federal Council of Churches of COME TO Christ in America was retired and is KENNEDY SCHOOL now Secretary Emeritus. OF MISSIONS .. .. * New missionary apartments add to THE REV. JASHWANT RAG CHITAMBAR, advantages of preparing at Hartford M.A., D.D., principal of Lucknow Chris- for world service. Affiliation of tian College, has been elected Bishop of College of Missions, Hartford Thethe Methodist Episcopal Church by the ological Seminary and School of Central Conference of Southern Asia. Religious Education. Exceptional library of 200,000 volumes. Large * * .. collections in Chinese and Arabic. Students from many lands. Courses MRS. HOWARD WAYNE SMITH, admin- in English Bible, Religious Educaistrative vice-president of the Woman's tion, Rural Evangelism. Degrees Baptist Foreign Mission Society, was M.A., S.T.M., Ph.D. Specially able elected president of the Federation of Chinese department. Catalog. Women's Boards of Foreign Missions at the recent annual meeting. Mrs. Smith E. W. CAPEN, Ph.D., Dean, Hartford, Connecticut has served for a number qf years on its executive committee. HARTFORD ** THE REV. HUGH VERNON WHITE, of Stockton, California, has accepted a call from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to a secretaryship in its Home Department. Mr. White's work will be primarily along educational lines, interpreting the spirit of modern missions to the churches and the public.

OBITUARIES THE REV. DR. ROBERT S. DONALDSON, Seminary Foundation secretary for Promotion of the Presbyterian Board of National Missions, New RobbinsWolcottBarstow,D.D.,President York, died on Friday, February 6th, after six months' illness. He was fifty Church, resigning to go to California years old, having been born in Hastings, as president of Occidental College. Minnesota, in 1881. After Dr. Donaldson was graduated from Princeton and *** the McCormick Theological Seminary he was pastor of a church in Milwaukee and MRS. EMMA MOTT WHITTEMORE, who, then served as superintendent of Na- many years ago opened the first Door tional Missions in California. From of Hope for unfortunate girls, died at there he was called to New York to be- her home in New York on January 1st, come secretary of Promotion of the Na- at eighty years of age. More than sixty tional Board. homes, bearing the same name, have "peen' opened' in various parts of the * * .. world, including Shanghai, China. Mrs. Whittemore delighted in visiting these DR. THOMAS C. WINN, a member of homes, praying for them, and aiding Presbyterian Mission in Japan since them in other ways. 1877, died at Kanazawa on Sunday, February 8th. Dr. Winn was born in Flem- * .. .. ington, Georgia, and was graduated from Amherst in the Class of 1873 and from THE REV. DR. CHARLES NEWTON LATHthe Union Theological Seminary in 1877. ROP, Executive Secretary of the depart- A son, the Rev. George H. Winn, of ment of Christian Social Service of the Seoul, and a daughter, Mrs. Walter C. Protestant Episcopal Church, died at Erdman, of Pyeng Yang, are mission- San Francisco, where he attended a Dio· aries in Chosen. cesan Convention, January 30th.

** * DR. HENRY K*ING* CA*RROLL, religious DR. JOHN WILLIS BAER, 70 years old, statistician, died on January 21st, of banker, educator and prominent in the pneumonia, in North Plainfield, N. J. Dr. Presbyterian Church, died suddenly of Carroll, was 82 years old. He was the heart disease at Pasadena on February author of a number of books on religious 8th. He was born on a farm near Ro- subjects, and later years prepared anchester, Minnesota, the son of a Hunga· DUal statistics on all religious demoninarian immigrant. From 1890 to 1900 he tions in the United States. He was born traveled throughout the world organiz- in Dennisville, Cape May County, N. J., ing Christian Endeavor societies as gen- on Nov. 15, 1848, was graduated from eral secretary of the international or- Syracuse University and he served in ganization. From 1900 to 1906 he was the Civil War. From 1876 to 1898 he assistant secretary of the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian (Concluded on thil'd cover.) Plpfise mention THE :MISSION' ,RY REVIEW OF THE WORl,D in writinii to advertisers. Dr. Myers is holding an anti-ChristIan edict board, now in his possession, containing a notice posted in 'May, 1683. It reads in part: "".rhe Christian religion is strictly forbidden. Hewards of 500 pieCes of silver will be given those reporting suspected persons. Those concealing Christians wfll be severely punished"-Slgned, THE GO'ERXOR.

LIV, No.3 March,1931

THE MISSIONARY Of tae REVEALING CHRIST IN JAPAN* BY TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, Tokyo, Japan Chri8tian Ap08tle to the Slums; author of "Love. the Law of Life," etc.

I T IS a great privilege to give If a Christian missionary had testimony to Christ. To believe not come to Japan I would never in God and to know the love of have seen God. When I was fifteen God are two different things. Many I was a very lonesome boy, and people in Japan and in China be- lived a most sorrowful life. Many lieve in God, but they do not under- Americans and English people ask stand the love of God as revealed me why Christianity is needed in in Jesus Christ. That is a great Japan when we already have good revelation. religions. My very existence shows In the nineteenth century some the reason why.

scholars wanted to make Christi- I was brought up in a Buddhist anity very simple, but they overlooked the meaning of the Cross. family. My father was private sec- Harnack claimed that "there are retary to the Privy Council of the two kinds of Christianity, primary and secondary. The first is the Emperor, one of the high officials Christianity of Jesus, which is of the Government. He kept many merely the Fatherhood of God and concubines. His first wife had no the brotherhood of man. Secondary children. The second wife was a Christianity is Pauline, and con- dancing girl, and had many chilsists of Christ-idolatry." This Har- dren. I am one of them and was nack rejects, calling it Paul's Chris- adopted as a legitimate child. But tianity. Harnack wants to strip my father's first wife never loved off the meaning of the Cross, which me. I was taken to a cold ice-frozen Paul emphasizes. This is a great home where I wept day and night. mistake. There is only one Chris- If, later, I had not been able to find tianity, the Christianity crystal- God, I believe that I would have lized in the manifestation of God's been ruined. love on the Cross. The Cross is central to Christianity, because My father believed in Confucius. there the love of God is manifested. There was Buddhism also, and In Japan we are tired of doctrines, Shintoism, in my home, but no puribut we are hungry for the love re- ty. I was sent to a Buddhist temple vealed in the Cross. to memorize Confucian doctrines, but I was afraid to read those ~ddreS" to missionaries, Mokanshan, Ja- books because I thought that if I grew up I would probably follow pan, July 27, 1930. the steps of my father and brother.

165

"Be a saint! Be a gentleman!" might not have found Christ.

those books kept repeating. But Through Dr. Myers' kindness I there was neither saint nor gentle- learned to love and admire Christ.

man anywhere near me by whom When I suffered from tuberculosis, I might pattern my life. My broth- my Japanese friends did not love er brought home six or seven gei- me. They might catch it. There- sha girls at one time, and at eleven fore I had to live an isolated, sim- I had to go to school from what ple life. But Dr. Myers loved me seemed like a house in the licensed and slept with me three nights in quarter, though it was my uncle's the same bed, without any fear of own home. tuberculosis. Soon after that I went When the Spirit of God came in- into the slums of Kobe, and there to my life my eyes were opened. practised the love with which Dr.

When I memorized those simple Myers had loved me.

verses in Luke 12: 27-31, "Con- The translation, or manifesta- sider the lilies, how they grow," it tion, of Christianity, is not simply was inspiration to me! Through preaching. True love never fails.

Jesus Christ I found the Truth; I The love of Christ will win the found the life; I found the Way to world. I am not afraid of perse- become holy, to be godly. I found cution for such love is greater than that Christianity fills out and sup- persecution.

plements the teaching of Confucius Two hundred and fifty years ago and the teaching of Buddha. Hav- Francis Xavier came to Japan and ing studied all the systems of phi- through his influence five hundred losophy in the Orient and in the thousand became Christians. Then West, I have noticed that the teach- persecution came and lasted for ings of Confucius and of Buddha more than fifty years. The war are not founded on belief in God. lords thought that they could stamp Socrates and Plato never touch out Christianity, but when sixty God. Only Jesus Christ gives us the years ago the Emperor's govern- wonderful evidence of the love of ment declared religious freedom, God. And not only this but He twenty-five thousand Christians ap- taught us how to obtain the power peared around Nagasaki.

to practise. To some this is so fa- When Protestant Christian mismiliar that they forget the blessing. sionaries came to Japan seventy- For me it was a new experience. I one years ago they came from had passed through the valley of Shanghai, Dr. Guido F. Verbeck solitude. I was a son of tears. Now among them. It was a reactionary the sunshine is gleaming through period and there was persecution. the clouds. Therefore I began to The first thirteen Christians in Y0live up to the life of the Cross. kohama were afraid that they When I was twenty-two I went would be hanged. They had a to live in the slums, remaining prayer meeting, expecting to be there fourteen years and eight in heaven the next day. They said, months. It was not only the Bible "We shall be arrested. Weare sons which taught me the love of God of knights and we are ready to die in Christ, and led me to take this for the Cross." That night a mes- step. It was a missionary, Dr. H. senger came from Tokyo saying, W. Myers, of Kobe, who baptized "No persecution will come." But me. If he had not come to Japan I even to this day Christians are

1!J31] RI<:VEALING CHRIST IN JAPAN

persecuted in Japan, where Bud- To the Japanese newspapers it is dhism is strong. axiomatic that Christianity is com- mon sense. Daily papers with over But today the tide has changed. a million circulation publish arti- Hundreds give testimony that cles on Christianity every day with- Christians are the best citizens. out any hesitation. Although the Hara and Takahashi, two prime anti-Christian Soviet movement is ministers, have been Christians, strong in Japan, the idealistic and the wives of many cabinet Christian movement is stronger prime ministers have come from yet. Thousands of humble believ- Christian families. Many cabinet ers in the villages give testimony to the love of Christ. ministers, men at court, great educators, and great scientists in Ja- They also tell stories about the pan are Christians. The tide has love shown by the missionaries. changed.

'I'HE KAGAWA SElT'.rI,BAmN'l'. TOKYO-A CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION AND HOSTEL During the past two and one-half Recently, when Dr. Hail, of Wakayears I have been spending most of yama, died the Osaka Mainichi, a my time in preaching the Gospel of newspaper with a circulation of Christ to audiences numbering al- over a million, published his life together about six hundred thou- story. He had lived a most simple sand in various parts of Japan. life in Wakayama fifty years, and During this period I have received had refused to leave his post. Many decision cards from about forty great novelists and educators had thousand people. Not only do many been baptized by him. He lived on want to become Christians but Jap- Japanese food (which is worse anese Christians are supporting than Chinese food), and travelled their own churches. Though pov- through the mountains on foot. His erty-stricken and few in number, influence stilI remains. Many other the Japanese Christians raise two missionaries are doing wonderful million yen annually for Christian work. Everybody in Shinshu knows church work. Dr. Daniel Norman, of Nagano.

Governors of the province change, the time of the Roman Emperors, but Norman has· been there thirty but Christians were not afraid to years. They say that there are go down to the catacombs and pray three notable things in that Prov- there. When the bandits came from ince, and one of them is Norman! the north and crushed the Roman Everybody loves him. Many write Emperor, the Church remained. stories about him. One day a village boy saw him and said, "Here's "Love never faileth." The rea foreigner!" But another boy cor- ligion of Jesus Christ is not a surected him quickly: "No, he's not perstition. He belongs to eternity. a foreigner! He is Dr. Norman!" Only Jesus Christ and His Cross They have forgotten that he is a will win the Orient. Some may Canadian. The influence of his life think the Cross is a foolish thing is Christianity. In his district I but the time of victory will come. found thousands of young men who For Christianity to conquer the wante~ tQ. become Christians, be- Roman Empire took three cencause Norman is there. turies. It will take time to win Ja- pan openly to believe in Christ, and Do not 'be discouraged. If you many more centuries may be needinfluence only. afew in the villages, ed to win China. Let us be couraand love them in the spirit of the geous and give testimony to the Cross, you will succeed. Christian- love of God as revealed in Jesus ity suffered three hundred years in Christ and His death for us.

Dr. Kagawa ill front of his '."Two-lUat Palace," a six-fed square room where he Jived. for eixteen years in his effort to r~clflim for Chris.t the men, .women nnd c;hildrcll ?f the .K?be slums. He is now forty-two years of age and 18 a Jeader III the campaIgn to Wlll a IlllllJOll. Bouls to Christ In three years.

SADHVS FOR

BY ELIZABETH G. LEWIS, M.D., AMBALA CITY, PANJAB, INDIA Missionar}1 of th e P rc{J ',yt cdal1 Church, U. S, A., 1915- N OTHING SO surely attracts to drink, so India, searching for the attention of men and God, is unable to receive as true women in India, and holds the message of Christ the Saviour.

their interest as completely as that One reason is that the message which promises them a glimpse of comes in western dress. Mission God, or that promises to bring hospitals from the Occident are in- them nearer to the fulfillment of troduced and try to teach them the their desire to know God. We be- way of physical health. Mission lieve that this is true the world over. Even in materialistic Ameri- ca, a minister with a truly God- given message and the spirit of Jesus Christ, wins a large hearing; a drama showing God's love for humanity draws a full house and devotional books and the Bible are more in constant demand than any other book.

American men and women seem to be looking for an easy way of finding God, for though they rec- ognize Him as the Pearl of Great Price, few are willing to sell their motor cars, their good times, their energy and their leisure hours to obtain the Jewel. They may know the "Way" but they seek a more pleasing avenue of approach. RADHU SUNDAR SING II- AS HE WAS In India as the long procession of "holy men" file by, they seem, schools with western methods of of all men, most willing to pay any education drill them in Bible verses price for salvation. Their homes, and teach them to speak English.

their families, their physical com- Mission churches introduce hymns forts, their appetites appear to with foreign tunes and pews where have been laid on the altar of their they are asked to sit, church life desire to know God. But THE is organized by western methods. WAY they know not. Christian Many Indians have found God missionaries who have faith and through these agencies and Indian are actuated by a desire to pro- Christians are pushing forward to claim that Christ is the Way and the consciousness that the Gospel the only Way, find in India a great of Jesus Christ, ungarnished by yearning but a yearning that is western civilization and presented balked by a great ignorance and in an Indian manner makes a bigotry. Like the victim of lock- greater appeal to India.

jaw who, craving water, is unable We missionaries are asking for 169

a method of preaching the Gospel and prayer. That Christian Sadhu, that will prove more effective than Sundar Singh, used to walk through that used in the past. We realize the villages dressed in his simple how much time is given up to cleri- saffron robe which bespoke him a cal duties, to executive work, to man of God, preaching and teach- routine procedures – all good, all ing. He sat in his Ashram at Sa- seemingly necessary-but there is batu in the hills gathering in- Christ to be preached so that He quirers about him and was greatly will draw men to Himself. That loved by all Indians who knew him.

is most essential. A European, His influence still lives and mis- preaching in the bazaar attracts a sionaries may well learn a valuable crowd interested in his western lesson from him.

trousers, his coat and his big solar· It seems impractical for health topi. There is nothing about him and other reasons, for missionaries to suggest that he is speaking of from the west to adopt Indian the things of God and the Way of dress and manner of life as a habit.

Salvation. For all they know he Some have tried this and have may be talking politics, village up- found it unfruitful, but would it lift or a new educational system. not be well for them periodically Their holy m'en are distinguished to leave their routine duties in hos- from other men by dress and man- pital, school or district and, putting ner of living. They walk from on the simple, modest attire of a village to village. They talk un- Christian sadhu or sadhni, take hurriedly with men about their staff in hand and mingle with the holy books under trees, by river people, with the single unhurried sides or wherever quiet reigns. purpose of preaching Christ Jesus, They gather in retreats. They hide the divinely revealed Way, the themselves in solitude, They seek Truth and the Life ? We believe God in meditation and in separa- that Indian people would welcome tion from the world. This foreign them with a new understanding.

Sahib preaching in the bazaar, will They might be able to forget that stand talking for an hour or two these men and women are foreign, and then he will hurry away to his with strange ways, and might see western home to have dinner with them only as Christians with the his wife and children. He has no Way of Salvation in their hearts.

leisure to stop and chat with this There might thus be time for many one or that one who may have talks under the sacred pipal trees, questions to ask. Of course one along the roadside and at even in might seek him in his bungalow. the homes into which they had been If he happened to be in his daftar invited. Two or three weeks a he would be kind and courteous year spent in this way would, we and willing to give advice. But by believe, be fruitful of spiritual re- tomorrow the impulse to ask ques- suIts. Is it not worth the experi- tions may have faded and other ment?

matters will have absorbed the This way of working might not mind. be so easy for the missionary, of It is a temptation to every mis- course. There would be physical sionary to be busy and anxious discomforts from excessive heat, about many things, and to have absence fro m electric fans, and little time for the quiet t a I k s 0 m e chilly nights spent under

MISSIONARY SADHUS FOR INDIA

quilts far from clean. There might today is such that no one can surbe greater danger of disease from mise what tomorrow will bring. vermin, from mosquitoes, from im- India is rapidly coming to h a v e pure food. But would it not be a strong national conscience and worth while to put faith in God there will be radical changes in Who has promised to walk by our government. The Indian Chrisside and share the perils? tian Church has reached her ado- lescence and is claiming her adult The idea is not new. Some few power. There is an expressed demissionaries have gone out as sire to control the entire foreign Christian Sadhus and some are do- m iss ion work and one of the ing this very thing today. They points most stressed by Christian Indian leaders is that the foreign may have valuable advice to give. missionary should do more preach- But this plan has not been put into ing in the villages, unaided by paid practice to any large extent. There Indian workers. The Indians are is perhaps a feeling that those few idealists; and perhaps visualize an India brought to Christ by the who have tried it are a little fanat- power of the Word of God preached ical or not quite normal. It is by Christian Sadhus, Indian and worthy of consideration. Better foreign. The thought is an arrest~ and more productive methods in ing one. As one visualizes those mission work are being demanded millions of people, living in vilby the Church at home and by the lages, and pictures the coming of Christian Indians on the field. If a Christian Sadhu to preach, to every missionary would consecrate teach, to raise up a little group of even one or two weeks each year Christians, who will remain in the from his routine duties for this village and to volunteer Christian kind of service, a flood of Christian service while the Sadhu goes on teaching wit h a new dynamic to another and then another vilmight be poured over the land and lage, the mind races ahead to a fuwe believe that, with God's help, ture where India has indeed bethe new day for India, for which come Christian. we are all hoping and praying, would be hastened in its coming.

The political condition of India A Japanese student said: "The strange thing about Jesus is that one cannot get away from Him." There is something in Christ which pursues us, something in His teachings that will not let us alone; something that makes us feel ill at ease when we disobey His commands; that demands decision when we face Him. His religion is the simplest and at the same time the most difficult religion in the world. It is the simplest because it deals with the familiarities of life. It reveals the significance and the meaning of these experiences. It is the most difficult religion in the world because it asks us to attempt the hardest tasks. It challenges us to try the impossible. And because it is at the same time the simplest and the most difficult religion in the world that it is hard to escape Jesus. The simplicity of His religion commands our admiration; the difficulty challenges our discipleship.

BENJAMIN F. FARBER.

PLACE OF HEAVENLY HEALTH AT

THE PLACE OF HEAVENLY HEALTH BY AMY CARMICHAEL, Dohnavur, India Lord Jesus, of the wounded hand, It was months before we saw our way. The group of Hindus who And wounded foot, and side and owned the fields which were perfect brow, . for our purpose, asked a fancy price. Each owner had to be apo come in saving power, command . Thy great salvation now.

Lord Jesus of the wounded hand, proached separately. There were And love's long bitter agony, other difficulties. The inertia of centuries, the inevitable feuds of Healer of souls, the dead command village life, an unwillingness to To wake and live in Thee. have a force for Christ planted so This prayer is often sung in the near a Hindu village which refuses House of Prayer at Dohnavur to allow a Christian to live in its while an operation is going on in streets-and back of all, the devil, the little operating theater belong- who certainly does not want us ing to the home hospital. Some- there–these influences pulling totimes a group will stand outside gether made a strong combination. the room and sing quietly in Eng- But God is stronger than any comlish or Tamil or both. bine, and the matter ended thus: one by one those who had asked the On January 20, 1928, we, as a highest prices, or refused to sell at Fellowship, were pledged to step all, came to us, proposing a fair out into deep water in connection price. The man at the center alone with our medical work. Joshua 3: 15 was our word then. It is true held out, and again the word apstill that Jordan overflows its peared to be to dip our feet in the banks; it did so in the days that water, which meant just then, begin followed January 20th. And it is to build and trust our God to deal true that the feet of the priests with that one refusal. And He did. must be dipped into the water be- The man dropped suddenly to the fore it opens into a way. There is fair price we had offered at first, such a thing as going on without and the way cleared before us. But seeing how you are going to get greater than any call for faith anywhere, except to the river bot- about the land was that the word tom. came to buy the land before the 1'12 new work had its leader. Then, and all to reach. Was it because people not for the first time in this work, at home heard chiefly of the suc- we have proved the word is true, cess of the South, of crowds swept "For the web begun, God finds the into the visible church, of the vil- thread." When the feet of the lages clamouring for teachers? Was priests rest in the waters those it that they had not ever really un- waters are divided and it is possi- derstood that there is still in the ble to go on. Before the last field South a fort entirely shut against was bought we were shown how, us, and more than one such fort?

while we waited, God had worked. The castes who own the great tem- He had prepared for us one ready ples of the South are still Hindu to to use the material we had to offer: the core. These who are hardest to one who could "forge a team," and win for Christ are not being won.

lead it on. Nor have they the least desire to be On a beautiful evening some won. They are either antagonistic years ago a group of young chil- or indifferent. As we looked upon dren, and the sister of one of our the plain, now in shadow, and Fellowship, stood with me in a high thought of the pain that we knew place overlooking the plain. It was was there, hidden away in little sunset time'; the air was full of shut-up rooms in little shut-up golden lights, and the mountains to towns, and of the need of those the west were violet against rose. Christless hearts, the need of which As we looked over the plain, we they were so unaware, it was as if could see many clusters of trees, there came into our view a Place of each telling of a village; to east Healing, furnished with all that and south and north we saw temple was required for the help of the towers; behind one little conical people, and we saw the work of the hill lay a small Moslem fortress. place led on by one in whom were At that time no Gospel preach- the instincts and convictions and ing was allowed in the streets of the glad abandon of the spiritual that Mohammedan town. When we pioneer; and the long patience, for came to this part of the district the some of the things that we saw as Brahman streets of all the near we looked were new, and the new places were closed to Christians., needs infinite patience. The place We had won an entrance, but no was served by a company some- Christian lived in anyone of those thing like the early Franciscans in towns or ever had lived there, nor their happiness and love. They does one live there to this day. were lovers of their Lord and serv- Those Hardest To Reach ants of His sick; they loved one another fervently, and money had We thought of those people, so no power over them.

unapproachable, so unwilling to be Such a group may have been approached. We remembered the formed elsewhere; India is a great northern frontier of India, and word. But we knew nothing of it, how medical workers had opened and we had seen nothing anywhere doors shut to all others; and we except in the pages of our New wondered why in the South there Testament to give us hope that was no medical mission in this part such a thing could be. But it was of British India, specially bent on there, and so why should it not be reaching those who are hardest of here? That evening was not the

first time the hope of a Place of leaving it to our comrades who are Healing served in this way had in sympathy and give help, but in come. It had been forming slowly very deed we wait on God ourselves and surely. But that evening we and live the life of prayer.

put it into words, wrote it in our We need this life for our children log book, signed our names, and be- who are being prepared to be co- gan to watch and earnestly to work workers. From nurseries and towards this good thing. schools are coming girls and boys Years passed. "If the vision trained to do everything however menial, as India uses the word, for tarry, wait for it; it will surely love of their Lord Jesus. Our doccome, it will not tarry," was the word when, again and again, it was tors will carryon the new work in delayed. Now, at last we see the the spirit which has guided the old, fulfilment. It is here that we need "according to the pattern shown in the prayer of those who under- the Mount." And the pattern is stand. We need it for ourselves, that of the Indian family, where for if there is to be the continual the sons and daughters do not flow of the stream of healing en- measure their services by hours or ergies, for soul and for body, we by rupees, but each works for love must go on to learn much of the of the common purpose which holds deeper things of prayer. them together. Each member of such a family contributes accord- We read that our Lord left the ing to the gifts given, each gives crowds of sick, and went away to pray. When He returned, power for love's sake. None are high, none was with Him to heal. Again we are low, all are one in our Lord read of time taken from work for prayer, and then-"Power came Jesus. This pattern has been proved forth from Him, and healed them possible, though very difficult, and all." Are the twin forces of sin because it is so harmonious it is and pain and the depression that unbelievably happy in its out-workcan attack the spirit when hopes ing. But it is sharply assaulted, fall and are shattered, less awful and it demands much, yes all, of now than in those days? Is victory each one called and chosen to carry more easily accomplished? Do we .it into effect. So again we ask for need less than our Lord did, peri- prayer as we stand at the beginods of quiet, the withdrawal of ning of this new work. The devil spirit and of body, too, that there does not care how many hospitals may be time to touch the Invisible? we build, any more than he cares He who has set himself to seek the how many schools and colleges we face of his God in this way knows put up, if only he can pull our that there is nothing in the whole ideals down, and side-track us on of Christian experience more con- anything of any sort except the tested than just this-this purpose living of holy, loving, humble lives, of the heart, "Thy face, Lord, will and the bringing of men, women, I seek." But such prayer is our and children to know our Lord life. Jesus Christ, not only as Saviour Our Greatest Need but as Master and King.

We, His workers, need prayer If we refuse to be side-tracked, that we may not slip easily from we must be prepared to be often under the responsibility of prayer, shorthanded, for we shall have to

THE PLACE OF HEAVENLY HEALTH

look to our slowly growing-up boys Door of Health that we are using and girls for the greater part of for a pro tem hospital. They have our help. If it were not that the not the faintest desire to hear of Fellowship will gather round and our Lord Jesus. They have heard put even more than ever before in- of the religion of the Christians, to all that makes for the training "But who among us have followed of these to whom the doctors will that Way?" They have seen a few look for cooperation in the days to nominal Christians, and have not come, the work as they plan to do been attracted. They think that it, could not be done. they know all there is to know, Something has already been ac- and there are many layers of complished. By the help of our antagonism to penetrate before God we have been given the un- they can possibly be interested, purchasable gift of Truth. We can much less keen to hear of what they depend on our boys and girls and imagine they know all about. To men and women for sincerity and talk to them now, is like scatter- for loyalty. These great qualities ing seed on rock. Is there not need will be tested to the uttermnst for to pray for preparation for the pa- all the ways of bribery are familiar tients? If there is faithful prayer here, and it is impossible for the along this line may we not expect people to give them up till they to see prepared sick coming in, de- find such ways are useless. Our siring double healing? "Thou mak- nurses and orderlies and dispensers est the ground soft with showers."

. are continually being tested. Jewels And may we not expect conversions are offered, "And I will see to the even among Moslems and caste selling of them, and will ask only a Hindus? "Thou blessest the spring- small commission." Money, and ing thereof."

anything that can be turned into Let those who pray remember money is pressed upon them and that they are asking for something always, of course, secretely, with (to quote Judson in a similar con- the hope of obtaining thereby "first nection) "like getting the eye tooth quality medicine" or treatment of a live tiger." A true conversion better than could be had without from among those of whom we are this bribe. It is beginning to pene- specially thinking, is a tremendous trate that such ways are unknown thing to ask. There is no mass at Dohnavur, but we shall always movement among them to help. In need fortifying prayer. From the this part of South India a conver- first in our work there has been no sion among such people, that is a money lure, for in this sense we heart conversion, occurring with- have always been like Franciscans. out any attraction save the Cross But to begin is not to end. Pray for of Christ, is exceedingly rare.

our growing: children, that they The name given to our new hos- may choose Christ and His Cross, pital is Parama Suha Salai, Place with all of daily sacrifice and of of Heavenly (spiritual) Health.

sheer unearthly joy that such a Towards the fulfilment of the choke implies. prayer contained in th.at name We need prayer for the people every plan is bent, every purpose who will come for healing. There directed. This means that the work- is at the moment of writing a Brah- ers must have time for personal man family in the house called witness and prayer, and bed to bed

teaching. Noone will be paid to you can hear its bell rung hour by preach to the patients. Those who hour for a few moments quiet all minister to their bodily needs will over the place. The central hospital be the most likely to be able to building has a low prayer tower help them spiritually. We all recog- above the operating theater. There, nize this. The little children of the as here, we openly count very family will sing to them; this will greatly upon prayer. We see many be their happy share in the service. dreams come true, and our hearts "But this is heaven," said one old go out to our wonderful God in ad- patient as he lay in pain and weari- oration and thanksgiving. The ness though not too ill to be cheered drawing shows Dr. Murray Webb by the sight of colored lanterns and Peploe's general sketch of the oper- the sound of children singing. Won ating theater and Prayer Room.

by the sweetness of it all, he began A hospital compound with all the to listen, and we believe that he buildings required for doctors, turned in truth to our Lord. nurses, patients, and friends; for True Success proper sanitation and light and X-ray plant is a great undertaking The thought running through but with us is the Lord our God, everything that is being planned is and years of waiting upon Him lie personal work. What is called suc- behind this work. We must not cess goes down before that thought. lean back as if all were already ac- We are learning and must yet complished. It is only begun. Lead- learn to value what God most val- ing out from the Parama Suha ues, and what He values most we Salai there will be medical itinerat- learn at the Cross of Calvary. From ing work-the Lord opening the the first it has been recognized that way-and this needs prayer as the baptism of a Moslem or a caste much as the other. Such work is man or woman would probably new in this part of the country, and mean that the hospital would be if it be done for spiritual ends only, emptied temporarily. We are not and in spiritual ways, it will be lightly facing the battle which contested and hindered and if pos- awaits us. Failure as the world and sible ended almost before it has be- the Church too, calls it, may be gun. Therefore we ask for prayer written across Qur work. But the . for guidance, for opened towns and difficult not the easy, carries an ap- opened hearts, and, for ourselves, peal, and our Lord never asked us for the kind of love that is never for success as we see it, but for tired of loving.

obedience. In the end we know that What will this work of prayer there will be victory, for He must mean to those who pray?

reign. Every new work undertaken in The land on which the hospital obedience to a divine command, stands faces the mountains; only whether the work be that form of the rocky bed of a stream (dry ex- conflict with the powers of dark- cept after rain) runs between it ness that we call prayer, or wheth- and our compound, with its 400 er it be the action that follows, children, girls, boys, men and wom- leads sooner or later to a new de- en. From the open field where the mand on personal devotion to our hospital stands, you can see the Lord Jesus Christ, who asks of His tower of the House of Prayer, and la-vers, not part, but all. Mrs. C.

T. Studd's words are true: "The and dealt with as cases, but to feel evangelization of the world can at home, to watch, to thaw, to al- only be carried on by men and low those who take their names, women who are really warriors. and wash their bandages and dress Mission work ought to be carried their wounds to share with them on like warfare. During war all what the Lord Jesus Christ has know separation; and must be done and can do for them. Will separated from their children, and you continue to pray that God may parents from parents. The world send as our patients those who are is not evangelized to-day because spiritually hungry? He can do there is not the sacrifice it de- this, and has already begun to do mands." More and more it is borne it.

upon us that nothing adequate will 2. That our children may have ever be done in these lands till both in this work another vision of un- God's men and women at home and selfish service. (They have already we who are o-n the field learn more before their eyes the outpoured of what it means to bind the sacri- lives of those who care for them fice with cords even to the horns day in, day out, for no earthy re- of the altar. Is it not true that ward.) The hospital should be an many of us tie, as it were, our sac- Avenue of Gratitude along which rifice quite loosely to the altar, and they can go to meet their own peo- a very gentle pull is enough to un- ple of this land of India, showing loose it? to them the kindness and the love Father, forgive us~not so didst of God our Saviour. The determina- Thou give. Saviour, forgive us- tion to use our own home-forged not so was Thy giving. Bind the material for the staff, to train a sacrifice, 0 Jesus Christ, our great team to work just as all do through- High Priest-Thou who wast Thy- out the Fellowship, requires much self bound and pierced, and held time and guidance; for such a fast by Thy constraining love, bind tradition cannot be jerry-built, and the sacrifice with cords, lest we the material can hardly be import- fail Thee in the hour when Thou ed ready-made.

dost count upon us, not for part, 3. That God may be able to use but for all. the varying gifts of birth and race A Word From the Doctor to the caste-bound people round us, with whom the question of birth At what do we -feel that God counts far too much, and bars the would have us aim? way for many who could help them 1. That the Parama Suha Salai and makes them so difficult to may be, as its name implies, the reach.

Place of Heavenly Health where 4. That every member -of the people may find not only healing hospital team, whatever be their of the body but Him whom to know job, may have both the desire and is Life Eternal. That prayer may the time to do the evangelistic be the heart of the work, as the work, which is really just to make central prayer room in the low it the business of their life to share tower over the operating room the Good News with others.

would remind us. That this may 5. That the staff may be suffi- be a place where the people may cient to allow a team to be out in come not to be preached at, dosed, the district for part of the year.

2

The VlSlOn is that these raiding- ing Solomon's scheme for his lumparties should tackle a town or vil- ber gangs, would seem to be the lage' where there are openings ideal. This all means a bigger staff through grateful and friendly pa- and more facilities for training tients, visit the houses personally than would at first appear to be with literature, run a mobile dis- necessary.

pensary, feed in the serious cases As regards the plan of the Parawho are willing to come to the hos- ma Suha Salai we did very definitepital, follow up old patients, and ly ask for guidance from Him who perhaps get in touch with those gave the details of the Tabernacle and who is the Master Builder. who can rescue children. Three teams each doing two months in MURRAY WEBB PEPLOE, hospital and one month out, foIlow- The Elder Brother at the House of Health.

I recently returned from a large area sorely stricken for want of rain. Going from city to city and from town to town, I had ample opportunity to observe the effects of the drouth.

Water was daily conveyed in tank cars from distant places. Water had become a very precious thing.

When will the need of the Water of Life grip men's hearts?

When will the crying spiritual needs of men around the world arouse a church that has plenty, to share the Water of Life with every tribe and people? FRANCIS SHUNK DOWNS.

PRODIGAL SON AlVIONG

Abraham's Prayer for Ishmael BY THE REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., Princeton, New Jersey I N BETHLEHEM, Pennsyl- the extent of its influence, the areas vania, it was my privilege re- overshadowed by its darkness, cently to worship with the saintly souls have again and again brethren of the Moravian Church. come back to that pathetic story of Their missionary history is well Ishmael, the exile. In a real sense, known, but perhaps it is not so Islam is the prodigal son among well known that in the Litany used the nonchristian religion,s. This every Sunday morning there is a faith arose six centuries after special prayer for the Kingdom of Christ and presents a problem es- God which includes the oldest mis- sentially different from that of sionary collect in the world. It goes Hinduism and Buddhism, and other back to Abraham, the Father of ethnic faiths. When Mohammed, the faithful [l.nd the friend of God, the prophet, turned his back on and sums up in one sentence His Jerusalem, toward which he first love for Ishmael, the prodigal son worshipped, and prayed toward of the Old Testament. Mecca, the great apostasy began.

The Litany reads as follows: The Religion of the Desert has car- o Lord, the hope of Israel, and the ried its id£as and ideals across the centuries and across the seven seas, desire of all nations: until now it dominates North Af~ Have mercy on Thy ancient covenant rica, Central and Western Asia, and has its adherents in every part people, deliver them from their blind- of the world..Surely in a sense that ness: o that Ishmael might live. before Thee; Abraham never imagined, Ishmael Prosper the endeavors of all Thy has become a great nation. Arabia, servants to spread Thy Gospel; next to Palestine, has become the mother of a spiritual world domin- Bless us and all other Christian con- ion. gregations gathered from among the heathen; The Dutch poet, Da Costa, who was of Jewish descent, gathered Keep them as the apple of Thine together in his great epic, "Hagar," eye: some of the promises in the Bible Hear us, gracious Lord and God. for the sons of Ishmael. Even in o praise the Lord, all ye nations: Praise Him, all ye people.

a translation the fire of his poetic To hear a large congregation use genius is not extinguished: this Litany reminded me of the or- Mother of Ishmael! The word that ganization of the Arabian Mission God hath spoken in 1889. Professor J. G. Lansing chose this prayer of Abraham as Never hath failed the least, nor was the motto text for the new mission. His promise broken. It was his favorite text in preaching on missions to Mohammedans. Whether in judgment threatened or as blessing given; Face to face with the tragedy of Whether for time and earth or for eternal heaven, Islam, the problem of its origin, To Esau or to Jacob . . .

179

The patriarch prayed to God, while And to the Holy Ghost, life-giver, bowing in the dust: whose refreshing "Oh that before thee Ishmael might Makes all earth's deserts bloom with live !-His prayer, his trust. living showers of blessing!

Nor was that prayer despised. that Da Costa wrote nearly eighty promise left alone 'years ago.. Missions are now firmly established in Arabia and the Near Without fulfillment. For the days shall East, but the prayer of Abraham is come still on the lips of the missionaries, when hope deferred makes the When Ishmael shall bow his haughty heart sick; when they toil all the chieftain head night and the nets yield nothing. When they consider the large areas Before that Greatest Chief of Isaac's still unoccupied and the multitudes royal seed. still unreached with the Gospel message, they long for a deeper Thou, favored Solomon, hast first ful- interest in the home churches and a fillment seen baptism of a spirit of love, so that we may run out to meet the prodi- Of Hagar's promise, when came sup- gal and have Abraham's faith in pliant Sheba',s queen. God's faithfulness.

Next, Araby the blest brought Beth- Miss Fay Inchfawn strikes a lehem's newborn King, deep note in a poem entitled "Ish- mael" which appeared in the Her myrrh and spices, gold and offer- Woman's Magazine, May, 1930, ing. (London); not only the prayer on Abraham's lips but the love in Again 0 at P~ntecost they came, first- Abraham's heart is what we need fruits of harvest vast; as we face the Moslem world. She pictures Abraham speaking: When, to adore the name of J estis, at the last How often when the tent is warm at night- To Zion's glorious hill the nation's joy to share And Sarah'os eyes are gay- When Isaac, child of laughter and de- The scattered flocks of Kedar all are gathered there, light, Shouts in his play, Nebajoth, Hefa, Midian. . . . Dancing in glee about the sandy floor- My heart goes to the door- Then Israel shall know Whose heart And follows-oh, the long and weary their hardness broke, trail!- Whose side they pierced, Whose curse My other son, Ishmael. they dared invoke. When the well-digger found a new And then, while at His feet they deep well mourn His bitter death, My heart said instantly: "How can I Receive His pardon. . . • tell, Before Whose same white throne Gen- He may be thirsty 1" – When they tile and Jew shall meet brought new bread With Parthian, Roman, Greek, the far Before I tasted it my spirit said: North and the South, "Is Ishmael hungry?" On my bed at From Mississippi's source to Ganges' night giant mouth, And every tongue and tribe -shall join in one new song, Redemption! Peace on earth and good will unto men; The purpose of all ages unto all ages sure. Amen.

Glory unto the Father! Glory the Lamb, once slain, Spotless for human guilt, exalted now to reign!

DO PUEBLO INDIANS SPEAK JAPANESE?

I wonder: "Is he sleeping 1" When We have great peace without him- delight peace, and yet- In any guise comes near me, then I I never once forget. say: Lord God, Whose covenant has made "How fares Ishmael today 1" me blest; .

Isaac's a friendly lad! Lord God, Who made my fold both Shepherds and herdsmen press safe and wide, To do his bidding, glad Father of Mercies, would'st Thou have To share his friendliness. me rest Isaac is loved and petted by the clan, While Ishmael's outside? And Ishmael was at war with every This feeling should move us as man- we think of the sons of Ishmael.

DO PUEBLO INDIANS SPEAK JAPANESE?

BY THE REV. A. J. MONTGOMERY, D.D., New York Board of National Mission. oj the Pre8byterian Oh'urch. U. B. A.

W HEN the Rev. H. Carroll prepare a grammar in the Keresan Whitener, who had been a language but his manuscript was Presbyterian missionary in never published. It has now been Japan, made a trip through New decided that hereafter all mission- Mexico, in 1927, he was astounded aries to the Keres-speaking and to discover a remarkable similarity Tiwa-speaking pueblos must learn between the Keres tongue (a lan- to preach in the native tongue.

guage spoken by pueblo dwelling In 1929, Mr. Whitener was com- Indians) and the Japanese. This missioned as missionary to these similarity extends not only to vari- pueblo inhabiting Indians and im- ous words of elemental character, mediately attacked the problem but to the grammatical construc- through the language. He began tion as well. This unexpected dis- to amass a great list of words for covery contains an interesting a dictionary and studied the lan- problem for the ethnologist. How guage under the best instructors came it that a tribe of Indians he could find. As a result he has found in the mesas of New Mexico completed the grammar of the use Japanese words? Keres language and this will soon The Board of National Missions be published.

of the Presbyterian Church has Mr. Whitener has now prepared been working for over fifty years a translation of the first four chap- among these pueblo dwelling Indi- ters of the Gospel of Matthew in ans in New Mexico, having entered Keresan. This little pamphlet is en- the field originally at the invitation titled, Jesus Christo Tsiianishe, of General Grant. Until recently it (Now the birth of Jesus Christ was was assumed that the English or on this wise.) This was published the Spanish language was all that last December and is, therefore, a a missionary need understand to Christmas gift to the Keres people.

minister to the Keres, possibly with It has already proved to be an open the occasional help of an interpret- sesame to the pueblo Indians. While er. One of the early missionaries, there has been opposition on the Rev. John Menaul, had begun to part of some to anyone learning

their language, it appears that of the printed page with open since the white man has reduced mind and, let us hope that they their language to print they are will receive the story of Christ and amazed and are receiving the story His Gospel with open hearts.

ARMENIANS IN BUENOS AIRES BY THE REV. HAIG ADADOURIAN l'(lId()r~ First Congregational Clittrch, lrcst Tisburll~ ~lIass.

T HE word Diaspora is now as gelical Church of Buenos Aires" is inseparable a part of the the name of the new organization. Armenian national existence It is a Congregational church, as as it has been of the Hebrews from its constituents are the result of time immemorial. Up to the World the labors of the missionaries of War, Armenians, a "countryless" the American Board of Commisif not homeless people, had been sioners for Foreign Missions. settled chiefly in Russia, Turkey "The Kansas City Confession" is and Persia since the loss of their their creed. independence early in the fourteenth century. There were, in To effect the organization, the round numbers, one million souls in Armenian Missionarry Association each of the first two countries, a half million in Persia, and a half of New York sent me to Buenos million in other parts of the world. Aires, as its special commissioner. Since the World War, the Arme- A constant effort and preaching nians exiled from Turkey are domi- for two months brought about the ciled with more or less permanency desired result. I was ably assisted in Greece, Palestine and Syria, and by Dr. W. E. Browning, and the now, North and South America, so Revs. B. F. Stockwell, J. D. Montthat there is a real Armenian Di- gomery, Augusto Kiehl, and H. aspora. The United States and Amiriantz, all of Buenos Aires. Canada have sheltered 120,000 and in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil With consecrated leadership, perhaps 20,000 more have found the new church has every prospect safety and employment. Of these of growth and usefulness in this, more than half live in Buenos the largest city of Latin America. The members of a church composed Aires. of a historic Christian race, the They are divided into three cree- first Christian nation of the world, can, by the help of God, become a dal groups-:-the Gregorians, or helpful factor in the development members of the National Church of evangelical Christianity in the of Armenia, the Roman Catholics, great Republic of Argentina. With and the Evangelicals. The first the blood of countless Christian two groups have already been martyrs coursing their veins, the organized as churches. The third members of this new church can group was organized with one. reasonably be expected to give a hundred members, in St. Andrew's good account of the faith that is in Scots' Presbyterian Church, last them and of the stewardship to February. "The Armenian Evan- which the great Head of the church has called them.

VORLD-WIDE MISSIONS

ATLANTIC CITY BY REV. GEORGE H. TRULL, New York City Seoretary lor Specifio Woyk, Board of Porcign MisgiQ"us oj the Prcsbytedan Churoh, U. S. A.

M ANY people would like to be overthr,own, though in certain present at the interesting areas the advance of His Kingdom Annual Conference of the may be temporarily retarded.

Foreign Mission Boards of North Dr. John R. Mott advised that America, but admission is only by we look upon relating the money card. For thirty-eight years repre- power of the world to Kingdom in- sentatives of the Protestant mis- terests as a spiritual enterprise.

sionary agencies of the United We must appeal to the mind, the States and Canada have met to- reason and the heart. Money gifts gether to consider the present cOon- must be sought as we seek to win ditions, problems and plans for the souls-by personal approach. These future. The gathering includes mis- interviews never become easy. Dr.

sionaries from every continent, Henry Clay Trumbull told Dr.

intimately familiar with field facts Mott at Northfield many years ago and problems; nationally known that he had had ten thousand in- Board secretaries; pastors and lay- terviews with people in his efforts men. The work of Christian mis- to lead them to Jesus Christ, and sions has become a science and is that it was just as hard for him their chief concern. with the last one as with the first.

A fine spiritual tone pervaded all It is a good thing that it is dif- the sessions of the recent Confer- ficult to ask individuals of large ence at Atlantic City (January 13- wealth for money for missions be- 16) and the early morning period cause then it means real effort and of prayer offered a good start for sacrifice on the part of the advo- each day. The existing situations cate. "In the Foreign Mission en- on the foreign fields were squarely terprise," said Dr. Matt, "we have faced to discover their underlying something that merits the atten- meaning and how to meet them. tion of people of large affairs. They The problems of home administra- do not deal in fractions, but in tion were reviewed but the present large units. We must therefore business depression was not re- present tangible needs that appeal garded as a necessary hindrance to to the imagination, and that some- the enterprise. Christians have times call people to do the seemingmoney to give if their interest can ly impossible. Some people are not be aroused and if they can be con- giving to Foreign Missions because vinced that the gifts are worth we are not sharing with them the while. There was no note of pes- largeness and freshness of what simism because of decreased re- God is doing. We must speak ac- ceipts or because of menacing curately and specifically of the forces like Communism. These and progress of God's Kingdom and other problems were faced with show His power at work in the the quiet assurance that Jesus world."

Christ and His cause cannot be The present hard times in 183

America may be a distinct advant- and strategic influence as an advo- age," said Dr. Mott, "if they pro- cate of Foreign Missions in his lo- duce humility. They may lead to cal church. He seeks to stem the the discovery of new and better tide of secularism and materialism, ways of doing things; to a wiser to lift his people to higher levels of and more economical use of money. thought and aspiration, and to en- They demand that we evaluate large their vision of Christianity needs and put first things first. as more than a personal or com- Martin Luther declared that every munity enterprise. The pastor great opportunity that came to him needs help and the mission boards was preceded by some difficulty or must give him fresh information problem. The present financial situ- and interpretation of changes and ation in America may be but the problems on the mission field. They f.orerunner of a greater opportu- must help him to sense the World nity for the Church of Christ. Let us Mission of Jesus Christ. They must be prepared to meet it in a chas- help him gain a new sense of the tened and humble spirit. Christ missionary motives. They must counted the cost of establishing the make it possible for him to answer Kingdom of God in the earth and constructively the criticisms which He paid it. So must His Church in appear in certain magazine articles this twentieth century. and in the daily press.

The wealth of the United States Present Day Issues at the present time is greater than that of a dozen of the other leading The present situation on the for- nations of the world combined. In eign field was presented from sev- a recent year over two billion, three eral angles. Dr. Ralph W. Sock- hundred million dollars have been man, of New York, spoke on given by Americans to benevolent "Jesus' Conception of the Re- and altruistic causes. But even this deemed Society," and Dr. Sher- large giving is not in proportion to wood Eddy discussed some "Living the increased incomes of Ameri- Issues in the Present Day Mission- cans. ary Situation."

"How Shall We Keep the Spirit- Communism was mentioned by ual Note Dominant in Missionary several speakers, as one of the Promotion ?" was an important greatest present day foes of mis- topic dealt with by Dr. Robert E. sions on the foreign field. Dr. Eddy Speer. By the spiritual note we referred to Russia as "the largest mean more than what is humanis- country in the world, trying the tic or altruistic. It is the Christ- boldest experiment in history." One note. Our arguments, illustrations great challenging evil is the denial and appeals for the support of Mis- of personal liberty, a dictatorship sions must keep Christ dominant. that controls practically the entire We should use His name and por- life of the individual. It controls tray His transforming power. In agriculture, business, the radio, the some new way Christ must break press and all public utilities. One in on us, dominating our personal- challenging good in Russia is the ities, if we are successfully to pro- passion for social justice. The mote the missionary enterprise at amenities of life are not looked up- home and abroad. on as reserved for the few, but art, The pastor holds a commanding music, culture are presumably for

DISCUSSING WqRLD-WIDE MISSIONS AT ATLANTIC CITY

all. In his recent world tour Dr. alism from the shores of the Medi- Eddy found Communism in every terranean to the borders of the student audience in China and Ko- Yellow Sea. Though its expression rea. Half of the students of China may have subsided in Egypt, Syria are practically committed to Com- and Palestine, it lies dose to a senmunism which is in a life and death sitive surface. Jesus was faced with struggle for control. Communism this spirit in Judea when He was asked if it were proper to pay tribis the implacable foe of religion. ute to Cresar. It is a natural and Not only Christianity, but Judaism elemental feeling. Christianity has is persecuted in Russia. Religion is helped to stimulate nationalism looked upon as a disease, the opiate throughout the world. "If the misthat capitalists and imperialists use sionary has the spirit of his Masto drug the people. ter," said Dr. Henry Hodgkin, "he· will try to appreciate the feeling of Fletcher S. Brockman, for many the Nationalist. The missionary years in Y. M. C. A. work, said that must be fair and sympathetic; he in Russia Communism is an articu- must also be humble and ready to lated system while in China it rep- learn from the natives. But we resents policies Russia has intro- must never forget that, as Chrisduced to bring China into the world tians, we belong to an international revolution. The Russian Commun- body which teaches love rather ists have announced to the Chinese than hatred." There are sinister that the Christian Church must features to nationalism which show first be destroyed. They have also themselves in such excesses as the attacked Confucian morality, strik- brutal massacre of Armenian subing a blow at filial piety, even mur- jects by Turkey. These excesses dering parents and committing in- blind the spiritual life and religious factors in civilization. cest to show disregard of Confucian ethics and all morality. The Reform Movements in Non-Christian Communists show ardor, loyalty to Religions their cause, and self-sacrifice. They are willing to go to any extremes The restlessness, aspiration and in cruelty, pillage and murder, not longing of youth in many nonbeing bound by any code of morals. Christian lands for a new religion The present Nationalist Govern- was described by Professor Odius, ment in China is opposed to Com- of Hartford. Intellectuals are lookmunism. Many in the government ing to science, others to romantiare Christians, and most of them cism and others to resthetics. New were educated in missionary col- sects have arisen in Japan with leges and schools. The apparent a million adherents. Some in China anti-Christian attitude of some in are operating under cover. Christhe Nationalist Government, said tian ideas are being adopted and Mr. Brockman, is an effort to tide social service is being engaged in over a very difficult situation. on a large scale. Buddhists long ago Edicts are issued which mayor may adopted Christian methods of work not be enforced, depending largely and are planning a world mission. upon the local officials. The Na- Already they have established tionalist Government seems to be themselves in Europe, Great Brigrowing more friendly toward tain, Hawaii and the western part Christianity. Asia is now aflame with Nation-

of the United States. Hinduism is Jesus Christ more clearly and con- also trying to spread to the United sistently. He alone can satisfy the States. A most interesting move~ moral and spiritual hunger of man- ment within Islam is strengthening kind. The w,orld is open to those conservative Mohammedanism, said who are willing to go out as friends Dr. Paul Harrison, of Arabia. It is to the peoples in non-Christian known as Wahabiism and is an at~ lands. There is everywhere a long- tempt to purify Moslem morals, ing for world peace and there is a condemning immorality, lying and hunger for God. Racialism is a the use of tobacco. The movement deeper universalism seeking ex- has spread over Central Arabia pression. Truth is universal. There and has extended to Afghanistan is no Indian astronomy nor Mrican and Kurdistan. It represents a de- mathematics. So true religion is . sire on the part of Central Arabia universal and we can proclaim the to attain to a simple and satisfac- message of Christ with confidence tory conception of one great omnip- in His ultimate victory. .otent God. Dr. Cleland B. McAfee, the new The Brahmo-Somaj of India is secretary of the Presbyterian an eclectic faith which is making Board of Foreign Missio,ns, called little headway, but the Arya-Somaj upon the Conference to face the is nationalistic and is very virile. primal question as to what our mis- The Ramakrishna Mission is sionary effort is all about. The ranked as the most vital of all of Communist and the Hindu do not the Hindu sects and adopted some know what Christianity is. The ,of the methods of Christianity. opposition to the Christian religion generally arises because of igno- We are facing serious problems, rance as to its true nature. Opposi- but not all these disturbing ele- tion, therefore, is our opportunity ments in the present situation are to state what Christianity is and disabilities or liabilities. This up- to exemplify it. "What is this re- heaved world is an inspiration and a stimulus, said Dr. Robert E. ligion that I want to see established Speer. Many forces are at work and we find in the old world awak- around the world? It is a spiritual ening a passionate demand for edu- religion and it therefore disregards cation and a cry for light. In the national lines. Perhaps the answer atmosphere of Nationalism it as to the essential nature and pur- should be easier to develop an in- pose of Christianity would trans- digenous Church. The disintegra- form the attitude of some who have tion of old ethical and religious thus far given little thought to the loyalties summon us to present claim ,of Christ and His mission upon their lives or possessions."

PRIVILEGE EVBRYWHERE It may be that God used to give you plentiful chance to work for Him. Your days went singing by, each winged with some enthusiastic duty for the Master whom you loved …… You can be idle for Him, if so He wills, with the same joy with which you once labored for Him. The sick bed or the prison is as welcome as the harvest field or the battle field, when once your soul has come to value as the end of life the privilege of seeking and finding Him.-Phillips Brooks.

EDUCATION IN HOME

MOUNTAIN SCHOOLS BY MRS. VERNER G. EARLY, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma W HEN our Lord called His wasted hours and lives are a form disciples he did not promise of folly; that laziness is a vice, to make them rich, famous and improvidence a thing to be or great. Nor did he even promise ashamed of.

to make them happier or better. All educational systems of learn- He simply offered to make them ing have found out that no faculty useful. "If you will come with me can be developed except by its own I will make you fishers of men." exercise. Muscles grow by use; Christ evidently believed that the reasoning powers by reasoning; men to whom he made this propo- affection by loving some one; sition would not disappoint him. obedience by obeying; musical And history proves only one of the ability by singing; conversational twelve failed him. Even in the charm by talking. So all the activ- face of this Christ was not disap~ ities concerned in religion are pointed. "Follow me and I will made voluntary and in a sense ha- make you useful," Christ meant, bituaI by repeated performance.

"in my Kingdom." They become a sort of second na- Again and again, men and wom- ture. One does them almost as if en achieve the impossible, so to by instinct. Thus are the moun- speak, under the encouragement of tain people of our mISSIOn Christ's assurance that "I will schools taught character building change your life …. and you can and industry. They learn to do by accomplish …. can do marvelous the doing.

things in my Name." He informed The pastor of a Baptist church them that if they came along life's in Tennessee wrote as follows sev- way with Him they would find eral years ago concerning his ex- hardships and dire persecution. perience as a student in one of our He promised them no offer of what mountain schools. "As I think of the world calls good or fine or gave my teachers in the preparatory any secondary enticement of any school in the North Carolina moun- sort whatsoever. His was an offer tains, one of the strongest impres- merely of the opportunity of. living sions that remains with me is they righteous lives, of giving personal knew and loved Jesus Christ. How service—service where the work is this was seen in their daily lives!

hard and yet full of joy. Jesus How it burned in their chapel Christ thus obtained his followers talks; how it frequently glowed in and gave the world its saints. the classrooms; how the spirit of Isn't this precisely what religious it pervaded all their instructions."

education given in our mission This same former student refers mountain school and denomina- to the Southern Baptist Home tional colleges offers and does? It Board schools as "power-houses"

makes men and women useful citi- in the mountains. Others have zens and fits them for the right characterized the m as "light- places in life; teaches them that houses." They are both. They are 187

sending streams of light into the section of the eighteenth century alive lives of thousands of the boys and in the twentieth century, visit the girls of the hills, transforming back-country of 'Our S'Outhern m'Ounthem into powers of blessing for tains. home, society and church life. At 'One time pioneer America was These schools do thorough work. the land 'Of the l'Og cabin. N'Ow The teacher who is disposed to America is the land of brick, stone slight the work is not retained. and steel. But in the Appalachians, The pupils when they go to college the pioneer log cabin remains unfind that they easily rank with the changed since the days of the pilstudents from the best preparatory grims-one r'Oom; a great stone fireand high schools in the land. In place; perhaps a single glassless addition to literary training, these wind'Ow with a pig under it 'On the outmountain schools give instruction side t'O serve as a s'Ort of animated in Bible, missions, Sunday-school garbage pail to which anything may training, domestic science, home be thrown that is not wanted in the economics, manual training and cabin. agriculture. Above all, the main thought is to see that each pupil Very often there are no windows receives the fulness of Christ so at all. A young man who had been that all the advantages gained from out to see the world came back to his the schools may be effective for the mountain home. glory of God, the prosperity of the Kingdom, and for the comfort, "Here!" he said. "We ought t'O have honor and service of humanity. windows in this house," and he pro- This information, gained from ceeded to cut them in. The famliy The Christain Herald, was both looked on passively. interesting and instructive: When he had gone, the family be- Back in the eighteenth century, the came active. Southern pilgrim fathers crossed the sea. Those who remained on the l'Ow- "What's the use of having these lands near the coast pr'Ogressed with holes to let in the wind?" they said, the pr'Ogress 'Of the times. Th'Ose wh'O and they boarded them up. penetrated the Appalachian M'Ountains and succeeded in getting through Then there is the occasional mounthem t'O the fertile plains 'On the 'Other taineer who can't be bothered building side, have als'O pr'Ogressed, their habits a permanent cabin at all. For him and ideas changing with the changing moving is a simple matter. "When I times. But there were s'Ome wh'O g'Ot move," said one, "all I hatter do is as far as the m'Ountains and then an put out the fire and call the dog." axle-tree br'Oke d'Own, or 'One 'Of the party became ill, or they fell in l'Ove Yet the hUnger of the mountainwith the dreamy blue haze and the eer for an "eddication," is pathetic. w'O'Ods and the hills. They st'Opped in The public schools cannot satisfy the m'Ountains. that hunger, for they are few and far between, and the few schools Shut away fr'Om the w'Orld, im- that do exist are usually open only prisoned in the glorious freedom of during the summer months. Hence the land 'Of the sky, they have known the urgent need for mISSIOn nothing 'Of the movements of men. schools. These schools conducted The speech and habits of another land by the Southern Baptists in the have remained. Civilization stopped Southern highlands are doing a with them. If you wish to see a cross- work of practical Christian educa- tion which cannot be surpassed anywhere in the world. And the students in these schools mean business. Most of them work their

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN HOME MISSION MOUNTAIN SCHOOLS

way through on their own re- of a large hospital. Such a deter- 8ources. mination to get an education im- plies that the education given by Think of a primary pupil fifteen the mission schools must be worthyears old! Yet, many of the moun- while. And it is. tain young people are that age before they have the opportunity to Some one expressed it: Japanese get their first schooling. Unable flower arrangement, !esthetic dancto use a knife and fork, never hav- ing and Greek are not taught. ing seen a doll, knowing none of Most of the mountaineers are the things that surround most farmers, and they are therefore young people, a girl of fifteen av- taught how to cultivate and plant, plied for an education. She was how to judge livestock, build a silo, unable to walk up and down stairs plant; prune fruit trees and raise in the school building without fall- hogs and calves. All of this of ing-a common difficulty among course is in addition to reading, mountaineers since there are no writing, mathematics and the orstairways in their small cabins. dinary academic course. The girls But given the opportunity, she de- are taught neat carpentering of the veloped into a leader, won the prize simple pieces of furniture needed in debate, took honors in her stud- in the home, gardening, physiology ies, and is today a graceful and accomplished young lady long ago and home nursing, "household and having graduated from an Eastern farm arithmetic," domestic scieIlj;!e, college. dressmaking and house-furnishing. All the work at the school is done These inCidents I read: A boy by the students,no servants beiug clad in a tight little coat and tight- employed. Regularly de t a i led fitting homespun breeches reaching groups of students care for the building, harvest the crops, erect half-way below his knees, riding new school buildings and barns on a train for the first time in his life, when he came to the school, when needed, make desks and entered the primary class at eight- tables, cook and serve the meals. een years of age. Now he is an For those who wish to study comintelligent, highly paid employee mercial subjects such as book- keeping, shorthand, telegraphy, in a large concern. provision is made. But the main Entering the primary at twenty- subjects are those needful in moun- tain farming and home-making two years of age, a girl was told and soul saving. at the end of the first year that it was no use, she simply could not One cannot learn farming from learn. But she persisted with the books alone. Therefore these help of a patient Christian woman schools usually possess a good-sized as a teacher. After a time, as if experiment farm, and the students by a miracle, her long closed mind after a lesson have more of the started to unfold like a flower and smell of soil and hogs about them she began to pick up everything. than the smell of books. For the It was as if her brain had awaken girls, practice cottages are proafter sleep. Later, she was grad- vided where they may actually keep house, plan meals, live on a uated with high honors and became budget and perform all the doa Red Cross nurse. During the mestic duties of a home. World War she was placed in a most important position as head

More than aU this, and best of rather than, as he thought, take all, these students are taught Jesus his life in his hands. Another I Christ, made to feel God's nearness heard of who, upon entering an as they are led to develop Christian characters and to act Christ- office building in Asheville, walked like as they live and move in God's up the five flights of stairs rather great outdoors, hidden away in the than risk his life in "the pesky nooks and crannies of the Appa- cage." lachian Mountains, and others equally as remote from civilization. The schooled mountaineer sees the world in perspective. He Many students develop into. Chris- knows that while his own settletian teachers, and teach in the ment may boast ten families or same mission schools where they more, Chicago, New York and received an education. Many be- Oklahoma City are still larger. He come ministers of the Gospel and knows so much about tilling the missionaries laboring in the home soil that he does not have to resort and foreign fields. This year the to moonshining to make a living. Home Board of the Southern Those who have become followers Baptist Convention reports the in- would rather starve than resort to crease in the numbers of minis- such a trade! Again, he has been terial students and Christian so thoroughly taught and had so wQrkers especially gratifying. The ingrained in his heart and mind schools report by far the largest and life the Christian manners and number of conversions among stu- way of living that he has too much dents of any previous year. spiritual clarity and breadth of view to desire to continue old Some one said to the president feuds. He is a God-fearing, a Godof one of our mountain schools, "I loving, Heaven-believing, faith-renotice a great difference in your ceiving, industrious, hard working, students. You must be drawing big, broad, clean, genuine, useful on a much higher class now than American. Yes, he is more than ten years ago." The answer was all this. The mountain man and that these were the younger broth- woman who have been trained in ers and sisters of the ones in the the mission schools are Christian school ten years ago, who had gone Americans. They are worthy citiback and leavened the homes. As a result of this leavening, the pres- zens. ent students were truly of a higher Thus are the mountaineers of class. today becoming useful Christians The mountaineer has been intro- and citizens of a Heavenly com- duced to the world by the mission monwealth because Christ set the schools. He no longer regards the example when He taught His people outside the mountains as "furriners," "outlanders" and chosen twelve how to labor and to "quar." He is not terrified by an serve. The religious education elevator or an automobile, as was that Christ taught was of the heart one whom I saw walk five miles and the hand as weU as of the head. It is the only education really worth while!

A JEW WAS

BY JACOB SILVERMAN, NEW YORK The following is a frank statement by a Jewish student as to the chief cause of bitter prejudice against Jesus Christ and His religion felt by European Jews, especially those from Russia. Can they be blamed? How much Christlike love must be shown toward them to overcome this false and anti-Christian background and to prepare them to receive Him Who came to save them.-EDITOR.

I WAS shocked when I first be- my young mind pictured the de- held the title of Rabbi Tratt- mand as some means of doing me ner's article "As a Jew Sees further injury. With my refusal Jesus."* It had never occurred to me that a Jew-not to mention a came a new outburst of kicks, Rabbi-would dare to write down punches, and shouts. Subconhis impression of this famous per- sciously, perhaps, my mind recordson. As I looked at the title I be- ed one of the cries: "Give it to gan to meditate: "why shouldn't a him, fellows! He's one of the dirty Jew, and especially a Rabbi, who understands the very emotions of Jews who killed Jesus!" t his people, write down what he thinks of a man who has so I dared not tell my mother of markedly influenced the trend of the occurrence for fear of frighthistorical events? Why, then, had ening her. A few days later, as I I been so shocked when I first be- was thinking over the entire matheld the title? What is there in ter trying to find some reason for my past that could possibly explain the beating, my mind suddenly my peculiar reaction?" burst forth with "Give it to him, fellows! He's one of the dirty My first contact with the name Jews who killed Jesus!" I started. of Jesus was a most dreadful one. "One of the dirty Jews who killed I was about nine years old. One Jesus! – dirty Jews who killed day on my way home from school Jesus! – killed Jesus!" I became I suddenly found m y s elf sur- frantic. What had they meant? rounded by .a band of young Ital- What right had they to say that I ians all shouting. I was terror was one of the dirty Jews who stricken. I knew I was in for a killed Jesus? Jesus? Who was beating, but the reason I did not this Jesus? I was sure I had never know. After they had thrashed heard of this person before. me, they threw me u p 0 n the ground with my face up. One of That day I asked my Hebrew them drew out a small iron cross, teacher to explain to me who Jesus placed it before my face, and de- was. Upon hearing the name, he manded that I kiss it. I really did arose, shaking, and commanded me not know the true symbolic mean- never to mention that name in his ing of the Cross at that time, and presence again. (Poor soul, his I refused to comply simply because wife and children had been stabbed to death before his very eyes by a band of drunken Christians in Russia.) *.. :icrilmcr's j{agflzine~ April, 1930. tHistoricaIly incorrect (writer's note).

191

That same night I asked my fa- the name for its connection with ther to tell me who Jesus was. HiR that scene of horror. answer was, "Silence, my son! I never want that name to issue As a r.esult of these various perfrom your mouth again!" He then secutions which have been related began to speak. He spoke as if he from generation to generation in were in a trance. He spoke not the homes of the Jews, the name of the life of Jesus, but of some Jesus and everything connected years back, in a little town in Rus- with the name, including the man sia-a most peaceful little town in all His dynamic and admirable with its beautiful little synagogue personality, have become a repulwhere the beloved Reb Samuel had sive force to the Jewish people. It conducted the ceremonies for al- is not that the Jewish people loathe most half a century. One day a the Man for what He did while He band of Christians descended upon lived-for that would require a the village and began plundering knowledge of the man's life, and, and killing. Reb Samuel, who was I am sure, a large number of my then in the midst of his prayer, people know very little about His came running out of the synagogue life. But it is the result of his with his Siadur in his hand and his having lived, the force which he Tallith around his shoulders. He had unknowingly aroused, the ran to one of the soldiers, demand- wave of destruction which has ing an explanation. The soldier come down through the ages castturned around, perceived the old ing horror upon a people-it is man, drew his knife, and with a that which has made that people shout "For Jesus!" plunged it into dread what they believed to be the the heart of the beloved Rabbi. key to their sufferings.

Under the circumstances the Even today we read of pogroms name Jesus could not have been and uprisings against Jews in vavery pleasing to my ears; but, rious parts of the world – Jews mark you, it was only the name. who wish to live peacefully, but I had no knowledge of the man cannot; Jews whose very souls try himself, nor, I am led to believe, to protest, but dare not. Is it any had my father. I was simply wonder that Jesus does not hold taught to loathe a sound, a name- an esteemed position in the Jewish Jesus, just as my father loathed religion, a position which right- fully is His?

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE'S CREED I believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of Heaven and Earth. And in Jesus Christ, His best loved son, our Master, who was born to show us the way through suffering to be also His sons and His daughters, His handmen and His handmaidens; who lived in the same spirit with the Father, that we may also live in that Holy Spirit; whose meat was I to do His Father's will and to finish His work; who suffered and died, saying, "That the world may love the Father." And I believe in the Father Almighty's love and friendship; in the service of God; the grow- ing into a likeness with Him by love; the being one with Him in will at last, which is Heaven. I believe in the plan of Almighty Perfection to make us all. perfect. And this I believe is the Life Everlasting.

CROSSES IN

BY THE REV. JOHN T. TUCKER, D.D., Bela Vista, Portugese East Africa -lli8sionary of the United Ohurch oj Oanoda and Priucipal oj 0/(,.,-i6 Institute, DOlld,t Angola J DAVID LIVINGSTONE, lost been engaged in anti-slavery work in the dim recesses of the on the west coast of Africa. Dark Continent, acted as a magnet to others who sought the As a result three missionaries extinction of the nefarious trade in were sent to Angola, in 1880, piohuman bodies and souls. Henry M. neers of international interest. Stanley, on his arduous mission, William H. Sanders, a son of an found his hero in Ujiji. When the American Board missionary hailed finding of the missionary-explorer fr.om Ceylon; W. W. Bagster, of rendered further search unneces- London Bible House fame, came sary, others, not less daring turned from California; S. T. Miller, son their thoughts to other ways of of a freedman of the Southern seeking the welfare of those "im- States, went to preach Good Tidings ages of God carved in ebony." to his own race. They took the message.of the Cross to the natives, Commander Cameron of the and proclaimed the Life which is British Navy, serving on the East life indeed. Death, as usual in those Coast of Africa, witnessed atroci- days, took heavy toll of the early ties on board the slave dhows that missionaries, but never for a moaroused a compelling desire to take ment did the heralds of Christ part in the suppression of the in- shrink from their task. Two other human traffic. This man of valiant societies later came to help in the courage was convinced that the evil work, the Brethren Mission led by could be effectively attacked only at F. S. Arnot, of England, and the its source in the interior, and be- Canadian Congregational Mission lieved that the naval slave patrol which joined forces with the Amerwas necessary. He decided to make ican Board and sent out Walter a transcontinental journey from Currie. east to west, as the Arab slavers had done. Destiny led him to An- Three crosses were erected durgola, but so shattered was his ing the jubilee celebrations last health by dysentery and malaria May, each symbolic to the Ovimthat he nearly failed to reach the bundu people. Atlantic seaboard. Friendly POTtugese at Benguela nursed him back The first cross represents the nato health, and he returned to Eng- tive pagan religious rites. From land. time immemorial the Ovimbundu have been in the habit of erecting Later Commander Cameron vis- within their strongly stockaded vilited America and called at the lages a symbol of divination called American Board in Boston to urge owulu. This divining cross consists the founding of a mission in Bie, of a stout pole, varying in height Angola, among the great Ovimbun- from ten to fifteen feet, with a du people, far-famed as intrepid transverse piece about nine inches traders. His plea met a response in from the top. Around this sacred Secretary Means who himself, in pole the natives danced on great octhe U. S. Brigatine "Dolphin," had casions. They believed that through its instrumentality the ancestral 3 193

spirits, the gods of the tribe or cross of discovery and civilization. community, communicated with The arrival of the Portuguese their afflicted and distracted chil- caravels in the Congo in 1492, after having plowed virgin seas, dren. marked the opening of an epoch. A great concourse gathered and Led by heroic commanders, the Portuguese sailors erected on chosdances were kept up continuously en headlands padr6es, stone crossto the accompainment vf drum es, symbolizing the new era of civbeating, with plentiful potions of ilization of commerce and developstrong beer to revive drooping ment. F.or generations the lands strength. The high priest of Kan- of Africa had lain dormant, but the dundu, itself the sacred ark of the coming of these pioneers signified people, was in the spirit house com- a new birth. Development did not muning with the spirits while the take place immediately, but a bepeople danced and drank. Suddenly ginning was made. Africa in transhe appeared, "seized with spirit," formation dates from the arrival and with great agility climbed the of the Lusitanian mariners from Qwulu, dexterously planting his the Tagus under Diogo Cao. It is feet on the transverse section of therefore fitting to remember these the cross. Standing erect, he gave men of old and their exploits. Comforth oracles' on the subject: merce is contributing greatly to the evolution of a new Africa. The new Does death decimate the people? civilization pulls down ancient The oracle says: "perhaps the fire standards and sets up new values is 'sick' and needs to be rekindled; in the remotest kraal of the resome warlock needs attention; rid motest tribe in the remotest jungle. the country of a pestilent fellow." Nothing escapes the all-embracing influence of railway and motor, of Do the village elders plan a trad- steamship and aeroplane; tractors ing expedition to the remote in- supplant the traditional hoe and terior? "Gain you shall find on the steam shovels now dig ore for great trip," speaks the ventriloquistic voice; slaves and tusks and rubber smelting works.

and wax." The third cross, that of Chris- Or the oracle may have an un- tian advance, is of wood, illumi- nated to symbolize the redemption favorable word. "Go if you choose, in Christ Jesus. The new Africa but loss and tribulation will be yours, perhaps even death itself." cannot live by bread alone. The African is out for new things. He Or the community wishes to is shedding his past and much that move io another district—death is good with it. The message of the and disease ravage the ranks; fields Gospel makes its unique appeal to perhaps do not yield their increase him, with its books which he reads or fertility is withheld. The people and re-reads; its slates and copy listen to the oracle as if entranced books which he uses and re-uses, and obey immediately. even when all the possible utility in them seems to have been exhaust- Such an ancient cross of divina- ed. A school is organized and a tion served generations and provided a sense of guidance to the schoolhouse is built and furnished, tribesmen. They were very reli- with the exception of no other regious, even though their beliefs were based on ignorance.

The second cross erected at the Jubilee is the Portuguese stone

IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ward than the satisfaction in his and the bringing in of a hope for own heart and the gain for his the future with the assurance of children. The Christian African is God's leading through trying and a tower of strength in his com-· vexatious days. munity and, rightly led and in- In Angola land the Church of structed, responds favorably to the Christ is firmly rooted. Thousands new light and values which come of members and catechumens and with the acceptance of the Gospel. pupils are found. Songs of praise The third cross signifies to An- arise, and among the most grateful gola the redemption of thousands are those for the presence of Dr. of lives, betterment of living con- and Mrs. William H. Sanders, who diUons, abolition of harmful and are still spared to the work after age long superstitions by the ex- fifty years of transforming minpulsive power of a new affection, istry.

IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC BY REV. H. F. JOHNSON, Santiago OVER f,orty years ago Mr. istry to assume more responsibility Samuel Mills heard the call in the work. A Provisional Annual to become a missionary to Conference was organized, comthe Spanish-speaking people of the posed of thirty-two members, lay- Dominican RepUblic. He was then men and ministers. Seven native a prosperous business man in Ash- men were ordained and two more tabula, Ohio, but when the voice were taken on trial. An extensive said, "Arise and go toward the evangelistic campaign was worked south," he went. Through many out; and a plan for self-support was instituted. Even though the trials and discouragements he la- past year has been depressing fibored for seven long years before nancially, yet the campaign has been most satisfactory. It has been the precious seed took root. After a year of great blessing. more years of labor the Christians were organized into a Free Meth- This Free Methodist work is conodist Church. There has been per- ducted in sixty-five stations on the secution, and bitter opposition to north side of the island, in the the work and a number of mission- Cibao valley. Some places are aries have given their lives to the still unoccupied, but efforts are befield. Others have returned to the ing put fcrth to enter every hamlet homeland, having worn themselves with the Gospel message. Besides seven ordained men, there are thirout. ty other workers, mostly laymen, local preachers, and evangelists. DUring the last few years there There are over 1,500 members in has been a remarkable growth in the Sunday-schools. The Santiago the work both on the north side of church, whose pastor is Miss Nellie the island and ,on the south, where Whiffen, is a complete self-support- American Mission Boards are con- ing institution. This is the first ducting a union work. Our work church to take this step in the Redeveloped to such an extent that it became necessary last year to make some provision for the nat~ve min-

public. There are a multitude of the island, since the real center of sympathizers, but we only count the "Vendaval" (blow from the the ones whom we believe to be sea) was at the Capital city. It really converted, and that number was a real hurricane that came up is about 600, of the "twice born." out of the sea in all its twisting It is uplifting to attend one of their fury, and lasted for hours. A few meetings and listen to their con- days afterwards, when the traffic gregational singing, their public was open, a group of us went to the testimonies and prayers. They re- Capital and saw the poor people veal the moral and spiritual value without homes, many with terrible of Christian missions. wounds in their bodies. The r.oofs of most of the houses are of zinc; The Evangelical Institute trains and the winds lifted the zinc sheets young people for Christian service. off the roofs and sent them flying After four years of operation as a through the air like so many co-educational school, the impor- knives. There were many wounded tant place which it occupies in the and the wreckage and ruins were development of the work is clearly general. Rev. B. N. Morgan and seen. While it is a small institu- Rev. Enrique Rivera worked night and day, and won universal respect tion, yet it has always been ac- and confidence. Had it not been knowledged by the people as a for them many of the poor would school of high ideals. Our strongest have starved to death. At the presnative workers have come from ent time the Capital city is being this Institute. It is located on the rebuilt and trees and grass which main highway leading out of Santi- were scorched as if by a fire, are ago, toward the east. covered with a new green cloak.

The recent cyclone did not do much damage on the north side of FELLOWSHIP WITH JESUS CHRIST By FRANCIS SHUNK DOWNS, D.D.

More important than work for Jesus is fellowship with Jesus. We like to report that devils are cast out as we wage our spiritual warfare, but our Saviour reminds us to rejoice that our names are written in heaven.

The secret of Paul's missionary energy is to be found in his own words: "To me to live is Christ." That is a profounder philosophy of life than "to work for Christ."

Count Zinzendorf in reply to a searching question once said: "I have only one passion; it is Christ." Yet the fruit of that concentrated passion was a missionary program that reached out into the unoccupied areas of the world.

David Livingstone in the days of his youth declared: "My great object is to be like Christ, to imitate Him as far as He can be imitated." It was this intimacy that caused the missionary fires to burn brightly in his soul, that led him to encompass a continent in his plans, and that moved him to pour out his life for the redemption of the enslaved and the lost.

D. CUSHMAN, OF

BY WILLIAM T. ELLIS, LL.D.

A .Journalist)s Tribute to a J[issionary NUrse ; FTER the war if Miss Cush- out of Turkey. There she became f i man had followed the fa~h- father and mother to tens of thouion, and had come to America sands of war's victims-the kut-el- to lecture and to be lionized, she Amaria British prisoners; the in- would to-day be known everywhere terned Roman Catholic priests and as one of the great women of the nuns; prisoners and refugees from world. Testimonial dinners would all corners of the wide domain of have been given her; the American the sultan; and thousands of Ar- Legion would have adopted her; menian orphans and deportees.

magazines would have printed Throughout the days of conflict articles about her; rotagravures she alone represented the allied and would have carried a succession of pictures of her and her decora- neutral nations in Anatolia. Brevet tions; women's clubs would have idolized her·; and high and low rank was given her as the acting would have united in tributes to her as one of the spectacular fig- consul of seventeen nations. Upon ures of the world war. assurance of Ambassador Morgan- thau, before the curtain of silence But with the rugged individual- fell on Turkey, that her drafts ity which she inherited from her would be honored, she wrote in Mayflower ancestors, Emma D. simple faith, checks for over a mil- Cushman, preferred to remain in lion dollars, for carrying on her the Near East and to carryon mod- unparalleled work of ministry and estly her great work as a mission- relief. She was nurse, almoner, adary and relief administrator. So ministrator, priest, missionary, finwhen she passed away, with the old ancier and statesman. Only those year, three brief paragraphs in a whose lives she saved can underpress dispatch were her only pub- stand the magnitude of Miss Cushlic recognition. I visited Miss Cush- man's work at Konia. A man in man in Egypt a few weeks before Jerusalem wept openly as he told she died; as I had earlier visited me how Miss Cushman had interher in Corinth, Eubea and Konia. vened between his whole family To the end, even when malignant and certain death. After the war malaria and fatal anemia had her Miss Cushman never saw America in their grip, she was the same again. She carried on as a master serene, sunny, self-contained, and relief worker: the number of her unassuming character, her speech charges in Greece reduced to five savored with the salt of a piquant thousand; which, she naively re- marked to me, were really enough personality. for one woman to handle! The real romance of Miss Cush- It is to be hoped that some gifted man's story should not be lost to writer will produce a biography of Miss Cushman that will preserve the world.* This dauntless mis- her spectacular story as one of the outstanding pieces of missionary sionary-nurse refused to leave Ko- literature and American history in nia when foreigners were ordered the Near East.

~d part of it in my book, "Bible Lands Todny."

197

A COLOMBIAN

BY THE REV. ALEXANDER M. ALLAN, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA ONE night an expert in his line, this new day. Chemists have been and an intelligent freethink- able to generate plant life." er dined in my home in Bogota. He wanted to see a book on I suggested that the supposed the Panama question, saying that spontaneous generation might only while undoubtedly President Roose- prove that germs and seeds could velt was greatly to blame for the live in conditions where we thought manner of taking the canal, yet as they would die, but he continued. a liberal, he would like to show up the intrigue of the Conservative "Matter is, along with force, the party in Bogota in those critical explanation of everything." years. Such intrigue was, he thought, as much responsible for "What about the future life?" I the loss of the fair Province as was queried. Mr. Roosevelt's impatient abruptness. "There is no room for it," was He went on to. discuss the future the answer. "We die and that is of Protestantism in Colombia. "We the end. There is no hereafter. In want you to go ahead," he said, our influence and only there, can "above all in good school work. we live after death." Schools are the thing to undermine fanaticism and ignorance. Concen- "If there be no immortality," I trate on them. Make them superi- asked, "how can we assure ouror." selves even of the existence of God?" "What about our evangelistic work?" I queried. "My dear man, we know there is no God. Why try to sustain the "You know we think your fable? We have to develop ourchurches are far better for our peo- selves slowly through the ages. pIe than the established churches. Gravitation does not need a God to The Protestant is 'the least harmful work it. It works itself." of all religions. Work among the poor, uplift the masses, and you "What is the characteristic creed will do good." of freethinkers," I asked.

"What about our message for the "Not all think alike, but more or educated classes?" I asked. less we are materialistic, and either openly atheistic, as I myself am, or "You have none," came the swift else we believe in the existence of reply. "You cannot expect intel- some great first cause, such ideas ligent, thoughtful men to listen to are very indistinct and hazy." religion. We do not need it. Laplace was once asked, after he and "Do you think the liberal party some others had viewed the won- will ever evolve some religion ders of the starry heavens through which will compromise between a telescope, where God came in, free thought and say, evangelism?" and he at once replied, 'We do not was my next question. His answer need Him.' That is how we feel in was significant.

"Between a thorough-going ra- tionalism and Christianity, I fail to see any middle ground. It is the one or the other. You cannot mix them. Besides, we do not need or 198

W3J J WITH A COLOMBIAN FRl£ETHINKER tV9

want any religion at all. We have reader will already have drawn had more than enough disaster from the foregoing such concluthrough religion." sions as these: In our friendly conversation, he 1. The historical and racial backrevealed frankly his attitude, which is that of the educated liberal free- ground of Latin America is entirethinkers towards evangelical mis- ly different from that of Anglosionary work. Paraphrased, it is something like this: After all, these Saxon America. Protestants come from highly civi- 2. The medieval character and lized lands, and spend money for our country's good. We must show political abuses of the Roman Caththem courtesy, and encourage olic Church for centuries have been them. Every boy they educate will responsible for the loss of religious be entitled to vote when he can read faith of many reasoning men, and and will vote for the liberal party, have made it difficult for "good which is anti-clerical. English and seed of the Kingdom" to take root arithmetic are better than the and flourish. Catechism of Father Astete, and prepare for real life. Their mis- 3. Trained lecturers on apolosionary work, on the whole, will getics, who can present the claims help on the liberal part. Both they of Christianity on philosophical, and we expose the corruption of scientific, moral, intellectual and spiritual grounds, have an immense the dominant church. On negative and inviting field in Latin America. issues, we have much in common. If they do not convert many, they 4. For the formation of national do no harm, being upright men churches, the rank and file will natwho unfailingly pay their bills. Of urally and rightly come from "the common people who hear Him gladcourse, it would never do for men ly" and unto them should we direct in our social and intellectual posi- our greatest efforts. tion to go to their poor churches, and sit next to Indians. The preach- 5. The advice of the freethinker, er would only bore us with some to concentrate on schools rather antiquated myths, which we have than on an aggressive evangelism, outgrown completely. Neverthe- is advice not to be taken. "We know less, we like to meet the mission- in whom we have believed, and are aries in hotels and steamers, and persuaded." The school is the handit is jolly to have dinner with them maid of the Church, not the subonce in a while. stitute. Paul, not the freethinking onlooker, is a safe guide in matters The thoughtful and discerning of mIssIOnary method. Jesus Christ, not materialistic atheism, "shall reign where'er the sun doth his successive journeys run."

General Charles Gordon, the hero of Khartum, was one of God's saints. He loved his Bible and made it his one great study. In letters to his sister, written in 1867 and published in 1888, he said: "The chief proof, that the Bible is good food, is the eating of it; the healing efficacy of a medicine, when it is used, is a demonstration that it is good…… I continue to have the most exquisite delight in the Bible beyond any past experience. All that dead time, when I read without interest, merely because I ought to do so, is now repaid me, and God brings the passages back to memory with the power of the Spirit."

A PASTOR WITH WORLD WIDE

T HE Rev. George Alexander, D.D., who died in New York City on December 12th, was, for forty-six years, a member of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church. From 1903 to 1924, he was president of the Board and both as member and as president his service was rendered with unsurpassed ability, faithfulness and grace.

Dr. Alexander's missionary interest began in his childhood at his mother's knee and was deepened in his college and seminary course. Eight of his seminary classmates in the Class of 1870 at Princeton, one-fifth of the class, went to the foreign field, four in connection with the Board-Dr. Imbie to Japan, Dr. Howell to Brazil, Mr. Seeley and Dr. Lucas to India. One of the others was George L. Mackay, the missionary pioneer and builder of Formosa. Of all these only Dr. Lucas now remains. DUring his first pastorate at Schenectady Dr. Alexander taught in Union College and some of his ablest students went out to the mission field. He looked upon these men, like Dr. Griswold, of India and Dr. Waddell. of Brazil. as his own sons and they looked up to him with filial affection and unbounded regard. When the Student Volunteer Movement began he was its chief sponsor and friend among ministers and missionary leaders.

For many years Dr. Alexander was Chairman of the Committee on India. He strongly supported Dr. Ellinwood, for whom he had the highest admiration, in the aggressive policies which he introduced, especially in the occupation of Korea and the Philippines. He visited Brazil and attended the Latin American Missionary Conference in Panama in 1916, and served for more than thirty years as president of the Board of Trustees of Mackenzie College in Sao Paulo, and was its mainstay and bulwark. No part of the foreign mission field and no missionary problem or human need was alien to him. He had a place which no one else has held during the past half century in the affection and trust of the Board and its members and its missionaries, to all of whom he was endeared by the noble qualities of his pure and genial and gracious spirit. By reason of his long service. he has had to do with the commissioning of more missionaries than any other Presbyterian in Christian history and his death will awaken personal and affectionate memories around the world.

A PRAYER Show me, Lord, the way 'Of lDve That leads tD heaven and Thee, abDve Teach me tD see 'neath cDlored skin, The heart, like mine, that rests within.

Open my eyes, that I may be FrDm racial prejudice set free.

Help me tD clasp with friendly hands Those who may come frDm 'Other lands; And with my friends across the sea, Hand in hand, to CDme to Thee.

Orange, Calif. -Mildred Watson.

200

OF THE

Clouds with Silver Linings resources and obligations, our inherit- ance and our debt to God? Very few Drought, high prices, high tariff, Christians in either America or Eng- high wages, high living, reckless land know what material deprivation speculation and spending, and world- is compared with that experienced wide unrest have united to produce daily and without complaint by fellow unemployment and hard times. Not Christians in the villages of China, only have fortunes been lost but in- India, Siam, Korea and the Islands of comes have been so reduced that, for the Sea. Gold is no substitute for multitudes, giving, spending and sav- God; full stomachs do not make up ing have become difficult. While mil- for starved spirits; many impover- lions of those who complain of hard ished Christians who have no treasure times still find money to spend on laid up on earth, have laid up riches pleasure, trav~l, the theater, movies, that no financial crash or loss of a job sports and other nonessentials, millions can take away.

more find it difficult to meet necessary But there is, even in times of finan- expenses for rent, coal, clothing and cial stress and of shortage in mission- food. Naturally the Church also suf- ary budgets, a gold or silver lining to fers and all forms of Christian activity the cloud that may forecast a better, –even charitable relief. Every church brighter day. Large incomes bring and missionary organization faces a greater dangers than small stipends.

de5.cit or a decrease in income. This Individuals and mission boards are means not only inability to advance tempted to spend lavishly when in- and a curtailment of service but in comes are large. Wealthy churches at many cases it means the dismissal of home build ornate and elaborate edi- Christian workers, the closing of fiees that do not generally mean pro- schools, hospitals and a reduction in portional spiritual life and service.

already meagre salaries. The most effective colleges and theo- Not less than three hundred million logical schools, from a Christian point people in Asia and Africa are still un- of view, are not usually those with the reached by the Gospel message. The finest buildings and largest endow- results of failure are seen today in the ments. Some missions in foreign lands atheistic communism in China and are still suffering from the lavish Russia, in the materialism in Japan, spending authorized when the Inter- Europe and Latin America, in the re- church World Movement was expected ligious bigotry in Moslem lands, in the to triple resources. It is a truism that superstitious paganism in Africa and poverty and self-denial are more con- among spirit worshippers. We Amer- ducive to spiritual life and service ican Christians still have the means to than are riches with self-indulgence.

promote a forward movement if we are Among the benefits that may come ready to make real material ·sacrifices to the Church and individuals at home for spiritual gains-sacrifices such as and to the mission work abroad marked the early Christians and such through the present financial stress as mark converts today in India, in and strain are: Africa, Korea and other mission lands. 1. A more careful scrutiny of ex- Is not this a time to take stock of penditures in administration and in our real assets and liabilities, our true equipment.

201

2. A more simple, less expensive funds) that seemed spiritually barren, style of building for mission institu- while other schools, suffering for what tions, a type not too far above the seem to be essentials, produce rich homes of the people they serve and not harvests. The early missionaries went beyond the ability of the Christian out with a minimum of financial re- community to maintain. sources but with a wealth of faith and 3. A new evaluation of the various the results are seen today. Some schools and hospitals, well equipped forms of missionary work, with a view and ,supported, give evidence of wide to finding out which is most productive influence and effective spiritual servin spiritual results; possibly a de- ice. But in every case where this is crease in the institutional work in true the real dependence is on God favor of evangelism. and on spiritual methods and forces. 4. A new study of the field to dis- If adversity and poverty drives us to our knees, it is a blessing. If comfort cover where forces can be withdrawn from well supplied areas and can be or affluence make us selfish and indesent into unoccupied territory. pendent of God, it proves a curse.

5. A closer cooperation or union of Christian forces to avoid duplication We believe that out of the present and waste of effort and re,sources. financial distress will come a clearer 6. An advance movement toward estimate of values, a wiser use of self-support and autonomy in the na- funds, a closer cooperation with other tional churches abroad and in home Christian workers, a greater economy mission churches in America. Abun- in resources, a stronger indigenous dance of foreign money is a great Church, a larger spiritual emphasis detriment to the development of an and a more complete reliance on God.

indigenous church. Already financial stress at home has brought bless- After the Round Table Confering through increased independence ence-,;Vhat ? abroad.

7. The greatest blessing that comes Mahatma Gandhi and all members in periods of financial stress is the of the All-India Congress Committee unveiling of the eyes to see the supreme importance of eternal thing£, have been set at liberty and India has the need for greater emphasis on spir- been promised constitutional self-govitual realities and the fact that our ernment as a dominion of the British dependence for power and for success Empire, as a result of the Round is on God and not on gold. Table Conference in London that ended on January 26th. Indian polit- Financial and Spiritual Power ical prisoners (60,000) are to be set at liberty, provided that the Indians In our recent journey through the promise peaceful cooperation. Great mission field£ of the Orient, we were Britain reserves some rights and recontinually seeking the answer to the sponsibilities in India, including in- question-what is the relation between ternational relations and preservation financial expenditure and spiritual of peace and order. Moslems, Hindus harvests? Do larger salaries produce and other religious sects, caste and better missionaries-and secretaries- out-caste representatives, delegates and editors? How far do fine build- from British India and from Native ings and better equipment insure bet- States, came to a larger measure of ter men and women-from a Christian agreement than was anticipated; the point of view? Do million dollar en- rights of minorities are safeguarded, dowments mean richer spiritual re- but the details of the program remain sults? We saw some (very few) to be worked out. Mahatma Gandhi elaborate and well equipped education- still refuses to cooperate in this pro- al buildings (built with mission gram and demands complete independ-

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

ence-which, if granted immediately, pressive is His Parable of the Talents would result in chaos. with its infinite award: "Thou has It is too early to forsee what the result will be if India takes over all been faithful over a few things, I will local governmental functions, including the judiciary and police systems, make thee ruler over many things, the imposition, collection and expenditure of the salt tax and other internal enter thou into the joy of thy Lord." and external revenues; the management of railways and telegraph lines; Theoretically we assent to the the educational program and the laws to govern temple rites and religious truth of these teachings, but to have freedom. Great Britain has thus far made good her promise to grant India them actually and supremely motivate a constitutional government. It now remains for India to show her fitness life and control possessions is another for enlightened self-rule. It will be interesting to see what is the result matter. Such motivation can only be in the moral development of the Indians, the progress toward the solu- greatly promoted through the living tion of the caste problem, the right to Christian education, and real freedom contagion of men and women who are from religious persecution. experiencing the peace and happiness The Seed Bed of Happiness of this joyous living and giving. The world is full of needs. It could be bubbling over with joy in supply- Nothing is quite so contagious as ing these needs if we would overthrow the greed motive for life and abounding JOY. obey Jehovah's command, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." Earth's Possibly it has taken 2,000 years for antipodes are now our neighbors, and it is astonishing, how many nations the earth's spiritual seed bed to be today, in spite of these well-known needs, are worrying over disposition ready for a wide and vigorous growth of their surplus products. of Christ's revolutionary teachings, so Nearly all the social problems of humanity and the desperate woes of the contrary to man's selfish nature. world can be met and solved when people cheerfully give as Christ taught. Jesus, Himself, met defeat with the We mean by this sacrificial, happy, and liberal expenditure of life and that rich young ruler and virtually prowhich represents life, accumulated wealth, for meeting human needs. nounced the task of converting human Think over some of Christ's teachings -"It is more blessed (happy) to give riches to the Kingdom of God then imthan to receive"; "Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth"; "Lay possible. In His statement. however, up treasures in heaven, for where your treasure is there will your heart be of '~reater things" being done by His also"; "Seek ye first the kingdom of God"; "He that saveth his life shall followers "b,ecause I go to the Father," lose it"; "What shall it profit a man to gain the whole world 7". Most im- perhaps He indicated what is now be- coming widely possible. Great reser- voirs of accumulated wealth are today under direct control of God's children.

Will they gloriously release it for the real and final Armageddon against sin, suffering and death? If they will.

other great social and religious world problems besides economic want will be speedily solved.

There are favoring signs in the al- truistic attitude now being taken by men of wealth, many not professed disciples of Jesus.

The cultivation of Joyful Giving must increasingly attract the deepest interest of the Church. How much happier it is to relieve great need through wisely administering our in- dividual estates while living rather than leaving unearned wealth to heirs. Many thereby have cursed their descendants for generations.

This benevolent idea is not visionary.

It is practical beyond question and is increasingly being demonstrated all over the world. A. A. HYDE.

The Message for To-Day The Christian's Vocation There is a message in the Bible for Jesus did not believe in a hermit life or a hermit Church. We are here for each of us. Ever it contains a key a purpose, and each has a definite vo- cation. It is to manifest Christ to the that will unlock the door that opens world. We are not here to become critics of others, to find fault with on a better day. It places a halo others, least of all to force our prin- ciples upon others from the outside by around every earthly relation. external pressure. We are here to manifest Christ to the world, to be Of the child it says: "Of such is unto men as an angel or messenger of God. The great hope that fills the soul the kingdom of Heaven." inspires it with a Sense of responsibil- ity to manifest Christ as our Lord and Of old age it says: "The hoary head Master. Our present generation is very indifferent to the voice of the is a crown of glory, if it be found in Church, and I cannot blame it much. The reason is plain. We have offered the way of righteousness." the world in our time a Saviour too small for the tragic necessities of life. Of marriage it says: "For this In easy times the Jesus of popular literature, the Good Companion always cause shall a man leave father and at our side, may suffice, but in the deep moods of the spirit, in the sharp mother, and cleave to his wife; and stresses and strains of our mortal ex- istence, the soul will cleave only to that they twain shall be one flesh." whose tragic meaning is deeper than the distresses of the world. There is a To blind poverty it says: "Receive very pathetic feeling after God in our world today. We can sense it all they sight." around us. What is needed is to re- kindle the fires upon the cold altars of To the paralytic it says: "Take up our hearts, to make them flame and glow within us until the world can thy bed and walk." feel the light and heat. Then in that buoyant hopefulness, that calm and un- To shame it says: "Neither do I disturbed peace, the world will see the manifestation of something beyond it, condemn thee; go and sin no more." and will come again, as it always did, asking the reason for the hope that is To the homesick and lonely it says: in us, and we can say we have sancti- fied Christ in our hearts as Lord. For "Come unto me, all ye that labor and what the world is looking for now is not so much some new philosophy of are heavy laden, and I will give you religion, but typical personalities whose experience explains the vitality rest." of the Christian faith.

The Bible deals with humanity on a HARRIS E. KIRK.

world scale. The religion it offers cannot be tethered to an age or a climate or a culture or a civilization.

It does not deal with tribal deities.

It is true there is something in the Vedas and the Upanishads, and the Koran, that matches the hoary East.

But there is a spaciousness about the Bible that knows no East nor West, that matches humanity. It speaks with a universal accent. It stirs moods that are racial. It offers God and all that He can give to all people. There is something in its truths that speaks with the same winsomeness of appeal to the people of all ages and all lands.

It was the message the first century needed. It is the message the twen- tieth century needs. And it will be just as much the message men will need twenty centuries hence. It is the message of life. And life is the mes- sage for all people. When men cease to care for life the Bible will be out of date. JAMES I. VANCE.

fTHODS fOR WORKf4

EDITED BY MRS. F. 1. JOHNSON, 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK RESEAROH WORK ON INDIA FOR 15. To exchange gifts and informa- BOYS AND GIRLS tion with Indian boys and girls.

Our boys and girls of from ten to 16. To learn a poem written by an fifteen years of age in practically all of Indian poet. our public schools are accustomed to doing research work. As missionary 17. To learn a hymn written by an workers among children is it possible Indian.

18. To help give the Bible to India.

that we have been less wise than day- Facts Concerning the Following school teachers ? We have found the following research topics delightfully 1. Rajahs and maharajahs. acceptable and profitable for this age 2. Bravery of Indian soldiers during. group. These are on India; other the World War. countries may be treated in the same 3. A great Indian Christian poet. fashion. Discussion should be made 4. A doctor who has restored sight easy so that all information tucked to 100,000 persons in India. away in the mind of everyone present 5. The recent discovery in India may become the possession of all. of the remains of towns nearly 5,000 years old. This set of topics was largely pro- 6. The caste system in India. duced by Master Edwin Harper, of 7. The sacred cow in India. Moga, India. 8. Some famous missionaries to In- How to Do the Following dia. 9. About boys and girls who go to 1. Make clay dishes by the method used in India. school and about those who do not. 10. About home life in Hindu fam- 2. Make baskets by the method used in India. ilies. 11. About the good beliefs in the re- 3. Make scarfs of tie and dye work. 4. Make curtains of block-printing. ligions of India. 5. Make bread. 12. The voyage to India. 13. The jungle elephants, tigers, 6. Spin thread. cobras, monkeys.

7. To play some of the musical in- 14. How immigration laws affect struments of India. Indians in America.

8. To say something in one of the 15. Boy Scouts in India.

languages of India. 16. Some English words that come 9. To make a model of a village in from the Hindustani language.

India. 1'7. Some thrilling adventures of 10. To dress up in costume of In- missionaries.

dian boys and girls. 18. Travel in India.

11. Do magician's tricks. 19. The climate and scenery of In- 12. Design rugs, borders, etc., in dia.

Indian designs. 20. The courtesy of India.

13. To do something for handi- 21. The health of India; the hunger capped Indian boys and girls. of India.

14. To play the games of Indian 22. The languages of India.

boys and girls. 23. India's need of Christ.

205

MISSIONARY EDUCATION IN THE stacie in the way of any friendliness if we but enlist his sympathy and ap- HOME preciation.

By MRS. OZORA S. DAVIS But international friendship, like all other friendship, must be built upon The above title seems a simple one, knowledge. To be a friend of anyone and yet it is really rather inadequate. we must first know something about Our religious vocabulary J.s under- that person. So we need to find stories going a subtle change in the last few which shall make these children of years and especially that portion of other lands real, and we are fortunate it which has to do with Christian serv- in this generation in that we haVEr atice in foreign lands. We prefer the tractive picture books made for this words "world friendship" or "inter- particular purpose and as appealing national mindedness" to the words with their pictures as any other books "missions" and "missionary." "Hea- designed for five and six year olds. then" is gone altogether from Congre- There are "Kembo," "A Little Girl of gational circles, and even such a re- Africa," "Ah Fu," "A Chinese River liable term as "education" does not Boy," and "The Three Camels," by quite express the process with which Miss Newell and Miss Woods. "The we are dealing in this article-at least, World in a Barn," is an attractive volas it is conceived by many people. ume prepared by Gertrude C. Warner. Mary Entwistle, an English writer, is Words are ,very difficult things to the author of a number of missionary manage sometimes, restless things and books for children-"Friends of Ours," elusive as sunlight dancing on a wall. "Boys and Girls," and "Friendly Beasts," "The Book of Other Babies," Religion cannot be obtained in the "Little Children of Mission Lands," last analysis by teaching, any more and "The Book of a Chinese Baby." than love can be taught. Friendship, F·or children of Junior age there are international as well as individual, can- such stories as "Habeab," and "Boys not be drilled into any child by rote, and Girls in Other Lands," by Mary and yet there must be a foundation of T. Whilley, and "Two Young Arabs," ordinary instruction if it is to be sane- by Amy E. Zwemer. The little publilyordered. cation, "Here and There Stories," at 50 cents a year has not been surpassed, Perhaps this may be made clearer by and the same department puts out a an illustration. Last summer there was booklet for mothers. many a fire laid in a little cottage in the woods of New England. The wood As the teen age approaches it is a was placed, sometimes like a log house, great thing for the young people to be one tier above another, and then when introduced to some of our great relithat had been done the match was gious leaders both in our own land and touched to the bit of birch bark and in other countries. This is an age when the slender kindlings beneath, and the we are fully awake to the value of fire blazed high. So in the religious biography. Among these books I may education of a child there must be first suggest: "Ann of Ave," by Ethel the bit of joy through story or game, Daniels Hubbard, "Livingstone, the then the building up of information, Pathfinder," by Basil Matthews, "The one tier above another, but something White Queen of Okoyong," by W. P. more is still necessary-the flame. Livingstone, "Frank Higgens," "Trail Blazer," by Thomas Whitles, "Brother We have always one great asset Van," a worker in the lumber region, with which to begin, the wonderful by Stella Brummitt, and the "Land of gift of imagination. To a little child All Nations," eight fascinating stories the universe is open. It lies all around by foreigners who have come to Our him with no pathway closed by this or land and made good. that past action or prejudice. What an opportunity is ours then to lead the interest of the child down this or that opening trail! There is no ob-

METHODS FOR WORKERS

For the mother who gives herself in growth in our religious life, even more hours of play and unselfish activity vital and more endless than in the in- with her children there are many ways tellectual realm. Yet how many of us in which the child's interest may be are equally anxious that our children directed toward this friendship for should not be stunted at any point in children of the "far away lands." Map- their spiritual development? Surely making with pulp made from news- one most obvious line of the growth of papers, or with sand, makes the distant the spirit is that love which fashions world real in the home nursery. Pic- all our human relationships. Is this ture puzzles may be made from some love of ours to be bounded by the fam- of the beautiful pictures which appear ily circle, or is it to grow with the in the Missionary Herald or other pub- years until in due season it reaches lications. A little library of scrap- out in genuine interest to all that con- books with pictures of different coun- cerns mankind 7 The way in which tries and strange people and animals that question will be answered depends is cherished by the child. Then there upon ourselves as parents-not upon are things which may be made to send what we say, or even wholly upon what away, doUs to be dressed, tops, scrap- we do, but upon what we are.

books, Christmas tree decorations, and But the law of love is that it can postcards with something pasted over never be confined. It must ever find the writing. an outlet. Susan Blow says: A few books 'for parents who are in- Love grows with being spent, terested in reading along these lines But starves in its own plenty pent. are: "A Social Theory of Religious Education," by George Albert Coe, That is a tremendous thing to learn, Charles Scribners Sons, N. Y,; "Train- and there is no other laboratory where ing World Christians," by Gilbert it can be practised during the early Loveland, Methodist Book Concern, N. years as it can be in the home. This is Y.; "Psychology of the School Child," the very essence of missionary educa- by Bird T. Baldwin and Lorle I. Stet- tion. Here the child's question about cher, Appleton & Co., N. Y.; "Child- the meaning of the universe must be hood and Character," by Hugh Hart- answered and all his first efforts to shane, Pilgrim Press, Boston; The relate himself to the world of the spirit Essay on Child's Play in "Virginibus must take place.

Puerisque," by Robert Louis Steven- J. H. Oldham in his book, "Chris- son, Scribners, N. Y. tianity and the Race Problem," says, But now to turn to the reality be- "Nothing will contribute more to the hind all this, for suggestions as to improvement of racial relations than reading and doing ar~ after all, very the influence, largely unconscious, of insignificant compared with that man- individual men and women who diffuse ner of thinking which a child absorbs a spirit of fairmindedness, goodwill from the attitude of his home. How and friendliness, because they have does the family circle think-in terms lived in secret with divine truth, beau- of its own private interests, in terms ty and goodness. Such personalities of national affairs, or does it reach out are a creative force. Those who have into the international realm of this in mind will find in the casual con- thought 7 What do its members read tacts of daily life plentiful occasions when they take up the daily papers, for its expression. A smile of sym- the murder and divorce cases, the last pathy, a kindly word, an act of cour- information from the capitol at Wash- tesy to a stranger of another race may ington or from the League of Nations 7 accomplish more than we dream. The What do they talk about at the dinner relations between races are determined table? What do they really care about 7 not by the actions of governments What do they pray about 7 alone but by the personal contacts of There is endless opportunity for multitudes of individuals . . . In

these passing incidents of the daily rels, took charge of the mite boxes, and round the Christian spirit has the op- entertained visiting missionaries. She portunity of manifesting its creative had always been· at the head of the character." church mis·sionary society, was always ready to respond when funds were How do we make up the family needed to educate a Hindu orphan or budget and do the children have any a Southern mountaineer. She talked knowledge of it? Is a due proportion very feelingly of the "poor benighted for the needs of .others included? Do heathen" : and frequently expressed the children know about these objects ber belief as to her duty toward those to which we give? Are we ourselves "brothers and sisters still living in interested in them? Do we enjoy our outer darkness." giving, and do the children have an opportunity to share that joy? Or is For her lovely little daughter Muriel, it merely a dull duty? Are they al- she craved no more gl.orious career lowed to give a part and do we help than that of a missionary in the darkthem to picture in imagination what est corner of the earth. Muriel was at becomes of their dollars? That is mis- this time nine years of age, fairsionary education in the home. haired, blue-eyed, delicate, and spirit- ual. Probably there are some people of foreign birth in our town or city. What Now Mrs. Hancock had never seen is the attitude of the family toward a heathen, or a Southern Mountaineer. them-the Italian ashman, the J apa- Her home was, and always had been nese cook, the Negr.o porter, the Chi- in a small New England town, shelnese laundryman, the Polish road- tered by mountains and hemmed in by builder? Are they "dagoes," and "po- conservatism. Theoretically she knew lacks," and "niggers," and "chinks," everything about rescuing the perishor are they men indeed, our very ing; practically, she knew nothing. brothers in the sight of God? The However, the heathen were very vivid whole subject grows more difficult as to Mary Hancock; and always she picwe approach our own neighborhood. tured them as being led to the light But this is missionary education in the by her daughter Muriel. She could home. close her eyes and see a vast crowd of dusky, kneeling figures with rapt Are you looking for one of the most eager faces turned toward the delicate, effective home. missionary stories ever saint-like, radiant face of 'Muriel, clad wrUten? Well, here it is, adapted for in flowing robes of white with an open use by Mrs. Georgia McAdams Clifford, book, and with an uplif,ted, beckoning President of the American Association hand. Yes, it was easy to picture of Story Tellers. It is a gift from Mrs. Muriel among the heathen. Clifford to the MISSIONARY REVIEW Methods. Muriel never missed a missionary meeting. She even went to the con- Be sure to select the very best talent ferences in the neighboring towns. It your town affords for the telling of was part of her training, you see. One it at one of your early meetings. very warm afternoon Mrs. Hancock and Muriel returned from a four days' THE TRAINING OF MISSIONARY missionary conference in a neighbor- ing town, to find the long vacant house MARY next to their home occupied. She won- dered who would be her new neigh- By ELEANOR PORTER bors. As she stepped out of the cab and ·stamed up the walk, she paused. RC(lITUHgcd 10'1' telling bV G. M. O. On her front steps sat a barefooted, dirty, ragged little girl eating peanuts. No one in the church was more en- On the ground at the little girl's feet tirely devoted to missions than Mary sprawled a boy, a little younger, a Hancock. In fact, someone had dubbed her "Mi·ssionary Mary." She it was who always packed the missionary bar-

METHODS FOR WORKERS

little dirtier. Under the apple tree, ticed, at ten she sewed, and at eleven 110t far away, was a man, a woman and she played. That is, she took her two children, one a child of perhaps dolls and picture book out into the about two years of age, the other a gal'den and placed them sedately in small baby in his arms. Instinctively the summer house. Today she did not Mary Hancock thrust Muriel half be- play house with her dolls as usual, for hind her. "Why, how-who-what in the neighboring yard two girls and does this mean?" she demanded. three boys were playing. The moment The boy scurried behind a syringa the children saw her they ran to the bush. The girl almost fell down the steps, dropping the peanuts as she went. The man jumped to his feet almost dropping the baby. He re- moved his cap and bowed very low be- fore her. His brow l'evealed two daz- zling rows of teeth. "You live-a here '!"

he asked. .

"I do."

"We, too, live-a here," pointing to the house next door.

Mary Hancock almost screamed, "You, you live there?"

"Si-yes, Signora, in dees house. We come-a two, t'ree, four day away. We are-what you say-a? da neighbors.

Si-yes 1"

Mrs. Hancock looked wildly about her. "Muriel, come, let us go into the house, at once." From behind the half closed blinds Mary Hancock watched her neighbors slowly wend their way from her beautifully kept yard to their unkept one. Then she hastily pulled down all the shades.

That night at the dinner table she sought an explanation from her hus- MRR. Cr.IF~'ORD TELLING HER GRAND- band. "William, what does it mean- SON HIS FIRST STORY those dreadful people in the old Den- net house? Who are they 1" summer garden in Muriel's back yard.

"Italians," said William, "Cosetti, "Hello," said one of the girls.

is the name. They came here to work "How do you do," said Muriel. Of in the foundry." course, she was never allowed to say, "William, you don't mean they are "Hello."

going to live there?" "Come on over and play."

"Looks like it." That was a very ·simple matter and "But William, they are . . ." Sud- in a moment Muriel was in the neigh- denly, realizing that Muriel was listen- bor's yard, something she had never ing, she stopped. done before. Such wonderful beings The next morning at eleven o'clock, they were. They played the most fas- Muriel went out into the yard to play. cinating games, Presently she heard, Muriel never went out to play until "Muriel, Muriel, come here to mother, eleven o'clock. Mary Hancock believed at once!" Of course, Muriel came.

in system, and she had system for "Why my poor little daughter, how Muriel. At seven ·she rose; at eight did it happen ?"

she wiped the dishes, at nine she prac- "How did what happen, mother?"

4

"How did you happen to go over in told them 1 couldn't come over in their their yard?" yard, so they all came over here, we are having a lovely time." "1 just went and they are perfectly "I am sorry, Muriel, but it is time lovely, mother. They are so much for you to come in now. Yes, at once. nicer than dolls. Mother they are won- You must have your bath before derful!" luncheon."

The cautious mother of an only child That night as Mary Hancock was fell back in dismay. "But Muriel, I putting Muriel to bed and hearing her can't let you." prayers, she told her not to invite the children again. She gave no reason "Mother," said the eager little voice except that mother thinks best. Muriel again, "there is the dearest little tiny was grieved and keenly disappointed, girl, she is so much more fun than a but she obeyed, for the next day when dolt. They know the cutest games. If Mary Hancock looked out and sawall I practice well, may I go back this the children in her yard as usual, she afternoon ?" called "Muriel, what did mother say?"

"Of course not, my daughter; of "You said not to invite them, moth- er, but weren't they dear, they came course not, don't mention it." without being invited." The next morning Muriel went out That night Mary Hancock appealed as u·sual at eleven O'clock, carrying her to her husband. "William, something dolls to the summer house. At eleven- must be done about those unspeakable thirty Mary Hancock looked out the Italians." window. There. in her own back yard were the new neighbors-Muriel sit- "What is the matter with them? ting in their midst. She hurried to the They seem a good natured lot." door. But before she had a chance to speak Muriel said, "Oh, here is moth- "Good natured, William! This afterer; now come, mother, and be intro- noon I went to their back yard, and duced." Now Mary Hancock had spent would you believe me, six children, so much time teaching Muriel what to mother, and father and four boarders do when she was introduced and she are living in that house. William, do knew that she must set the example. you want your child to associate with There was nothing else to do. Muriel's children like that?" eager little voice went on: "This is Carlotta Cosetti, and this is Rosina "Well," said William, "Is there any Cosetti, and this is Clementina Cosetti, harm? Just don't let her play with and this is Christopher- Cosetti, and them if you don't approve." this is Valentia Cosetti, and this is the baby Angelica Cosetti." There was a "I'm sure I don't know what to do moment's pause. for Muriel is completely fascinated with them. She's never touched one On Muriel's face was a look of con- of her dolls since she's seen that Italfident expectancy; and Mary Hancock ian baby. I'll have to keep her in the knew that she was expected to take house." each new neighbor by the hand in cordial welcome as Muriel had been Just how the matter would have taught to do in acknowledgment of worked out is a question if Mrs. Hanintroduction. "How-how do you do?" cock had not been summoned to her She stammered. She was hoping to mother's bedside the next day. It was escape the hand shaking. But the in- necessary to ask Aunt Jane, Mr. Hansistent voice of little Muriel said, cock's sister to stay with Muriel and "Shake hands with the lady, Valentino, keep the house while Mary was away. shake hands. This is the way to learn Her absence was prolonged from days to be polite, you see." Six dirty little to weeks and from weeks to a month. hands were presented and Mary Han- The aged mother had grown worse cock was forced to shake them all. and it was necessary for Mary Han- cock to remain. One day she received "You see, mother," said Muriel, "I a letter from Jane.

METHODS FOR WORKERS

"I am sorry," she wrote, " to trouble sorry but I had to tell you. Lovingly, you, but matters have gone utterly be- Jane."

yond my control. It is about Muriel. With shaking fingers Mary Han- Don't worry, she is perfectly happy, cock folded the letter. Her eyes were too happy, in fact. When I first came wet, yet frightened. Before them I had no trouble, Muriel >stayed quietly danced old time visions, a group of in the house playing with her dolls. dusky, kneeling figures, with faces She actually looked lonely and home- turned toward the saint-like, radiant sick and I felt sorry· for the little face of Muriel, clad in flowing robes of thing. white and with uplifted, beckoning "Then, one day came a ·sudden and hand. And then came the reality-no most marvelous change. Muriel had dusky, kneeling throng, no unap- gone home after Sunday School and I proachable aloofness, but a swarm of had stayed to church. When I opened dirty, lively little Italian children be- the front door, the house seemed filled ing washed in her bath tub. "It shall with wild screams of delight, which not be," said Mary Hancock. "I shall sent me in haste to the bath room. write to Muriel tonight."

There, I found Muriel and the two But she did not wdte that night, for youngest Cosetti children. 'What in the invalid mother passed away, and the world,' I called. 'Auntie,' called for many days her heart and hands Muriel, 'what do you think? They are were full. At last she went home, home the heathen, why didn't I know it be- to Muriel. Her husband was with her.

fore? They are regular heathen. On He had come for the funeral. At the the way home from Sunday School I home station they found everyone in walked behind two men, one of them wild confusion. There had come a said, "Isn't it too bad that heathen sudden smallpox scare, and many were Italian family moved into this neigh- reported to be ill, and among them was borhood?" Isn't it wonderful, Auntie, Muriel.

I don't have to go away from home to The frightened mother and father take care of the heathen, I can do it fairly ran up the hill toward the little right here.' house.

"'But Muriel,' I said, 'Mother has At the door they met Aunt Jane, said you were not to play with the "Don't worry," she said. "It is all Cosetti children.' right, it is no smallpox, only chicken "'I'm not playing with them. I'm pox. The doctor says she'll be all right being a missionary to them. Being soon. But I don't know whatever I clean is next to being good, and that is would have done but for them. They what a missionary is for. I have used would have taken Muriel to the pest the very nicest soap on them, and house; if it hadn't been for them."

mother's nicest wash cloths and moth- By "them" she meant Mr. and Mrs.

er's ·best perfumery. I don't have to Cosetti, standing bashfully in the hall- grow up to be a missionary, I've start- way. "No one would come near me,"

ed missionaring already.' went on Aunt Jane. "Everyone was so "I'm sure, Mary, I don't know what frightened, and the officers came to to do, she is so serious about it. All take Muriel to the pest house and the day long she teaches those children Cosetti family saw them and came in what to eat, and what to wear and how and Mrs. Cosetti has never left me to shake hands and to wash behind ,since."

their ears. She teaches them to sing, "It ees notting," said the little Ital- and pray and she's taught them to ian woman softly. "It ees glad that salute the flag. What shall I do? Shall I am to be the help."

I let it go on? On the other hand, can Mary Hancock noticed how smooth I stop it without shattering . . . Well, her hair was and how clean her breast.

for some reason I feel that I don't "Da lettle garl-she be so good to want to be the one to shatter it. I'm us, Signora," beamed the man. "She

teach-a da song of dees countree– smoke and the acid which the mill- 'Sweet Lan 0' Libertee.' We love-a da smoke contains. A community, also, song. We love-a da countree. We love- in which little activity is provided for a da lettle gar!." young people.

"It ees like this," said the woman, Every Tuesday night for four weeks "Da leetle girl we loves her so well. She an intermediate group of young folks is ·so good! She teech-a us so much. met to make paper roses. Some love:y In my own country, I hear a story like products resulted. These were placed this. A marble woman, a beautiful in a basket and on each stem was faswoman-what you call it1-was put tened the name of each person who up where all peoples who look want to would contribute twenty-five cents to be beautiful also-yes. They corned the treasury of the missionary s02iety. and looked and looked and looked and The basket of roses was pre-sented 2S by and by they made smooth their hair a birthday gift to an invalid of the and made clean their clothes, and their congregation, whom everyone loved tefaces, so to be like her-beautiful, you cause of her sweet, patient spirit. She know. And so it i·s now. And so it is especially appreciated the names of now, this lettle girl-what you call her? the donors and the thought of the Muriel ?-she ees our marble woman. group of young people. My lettle girls wear now the hair ribbon to tie their hair. They keep clean Why not try the plan in your town their faces and behind the ears and or church? they read-a da book, and they don't play the noise on Sunday. So you see, VITALIZING THE TREASURER'S she teech-a me too. She teach-a me to MONTHLY REPORT shake-a da hand and to be polite. And I teach-a you my lady, I long know this By MRS. MINETTE H. OSBORNE, skkness, little red things on the face Erie, Pa. and my man he keep-a da child 'ell, and cook-a da food and I stay here and The receipts in a socie'y mry be teech-a you how to make theskkness visualized by a large pester shewing go away from our little girl. Oh, she a hcuse with the number of doers and so sweet to teach-a me, 'My Ccuntry windows representing special funes· 'Tis.' She make-a me love America. [Cnd pIdges for epecifi:: werk. When She make-a my children gO::Jd, and me dues ar<:! all paid, the deers in f~cnt I make-a her well." open showing a golden baekground. When special pledges are all in hand There was a moment's p:lUse. Then the windows epen showing little picimpulsively Mary Hanco.k stretched tures of the worker supported cr the out a hand to each. "Thank yon," she school or other project. The whc~e whispered, "thank you, I am fortunate he use is roofed l:y shingles r~prcsUit­ in having such good r..eighbcrs." ing the extension members who have paid. This device will prove effective BEGINNING AT HOME in promoting the payment of pledges.

By MRS. P. H. AUSTIN UNINTERESTED HUSBANDS This method is original and worked By MRS. N. W. NOLEN, Pittsbu;gh splendidly in one locality. It renders a threefold service: first, it gives Instead of the morning paper on the young people something to do in the breakfast table, place there an attrachome tcwn; second, it brings cheer b tive missionary leaflet. Only one at a the invalid whom it is .go easy to for- time and near the husband's plate. Seget; third, it increases the income of lect one which has on it the picture the young people's circle. This plan of a missionary or a native worker. was carried out in a dirty, grimy, Create interest by first creating curirailroad and mill town where prac- osity. Mr. Nolen was won to the mistically no flowers grow because of the sionary cause by this method and is now an ardent supporter of his wife's missionary interests, both at home and abroad.

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QnNLAN, 105 East 22nd Street, New York, and FLORENCE G. TYLER, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York Executive Secreta1'ies of the Council of Women for Home Missions and Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of North America COMMUNION OF THE SAINTS much wider. Now we understand that From Tonder, Denmark, came a let- women on the other side of the globe ter last April which said: "From Miss have thought the same thoughts and D., d Oslo, Norway, I received infor- realized them and we are glad to unite mation of the World Day of Prayer with you in prayer."

some few days before its arrival. We Appeal to All Christian Women were both very glad to be able to take part in it. I have met the thought of na~f~ll; ,~~;"e;~'~o )'f;l:;~ld~gi'1l l:ill s;:::.~s ~,t1~i~ it once before in the beautiful book ,,·orW. Th,',' ,I ill not know of the World Day by Mary Schauffler Platt, "A Straight of Prayer until last )Iarch.

Way Toward Tomorrow." In the Fore- Do we not feel today, Christian word it is said, "With a World Day of womel}, that we should join in prayer Prayer, a C()mmittee on Christian for all who strive in behalf of awaking Literature fer Women and Children, womanhood the world over?

and now the possibility of United A large number of women in all Study Throughout the World we are parts of the world are today trying to coming into a spiritual federation of shake off the bondage imposed by sin.

the Ch:istian women of the world for We, Christian women, find deliverance which we have longed and prayed." in JCS1.:S Christ. Does that not mean a Till one month ago I did net know great responsibility? This freedom more about the World Day of Prayer. that milliens cf pagan and Moslem I had some few days to infer:n s;)me 70men ar Jent:y seek has been granted of my friends in Denm~rk and Ger- to I,S Chris:ians by Jesus Christ. To many, :md I am -sure that they have depenJ on Gad alone is the only and als:) taI.cn part in it . . . tho true liberty, for in Jesu-g Christ «It is not so .that VIe women all over there exists no distinction between thc ea th ar3 connected in prayer in man and woman (Gal. 3: 28); Jesus ()ne moment. But I am so glad to think Christ wished to reveal His life in that if we al'() faithful in this prayer women [S in men, quite independently over thc whole earth, then the prayer of the sex (Gal. 2: 20). As Christian is constant,y advancing ever the e:trth, YiOmen, we need to examine ourselves, <,TId alway::; in tr.e foctsteps of the sun. whether Jesus Christ really lives in "Fer Miss D. and for me it was us (2 Cor. 13: 5), and then assume re- quite strange to read the subjects for sponsibility for making known to all prayer for a whcle week written by the those of our sisters, neal' or far, who young Philippine woman and the Call have not realized the truth, that inde- to Prayer addressed to women over pendence comes from Jesus Christ, and the whole earth. We have for four that it is a blessing, accorded to us years been united in prayer for the from His hand, to be used in His need of women over the whole earth; spirit and in His name.

two years ago we arranged the fol- Let us then join in prayer, asking lowing prayer sheet and one year ago God for the necessary guidance to the following letter to our sisters all serve as a help to all Christian women over the world. It has been spread to who stand hesitating at a parting of friends all over but we wanted to reach the ways. Ask God that He show us 213

that which we are called to be, as May God permit us to serve Him, man's companion in the home, and as and even to suffer, if that be His will. members of different groups or congregations. Ask Him to sanctify the wom- Cycle of Prayer an movement in the various parts of the world. Ask that He deign to as- Arranged and distributt'd by some Scaudi~ sist our sisters in the day when they nil vian women three ;ycars ago. break their chains, in order that each one of them may recognize in the pres- Monday ence of God the full extent of her freedom. Ask Him also to teach them to "Our Father who art in heaven; halreceive and to use that grace, in order lowed be thy name." We pray Thee also that we may be worthy of His bless- for ourselves, women in all parts of the ing in the establishing of His King- earth. Thou who hast created us acdom on this earth. cording to Thy image, recreate us through Thy power according to Thy Prayer in fellowship is one of His original idea. Give us a pure heart and very great blessings, and Jesus Christ renew in us a right spirit. Mat. 5: 8; has thereto given a promise (Mat. 18: John 3: 2-3; Mat. 6; 9-13; Gen. 1; 27; 19). Jesus Christ grants equally His Ps. 51; 12. attention to those who unitedly address themselves in prayer to Him and (Prayer for the woman movement in those who pray alone, each one in her the old world and for the other parts of sanctuary. Fellowship in prayer forti- the world where women are beginning to fies us and leads us to a communion awaken.) with the Holy Spirit. (2 Cor. 13: 13). In order to reach all those who are in Tuesday accord with us, we have prepared a cycle of prayer. The different topics "Thy Kingdom come" includes us in in this prayer have been arranged ac- the ranks of those who spread the glad cording to the days of the week and news of the victory of Jesus Christ on are based upon the prayer of Jesus Calvary. Send us, like Mary Magdalene, Christ to His Father. They are to our brothers and sisters to carry to grouped in such a way that the request them the news of the resurrection and for daily bread and for the Bread of ascension of our Lord. Mat. 5; 4; 2 Cor. Life comes on Thursday, the day when 7; 10; 2 Cor. 6; 10; Ps. 68; 10-12; John our Lord instituted His Supper, and 20; 17-18; 1 Cor. 1; 27-29. the prayer for remission of sins on Friday, the day of Calvary. So we be- (Prayer for all feminine spiritual gin this prayer on Monday and con- work; for women missionaries and those tinue to Sunday, the day when we who lead youth; for the Young Women's praise God for all his blessings and all Christian Association.) His gifts. Wednesday It is well to realize that the ideas set forth in this letter are being born "Thy will be done on earth as it is in at the same time in other countries heaven." Admit us women also to the and that a great number of people al- service for which Thou hast prepared ready share them. It goes without us, so that we may go forward. Whether saying that the fellowship of Chris- these good works be small or great, pertian women will be closer if we learn mit us, through Thy enabling to receive to know all the literature which treats all the abundance of Thy blessing in of the question of women and which order to accomplish Thy holy will in tells of the struggle in different places everything. Mat. 5: 3; Mat. 11; ~5; for the acquisition of this independ- Eph. 2: 10; 2 Cor. 9: 8; Rom. 12: 2; ence and the most certain means of Luke 1: 38.

attaining it. (Prayer for girls' schoDls, and the education of women.) Thursday "Give us this day our daily bread," food for our bodies and for our souls. Make us in our households worthy of the bread which thou hast given, but may each, whether at home or abroad, demon- strate that we live not by bread alone. but by every word which proceedeth out of the mouth of God. Revive us with the Bread of Life. Mat. 5; 6; Luke 6; 21-23; 1 Cor. 4: 2; Mat. 4; 4; John 6; 27, 35, 51-58.

(Prayer for the work of women in the home and for their married 'wel- fare.)

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN BULLETIN

Friday have suggestions for the variety · of "Call" in future. You will note that "Forgive us our sins, as we also for- this year it has not included.a daily give those who have trespassed against · cycle. (See December REVIEW.) us." We give Thee thanks for having redeemed the world by the coming of Jesus Let .us all remember to pray for Christ. Make us to be ministers of this peace daily at the noon hour, as desigreconciliation. that we may be Thy serv- nated several years ago; and we shall ants on this earth. Mat. 5: 9-10; J as. not forget our appointment at sunset 3: 18; Mat. 6: 14-15; Mat. 5: 44-48; each Sabbath when we follow the out- Mat. 18: 21-35; 2 Cor. 5: 18-20. line prepared by our friend in the Netherlands until the next World Day (Prayer for the work of women and of Prayer, February 12, 1932. for the establishing on earth of peace, regardless of race, nation, class or sex.) Saturday "Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil." Humble us by the thought that sin entered this world through woman. Help us that we shall not be a temptation for man, but in truth a "helpmate." Destroy all the works of the devil in us and around us, and give to us the glorious liberty of the children of God. Mat. 5: 5; 1 Cor. 13; Eph. 4: 1-3; Gen. 2: 18; Gen. 3: 12; 1 John 3: 8; John 8: 36, 32; Rom. 8: 2l.

(Prayer for the work in common of me~ and women outside the home.) Sunday Praising Thee for the peace which RENDERING THANKS Thou hast given us through the grace of our Lord, Jesus Christ, the love of God The Bulletin in the January issue of and the communion of the Holy Spirit, the REVIEW contained a couple of parawe place in Thy keeping ourselves and graphs about the attractive poster for all that are dear to us. "For thine is the World Day of Prayer and Mr. the kingdom, the power and the glory Frank R. Southard, the artist who for ever and ever." Mat. 5: 7; Mat. 25: made it. By chance, the same Issue 34-46; 2 Cor. 1: 3-4; 2 Cor. 13: 13; ·had as frontispiece the mural he John 4: 10-11; Mat. 6: 25-34; Mat. 11: painted ,for the North American Home 28; Rom. 8: 28; Isa. 63: 9; 2 Tim. 1: Missions Congress held last December. 12; Rom. 15: 13. The January article evidenced plainly ·the IIpirit of service in which his work (Prayer for all good works by women; is done and the spiritual atmosphere for those isolated and lonely; for an that surrounded the production of the awakening and a revival.) poster. It is a very real pleasure to let our readers see Mr. Southard. Doubtless there are many who will be glad to join with our sisters in Den- Mr. G. Marston Lord has had charge mark and Norway in this daily cycle of printing most of the World Day of prayer. If women in other countries of Prayer material since the first unihave been circulating prayer ideas will fiedobservance in 1920. The writer you not send them to the Federation has had business relationship with him or Council, that they may be ,shared for twenty years and has greatly val- ued his splendid cooperation, painswith the wider circle? taking care, constructive suggestions and general friendliness, and 80 with Have you suggestions for future grateful appreciation he also is introthemes for the World Day of Prayer, ·duced. or authors in other countries, for either the Program or the "Call to Frequently users take for granted Prayer"? .Korea, the Philippines, the finished products and forget those Netherlands, Canada, and the United States have been represented; next year India will give us the Program and Mexico the "Call." Perhaps you

whose work has wrought them. We woman should, with God, see all parts eat the peas, beans, corn and tomatoes as essential, though she might be a without a thought for the migrant worker on one part of the pattern. who picked them or placed them in the cans. We read the leaflet, and while Those days have passed. With wom- the author and organization official an's entrance into citizenship she has may be in mind, the editor, draughts- a greatly enlarged freedom, vision and man, compositor, printer, the stenog- opportunity. The church society of rapher, sales clerk, wrapper, postman other days does not satisfy. It does are unnoticed cogs in the machinery not claim the interest of all the women of production and delivery. with their differing tastes. Today's task is too big for small groups with At our next meeting shall we not a vision limited to one aspect. As for a few moments meditate upon Frances Willard says, "One-sided ad- what the World Day of Prayer means vocates make a one-sided movement." to us who share in its inspiration, and ask God to bless those whose handi- From these considerations has work-often monotonous and tiring- grown in many churches a Woman's has made this possible for us. They Union with departments, where the have sown seed in personal discom- program is a whole, with each woman ;fort and drudgery; we have gathered interested in all and all women inter- 'hiscious fruit of fellowship. "Lord ested in each. God of Hosts", be with us yet, lest we forget, lest we forget!" What Are the Advantages of a Wom- an's Union? FLORENCE E. QUINLAN. In our busy life it simplifies effort TO WOMEN'S CHURCH SOCIETIES by calling for but one set of officers, and one day of meeting, though a de- By MRS. E. TALLMADGE ROOT partment may have special meetings if occasion arises. Reprin ted by permission from J nne ::1930 Pa.cts a·ltd Factor8~ published by the Mas- It is a Union which expects all its sacilusetts Federation of Chnrchf's and Council members present on its day of meeting, of ReligiouB Education. "The ~l"oman's Com· and all have the benefit of the promittee of the Massachusetts Federation of gram, be it Missionary, Social Service, Churches bas undertaken as its most serious or Citizenship. task this year the study of organized woman's work in the local church." This committee What Are the Advantages of consists of wome-n of' twelve denominations. Departments ? Other areas might profit by similar intensive study. and contribute further suggestions and methods.

DEAR PRESIDENT: They enlist more women because they give a variety of interests. I think we will all agree, in the beginning, that the object of the Wom- They give a more complete picture an's Church Society is the stimulation of God's plan for building the kingof effort for the local church, and for dom. the Kingdom of God in general. For many years two lines have been em- They increase the activities and inphasized-local church needs and mis- terests of the whole church because of sions-and according as the women the larger vision introduced. of a church favored one or the other of these lines they gathered in groups What Departments Are Needed to further their respective ends. This Today? grouping raised barriers of thought till it was often said, "some of our Devotional, because on the prayer women are interested only in our life and spiritual vi,sion depends the church, and some are interested only vigorous life of the Union. This is in missions," forgetting that God's the department which should deepen plan for His Kingdom is a whole and the spiritual life of the women of the not a patch-work plan, and that each church.

Home Church, because the Wom- an's Church Society is really the moth-

er of the church, and, like eyery gcod perceptio;1 w,;s a never failing source mother, must be a housekeeper, ne3:llc- cf strength and conldence. Out of a woman, and creator of right social life, rich expe' ience cf personal relations in visitation, family gatherings and and denominational work she made a recreation. valud!e ccntribution to interdenomi- Missionary, because there is a great nationul associations and to conferunfinished task in the world, and no ences en peace and law enforceIT.(nt.

woman can slacken her efforts till J e- Mrs. McDowell has held many posi- sus' Gospel of healing, teaching and tions of importance in chur~h cl'gani- preaching is carried to every corner zations. She was President cf the of the earth. This department is set Women's Foreign Missicnary Sodety for education, prayer and gifts. of the Methodist Episccpal Church Social Relations, because it is nec- from 1908 to 1921.

essary as Christian women to feel our One of her great interests was cen- oneness with the unfortunate in our tered in the training and leadership of own community, with our sisters in Nationals, and her cwn Society hon- industry, with our world through in- ored her on her retirement in 1921 by ternational relations, with all the fam- establishing the Clotilda Lyon Mc- ily of God through race relations. Dowell Fellowship Fund. More than This department has a most fascinat- thirty young women of other lands ing program of education and friend- have, through this fund, enjoyed the ly contact with community, industry, privilege of graduate study in this internationalism, and racial groups. country, Through them her ideals of Citizenship, because the 19th life and service are entering into the Amendment has made it a Christian building of new civilizations. obligation to register and vote intelligently and conscientously. This de- The beauty of her face, and the ra- diance of her personality will long be partment should keep the women a happy memory and inspiration to informed of moral and welfare issues the lives of those who knew lVII's. Mcand legislation that they may cooper- Dowell.

ate for law observance and protection of society. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEMBERS Under these departments may be Too few persons carry the burden of grouped other interests as the local the church program in many churches. needs demand. For the sake of the spiritual develop- . MRS. WILLIAM FRASER ment of the members, as well as in the McDOWELL interest of a fair distribution of work, as many as possible of the membership Clotilda LYon McDowell, wife of ought to be assigned to deiinite tasks.

Bishop McDowell, passed away sud- An illustration of the situation fre- denly at her home in Washington, quently met with is seen in a tabula- D. C., December 27, 1930, and was tion covering 12 city churches with a laid to rest on the last day of the old total resident enrollment of 2,877. It year in Delaware, Ohio, where her col- was found that 2,182 of these members lege days were spent in Ohio Wesleyan had no task whatever for which they University. were responsible in the work of the In the homegoing of Mrs. McDowell church.

the Federation of Woman's Boards of On the other hand, two members had Foreign Missions has lost a warm six tasks each, 13 h~d five t:sks, 27 friend of many years. She has served had four tasks, 72 had three tasks, 166 the organization with unstinted devo- had two bsks and 415 had one task tion since its inception. Her unfail- each.

ing courage brought inspiration and A total of 1,148 definite pieces of cheer, and her insight and spiritual work were being performed by 659

members, while 2,182 members were Foundation. Paper, 80 ccnts; cloth, deprived of the benefits of personal re- $1. (The latter edition carries the recsponsibilities in the church program. ord to 1929, whereas the paper edition stops with 1928.) Many of these nonofficial members, The United States and the World Court, no doubt, were vital influences in the by Philip C. Jessup of Columbia Uni- Jives of their churches, but many more versity. World Peace Foundation. in all probability were receiving more 155 pp, 40 cents. than they gave. The Permanent Court of International Justice, by Vera Micheles Dean. For- The statistics of many churches eign Policy Association Information would tell a ·similar story. What is Service. 'December, 1929. 37 pp, 25 the situation presented by your own cents. church directory? Should the United States Join the World Court? Leaflet. Federal Council of In the active participation of the Churches. $1.50 a hundred. passive connection of its members lies at least one of the reasons why a cer- 'INDIA tain church forges ahead or why another lies dormant. From Presbyterian World News, January. 1031. -Ohio Christian News. India is a land ·of contrasts, but it WORLD COURT MATERIAL is a land of opportunity for the mis- sionary. There is opportunity for a From December, 1930, Christian World E<lu.- clearer message. The nonchristian co·t/or> News Servwe printed by tile looks at the Christian Church, even Council of Christian Associations though he is told not to look at the missionary but at Christ. As we judge Now that the World Court is once him by his mode of living, so he judges more [prominently in the public us. It is easier to work when the thought], there will be an increasing Church at home has ·so many voices demand for information about it. raised against such evils as war, ex- Here is a list of some of the material ploitations of men, women and chilavailable: dren, race prejudices and inequalities. Whatever is done to incarnate the The World Court: The History, Organi- spirit of Christ in Christians in Amer- zation and Work of the Court. March, ica opens doors of opportunity to us 1930. The American Foundation. Free. here. The world is smaller than it wa·s, and educated Indians are critical. The World Court: Fifty Questions An- swered. Replies are based on official -An India Missionary. documents. The American Foundation. Free. CHURCH MILITANT AGAINST WAR The Permanent Court of International Justice, by Charles Evans Hughes. United Press dispatch in l'ew York Herald An illuminating address given by Mr. Tribu.ne. December 12, 1930, Hughes on his return from serving as a Judge of the World Court. The The church should forbid military American Foundation. Free. service in event of war, Archibishop Nathan Soderblom of Sweden said in Foreign Relo,tions Bulletin Number 7 his speech accepting the ',1930 Nobel (Revised Edition). This gives a rlJ- peace prize. sume of the negotiations in regard to the adherence of the United States to "The church hitherto has not fulfilled the World Court, and the text of the its duty in preventing war," he said. Protocols, with explanations. The "It therefore has failed, and this failure American Foundation. Free. the church ought humbly to confess, and strive to the utmost to improve its in- Article by Senator Gillette analyzing fluence. The church must fight against the Protocols. The American Founda- every government that wilfully prepares tion. Free. war. Our peace activity must be more energetic. Only by a fight against the Speech by John Davis on the World 'old Adam' can peace be obtained." Court. The American Foundation. Free. King Haakon and Crown Prince Olav were present at the address which was Secretary Sti'1luwn's Letter to the Presi- applauded enthusiastically. dent. The American Foundation. Free.

The World Court, by Ma'nley O. Hudson of Harvard Law School. World Peace

AMERICA From the Interior of

Wanted: Eighty New Workers SEVEN or eight years ago Rosalvo Goulart, a faithful believer in T HE Latin America Evangelization Araguary, moved further interior Campaign is committed to a five with his few household effects, twelve years' program which calls for eighty children, an ox cart and a few yoke new workers. It is aimed to place in of oxen. After a long journey of more each of the twenty republics of Latin than 300 miles he found a lonely spot America a missionary couple accom- near where the interior states of Matpanied by a trained native evangelist to Grosso and Goyaz touch the states and wife, exclusively for evangelistic of Minas and Sao Paulo. There he work. They are to be supported by drove some stakes and covered them the· Latin America Evangelization with a thatched roof to establish hifl Campaign, and are to help all mission- home. He took his Bible with him and ary work in their territory. Each began telling his neighbors about J egroup will be furnished with a tent sus. Soon there was a large group of and given ample supplies of literature. inquirers in that lonely interior of Brazil. The Bible Institute in San Jose, Costa Rica, will supply many of the One morning I set out to visit Sen- native evangelists. The San Jose ior Rosalvo and to explore that un- headquarters offers a unique training evangelized region. One day as we ground for these new mIssionaries were crossing a river we found a fer- who will spend at least one year in ryman who asked: "Where are you the study of the language and people. fellows going; to hunt diamonds?"

"No, we are going to hunt souls for Sunday School in Mexico Christ." With a look Qf utter aston- ishment he said: "Souls? What's MISS MABEL YOUNG, of Puebla, that?" We told him the wonderful Mexico, writes in the Watchman story of Jesus and His love for men. Examiner: "Two of our Normal girls He wanted to know more and asked: take turns in teaching in the little "Isn't there any book that tells about Sunday school at San Mateo. A year this religion?" "Yes," we replied, ago, only three or four people were "there is a book and it is called the interested, but a man and his wife Bible." He had never seen or heard offered their living room as a meeting of a Bible but we left him reading the place. When others realized that the Old, Old Story. This man is a type hated Protestants were holding serv- of a vast multitude of Brazilians.

ices, they became very angry, and There is not one minister of the Gos- tried to prevent the continuation. pel in all this region.

Amid stone throwing, many dark looks It was a joy to preach the Gospel and expressions of disapproval the in the humble home of Senior Rosalvo work has continued and the group at- to scores of eager listeners. He has tending the services has grown. A lit a candle in that little corner of the nurse or the pastor from Puebla or great nation of Brazil and light is other worker talks to the adults while breaking everywhere.-Rev. J. R.

a student teaches the children. Woodson, in The Christian Observer.

219

Protestants in Brazil arranged for such centers as Lima, Peru; Santiago, Chile; Buenos Aires, T~E following information, printed Argentina; and Montevideo, Uruguay. III the Evangelisches Missions Magazine, has been sent by Pastor The progress of the Sunday Schools Rudolf Becker of Candelaria, Rio in Latin America is encouraging. The Grande do Sui (Brazil). enrollment will total no less than 225,- 000. Of this number more than half The Brazilian Baptists, numbering are to be found in Brazil. Next come about 32,000 members are carrying Argentina (including Uruguayan d on missions among the Indians in the Paraguay), 29,747; and Chile, 25,582. Amazonas Territory. Statistical reports are gathered of An interdenominational mission is Sunday School enrollment every two working among the Indians in Matto years and the last report for 1930 Grosso. This is supported by Method- showed an increase of 10.6 per cent. ists, Presbyterians and Independent Emphasis is laid in Brazil and else- Presbyterians. where upon the expanding prog~am of religious education through daily An appeal to undertake Indian mis- vacation Bible s c h 0 0 l,s, week-d.ay sions has recently been issued by the schools and young people's organiza- Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Santa tions. Mission schools everywhere give Catharina, Parana and other states. much attention to religious education This is known as the field of the Lu- 3S an integral part of the educational theran Gotteskasten. task.

A regular mi.ssion has been carried Missions in Venezuela on for over half a century by the Southern Methodists, the Southern FURLOUGHED missionaries from Baptists, the Presbyterians and the Venezuela are kept from their work Episcopalians of North America, by by reason of the fact that no foreign the English Congregationalists, the clergyman or ordained foreign mis- Swedish Baptists and the Missouri sionary is allowed to enter the coun- Lutherans. As a result several con- try. Missions affected include the gregations, many of theiTI self-supporting, have grown up. The mem- Presbyterian, the Scandinavian Allibership of the abJve mentioned churches is estimated. at about 3)0,000 ance, the Swedish Evangelical Free and that of the! Protestants originat- Church and the Orinoco River Mising from Germany, at about 250,000. sion.

World Gathering in Rio Mr. W. Reginald Wheeler has issued the following statement: T :-IE Eleventh WGl',d's Sun day S~heol CGnventkn is to meet in The "Law of Foreigners," decreed by Congress on .July 1, 1923, contained the Rio Ge Janeiro, Brazil, in July, 1932. following articles: This will be the first time the C::nvention has met in South America and "Section I-Art. 6: For the entrance is the first world gathering of Ch ris- of priests or ministers of any church tians eV3r held in Brazil. what~oe.ver there is required the special permlSSlOn of the Federal Executive in Di·. Rotert M. Hopkins, the General each case. Secretary cf the World's Sunday School Ass0ciation re:ently returned Sction II-Art. 15: The declaration from a visit to Brazil, Argentina. of exclusion shall be issued by the Presi- Pa.ragu:lY, Urugu~y, Chile, Peru and dent of the Republic and endorsed bv Panama, where he held conferences the Secretary of Interior Affairs and with Sund~y Scheel representatives. shall be published in the Official G;zette.

Since travel is expensive in S8uth Section III-Art. 27: Against the de- Ame: ica and distances are gnat, it is cree of exclusion (or of expulsion) no hoped that regional meetings may be recourse is permitted.

Special permission from the Fed- eral Executive, transmitted through the Minister of Interior Affairs, is

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

required for the entrance of a foreign great Protestant nations who were clergyman. Since September, 193':>, thus seeking to seduce Belgium from no such permission has been given. her ancient religion and to hand her This situation has developed out cf over to the Great POWErs. The City the contest between the Government Council was divided, one p"lrt, declarand the Roman Catholic Church. Sim- ing in our favor. The Burgomaster ilar contests have occurred recently in himself sent us secret wad to "hold Mexico and certain other Latin Amer- fast." When a mob 'Of 800 people, ican cotintrie,s. stirIed up by. priests, sought to assail and destroy cur tent, not only did the EUROPE mounted police protect us, but groups of So~ialists themselves formed a cor- Peace Pla.ns fo;' Twenty-Seven Na.- don around the tent tJ keep the mob from cutting the tent ropes. We tions praise God for many oonversions, among tl:em being one cf the very ON JANUARY 21st a cable message ringleaders of the riot; for the large from Geneva announced that numbers that attended the after-meettweLty-seven nations had pledged ings, and for the wcnderful W'JY that themselves to preserve peace in Eu- publi;: opinion was tu,'ned in our farope. Their solemn manifesto is ex- vor at the end of the meetings. Since pected to put an end to war-talk and the dose of the meetings, we have to go far toward reestablishing eco- been able, through the gift of a fri2nd, nomic and political stability. "The to buy a building in this city of ArIon, machinery Of the League of Nations where we shall install a permanent is to be used to prevent any resort to worker. violence." The signers of the manifes~{} include France, Great Britain, Burgomasters or Mayors of other Germany and Italy. Committees have citiES are cften favcl'~b~e to us. We been appointed to study methods for believe that ttis mJVement of God in solving various problems and for pro- Belgium is already layinz hold of moting unity, if not union, among the sorre of the inbllectuals. The head European nations. Judge of the C:;urt of Ghent has be- come deeply convicted and is coming Socialists and the Gospel in Belgium to the mEetings.

T ODAY, in Belgium, the Socialists Great blessing has also attended the and Liberals are taking up the special distribu~ion of Scriptures and cudgel in the defence of missionaries tracts-a million and a half having of the Belgian Gospel Mi,ssion against been distributed during this year of the opponents. God makes use of po- the Centenary of Belgium's political litical parties to further His own independence. This large distribution ends, although the Socialists them- is the greatest that has ever occurred solve are conscious of nothing but in one year in the history of the countheil' antagonism to the Roman Cath- try. Mr. Van Lierop, head of the olis party! The Socialists do not come station at Ghent, has had permission to the Gospel meetings, but neverthe- to hold open-air meetings anywhere less, when we are attacked by posters in this great city.-Ralph E. Norton. and the papers, their own official organs come out justifying us and be- Swedish Missions laboring the Catholics for their opposition. SWEDISH missions in China repre- sented by seven SOcieties, are pass- Recently, during tent meetings at ing through severe straits. The mis- ArIon, in southeastern Luxembourg, sion schools have had to be closed the papers attacked us bitterly and pretty generally, although the work of placards denounced us. One was even evangelization has been permitted to posted on our Gospel car during the go on. But the Lutheran high school in night. We were denounced as spies and heretics-political agents of the

Taohwalun is having a hard struggle. homes and labor to support themselve·s In the Congo region, in Rhodesia and and their families.

in some parts of India Swedish mis- German-Russian refugees, aggre- sionaries are experiencing great move- gating eight hundred, have escaped ments toward Christianity. Their from Siberia, and are now stranded medical work is increasing in Portu- in Harbin, Manchuria, China. Of guese East Africa, Turkestan, Rho- these, about two hundred are Lu- desia and India. The mission in Mon- therans and the others are Roman golia, which is said to. be the only Catholics, Mennonites and Baptists.

Protestant one in the field, has been The very small German Lutheran con- almost exterminated during the last gregation in Harbin pas been strained year. beyond its strength in the effort to In the home field conditions are give all these refugees sbelter, food encouraging. Both the Church .Mis- and clothing.-John A. Morehead, in sion and the Fosterland Stiftelse have The Lutheran.

been able to wipe out their debbs. In the public schools, missions have be- AFRICA come a regular subject for study and Portuguese Restrictions in East- at the university of Upsala a chair Africa has been established for the history of missions with Dr. Westmann as rrHE educational inspector of the the professor.. Colonial Government of this terri- tory recently placed before the Gov- ernment council certain proposals for Methodist Church in Russia Closed the control of the Portuguese missions for Observing Christmas in the regions subject to the govern- APRESS report states that the ment. According to these regulations First Methodist Church of Lenin- all missions must secure written pergrad and the only one in Russia has mits to work. They must state a defi- been closed by the bolsheviks after en- nite locality where they intend to work joying immunity for many years. The and must render annual reports to the charge against the church was that Government. Their members must be of conducting an illegal Sunday-school clerical and the governor-general must and with having had a Christmas tree pass on their program. Foreign lan- and distributing gifts among the chil- guages are prohibited and the native dren. dialects are allowed only jf the pupils The Leningrad Soviet ordered the learn Portuguese at the same time.

arrest of the members of the church All textbooks must be in Portuguese.

board, the organist and the leaders of The missions may not sell their prop- the congregation, forcing Anna Ek- erty and may use it only for mission- lund in charge of Methodist activities ary purposes. Such a legislation in Russia to leave the country.-Evan- against missions has heretofore not gelical-M essenger. been attempted by any other colonial government.

Stranded Russian Refugees T HERE are at present one hundred Notable Industrial School in Africa and four Lutheran refugees from Russia stranded at two places in Per- THE Frank James Industrial School sia. In the course of their escape, of the West Africa Presbyterian they lost all their property and are Mission was established as a memorial reduced to penury. The appeal comes to a young man who was killed by a for help to supply them with food and wounded elephant while on a hunting clothing, and to assist them ultimately trip to Africa. The young man's sisin securing transportation to coun- ter made a gift to the Presbyterian tries where they may find permanent Board of Foreign Missions specifying that the money should be used to pro-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

mote industrial training of African of his independence, ministering to him boys. intellectual food hardly appropriate to his worth. The religion taught by the Slowly the work progressed. A tail- Catholic missionaries, their precepts of or class was begun with a few yards humility and of respect for the estab-' of cloth and a second-hand sewing lished order, seem more nearly. related machine. A small sawmill outfit was to the mentality of the negro, who in purchased and shipped to Africa. To- the regions of Angola is the most primday the work has expanded to include, itive of beings." a complete planing and molding outfit, a blacksmith shop, and many sheds Ka Ci Lemi, Ka Ci Ganyala in which tailoring, carpentering, tanning, furniture making, ivory carving, YOU may not be familiar with this brick making, and other industrial ac- language. It is the motto of the tivities are carried on. In addition Galangue station of the Angola Misthere is a printing press manned by sion in West Africa, the station which the native workmen. The work of is the special project of the Negro this industrial school is transforming Congregational churches. The meanthe whole life of the people about it, ing is, "If it is not heavy, it is not while at the same time it touches their worth while." The Angola Mission lives with Christian ideals.-llion T. has just celebrated its Jubilee. Here Jones, in The. Presbyterian Advance. is the contrast between 1880 and 1930.

Catholic vs. Protestant Teaching Then: Three white men from Amer- ica bring presents of cloth, but no ONE difference in the influence of rum. These newcomers are objects of Roman Catholic and of Protes- suspicion, since they claim to seek no tant missionary education on the Af- ivory, rubber or slaves. Their unrican is revealed in an unintended willing hosts are the Ovimbundu, a testimony by a French traveler, Chris- virile people numbering about a miltian de Caters, in the Colonial and lion, mostly traders and slave hunters. Maritime Dispatch, printed in Paris, They have no written language. They April 24, 1930. Roman Catholic teach- have no god save fierce and implacable ing tends to keep the African servile spirits. They are slaves to the witch and dependent, while Protestant train- doctor and to fear. They live in stocking seeks to develop a godly person- aded villages composed of square mud ality and strength. The quotation huts thatched with grass. Polygamy, from the Boletim da Aquencia Geral slavery and cruelty prevail. das Col6nias, of Lisbon, is as follows: Now: The raids of native kings "In my voyage to Portuguese Africa I have ceased. There are towns and met a certain number of religious mis- cities, auto roads and a railroad from sionaries and whether their nationality the coast with two trains a week, as was French, Alsatian, German or Portu- a result of the introduction of Euroguese, for all of them I always felt es- pean civilization. There are five misteem and even admiration. I sympathize sion stations with over thirty resident less with American missions although missionaries; four self-supporting they may also accomplish a worthy work and self-governing churches with a of civilization…… If a former pupil membership of 4,000; 300 native pasof one of the missions proposes to con- tors and preachers; 6 boarding tract himself to a planter or to the head schools; 160 primary village schools of any enterprise, the employer will take enrolling thousands; Currie Institute, him without hesitation should he come a union higher training school for from the White Fathers. He prefers young men; Means School for girls; such a one to the pupils of the [Protes- clinics in all stations with 50,000 tant] "clergyman" in whose teaching he treatments yearly; 700 per cent inhas no confidence. It is not that the crease in native development in fiflatter may be giving bad counsels, but teen years with no increase in the his teaching tends to develop in the na- missionary force. The work has been tive a very real feeling of his own personality, of the freedom of his judgment,

hravy, but who will say it is not worth The B3rlin Mission therefore began w"lile ?-Congregation:zlist. the translation into modern Suahili.

Missionary Klaml'oth finished the ·An:ou6 African Pr~Bo-::e~8 translation, and in 1926, Missionary ARCHDEACON DANIELL, a mis- Roehl was sent out to revise the work. sicnary of the C. M. G. in Ug:mda, A native pastor in Dar-es-Salam, when has recently been carrying on evan- he had read the new translation of the gelistic work in the prisons in Kctm- Epistle to the Romans, exclaimed, pala. About 200 out of 700 prisoners "Now at last I am beginning to underattended the voluntary service on Sun- stand what St. Paul means to say to day [Cnd the weekly Bible class. One us!" man, 2. baptized Christian, heard the Gospel rr.cssage and one of the first The German Evangelical Missions things he did on being released was to of East Africa have united in the pubgo tJ the C. M. S. mission and r,sk for lication of this great work and the their prJyers. The Archdeacon says Wurtumberg Bible Society has unthat it was a delight to see this man dertaken its printing. Last summer walk up to the house, after five years an edition of 3,000 copies was sent out to Africa.

imprisonment, free once again. "There W3cS a spring in his step and a joy on WESTERN ASIA his face which indicated not only phys- Islam and Modern Culture G ical freedom but, I hope, real and OTTFRIED SIMON a well-known authority on Moslem conditions definite conversion and determination writes in Der Pionier on the question to serve God."

whether Islam will weather the pres- SuaMli Bible ent crisis. In considering the con- ANEW translation of the Bible into tributions of modern culture, he quotes Suahili (Swahili) became impera- the following interesting memorial tive for two reasons. First of all, the Suahili, which only thirty yea! sago from the rector of EI Azhar Univerwas almost entirely unknown to the great nations in the interior of Africa, sity to King Fuad concerning reform is today conquering all of tropical Africa with unbelievable power. This plans for the University of Cairo. i'B regarded as a language miracle that is unique in history. At present, ac- The Rector, Muhammed Mustafa-alcording to careful estimates, the Suahili is being spoken by about twenty Maraghy is himself a man of orthodox millions of people and is gaining adherents. It is said also that in Africa persuasion, which makes the letter all the printed word reaches farther than the spoken. The second reason is that the more noteworthy. – the translation made by the British Universities Mission was published It has always been the custom in the about fifty YEars ago. At that time Moslem religion that certain individuals it was nece,ssary to use Arabic words spread the faith and defend it against as being expressive of religious ideas all errors of science, and convince the of tbe Christian faith, such as sin, faithful. The Koran itself teaches us faith, grace, righteousness, hope, -com- that we should study the creation of fort, peace. Tl:ese Arabic words car- God. Islam is therefore not opposed to ried with the:11 the Mohammedan con- science, but rather places the educated notation and this made it difficult for man on a higher plane than the uneduthe Afri:ans to form correct ideas cated. Our former teachers were right about the Christian religion. in studying history. We are grateful to them for books which they wrote. Unfortunately the spiritual leaders of the last century have suffered only such books as harmonized with the ancient tradi tions.

The teachers of Islam must be in the lead in culture, they must acquaint them- selves with other religions, they must know Arabic well and must study mod- ern sciences such as general history and sociology. The lamp of El Azhar Uni- versity has grown dim and must be cleaned. The history of religions must

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

be studied. It proves the superiority of Simply attired, a,s was the custom Islam. The knowledge of natural sci- of the Prophet, and sitting in a simply ence is alw necessary, in Qrder tQ under- furnished room, this king, Ibn Saud, stand the Koran better, and for the extends his hand to even the poorest same reason, the Arabic language, his- Bedouin and eats at the same table tory and philology. Modern educational with ministers of state, clerks and methods and methods of research must chauffeurs. He also imitates the be acquired. The legal practice needs Prophet in marrying frequently and reforms. Hence the university must be frequently changing his wives. He completely reshaped. judges according to the old law: a head for murder, a hand for theft, the Ibn Saud a Unique Character right foot and the right hand for rob- bery. Today the pilgrim may travel ONE of the most striking figures in unmolested even through inner Arabia. modern oriental life is the famous It is perhaps the first time since the Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, since 1926 King days of the Prophet that one may of Hedjas and Nedjd. By means of travel unarmed and even carrying a bold military action, carried out great valuables, for Ibn Saud is inwith the help of twenty-five followers, exorable. He once had fifteen conhe occupied the city of Riadh in 1914 spirators executed at one time while and placed himself on the throne of he sipped his coffee. He is a man his ancestors. During the war he as- before whom men tremble, but whom sisted the English against Turkey for they love, a man who sees his life's which he received in the years 1917- task in the spread of the ancient faith. 1923 half a million pounds sterling. The Bedouin tribes, who were formerly He is thus in a position to buy air- only nominally Moslem, have become planes and other valuable European zealous defenders of the faith. The imports. This he managed, according movement is spreading even into to Gottfried Simon, without essential southern Arabia. returns to England and by skillfully evading existing treaties. Burying Hatred in Turkey His chief supporters are the so- PRES. CASS REED of Internationcalled "Brothers" (Ichwan) who are al College, Smyrna, reports on his blindly devoted to him. They are or- visit to Ankara (Angora), the capital ganized into 120 communities on the of the Turkish Republic: "Turkey original Islamic pattern. They have and Greece were burying old hatreds. brought about a complete revolution Across the splendid avenue below the in inner Arabia. The power of the Grand National Assembly Building kingdom is no longer vested in the the words in Greek letters, 'Kalos cities, but in the old-style Bedouin be- Elthete,' or 'Welcome,' appeared above lievers. By means of this organiza- a pillar in the well-known Greek blue tion the king, as did Mohammed be- and white, with Greek national arms, fore him, overcame all his opponents cross and all, prominently displayed! and just as then Arab tribes volun- And this was put up by the Turkish tarily submitted~ so now the whole Government in honor of the Greek kingdom of the Shammars fell into who, eleven years ago began war for his hands without a stroke of arms the possession of Turkey itself! Now and entirely by the persuasion of the he was welcomed as an ambassador of "Brothers." These former "real de- goodwill! I had dreamed that perfenders of the true faith" now wage haps my grandchildren might see only holy wars: they fight against Greeks and Turks thus fraternizing, the unbelievers. Therefore th~y also but here, only seven years after the call themselves Muslimin or Muwah- signing of peace, the miracle had been hiddin, i. e. believers or confessors of achieved. the one-ness of God. The name "Wahabis" which is customary among us, "During my stay in Ankara, I had is only a nickname, from Mohammed Abd Wahab, who died in 1750.

5

the pleasure of interviewing the Min- special anniversaries or other perister of Education, Essad Bey, and the sonal celebrations. Our message has chief permanent under-secretaries. I been accePted with great cordiality. received cordial assurances of coop- These high-class people have been superation, and am convinced that our porting idol worship in India. We schools will continue to receive the include the intelligentsia of the land encouragement and assistance of the as well as unconverted Anglo-Indians. Department of Education. Ankara is We trust in the promise given in truly a remarkable city. A few years Isaiah 55: 10-11. A great educationalago it was nothing but an unkempt ist who was in touch with us by postal town, with miserable houses, narrow system came to us some time ago and streets, and nothing to commend it was baptized. His grandmother also but an impregnable position. Now, was baptized. A high-class widow was it is a modern city, with broad streets, rescued and is now in a Wesleyan splendid buildings, modern conven- Home. My forefathers came from a iences and all the marks of an up-to- high caste to Christianity, and our date city. Hindu widows' condition has been heart-rending. INDIA,BU~A,CEYLON At our annual meetings we present Changing India the Word of God to Bible holders among the Princes and intelligentsia. I N RELIGION India's aspirations Weare in need of a fund to enable us are many and complex. Old cus- to invite Christian scholars to deliver toms, old habits and sanctions are de- addresses to the educated non-Chriscaying and many people are frankly tians in several centers of this vast perplexed. The orthodox are insist- country. Our polyglot work has been ing that salvation can be found only much helped by the Scripture Gift in a return to the Vedas, the old Hindu Mission and there are a few Indian scriptures. India's intellectuals, how- Princes who send donations. ever, recognize that such a movement can never be successful. Many are PasuDlalai Rural UplU't Society trying to modernize Hinduism. An increasing number are finding in Jesus WHEN the suggestion was made the ideal and power for life. The at Pasumalai, India, that a solatter attitude is especially evident in ciety be formed for students and the seniors of a Christian college in teachers which would enable them to India who have spent nearly four express themselves in voluntary servyears within its halls. ice to the community, the missionaries were amazed at the response. So In the educational field Christian many wished to join what eventually missions have had and are having an became the Pasumalai Rural Uplift enormous influence. Gradually, how- Society, that an organization of comever, government is assuming direct mittees was necessary to take care of control over this field of activity, the volunteers! The members elected especially in elementary education. a certain number of leaders for each This means that future mission policy committee, and there is now being must aim at quality rather than quan- carried on ten different projects, intity.-Rev. Bryan S. Stoffer. cluding adult education, with a night school, a reading room, together with The Gospel by Post in India a rural education library, a committee on propaganda, a cooperative society, MR. JOHN CHOWDHURI, of the a farm demonstration committee, Mission to the Aristocracy of which studies important phases of ag- India, writes from Cocanada, on Sep- ricultural development and methods, tember 29th, as follows: a committee on village health and san- itation and temperance, studying all We send the Gospel by postal system to the inaccessible Princes and Princesses of India at the time of

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

questions affecting the physical health Through the courtesy of Dr. Sam Hig- ginbottom I paid several visits to the and well-being of villagers, and com- Agricultural Institute, and the more I mittees on problems of rural adminis- see of it the greater I am impressed with tration, recreation, games, baby wel- the splendid work that it has been dofare and village industries. ing. The Institute covers an extensive area which has been transformed into India Missionaries Address Indian smiling fields and lovely orchards. Most of the agricultural implements are pre- Christians pared at the workshop attached to the Institute where the teachers are engaged WE HAVE received from the Rev. in research work of one kind or another. J. Z. Hodge, Secretary of the Dr. Higginbottom has undertaken to National Christian Council of India, train fifty district board teachers in a copy .of the following letter: agriculture and in other subjects con- nected with rural reconstruction. These To OUR CHRISTIAN BRETHREN IN INDIA pupil teachers, who at first had consider- able hesitation in doing manual labor in AND BRITAIN: the fields, are now devoting themselves whole-heartedly to this work. Their We, a group of Indian and British training is not only confined to the pre- Christians at Kodaikanal, who believe cincts of the Institute but in order to that God's will is fellowship and brother- widen their outlook they go to places of hood, venture to send out this message importance in and near Allahabad. and appeal to our brethren. Dr. Higginbottom and his workers de- We have no hesitation in associating serve high commendation for their efourselves with the aspirations of India forts in the cause of economic regenerato achieve an equal and honorable place tion in these provinces. The Doctor is in the family 'of nations. We are con- not only himself imbued with the spirit vinced that an parties are sincerely seek- of service and sacrifice but also infects ing although along different lines what others with the same. This is the type they feel to be the best interests of In- of institution that India needs most at dia. At the same time we are deeply the present moment. distressed by the increasing spirit of distrust and bitterness between Britain and Contrasts in India India as revealed in the present struggle. I NDIA is a land of contrasts, but it The time calls for a spirit of magnan- is a land of opportunity for the imity and acts of conciliation on all sides missionary. There is opportunity for without which, we feel, the purpose of a clearer message. The non-Chrisall who are seeking India's highest wel- tian looks at the Christian Church, fare cannot be achieved. Believing even though he is told not to look at strongly that the only lasting solution the missionary but at Christ. As we will be reached through frank discussion judge him by his mode of living, so in a spirit of mutual trust and sym- he judges us. It is easier to work pathy we express the earnest hope that when the Church at home has so many there may be held a Round Table Con- voices raised against such evils as war, ference which will be truly representa- exploitations of men, women and chiltive of all parties and interests. dren, race prejUdices and inequalities. Whatever is done to incarnate the We appeal to our brethren throughout spirit of Christ in Christians in Amer- India and Britain that they will pray ica opens doors of opportunity to us earnestly and continuany, both in their here. The world is smaller than it private and public worship, that God's was, and educated Indians are critical. will for India may be revealed and -An India Missionary. obeyed. We also appeal to them at this juncture to avail themselves of every op- CHINA portunity to promote a spirit of mutual understanding and goodwill and to re- A Chinese Message to America gard it as a primary duty to share in all activities which will make India truly THE General Assembly of the great and truly free. Church of Christ in China, repre- senting the churches which have de- An Indian Official Visits AlIaha.bad veloped from the missionary work of K USHAL PAL SINGH, Minister of Education of the United Provinces, India, made the foll.owing statement regarding his impressions of the work of the Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad, India, last November:

western missionary societies, met in During its thirty years of service Canton last October and adopted a the Hackett Medical College has grad- message to western churches asking uated 188 young women. Of these 47 their fellowship in intercession. per cent have gone into private prac- In its message to western churches tice, 16 per cent into the service of the Assembly said in part: Missions and the remainder into the "The Church of Christ in China is fac- work of government or native chariing a situation which is most challenging ties. The course covers four years both because of the unusual difficulties and 67 students are enrolled this year. as well as the unparalleled opportunities. The aim of the school is to graduate As never before must we lay hold on Christian women physicians. All stuspiritual resources and we exceedingly dents attend daily chapel and Sunday covet your cooperation in adventurous, morning church services. The purimportunate intercession.

"(a) That our Christian youth in large po,se of this missionary medical col- numbers may recognize the call to the lege is significantly stated: challenge of the ministry as the most profitable investment of their lives. "To save life and spread the true Light."-Francis Shunk Downs. "(b) That our Christians may in a larger measure discover and manifest Presbyterian Policy in China the radiance of our religion, and make their Christian faith contagious. THERE seems to be no restraint placed by the Chinese Government "(c) That our leadership may be given upon the preaching of the Gospel in courage to joyously follow the will of churches, chapels, markets or homes. God as they discover it concerning the On the contrary, the almost universal perplexing problems they are facing, report is of an unparalleled receptivesuch as Christian education in view of ness to the Gospel on the part of the government restriction on worship and Chinese people, and even among the religious instruction, and other problems. students of government schools.

"( d) For the Chinese government, The Board of Foreign Missions of especially for those Christians who are the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A" serving the government, that vital re- has adopted a statement that says: ligion may be given its proper place in the new emerging state. "In view of the fact that our evan- gelistic missionaries are fewer by 15 "(e) That the will to Christian unity per cent than in 1925, the Board would may be fostered and strengthened and cooperate with the Chinese Church's that hitherto untrodden pathways may great Evangelistic Movement by callbe found whereby the separated Chris- ing and appointing to this work tian communions can arrive at complete China's full usual share of the acspiritual and organic unity. cepted candidates of the current year by urging all missionaries whose ac- "(f) That Christian youth of the West tivities in other directions are hinwith a positive Christian faith and with dered to devote themselves to enthua passion for Christian service may in siastic evangelism with their Chinese large number find it as the will of God associates. for them to come to China to cooperate with the Chinese Church in the task of "A very serious situation confronts creating a Christian China. educational mission work throughout China. The Nanking Government de- "(g) That the Five-Year Movement may continue to grow in the might and strength of the Spirit of God, to the end that all the resources of our Chinese Church may be utilized to achieve the objectives of this movement, namely, the deepening of the spiritual life of our Christians and the doubling of our church membership."

mands the registration of Mission Chinese Women Christian Doctors Schools of all grades, insisting that THE catalogue of the Hackett Medi- Senior Middle Schools and Colleges cal College at Canton, China, with shall not require students to pursue w hie h are associated the Turner religious courses or attend religious Training School for Nurses and the exercises; nor 'entice' students to David Gregg Hospital reports as fol- elect religion; that schools of lower lows: grade shall exclude religious courses

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

and exercises. The educational au- work and in the spiritual welfare of thorities have refused passports to the pupils. Chinese students expecting to pursue religious courses abroad, and have By giving up the primary building prohibited the holding of daily vaca- as a school building, and by holding tion Bible schools. A protest by the religious services entirely outside of Church of Christ in China and eleven the school proper and outside of school o the r ecclesiastical organizations hours, they are able to conform to against this 'denial of religious lib- Government regulations which forbid erty in the name of religious liberty' teaching Bible as a part of the curhaving been rejected by the Minister riculum in primary and lower middle of Education, the Board feels that, school grades. pending conference with the field as to the continuance of our schools under Thus far it is permitted by Governthese conditions, it will not be wise to ment to teach Bible in high schools ask the Church to expand its educa- and colleges provided it is put on a tional work in China at this time. voluntary basis. Nearly the whole The Board, however, cherishes a school voluntarily elected to study the strong hope that wiser counsels will Bible and almost 150 girls are ensoon prevail in the Chinese govern- rolled in the classes. These Bible ment, opening the way to enlarged classes "are very much in earnest" Christian educational service." and student prayer groups are being better organized. Religion in Bridgman School The older girls have again opened BRIDGMAN School, of Shanghai, the school which they conducted last faces the problem of how to main- year for outside children who have tain fully the objective of the school no chance to go to school. They teach -to give Christ to the students and Bible, singing, Chinese reading, writtrain up Christian leaders for China, ing and arithmetic. They also' teach under new and adverse conditions. A games. This little school meets after communication from local authorities school, from four to six in the afterto Bridgman School received during noon, and at present the enrollment is the summer states that Bridgman has: about forty. The gfrls like to do it as a part of their service for Christ and for China.-The Missionary Link.

1. No library. More Missionaries Needed 2. No equipment. 3. Teachers whose methods are old- APLEA that more missionaries go fashioned. to China as an offset to Soviet 4. Its pupils know nothing but the propaganda was made by Miss Eliza P. heavenly Father. Will Bridgman please Cobb, who has recently visited China, remedy these defects? at the .fifty-sixth birthday celebration of the Women's Board of Foreign Mis- The missionaries believe the local sions of the Reformed Church in authorities need more information re- America, held in New York last garding the school which has over month. She said: 1,500 books in its library; possesses good average equipment; while its "In China the missionaries now pupils pass the government examina- have two courses open to them-one tions and its teachers have made good is to register their schools and throw records in other schools. Christian teaching from the cur- riculum; the other is to teach religion Bridgman School, which is con- and run the risk of having the schools ducted by the Woman's Union Mis- closed. sionary Society, is fortunate in its principal, Mrs. C. C. Chen, and its "The Soviet program is to wipe the local board composed chiefly of Chi- Church of Christ out of Russia and nese Christians. The teaching staff out of China in five years. Contrast are deeply interested in their school

that with the program of the Church While such interest lasts, the evanof Christ in China, which is to double gelistic forces of the mission are eaits membership in five years. It is ger to improve every opportunity. reported that 3,000 Chinese youths With this open door there is also opare now being trained in Moscow and position. Communism and atheism will be sent back to China to spread among certain groups are rife, but communism. The call comes from the the common people in North China Christian Church in China for more today are ready to listen to the mes- Christian missionaries." sage of life and hope which Chris- tianity otIers.-Letter, Rev. Ge.orge Protestants and Catholics in China H. Trull.

'Tl HE Chinese. Recorder reports that JAPAN-CHOSEN .L the Catholic MissIons in China for Japan's Increased Population the year 1929, show a "net" gain of T HE national census of last October h2a9~0e00beceonnvkeriltlsedovoerr the number that showB a population of 64,447,000 that died from which is a gain' of over 4,000,000 in five years. These figures are for Japrivations. Twenty-four missionaries, pan proper and do not include the mandated islands of the Pacific, nor two of them bishops, sutIered death Korea, Formosa, and Saghalien. The increase is larger than was generally by martyrdom. Theological students believed, and the concern which Japan has felt in the last decade over the increased during the last two years inability of the land area to support so large a population is not without by 687, so that at present all the sem- foundation. Much attention has been given recently to the settling of colinaries and theological schools report onies in South America. Official sta- tistics issued by the Social Bureau of 4,765 students. the Home Office indicate that an aver- age of 500 people committed suicide The Protestants also have a martyr each month during 1930.-Alliance WeekLy. catalogue. From 1924 to 1929 twelve Sports Day Changed Protestant missionaries were mur- T HE head of the Educational Dedered and fifty-nine kidnapped. Among partment of Yokohama Prefecture announced recently that they had Catholics during the same period, changed their interscholastic sports day from Sunday to week days in twenty-one were murdered and thirty- order that the Christian schools might take part.-The Congregationalist. nine kidnapped. Educating Korean Women Chinese Ready to Hear the Gospel T70REA, with one sixth of the pop- I N THE district of Paotingfu in Chili Province, there is an open .1"'- ulation of the United States, has door for the Gospel. "In all my days only one college for women. But Ewha college has trained most of the leadin China I have not seen it so wide ing women in Korea during its twenty years of history. One finds the foropen," said Rev. William A. Mather, mer students (with eighty-six alum- nre) in almost every field open to wom- D.D" who has been in the field for en-in church work and social service, 28 years.

"Over ten years ago I could not presc?- with liberty. This year members of BIble classes are extraordinarily keen to hear. I constantly preach in the country. Two years ago I went to a village where there was only one inquirer. The people welcomed me. For a week they crowded in to hear the Gospel. When it was time for me to leave, they asked 'Why do you go? We have just begun to get a grasp of the Gospel.' In one place the innkeeper invited me inside, gave me tea and urged me to stay rather than go on to another place, as the people thronged inside to hear the Bible message. In another place an entire village stood in the bitter cold all day just to hear the Gospel."

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

medicine, education and business. ISLANDS OF THE SEA Best of all, these college graduates are establishing such homes as Korea An Unusual MissioD Board has never dreamed of before, where husband and wife are equal intellec- THE Marshall Islands were under tually, socially and economically, live the German Government until afttogether in mutual respect and love; er the great war when they were given where children are reared with in- over to the Japanese, one stipulation telligent and loving care and given being that the Islanders should con~ an opportunity to develop the best that tinue to be taught Protestant Chrisis in them. tianity.

The Methodists have set themselves Japan agreed and sent out there to giving Korean women a chance for four Japanese Protestant pastors as higher education. There was no col- missionaries and has now increased lege at all when Miss Lulu Frey began that number to six. in 1910 but since 1925 the enrollment has grown and the staff has been in- The Japanese Government pays the creased until there are now 161 stu- salaries of these missionaries, provides dents and 35 on the faculty.–Alice R. each with a dwelling house, gives a Appenzeller, in The Christian Advo- medical allowance and an allowance cate. for each child. The Government pays passage back and forth, granting a Early Handicaps in Korea furlough every three years.

WHEN Rev. Henry M. Bruen left The missionary makes a report to for Korea in 1899 there were no the Japanese Government but there roads in the country and transporta- has been no interference with the tion was over trails by little ponies, Christian work. A non-Christian naor coolies carrying baggage on their tion is thus sending out Christian backs, while passengers were carried missionaries to another people.-Mary in chairs (a box between two poles). E. Tracy. Even Chinese wheelbarrows and jinrikshas (the Japanese man-pulled A Moro Baptized wheel chair) were unknown in Southern Korea at that time. The Koreans AN ENCOURAGING and inspiring had never seen a wheel. The huts start among the Moros. has been were of stone and mud, thatched with made by Dr. Frank Laubach at Danstraw. Glass was unknown, and oiled salan, Lake Lanao, and the missionpaper was used in the windows. Dirty aries are already beginning to experirice and dog meat soup furnished the ence an answer to the prayers and chief food. Cows and bulls carried efforts of past years in behalf of this heavy loads and did the rough plow- Mohammedan people. ing and were killed and eaten when too old or too sick to work. Very little Last December I stood before a milk was used. Water was undrink- row of seven high school boys kneelable until boiled on account of typhoid. ing in front of the congregation at Smallpox was universal and leprosy Camp Kiethley, Lanao. They had been was common. examined and were being baptized in profession of their faith in Jesus Mrs. Bruen, who recently died in Christ. One of these boys was the Taiku, helped to establish a school first Mohammedan boy to confess his and two hospitals at Taiku, while 60 faith in Christ in that province. He churches in that province were under was Chickiting Pagayucan, a senior Mr. Bruen's care. Their daughter in the Lanao high school. He had has cabled her offer to take her moth- made his own way for eight years and er's place. today is in Silliman Bible School. He has dedicated his life to medicine or to the Gospel ministry. For three years he had been studying the Bible and attending Sunday-school and then

gave his heart to God and accepted and 58 per cent are in city churches. Jesus Christ as his Saviour.-Rev. Two hundred twelve denominations Frank J. WfJodward. are listed, more than half of which have less than 7,000 adult members. Suocessors of John G. Paton Three out of every ten are Roman Catholics with 13,300,000. The Meth- I N THE northern part of the island odist Episcopal Church comes second of Ambrim in the New Hebrides with 3,700,000. The Southern Bapthere are 2,500 natives to be evangel- tist, third, with 3,330,000. The Negro ized, and at the stations round the Baptist has 2,900,000. The Jews, 2,- coast there are native teachers waiting 930,000. In proportion to population, wearily for a pastor and leader. church members are most numerous in the East and South while it decreases Who will go and volunteer to take as we move westward. Protestants up the work for the sake of Christ? are in the majority in every State ex- cept Utah. Church membership is in- In September the station of Tongoa creasing almost exactly with the will fall vacant through the resigna- population. The number of Sabbath tion of the Rev. O. Michelsen. This school scholars is 21,000,000 as comisland has a large number of young pared to 24,740,000 in the public people who need to be trained in schools. The parochial schools are Christian life and faith to face the growing rapidly but the Roman Cathtemptations which civilization is olic Sabbath schools are declining. bringing to t~eir doors. Three out of every eight ministers in the 18 leading white denominations NORTH AMERICA and three out of every four of the three leading Negro bodies are not Workers in the United States graduates of either college or semi- nary. Church property is valued at OF THE 122,000,000 people in the $3,840,000,000, but many churches did United States, one-third, or 41,- not report. Parsonages are valued at 000,000, are children under sixteen, $500,000,000. The Roman Catholic while there are 38,000,000 men and and Jewish school property is valued 37,000,000 women between sixteen and at $7,000,000,OOO.-The United Pressixty-four, according to William M. byterian. Steuart, director of the census. About 49,000,000 persons reported themselves Investigating the "Y.." as having gainful occupation: Some 10,000,000 women report gainful oc- ONE of the hopeful signs of life in cupations, while perhaps 23,000,000 an organization which the more are keeping house. The 11,000,- churches have sometimes found occa- 000 men who are farming constitute sion to criticize is its appointment of less than one-quarter of the gainful workers as against 45 per cent in 1880. a group of wise men, headed by the Nearly a third of our workers are now in manufacturing and mechanical pur- Rev. William J. Hutchins, president suits, while clerical occupations em- of Berea College, whose purpose is to ploy about 7 or 8 per cent of the total. reexamine and to restate the purpose Successive censuses only emphasize and me,ssage of the Young Men's the rapidity of our industrialization. Christian Association. This associa- -The Nation. tion was originally founded in Eng- land, under the leadership of a layman CeDSUS of Religious Bodies of the Anglican church, as a group of religious young men wh(}se purpose T HE Federal Census of Religious was to lead to "conversion" their com- Bodies gives us many interesting panions in offices and warehouses. In facts. Out of every 100 persons over America its attitude broadened, as the 13 years of age in the United States, result of a stirring plea made by 55 are church members. Five women are members to every four men. Fifty-two per cent are in rural churches

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Bishop P·otter in Boston, and it pro- and perhaps two of the others, be re- vided social and athletic clubs for tained in order that the new condi- those who could not afford to meet the tions of today might be met.-The full expense of such activities. Some Churchman.

branches of the "Y" have become pure- Florida Missionary Assemblies ly athletic clubs, in which the more "religious" activities, if they persist T AND booms come and go but many at all, have no integral relation to the J…J visitors from the North are not chief work of the organization. dependent on such circumstances for This commission emphatically as- their interest in Florida. Americans serts that the chief purpose of the from most of the forty-eight states Y. M. C. A. is to build a fellowship add to the population of that peninof boys and men, to "associate them sula during the winter months. They in Chri,stian living, and to help them include men and women of all classes, discover and to accept the full means but most of them seek health and reof Christian discipleship for their freshment in the warmer climate of lives and society." To accomplish this the South. Many are earnest Chrisin any adequate fashion, the Y. M. C. tians and generous supporters of mis- A. must be more than an athletic and sionary work. Some of the best schools social club, with a few Bible classes and churches are found in Florida and and prayer-meetings unequally and ir- several large and influential Bible relevantly yoked to it. Changes are classes. needed, and it is hopeful that their governing principle is declared to be Among the notable activities that the widest possible interpretation of have found a place in Florida are the the Gospel of Jesus.-The Churchman. winter schools of missions. These have now increased to ten, under the leadership of Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, Too Many Episcopal Churches Advisory Chairman. They have brought together missionary speakers THE elimination of half of the from all over the world-men and central-city Protestant Episcopal women who have devoted their lives churches in Philadelphia is urged by to serving Christ and their fellowmen. the Hon. Roland S. Morris, former They have braved the dangers and United States Ambassador to Japan hardships of war-stricken China, the and chancellor of the Diocese of Penn- fever-infested jungles of Africa, the sylvania. plague and cholera of India, the heat of the tropics and the rigors of the Mr. Morris has been associated with Arctic regions. This year ten missionthe affairs of the Episcopal Church ary assemblies were held in Florida for many years, and has three times between January 16th and February served as a deputy to the General 6th-in Palm Beach, Miami, Tampa, Convention. Lakeland, St. Petersburg, Clearwater, Orlando, Haines City, Deland, and The central-city churches, of which Stamford. The speakers included there are eight prominent ones, rep- Mrs. Peabody, Mrs. Helen Barrett resent a total investment of more than $7,500,000, of which over $4,000,000 is devoted to endowments. Anyone Montgomery, Dr. Robert H. Glover, of them, Mr. Morris said, thirty-five Dr. Walter Lingle, Dr. Robert Dyer years ago had more members in its of Africa, Mrs. Induk Kim of Korea, Sunday-school than all of them have Rev. J. H. Brady of Japan, and Dr. to-day. Unrevised membership lists Rosalie Morton of the Red Cross. of the eight churches, Mr. Morris declared, show a total membership of Negro Comm.unity Center T less than 6,000, too small a group to HE Negro girl who comes to Bal- timore for the first time has a warrant the large investment. He suggested that the two most historic, place to stay-

The Negro working girl has a so- will be one of the most effective miscial center- sionary agencies. The Chinese are eager readers, and each paper will no Ten organizations have a place to doubt influence several persons. play basketbaIl- Eskimos Attend Church Persons who love music may learn to play an instrument- T HE Eskimo of the far North, ac- cording to The Northern Cross, a Above all, the love of God is given publication of the Barrow Mission, a real expression among members of goes to church most religiously, and the Negro race. This is through the the population of any village may be Sharp Street Memorial Community known from the attendance upon House of Baltimore, one of the few church on Sundays. If this drops upon institutions for work among Negroes any given Vord's Day, it is an unwhich are a part of the World Service questioned fact that a number have of the Methodist Episcopal Church as gone to summer camps or that distant it is administered by the Board of traps have detained men from home. Home Missions and Church Extension. When all are in the village, the at- tendance runs close to three hundred, The community house, erected in and has gone over that figure. The 1921, provides a meeting place for average attendance during the last thirty-two organizations. There is a year has been 179. All who are presdormitory of twelve rooms and a laun- ent at Bible school remain for church dry. Special iI,lterest is taken in the service.-Presbyterian Advance. girl who makes only a living wage and who chooses the community house GENERAL as a home. Young women and girls going to the city as strangers are ac- Roman Catholics cepted in the dormitory over a period of adjustment. In addition to the STATISTICS compiled semi-officialdormitory, there is a circulating li- ly, but regarded by the Vatican as brary and game room, a gymnasium, substantially correct, report at the tearoom, roof garden, and meeting end of 1929, the Roman Catholics in rooms available for rental purposes. the world numbered 341,430,900. Of these 109,097,000 were in North, Cen- An average of 966 persons take ad- tral and South America. (Counting vantage of the community house each the total population of Latin America month. as Roman Catholic.) European Ro- man Catholics numbered 208,882,000; Newspaper Evangelism for Chinese Asiatic, 16,536,900; African, 5,330,- 000; Australian, 1,585,000. This seems THE American Missionary Associa- obviously an exaggerated e·stimate and tion has aided and encouraged a is probably based on the total number unique enterprise for the promotion of members of families one of whom of Christian interest among Chinese occasionally attends a Catholic church, in the United States. A Chinese woman, resident in Portland, Ore., who A Buddhist World Alliance has a rather u,nusual initiative and devotion to her own people, is work- T HE nr,st World Congress of Buding out a plan for giving to substan- dhist Youth was held in Honolulu tial Chinese merchants in various with a view to the formation of an cities of the United States a year's international union. Thl" idea is to subscription to the Chinese Christian form an international union after the InteUige1tcer, the leading interdenom- pattern of the Protestant WorId Alinational Christian weekly paper in liance in order to make Buddhism China. "Newspaper evangelism" has known. A missionary society is to be been a very successful method in J a- formed for active Buddhist propapan and this regular sending of Chris- ganda in opposition to Christianity. tian newspapers to the shops in Chinatowns where Chinese congregKte

WORTH

Any books mentioned in these colum718 will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

The Pastor and Religious Education. By ual matters, and into a more con- Harry C. Munro. 227 pp. $2. Ab- ingdon Press, New York. sistent Christian practice in daily The author knows whereof he writes conduct, has as much assurance of the and as Director of the International Council of Religious Education, has cooperation of the Holy Spirit as has had wide experience. The purpose of the book is to assist the average pas- the evangelist who convicts the sinner. tor to find his own proper place and to direct the educational program of Unfortunately, the teacher has often his church, and it is refreshing. to find that this is the author's solution assumed that his or her part of the rather than the multiplication of additional machinery. Some of the fol- process was a merely human underlowing questions are intelligently discussed, and each chapter has a brief taking; that after this human process bibliography: Should the church keep pace with modern educational meth- of teaching and learning had been ods? Why do young people leave the church? Is the Junior Church the best carried to a certain point, the students should be turned over to professional leadership, who would, in some mys- terious way, bring about conversion and decision through the cooperation of divine forces. The seeding and cultivation are the work of the teacher, the harvest that of the evan- gelist." S. M. Z.

way out? Can religious education re- A History of Science and Its Relations main a layman's movement? Does a With Philosophy and Religion. By Wil- director solve the problem? Can the liam Cecil Dampier-Whetham. 514 pp. minister take on another task? How $4. Macmillan. New York.

can the pastor become his own educa- This is a work of the first magni- tional director? tude-one of the ablest, most pro- The treatment of these various found, and yet most intelligibly writ- themes is thoroughly up-to-date and ten of the numerous books on the generally satisfactory. We are sur- subject. The author, a great English prised, however, that missions do not thinker and scholar of Cambridge have a larger place on the proposed University and Winchester College, program of religious education, and justly says that no story is more fas- that the importance of the baptism of cinating than that of the development fire and of intercessory prayer in the of scientific thought-man's age-long whole proces·s is not sufficiently em- effort to understand the world in phasized. There is excellent infor- which he finds himself and that the mation regarding the n e c e s s a r y vast and imposing structure of modern machinery, and the author advocates science that has resulted is perhaps simplicity. One would like to learn the greatest triumph of the human more regarding the motive power and mind. Nor does man's interest stop the dynamic of religious education. here. How are the revelations of It is not left out altogether. "The science regarding the earth, man and teacher who works quietly from week the universe related to the revelation to week seeking to guide the growing of God in the Bible and the needs and person into a truer insight in spirit- aspirations of the human Boul? After 235

tracing the history of science from its history of the Nigeria Mission, but beginnings in the ancient world to the latest developments in biology, anthro- rather a panoramic view of the unpology, physics and philosophy, the author concludes that "it is possible folding of a great enterprise in which to accept the fundamentals both of science and .of religion, and wait pa- not only God's guiding hand is everytiently for time to resolve discrepancies." We are confident that the where evident, but also human herothoughtful reader of this volume will concur in the judgment of The New ism and devotion of a high order. It York Times that "as a whole it far surpasses in excellence anyone-volume opens with the cry of the slave in the work of the kind that has so far appeared in the English language." dark days of old Abeokuta, (1821- A.J.B. 1837). It tells of the discovery of the Black River, of the Niger expedition in 1841, the founding of the first sta- tion, beginning of a church, and the decade of expansion, 1851-1860. We read how Crowther founded the Nigeria Mission, how it had dark days, how the Black Bishop was Porto Rico and Its Problems. By the ordained, and how, finally, the work Survey Staff of The Brookings Institu- expanded to the Central Sudan, and tion, Washington. Illustrated;. In- dexed. 707 pp. $5.00. 1930. those who toiled in tears saw a new Nigeria, with highways opened for the This is a rich storehouse of reliable Gospel and a bountiful harvest after information about Porto Rico-its the long seed-sowing. It is a wonder- area, climate, resources, population, ful story, well told, and the end of it agriculture, industries, econ.omics, finances, education, social conditions, is not self-congratulation but an ap- peal to complete the task. "This is no public health, government and reli- time to slacken our efforts. The door gion. Anything and everything that of opportunity stands wide open be- one wishes to know about this inter- fore us. The peoples of Nigeria, by esting island is here. The study was their very needs, call us. The work undertaken at the request of various still undone, and the work half-done, agencies in Porto Rico, by seven call us. The possibilities and promise trained experts of the Brookings In- of the future call us. And in these stitution, under the guidance of its things, if we have ears to hear, we director, Victor S. Clark, formerly shall surely detect the voice of Christ commissioner of education in Porto Himself, call~ng us to go forward in Rico. The recent activity of the pres- His Name." S. M. Z.

ent governor, Theod,ore Roosevelt, in "Uncle Sam's Attic." By Mary Lee Davis. $3.50. W. A. Wild Company, Boston. making known the distressing conditions in the island, lend special timeli- All leaders in missionary effort are glad to get a book that will furnish ness to this volume. It will enable us background and atmosphere for the missionary story. Alaska has been to know more about the people who rich in this kind of material. A num- ber of books have been printed in the have been under the American flag for last decade relating to Alaska. These have been of varying merit. Now over thirty years, and to take a more comes at last a definite book on Alas- ka. Mrs. Davis' book is written in a intelligent interest in their problems sprightly manner. It has all the fac- tual information a book of this sort and welfare. A. J. B. ought to carry. It is brimful of that ethereal quality called atmosphere. The Romance of the Black River-The Even the most unimaginative can Story of the C. M. S. Nigeria Mission. scarcely read this book without get- By F. Deaville Walker. 267 pp. 58. Church Missionary Society, London.

The author is well-known as a writer on African themes, an expert in missions, and with extensive personal knowledge of West Africa. The book is not intended as a complete

BOOKS WORTH READING

ting a whiff of pure reality from the are as great. Although much has al- ready been written about this worker Northland. It is so entertainingly among lonely fishermen on the coast of Labrador in many newspapers and written that it may be read aloud to books, including his own autobiogra- phy, there is room for this additional the home circle, and this is about as volume which makes an appraisement of his character and work that modessevere a test as can be applied to a ty prevented Dr. Grenfell from doing. It is an inspiring narrative of an innonfiction book. spiring life ·of unselfish and splendid devotion to Christ and humanity. Mrs. Davis lived in Alaska, loves A.J.B. Alaska and knows its immense length What Do Present-Day Christians Believe? and breadth. She finds a place in her By James H. Snowden. 357 pp. $2.50. Macmillan. New York. capacious affections for all of the un- This generation bristles with quesderprivileged native tribes. She does tions. There are indeed those who ac- cept their inherited religious ideas as not exclude the sturdy pioneer who is they accept their citizenship, and no more think of questioning the former making history in the growing cities than the latter. But many people, particularly among the young, want and developing prairies of what was to know the whys and the wherefores.

once called "Seward's Folly," in the The Church is feeling the effect of this unrest. The scientific teaching in days of our national ignorance. colleges and universities has under- mined some of the traditional ideas. This Book demands a place in the How shall the Church deal with young men and women who say that they mind of everyone who wishes to know cannot reconcile the old faith and new knowledge? To meet them merely about Alaska, or who Loves Alaska, or with authority or rebuke is worse than futile, it is suicidal. Wherever that who is interested in Alaska from any method has been tried, it has alienated questioners from the Church. angle whatev!)r. A. J. M. The Rev. Dr. James H. Snowden, African Stories. By Albert D. Helser, prominent among the religious leaders, F.R.G.S., Illus. 8vo. 223 pp. $1.75. shows a more excellent way in this Revell. New York. book. He dodges nothing, but frankly faces modern problems. He adopts After eight years as a missionary the method of questions and answers. in Nigeria, Mr. Helser has some in- He states a full hundred questions teresting stories to tell. Many are about God, Christ, man, ,sin, salvation, folk tales revealing native beliefs and miracles, inspiration, the Church, and moral ideas. Some are translations of well nigh everything else that people native material and give an insight are asking today. Each question is into African customs and culture- fairly stated, and then answered especially of the Bura people. The briefly, clearly, and in fine spirit. fifty-five stories are of very unequal Doubters are not scolded, but tactfully merit but they reveal the character of persuaded. Dr. Snowden holds firmly the people, their virtues and their to the evangelical position and makes vices, without moralizing by the mis- the Christian faith and life clear with sionary. a sweet reasonableness. Pastors and Among other subjects the tales give African traditions as to the origin of death, the beginning of trouble, the future life, the use of charms, spirits and friendship. They help us to understand the African and his background.

Forty Years on the Labrador-The Life Story of Sir Wilfred Grenfell. Ernest H. Hayes. 128 pp. Revell. New York. $1.25.

One who notes the wide publicity that is given to the work of Dr. Grenfell may well wish that like general recognition might be given to dozens of other missionaries in Asia and Africa whose devotion and achievements

Christian worker should read it and famous ruins, Edom its geography pass it on to troubled friend. and geology and the people who built A.J. B. up the old civilization. The author traces the romance .of the discovery Orpheus, Myths of the World. By Padraic of this vast city, lost for a thousand Colum. 327 pp. $5. Macmillan. New York. years, and when suddenly almost by This sumptuous volume is a treas- chance found again, its glory was inury of the ancient stories that once expressed the religious ideas of count- delibly carved in its rock-cut ruins. less millions of human beings and, while now relegated to the realm of Beautiful illustrations portray the mythology, have a deep human significance for those who read them to- architecture of temples, monuments day. The editor has ranged over a wide field, giving us the sacred myths and ancient altars. The land of Edom of many peoples-Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, occupies a large place in Old Testa- Celtic, Finnish, Icelandic, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Polynesian, Peru- ment geography, and Dr. Robinson ilvian, Zuni, Mexican, and Central American. These legends come down luminates the text by constant referfrom a far-off time and give the reader a vivid conception of the ences to Old Testament history. Four doubts and fears, the loves and hates and longings of men who, centuries chapters are special contributions by ago, groped in the twilight of history and amid the mists of superstition. missionaries, two by the late Dr. Some of them lend deeper meaning to St. Paul's reference on Mars Hill to George E. Post on Petra and the "an altar with this inscription, 'To an Unknown God' whom ye worship in Botany of Edom, one by Professor Stewart Crawford on the Arab shrine at Mount Hor, and another by Pro- fessor Alfred E. Day on the Geology of Edom. Missionary readers, how- ever, will turn first to the interesting st'Ories and descriptions of the ancient religions and present-day Islam which are woven into the volume. The chap- ter on the alleged tomb of Aaron, which is a famous shrine for Mos- lems, is of special interest. The Gos- pel messenger has not yet come t'O the present Edomites. S. M. Z.

ignorance." An introductory chapter helpfully discusses the significance of The New Sanhedrin or The Revision of the Trial of Jesus. David L. Cooper, mythology, and twenty full-page en- Author and Publisher, Los Angeles, 80 pages. 50 cents. gravings by Boris Astzybasheff, ~n­ Solomon Shwayder, a Jewish lawyer rich this interesting and suggestIve of Denver, and a group of hi.s friends volume. A. J. B.

The Sarcophagus of an Ancient Civiliza- met in March, 1929, to organize a tion. By George L. Robinson. Illus- movement which is like to have his- trated. 495 pp. $7.50. Macmillan. toric significance. The proposal is to New York. "issue a Call from Jerusalem to all Israel throughout the nations of the Whether a Christian scholar writes world, for the lIS,sembly of a Great on mathematics or archreology, he be- Sanhedrin at the Holy City of Jerntrays the presence of the Master. salem, to review the jurisdiction, judg- ments and decrees of the Sanhedrin This sumptuous volume deals pri- acting at Jerusalem during the power marily with an ancient civilization and domination of Rome, and espeand the extraordinary story of its dis- cially to consider and review the life covery and significance is vividly por- and trial of Jesus of Nazareth."

trayed. Dr. Robinson spent thirty In this booklet the author publishes years in the making of this book and paid five long visits to Edom. ~he book is divided into three parts WhICh deal respectively with Petra and its the official documents which have been

issued in connection with this move- that Paul's way was prepared not alone ment, together with three studies of by the Roman and the Greek but also a prophetic character which bear upon by the Jewish propagandist. His story it, and an exposition of the steps al- of this proselytism makes very inter- ready taken or to be taken before esting reading both for the student the final decision will be rendered. of Paul's writings and for him who Because of its possible influence upon would copy his methods. J. C.

Jewish and Christian interpretations Through the Lands of Nyanza. By Wm. J. W. Roome, F.R.G.S. 208 pp. 5s. of the person of Jesus, there is much Marshall, Morgan & Scott. London.

interest in this movement. This little book gives the fact·s as far as they Those who have read the author's former volumes, especially, "Through are now known outside the organiza- Central A f ric a," and "Tramping Through Africa," will gladly welcome tion committee. J. S. C. this further volume, which is a com- panion to the former. It is character- James Hannington. By J. Johnson Leak. ized by the same first-hand observa- 12mo. 64 pp. Is. Pickering & Inglis. tion, thorough knowledge, vivid de- London. 1930. scriptions and sympathetic account of missionary work. He has roamed This mischievous, lovable lad was across the Dark Continent a dozen started on a business career at fifteen. times, studying the native tribes, their He had many opportunities for travel languages, manners and customs, their and was fond of hunting. When he superstitions, and the work of the was converted he entered Oxford to missionaries who are devoting their study for the ministry and proved to lives to African evangelization. The be brilliant as a student and clever as book recounts enough adventures to an artist. After eight years in the satisfy anyone who wants thrills. It ministry at home he went to Africa, is a capital missionary book, and it where later he suffered martydom at thirty-eight. His life is full of in- evokes stronger faith in the power of spirathm but while this story is simply told it is too much of a summary to the Gospel of Christ to transform hugreatly interest the children for whom it is written. Bishop Hannington's man lives. The illustrations are parpen drawings are fascinating.

ticularly good. A. J. B.

Preparing the Way for Paul. By F. W. A Jewish Calendar for 1931 has Derwachter, Ph.D. 165 pp. $1.75. been issued by Rev. S. B. Rohold and Macmillan. New York. Dr. W. M. Christie of the Mount Carmel Bible School at Haifa, Pales- It is not generally recognized that tine. This mission is conducted under shortly before the Christian era Juda- the auspices of the British Jews Soism had become a great missionary ciety and is doing a notable work. The religion. How its monotheism and "calendar" not only contains the dates high ethics had appealed to the Gentile of the Jewish year, compared with the world. How its insistance upon its Christian year, but a list of all the nationalism emphasized by its reaction Jewish feasts and fasts, Biblical and against Christianity cut the roots of traditional, with brief explanations. this appeal. How the history of this The introduction describes the origin movement reveals a hackground of ex- and growth ofthe Jewish Calendar and perience built upon so successfully by its changes. The feasts and fasts and Paul. How its rise and decline fur- anniversaries are accompanied by nish significant lessons for the pres- .scriptural references. There are inent-day missionary. All this is treated teresting notes on the Talmud, a Jist in a scholarly and very readable way of false Jewish Messiahs from 114 to in this book. Dr. Derwachter, a one- 1930 A. D., and explanatory notes on time missionary himself and now a college professor of Greek, maintains

various festivals and anniversaries. India's Religion of Grace and Christianity The editors call attention to the fact Compared and Contrasted. Rudolph that no Jewish Messiah ever appeared, Otto. 143 pp. $2. Macmillan. New claiming to be the fulfilment of Old York. Testament prophecy, until after the advent of Je·sus, the Christ. Junior Stewards of the Bible. Helen Kins- bury Wallace. 75c. Revell. New York.

BRIEF MENTION Japan Mission Year Book-1930. Edited by Paul S. Mayer. 375 pp. 2.50 yen. Pioneerig for J eBUS. The story of Kyo Bun Kwan. Tokyo. Henrietta Hall Shuck. By Thomas S. Dunaway, D.D. 157 pp. Sunday Sch(101 The Land of Behest. C. E. Padwick. 145 Board of the Southern Baptist Con- pp. Is. 6d. Church Missionary Sovention, Nashville, Tenn. The author ciety. London. has enriched the literature of missionary biography by this account of a The Mirror of the Months. Sheila Kayeconsecrated missionary wife who, al- Smith. 68 pp. $1.25. Harper. New though dying at the early age of 27, York. will live in the history of missions as the first American woman to be ap- Morals of Tomorrow. Ralph W. Sockman. pointed for missionary service in 331 pp. $2.50. Harper. New York. China and the founder of the first Christian school for Chinese children. Dr. Main of Hangchow. Kingston de- Gruche. 242 pp. 68. Marshall, Mor- gan & Scott. London.

The Pastor and Religious Education. Harry C. Munro. 227 pp. $2. Abing- don Press. New York.

Sketches from Missionary Life in The Pacific Islands—A Missionary Sur- vey. J. W. Burton. 120 pp. 38.6d. Spain. by Ernest H. Trenchard. 120 pp. World Dominion Press. London. Marshall, Morgan and Scott, London. 28. 6d. A short but interesting ac- Rainbow MissionarY Stories. Stella M. count of incidents, persons and cus- Rudy. $1.50. Revell. New York. tom from the personal observation and experience of a Protestant mis- The Reform Movement in Judaism. Rabbi sionary in Spain. David Philipson. 504 pp. $4.50. Mac- millan. New York. NEW BOOKS The Story of the Near East Relief. James Adventures in Philosophy and Religion. L. Barton. 479 pp. $2.50. Macmillan. James Bissett Pratt. 263 pp. $2. Mac- New York. millan. New York. Tailum Jan. A. T. Houghton. 114 pp. Amazon and the Andes. Kenneth G. 28.6d. Marshall, Morgan & Scott. Lon- Grubb. 296 pp. $5. Dial Press. New don. York. ''We Wrestle."-Report of the C. I. M.- Christian World Facts, No. 13. 44 pp. 1930. 42 pp. London. 15c 10 or more 10c. Foreign Missions Conference. New York. Annual Report Board of Foreign Missions, lteformed Church in America. 128 pp. Christians in China :Before the Year 1550. New York. A. C. Moule. 203 pp. 15s. S. P. C. K., London, or Macmillan. New York. Confucianism: Ethics, Philosophy, Re· ligion. Frederick Starr. 250 pp. $3. The Challenge of Russia. Sherwood Eddy. Covici-Friede. New York. 278 pp. $2.50. Farrar and Rinehart. New York. European Imperialism in Africa. H. L. Hoskins. 118 pp. $1. Holt. New York. Concise and Critical Comments on the :Bible. Robert Young. 800 pp. 68. Pick- Six Great Missionaries of the Sixteenth ering & Inglis. London. and Seventeenth Centuries. David Jenks. 252 pp. 78. 6d. Mowbray. Evangelical Christianity in the Philippine London. Islands. Camilo Osias and Avelina Lorenzana. 240 pp. U. B. Publishing Korea of the Japanese. H. B. Drake. House. Dayton. lIlus. 226 pp. 12s. 6d. Lane. Lon- don. Joan's Randfull. Amy LeFeuvre. 312 pp. 28 6d. Pickering & Inglis. London. The Jew and His Neighbor: A Study of the Causes of Anti-Semitism. James Parkes. 202 pp. 58. Student Chris· tian Movement. London.

The Missionary Review of the World — May 1920

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CONTENTS FOR MAY, 1920 Page COVER ILLUSTRATION-"CoME OVER IN'tO ASIA AND HELP Us."

FRONTISPIECF.-LEADIlRS OJ! WORI,D WIDE SUNDAY SCHOOL WORK.

EDITORIAL COMMENT, •.•…..•………….•••…….•……….-…•…..• 321 TURKIlY IN TURMOIL CooPERAtION IN LA'tIN AMERICA CHRIstIAN EDUCAtION IN AMERICA WORK FOR tHE COMING GENERAtION T:a:E TOYKO CONVENTION WORLD WIDE SUNDAY SCHOOL WORK ……•….. By FRANK L. BROWN 331 A general survey with map and illustrations, showing the outstanding facts of evangelistic and educational work in mission /ields.

THE NECESSITY FOR CHRISTIAN EDUCATION , By NORMAN E. RICHARDSON 337 A clear and convincing statement of the value of Christian education in the social, political and religiolu life of a nation.

WORTH QUOTING …………••.•….•…•.•• SELEC'I'IONS }'ROM FAMOUS MEN 342 MISSIONARY TRAINING IN THE SUNDAY SCHOOL By GEORGE H. TRULL 343 Facts and incidents ill14strating the great possibilities for educating 'young people through the Bible Schools to take their share in the world's work.

SUNDAY SCHOOL WORK IN MANY LANDS Where the Drum Calls to Sunday School-Africa .. By JEAN MACKENZn; 349 Saving the Children of Moslem Lands ………… By StEPHEN TROWBRIDGE 353 The Sunday School and the Future of Japan …… By HORACE E. COLEMAN 359 The Work in Latin America …………………….. BY SAMUEL-D. PRICE 362 The Importance of Bible Study in China ………….. By OTto BRASKAMP 365 Sunday School Work in India …………………… By RICHARD BURGES 369 "Timothy Stand-by" on Sunday Skool Doins in Ameriky .. By JOSEPH CLARK 372 Sunday Schools on the Continent of Europe …….. By HENRY M. PHILCOX 377 MISSIONARY METHODS FOR SUNDAY SCHOOLS …. MRS. E. C. CRONK 379 WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN •••….. MISS FLQRllNCE E. QUJNUN 386 NEWS FROM MANY LANDS …………………………………..••…. 391 THE WORLD'S SUNDAY SCHOOL ASSOCIAtION ……………………………… X B:EST BOOKS FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL WORKIlRS ……………… ALLAN SutHERLAND iv How WE HELPED OUR MISSIONARY COMMI't'tEE ………….. By FRANK L. BROWN xviii TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 50 cent!'. Single copies, 25 cents. Published Monthly. Copyrighted, 1920, by Missionary Review Publishing Compaity, Inc. All rights reserved. Entered as second class matter at the postoffice at Cooperstown, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

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SCHOOL WORKFRS* CliIJ· Recommended by Allan Sutherland 'II p9 h tnrrB SUNDAY SCHOOL MOVEMENT IN IiItpttrlmt1!t AMERICA, by M. C. Brown, cloth 12 mo. $1.00, F. H. Revell Co. I , Books u-nijonn in size and style HOW TO CONDUCT A SUNDAY Westminster Graded Guide Books (or SCHOOL, by Marion Lawrance, cloth 12 mo. $1.50, F. H. Revell Co. Sunday-School Workers THE SUNDAY SCHOOL AT WORK, Every One 'Written By An Expert by John T. Faris, cloth, 452 pages, $1.25 net, The Westminster Press. THE CRADLE ROLL DEPARTMENT By Elbabeth W. Sudlow HOW TO RUN A LITTLE SUNDAY Boards, 108 pages SCHOOL, by E. Morris Fergusson, cloth 12 mo. 75 cents, F. H. Revell Co. "It is not a book of theory. but give.. the reader a vivid insight into the real workings ot the Cradle THE CRADLE ROLL DEPARTMENT, Roll." by Elizabeth Sudlow, Boards, 108 pages, 50 cents, net, The Westminster Press. THE BEGINNERS DEPARTMENT THE PRIMARY DEPARTMENT, by By Louise M. Oglevee Bouds, 94 pages Phebe H. Curtis, Board&, 102 pages, 50 "We have not Boon any work on the Beginners cents, net, The Westmin&ter Press. Department wWch equais this. We heartily com- THE JUNIORS, HOW TO TEACH mendlt to all our workers in this department."-U. B. Publishing House. AND TRAIN THEM, by Maud Junkin Baldwin, Boards, 110 pages, 50 cents, THE PRIMARY DEPARTMENT net; The Westminster Press. By Phebe H. Curtis Boards, 102 pages PROBLEMS OF THE INTERME- DIATE AND SENIOR TEACHER, by "The 'Unfolding Personality' ot the cWld preSents Eugene C. Foster, Boards, 68 pages, 50 one 01 the most fasclnating studies in the world." cents, net; The Westminster Pres&. THE ADULT DEPARTMENT: ITS THE JUNIORS. SCOPE AND OPPORTUNITY, by How to Teach and Train Them Ida S. Blick, Boards, 92 pages, SO cents, net; The Westminster Press. By Mrs. Maud Junkin Baldwin Boards, 110 pages THE SUNDAY SCHOOL AND THE TEENS, by John L. Alexander, cloth "The supreme aid of the Sunday .chool is to de- 12 mo. Association Press. velop to the utmost the religious life at every pupil." GUIDING BOYS OVER FOOL HILI" by A. H. McKinney, D. D., cloth 12 mo. -Dr. B. S. Winchester. ' $1.25, F. H. Revell Co. TRAINING OF THE BOY, by W. A. THE INTERMEDIATE DEPARTMENT McKeever, cloth 12 mo. $1.50, Mac- millan Co. By Eugene C. Foster Boarm, 84 pages THE AMERICAN GIRL AND HER COMMUNITY, by Margaret Slattery, "The author of this book is a well-known Sunday- Boards 12 mo. $1.25, The Pilgrim Press. school expert, a. specialist in the realm of the big GIRLHOOD AND CHARACTER, by boy and girl."-Boptist World. Mary C. Moxcey, cloth 12 mo. $1.50, Woman's Press. PROBLEMS OF THE INTERMEDIATE TRAINING OF THE GIRL, by W. A. McKeever, cloth 12 mo. $1.50, Mac- AND SENIOR TEACHER millan Co. STORIES AND STORY TELLING IN By Eugene C. Foster Boards, 68 pages MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EDUCA- TION, by Edward Porter St. John, "Interesting and helpful discussion of such topic~ Boards, 100 pages, 75 cent&, net; The as home work. attention and attendance." -Chis.. Westminster Press. 'ian Endeavor World. TALKS TO SUNDAY SCHOOL TEACHERS, by Luther Allen Weigle, THE SENIOR BOY cloth 12mo. $1.25, G. H. Doran. By Eugene C. Foster THE SUNDAY SCHOOL TEACHER Boards. 57 pages AND THE PROGRAM OF JESUS, "The understanding of the senior boy himself is by J. S. Stowell and Geo. H. TruIl, the first oosential in helping him.. Eugene C. Foster understands the senior boy.t'-Christian Standard. cloth, 160 pages, 75 cents, net; The Westminster Press. THE ADULT DEPARTMENT. LEARNING TO TEACH FROM THE Ita Scope and Opportunity MASTER TEACHER, by John A. Marquis, D. D., cloth, 92 pages, 50 By IdD. S. Blick Boards, 92 pages cents net; The Westminster Press. DEVOTIONAL LIFE OF THE SUN- uTo write a book is now a. common task; to write DAY SCHOOL TEACHER, by J. R. Miller, D. D., cloth, 120 pages, 75 abook a book that fills a niche is all too uncommon. Such cent&, net; The Westminster Press. is this."-E. C. Foster.

THE HOME DEPARTMENT By Mrs. Minnie K. L. Karnell Boards, 96 pages ~~~~:roel~l1:S tfl£l:tal~!~~a~e:~~~f pra~U~~!~ .ented ha.Ving been tested out and proved practical." -Christian Standard.

50 cents each, postpaid The Presbyterian Board of Publication (Tho Westm.inster Pres.) PHILADELPHIA AND DEPOSITORIES (Continued on page VI) Please mention THE MISSIONARY RI!VIJlw oP 'l'B~ WOIILD in writina: to advertisers The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper gains in dignity, devotion, solemnity and impressiveness through the consciousness of its being served in cups that are absolutely sanitary, and free from the dangers that are associated with public drinking-cups.

The Holy Communion There is no time in the Christian's life when he comes into closer and more intimate relationship with the Divine than when he sits at the Lord's table. The Christian examines himself and looks forward to the sacrament of communion as a season of blessing. Why not apprcach its celebration with unalloyed joy; dis- carding all fears; thinking only of the wonderful privilege?

A Time of Reverence It is now generally recognized that the Sanitary individual cup increases the attendance because it removes all fear of uncleanliness, and promotes a deeper reverence in the communicant. The Sanitary Communion Outfit Company offer an improved and sat- isfactory outfit throughout, including the highly polished beautiful mahog- any tray here shown. This tray eliminates all noise, is lighter and more easily handled than others and is more in keeping with the furniture of the church than a tray of. any other material.

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Please menti.on THJ£ MISSIONARY R~VlltW or 'tHIe WORLD in writing to advertisers LATEST SUNDAY SCHOOL j SCHOOL WORKERS "Tools" (Continuek from page Iv) for SUPERINTENDENT PLANS FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL PASTOR, TEACHER EVANGELISM, by Frank L. Brown, cloth 12 mo. $1.50, F. H. Revell Co.

HOW CAN I LEAD MY PUPILS TO CHRIST? by Edward Leigh PeIl. cloth 12 rna, $1.00, F. H. Revell.

The Meaning of the THE PUPIL AND THE TEACHER, War for Religous by Luther Allen Weigle, cloth 12 mo. Education 75 cents, G. H. Doran Co.

By Robert Wells Veach, D. D. GRADED MISSIONARY EDUCATION IN THE SUNDAY SCHOOL. by "A Book for our Day. It is iust the kind Frederica Beard, cloth 16 mo. 75 cents, American Baptist Publication Society. of a book the Church needs to read and act THE WHY AND HOW OF MISSIONS upon in these strategic days of social unrest IN THE SUNDAY SCHOOL. by Willam Brown, cloth 16 mo. 60 cents, and world reoonstruction."-Marion Law- F. H. ReveIl Company.

rance. Net, $1.50. Other Recommended Books.

GOD'S BOOK AND GOD'S BOY, by Plans for S. S. A. F. Schauffier, D. D. F. H. ReveIl Evangelism Co.

By Frank L. Brown THE GIRL IN HER TEENS, by Mar- Gen'ISec'y World's S. S. Assoc. (A mer. Section) garet Slattery, Fleming H. Revell Co.

"A book that will do immeasurable good- SUNDAY SCHOOL TIMES HANDfull of wise and helpful suggestions and plans BOOKS .(Series). S. S. Times Co. for definite work."-Herald and Presbyter. MISSIONARY METHODS FOR THE Net, $1.50 SUNDAY SCHOOL. By Geo. H. TruIl. A Working Plan for S. S. Times Co. the Church School STORIES AND STORY TELLING. by By Rev. A. E. Henry E. P. St. John.

Get this book today! Every efficient TELL ME A TRUE STORY, by Ruth Sunday School worker should read how: McEnnery Stewart, F. H. Revell Co.

I. To reach the children. • Prices are subject to change without no- II. To teach them. tice, order from your bookseller or from the III. To win their decision for Christ. MISSIONARY REVIEW Publishing Co., 156 Fifth IV. To train them for Christian service. Ave., New York.

FOR CONVENTION DELEGATES. Recommended by Frank L. Brown JAPAN OF THE JAPANESE, Longford, $3.00.

JAPAN, TODAY AND TOMORROW, Hamilton Wright Mabie, $2.00.

HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN, Clement, $1.40.

THE SPELL OF JAPAN, Isabel Ander- How Can I Lead My * son, $3.00. Pupils to Christ? JAPAN AT FIRST HAND. (Also Korea and Northern China). J. S. I. C. By Edward Leigh Pell, D. D. Clarke, $3.00.

"A new day would dawn in the Sunday THE MASTERY OF THE FAR EAST, Schools, if every teacher would read this with an open heart.-Western Recorder. Net, $1.00. (including Korea), A. J. Brown, $6.00.

THE JAPANESE NATION. Nitobe, $1.50.

CHINA OF THE CHINESE, Werner, "If I Were You" $3.00.

By S; D. Chambers . THE SPELL OF CHINA,' Keith Clark, Story Sermons from the Alphabet for Boys $3.00. . and Girls. CHINA FROM WITHIN. Charles Ernest "Simple and forceful, the illustrations are pertinent and illuminating. To pastor, Scott, $2.00. . teacher. parent and pupil comes a book full of spirit and spirituality and thoroughly AMERICA AND THE PHILIPPINES, practical."-Presbyt,ian Banner. Net, $1.00. Carl Crow.

*GUIDE TO THE JAPANESE EM-. PIRE, by Terry, $5.00.

MODERN JAPAN, by Hershey. $2.00.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF JAPAN, F!~~j!~: H. Re!~J}GO~O. b*yAnLyatboouorketwtei,n $1.50. . on receipt be sent postpaid of price indicated. Address. World's Sunday 158 Fifth Avenue 17 N. Wabash Ave. SchOOl Association, 216 Metropolitan Tower, New York, N. Y.

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P1euc mention ha M,u,o…..r RlcVIlIW or TalC WOllU> in writing to advertiser. THE OLD METHOD OF T E TEACHING THE BIBLE OLD S NEW by texts, verses, chapters, etc., ljIo matter what it may have accomplished in T the past, has utterly failed in this age. A You can teach a parrot to quote Scripture but he won't know what he is talking M about. But do not blame the parrot, intelligent human beings cannot learn the E Bible that way. N ~ 'the greatest need of the average man and women is not a profounder grasp or better appreciation of individual texts and verses but a comprehensive grasp of the book as a whole, a Bird's-eye view of the historical sweep and meaning of the Canon as a whole.

AMOS R. WELLS, in the Christian Endeavor World, says: "The Wylie Way is a graphic mode of imparting knowledge of tha Bible. The system makes ingenious use of charts, maps and other devices, and certainly succeeds finely in clarifying Bible history and making it stick in the memory. We commend these helps to Sunday school teachers and all other Christian Workers. 'they will do what they claim to do, make the Word of God vital in a life."

Pastors who are not satisfied with their Prayer Meetings should try "'the Wylie Way," It is published in text-book form and also in correspondence courses by Publishing 122 East 25th St, Company New York City ~BOOKS WlTw)lll "EVERYDAY LIFE" BOOKS V ~~ PURPOSE INSPIRATIONAL, DEVOTIONAL Compact. handy. pocket edition volume•• printed on thin paper. boundlin art leather cloth. round cornered. INSPIRATIONAL. DEVOTIONAL books. with brief. daily scripture passages, an invigorating message for each day, and stimulating weekly comment-huilt around some central theme.

Building on Rock, HENRY KINGMAN Seeks to meet the demand of our day for reality in religion by studying what Jesus showed to be essential to a life built on eternal foundations. Arranged for daily reading and study during ten weeks. .90.

Marks of a World Christian, DANIEL JOHNSON FLEMING An analysis of "the mind which each Christian should bring to bear upon the world, .. in these days when we need to realize that we must be world Christians if Christians at all. Arranged for daily reading and study during nine weeks. .90.

Meaning of Prayer • .90lHarry Emer~on FOSDICK'S Meam·ng of Faith, Manhood of the Mas•ter•, "Everyday LIfe" book. which 1.10 con tI'nue t he·lr p h enomena I .~ appeal.

Sh~l we send you a complete list of "Everyday Life" books. and a catalog of uBooks with Purpo.e·o1 Ask your bookstore ASSOCIA TION PRESS or write to us 347 Madison Avenue, NEW YORK Please mention THIC MISSIONARY Rltvncw 0'8 'tHJt WOlt:I.D in writinr to advertisers

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EVIEW, VOL. MAY, [920 XLIII TURKEY IN TURMOIL W ESTERN ASIA, stretching from the Aegean Sea to the Caspian and from the Black Sea ,and the Caucasus Moun-· tains to the Persian Gulf, is in a state of unrest more alarm- . ing and disorganized than ever before during the last century. The Allies have been in Constantinople in force for more than a year, and officially took possession of the city recently, when the Marash atrocities against Armenians became known. Constanti- nople, however, does not control the interior of Turkey, since Mus- tapha Kemal Pasha, a revolutionist at the head of an army of Turks estimated at from twenty to one hundred thousand well armed men, holds the interior of Asia Minor and Anatolia. Mus- tapha was a member of the Union and Progress Party under Enver, and several members of that old party of ill repute are in the Cabinet at Constantinople.

In the meantime, Feisal, the son of Husein, King of the Hedjaz, has set himself up in Damascus· as King of the state or federation embracing Mesopotamia, ~rabia, Syria and Palestine, and he has warned the Allies there to evacuate the territory. The French have been fiercely attacked in Oilicia by Mustapha and his Nationalist forces reinforced by armed irregulars. Mter three weeks of fight- ing, the French were compelled to retire upon Aintab, where the buildings of Central Turkey Oollege were turned into a fort and put into readiness for a prolonged siege. In Marash and neighboring villages this attack upon the French was accompanied by fiendish atrocities committed upon the unarmed and helpless Armenians. Several thousands of these-just how many will probably never be known-were horribly murdered, including women and children. The American missionaries and relief workers remained with the remnant of the people after the French retired.

32ll

It is reported that Oorfa, a relief and mission station in Mesopotamia near the Baghdad Railway and recently occupied by the }~rench, has also been evacuated. The forces of Mustapha are now across the road that leads from Aintab to Aleppo. It :WaS upon this road a few miles out from Aintab that two American Relief workers, James Perry and Frank Johnson, were killed on February 2. Possibly they were mistaken for French officers,-;as the marauding bands who infest all Cilicia seem to have no contest with the Americans. The Turks are organized for guerrilla warfare, while the French have no aeroplane~ or wireless apparatus or even mounts for their men.

The interior of Anatolia and Asia Minor is in a state of ~ alarming unrest. The Turks have been arming themselves and the . Armenians are naturally in a state of terror. No Allied forces could reach those regions except after long delay.

In Transcaucasia, where are the three Republics, Georgia, Azberaijan and Armenia, disorder prevails. The Bolshevists are making a strong bid for the territory and they have a fair chance to win unless something decisive is done soon. The Tartars of Azerbaijan are hostile to the Armenians; having but recently begun attacks upon them. None of these Republics is armed and. equipped to resist successfully a concerted attack.

The Allies, exhausted by the war, are at their wits' end. The French backed by Lloyd-George and his advisers are determined to keep the Sultan at Constantinople, while others of the British, represented by Lord Bryce and Lord Robert Cecil, would send him into the interior. The Bolsheviks claim that Constantinople was promised to Russia and they are now ready to receive it. The Greeks say Constantinople belongs by right to them. England, France and Italy hold the city with the help of the machinery of the Turkish Government, but none of them could hold it alone without the consent of the others. Military occupation of the city will have about as much effect upon the pacification of the country as the military occupation of Portland, Maine, would have upon a riotous strike in San Francisco.

The French propose to withdraw their claim upon Cilicia'and Lesser Armenia and turn the entire area back to the Turks, thus again exposing the large non-Moslem population there-many of them returned Armenian exiles and orphans-to government by massacre. At the same time the French maintain that they must have Syria because they need its wealth of cotton, silk and wheat products.

The King-Crane Commission, which made a thorough investigation of conditions, reported last August to the Paris Supreme Coun- -oil that the Arabs, Syrians and Turks would never accept the French as a mandatory power. They made it .clea:r th.~t if :Franc~

EDITORIAL COMMENT

attempted to hold control of any part of that country she would have to win it by war. Events of the past two months demonstrate the accuracy of the conclusion of the Commission. The Turks are in a position to resist vigorously the occupation of the territory by France, Greece and Italy i and in Syria and Arabia will have the cooperation of the Arabs and the Syrians as well as of the Bedouins in Palestine.

Armenia, named in the Covenant of the League of Nations "the ward of civilization," lies prostrate and bleeding. The decision to leave the Turks in control shatters the hope of a united and protected Armenia in her ancestral home. The half million or more Armenian refugees now receiving aid from America through the Near East Relief, at the hands of some 500 American agents on the ground, will not be able to return to their homes in Turkish Armenia so long as it is under the control of the Turks, and the chances are that those who are now in the country will be compelled to flee to avoid annihilation.

If the United States had early ratified the Treaty and expressed her willingness to aid in peaceably solving the problem, these conditions might have been avoided. America has held for months the key to a situation which for its perplexing and downright peril has not been surpassed or hardly equaled by any other post-war question. The entire country is covered by American missionaries and American workers under the Near East Relief. These seem to be the only 'Ones who are caring for the affiicted and stricken peoples. Their presence inspires in the breast 'Of the discouraged a faint ray of hope that the Christian heart of America will not leave them to be absolutely and forever cut off from the land of the living. America cannot wash her hands of responsibility. What shall we say in that day when He that sitteth upon the throne shall say, !'Inasmuch as ye did it not unto them, ye did it not unto Me."

MISSIONARY COOPERATION IN LATIN AMERICA S OME OF the benefits of cooperative planning are seen in the work of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America which was ,one outcome of the Panama Conference in 1916. At the time of that Conference, Latin America was little known as a mission field, and the thirty Protestant mission societies doing work there had never been united by considering any program for the evangelization of the Latin Americans. There was no union work in education, publication, hospitals or evangelism.

Only in Porto Rico, Cuba and Brazil had there been any attempt at division of territory. Even socially and commercially North and South, America were ;n;torf )Vi.~ely s,eparateQ. thaI) were America ,and Asia. ..

The Panama Conference and the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America have been influential in effecting a great change. Knowledge has increased, travel has become more common, commerce has grown and missionary forces have unitedly considered the best way to accomplish their common task in the twenty Latin American lands. The Committee has done its work through a central committee of which Robert E. Speer is Chairman and Samuel Guy Inman, Secretary, by correspondence and conferences and by printed literature and reports. The results include the better distribution of territory among cooperating Boards in Porto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina and Paraguay. Detailed studies have been made of each country to determine the best way to effect their more thorough evangelization. The program adopted includes the occupation of neglected fields, the establishment of union colleges, theological seminaries, magazines and presses and other cooperative work.

Among the achievements of the Committee last year were the following, as shown in the report of Secretary Inman: 1. The division of territolY. among the cooperating societies in Mexico.

2. A personal survey of the hitherto neglected fields of Haiti, Santo Domingo and the formation of a plan for occupying that island.

3. The launching of the monthly Christian Review in Spanish, entitled "La Nueva Democracia." Many articles have also been furnished to the press in North American and lantern slides have been prepared for public lectures.

4. A missionary survey of Latin America and the drawing up of a budget and proposals for a five year program. ..

5. Arranging for a regional Conference in Central America. Several small conferences have been held in New York to formulate programs for Argentine, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela and Cuba.

6. The employment of a Secretary of literature for Brazil, a Secre- tary of education and a Secretary of cooperation for Mexico.

7. The publication of a directory of missionaries, mission schools and literature in Latin America.

8. Preparation of a Spanish Sunday School Lesson Commentary.

Publication of temperance literature in Spanish. The opportunity for temperance work is increasing.

9. Beginning of Union Seminaries in Porto Rico and Brazil. The seminary in Porto Rico has twenty-three students.

10. Opening of a union bookshop in Santiago, Chile.

One of the important projects being promoted in Cuba by the Committee on Cooperation is a larger union Evangelical Church and Social Center to cost about $250,000. The need of such a center about which to rally evangelical Christian forces is seen in the growing commercial importance of Havana and the increasing English-speaking population. It is estimated that over 50,000 tourists come and go through Havana every year. Other agencies ~re establishing amusement centers of an undesirable character

EntTOlllAL

and there is need for a definite and thoroughly organized evangelical Christian work, especially for the young people.

Many will be surprised to know that there are already seven union missionary enterprises in Mexico. These include two secretaries for cooperation work, a union church, union seminary, union periodical, union printing press and union book store. Nine Boards are cooperating in these enterprises. Other cooperative work planned includes a union university, two union agricultural schools, a union hospital and a union trading school for women-all in Mexico. For Cuba, three union enterprises are in operation and four others are on the program. For Porto Rico three are established and another is proposed; for Santo Domingo and Haiti the entire work is planned on a union basis; in Panama the- college, training school and English Church are union institutions; in Chile there are four union forms of work and another is planned; Argentina has two in operation and another proposed; a union faculty has been approved for Uruguay; Brazil has a Union Theological Semiary and a University Federation, a secretary for union literary work and a union hospital with proposals for other forms of union work.

Thi"S program and achievement indicates real foresight, and marks encouraging progress in the past five years. The recent Central American Conference, held in Guatemala city in March, was unusually successful in bringing the workers into closer cooperation, in emphasis "On high standards of work and in outlining a program for effective work during the years ahead.

CHRISTIAN EDUCATION IN AMERICA A CCORDING to Dr. W. S. Athearn, Director of the Depart- ment of Religious Education of the Interchurch WorId Move- ment, there are 27,000,000 children of school age in the United States who are untouched by religious education. He suggests that a census of education be taken, patterned on the national census, to prepare for a more efficient program of Christian education. Even in secular schools a crisis is imminent because of the wholesale resignations of teachers (140,000 in 1919), in most cases because of the inadequate salaries paid. Since Ohristian education is the bulwark of America, it is especially important that Christian schools and colleges should be enabled to provide proper facilities to give a high grade education, under capable instructors.

The fact"S that demand the attention of those interested in the promotion of Christianity include the unreached millions; the inadequate funds supplied for Christian education; the number of immature and untrained teachers and officers now employed; the unsatisfactory curriculum material and the limited time given to

'religious teaching. It is important that Christians become ac. quainted with the facts" plan a pl'Ogram, supply funds, furnish good text books and train teachers to make it possible to give a Christian education to every child in America. This education must be promoted in the home as well as in the churches, and should be fostered and not undermined by the teaching given in the day schools of the land. A group of editors of religious journals recently pledged their support to a bill introduced into Congress providing for a Secretary of Education in the President's Cabinet, and for Federal appropriations to encourage states to promote education.

WORK FOR THE COMING GENERATION W HEN OUR Lord said: "Suffer little children to come unto Me and forbid them not," He laid the foundations for the SUllJday-school. 1;he nature of the training we give to the children· and youth of the present generation helps to determine the, character of the next. The saving and the education of children is the most effective form of missionary work. It is less costly than saving and training adults but to be effective it requires. expenditure, it calls for sacrifice.

Only God can measure the debt we owe to those who have founded and conducted Sunday-schools at home and abroad. They have given themselves, their time, their talent'S, their money without ,stint. They have helped to make up for some of the shortcomings of parents and of secular governments and school'S;, but their services have been very inadequately recognized. The Sunday-school workers have combated dishonesty, intemperance, immorality, ignorance, idleness and unloveliness in every form. They have cooperated with the best influences of the home, the school and the state to make intelligent, Christian citizens and loving servants of God and man in all walks of life. In America, the Sunday-schools have been bulwarks of civilization; in non-Christian lands they have been pioneers, and have won and educated the coming leadersl• They have not waited to re-form broken vessels, but have undertaken to mold the plastic clay. The Sunday-school is a soul-winning and world-saving organization that Christ has used to produce large and lasting results.

Today, there are estimated to be over 35,000,000 members of the Protestant Christian Sunday-schools throughout the world. About one-half of these are in North America, and one-third of them are in non-Christian lands or in mission territory. The International Sunday-'School Association promotes the work in North.A.nmrica, and th'e World's Sunday School Association unifiies and directs the work in other lands. The annual expenditure of the WorId's Asso-

19~] EDITORIAL COMMENT "327

. eiation., is less than $50,000, but with this small amount oj money, it directs 300,000 character-producing schools, trains workers and . supplies materials in Europe, Africa, Asia, Latin America and the . Pacific Islands. At least five times this amount of money is needed to care for this work. The articles in this number of the REVIEW show some of the wonderful work that is being done in various parts of the world. Fifty additional secretaries are required for the mission fields, and adequate Sunday-school literature should be prepared and published.

The achievements of the Sunday-school workers in mission lands since the last World's Convention in 1913 have been remark- able. For example, Brazil had then a membership of only 21,448 in: her Protestant Sunday-schools; now there are 60,000. In Panay, Philippine Islands, there were then 2,500 Sunday-school pupils; now there are 8,000. Field secretaries have been placed in South America, Egypt, Japan, Korea, Palestine and the Philippines. The "Surplus Material Department" has been established, and every year directs the sending of tons of valuable equipment from American Sunday-schools to the missionaries. In America, muoo of this material would have been discarded as useless; on the mission fields it is proving invaluable. The World's Sunday School Secretaries have also directed hundreds of teacher training clas~es, and the production or translation of scores of Sunday- school helps. .The whole aim of the Sunday-school is to lead the coming generation to know and to follow Jesus Christ. The Bible is the divinely inspired text book, and saints are the teachers and leaders. Active workers and thooo who supply the necessary funds have the honor of sharing in the planting, the watering and in the harvesting .with its abundant reward.

'THE PLANS FOR "THE TOKYO CONVENTION" WORLD'S Sunday School Convention, to be held in . . Tokyo in October of 1920, is a supreme challenge which comes at a strategic time in the world's history, From one to two thousand Christian delegates from many countries expect to go to Tokyo to emphasize the universal need of religious education and to show through addresses, exhibits, conferences, pageants and other demonstrations, the best tested methods for the building of per- sonal, home and national character through Bible teaching and personal work.

The question has been asked :-"Why go to the Orient and why to Tokyo?" The answer is simple. As the World's Sunday School Association exists only for service to the missionary Boards upon foreign fields, it will be strategic to hold the Convention at the gateway of the great mission field of the Far East, where nearly

300,000,000 children and youth are waiting the coming of the Gospel. The invitation to the Convention was issued in 1913 by the Christian forces of Japan when the late Mr. H. J. Heinz and a group of Sunday-school business men were visiting Japan in the interest of the extension of Sunday-school work. This invita- . tion was backed up by some leading Japanese who expressed Japan's need for religious education and their desire to be informed through the Association as to the methods used in Christian countries to promote character through the Sunday-schools.

Japan is preparing to receive 1,500 delegates during the period of the Convention. These will be cared for in European and Japanese hotels, missionary homes and possibly 700 in Japanese homes; To be entertained in Japanese homes will be a rare opportunity for visitors.

The Japanese Committee is thoroughly organized into a number of sub-committees and is erecting a hall near the Tokyo railway station and the Imperial Palace. This hall will have a dining room to care for 1000 and will cost approximately 150,000 yen ($75,000).

The Y. M. C. A. building will be given over to the Convention during the ten days of its sessions. The large auditorium of this building holding about 1500 people, will be used for stereop- ticon and motion picture exhibits of Sunday-school work the :morld around. Lectures are to be given continuously during the after- noons and in the evening. They will be attended chiefly by Jap- anese and students in the universities and high schools of Tokyo will be in attendance in relays. In this way it is hoped to visualize Christian work in all fields for the students and other Japanese of Tokyo. .

The gyinnasium and other rooms in the Y. M. C. A. will be given over to an educational Sunday-school exhibit of a high order and gathered from every field, showing the character and progress of the work of religious education including such special features as child welfare, temperance and religious art.

Through cooperation with the Japanese Committee reservations for the American and English delegates have been made on twelve Pacific steamers, which will sail at various times between July 30 to. September 23, from San Francisco, Seattle and Vancouver.

Three· of these steamers, the Siberia Maru, Suwa Maru, and Monteagle will have all of their space reserved for delegates.

From eleven to eighteen days of shipboard relationships under these conditions with a program varied daily, will be of itself a fellowship to be remembered. Addresses. will be given to preparo the delegates for the convention and to make the best impression upon the Japanese with whom they come into contact.

Wihile too early to give the numbers of the various delegations,

EDITORIAL CO~MENT

advices are in hand showing representation from Germany, Switzerland, Holland, England, Scotland, Wales, Uruguay, Brazil, Egypt, India, Philippines, Australia, South Africa, and China. Korea has applied for at least 250 reservations and one Japanese is opening his home to 17 Korean delegates.

The American delegation is gathered from all the States and includes many notable people. The Canadian Committee representing all missionary and denominational and interdenominational Sunday-schOool organizations asks reservations for 250, and Penn- sylvania has applied for over 100, John Wanamaker being among the number. The. program of the convention will cover ten days. The general theme will be "The Sunday School and World Progress." The daily themes are a development of this general theme and are progressive in their treatment. They are: The World Progress of the Sunday School. Jesus Christ' the World's Redeemer. The Bible-God's Revelation to the W orId. The Rights of the Child. The Sunday School and World Evangelism. The Sunday School and Education. The Sunday School and the Community. The Sunday School and National Life. The Sunday School and Christian Internationalism.

Both preceding and following the Convention IIlIi.ny tours are planned to include mission stations as well as other points of interest in Japan, Korea, China and the Philippines. A number of groups. of Sunday-school specialists will visit points of interest to address gatherings of business men, educators, civic leaders and Sunday-school workers. These men and women will present the plans and message of religious education to earnest inquirers. In these groups will be some of the world's strongest leaders in these fields, who will express the last word of Christian progress and through whose stirring presentation it is hoped Japan and the whole world shall be influenced for Christian education.

Post conventions of one day each will be held in such centers as Seoul, Peking, Nanking, Shanghai, Hongkong, Singapore, Cairo and Jerusalem. In these conventions, a pageant and special music will be presented by the students of the Christian schools at each center and speakers of international reputation will deliver addresses. Thus the Message of the Sunday-school will be carried around the world.

The Tokyo Convention should register the faith of the Christian Church in the Sunday-school as the place for right training of the. children and youth of the world for Christian service and world saving.

. 1,00 – – – – – – – WORLD SU1'lDMSCHOOLEmtOLMENT U,NITEo STA.TES 17. 715, ZI?4 NEGROES I, 67'i!., 881 CANADA&'LAB'DOR 1,540, Jl7 • BRITISH IS~S 9,000,.000 • EUROPE 2.:300,000 . l • MOSLEM LANDS 50,000 %.~L"ND .fNDlA&.BURMA. 1-'t0,009, 600,000 "CHltlA ZOO,OOO 1 • JAPAN & KOREA 310, 000 fiGURES HEA:oqy.AI~:rERS-N:EvI7YOlU'" • THE PHILIPPINES .ep,OOO .. ABM RIETRtISCHA~N He:1'DQ..UAEcrERS – LONDON ~LATIN AM£RlCA Z80,OOP ih.EACH Q;JUNTaY . BHOW THE MEMBEF.SHIP 'AFRICA .74:0,000 FORE1<3.N.SECRETAF<~S – ••.~T!:'ER "AND 5 1;000;000. oj l'B-OTESTAH'T SU1'IDAY SCHOOLS, ACCORDING CHINA. JAP.AN KORE;A -t'oLATE5T REPORTS 'EST~~ 35,458,22:1: PHILIPPINES INDIA EGYPT LATIN AMERICA A SUNDAY-SCHOOL PAGEANT IN MANILA-A CLOSED AND AN OPEN W orId Wide Sunday SchoolWork BY FRANK L. BROWN, NEW YORK Secretary of the World's Sunday School ASS<lciation T HIS IS the Sunday-school century. Leaders in Chu~h 'a~d State are turning for a solution of pressing riational and lnt~r­ national problems to religious education, and to the Sunday- school as the most important agency in religious education. ' We a,re beginning to realize that more time must be given to its e.ducational program, more money must be spent upon its equipment. – As .the agency which realizes ninety per cent of the Church's dividelllis 'in new members and workers, it must be given a higher rating, better financial support and a larger devotion on the part of the Church.

In the year 1000 the nominally Christian population of .the world was reckoned at 50,000,000; in the year 1500 it – was ~00,- 000,000; in 1800 there were 200,000,000, and in 1920 at l~a.st 600,- 000,000 nominal Christians in all branches of the Church.. At l.east part of this large increase in the last century can bE) a~tribute9 to the Sunday-school, which came into .special prominence w:ith the introduction of the Robert Raikes School in 1881 atGJoJloos;ter, Englanl. The Wesleys wrought the Sunday-school intotl).eirsys- tem with results that give the Methodists nearly one-third of .the Sunday-school membership in America. . ' ., In 1781 there were less than one hundred Christian missionaries in the world. Now there are over 23,000, most of them the pro9~cts of the Sunday-school. .. ,

In 1781 the Bible was translated into only forty-six dialects. Now it is found in over 500 dialects, including seven-tenths of human speech.

In 1781 four-nfths of the world was closed to missionary effort. Today the world is wide open.

The missionaries of the last century have always majored upon the Sunday-school as their surest method of entering the home, building up the Ohurch and winning a native leadership. Their methods have necessarily varied with the conditions upon the field, and with the growth of Ohristian education there. These variations run all the way from the children of the unorganized village Sunday-school, meeting under the open sky with the lesson taught by the aid of a picture scroll, to the school of the village or city church, the city mission school and the Sunday-school session of the Ohristian high school or college.

The estimate placed by the missionaries upon the church build· ing value of the Sunday-school was repeatedly evidenced by testimony in the Oontinuation Oommittee Oonferences conducted by Dr. John R. Mott in India, Ohina, Korea and Japan. As a result of these testimonies, Dr. Mott expressed himself as strongly favoring an increased emphasis upon the Sunday-school in foreign mission- any work. One leading Japanese missionary said to me: "We cannot hope to win more than one in ten thousand of the adult Japanese. We can do anything with children of the· Sunday-schools, and the door is wide open for these schools."

A Ohinese missionary said: "One million in the .Sunday-schools of Ohina will mean one million Ohristians ten years hence."

A Hindu said: HWe were not afraid of you so long as you were lopping off the old branches (through the conversion of adults), but when you began with the children in Sunday-school, then we saw that the axe was laid at the root of the tree; then we began to fear you." And India's 600,000 in the Sunday-school is a most hopeful promise for a Ohristian India, if that movement is greatly extended.

The Sunday-school in non-Ohristian lands and communities is vitally related to the successful progress of Ohristianity, as may be seen from the following facts: 1. The Sunday-school opens the way for the Gospel in places where otherwise it would be difficult to enter. The Southern Presbyterian Church in Korea specialized in opening village Sunday-schools where there had been no previous Ohristian work. The picture cards, the Gospel singing, the glad new story, brought large numbers of children, and through them the parents. Soon these children were learning the Beatitudes, the 23d Psalm and the Lord's Prayer.

In a Japanese village a crippled boy heard the Gospel for the .

WORLD WIDE SUNDAY SCHOOL WORK

first time, from an itinerating misssionary. He yielded himself to Christ, secured some Sunday-school lesson leaves from the missionary, opened and superintended a Sunday-school in that place, and went down the road to two other villages as yet unreached; opened Sunday-school on week nights and himself taught those people the Word.

The open air street Sunday-school in India always brings both children and parents as sympathetic listeners. The picture cards Bud the lesson scroll are fine adjuncts in impressing the truth.

In Cairo, Egypt, the children go from the mission Sundayschool to their homes, and it is the practice of each pupil to immediately gather a group of relatives and other children about him and repeat the lesson of the day.

The Sunday-schools of the Philippines are extending the Gospel to hundreds of out of the way places and are multiplying the Evang.el many fold. The Sunday-schools and day schools established by that splendid layman, Mr. Morris, in Buenos Aires, have recovered hundreds of boys and girls from the slums of .the city to become the industrial specialists of Argentina. Missionaries find that the Sunday-school kindergarten is frequently the beginning of the Church in new and different fields. Parents visit the school to see for themselves what it is that is so changing the conduct of their children at home.

2. The Sunday-school gives training in Christian service for Christian native students. All over the world the native Christian young people are eager for Sunday-school service as an expression of their love for Christ.

In the city of Hiroshima, Japan, I had presented the challenge of Sunday-school service to the students in the splendid Girl's School. At the close of the meeting some sixty of the girls gave their hearts to Christ and asked to become Sunday-school teachers, saying, "Where so much that is noble is being done in the world must we not have some part 7" These girls went .out by twos around Hiroshima to teach groups of Jap·anese children gathered in the room of some Japanese home. And every year in that school the graduating class of girls asks for this service in their last year of school life.

The young men in the Christian schools of Japan, China, Korea and the Philippines accept Sunday-school service as a legitimate and natural expression of their Christian lives. One such group of Christian high school boys at Pyeng Yang, Korea, had carried on a few weeks of meetings in the villages nearby during the Christmas holidays, and over 3000 were converted as a result.

The idealism of these young people of foreign lands responds to this fine challenge for service as Sunday-school teachers and Christian workers, and the Sunday-school as an institution in every

land affords them a place for training to become skilled workmen.

n is the custom of the missionaries to hold a meeting of these students in Christian schools to train them in method and material for the Sunday-school lesson teaching. These meetings are really institutes in the science of teaching.

3. The Sunday-school is the surest and best method of winning converts. This is true in America. With the subsidence of the first waves of adult interest in the presentation of the Gospel in such lands as Korea and India the work of world winning will depend more and more upon the Sunday-school.

The increasing purpose of governments in mission lands to' control primary education will work for the gradual abolition of the Christian primary mission day school. This is true in Korea and in time will be true in· Ohina.

The separation of Church and State in Europe and elsewhere will throw upon the Sunday-school the burden of the religious education and character formation of the young.

These conditions will greatly enha.nce the importance and opportunity of the Sunday-school as the agency of missions everywhere for the ingathering of the raw materials through the Sunday-school, for working up into finished Christian character through the life and work of the Sunday-school teacher and the further help of some secondary Christian school and later the Christian college.

In the special evangelistic services held by the Christian Church in Japan it was found that the converts in most instances were those who had received some instruction in the mission Sunday-schools of Japan. "A little child shall lead them." This is the open sesame to nearly any home in any land.

4. The character output of the Sunday-school has greatly impressed non-Christian leaders.

Baron Shibusawa in addressing a group of Chicago Christian business men said that he had sought in Japan for some method for the production of honesty and character. He discovered that the Christian Sunday-schools in Japan produced the character he sought. And Baron Shibusawa is now one of the financial backers of the Tokyo Convention.

A mother brought her two daughters to a Christian school in Japan saying, "I would like to enter my daughters and I wish you would put on their faces the same polish I see on the faces of the other girls in this schooL"

The Chinese Mercury of Shanghai, in an editorial on the day following the great Sunday-school demonstration, said: " Never have we seen in any Chinese gathering faces more eloquent of fine character, complete self-control, or greater benevolence. Young Shanghai is a type of Young Ohina) freed from many of the fetters

WIDE SUNDAY SCHOOL WORK 335·

of bldsupeJ:stitions j emancipated in the case of women from the , effects of milleniums of enforced ignorance and seclusion j bright; ; cneery, ' intellectual types which any country might well be proud .'

of j and which, if China is to be reinvigorated at all, may be trusted to perforin the task. If Sunday-school work growsiri China; as we hope to see it do, the days of crying wrong and uni~ all versaJ. ¢orruption, and of all grosser evils, are numbered. Towrorig '

in shapes, the Sunday-school spirit is an enemy, open, earn~stj . d e'terriiined; " '.

12,000 AT A SUNDAY SCHOOL RALLY IN TOKYO, JAPAN 5. The Sunday-school is indigenous to every land. The Sunday-school appeals to the child and the adult in every foreign :field. Through its lessons, its music, its exercises, its illustrative material, its organization and social touch, its reach into the weekday life, its resulting happiness of hfe, it is popular with all classes. There is no land where, rightly led , and demonstrated, it has failed to become the Mecca of childhood and the center of home and community reconstruction. In the city of Nagasaki, Japan, communities once unsafe hav~, by the confession of the police, become transformed by the establishment of Sunday-schools~ In the city of Rio de Janeiro, a hill district, the worst in the city, has needed no police since it Portuguese Christian young man organized a Sunday-school in that section. '

The popufarity of the Sunday-school has been demonstrated by such organized SundaY-f;lchool parades as have .occurred in

Tokyo where 12,000 Sunday-school scholars paraded in front of the grounds of the Emperor's palace; in Seoul where 16,000 were numbered in one Sunday-school demonstration in the grounds of the old palace; in Shanghai, where 10,000 Sunday-school students formed the remarkable gathering in that city to which the Chinese Mercury, quoted above, called attention; in Manila, where 5,000 Sunday-school members knelt under the open sky in the baseball park and dedicated themselves to better schools and bigger schools; in Rosario, Argentine, where 2,500 Protestant Sunday-school scholars sang the "Glory" song in the largest theatre of the city and then marched through the streets, astonishing the people by the size and orderliness of the gathering, to one of the plazas of the city.

The Sunday-school serves as a unifying force for Christian work in every land.

Developed through wise organization adequately backed financially by the Mission Boards and Christian layman so that it can supply a 'Sufficient number of trained leaders at strategic national centers, the Sunday-school movement promises to be the greatest force upon the mission field in the conversion of the people, the establishment o·f Christian homes, the transformation of communities, the creation of a Christian leadership and. the organizat.ion and strengthening of the Christian Church in these lands.

It can only fail in its great mission as the Church shall fail to rise to the vision of its possibilities and shall limit it by insufficient financial support.

WHEN WILL OUR TURN COME?

I hear the chi1d~en crying in the night- The little children: "God of stars and sun, We do not like the darkness; send down light, From where there is so much to where there's none: Fireflies and flowers we love, and all things bright, But in our hearts it's dark: Dear God, send light!

"A little Child, we've heard, Thou once didst send- Light to the heart of all the world to be; And so we think, dear God, Thou didst intend Some light for little children such as we.

For what a child can bring a child can take; Then give us light, dear God, for that Child's sake.

"And if it be there is no light to spare– Dear God, forgive if what we ask is wrong, We're only heathen children-is it fair That others should have all the light so long?

We would not wish that they should have our night, But when :will our turn come to have the light?" -Selected.

Necessity for ChristIan

The Sunday School's Responsibility for a World Community BY PROF. NORMAN E. RICHARDSON, EVANSTON, ILLINOIS Department of Religious Education, Northwestern University T HE PROPOSED League of Nations at best is but an instru- ment of the international mind. Any attempt to set up a world government without the prior consideration of a world community is abstract and visionary speculation. World government is but the creature of the massed intelligence and moral insight of the civilized world. Without the world community there 'Can be no world government.

. World democracy has no concrete meaning until the tides of public opinion have been able to create and sustain the moral ideals which are its only sure foundation. Not until a substantial majority or controlling area of humanity has committed itself to the law of goodwill, of mutual confidence, of service, is it safe to experiment with any political scheme that undertakes to embrace the world. The League of Nations would be prematurely born if there were no substantial spiritual leaders to foster and care for it. The real question is-can any world government be born at this time and live T Would it be the creature of a living, social organism? If it should be born would it grow up to maturity?

The creation of this living social organism, this vital spiritual entity, which we call world community, depends for its origin and continued existence upon five fundamental factors.

I. A bold, clear, concept of a world community, concrete and definite 'in outline, yet capable of infinite enrichment in detail, must be formulated. But such a concept has already been formulated by the inspired writers of the Bible. The Kingdom of God as -taught by Jesus was not restricted to any particular race or nation 'or class. In the story of Peter, the Jew and Cornelius, the Italian, we see this ideal actually bursting through the boundaries of. nationalism and including all those who fear God and live good lives. It contemplates a universal brotherhood, the bonds of which care peace and goodwill. It knows no lordship that does not rest 1Upon service. The humility and trustfulness of the little child :point to its conspicuous mark of greatness. It requires of its ·citizens an unrestricted spirit of neighborliness. It teaches that ;all should love one another.

The Kingdom of God contains all of the essentials of a democratic community. It points out the insecurity of a world unified through force or commercial ambition or ecclesiastical mar 337

chinery. It includes universal brotherhood, universal respect for the moral law, disarmament, love of liberty, fidelity in keeping moral obligations, international peace and universal justice. It is the verdict of history that the realization of a world community is absolutely dependent upon the ability and· the desire of substantial groups in every nation to hold and to understand this sublime concept.

II. This concept or ideal must be held vividly and uninterruptedly before the minds of succeeding generations. We believe;in the immortality of the Christian Church. Kingdoms and governments rise and fall but the Church remains. Christianity in s01ne organized form, will never cease to hold its precious heritage, its vision of the ideal social order embracing the entire human race. This vision may temporarily be clouded by the moral miasmas of the dark ages. Its ability to make headway against skepticism, agnosticism, materialism, naturalism, and infidelity may not always be apparent. But full credit should be given to what has actually been accomplished. After nineteen centuries of toil under the m()st disheartening handicaps, the teaching Church has never yet surrendered her ideal, her banner of universal goodwill has never yet touched the ground of compromise or surrender.

Let not anyone think that the inclusiveness of vision, the interracial confidence and goodwill, the sensitive appreciation of the integrity and the infallibility of international treaties, and other aspects of the present international mind are the product of forces that have their rise in a single generation. The comparatively recent happenings that have filled some minds with hope concerning the possibility of a world government in the immediate future can be traced to the influence of this ancient ideal. It WaS two thousand five-hundred years ago when the prophet Isaiah wrote: " • • " and He shall judge between the nations and will decide concerning many peoples; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks, nation shall not lift up sword against nation neither shall they learn war any more." III. In order to overcome socially disintegrating forces, this concept of world community will have to make a direct and power.:- ful appeal to the altruistic and social instincts of humanity and receive the support of the massed consciences of the morally enlightened sections of the entire race. Eminent students of our past civilization have pointed out that it has been founded largely upon fQrce. The right to survive has been identified with the p~y~ical fitness to survive. Lust for power has been one of the strongest and most prevalent motives. The rights of the weak have been ignored by the strong. Whole areas of our much vaunted civilization have been permeated to the core by the pagan philosophy o~

THE NECESSITY FOR CHRISTIAN EDUCATION

force. For the past thousand years there has scarcely been a decade that has not witnessed war.

Slowly through the centuries the Christian ideal, which is the utter negation of pagan force, has been gently appealing to a different group of motives. The response to, this appeal has been made by an ever enlarging multitude. Germany, the finest flower of the philosophy of force, has been overthrown. With her crushing defeat all hope of building a world cOIllIl;lunity on force has perished. Distrust of the social order thus constituted has swept like wildfire through whole areas of international intelligence. Make all future wars impossible is the universal cry of an increasingly altruistic humanity.

Thus it is that snddenly all organizations and institutions which in any way stand responsible for these moral ideals, find themselves directly responsible for the building and the upholding of the new social order. Their attitude is no longer defensive, it is offensive. History proclaims that they have now the right to claim the field. The ruling ideas of the civilized world have at last come to be the ideas which the Sunday-school has been implanting in the minds and hearts of succeeding generations.

The Sunday-school occupies a foremost place in this group of institutions. It is now called upon to formulate and carry through successfully a program of education that will make it possible for the members of the entire human race to think together, to understand and respect each other, to have common standards of value. There can be no substantial social integration without moral homogeneity. A common international purpose, ideal and ambition can exist only as a result of common judgment with respect to right and wrong. An immoral world community is a contradiction of terms. A· platform of morality sustained and sanctioned by the Christian religion is the only one that is strong enough to bear the weight of a world community. The Sundayschool program of the teaching of Christian Bible truths must be extended into every part of America and Europe, and into every mission field.

Henceforth the governing motives of the social order cannot be commercial, political, military or racial. To combine selfish interests in a common selfish bond is to create the condition out of which social disaster is sure to come. The seeds of discord are planted where the method of integration is other than Christian. To create and foster a spirit of altruism not in America alone, but in every nation, is the immediate challenge of the present world situation to the Sunday-school. A world-wide educational crisis is arising. Political covenants, international in character, demand substantial international morality. There is imperative need of a new type of statesnian, publicist, financier, diplomat.

"When Llo.yd Geo.rge asked: ".Are we to lapse back into. the old world rivalries, animosities, and competitive armaments, or are we to. initiate the reign o.n earth o.f the Prince o.f Peace 7" he threw down a challenge to the Sunday-school. Rush orders on a gigantic scale are now being received fo.r these standards of value, for these loyalties, which center around the Kingdom of God idea. The Sunday-school is twenty-five years behind the Po.litical times. There is too little of morality in the world to. support those states- men who are thinking in terms of a world government. Only by the most heroic efforts, by the introduction of the most efficient educa- tional machinery, can the teaching Church meet this crisis success- fully.

IV. In order to become sufficiently dynamic, this ideal of world comm'lJlnity must receive the hearty sanetion and support of religion. The super-organization of society can have no secure basis which is not moral. The moral rejuvenation o.f the race has come to be a practical necessity. To bring the massed consciences of mankind into being and to sustain them so that they may functio.n through a Wo.rld government can be accomplished only by an appeal to. religio.n. The present generation is called upon to transcend the moral heroism of all former generations. The present challenge can never be met in a spirit of prudence, merely. The voice of the Crusader, "God wills it, God wills it," needs to be heard wherever the ideal o.f the Kingdom of God has gone. There is no. Po.wer other than religio.n which can break down the narrow . provincialism, the racial pride, the internatio.nal suspicion and distrust, that are still lurking in our <present Wo.rld community. .All the spiritual reso.urces that are available need to be used. Religion is the only leverage that is adequate. It can stimulate the moral imagination. Religion is the patriotism that sustains the ideals of a Fatherland of all fatherlands·. The Voice of authority which transcends all earthly voices needs to be heard. The need is that all people hear the thunderings of Sinai, and the gracious words of the Sermon o.n the Mount. Christianity is no.w known to be the only guarantee o.f permanent international goodwill.

It is because the Sunday-school is looked upon as being the SPo.nso.r fo.r the teaching o.f the Christian religio.n that its need is so. keenly felt in the present wo.rld crisis. This is the institution which is more and mo.re assuming the resPo.nsibility o.f the moral and religious training of all the people. It must now become in- creasingly busy in adding to. the moral resources' of the nations. It must train a generation of citizens who can carry a weightier moral responsibility than that carried by preceding generatio.ns. Hence- forth it must learn the art of mingling patriotism and religion. It must undergird the sense o.f civic responsibility and interest III political affairs with the supreme loyalty of all loyalties.

Christ's idea of social integration was not only religious,. it was social. He placed back of the highest social ideals the powerful sanction of God's will. He put the dynamic of religion into the social bonds of mankind. To permeate the present project of world brotherhood with the religious spirit is the present demand being made of the Sunday-school. Literally thousands of our boys and girls must now dedicate their lives to the task of malrlng international justice and goodwill dominant factors in the civilization of tomorrow.

Let those who lack confidence in the missionary movement of the twentieth century take into account the fact that after the Sunday-school has thrown around these ideals the sanction of the Christian religion, very soon their champions would reveal the spirit that is seen in missionaries, apostles, martyrs. Religion can produce crusaders. The Church school is now creating a movement for world brotherhood which in extent will far surpass the passionate pilgrimages to Jerusalem.

V. The need that the Kingdom of God receive the fullest moral SUpp01"t and religious sanction makes it necessary that it become an integral part of an educational system. This system must be world- wide in its scope and capable of molding the thoughts, hnpulses, sentiments,· and conduct of succeeding generations of children and youth. The need of a permanent educational institution is apparent. A consistent policy must be maintained from one generation to another. The teaching Church has became the permanent educational sponsor for this project.

The Bible, which is the great text book of the Sunday-school, is a veritable handbook on the subject of world community. It points out the evils of self-centered nationalism. Its call to breadth of racial sympathy is clear and strong. Its inspired writers were impatient with all forms of class hatred.

The contribution of the Church school to world community is direct, dynamic, continuous. It tends to substitute love for pity. It frowns upon racial pride and class hatred. To each succeeding generation it presents the great ideal of a new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness. The project of world brotherhood is presented by it as being sacred. It can enshrine the idea of world democracy with all the glory of the Kingdom of God. It can quicken the efforts toward this long deferred hope of the followers of Christ. It can turn into practical and immediate account the noblest aspirations and yearnings of Christian youth. It can undergird the e:£forts toward world brotherhood with the most dynamic of spiritual forces.

WORTH QUOTING SELECTED BY FRANK L. BROWN, NEW YORK What sculpture is to a block of marble, such is education to a human sou1.-Addison.

* * * The life of the teacher is the life of his teaching. The true test of a ddlizati*on *is n*ot the census, not the size of its cities, nor the crops, but in the kind of men the country turns out.- Ralph Waido Emerson.

*** The most important thing in a man's life is his. religion: and the time to enthrone religion in a life is during the years of childhood and youth.-William Jennings Bryan.

Great armies of freemen *may* m*ake the world safe for democ- racy; there are but two agencies that can make democracy safe for the world, and these two agencies are the Church and the schoo1.- Walter S. Athearn.

*** The Sunday-school pays larger dividends than any ·other invest- ment I make. It is doing more for character building and good citizenship with the coming generation than any other Christian agency-H. J. Heinz.

*** AI! the best training I ever had was in a Sunday-school. It is what has chiefly enabled me to do my work. The best university is the Sunday-school and it is by far the most excellent way of convey- ing religious instruction.-Lloyd George.

* * * We can preserve our liberties only by the religious education of our youth.-George Washington.

* * * Any individual or any institution that could take the Bible to every home in this country would be more for the country than all the armies from the beginning of our history to the present time. -Chief Justice Brewer.

The Sunday-school is the *wo*rld'*s greatest institution for popu- larizing the world's greatest book.-Wm. E. Gladstone.

* * * I challenge you to name any institution which has done as much for the greatness and welfare of our country as has the Sunday- school.-Hon. John W. Foster.

*** Instruvtion in things moral and spiritual is most necessary to the making of the highest type of citizenship.-Theodore Roosevelt.

* * * The Sunday-school has done more for good citizenship than all the laws on the statute books.-Marion Lawrance.

Training in the Sunday

BY REV. GEORGE H. TRULL, NEW YORK Secretary for Specific Work, Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions T HE SENSITIVENESS of children to good impressions and their ready response to enthusiastic leadership give charm to the work of the teacher of childhood. Enter the Elementary Department of your Sunday-school or any other department and before you are gathered bright, eager children, mischievous perhaps, "wrigglers" doubtless, but alert and quick to respond to truth presented on the plane of their interest and intelligence. In .their minds is no prejudice, no indifference, and little if any selfishness. They are open-minded, ready to listen to mission fact and story. Impression struggles to find expression in doing at once something for starving Armenians, the little widows of India, the fisher folk in Labrador or the Indians in their tepees,-according to the story they have heard.

Last Sunday a speaker told a New Jersey Sunday-school how a few days previously he had visited a home of culture and comfort, and while waiting to see the father of the family he conversed with the mother, daughter and son. He drew a striking contrast between this home and those of the "Pineys" in Jersey-the people who live in the pine belt between Camden and Atlantic City; where they have few roads, little contact with the outside world, where ignorance and immorality prevail and where there is a pressing home mission need. The message struck home.

The following Saturday I was talking with two Juniors from that Sunday-school who told me what they had done during the week to get funds for the "Pineys," the object of the Easter offering. The boy of ten had gathered 50 cents as thus itemized: His entire week's allowance ……………………………………….. .15 Chopping wood and mending a shovel for his grandmother……………. .05 Three errands for his mother ……………………………………………. 10 Share of selling old papers to the rag man………………………….. .05 Gift from his father …………………………………………… .05 Learning a question in the Shorter Catechism, (offered by his Sunday-school teacher) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .10 Total. …………………………………………………….. .50 The girl of twelve had gathered $1.85 during the week. Her father was not as genellous as the Sunday-school teacher in payment for learning the Shorter Catechism, as he promised her ten cents for memorizing seven answers a week. As she had studied it before, she had little difficulty in refreshing memory and earned thirty cents for memorizing twenty-one answers within the week. This was her record: 343

Learning Shorter Catechism…………………………………………. .30 Her entire week's allowance ……………………………………….. ..15 Helping mother (special) •…………………..•…………….•..•.•…• .10 Drinking bu.ttermilk (which she greatly disliked)· three times daily for the week ••…..•……………………………………………•..••…••10 Taking out her small brother for an hour and helping him to learn to ride his bicycle ……………………………………………………. .04 Cleaning the bath room …………………………………………… .01 Change given her from some school supplies ………………………… .04 Share of selling papers to the rag man ………………………………. .OS …– .'l9 To this she had added her semi-annual interest on a $50 Liberty Bond amounting to $1.06. The moment she received it, she asked her parents if she might not put it all into her mite box for the "Pineys." .

The consuming thought of both these Juniors was to put all the money they could earn or otherwise receive, into their boxes for their Easter offering. Spontaneously and cheerfully they are giving all of their weekly allowances and have no thought of. spend- ing a cent for candy, chewing gum or other delights of a Junior's heart until after Easter. Their enthusiasm, their generosity, their willingness to work, to do even distasteful things for the sake of the "cause" was refreshing to see. I could not but admire the abandon with which these Juniors had given themselves to the securing of funds by all legitimate means, and I was the mQre encouraged as I realized that these two children in their readiness to work, to save, to sacrifice and to give are but typical of normal childhood. It is the natural response to right impressions.

Confirming this is the following letter which came to my desk the past week from the Superintendent of a Primary Department of another Sunday-school.

"Enclosed you will find $5.00, the gift of the Primary Department of the Church.

"As our supplementary work in the class; I have been giving the children stories from the book "Mook." This has greatly interested !the children and last Sunday I told about "Ten Cent Sister" or babies pur- chased in China for ten cents, and they voted to send this offering for those babies. Can you find a baby to rescue with this money or will it pay for a baby already saved? This work has stimulated interest very much in missions. The children are planning to dress dolls during ithe summer and send them for next Christmas.

"The money here sent is really the cMldren/s offering brought in ad- dition to the regular gifts; part of it is birithday money (one cent for each year) and part is love money-money each child has earned by running errands, cleaning, helping with baby brothers and sisters, clean- ing off snow, getting up "shows", taking medicine, eltc. W'e have a class exercise for its presentation. So with this gift goes childish love and prayer."

A year ago, the Superintendent of a Sunday-school in a large city in Texas saw in his church paper a full page advertisement beginning:

MISSIONARY TRAINING IN THE SUNDAY SCHOOL 34S

Why Not Have Your Own Missionary Representative?

The idea gripped him. Why should not his Sunday-school have one T He spoke to his wife about it. He mentioned it to some of his officers and teachers. They met for prayer and decided to put the proposition before the Sunday-school. To that prayer service there came a young woman, one of the members of the Sunday-school since infancy, who said she desired to devote her life to missionary service. It was therefore _with peculiar tenderness and spiritual feeling that the Superintendent went before 11is school that morning to suggest that a forward step be takento raise $1250 for the support of a missionary they might claim as their own. Within ten minutes the entire amount was pledged, in sums ranging from one dollar to twenty-five dollars each, by one hundred and forty persons, who constituted themselves-"The Overseas Club." The year previous that Sunday-school had given $50 to foreign missions. They multiplied their gifts by twentyfive. This next year they have been asked to increase their pledge to $1,500 because of increased cost of missionary maintenance, and the superintendent has given aSSlUrance that this will readily be done.

Up in the mining regions of Pennsylvania there is a Sundayschool teacher in a small town, who for years has had the missionaryvision and passion. He and his wife would gladly be in foreign mission service today if the Lord had opened the way. This man is a splendid illustration of what can be done quietly, unassumingly, but by prayer and perseverance, to arouse an average, easy going Sunday-school to give sacrificially and enthusiastically to missions. The -school has 400 members, most of whom have very moderate incomes. It is a community of workers, and not of capitalists. This good man years ago began -praying for missions. He found, that $1250 was necessary to support a missionary, and so he set as his goal the raising of $750, three-fifths of the support, by special offerings at Christma-s and Easter. This was easily done. The next year this missionary leader was not satisfied with three-fifths of a missionary. He wanted his Sundayschool to have his entire maintenance. For several weeks therefore before Christmas the matter was presented to the school each Sunday and every class urged to do its best. It was hoped that in two offerings, at Christmas and Easter, $1250 might be secured.

I was present on Christmas Sunday and watched the classes as they brought in their gifts, each sending a representative to the platform who carried not a pledge but cash. The Beginners' Department brought in $32.20, the Primary Department $108.75, the Juniors $111.39, a total of $252.34. Different classes of the Intermediates brought in $24, $25, $82.50, etc. Then Senior and Adult Classes brought their gifts, the Home Department, and the_

officers, until $960.35 was deposited. on the tl:tble. Then individual gifts were brought in from friends outside the Sunday-school. When the grand total was made up, $1384;$5 had' been. given. Instead of requiring two special offerings in which to raise $1250t the one Christmas offering had more than provided the necessary amount. Many of the gifts represented real sacrifice. -r speak of only one. An Italian girl of fifteen in a desperately poor family, the eldest of seven, worked all summer picking berries and selling them to help support the family. He.r mother allowed her to keep two cents a week on· each quart of berries in order to buy for herself something she might want. This girl, instead of spending the money, brought it in each week for the class missionary fund. By Christmas she had brought more than any other girl in her class..

A Sunday-school in a little town of one thousand people in eastern Minnesota with only 154 members sent in last Christmas as its mission offering for Syria, $581. The year before they had sent $51. Note the more than ten fold increase in a single year. There is not a wealthy man or woman in the church or Sunday- school. They are wage earners and farmers.

These few illustrations prove that the potential for financial investment in missions by the Sunday-school teacher is little realized. The only requirements are a worthy object, enthusiastic Jeadership, consecrated effort and sacrificial giving. The reflex spiritual benefits are really very great in Sunday-schools doing something really big, something far and beyond what they have ever done or thought of doing for missions before. It is worth all it costs. Try it in your school by multiplying your gifts to Home and Foreign Missions by ten or by twenty-five, by fifty or by one hundred or more if need be. Make it big enough to challenge sacrifice. We must get away from penny and petty giving in the Sunday-school if we are ever to train our pupils to know the real joy of it, and if we are to produce future large investors in the enterprises of the Kingdom. Nor ca.n we rest content with a large total, unless every member of the school has done his part. That Sunday-school in Newark, N. J., which for years reported not only its gifts each Sunday but the number of contributors as well, laid the necessary stress on individual giving, The Sunday-school teacher is charged with a grave responsibility in training his pupils in giving. Not only should a pupil be taught to give because a I :worthy cause requires support, but much more because he needs the 'development of character which can alone result when giving is proportionate to ability, is cheerful, is regular and in recognition of stewardship, The Sunday-school must discharge this obligation of training or miss a God-given opportunity.

To cultivate intelligent, interested, sacrificial giving the pupils who, with others, give the money should have a voice in the selection

TRAINING IN THE SUNDAY

of the objects, and they should be in accordance with the natural interests of the pupils of various' ages. The' Inlssion Boards Wl,ll gladly furnish on application, a list of specific objects to which Sunday-schools may devote their offerings. '

THE GIFT OF LIFE Gifts of money are poor in comparison, however, with a richer < gift for which we must look to the Sunday-schools to supply. If our Lord's last command is to be fulfilled to go unto the uttermost parts of the earth with the Gospel, there must be an unfailing supply of messengers. The calls that are coming to the mission Boards from abroad are urgent, insistent, desperate. Missionaries are dying at their posts from overwork and disease. Such word as has come to one Mission Board from Siam and from Ohina is typical of conditions all over the world.

'''Our need is nothing short of desperate. Our work has grown large, far and far beyond our powers. We must have help. Without it we cannot hold the line. The calls of the sick are insistent calls. We dare not refuse to attempt to answer'them. But there is a limit to human endurance. Your two medical men in Chieng Mai have all but reached that limit."

"My work of teaching ithe nurses is fast growing beyond me-it has gotten too big for us to handle without at least one more foreign nurse in each hospital. Those in the work are all doing their best, but one only needs to be shown through the two busy institutions to realize the need. If only some nurses fitted for these places could look into the earnest faces of our students, their call would surely be effectuaL"

We have complacently thought it all right to send one family to a remote station, or to equip (Y) a hospital staff with one doctor and no nurse, with the nearest station 600 miles away. Meshed, Persia, is in a province as big as France, with a population of two million people, ~ a sacred city of a hundred thousand in the Maslem world, one of the most strategic centers in all Central Asia. A few months ago there were just two missionaries at this station, an evangelist, and a 'doctor. The other two missionaries had been furloughed home on account of illness. The evangelist was stricken with typhus and the doctor with typhoid. The former died while the latter was still in his delirium. When the doctor recovered, he was the sole missionary left in all that vast region. The nearest missionaries were 600 miles away. He had been attempting before his illness, to carry on medical work over this vast territory. Needless to say, when he went itinerating outside of the city, his hospital had to be closed. We must go to our Sunday-schools insistently with these needs.

We must sound the call for recruits and have our young people think of missionary service as one of the possible forms of life activity in which they might engage. Pastors, superintendents and teachers, the responsible leaders in the Sunday-schools must them-

selves see the vision of the "man of Macedonia" if their pupils are to do so.

There are churches by the score in the United States that in· all their history have never sent out a home or a foreign missionary from their ranks. They have conducted services and have doubt- Jess influenced through their contributions and prayers their local . communities and the regions beyond, but the conception of their church and Sunday-school as a center in which young people are to be trained for missionary service has never been seriously con- sidered. When pastors and Sunday-school teachers begin to regard the young people as potential missionaries or their supporters, we shall have a new objective in Sunday-school work. One church out on the Pacific Coast about ten years old has in a decade supplied seven nllssionaries. Two of the pastor's own children have vol- unteered. He himself was a student volunteer and when prevented from going abroad spent several years in Alaska as a home missionary. His children were born on the home mission field. His church is a training school for missionaries.

Where a Sunday-school has adopted the objective of produc- ing missionary volunteers, systematic missionary education in the different grades is a recognized part of the curriculum. If a school wishes to turn out lawyers, doctors, engineers, clergymen, it adapts its curriculum to the objective in view. A Sunday-school likewise, which determines to produce men and women trained for the extension of God's Kingdom on earth, both by engaging in it personally and by contributing to it by gifts and intercession, will map out its program of study and training accordingly. It will look for results very definitely. If they are not secured by the means employed the curriculum will be modified and the staff changed. It will be natural and normal to secure missionary de- cisions in that Sunday-school whose atmosphere is decidedly mis- sionary, created by the missionary passion of its leaders. Per- sonalities imbued with missionary zeal and fervor will communicate their enthusiasm to others.

Results will not be attained, however, apart from hard work, tact, and perseverance. Missions must be made attractive and natural through presentation of facts, in graphic story form. This should whet appetite for missionary magazines and books. Pictures, posters, charts, diagrams, maps, etc., will convey mis- sionary truths to the eye in a way that memory will tenaciously retain. Contact with men and women who have devoted themselves to missionary service at home and abroad will prove invaluable. Their messages and personality brought to bear upon the lives of the pupils will do much to inspire and summon them to a like consecration of their lives to service worth while.

A SUNDAY SCHOOL CLASS OF GIRLS LOOKS LIKE IN WEST

Where The Drum Calls to Sunday School BY JEAN K. MACKENZIE, NEW YORK The Author of "Black Sheep," "An African Trail," etc.

I am on a journey between Elat Station and Metet Station in the Presbyterian Mission, ,Vest Africa. My chairmen-for I am in a one–wheel hush chair-trot along in the late afternoon. We are to spend Sunday in a village beyond two more rivers. Suddenly six little girls fly about my path, their little grass bustles fluttering and their little chests heaving with the hurry of the adventure. And one of them is terribly in love with her granny. She is saying: "My grandmother never misses going to tIle meeting, and my grandmother takes me to the house of God. My grandmother is a person of the Tribe of God and my grandmother always goes to the collection Sunday. My grandmother takes me and that was my grandmother who saluted you at Minkok! She came out of her house to :<alute you, and that was my grandmother. Did you see my granrlll1other?"

On and on that darling little voice tells me about her grandmQther, "Mvam jam!" It seems that I cannot remember to have 349

been so saluted by a celebrity in Minkok. The thing is you don't always know them when you see them-these paragons. But never mind-you are sure to see them tomorrow in church.

"I believe that you will come to church tomorrow" I say to the six little winded girls, and my chair speeds up and they are left behind.

I hear the treble announcement of the little herald-"My g ran d- mother"-and there follows more that I do not hear.

But do not doubt it; that dis- tinguished company was in church the next day, along with. about eighty thousand other church-goers GOOD RAW MATERIAL. AFRICA in the forest and upon the beach of southern Kamerun. The dawn 'of the Sabbath was cracked on that morning by the drumming of the four hundred and fifty-nine drums at the four hundred and fifty-nine out-posts .0£ the Presbyterian Mission-to say nothing of the drums at the stations where the white people are. A drum- mer arose in that number of villages to announce, in the dusk of the morning, the day we celebrate. Ohristian people woke to that drumming, and put the thought of work away. Very early the dwellers in the remoter villages were on the paths of the forest that lead to those towns where there would be an evangelist. At nine by the evangelist's clock-for a really complete evangelist will have that wonderful equipment-the veil of silence that hangs about the forest of a morning is rent again, by the drumming that an- nounces Sunday-school. By this time the Ohristian people are pretty generally seated under the four hundred and fifty-nine roofs of leaf thatch that cover the houses of God in the forest, for it is not understood in our forest that you should go to church and not to Sunday-school. Grandmother-be sure of it-on that morning went to Sunday-school, hand in hand with her dear little publicity agent.

At the door of the church they separate and for the hour of the school sit, after their kind, in classes. Presently at the lesson period a great murmuring goes up under the. shadow of the roof tree and that is the people of the Tribe of God learning the Golden Text. It is most important that you learn the Golden Text, for what hetter have you to do in this world than to learn quite perfectly the Words of God that are for the healing of your tribef You are one of the ignorant ones of the forest, born in the days

WHERE THE DRUM CALLS TO SUNDAY SCHOOL

ONE HALF OF A CROWD OF 5745 BIBLE STUDENTS IN A WEST AFRICA MISSION of the former darkness when there were as yet no books from God nor reading of books. So you submit with patience to the discipline of this hour, fixing your friend and neighbor, who is your teacher on Sunday, with attentive eyes. You must take your good where you find it, if you cannot read.

There are fortunate ones who can Tead-they aTe different 1 They have the Book of God tied up in a bright handkerchief, and with it is a little book of songs. They do not hide this treasure under a bushel-rather they make some ostentation of it on their way to church. They sit in proud classes, mostly young, with much care of their persons and with the manner of accomplished people. Here and there among the seated groups of classes these grave and accomplished young bucks or young girls will be teaching. They read the beautiful words from a book, with the greatest ease. The fortunate ones 1 Many of their seniors, men and women, read from a book, but not with that singing ease. No, when you have learned to read after you are a "real person" you practice that wonderful art with effort. Still, there you are, reading the Words of God to your less fortunate neighbors, teaching them the little you know that is beyond their knowledge. You stumble in your reading as they stumble in their reciting, but together you are stumbling in the right direction. And there, teaching a class back of yours,

it; old Zarno, who cannot read at all. No, she cannot read, but the Spirit of God has shined in her heart. 'l'he sheep of her little flock, looking up to that wise old shepherdess, are fed. Her harrying old voice is driving them all one way upon the path that was made plain to Zamo hy supernatural illumination.

Tlwse moments of reassurance are much savored by a mission- ary. That is why a visit to Efulen Station, the senior station of the work in the forest, is so happy. I remember such an hour in the Sunday-school of Efulell clearing-a clearing that is now twenty- seven years old. I, W]IO had been at work there years before, was a guest on this day alld sat at ease under the shade of that church. There were seventeen ]nllldI'(~d people present. I could see the many teaChel"H Hhmdillg among the classes, their heautiful gestures in outline against the bright sky at the far opefl end of the church. Those gestUI'(eS, alld the address of many voices that made a noise of a running river under the brown thatch, were directed to the rank after rank of crowded brown bodies; this was Sunday-school. Presently I could name almost all those gesticulate outlines, they were old friends of mine. And near me two young women, whom I remember as little. school girls, were speaking so wisely about the things of God. They were the children of Christian mothers, and I had a moment of the sweetest reassurance.

There is great need of reastml'aIwe. All is not ideal in the forest. Too many people are coming who want to know the things of God. It is as if you stood OJl the hill near Elat Station and asked the tribes that live under the cloak of the Kamerun bush: "How many of you will follow Chris!?" And when you saw the bodies of one hundred alld thirty thousand rise to that question you begged them to return to the place from which they rose. "Cast lots," you might find it in your heart to say to them, "and let those upon whom the lot falls become people of the Tribe of God; for the white people in the forest are too few and the black people are too ignorant to deal 'with so .many to lead them out." Or you might say: ",Vait a while, we'e sent a messenger to the church of the white people b(lyOlld the sea, asking them to send five tens of white peO'ple and two white people more,~return to your houses and pray the Father that the hearts of the white Christians may be moved so to do."

But ahove your voice of douht or your voice of entreaty thNe is a Voice more clearly heard by the peoph· of the forest-saying: "Come mito me, aU ye!" They hear that Voice above all the four hundred and fifty drums on Sunday morning. They come to Sunday-school as if they had a date with a Pen;;onality more compelling than that of their humhle and ignorant teacher. They wait there as if for the consummatioll of a eOlltJ'net hy the party of the second part. Is it nothing to you that thry waiH

JERUSALEM WAITING FOR THE CHRISTIAN SUNDAY SCHOOL TO

Saving the Children of Moslem Lands BY STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER TROWBRIDGE Sunday School General Secretary for Moslem Lands By 'l'HIRTJiJEN centuries of persistent effort Islam has es- tablished itself as the dominant faith in the Near East. Attached to every mosque is a lcttttab} an elementary day school whose avowed purpose is to train the boys of each generation in the knowledge and practice of the religion of Mohammed. A kuttab is"as thoroughly Moslem as a Sunday-school is Ohristian. Olasses are held every day and the teachings of Islam are even woven into the primers and copybooks of the smallest lads.

, In proportion as Islam has advanced, Ohristianity has retreated. The mosques in Oairo, Oonstantinople, Damascus and Baghdad outnumber the churches many fold, and any teacher who should attempt to start a Ohristian Sunday-school in Mecca or Medina would be put to death.

Yet as a result of the impact of western life many of the strongest Moslem ties are loosening. Most of the students in the Government schools in Oairo have abandoned the five essential daily prayers and the strictly enjoined ceremonial ablutions. In 353

privat'€ .many break the fast of Ramadan and they have ceased to spend their evenings chanting the Koran. The city temptations fascinate and grip them. In these moments they sorely need the strength of manhood and their defeat is pathetic beyond words.

Is this not the golden hour for making Ohrist known 1 And how shall He give these boys and girls victory over sin unless He is made personally known to them ~ The kuttab has failed and is no longer interesting. Shall the cinema, the racy novel and the political club be allowed to hold the field? Or shall the Ohristian dayschool, printing press and Sunday-school make a resolute and spiritfilled effort to reach the whole of this new generation with the good tidings of Ohrist's redeeming love ~ SUNDAY SCHOOL MEMBERSHIP The deportation of Armenians, the famine in Syria and other war conditions have seriously affected the enrolment of Sundayschools, and exact returns are not available from some of the fields. But the following census may be of value in securing a survey of Moslem lands: * S. S. enrolment: Morocco ………………………………………………… 158 Algiers ……………………. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Tunis …………………………………………………… 222 Tripoli (no Sunday-schools) Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22069 The Anglo-Egyptian Su.dan ………………………………. 1061 Palestine (estimated) ……………………………………. 800 Syria (estimated) ………………………………………… 3000 Arabia ………………………………………………….. 300 Turkey (estimated) ……………………………………… 14000 Persia .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4738 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Afghanistan (no Sunday·schools) Total …………………………… …………………. 47515 When we take into account that over 90% of the Egyptian members are of the Ooptic race, that practically the whole of the enrolment in Turkey is made up of Armenians and Greeks, that the Syrian schools recruit from the Ohristian communities and in Persia the scholars are chiefly Nestorians, we realize that we are still at the very threshold of the great task of winning Mohammedan childhood to Ohrist.

There are in the world today at least 60,000,000 boys and girls under fourteen, whose only knowledge of God is from the garbled tales and obscure declarations of Mohammed. Let me quote, as an illustration of the negative and hopelssly uninteresting idea of God, the following sentences from the Short Oreed by AI-Ghazzali, committed to memory by the children in the kuttabs: "We witness that He is not a substance and substances do not exist • Moslem pupils in India and China are not included in the above survey, as these countries are reported in separate articles.

SAVING THE CHILDREN OF MOSLEM LANDS

in Him; and He is not an accident and accidents do not exist in Him; nay He does not resemble an entity, and no entity resembles Him; noth- ing is like Him and He is not like anything; measure does not bound Him and boundaries do not contain Him-He does not exist in anything, just as nothing exists in Him: He has exalted Himself far therefrom that a place should contain Him, just as He has sanctified Himself far therefrom that time should limit Him. Nay, He was, before He had created Time and Place and He is now above that which He was above, and distinct from His creatures through His qualities. There is not in His essence His equal, nor in His equal His essence. He is far removed from change of state or of place. Events have no place in Him, and mishaps do not befall Him."

Does this not impel us to go at once among these pupils to let them hear the vivid parables and the rich interpretations of God from the lips of Jesus ChristY The early missionaries opened Sunday-schools in private houses and in practically every preaching place, so that ,the movement has been co-extensive with the native Church and in many cases has branched out in villages and cities where the Church is not yet established. But there has been scarcely any internal organization of departments and grades, and almost no federation between schools. Until 1919 there had been no national Sunday School Union in these lands. The thirteen local conferences held this past year in the provinces of Egypt prompted the Sunday School Committee of the Presbyterian Synod to invite teachers and officers from the schools under the British Missions to join in a conference at Minia. This resulted in the first general Sunday-school convention for Egypt.

In Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor and other fields there is not as yet any national organization. The WorId 's Sunday School Association proposes to locate secretaries at Constantinople, Algiers and Singapore. Capt. G. H. Scherer is appointed by an Intermission Committee as director of Sunday-school activities in Syria. In these lands where a number of missionary societies are at work side by side the Sunday-school is a common meeting ground. Even the Gregorian, Coptic and Orthodox Greek Churches are becoming stirred with a desire to share in the benefits of Bible study but there is, as might be expected, strong priestly opposition.

Although there are 894 teachers and officers in Egypt and the Sudan, the number of training classes is only twenty. Even these are of recent date, for sixteen of them have been started this year by Mr. M. S. Dewairy, the Field Secretary. In the other parts of the Moslem field, training classes and teachers' institutes are very few, and the idea of special preparation on the part of a school secretary or superintendent is entirely new. Generally speaking the day school teachers are asked by the pastor or the missionary to take the Sunday-school classes, with the result that the atmosphere and methods on Sunday are almost identical with the

m 'l'!;: day w(ll'L Till! tlee!, alld i II t illlate pCl';o;oual relationship hetween t eacher and scholar is lacking, and in the presentation of the lesson tiresome exhorta- tion too often takes the place of intelligent questioning and illus- tration. '1'he World's Sunday School Association, in active co- operation with the mission col- lege and theological school s, aims at bringing about a substantial advance in teaching efficiency.

All the Christian missions have felt the dearth of suitable literature in Arabic for teachers and pupils. TheWorId 's Sun- day School Association base at Cairo has therefore translated, SUNDAY SCHOOL OPPORTUNITIES 'published and circulated during Treasurer. President and Secretary of 'Boys' Sun – the past four years some excelday School class in Cairo. All th re e are . lent books and pa.mphle ts~ These [I"om Mosl em Homes have been issued in editions of from 1000 to 3000 copies and t wo editions are already sold out.

Many publications by the Nile Mission Press, 'Such as For- bush's Boys' Life of J esu, Zwemer's illustrated pamphlets, Miss Trotter's illustrated story-parables and "The Awakening of Bethlehem" have been widely circulated. Sunday-school articles have been contributed to mi ssion weeklies and monthlies in Cairo, Alexandria and Beirut. Circulation of books has been by sale through conferences, mail order s, colporteurs and book shops.

Only .the Golden Suggestions pamphlets have been given fr ee.

Our aim for the future is to produce original books in Arabic, Turkish and Persian. Even in the translations a free rendering has been given and illustrative material from these Moslem lands has been introduced.

There is intense and immediat e need for the creation of good literature in Arabic for children. Wretchedly illustrated novels of vice and crime, sold on the streets and in the city shops, are eagerly read. Boys and girls have nothing else offered them.

The great majority would r espond to better reading.

Special efforts have been made by the Field Secretary in Egypt to promote Decision Day services and the spirit of personal evangelism among teachers and scholars. Even young pupils have responded with earnestness, repeating the Sunday-school lesson to

groups in their homes or in the streets. Evangelistic sermons have been preached by Mr. Dewairy on all his journeys in Egypt and the Sudan. Dr. Sherwood Eddy's deeply spiritual address, "Temptation and How to Meet It," has been circulated in Arabic among thousands of Moslem hoys in the Government schools of Cairo, Tanta and Alexandria.

Throughout Armenia and most of the provinces of Asia Minor the Turks wrought havoc to Sunday-school buildings and property. It is impossible as yet to estimate the extent of these great losses. In cities like Uria, Van and Erzroom the class rooms have been completely demolished and every bit of equipment stolen. In other cities the woodwork has been torn out and sold by Kurds and Turks, so that floors, windows, ceilings, doors, blackboards and benches must be made anew.

MOSLE;M SUDANE;SE; noys J'N SUNDAY SCHOOL AT OMDURMAN In some places the relief work has created such friendly relations with Gregorian Armenians that former anti-Protestant prejudices have disappeared, and the Gregorians themselves have undertaken to organize Bible study classes. But the war and the deportations have made the hatred between Turks and Armenians stronger than ever. It is, humanly speaking, impossible to expect that the Turkish children will enter Armenian Sunday-schools. A constructive effort must be made by the missionaries to start schools especially for Kurds, Turks and Arabs.

The damage done in Palestine has been far less than in the north, yet the Turkish troops stabled their horses in the classrooms of St. Mary's school, .Jerusalem, and the Friends' Mission

in Ramalla had much furniture stolen and found its buildings in bad repair.

In the midst of the political unrest throughout the Near East there are hopeful facts which brighten the prospect for the future.

Dr. S. M. Zwemer's addresses in Cairo to boys and young men have drawn hundreds week after week to hear the call of Christ. A number of these have taken up systematic Bible study.

A Sunday-school has been started for the first time in the Gregorian Cathedral at Aintab, Turkey. The attendance is 600.

The Sunday-schools of Egypt and the Sudan contributed Christmas offerings in 1918 and 1919 for Armenian and Syrian relief, amounting to over $4,100.

The Laymen's Movement is steadily developing in Egypt, $4,500 being contributed in one year for new churches and Sunday-schools. This Movement is quickening the men of the churches spiritually.

Orders for all varieties of our Sunday-school publications in Arabic have been received from missionaries' in Central and Western China.

The British and American Missions in Syria have agreed upon a united Sunday-school effort, and they lay the chief stress upon work for the Druzes and Moslems.

Surely the gates of Mecca and Medina shall not much longer prevail against the entry of the Good Tidings of our Saviour. In these days when the Far East is being brought near to Christ, the Near East is beginning to discover that Islam leads far from the Truth of God, and that life eternal is to be found in Christ the Lord.

SUNDAY SCHOOL WORK IN SOUTH AFRICA The Union of South Africa and the five British Protectorates in the southern half of the continent cover an area of 1,300,000 square miles, and have a population of about 10,000,000 people. (This does not include the conquered German Colonies). This country is becoming more and more important on account of the opening of the Cape to Cairo Railway, and other large transportation systems. The European population in the Union of South Africa alone is nearly 1,500,000, the remainder of the popUlation being of colored or mixed races. As to the child population, it is estimated that there are about 300,000 European or white children of school age, of whom those in Sundayschools number less than one-half. The mission Sunday-schools report about 150,000 native pupils, leaving at least 5,000,000 African children untouched.

The majority of the schools. are feebly administered and comparatively ineffective, but they are important forces in the development of the corning generation of South African blacks. The forces of evil, drink, immorality and love of pleasure, are advancing rapidly and capture many of the young people. The Sunday-school work in South Africa is conducted under the management of the British section of the World's Sunday School Association, and needs to be developed and strengthened in all directions.

AT THE BEGINNING IN JAPAN-A MISSION

The Sunday School and the Future of Japan* H. E. COLEMAN, TOKYO, JAPAN Field Secreta ry of th e World's S unday School Association W HILE ON A Sunday-school lecturing trip to Kyushiu, last November, I 'had a visit with one man who had been in Japan twenty-seven years. He was taking a keen interest in our work and one night he said to me frankly, "I believe I have made a mistake. I have been here for over twenty-five years and we do not have even a very good church as the result."

This man had been the characteristic evangelistic missionary, and I should judge a very good one. He had one of the best small equipments that I have seen for such a work. There was no evidence, however, that the children had been thought of in building the church, for no part was suited to their needs. He said, "I believe if I had begun with the children, and if w~ had made an effort to hold them, we would have been today a stronger and more effectively working church."

This failure to provide for children is characteristic of many churches in Japan, but some workers have not yet seen the mistake. Our missionary methods have been such as were moulded in American theological seminaries, thirty to fifty years ago. Then there were no departments or professors taking up Sunday-school methods and the child was hardly thought of.

• Condensed from The Conttin en t.

359

The ohler people in Japan have been slow to come to meetings and hard to convince, and when tlley come it takes time before they are intelligent church worker:;. There is no foundation of religiom: reading, or church attendance, or giving, or social service (m which to build, as in this country. In fact we have breI! investing in burnt candles; for aftpr these Christians wpre functioning there was little of life's candle left. VY(~ saved a soul, hut how much bettpr it would ]](lY8 1)('en to save a soul plus a lifp, or in the above figurp, to invef't ill a calJ(lle that wasollly beginning to burn, so that its light might shine to hrighhm the way for mallY otherI'.

Thanh to mapy illflumICl'~ thc importance of the child to thl' church is now beginning to lw ulIdl'l'stood III Japan, and hOIYcy('r important the evallgelisiic work we rl'alize that we ean ][(wer lllab~ the nation Christian until w(, have lrd the children to Christ ami into livps of Christian sE~rviceo In fact ,ve haye found that the success of thp evangelistic effort dppeuds to a very large extent 011 the foulldational work of teachillg that has been done in the Sundayschool. They say, everyvherp, that the hest Christians in the churches are those who have been taught and trained in the Sundayschool.

Sunday-school work in .JaJlan is organized with fifty-two branches. Not all schools are yet affiliated with the Association, but before the world's convention meets in Tokyo we hOJle to organize 100 branches so as to illdude all parts of .Japan.

Do you know how Sunday-schools get started in .Japan? One way is for volunteer workers (student~) to go out from our Christian school~, rent a room or two in a .Japanese home, and call the children of tlw neighhorhood together. There they are taught Bible storim; and °truths, and learn to "ing Christian hymns so familiar to American children. One of such schools may come to be very successful, and tlw mis:;ion may decide to have an evangelist locate in the neighborhood, take over the Sunday-school, and begin in a little larger way the building of a church. In thi~ preaching place they will soon have two or three classes and then if it grows it will gradually develop into a church.

One fruitful branch of the local school's work has been Bible classes conducted for students, often in English. Two very fine young men from my classes are in Shantung, China, one as a Chinese postal clerk. Although a Japanese, he was appointed by the Chinese postal authorities as postmaster at Tsingtauo Besides these two, nve Christian young men from my classes are now in the foreign department of the Japanese imperial government.

Tokyo has a community training school for Sunday-school work-ers that has just finished its fifth term. We have also a standard teacher training course, and conduct training institutes two or three days in a place with six or seven lectures a day.

')20] THE SUNDiW SCHOOl, AND THE FUTURE OF JAPAN

In the town of Yoppaiiclii, which was notorious for its many had boys ami young lIH'll of criminal tendency, a Sunday-school was start(,d in the face of much opposition. Wlithin a few months the police tpstified that the spirit of the youth had changed, aIHl that now, Uti n retiult 0 [ the Christian influence, they have very little trouble.

rl'}w ;Jarmnese leadC'rs are realizing today the need for help in th" llormal training of the cllildren and youth. Dr. Sayeda, (,ditol' of the" Hoehi" (a aail)' paper} ill Tokyo, said: "With the <lmvllfall of materialistic civilizatioll and from our own experience in adoptillg only thc mat('J'ial side of ·Western civilization, we feel ]lOW, as Hever befon>, Hle necessity for emphasis on tho spiritual training of tIle young."

'1.'he great qU!;StiOll is, with what equipment shall we enter these open dool's¥ IVe have olily begun to touch the fwId, for the present RUllday-s(~h()ol Plll'o1mcllt in .Japan Hwans that we have ollly one in jou}' Jmndl'ed ill ChriHtiun Sunday-school,;.

*** MallY from America and Europe will become acquainted with Sunday-school work in Japan this autumn by personal contact at the rrokyo Convention. The missionaries have always given atten- tion to the teaching of the Bible, and have founded Sunday-schools ill connection with all their mission stations. There are today over 160,000 members of the Sunday-schools of Japan, alld a national Japan Sunday School Association was organized in 1914 under the direct influence of Mr. Frank L. Brown. .

Under the leadership of Mr. H. E. Coleman, representative of the World's Association, and of Mr. H. Kawasami, secretary of the national Japan Association, many up-to-date methods have been introduced into Japan. Graded Bible lessons covering twelve years is the standard set for themselves by the Japanese leaders. An interdenominationaliessoll committee of twenty-three is now at work preparing suitable courses for the different departments. Teacher training work has also been given much attention, and in addition to books from America that are translated and largely quoted ill religious publications, there are no less than thirty-five Sunday- school books printed in Japanese. Training schools for Sunday- school workers are held each year in the leading cities.

The coming of the ",Vorld's Convention is a goal toward which the Japan Association is working. They have set their aims as follows: (1) An increase in the average attendance in every Sunday-school of 25% by October, 1920. (2) All Sunday-schools (3) All Sunday-schools to strive to bring 1,000 schools up to the standards set for church schools. (4) All Sunday-schools to strive to try to organize at least 100 teacher-training departments.

S. D. PRICE.

Schools In Latin

BY REV. SAMUEL D. PRICE, D. D., NEW YORK Supt. Dept. of Utilizing Surplus Material, U. S. A.

I F THE Monroe Doctrine applies to the United States in things that are political, much more does the principle apply in matters that are religious. To no continent are we more obligated to take the teaching of Jesus Christ than to our southern neighbor.

In the religious training of Latin Americans through the Evangelical Sunday-schools COllstructive work has been going forward since 1916, when Rev. George P. Howard was appointed Sunday-school field secretary for South America, representing the World's Association, with his headquarters at Buenos .Aires. From t.here he visits all parts of Argentina, and has made frequent trips across the Andes to Chile, Bolivia and Peru, and northward into Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. A reel of moving pictures has been prepared under the direction of Mr. Howard· and one of the pictures shows the Secretary in his office, which is well equipped with Sunday-school material, including a worker's library of standard books, maps, lantern slides, charts, kindergarten appliances, teacher training material and other helps to supply information and illustration.

In South America the problem of Sunday-school literature is somewhat complicated by the fact that Portuguese is the language of Brazil and Spanish of the other countries. The graded lessons are the standard but they must be re-written for the Latin American mind and for conditions that prevail in lands where Christmas comes in midsummer.

ARGENTINA AND GHILE The moving picture reel reveals many surprising facts, such as the membership of a Sunday-school marching into the Second Methodist Church of Buenos Aires. First come the beginnners then follow the older members of this school by dep:;trtments, until at the close of the procession corne a group of old men and women ~ho are regular attendants of the adult Bible class. Classes of young and old are shown while in the midst of their class room work. The sand table is in evidence with the delightful little tots watching eagerly, and in contrast we see the teacher training class of older ones getting ready to do efficient work in instruction and soul winning.

Constructive Christian work has been carried on in Chile, ranging from teacher training classes to great evangelistic meetings in which hnndreds have registered their decision to accept Jesus Christ 362 'Ill!! their personal Saviour. Many of these after careful examination have been received into church membership and classes have been formed for tlie thorough instruction of others to prepare them also for active membership. The work includes organized adult Bible classes, Father and Son banquets' and many other modern features'of Bible school work. A paragraph from Mr. Howard's 1917 report shows how: eager are many to adopt his sugges,tions. Speaking of the elementary department he said: "Six months ago there was not a single kindergarten department in any of the fifty Sunday-schools in Buenos Aires. Now there are four such classes using the Beginners' Graded Lessons, and the habit is spreading. One lady writes that her chil- s. S. TEACHER TRAINING Boo~~~clOUTH dren's favorite game is 'playing' Sunday- school, and that there is nothing they enjoy so much as going to Sunday-school now that their class room has been made so attractive with little chairs, blackboal1dand sand table. They are now coming to Sunday-school twenty minutes ahead of time, eager to get into their little class room, and it is not uncommon to find tllem bringing a little stranger-friend whom they wish to intro- duce to their fine class."

IN BRAZIL The very size of such a country as Brazil creates many limitations when Sunday-school work is attempted. There are populous centers such as Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, Sao Paulo and Bahia. Then there are vast stretches where one Sunday-school is removed a thousand miles from its nearest neighbor. There are many states in Brazil without an evangelical missionary and some with only one church or Sunday-school. The Sunday-school statistics rMd like a romance. At the World's Convention in Zurich in 1913 the membership was reported as 21,448. Soon the encouraging report came that a total of 27,000 and later 30,000 had been attained. An indication of the progress can be noted by the facts concerning their Sunday-school Rally Day which was held October 26, 1919. Here in the United States if the enrolment was 60,000 the Rally Day aim would probably be about 40,000. Very few would be bold enough to aim for 100%. Not so in Brazil. Their goal was 100,000 and the goal became only another mile stone. Figures have not been obtained for the entire country, but Rev. H. C. Tucker, Sunday-school Secretary for ,Brazil, esti-

Ilud.e" thaL [JIU lllLllllJ'1'1O will Ul'Ob,lhly rallg'p fl'''lll 1:J5,UUU 10 l..J-U,UOO. 'fhey believutl ill lJUlJli(Jil.y a" wpll a" pen-;()ual appeal. Oil tlw front of the Hio de J alleiro trolley cars large placards were placed stating that "Tomorrow is Go-to-Sunday-school Day" and every·· body was urged to attend.

An item of special interest comes from Rio de Janeiro in connection with Rally Day. On two occasions when rally meetings had been held one of the boys who had looked forward with great expectation to be present had the misfortune of being sick. He was not in a condition to walk or travel in the street cars but on the second occasion five or six of his chums, poor boys working for salaries of about $18 per month, agreed to hire a taxi and take this boy to the meeting. ·When this a11l10UncemBnt was made there was a great clapping of hands and calling for those boys to stand up. Mr. Tucker, who related the incident added, "Really the occasion was tense with enthusiasm." * The next W orId 's Convention may be held in Rio de Janeiro. The Sunday-school leaders in Brazil are seriously considering the question of extending a hearty invitation when the Sunday-school workers gather in Japan next fall. The date would normally be in 1924. An eight point standard was adopted for the Sunday-schools of Brazil in 1918. Many schools are gaining the entire eight points and receive a diploma with seals showing the goals attained. The points are: (1) Organization; (2) Cradle Roll; (3) Organized Class; (4) Normal Class; (5) Home Department; (6) Instruction in Missions and Personal Work; (7) Report every six months to Sunday-school Union; and (8) Annual Financial Contribution to the Union. On last Rally Day more than $3,000 were contributed for the work of the Brazil Sunday School Union. Some of the teacher training books that have been translated into Portuguese are used not only by Sunday-school teachers but are appreciated by many in private and public schools, and by pupils in the Government Normal Schools. The Sunday-school in Brazil has the opportunity of doing a great work along the line of helping to introduce modern pedagogical and psychological methods into the whole educational system of the country.

• For months the Sunday-school leaders in Brazil individually and the Brazll Sunday School Union as an organization have been appealing to the World's Sunday School ASSOCiation. urging that a full time, well equipped Sunday-school secretary be sent to them. This request has been emphasized by the personal entreaty of such men as Myron Clark, who Is in charge of the Y. M. C. A. work in Brazil and Mr. Domingo A. Olevelra, Superintendent of the largest Sunday-school in Rio and the leading boot and shoe manufacturer in Brazil. A cable was sent to Brazil in March stating that at last a maD had been found and that initial gifts bad been obtaIned to make possible the commissioning of Rev. Herbert S. K. Harris, a Presbyterian pastor in Elmira, for this speCial work.

A WOMAN'S BIBLE CLASS IN CHINA- NOTICE THE BOUND

Importance of Bible Study in China BY REV. OTTO BRASKAMP, TENG CHOW FU, SHANTUNG T HE SUNDAY-SCHOOL is one of the best methods for direct and effective evangelistic work, for wherever there is a well organized Sunday-school there is a strong evangelistic spirit. As a result of this work many strong church organizations have been developed. If it were not for the Sunday-school in China the churches would not he what they are today. Young and old, rich and poor, learned and unlearned come together for Bible study. Every phase of the work is carried on and developed in many directions. Much emphasis is laid on opportunities for Ber!ice and great stress has been placed on Bible study both in the 'inllividual churches and the group meetings with pastors, evangelists, and otlier workers to learn how to make the Bible class work of the churches more effective spiritually, The progress and influence of the standardizing of the Sundayschools is most satisfying. The spirit and interest is developing and spreading rapidly throughout Ohina. The teacher training and Sunday-school Institutes have been a great help in f)1rthering the movement. The long-hoped-for Research Laboratory of Religious Education has made a wonderful start and the 365

Chinese leaders have a worth while Normal Training Institution in Religious Education. lIhe doors are wide open for this type of work but where are the instructors f Rev. E. G. Tewksbury, the General Secretary for China and the only one for that vast country says: "Certainly among the many interests that claim attention, absolutely none has been in my own life more fundamental than this stress on 'personalized' evangelism. It has made over my own life and that of many of my associates."

If ever the Gospel in all it fulness and strength was needed by mankind, it is needed today. Some definite lines of Sunday- school work in China are: (1) The Week of Evangelism. (2) A Bible Reading Church, (a) Social service, (b) Personal Work. (3) "Christianity to Save China," movement. (4) Yunnan Mission Movement. (5) An adequate church program.

The work is growing in China. For example in Tengchowfu, Shantung, Snnday-school services for one church are held in six places owing to lack of room in the city church. It is estimated that about 1,000 study the Sunday-school lessons.

The primary department of this church is composed of out- side children, street waifs and day school pupils, with an average attendance of 300. The advanced department is composed of church members, students and non-Christians with an average attendance of 400. Two teacher training classes are held weekly for the study and explanation of the lesson. Regular Sunday- school services are held in four of the day schools which have been opened to reach the non-Christian women and children who live too far from the church. The average attendance in these schools is seventy-two with one hundred and fifty as the highest number present. Boarding school girls and women from the Bible Training School assist in teaching. Both graded and international lessons are used and have given splendid satisfaction.

In practically all the rural day schools, country chapels and churches, Sunday-schools are condu{lted either by the teacher, pastor, elder or evangelist. The Christians and inquirers also • attend and receive a great deal of benefit from the study and explanation of the lesson. The W~stminster and Graded Bible Lessons are used and Home Study Lessons are taught in some of the Christian homes, where there is no Sunday-school or day school.

One of the most interesting features of the Sunday-school work in China is the celebration of Christmas in churches and out- stations. At one station the pupils from six heathen schools came in a body with their teachers to attend the exercises. Two of these

IMPORTANCE OF BIBLE STUDY IN CHINA

teachers have since become inquirers. Two large Christmas trees 'were secured from the hillside and trilluned with paper flowers and fruits; the gateway and school room were decorated with pine branches. Suitable exercises were held all day long and about 200 people attended. At the close the children were each given a little handful of peanuts ana a persimmon. Sometimes a large box of dolls and toys comes from American friends and these we distribute among them. How much they appreciate them is shown by an extract from a letter written by one of the parents.

"1 have much pleasure in acknowledging your kind thought of sending my children the pretty little doll which I understand was sent by your good friends in America. It manifests that they possess the love of God, even sending presents to us over here, not mentioning the lives sacrificed. I wish you when writing to tender them. our very hearty thanks.

Often for Ohristmas entertainment the Sunday-school children give a play illustrating the spirit of giving of our' best to others. The methods of Ohristians in celebrating Ohristmas has a decided evangelistic effect and the attendance on the part of the heathen shows the increasing interest in Ohristian customs.

*** The progress of Sunday-school work in Ohina is shown by the following figures from all missions that conduct schools giving definite and regular Ohristian instruction.

All Societies: 1915 1916 1917 Schools ……………………. 3,025 3,637 4,301 Teachers ………………….. 7,355 11,021 12,416 Pupils …………………… 165,282 195,704 210,397 Two hundred thousand Sunday-school members in China are by no means a small force for righteousness, though they are in the midst of a people numbering over 400,000,000. These Bible Schools are rendering a great service in helping to produce Ohristian leaders for tomorrow.

The Ohina Sunday School Union is working in cooperation with the churches and the missionary agencies, as well as with other organizations seeking the spiritual welfare of the Ohinese. The Executive Oommittee of the Ohina Sunday School Union is chosen from among the missionaries and other Ohristian leaders, and the General Secretary, Rev. Elwood G. Tewksbury, is also the representative of the World's Sunday School Association.

Laying foundations has been the constant and consistent aim of the work in China. Numerous teacher training books have been translated into Ohinese. More than 1600 Ohinese leaders have already received teacher training certificates as an evidence that they have either attended training institutes conducted by the

Union, 01' lJayu pa ssed uxalllillatioll" III OIl,> ur more of the books of the teae]('I' train iIlg Sf' ri <'S.

'l'hat ilw UhiJl(',"p Uhlir-ell lllil)' becolIH' a Biblc I'cuuing Church, special attentiOlI has been givml hy thc Sunday-school leaders in China to a systf'lll of IJhonctic writi·ng. This will lUcan an opcn Bible for Sunday-school as wpll as for church folk and missions.

TEACHING THE NEW PHONETIC SCRIPT IN CHINA This new National Phonetic Script promises to be one· of the greatest blessings tl1at has come to China. Thousands of characters are needed in writing classic Chinese and hundreds are necessary for even very simple reading. With the new phonetic script only thirty-nine characters are necessary to represent the various sounds, and even an ignorant person can learn to read by means of the" phonetic" in three weeks. An educated person can master the new system in a few hours and typewriters with the script are now in use. I n a country where today only about 2% are able to read it can readily be seen what a tremendous value this new system will have in Christian education. 'rhe production of invaluable literature in both Chinese and English is having its effect. Sunday-school literature is now being issued in this script, such as the Chinese r['eachers' Quarterly and the China Sunday School Jounal. Practically the whole New Testament is out in this script, and a new day is dawning for China.

S. D. P.

AIR SUNDAY SCHOOl, CONDUCTED BY BOYS IN

Sunday School Work In India BY REV. RICIIIRD BURGES, JUBDUU'ORE, INDIA "IN General Secretary, India Sunday School Union OHDEH, to achieve somrtJLing dnrable among the heathen it is neccssary to teach Lhe young. My greatest joy is to work . among the children and the hope I derive from such work is very great." This was the testimony of Bartholomew Zeigenbalg, the first Protestant missionary to India. More than two centuries Jlave passed and g(merations of missionaries have come and gone. Five thousand arc in Imlia today and all of them require but a few months' experience on the field before they hold the same opinion as Zeigenbalg.

In the hundred years between Zeigenbalg and vVm. Carey there were no Sunday-schools in tbe modern sense in India. Nevcrtheless there 'was undoubtedly systematic and excellent re- ligious instruction, especially for the young. '1'he news of Robert Raikes' movement reached Carey, Marshman and "Vard in Ser- ampore, Bengal. William and Felix Oarey, sons of "William Carey the Great," and tbeir friend John JJ'ernandez, were at that 369

time on the threshold of young manhood. There seemed possibili- ties in Serampore. A work was planned and a plan was worked. Thirty Bengali children, with these three well-grown lads as teachers, constituted the first Sunday-school in India. This was in the month of July, 1803. In the self same year that Bonaparte unsuccessfully mobilized his f.orces at Boulogne to take England, these three lads successfully laid a plan to take India. In 1819 the first Sunday School Union in India was constituted, embracing Calcutta and the surrounding district.

With the missionary expansion of the reformed churches came the growth of Sunday-schools. But the growing movement was not unified until Dr. T. J. Scott, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, then Principal of the Theological Seminary, Bareilly, put time, money, energy, brain and heart into the cause. In the Decennial Missionary Conference of 1872 Dr. Scott urged the formation of a Union, on a national scale, for the consolidation and expansion of Sunday-school work. Dr. Scott's work was rewarded hy the formation of the India Sunday School Union and he was appointed the first Honorary General Secretary. This epoch- making event took place in the Baptist Church, Allahabad, in the . year 1876.

The India Sunday School Union embraces thirty-two Auxil- iaries. Their boundaries coincide, in the main, with the large Pro- vincial political areas of India and Malaysia. They are self- governing and depend largely, for their usefulness, on the per- Ronnel of their chief officers. This is not ideal, but facts must be faced. Inter-denominational committees, at their best, find it diffi- cult to hold together permanently and effectively. Conunittee mem- bers include generally overworked missionaries and the laity, fre- quently changing, and all serve in an honorary capacity. The ideal is to employ a whole-time paid secretary for each large auxiliary section who will rally, unite and coordinate the work and workers.

The International Bible Reading Association has for many years been promoted by the India Sunday School Union. The natural home of this Association is the Sunday-school, and its topic the International Lessons each week. By its means the home and the school are linked by a golden thread, and the personal habit of daily Bible study is formed and strengthened. The lists of readings are issued in 13 Indian languages besides English. The total registered membership is 17,400 in the ver- naculars and English, but probably 100,000 read the selected Bible portion daily. In the missionary educational institutes the Inter- national Bible Reading Association has a strong influence. As a matter of course the portion is read each morning at "opening prayers."

Figures are not the chief or the only proof of progress, but

SUNDAY SCHOOL WORK IN INDIA

they are worthy of consideration. Take 1881 as a starting point. In that year there was in India a Sunday-school membership of 65,728; by actual count there was in 1910 a membership of 565,717. That mean an actual increase in thirty years of 860%. Through- out the year 1910 one new Sunday-school was established every four hours and one new scholar enrolled every five minutes. There are many existing Sunday-schools which are not reported. Making allowance for those, I estimated that there are in the Sunday-schools . of India no less than 750,000 teachers and scholars.

In England there is a Sunday-school membership of about one to every seven of the whole population; in India it is about one in every 500. The membership varies in different parts of the empire for certain manifest reasons. For instance in north Ceylon there is one Sunday-school member to every 19 of the population; while in Central India it is one in every 3761. These numbers will hava a new meaning when it is remembered that each figure rep- resents a human soul, and that probably half the Sunday-school membership is non-Christian. While we congratulate ourselves on what has been done, we should be humiliated at the fact that three- quarters of a million is a small number of Sunday-school members out of about 133 million Indian children under 16 years of age.

The most valuable testimonies as to the usefulness of the India Sunday School Union come from the mission lands where it exists. As the Bible Societies are indispensable in providing printed copies of Holy Scripture, so these Unions are indispensable in promoting the study of the Bible. The India Sunday School Union seeks to call into activity the latent power of the indigenous Church, training and directing that voluntary service in the interests of evangelization through the child. Herein, admittedly, lies the ultimate solution of the most fundamental problem of all missionary endeavor; herein also lies the justification for the existence of the work here outlined.

Bishop Thoburn says: "The signs of the times, the lessons of the past, the indications of the future, the call of Providence, and the voices which come borne to us by every breeze, and from every nation under heaven, all alike bid us lay our plans upon a scale worthy of men who expect to conquer a world."

'" '" '" The Sunday-school is one of the greatest institutions of today.

As a school of religious instruction it is inestimable. As a civil institution it is priceless.-Daniel Webster.

*** What is taught in the Sunday-schools of today is the code of morals for tomorrow.-Woodrow Wilson.

* * '" Our army cannot- save the country, our navy cannot save the country, but our Sunday-schools, sown thick as school houses throughout the land, can save the country.-General Rutherford.

Stand-by on Sunday Skoal

in Ameriky* BY REV. JOSEPH CLARK, D. D., ALBANY, NEW YORK Superintendent of the N cw York State Sunday School Association Brush Pork March 25, 1920, My dear Bl'uther Laban: I've just got a notis that the "Vudd's Sunday Skool OOlIVeJl- tilmn is to meet in Tokyo, Japan, Jwxt October; and, if our oil-well mOHey keeps cnnmrin ill, yure cistern-in-law Marthy and yun' Bruther Timothy is a-planning to go. 'l'he wind's blowin from tJw , Vest this mornill and its a-wafting to my cars the soothing chug of the pump at the oil-well. I'm therefore reportin that tho oil- well's still a-runnin. Just now, Brush Fork is all ablaze with ex- citement about the program that the Kingdom of God haz just put on fer the downin of the devil. I reckon it took its kew from the wurld war. The big 'Var what waz kOl1cluded some two year ago sure did upset things, and now the Soljers of the Oross haz the job of settin the wurld rite agin. There's ollly one way fer to do it, and that is fer the churches and skoals to git together. The Alli(~s had to ,r;it together to win the war, and now the churches is follerin suit, and is gittin together to lick the devil. Vell, Laban, that's rite-smart of a job, but it sure is needed.

The wurld war did some good things; but it did plenty of bad ones. One of the best things it did wuz to put the lid on the saloon forever. Glory! But, Laban, it took the lid off a lot of volcanoes-labor volcanoes, Bolshevick volcan- oes, high-cost-of-livin volcanoes, and the like, and now they're spoutin forth their fumes in such awful fury that it looks like as if • Copyright applied for 1920 by Joseph Cla-rk.

One of the unique and well known characters in the Sunday-school world is "Timothy Stand-by, the Sunday-school 1ian," Dr. Joseph Clark, who writes under this name, was an editor who became a minister and then entered Sunday-school work. He founded the Colorado Association and was for some years State Secretary of the Ohio Association. He is now State Superintendent for New York and has recently completed a campaign for a $500,000 fund for Sunday-school work. He is a well-known speaker at conventions and his "Timothy Stand-by" letters convey much valuable information and many helpful suggestions in characteristic fashion.-EDIToR.

372 ili(, wudd will 1)(' ,!l,'a~,,('d il' it dOli 'j 'utdl onl alld hur!'y lip aml git 1)]1 ii's gas 11m!'!;:. 'rhaL old llIaid of ullei!'lIt history, lliKN Pandol'Y, [who we leal'll('d about ill the Brush ~-'()l'lCR skool] wuzzell't a match to the wurld war ill makin t1'ouhl('. The nashulls of the wurld haz bin shoutin "Peace!" "Peaee!" Wl!('n there aint no "PC'ace"; and, wurse than t1tat, Amel'iky 11az no placp in the "IJeag of Nashuns." Ain't it awfu17 "Wpll, az I WllZ sayin, thp SundaY-Rkool folb is roused and has started in on a kampain of evallgeliflm and I'C'lijus edikashun what's goin to reaeh to the ends of tIle earth.

Laban, ilw SUl'lll'izin ihing is that it has bnell di"kovered that Ameriky, mOl"ll eml)' othpr Nashull nC'pds jOggillg up on relijus edikashun, if it's goin to do fer its('lf what it'H a-plmlIlin to do for tIle wurld. Laban, faeks is faeks, just as sure as pig" is pigs, and we mite as well fnee 'em square.

r have been a-studyin the ilggers of late, and they're somethin alarmin. Laban, how many folks und(~r 25 yeel' of age do you spose is livin in Ameriky today~ I know you have no idee so I'll tell you. There's just 55 million, 775 thousand and 40 [55,775,040]. I spose a few more haz bin born since them. figgers wuz collected. The Katholicks claims ahout 8,600,000, the Jews 1,630,000, and all the other rclijuns about 376,000. The Protestants haz about 17,- 000,000. After the Katholicks haz got credit for all they claim, and the Jews and Protestants for all they claim, there's still 27,000,000 boys and girls and yung folks in the United States claimed by nobuddy who don't go to Sunday-skool and who have no relijus trainin or edikashun of enny kind. That means that two m~t of :~very three [or 69 purcent]' aTC goin to no Tel':;jtts skool, and 4,- 000,000 of them are in New York State.

Laban, these figgers is bad cnuff; but they look skandlus when ve face the fack that more 'n half of the folks what belongs to the Sunday-skool are absent most of the time. They're like Lige Tucker. He jined the Masons thirty yeer back and haz bin in the lodge-room only twict since>. Notwithstundin that, he's sot on insi sting that he's a Mason.

You see, Laban, that durin thc war the Sunday-skool folks got their eyes on somethin else besides the trainin of children in relijun. They nit socks, and sold Liberty Bonds, and sowed fer the Red Cross, and sung in Community Koruses, and cut bandages fer the woundid, and did a thousand other things what took time; and they fergot there wuz such a thing as relijus edikashun. That's one of the reesons why the Sunday-skool cause haz had a set-back in Ameriky. And now that the War is over [all except between the United States and Germany] the Sunday-skool's havin some job to git back where it onct wuz-to say nuthin of becomin what it long ago orter have bin. It's rite-smart harder to climb up a mountin,

Laban, than it is to slide down: and just now the Sunday-skool is in the climbin bizness.

Laban, one of the surprizin things about the Sunday-skool is that it haz got along at aU, when the church haz bin so stingy in pClrvidin money for carryin it on. In a town down East, what haz 18 worshipin congregations, it haz bin discovered that in one yeer, all of them put together spent on their churches and Sunday-skools $209,000; and out of that money, Laban, only $6,600 wuz spent fer the Sunday-skools. Just think of it, Laban !-200 thousand dollars [or 97 purcent] for the church, and 6 thousand dollars [or 3 percent] for the Sunday-skool. That's worse than" 16 to 1." It ain't no wonder the Sunday-skool haz bin livin at a poor dyin rate.

Why, Laban, the United States haz bin blowin in stacks of money for everythin under the sun except fer the relijus trainin of its boys and girls. It haz clean fergot that the safety of the Nashun depends more on the relijus trainin of the people than it duz on the money they git or the good times they have. The time to make character is in childhood and youth-not after folks has growed up. There's lots of trooth in the old sayin "If the saplin is bent, the tree will be crooked." Laban, figgers shows that fer every man, woman and child, Ameriky last year spent $2.40 fer automobiles, $1.30 fer candy, $1.12 fer coffee, 80 cents fer patent medicines, and 7 cents fer lead pencils i while the money spent by the Denominashunal and Interdenominashunal Sunday-skool Boards fer the relijus edikashun of the boys and girls wuz little more than 5 cents fer each member of the Protestant Churches-the cost of a cheap lead pencil fer relijus edikashun and $2.40 fer joy rides. Laban, "if the richus skarsely be saved, where will the wicked and ungodly appear ~" Woe is me ! I'm all undone! Selah!

But, Laban, the Sunday-skool wurld is rouzed up over the matter and is gittin down to bizness. In the first place its trainin more lee-ders fer young people. It's bin revealed that the Sunday-skool's the place where leeders is made. The leeders of Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and Camp-fire Girls of course are members of the Church, but it haz bin pinted out that 80 per cent of them are teechers or officers in the Sunday-skool, and 7 percent a,re pastors. That leaves only 13 percent who are not tied up to the Sunday-skool. Don't you see, Laban, that it's up to the Sunday-skool, through Trainin Classes fer leedership, Summer Trainin Skools, Weeknight Skools of Relijus Edikashun, and the like, to train a big army of leeders ~ And that's a part of the program to-day.

Then, Laban, the Sunday-skools of Ameriky is plannin to make a hundred thousand more misshunaries. Misshunaries are not made after they git to be twenty yeer old. Livingstone and MoiEatt, and J ndson and Thoburn and all the rest heard their kall to the missionfield in their teen yeers. From now on every Sunday-

TIMOTHY STAND-BY ON "SUNDAY SKOOLS IN AMERIKY."

skoal is to become a recrutin stashun fer the enlistin of misshunaries, and it won't be long afore a Sunday-skoal what's not represented somewhere in the misshun field by one or more of its own boys and girls will be ashamed to hold up its head and look the wu,dd in the face.

Then, Laban, there are sum big plans on just now fer Vacashun Bible Skools to run fer six weeks durin the summer time. When you and I wuz young, Laban, the day skools closed ill 'the spring to give the boys a chance to help their dads on the farm raise a crop of corn. But them days is past. There ain't no reason why the public skoals in this day should close in the spring. They do it because they've got the habit, and they turn the boys out in June not to raise corn, but to "raise Cain." And the boys "raise Gain" because they have nuthin els,e to do but to kill time. The Sunday-skoal wurld is a-plannin, Laban, to take half of the day skoal vacation-time ferrelijus edikashunto teech boys and girls relijun and the Bible, and a lot of other things that the public skoal can't teech, and tha.t will help the youngsters grow up to be clean, high-minded Christian citizens, who will live right and vote right, and who will be an improvement over a lot of folks we now have in Ameriky. Grate guns, Laban, we wuz born too soon! We'd orter be kids now, and git the benefit of these modern doins.

Then, Laban, plans is shapin up fer trainin the officers of the Sunday-skoals-the Suprintendents, secretaries and sich. The Lord knows they need trainin. The ,Skoal officers. are to be fed up on books and plans and confurences on Skoal Administrashun until they know their job as well as the preecher knows hiz. It won't be long, Laban, afore suprintendents will be displayin a framed diplomy on the skool wall back of the desk [just like an engineer has one hangin on his engine-room wall] a-certifyin to . the fack that he's passed the test and knows enuff about runnin a Sunday-skoal to be put in charge. Why not, Laban~ There's just as much in knowin how to run a skool as there is in pilotin a ship, or drivin a locamotiv.

This warm spring day reminds me, Laban, that Summer Skoals fer trainin Sunday-skool leeders is now goin to be worked harder than ever. If I wuz a bettin man [which the Lord forbid], I'd bet our brown leghorn rooster that the Summer Skools will have more folks in them this summer than ever. Almost every 8iate haz one, and the Internashunal Association runs a Trainin Skool at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, which is called a "Graduate Skool " where they sand paper down and polish up the students what haz bin graduated from the State Skools. Oh, Laban, I know in usin these edikashunal words I'm gettin into deep water, fer you've never heard of sich doins and sich skools afore, but they're

pintin illl: 'a)" tl! a j illlt' -IIt'11 Hh ~1lJ'(: HZ [atf', the SllIlI11'ly-skooi will be a real ~k()()l of H(dijllR l'Jdika~lIlllI what -ilt l'mch out into the week nights amI i lito parts of wppk days, and the publick skool will be sittin at till' feet of ihe Sumiay-skool learnin somethin new in sykology and ped('rgogT, and JIOW to train the side of n hoy that the day skoal can't rench-Iii" ~piritual natur.

And that ain't all, Laban, fer the Sunday Skoal's dead sot on headin off the BolRheyick biwe8s ill this country. r1'hat can't he done hy makin oV!?r the growed-llp Bol8hevicks,' enny more th~m a farmer can ,,(mitcn up n tree _after its a foot thick. Big oaks comes from littln akol'l1s, and th(~ time to take the kink out of a Bolsheviek is WllC'1l he 'I' it little chap. That wild and woolly Villa down in Mexiko il' it good sample of a -Bolshevick. Think what he's cost Mexiko and the Ullited States! Think what heaps of trubble he's made, and what money he's cost. That might all have bin savpd if sum SUlldaY-l'kool in Mexiko had got hold of him when hp wuz a kid alld startid him right. That's what we've got to do with the Bolshevicks j get thp little Bolshevicks into the Sunday-skoal, and bring them up to love .Jesus. Then they'l1 love our country and OUT f1ng and evcrybmldy, and will grow up to be law-abidin citizens.

And, Laban, plans is on foot to plant a Sunday-skoal in every town and village in the ,Vest. Out on the fronteer thcre's hundreds of little towns with no preecher, with no church, and with no SUllday-skool; while, down to .Jerika Kart House, where Main and High Street crosses, there's churches on three corners within a hundred feet of each other. Laban, that's plantin too many seed-corn in a hill. There's thousands of boys and girls in the West who never saw a church and who never heard of a Sundayskool, and they're grovin up without relijus trai_nin. The Sundayskoal folks is detarmined that such doins can't go on enny longer. Laban; afore you're datin yure letters "1930" there'll be a Sunday-skool within walkin distance of every family in Ameriky. When that time comes, and there are plenty of Sunday-skools and no saloons, the Millenyum will ht' here. Glory!

Laban, I just got startpd, but 1'11 have to quit. The best news I've got to tell ennyhuddy in these days is that I'm gain to Japan afore frost, and my wife Marthy's goin with me. The only Japaneps word I know is "Ohio." It mean's" gool1 mornin," and I'spose I'll work it overtime when I get to Tokyo.

The oil well's still a-rnnnin. Keep prayin that it will keep at it, fer if it quits, my Tokyo trip is busted.

Yours truly TIMOTHY STAND-BY.

The Continent of

BY HENRY N. PHILCOX, LO"DON, ENGLAND Hon. Secretary of the Continental Mission Snnday School Union A1/l'HOUGH in the year' of 'Waterloo the Sunday School Union ill London ::nade a gl~ant towards a Sunday-schoo~ in France, ~where the ldea was mtroduced by one of the eXIles who re- iumed at the close of tIl(' ~apoleonic rc>gime, and although isolated efforts were mndp in various countries in subsequent years, it ,yas not till the laUer llurt of tlle nineteenth century that an organized SundaY-Rc1lool mO"('llWlIt on the Continent began-in France-and it wa" not till 18G4 that any organized effort was mad(~ from r~ng­ land to promote Sunday-schools in I{]uTope.

'l'he grmvth of Sunda~·-i-'chool york ill Protestant lands 1Ia<; since theH been cOllsiderahl0, ('VPll in Finland where three-fiftlls of the population of fonr or five millions are Lutherans. There are some 170,000 Sunday-school scholars in the Lutheran schools. Otll(er Protestant countries Oll the continent formerly helped from England, now are indepelldputly organized and Holland has made valued gifts towards work in other lands. In Norway and Sweden local Unions are still helpcdl)y grants from England, but splendid progress has been made and it is hoped that, ere long, the Continental mission may.be ahle to cOIlcentrate its efforts on nOIl- Protestant Europe.

How vast is the need 7 A population of roughly 300,000,000 people, i. e., about equal to that of British India. But heathen India haR thrre times as many Sunday-school scholars as these so·called Christian lands. Thpy a re but nominally Christian, for Romanism in Catholic lands is for the vast majority a system of superstition, by which it is }lOped to escape physical and spiritual suffering. The Greek Ohurch giYeR hut dim Gospel light in Eastern Europe. TIle resnlt is clearly manifest. Vith the advance of education tlw old superstitions are discredited and men, who know no othE'I" form of Christianity than that of Rome, become agnostic or atheist. Hence it iR neCE'ssary to incnlrate a purer faith and the surest way of doing this is through the child. Many children are permitted to attend the ('vangelical Sunday-school whose parentR would never enter ml (wang-elieal church. By these children, and frequf'ntly by the l<'st'on leaflets or other literature given to them the Gm,pel mes8Hge TPHch('R many a home which otherwise wonld he l1ntonclll'd.

For 11par1y 'Rixty yl'nrR tllP COld i l1<'l1tn1 MisRioll hnR Rupported work ill Frml('c alld 11:1s l'll{prl'd lliliP)" rOllniriPR. On!' of t1lp mo"t hopeful fields is Italy, wIlere there is [( SUllda~· School Union which 377

comprises every Protestant denomination, including the Episcopal, the Brethren and the Salvation Army. Already an advance has been made into new territory which was formerly under the dom- inance of Austria. Week by week as new schools are opened in "Redeemed Italy" and in other districts increased demands come for literature-lesson leaflets for the children, and lesson helps for the teachers. How much there is yet to be done-population of Italy 36,000,000, Sunday-school scholars 15,000!

Spain with its population of 21,000,000 is in a still more back- ward condition. Scattered here and there are missions with ap- proximately 5,000 scholars, but the distances between the workers are so great that this fact and other difficulties incidental to isolated work have so far rendered abortive all attempts to found a Sunday School Union. Help is given to some of the schools by grants for literature, towards general expenses, and by the loan of lantern slides, the display of which attracts many children who would not come to an ordinary school. Portugal is in much the same state as Spain.

.Of South Eastern Europe little can be said. In Bulgaria be- fore the war, there were some schools and in Greece in 1900 the writer heard of only four schools, and has no knowledge of any in- crease. Shortly before Greece entered the war, two Greeks, who were eager to work for the children, were called for military service and the proposals were dropped. .

Russia before the Revolution was a' fruitful field-in spite of the many difficulties, such as persecution, lack of workers and ignor- ance of those who were willing to work, and the vast distances to be .traversed by the Sunday-school missionary. Even during the days of the Terror, devoted Sunday-school workers traveled long distances to foster the schools and to encourage the workers.

The .door will yet be fully opened and we must be ready to enter.

Hungary is largely nominally Protestant and had many Sun- day-schools in 1900, when the writer's visit to Budapest brought these workers into touch with England and led to the formation of a Sunday School Union. The bright prospects have, we fear, been marred by the war and the partition of Hungary.

Bohemia was, before the war, the home of a small work carried on amid varied difficulties. The new Czecho-Slovakia offers one of the most hopeful fields. Its population is some 13,000,000 of whom only about 500,000 are Protestants. But there is a strong movement among the Roman Catholic population, priests and people alike, away from the Papal Church. Tl].e Government is tolerant and sympathetic, and the cry has already reached us for help.

The children of Europe are the key to the evangelization of that continent.

Methods for Sunday

REPORTED BY MRS. E. C. CRONK, 45 W. 18TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY l'HE ENLISTING OF A THOUSAND How one Girl put a Thousand, not to Flight but to Work "SOME day we're going to number MISS JESSIE BURRALL a thousand; some day we're going Leader of a Bible Class that enrolls a thousand to fil! this hall," sang a group of daring Washington girls. The group young women was one of the twelve into which a defiled' is the most interesting study Sunday-school class was divided. in the world. Believing that the The hall was one of the finest movie human mind is incurably religious, theaters in Washington. The teacher we go ahead providing an opportunity was Miss Jessie Burrall. for the exercise of the spiritual na- ture. On Sunday, March 21st, 1920, the mark that the girls had dared to "A sponge never discovers its true place before them was reached. They nature so long as it remains in a had enrolled their "thousand" and saturated atmosphere. We refuse to went over it with aU eighty plus, and provide a saturated atmosphere they have not yet called a halt. The wherein the girls, by passively listenclass was begun with six girls in ing, can feel· that their Christian November, 1917. Miss Burrall, who duty is done, but everlastingly enis chief of School Service, National courage them to become bits of Geographic Society, called these girls radium and to let their light shine. together at Calvary Baptist Church Our aim is to set every girl at whatto face the spiritual and social needs ever work she can best do. The class stands, also, for joy, jollity, and of the army of girls who were pour- even pila,rity, ing into Washington iIt- war work.

The class soon numbered fifty. Then it went to one hundred, and has been growing ever since, although many of the original war workers have left the capital.

Explaining the success of her class, Miss Burrall says: "The chief aim is the rlevelopment of spiritual values in the lives of the members in order to set them free from the cares, perplexities and irritations seemingly so much a part of life, and lead them into sane, joyous, happy acquaintance with God, by taking the New Testament promises at face value and seriously attempting to live by them.

"We very carefully avoid anything sensational in the teaching or conduct of the class. 'Pure religion and un- 379,

"Once e,ery two weeks or oftener condition in Washington and aggra- a 'corking good time' is planned and vated ten-fold by the war-acondi- carried out by a most efficient re- tion that caused all the pessimists creational committee. These good to attempt to discourage even the times range from skating parties, starting of the class, has worked to sight-seeing trips by motor, and our advantage in that the 500 or launch rides on the river and canal, more girls who have left are carry- to picnics, house parties at nearby ing the seeds of the class spirit and camps, and the time-honored recep- sowing them in their home churches. tion and tea. vVe aim to care for 'Junior Bun'all Classes' are being every variety of taste and for every formed in many places. interest. Class organizations now in- clude a ukelele club, a guitar club, "Ve are great helievers in tithing. choral club, basket ball team, two 'e startcd with three girls who gave gym' classes, hiker's club, and others. the tenth or more of their income to tIle Lord's work and now have over "The class first met in the commo- a hundred. TI~eir average salary is dious and well-equipped rooms of 0 er $100 a month. That means Calvary Baptist Sunday School. But $12,000 a year flowing into the home an attendance of 200 in one class and local churches. The class makes taxed the rooms to the limit. Just no attempt to receive or control the across the street from the church is gifts. Regular and special class ofthe large, handsomely appointed, well ferings are taken, however, and reventilated Rialto Moving Picture ceipts for last year were wel! over Theater. When Mr. Tom Moore, $6,000. although the membership a the owner and manager, was ap- year ago was only 200. Only about proached upon the subject of the use one-sixth of that amount goes for of the building for the class. he class expenses. Ve have bought an related how Rev. Samuel H. Greene, automohile (costing $1,200) for a the pastor of Calvary Church, had Methodist misssionary in Malaysia, befriended his mother and himself have given $3,000 to the Baptist throughout his fatherless,' struggling $175.000,000 campaign, and over $500 boyhood, and as an expression of his to city charities. Ve are paying the appreciation. tendered the' use of the passage and outfit of a missionary, theater absolutely free. are supporting a girl in training, etc., etc. "'fhe class joyously moved in and started on a campaign for a thousand "The Sunday morning service girls a Sunday, which is now well starts at 9 :30 with a pipe organ on the way to realization, and the recital. This is followed by choral class is talking of 1500 as the next and cOlllmunity singing, led by Mrs. goal. Our class motto is the third Gertrl1de Deland Price and her line of the little quatrain, ''fhe Song choms of 30 ,oices. Scripture readof the Panama Canal Builders': ing and prayer precede the lesson, which takes the form of a talk by 'Have you got any seas that they say arc the teacher on the International Les- 11l1crossable? son, alwavs with a practical and pres- ent day" application. It is a custom 'Ha,,-e yon got allY mountains they can't for the class to rise just hefore the tunnel through? lesson. when each girl shakes hands witly the fonr other girls nearest her, "vVe specialize on the wholly Impossible, learning the name anel state from Doing the things that no one can do.' yhich each comes.

'''Ve are great believers in the lure "As to organization. the class is of the so-called impossible. Anyone l":lther nnique. Early in the game we can fail on an easy task, h11t a divided vVashingtol1 into twelve disgigantic one enlists the imagination tricts with a captain and lientenants and helps to carry one 'm'cr the top.' Thu5 our great handicap, namely the shifting of population, normally a

BEST METHODS

in charge. of the members living in REVIEW that she may distribute them among the members of her class and so each district. give them the information they need in "Each group is organized into a the World Wide program of the Church.

Bible and Mission Study Class, for we are training workers for all WHEN SUBPLVS AND SHORTAGE varieties of church activities. We MEET have seven volunteers for the foreign The Surplus of Half the World Would mission fields and support a student Supply the Shortage of the Other Half volunteer in a training school.

"The class has two efficient sec- A discarded church bell- lay rustretaries who keep an accurate roll ing and unused in an – old church of the class in duplicate by card tower in Cleveland, Ohio. Over in index system. Every Monday morn- Liberia, Africa, a missionary was , ing a list of the new girls is placed longing for a bell to call his people on the teacher's desk. A cordial let- to the services. ter of welcome, telling the name of A woman in Pennsylvania had her the captain and group to which she bicycle carried to the attic. Over in tbheelontgeas~haenrdthreequfoelsltoinwgintghaSt usnhdeaym,eeist Kobe, Japan, a weary little missionary sighed "Oh, if I only had ,a bicycle sent to each new girl. In addition to I could double my work." this each captain receives the list of "In a 'spring cleaning' in -a Virthe new girls for her. group. The ginia Sunday-school building large class is closely affiliated with the ~l­ quantities of picture cards and lesson vary Baptist Church, over 100 ~rls papers were dumped into the trash having joined by letter or confessIOn can. In a school in India a _t~acher of faith during the year. Many was longing for picture cards and. other girls have joined other denom- lesson papers, no matter wnat their inations. date. "The teacher makes it a point to . "Another calendarl" said a New learn every girl's name and home York business'man. "This is the state as soon as possible. A year forty-ninth one I've thrown into the ago, with ten new members a Sunday, waste basket." Out in Africa a misshe could usually name half of the sionary sat down at the typewriter ten on sight the second Sunday. to make a calendar because none was Now, with 30 or 40 a week and available. over a hundred a month, it takes That is why "The Department of about six repetitions for her to fix Surplus Material" came to be in ·the the name and face. The only limit World's Sunday School Association. she is willing to put upon the size of It has handled an even wider catathe class .is her ability to know each girl personally, so as to sympat~ize logue of wares than Sears, Roebuck with her joys and sorrows. All girls and Company-from a card punch to a church bell and from a picture card away from home need more than to a mule. anything else the .rig~t kind ?f vicarious mother -or big SIster, WIth noth- From all over the world thanks and petitions have come. A missioning sentimental in the relationship ary in the Philippines says tha;t onebut a frank, comradely friendship half of all the Sunday-school helps that asks no reservations, excuses, or used by them are furnished by this mental Sunday clothes to keep it department, and asks for more. alive. _ .., One of the most interesting pieces "There is an undreamed of power of work done by the department is in our girls throughout the country,- the sending out of Christmas packall that they ask is leadership." ages to about 1,200'- missionaries.

Note: Miss Burrall has just ordered Before people in America have had 200 copies of the March number of the their Thanksgiving dinners, the

Christmas packages are on their way schools and miss'ionary societies as to many' lands. Each packet con- well as individuals to utilize much material that would otherwise be tains two Daily Bible Reading Cal- stored. away, rendering no service to endars for the coming year, a War- any one.* ren celluloid Calendar, "The Gist of the.,Lesson" for the year then ending, LIVING POSTERS a song pamphlet, and two Easter musical services, with other enclos- It is one thing to state facts and ures that will help to make a happy quite another thing to cause an Christmas overseas; audience to really grasp the facts stated. Charts and posters help to To people who are throwing cal- visualize missionary facts. The livest endars in their waste baskets the posters of all that are being pre- enthusiastic thanks of a missionary sented are real living posters. in Liberia who received a calendar in a Christmas packet, are hard to Miss Mary C. Wiley has conducted understand. He wrote: "Most of a display of such living posters in a '. all we are thankful for' the Sunday- Presbyterian church in Winston- school Calendar for 1919, which has Salem, North Carolina. Each year just reached us from your Depart- the Mission Board of the Southern me11t. Ever since the year began, Presbyterian Church names some I have been intending to typewrite specific nUssion field to be presented – off a calendar (we can't get any out to the church on Children's Day. This year the field to be presented here!) because the mental effort of was Korea; counting back fro~ the last date you are sure of to find the day of the Much literature and many attrac- month you want to know is a nuis- tive posters were sent out. ance–but the work never got done. So apart from all its special and In order to make the posters really good features your Sunday-school live before the audience, the Winston- Calendar is a real boon and we thank Salem committee substituted real you." folks in costume on the platform, for the picture folks that were to be The picture post-cards which are hung on the wall. Every detail of thrown away or stored away in the posters was carefully worked out. America maybe of great service on the mission fields. A missionary One poster presented a Korean from the Philippine Islands tells how bending underneath a heavy load, he uses post-cards to carry Gospel labelled "A:ncestor Worship, Poverty, messages: "I am planning an organ- Ignorance, Disease and Sin." "Help ization of personal workers in Silli- take off Korea's load" plead this liv- man next year, and in connection ing poster. with the tracts we intend to get out in various dialects I want to get One after another the groups were picture post-cards on the backs of formed in tableaux. A reader who which the tracts are to be pasted. stood at one side gave the title and If you can emphasize picture post- stated facts about each poster. After cards in the literature coming our the last poster had been presented, way this year I shall appreciate it. she stepped forward and made an_ We, can never get enough picture earnest plea for helpers, adapting post -cards." the "Call for a Hundred Heralds" in Women Workers of the Orient. Every year organs, cameras, type- writers, violins, stereopticon slides, Results reported are a most in- dolls, toys, and .many other things are terested audience, members of school sent on their way with messages of who took part, really impressed with j~.' . facts and' conditions they pictured, Here is an opportunity for Sunday- • Write to the Superilltendent of the Surplus Material Depa.rtment, 216. Metropolitan. Tower. New York City. giving your denomination …. that he may put yoU fa te.uch with mission- aries of your own church' and the IljledB whlc4 you may suPPlY with your surplus matet'laT.

parents more definitely enlisted be- The third teacher presents the specific cause of the cooperation in preparation of costumes and studying facts, work their church is doing in that larger gifts which always follow intelligent interest. field. The pupils are given heavy Moving mottoes added another fea- card lap-boards and outline maps and ture to the program. Striking missionary mottoes were printed on crayons. They indicate the location large sheets of heavy card board and mounted on handles. A procession of each church with a red dot each of boys bore these mottoes aloft, each hospital with green and school~ with boy stopping in the middle of the platform to speak the words he blus:. carried. The long line of mottoes as the boys all faced front together made One day a boy who had seemed a very striking, silent address. indifferent held his green crayon "coMe INTO MY MISSIONARY PARLOR" impatiently in his hand. "When are This is the invitation that Mrs. Fred A. Victor of the Central Methodist we going to mark green?" he asked, Episcopal Sunday-school at Yonkers, gives to one class each Sunday. . when the lesson was nearly over.

Now the missionary parlor is only The map journey_ was almost coma bright corner of the social ha11 in the basement, curtained off and fur- pleted, and no hospital had yet been nished _and unfurnished each time it is used by the three wide-awake boys located. "Not until we reach .La who quickly transport – chairs, rugs, table, blackboard, maps, and other Pas," said the teacher. "You see furnishings as they are needed. we have just the beginning of one The Sunday-school is divided into four groups, (not including the Pri- hospital for all of South America mary Department and Men's Bible Class) , and each group is. invited in La Pas." A quick exclamation into the missionary parlor or mission study room, one Sunday in of surprise came from this boy's each month. On the first Sunday the little folks come, then the older lips, for. the need had become very scholars in order on successive Sundays. Instead of going into an or- real to hIm. – dinary mission study room, however, they go into China, Africa. or Japan, Many of. those little maps .are or some home mission field. taken home as the pupils are learning There are three teachers or leaders to make the journeys "ery real. to pray and work definitely to meet There are maps and pictures and charts, costumes and curios. the needs of the mission stati6ns they One teacher conducts the journey, have located. giving geography and history of the country studied and introducing the The same subject is presented for scholars to its people and its religions. four successive Sundays, the instrtic~ Then the second teacher tells what changes are taking place as the tion being graded to suit the adyancepeople· hear the Gospel, getting up~ to-date info,rmation from church pa- ment of pupils. pers, mfssion study bOOks and repOrts. FIVE THINGS THey DID Officers .of a Minnesota Sunday- school decided that their school must have an intelligent interest in the work of the Boards of the Church.

Here are five ways in which they brought it to pass: .

1. An attractive poster was always hang-. ing in the Sunday-school room, giving the names of the Boards of the church-,- Board of Home Mis~ions, Board 0.£ FQr- eign Missions, Freedmen's Board, etc., etc.

2. Five minutes (time strictly adhered. to), was given every Sunday during the opening exercises to the SundlW-schoQI Missionary Committee.

3. A live missionary committee selected material to be used and secured the five- minute speakers.· The~ were taken, as far as -J)Ossible, from the church member- ship and adult Bible classes. 4. The Sunday-schQol Missionary Com~ mittee apJ)Ortioned to the study -of eacJI Board a definite period of time,-am.onth or two months, as .seemed advisable. S. On the fir~t Sunday of the time appor~ tioned to any particular Board, that. Boord:

was. introduced to the Sunday-school its Quite a number of them became name clearly and distinctly emphasized, its purpose explained, its special field of work interested in the church and joined defined. On the following. Sundays, apportioned to it, definite concrete· examples the congregation. . of its work were given. (Particular care was always taken to connect the work The influence of that missionary's definitely with its special Board.) This offered opportunity. for fhe .greatest variety work in sympathetic Christian Amerand originality in ptesentation,-a map talk, a chalk talk, a character sketch, an im- icanization has spread to many cenpersonation in conume, etc. ters. The Roumanian people in This plan can be followed indefinitely, the Boards being taken America, following the need of trade up in rotation, for there is an in- conditions move from center to cenwill exhaustible. wealth of material. It result in a church membership ter. Many of the members of that informed and enlightened as to the Boards of the Church. class have gone to other places and MRS. Or.IVJ>R WIUIAMSON. reached other groups with their in- INSIDlll INFORMATION fluence.

"Fourteea years was I in Amer- IF THE MOUNTAIN WILL N()T. COME ica," said a man who carne· from another land, "before I saw an TO MAHOMET-WHAT THEN? American home from the inside." Down in Virginia Miss Irene There is pathos in plenty in the Haislip, a newly-made secretary of groups of those from many lands literature. prepared a display of litwho never see "inside." A young erature for the monthly meeting of woman missionary recently had as- the Woman's Auxiliary. She gazed signed to hera large group of at her table with admiration. All that was latest and best, all drat WlJS Roumanians in a. Middle West city. brightest and most attractive she had, just ready for the eager mem- Among other opportunities which bers who would seize upon her upcame to her was a class of young to-date supplies with keen delight· as Roumanian men who were eager to they went ill and as they came out. learn the English language. Some Now the meeting· was over! The were members of the Mission. Others members had departed to their varwere friends. All faced· the diffi- ious places of residence,o and her litculty of trying to live and achieve erature display remained intact. Not success in business in a land whose one woman had taken a Single leaflet. language was foreign to them and Even the ones to whom she had whose customs were strange and offered them had waved ber off perplexing. With quick understand- saying, "Too busy, can't get time to ing their young teacher saw their read what I have itow." yearning eyes turned to the closed dOOrs and windows of American She gathered up her scorned stock and began to plan something more homes. / than a display. She bought a rub- . "Won't you come in ?" she said ber stamp–"DQ not destroy. It costs occasionally to small groups. money. Read and P(JSs" on," and stamped every leaflet. Free litera- At the dinner table she tactfully ture impresses some people as valuefamiliarized them with the use of less literature. Women like things various articles pn the table. In her they realize "cost money." bome she· explained the social customs of America in just the way she Then· when she was all ready to begin new plans for circulating litwould have liked them·· to explain to erature, influenza arrived and the Board of Health ordered a closed her the customs of their land had- she town. At first the literature secrebeen. the. guest. and ther. the bosts. . tary was dismayed over the prospect of no meeting at Which. to try out her new plans. . Then she saw oppor- tunity. _. Instead of closing Out 'her

BEST METHODS .385

stock she ordered more. She wrote the door of each home and from his to her four Boards and to the Amer- buggy he would give a word of greet- ican Bihle Society for leaflets on ing and clIeer. The ooy would then their work. They sent their choicest hand in a package "For Sunday and hest. She made two hundred Reading" and they would proceed on and~ fifty packages on each subject, their journey. .

with twelve or more leaflets to each That was not the end of the plan.

package. The secretary wrote to a friend in a On Friday and Saturday she drop- distant city, which had a population ped a package in the mail box of of about 200,000, and told her what every home she could reach in her she was doing. The friend's church denomination. When the "closed was not. closed, but there was much Sunday" arrived and the multitudes influenza among the members and of church goers found themselves the work of the church was greatly shut out from churches, they opened curtailed. She immediately secured the packages of literature that had literature for her congregation, called come to them "For Sunday Reading." together Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts The duration of the epidemic on Saturdays, and all the automobiles suited itself perfectly to the organ- she could press into service, ami had i7ation of her. denomination. For the chi]r)ren ride around the city, five weeks the churches were closed, disti-ib",~ting the leaflets. Before they so the first Sunday was Foreign woul!.! start on a trip she would tell Missions, second, Home Missiono. the boys and girls what they had third, Christian EJuc~tion, fourth, to <Ieliver and tell them a beautiful Sunday School Extension andtifth. ~~ory about the "Cause" the literature Bible Society.. After the first SUIl- represented. day there was an eager looki~g for- The· secretary of literature who ward to what would come next. started the plan was greafly enriched A minhter who was a cripple hearJ in her OWll. spiritual life through this of what this girl was doing and simple service, and after that she·had asked her if she had any extra pack- no difficulty getting rid of the litera- ages that he could use. His church ture on her table at the Auxiliary was a short distance away and there meetings, for the 'women 'asked"for were only twenty-one families in it. .it and. read it eagerly.

Packages were given him. With a "That was work?" . Yes, it was boy to help him, he .started .out in a work, but work that was tremen- buggy to distribute the leaflets. He dously' worth while.

would have the boy call some one to "

If the world is ever to be saved it must be saved through its childhood.-F. B.Meyer.

* * * ' I f we can win one generation we have put the devil', out of business.-D. L. Moody. . , * .. * What you would have appear in the life of a nation you .must first 'put in the 'school room.-.:…John R. Mott.

* * * I did not understand the· secret of America's greatness until· I went into her churches and S*un~day.-.schools.-DeTocqueviUIl. TheSunday~School -is the most significant, most fruitful. and : moSt permanent work of the Church.-c-Bishop W. F. McDowell.

Woman's Home Mission

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN 156 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK CITY Council of Women for Home Missions President-Mrs. Fn!d S. Bennett, 149 Dwight Place, Englewood, N. J. (Presbyterian, U. S. A.) Vicc-President-at-Large-Mrs. May Leonard Woodruff, Allendale, N. J. (Methodi~). E"'cclttive Secretary-Miss Florence- E. Qninlan, 156 Fifth Ave., New York (Pres- byterian, U. S. A.). Recordi!lg Secretary-Mr~. Philip M. Rossman, 203 West 85th St., New York, (Lutheran) . Corresponding Secretary-Mrs. F. W. Wilcox, 287 Fourth Ave., New York (Con- gregational) . Treasurer-Mrs. Orrin R Judd, 22 Hart St., Brooklyn, N. Y. (Baptist). Vice-Presidents-Mrs. Ida W. Harrison (Disciples of Christ), Mrs. AthelIa M. Howsare – (Christian Church), Mrs. E. M. Spreng (Evangelical Association), Miss Florence A Cawl (Friends), Mr~. J. W. Downs (Methodist, South), Mrs. W. C. Wins- borough (Presbyterian, U. S.), Mrs. J. A. Macdonald (Presbyterian, Canada), Mrs. Taber Knox (Reformed, America), Mrs. E. W. Lentz (Reformed, U. S.), Mrs. Albert Keister (United Brethren), Mrs. W. J. Gmhler (United Evangelical), Mrs. Wm. S. Cook (United Presbyterian). Members-at-large-Mrs. George W. Coleman (Baptist), Mrs. Charles L. Fry -(Lutheran).

Chairmen of Standing Committees Study Courses and Literature-Mrs. John S. Allen (Reformed America). Schoo/sof Missions-Mrs. Luke G. Johnson (Methodist, South). Schools, Col/eges and Young People's Conferences-Miss Carrie Barge (Methodist). Women's Church and Missionary Federations-Mrs. Frank M.Goodchiid (Baptist).

Joint Standing Committees with Home Missions Council Home Mission Committee of Review-Charles· L. Thompson, D. D. (Presbyterian, U.S.A.). AlasK:i.':"-Paul de Schweinitz, D. D. (Moravian). Church Building-Joseph S. Wise (Reformed, U. S.). Cities-William P. Shriver,D. D. (Presbyterian, U. S. A). Comity and Cooperation-Lemuel Call Barnes, D. D. (Baptist). Community and Indu~trial Relations-John McDowell, D. D. (Presbyterian, U. S. A.). Indian Missions-Rodney W. Roundy (Congregational). Migrant Groups-H. Paul Douglass, D. D. (Congregational). Negro Americans-George R. Hovey, D. D. (Baptist). New Americans-Mrs. D. F. Waid (Presbyterian, U. S. A). Orientals and Hawaiians-George L. Cady, D. D. (Congregational). Plans and Policies for Hebrews-John A. Marquis, D. D. (Presbyterian, U. S. A). Publicity-Ralph Welles Keeler, D. D. (Methodist». Recruiting the Home Mission Force-Charles E. Burton, D. D. (Congregational) . . Spanish-Speaking Peoples in the U. S.-,–Mrs. J. W. Downs (Methodist, South), Town and Country-Paul L. Vogt, Ph. D. (Methodist). West Indies-Charles L. Thompson, D. D. (Presbyterian, U. S. A.).

THE CHURCH AND THE COMMUNITY and death march on to new victories quite as triumphant as those of shell, Three Study Books trench and guns. Everyone is pre- scribing. A League of Nations, a' By EDITH H. ALLEN. new credit system, production for Chairman, Committee on Study service versus profit, cooperative in- dividualism, nationalization of in- Courses and Literature dustries, internationalization of labor Diagnosing has become the ab- are some of the many panaceas adsorption of the hour. Under the vanced; bf just what definite ingreprevailing world war of ideas eco- dients compounded, their .advocates nomic, social and governmerifal, .men are not always prepared to state. and nations suffer while human misery, pain, hunger, disease, anguish 386 Meanwhile the cure halts and the Ralph A. Felton, through pen picmalady increases. tures and concrete illustration makes visible the Church actually at work Amid all the crash of conflict it in the community. It brings the is .heartening to perceive at least a Church to the fireside, the hearthsmall safety zone, a bit of sure foot- stone, and wherever little children ing upon which to begin at once to g!lther; Through its pages one sees~ build a little of the new soul and again the ministering Christ passing body of the better order that is to along sunny, dusty roadways, pausbe. It is the realization of the iden- ing in villages, teaching, healing, and tity of the human needs and aspira- radiating new hope for all who toil tions.. And the place for each to and aspire. The six chapters are as build is over against his own house, follows: The Church a-Neighboring, in his own community-the com- Home-Making a Christian Calling, munity which is the fulcrum, the The New Health Crusade, Education larger family, the unit out of which through Play:, Community Civics,. the whole, the nation, becomes. It Some Successful Churches. (Price may not be diseased in body or soul postpaid: cloth, 75 cents; paper, 50 without danger to the whole. Here cents.) sullen social resentments, alien racial consciousness, untaught and over- The third book, "Mr. Friend-o'- worked childhood and womanhood Man of the City of 1s-To-Be" for may not exist, any more than typhus or influenza, without spreading con- Juniors, is written by Jay T. Stocktagion and disintegration. ing, D.D., author of many books of delight for the young folks. In this What place· has the Protestant book Dr. Stocking gathers the chil- Christian Church in promoting the dren about him and together they whole life program and interests of follow the Wise and Wonder Man the community? This vital question through many interesting. encounters is the theme of the three new horne mission study books for 1920-21, is- and adventures, and when the stories 'Sued jointly by the Council of are told and the book closed .the Women for Horne Missions and the child has found new friends.in chilformer Missionary Education Move- dren ·of other races and colors, and ment which· is now the Missionary Education Department of the Inter- a new glow withih, the burning on church World Movement of North his heartcaltar of that light which_ America. reveals the beauty of goodness and the worth of service. (Price post- The leading book of the series, paid: boards, 60 cents; paper, 40 "The Church and the Community," cents.) is the work of Ralph E. Diffendorfer, director·of the Horne Mission Sur- For the presentation of these books vey Department of the Interchurch to groups of varied experience and capacity,-children, young people, 'iVorId Movement, and thus pecu- college students, women and men itt liarly fitted to give this subject church meetings, study classes,-supauthoritative and inspiring treatment. plemental material has been assem-' The chapter headings indicate the bled, and later dramatic arid steregeneral scope and character of the optican material will be added. The book,-Community Life, Economic helps include a set of devotional ex- Factors, Cooperation, Housing and ercises by Mrs. Jessie L. Scott to Homes, Complex Community Situa- give- a spiritual basis to the thinking tions, Community Leadership. (Price for each· chapter (15 cents) ,a: suppostpaid: cloth, 75 cents; paper, 50 plement containing suggestions for cents.) leaders of program meetings and The second book of the series, reading. circles by Mrs. Frederic S. "Serving the Neighborhood" by.Rev. Osgood· (ready in May, 15 cents), a supplement for leaders, of . dis-

cussion groups and lecture courses these schools have they yielded richer· returns than in the 1919 ser>sions. (to be·issued in September, 15 cents), Feeling the after-war strain, and a leader's manual for the junior book realizing that if the world is to be by Miss Cornelia Bedell (15 cents), a model city set of cut-outs to be taken for Christ every woman now colored, a picture sheet and picture enlisted in the service of the King stories. Orders should be sent 'to de- must come to be a "workman that needeth not to be ashamed," and nominational headquarters. that if the task is' really to be ac- complished in America every woman SCHOOLS OF MISSIONS not now' enlisted must be "called to the colors," these schools have bent By MRS. LUKE JOHNSON every energy to their task. As a Chairman, Committee on Schools of result, the registration was the largest in history, while plans are now being Missions made for still larger registrations and Council of Women for Home multiplied activities for the coming MissioM sessions. _I The Council of Women for Home I1issions-a federation of Woman's The meetings of the past year were nearly all characterized by an un- Home Mission Boards and Societies usually spiritual atmosphere. In adin the United States and Canada- dition to careful study of God's has many lines ,of service at the Word and of home and foreign disposal of its' constituent boards an'd mission textbooks, special emphasis agencies. Among these" none is was laid on the cultivation of the· mOievital than the, department in spiritual life through prayer circles, connection with Schools ,of Missions. quiet hqurs, the Morning Watch, ves- The affiliated schools' now number per services, and addresses on. spiritthirteen. The chairmen and the ualthemes. dates cif their 1920 sessions are: Schools of Missions are now yield- BAY Vn;;w, Mich., July 11-l6-Miss ing rich returns in establishing women and girls in Christian prin- Carrie Barge, Delaware, Ohio. ciples and activities. There is no BOULDER, Colo., Dates not received- riper field for recruiting for home' mission work and for securing a' Mrs. Harry Hoffman, 214 Vine St.,. Den- ver, Col. DALLAS, Tex., Sept. 2O-26-Mrs. L. P. Smith, 3319 Drexel Drive, R. F. D. 10, Box 246, Dallas, Tex.

Dil LAND, Fla., Feb. 1-8-Mrs. J. W'! Smock, 212 N. Blvd., Deland, Fla. wide-spread study of mission text- EAST NORTHFIELD, Mass" July' 16-23-. books and literature. They also fur- Mrs. Taber Knox, Warwick, N. Y. nish normal training for missionary leaders and other church workers. Los ANGELES, Calif., May 31-June 5- Indeed, a School of Missions is one Mrs. E. Y. Van Meter, 4972 Pasadena of the most fruitful avenues for missionary propaganda now available Ave,> Los Angeles, Calif. MINNESOTA, May 31-June 5-Mrs. W. U. an among the Christian organizations for Smith, 1044 Marshall Ave., St. Paul, Minn. women. As well .as furnishing opportunity for the study of _God's MOUNT HERMON, Calif., July 13-20- Mrs. J. C. Alter, 21 Mountain Ave., Oakland, Calif.

MOUNTAIN LAKE PARK, Md., August 1-7 -Mi~s. Susan C. Lodge,1720 ArchSt., Philadelphia, P a . ' , Word and of missionary literature, OKLAHOMA CITY, Okla., May 31-June it furnishes information, inspiration; 5~Mrs, H. L~ Gilliam, 2244 West 13th training in methods of work, and St., Oklahoma City, Okla. nonnal training for leaders.

ST.PE'l'ERSBURG, Fla., January 23- WILSON COLLEGE, Chambersburg, Pa., June 29-July 7-'-Miss Mary C. Peacock, The tremendous .possibilitiesof TorresdaJe, Pa. these annual sessions as, an un- equalled opportunity for Christian cul- WINONA LAKE, Ind., June 24-July 1- tivation and development .is, so ap-'

Mrs. C. E. Vickers, 312 N. Elmwood Ave., Oak Park, Ill. .., parent that the' Cpuncil of> W!)lUen Perhaps never in the history' of is striving to be of service' in' aSsist-

WOMAN'S~ H-OM~.- , M I: S S I O N B U" L" r..E T I N

, , (.' (,' "

i!1g schools to reach a high-;water inclined ,to adopt, pr even to become ac- ql.J.airited with, the neW cus.toms, t'flar,kof efficiency. Xhe Council is l1rgin~ sChools" which "are affiliated The women of the church ,should "" 1. Have 'a well-planned s:yst~ of "CaIIawipthoinItt'toof join in an effort to reach in~ uPo!lthe foreig.fi women: 'in their_ own standardi:,;ation by which neighborhoods and In the ,neighborhoOd of ~very ,School shall 'attain certain the church, ,: ,.", ' , 2: Help," the foreign :woinen learn'how syst~m,atic lines of work. to, use American utensils, American foods, We believe that there is no other and 'become accustomed to American type of work more unique in methods ways. , ", 3., Teach them the English. language, or more fruitful in results. There- ,4. Show them how to care for Children f6re it is to ~ desired tl;Jai: the num- and family under American' conditions.'

~er of s<;hoots may increas,e, and that 5, Explain some of the laws and cus- people in all seCtions ofollr na,tive toms affecting their children, es}lecially with reference to school and work. land •may have access to this oppor- 5, Be frien<;lly and moth,erly to, domestic tunity for train'jng in lines of Chris- servants- and thoughtful of their welfare, tian service and knowledge. To this and, through them reach out sympathetiend we invite correspondence from cally into, their homes, or into the circle any section or from any interde- of their acquaintances. Sunday' in many nominational group of w9men who homes is a day of entertainment, and ser- vants' are' allowed scant, if any, oppordesire to establish a school in affilia- tunity for church or' for rest. '

tion with the Council of Women, in 7. Deal kindly with trades~people who order that each may be helpful to the are foreigners, other. The Young PeGple's Soci('lttes * * * "The change of date for the session at Winona In addition to their share in the Sunday. school, and in other forms of church Lake should' be espe<llally noted. A1IIlIation of the St. Petersburg School has services. which reach foreigners, the young people can particularly do these things: not yet been OQIIlpleted, as' the Executive Committee of the Council of Women for 'Ho",e l. Report upon new groups-, new fami- MIssion.. has n"t met sInce the credentials were receiVed., For the benellt of OUr readers lies, and even individuals, who come irito It 19, however,lncluded In the nat before the neighborhood, completion of 01llclal action. 2. Teach some foreigners the English language, ,either in, groups, .or singly, by AlV AMERICANIZATION' PROGRAM day or in the evening. '

FOR THE WOMEN Ot' THE 3. Help foreigners celebrate some of their' own festival days, and help them CHURCH to understand and celebrate our national The Spirit holidays, This spirit is more than toleration. 4. In some cases help promote a pageant, FQreigners must not be thou~ht of contemptuously, or even with mdifference. either to reproduce .gome scenes dear to In almost every instance some ,of, their the foreigners, which will make them countrymen have contributed to America and to all the world the hlrgest meat'Ure better unders.tood by Americans" or to of genius in art, literature, inventiveness, present some ·historical 'scen,es, which help exploration and leadership, ,and some of these foreigners, now about us, who, seem them better to understand America ana strange, and because of their strangeness, the American s.pirit. uncouth, have still quite as much to give The following methods, additional to to, us, as we have to ,give to them. The expectation of learning from the foreigner those already suggested, should be emimparts zest to the' effort of explaining to pleyed where possible: ' him things which he should know, '1. Foreigners are strangers to the law. There must be in the churches the They are liable to get -into trouble, and Christian spirit' of interest in foreigners and willingness to minister to them. are liable to be imposed upon',' The church should have a place and a time for giVing legal advice' and legal help, either through some lawyer or other com- petent person, who mayor may not be one of its members: Methods 2. The foreigners are apt to live in Unsanitary, crowded quarters, They need Because foreign women remain at home a visitin~ nurse, or a friendly: visitor, or in most instances, they are the most tena- a physiCian, not only in time of sickness, cious of old-world customs, and the leas.t but at other times, to prevent disease, From a,Pamphlet published bytht! Home '3. Church members should take pains Mlaslons 'Council and, the Council nf Women to· invite foreigners to their homes for HOme. Missions, 20 cents at denomtnational headqtla.rteni. socially for the sake of forming acquaillt-

ance and of promoting good fellowship. off to die, if need be, under the An opportunity to see tire interior of an' American home may be a means of grace Stars and Stripes, for deIll()Cracy. to the stranger. Our American homes have had no '4. The public school is one of the great- monopoly on service flag~neither' est Americaniiing agencies, perhaps the greatest in existence. The Church should did all the flags with gold stars upon cooperate with the public school. As a rule it is desirable for Christian parents them fly in districts where the to send their children to the public !'cllOol and not to a private school, or "select" American language is ,spoken and academy. The mingling of children of where American ideals of life maindifferent bloods and different homes is of inestimable value, to both the native tain. children. and the foreign children, in the process of Americanizing both. The men and women of foreign 5. The subject of recreation and amuse- birth, and those of American birth ment must not be forgotten. Playgrounds for children, community "sings" and folk- but foreign parentage, have made dancing, concerts, and sometimes lectures, or forUrils, and "talks," and the moving good with us in the terrible testing pictures" may be furnished by, or supervised by, 'or encouraged by, the Church. of the war. They deserve our grati- tude. They now have a right to demand that we should understand them, and that in a spirit of justice The Church must not be censorious, but we should come to them and give to them an opportunity of knowing must be sympathetic and helpful in, all of and' of understanding American these directions. ' ideals and principles, through broth- 6. The Church itself must make its erly intercourse and Christian fellowreligious faith manifest in its works. Men ship. want religion. They are often suspicious of its organized forms, fearing lest other '!'he fires of war have made plastic than purely disinterested motives- prevail. But a manifestation of hnman interest the hearts of all people in this great and of ChristNIU love and service will tend to draw foreigners into the Church land of ours. Understanding symitself. A church which wins the foreigners <if its vicinity unto itself is worth pathy can now mold the foreign.;. many "missions," established for special purposes. speaking, but aspiring Americans of 7. The greatest thing in the world is our congested districts. We are con- Divine love shown inhuman interest and sympathetic service. fronted with a new and challenging 0ppoTtunity of rendering larger and more helpful service than ever before in bringing the teachings of Jesus The Goal and America into the lives of our The goal of Americanization methods is brothers and sisters of the tenement. 1. Acquaintance. For unless men become acquainted, they cannot coalesce. The day must come when every man 2. Goodwill. A patronizin~ manner and spirit are offensive. Goodwtll rests upon and woman, and every boy and girl mutual confidence and respect. 3. Cooperation. Fellow citizens must under the Stars and Stripes shalt share ideals, as far as possible, and combine, for the realization of their ideals. have a chance to live in a decent 4. The spirit of Christ must find expression in a!' large a degree as possible, home with uplifting surroundings, under whatsoever name it may be phrased. under the leadership of Jesus Christ.

THE STREET The street placed its hands on the life of a boy- The seething street-the soulless street- It stole all his portion of childish joy, A SONG OF THE LOWER WEST SIDE By Rev. A. Ray Petty The street.. The church did not see the boy as, he Pastor, Judson Memorial Church, passed- " New York City, The busy church-the bustling church- The war has given America a new respect for the peoples of other lands Did not see his face growing old too fast, who have made their homes with us. The church. Mothers who speak another tongue . kissed their sons goodbye, with an The Christ looked down from the ache in their hearts, and sent them heavens high- The risen Christ-the reigning Christ- And said,"For these least, I was glad to dieJ" The Christ.

LANDS

!~:: ~'iiiiifj MISCELLANEOUS subjects in each year. The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago is pow the Comprehensive Sunday School Program American representative of .the Moye- ment and supplies literature y,rithout . THE world need for Christian charge except for postage.

character building can be met, NORTH AMERICA according to Mr. Frank L. Brown, if the following program be put into Cosmopolltan Sunday Schools effect: . SUNDAY-SCHOOLS in which the 1. Fifty trained Sunday-school men lesson :is taught in sev.eral differ- at every national capital and area ent languages is a development of center, to push and apply American the present day aim to teach Amer- Sunday-school ideals as the .best icanization along with Christianity.. means of promoting a. better world. These schools open with the singing of patriotic hymns in English by all 2. Sunday School Normal Schools the nationalities, after which the as- at Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, Manila, sembly separates into different na- Cairo, Buenos Aires and Rio de tional groups' to receive. instruction Janeiro, to train an adequate native and r~cite the lesson in their own Sunday-school leadership for the en- tongues. The plan is in operation in larging work of the Sunday-school. many places in the United States and in Canada. 3. A world publicity campaign for character making in every nation through the influence of the Sunday- school and Christian education.

The Berean Band Decrease in Sunday School Attendance FIFTEEN years ago Mr. Char- ADECLINE of more than '10,000 . les J. G. Hensman of London, Sunday Schools with an approxi- mate loss of 3.500,000 pupils, is re- England, founded an international vealed in the first annual n:port of and interdenominational movement the Federal Council of Churches. to encourage the habit of memoriz- The situation is considered peculiar ing .Scripture, and named it The because of an increase of 5,350 . Berean Band Movewent. 'Graduallv church organizations and the addition the Movement spread over En~land of 580.366 members. and in America. Berean Bands are numerous in Great Britain with mem- A slight proportion of this loss is. bership running from six or more accounted for by the failure of some. to many hundreds. That of the Lutheran Synods to make a report. Metropolitan Tabernacle, London, has The total registration of Sunday- 800 members. The sole obligation of school pupils is given as 15,291,658. membership is to learn one Bible verse every week, with the st1g~es­ Ranch Sunday School tion that this be called to mind at least once every day until the first LYSITE, a typical sheep and wool Lord's day of the month following. center in Wyomin!!', has been fer- The membership fee is only five cents tile ground for the pioneer Sunday- annually and a List of Verses for school missionary. There is no over- the year is. fJ,mIish.ed w.itoout charge. lapping-, for a wide circle can be These are carefully chosen, with a <iescribed, with Lysite as a .. cent-er, definite subject each month and as in whkh no church service of any far as possible a completeness of kind is held.

A cousin of Theodore Roosevelt 391

assisted in', the organization of. the ruagr .5, by delegates representing new Sunday-school in: Lysite and the approximately 50' denominations after manager of 'the wool storehouse is a three '(fiiys"discussiOn. >T:he'new now, the superintendent., The railroad construction crew, the, section movement will be'iinder the guidance foreman and his helpers and the ranchmen compoSe three-fourths, of of the American Council or Organic the attendance. One sheep herder Union of Churches of Christ, a name drifted in, and confessed that he had officially selected by the delegates. not, attended. a .religious service in Mr. Henry W. Jessup was chosen president of .the Council. the past twentY7five years. The plan proyides that Christian A Husslte Society churches having the same faith in THE organization of an American as Christ. shall agree to associate them- Hussite Society was completed on Friday, January 9, 1920, by the selves in a body known the United , adoption of a constitution and elec- Churches of Christ in America, for tion of officers. This constitutes the the furtherance of the redemptive ,central or charter society,' what it work of Christ in the world. It is hoped hy the promoters will, be holds for "autonomy in purely de- followed by the founding of similar nominational affairs," with each organizations in other communities church retaining its statements, its throughout the. United States. form of worship and form of govern- ment. It provides for an executive The organization is upon llnes body or council, and a general coun- similar to the Waldensian and Hug- Cil 'in which constituent churches shall uenot Societies. The proposed con- stitution states that the aim of the be represented by an equal number organization shall be to promote such church, educational and philanthropic of ministers and laymen, women to work in Czecho-Slovakia as seems be included. advisable. The specific functions of the coun- The Presbyterian. cil are to harmonize and unify the work of the united churches: direct Wafting Lists consolidation of missionary activities, as well as of particular churches in THE two schools for Spanish- over-churched areas. by uniting American children of the Presby- boards or churches of any two or terian Home Mission Board at Santa "more denominations or otherwise. Fe, N. M., have long waiting- lists, Another duty of the council will be to undertake inspirational and educa- Miss Buxton, principal of Aliison- tional leadership of such sort ,or measure as may be decided upon by James boarding school for girls, the constituent churches from time to time in the fields of evangelism, hopes soon to establish a complete social service, religious education and the like. high school course and eventually "Dry" Forces Unite '. a colleg-e course. The graduates of Menaul boarding school for boys and WITH the exception of the Anti- Saloon League all the temperthe Allison-James school are eagerly ance and prohibition forces of Amersought as teachers in the public ica have merged into the recently formed American section of the World schools of New Mexico. In addition Prohibition Federation; Beginning to function at once, this new organizato these schools nine others are main- tion will be an active agency for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment tained by the Board in neighbo~ing in the United States and in .the fight against alcohol in 9tber iands. plazas. The Continent.

Organic Church Union A PLAN for organic union of Protestant churches in America was adopted in Phiiadelphia,Feb-

NItWSFRO}.i MANY'I.ANDS

Included. in ,the merger are the "I had my.own ideas, but being his temperance agenCies of all the lead- guest said I didn't know aild asked: ing church :communions and the Pro- 'Mr. President, what do you think hibition Party, the Good Templars, is the reason?' He replied:' 'Mr. Sons of Temperance, United SoCiety Babson, South America was settled of Christian' Endeavor, National Temperance .society and the' Commission by Spaniards seeking gold… North on Temperance of the Federal Coun.. cil of Churches of Christ in America. America was settled by the Pilgrim The federation is the outgrowth of fathers who went to your land to the International Congress on Alco- seek God.''' holism. Dr, Charles Scanlon of Pittsburgh represented the United States Brazilian Sunday Schools at the congresses in London, Milan and The Hague. The next Inter- MANAUS, on the upper Amazon, national Congress will meet in Wash- Brazil, has a wide-awake Sundayington, D. C., September 21-25, 1920. school one thousand miles from the It is expected that forty-one coun- nearest church. Whole states in tries will,be represented. Brazil have only one church or Sun- day-school, and these are all limited Change in Jerry McAuley Mission in attendance by the inadequate size of their houses. One Baptist Sun- THE directors of historic Jerry day-school iIi a suburb of Pernam- McAuley Mission, 316 Water buco has organized a "House De- Street, New York, deCided to aban- partment," which is in reality a series don their work of reforming "bums," of branch Sunday-schools. About because the effect of prohibition has twenty teachers assemble groups of been to reduce the number of those neighbors in their homes at two for whom the mission was founded. in the afternoon, and teach over But this decision has been recon- 250 persons, as many as the number sidered, and work will go on among in the parent school. the people who live in that part of the city. an almost churchless neigh- MOSLEM LANDS borhood. Many are families of the men who have been regenerated Opposition in Jerusalem through the Water Street Mission. 1t is now planned to enlarge the MISS A. VAN SOMMER, memscope of the work until it is made ber of the Executive Committee practically a community center. and one of the founders of the Nile. LATIN AMERICA Mission Press, writes from Jerusalem An Important DUlerenee of their successful work in distrib- ROGER BABSON, the statistiCian, relates the following incident to uting Gospels among Moslems, A prove the importance of religion in business life. printing department is in operation, "A short time ago I was in South but a need is fethltefoJerwsusitoabf lePaHleeshtrineew. America, the guest of the President literature for of the Argentine Republic. One day he 'broke a long silence by saying: Their leaders have issued an' order 'Mr. Babson, can you tell. me why if is that South America. with so much that not so much as a handkerchief greater rtatural advantages and having been settled before North Amer- may be carried on the Sabbath, and ica, is so backward compared with your country?' dire penalties are called down upon any who go near a Christian mission- ary, .one being the threat that. they shall not be buried at Jerusalem if they disregard this order, Egyptian Church Paper THE Huda (Guide) is a Church paper issued by the nat~ve United Presbyterian ChJ,lrch in Egypt,and is full of excellent reading matter. It gives hearty support to Egyptian pas-

tors and leaders in upholding the INDIA' ideals they are seeking to promote. Preparations for a vigorous evange- Sunday Schools in Syrian Church li9tic, campaign included a series of articles upon such subjects as "Deep- AN ASSOCIATION known as the ening of Spiritual Life," "Soul Win- "Mar Thoma Syrian Sunday ning" and "Personal Work." These School Samaj" has for its work the topics were treated in a way which development of Sunday-school in- kindled a lively interest· in the cam- struction in the historic church founded by the Apostle Thomas in paign. Dr. J. Krudenier is editor. the first century of the Christian Era. 'fHE Ciommnnlty N1U'SIll'Ies For Sunday-school purposes the area people of the Egyptian Sudan of the Church is divided into twenty- have advanced a step farther than one circles, each comprising an aver- America in the community idea. age of eight congregations. An in- Nurseries, in which all children of the tribe are raised, are in vogue spector for each circuit visits the among the Shilluks of that regio~. schools in his division, gives model Shi1luk~children are taken from theIr lessons, holds meetings for teachers mothers when mere babes. At an and also addresses the parents. early age, girl children are installed in a common house, while the boys The Samaj began with a course of must live together in sheep and five years whicl1 was raised to six cow barns. and again to seven·years. The COurse now covers thirteen years' study. Work Resumed at Marsovan 'I'raining in missionary giving is em- ANATOLIA College is again open phasized. In some schools the chil- as are Anatolia Hospital and dren bring handfuls of rice; in others Anatolia Girls' School. The latter was never entirely closed during the boys grow bananas or cereals, the war, although it was forced to while the girls sew or raise fowls in move outside American premises~ The order to secure their contribution to- premises were recovered in the spring of 1919, but the work of restora- ward the foreign mission work of tion was exceedingly difficult, because the Church. of the scarcity of both materials and workmen. The college is now in The following figures indicate the session, however, with an attendance nUUlerical growth of the Sunday of 150 students, and step by step School Movement from 1905 to difficulties are being overcome. 1918: The Girls' School also has an Number of Schools . . . . 86 167 190 .attendance of 150,· or more. There .. Teachers .•. 258 740 1520 are also nearly 300 orphans, about equally divided between Armenians " Scholars …. 3800 7832 14215 and Greeks, cared for on the prem- . ises under Relief auspices. Beside t New Leper Asylum these' some Christian girls rescued from Moslem homes have certain ANEW leper asylum was opened lessons. A group of nearly 40 work- ing boys attend an evening school. at Cuttack, Orissa province; – in In addition there are more than·6OQ November last. The institution COvers .young persons. now under. instruc- forty-one acres' and, has an abun- tion in.the American premises at dance of pure water. The buildings Marsovan, almost as large an, attend- are of brick, with tiled roofs and ance as· at any time before the war. cement floors. The men's wards ac- commodate 150 patients, and women's wards in another compound provide for 80 lepers. Two observation . wards will care for 20 incipient Cases and in addition there are· hospitals for men and _women, a dispensary, an ·insane. ward, a shop and splendid quarters for the asylum staff. ' .

For the 6,500 lepers in the Orissa district, there have been only two

1920J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

small asylums, one at Puri and one Siang, proves how undying is the at Sam!>aJ.pur. "seed of the Word." As a YQI.mg Scudder Memorial Hospital lad, Ai Siang heard of the Gospel through Dr. McGilvary, but not long 'T'EN years ~ the descendants of afterward the French government barred all Protestant missionary work .1 Dr. John Scudder planned for a hospital in India to his memory. from Kamoo territory. The last at- As a result, there is now $18,000 in tempt of Christian missionaries to hand, and the British Government in reach there was made in 1904, India will add an equal amount. Two and was not successful. Many desirable pieces of property have been Kamoos have remained Christian at purchased at Ranipet, and on De- heart, giving each other encourage~ cember 11, 1919, the cornerstone of ment as opportunity offered, and Ai the new hospital was laid, with ap- Siang has become their leader. His propriate ceremony and feasting, the trips to Siam have added to his latter so necessary to the Indian idea Christian knowledge, and he is hop- of such functions. Mrs. John Scud- ing and praying that now that the der, who first sailed for India 59 war is over Christian missionaries years ago, laid the cornerstone. may be allowed to visit his people.

With his meager understanding of SIAM AND MALAYSIA the Bible, he has nevertheless held An Indnstrial Venture up the light of the Gospel, in the THE American Pre s by t erian midst of dark superstition. Church has an industrial plant at Lakawn, Siam, for tanning hides Mission Schools in Singapore G and manufacturing leather goods. OVERNMENT reports show that This work is the product of a mis- in Singapore out of every seven sionary with a vision, two tubs and boys learning English five are sent a few knives, supplemented by some to mission schools, compared with directions from an American firm. two to government schools. In the Not o?ly is leather made here, but case of girls the proportion is even from It come shoes, bags, harness, larger, five being educated in mission saddles, belts, etc. It was necessary schools to everyone girl in a govern- to put this work on a commercial ment school. Yet the yearly grant basis, . so the "Lampong Industrial to mission schools, is one-fifth the Company, Ltd., was formed, the amount allowed government. schools.

Presbyterian Mission retaining one- Would it not be a better policy on third interest in the company. The the part of the government to pay enterprise is entirely self-support- more regard to the wishes of the ing. Orders are not filled outside parents by so largely raising the of Siam because the local market government grants to mission schools absorbs all the output and clamors as to enable them to continue the for more. work?

The business is run according to The Mission Field.

Christian principles, and fashions not only good l~ather but good character. CIllNA lIfedical Coedncation olChlnese. Women A Kamoo. Lnmberjack SOMEWHAT startling innova~ A PEOPLE known as Kamoos of A animistic. belief are scattered over· in' the adoption of coeducation for tion has been instituted in China the mountains of Siam, .• Burma, medical students. This policy, re- French Indo-China and Southwestern cently' put in operation at Peking China. Migratory groups of Kamoo Union Medical College, may also be men work in the teak forests of . adopted .in thepropose.d. Shanghai northern Siam. Cne of these, Ai Medical School. The China ,Medical

BOard estimates that the actual cost • Ready' to AcCept· chrIStianity P ra- ~OTINGFU was martyr ground and per' family; even, for inexperiented . In the Boxer days .of 1900. physicians their assistants who day there is a mighj;y sweep towa1;d go out from America to teach in its the Christian Church,' and 2500 permedicaJ schools, is between $4000 sonS have asked to be enrolled as a~d $5000 a year gold. . This is an inquirers-so many that the native pastors are compeIied to hold them interesting contrast to the. amount back, and are accepting only the most promising citizens of villages paid to missionary families, which is and towns.

less than half this sum. The cost of maintaining the Peking Medical College is about $600,000 a year, although there are only seven in the lJandits Free Dr. Shelton entering class. The expense involved and the comparatively few THE State Department has re- Chinese women who have the neces- ceived word from Peking that sary preparation to undertake the Dr. A. L. Shelton, the medical misstudy of medicine led the China sionary of the Disciples, who was Medical Board to make no provision kidnapped by outlaws in Yunna,n at the outset for the medical educa- province, has been released.

tion of women. Dr. Shelton and his family were traveling with an escort of six police Since the reorganization of the and were within two days of their Peking Union Medical College the destination when the party was atconclusion has been reached that tacked by a notorious outlaw named coeducation it) medical schools in Yang Tin Fu, who carried Dr. China is feasible and consequently Shelton away into the hills, but althe trustees have decided to admit lowed Mrs. Shelton and the children women to the pre-medical school. to proceed on their way to Yunnan- Two women are also on the regular fu; scientific staff of the college, one as Every effort was made by General a biologist and the other as a chemist. Tang Chi Yo, the military governor Another will probably be appointed of Yunnan, to obtain the release of to the department of anatomy. Dr. Shelton without taking such The China Medical Board is also measures as would endanger Dr.

interested in the improvement of Shelton's life. The American mili- scientific courses in Ginling College, tary attache was sent by the Amer- Nanking, in Fukien Christian Uni- ican Legation at Peking to Yunnan-fu versity, in St. John's University, to assist in the efforts to obtain Shanghai and elsewhere. There is Dr. Shelton's release.

great need for trained physicians in China, especiaIly for women doc- Chair of Business Administration R tors because of the unwillingness of EALIZING that China's confi- dence in America's friendship Chinese women to consult men physicians. Such women as Dr. Mary has been somewhat impaired by the Stone and Dr. Li Bi Cu are clear treaty of Versailles, the students of evidence of the ability of Chinese Boston University plan to cement women to become excellent physi- friendly relations through educa- cians and surgeons. They should tional, rather than political agencies.

therefore have the opportunity. to The effort is to establish a Boston receive first rate medical training. . University chair of business admin- In order to provide this without istration in Nanking· University, obtaining large sums for new con- which was chosen as the starting stitutions, coeducation is. advocated point for this international coope!~­ by Roger S. preene, resident director tion because it was founded by a in.Ch.ina of the Chi.na Medical Board. graduate of Boston University: .It

is hoped that" the new department to work 'in cordial harmony with die of business administration will fill an established· Boards' of Missions. The urgent demand' fur trained leaders following is the budget 'for the first in China's industrial and economic five years of the work in Japan: .

development. The sum required is FIRST YEAR:"-Central Office -Fukuoka: Five Branch Of- $300,000, and the effort to secure fices _………..•…………$ 65,700 this amount is well under way. .

SECOND YEAR:-Central Of- fices,–Fukuoka and Osaka, JAPAN·CHOSEN Eight Branch Offices …•….$125,900 THIRD YEAR:-Central Of- Christian Workers' Training School fices, Fukuoka and Osaka, Eleven Branch Offices ……..$150,350 AT KARUI?AWA, Japan's famous FOURTH YEA R:-'Central mountain summer resort, a school Offices, Fukuako, Osaka, and is held each summer to give an in- Tokyo: Fourteen Branch Oftensive course in teacher-training to Christian workers. Plans are under fices ………….••……… $225,450 way for the program of the coming FIFTH YEAR :-Central Ofseason. Last summer there were 91 fices,-Fukuoka, .Osaka, and enrolled. In addition to a stiff study Tokyo: Eighteen Branch Ofcourse there were special features, fices …………………..•..$258,050 Total for five years '………. $825,450 such as two "GoodfeJlowship" meet- ings, a reception by the Sunday- Advice to Suicides A school committee, and two sunrise CHRISTIAN Japanese woman of Kobe, Mrs. Jo, maintains a prayer meetings. One of these was held on the top of Mt. Atago, and home for women who find them- the singing of "Holy, Holy Holy," selves in difficulty, victims of un- was heard by the people in the valley wise marriages, country girls alone in the city and others. She calls it the below.

Newspaper Evangellsm "Kobe Woman's Home of Sympathy."

Last year Mrs. J0 began to extend NEWSPAPER and correspondence her helpful service in a new direc- evangelism was begun in Oita, tion. Not far from Kobe is a sea- Japan, in 1912, under the direction of side resort which has attained no- Dr. Pieters of the Japan Mission of toriety from the large number of the Reformed Church in America. suicides which take place there. One In its present stage of development, hundred and seventy-nine were at- the method consists of securing space, tempted last year, the people coming at advertising rates, in the ~dinary from far and near. Mrs. J o's plan secular press; utilizing this to put the is to place large placards here and.

elementary truths and facts of the there in the town which read: "Wait, Christian religion before the reading would-be suicide! Come to me and public; soliciting further inquiry; fol- talk it over." Seven dispirited per- lowing up such inquiry by the dis- sons came within three weeks, and tribution of tracts, the lendin!'r of were turned aside from their purpose books, and by personal interviews; to destroy themselves. .

training the converts ,by correspond- ence study and. organizing such con· AFRICA verts into .groups that form the nu- Togoland Mandate E cleus for Christian Churches. NGLAND has become the manda- Foi' the purpose of interesting the tory Power. for about one-third American public in this work, the of what was the German Colony of ..

"Association for Newspaper Evange- Togoland, the· rest of the colony be- lism" was formed October 9, 1919, ing. joined to the French Colony of and is prepared' to carry on, an active Dahomey.. This new area, which wiU campaign. .It .is the earnest desire presumably fonn part of the diocese of those who . organized this society of Accra, includes the important

town and trading center of Yendi, been composed hy nativechrlstillns, '.

which lies on the principal route from and both Sunday and week dayservthe Gold –Coast to Nigeria, and is ices are crowded with eager listeners.

much frequented by Hausa traders. OBITUARY NOTE This presents an unusual opportunity for Christian missionaries to get into Mrs. George F. H~k or Turke» touch with the Hausas, by far the most important and influential race AFTER· spending over fifty years as a devoted missionary in Tur- key, Mrs. George F. Herrick, who in West Africa. The Mission Field. returned to America with her hus- band a few years ago,. passed away New Cathedral in Uganda at her home in New York on March 'J1HE new Cathedral at Kampala, 26. She was in her eighty-third J. Uganda, is probably the largest year. Mrs. Herrick was a noble Christian Church in Africa. At the representative of New England consecration services which took Christian character at its best. As place last September the vast build- a devoted wife and faithful helper ing was quickly filled, and the throng in all her husband's activities, she outside was estimated at 20,000. The made her home in Turkey a powersinging was led by a large surpliced ful object lesson to all who came into choir of African boys. The follow- it, showing just what a Christian ing Sunday 864 communicants sat home should be. The memory of … her beautiful character and loving down to the Lord's Supper. The First Christian missionaries deeds of kindness remains vividly went to Uganda in 1876. Since that impressed upon the minds and hearts time the number of Christian churches of all who have come in contact with in the Protectorate has grown from her. Many friends in America and Turkey will feel particularly deep one to 2000 ; communicants now sympathy with her aged husband, number 30,000 and baptized Chris- who is left without her companiontians 100,000. The network of ship during the remaining years of schools, all in Christian controlhas extended the· influence of the his life.

Church far beyond its numerical MISSIONARY PERSONALS strength. Uganda has a contribu- Rev. William J. Hutchins, profes- tion to give to the science of missions: sor of homiletics at Oberlin Theo- ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC logical Seminary, 1ms been elected Revival on Nfas Island President of Berea College, Ken- tucky,' in place of Dr. William WTHEN' the fiftieth anniversary of Goodell Frost, who has recently re- W mission work on Nias Island . signed. . . (Dutch East Indies) was celebrated Mrs. William A. Shedd, who spent .in 1915 there were on the island nine years in Persia as a teacher and aeout 18;000 baptized Christians. In missionary, is now in the United two years the number had increased States. Mrs. Shedd led 70,000 Christo 30,000, and there has been noted tians out of Urumia,Persia, just a remarkable spiritual development, before the Turks entered the city in evidenced not so much by' numbers 1918.

as by the impulse to measure up Dr. Thomas F. Cummings, of the life . according to the plumb line Department of Phonetics in the Bible .

standard of Christianity. Stolen Teachers' Training School, New goods ha"e been returned; quarrels York, has gone to Africa under the amicably settled, genuine· repentance auspices. of the Interchurch World thus being proved. The sale of Bibles Movement to make a systematic .and .religious literature has increased. study of the linguistic problems of Hymns with original melpdies have the Dark Continent. -. Hebrew -Christian Publication Society, Inc.

RT. REV. CHARLES S. BURCH, D. D., L. H. D., REV. KENNETH MACKENZIE, , P r• •ld.nt~ Secretal'Y', Westport, Conn.

B. A. M. SCHAPIRO, Manatrine Direetor, WILLIAM W. McALPIN, Too.outer, 1I83 Bibl. House, N. Y. C. 983 Bible Houoe, N. Y. C.

AN OPEN LETTER Dear Friends:- The Ways and Means Committee of the Hebrew-Christian Publication Society seeks the.privilege of addressing you thh open letter: The times have ripened into a great possibility for the accomplishment of the work to which this Society is pledged. The great War has disclosed to Christianity the immense importance of the Jewish problem. Many ·Jews are more ready for the Gospel of our Lord and theirs, than ever since the tragedy of Calvary. They are read- ing our New Testament with open minds; they ere asking sober questions as to the Messiahship of our Christ. This Society possesses in the person of Mr. Benjamin A. M. Schapiro, one eminently qualilled to prepare the kind of literature of which they stand in need. His scholarship in the original tongue; his keen perception of the divine plan of redemption; his acumen for presenting truth directly and forcibly; his intensity of conviction carry his message into the hearts of atl who hear Him or read His writings. Our Society occupies the unique position of issuing literature adapted to the Judaic mind. without cost to those who wish to use it. We are very anxious to extend the work in every possible manner. To this end the Society has been incorporated. Any contribution wiD be gratefully acknowledged by the Treasurer of the Society and also will be reported in the next issue of "The People, the Land and the Book." Yours very truly, KENNETH MACKENZIE, AMBROSE S. MURRAY, JR., WILLIAM W. McALPIN, JAMES WOOD, Ways and Means Committee WHAT EMINENT CLERGYMEN SAY OF OUR TRACTS Robert D. Wilson, Ph. D .. D. D .• Professor of Semitic Languages and Old Testament Criticism at Princeton Theologlcal Semina.ry, who. writing to the Soclety about this tract, says: "1 have just read Mr. Schapiro'. tract on the 'Origin and Slgnl1lcance of Sacrifices.' I believe JESUS AND HIS KINSMEN It is one of the best treaties ever written on the (Second Edition, 50,000) subject. . "Hls Hebrew and Talmudical .texts are well Prof. Luther T. Townsend. D. D" S. T. D., translated and hls argument seems to me very M. V. I .. who has written the Introduction, says: convincing." .

"The follOwing essay by our friend, Mr. B. A.

The People, the Land and the Book, published Quarterly, pocket edition, 3*][6, contains 96 pages.

NO SAMPLE COPIES, as a limited edition is issued. You can, howeveT, secure It pamphlet "The Aim" of the Hebrew-Christian 'PubUcation Society, containing 28 pages, which will give you an excellent idea of the work of the Society.

HEBREW-CHlUSTIAN PUBLlCA.TION SOClE'rY, Inc.

983 BIBLE HOUSE, NEW YORK, N. Y.

The aim of thl. Soclety Is to reach with the Gospel of Christ the IntelJlgent JewB. Also to pubJlsh -and distribute, Bratuitouslv. Christian literature adlPted to the JudaiC mind.. '. I subscribe to the HEBREW-CHRISTIAN PUBLIOATION SOCIETY, the sum of.

Name-Mr., Mrs., Mi…. or Rev, ……… , .. , ………. : …………. , .: ……….. , …….. .-..

Address .. " •. , ………. ", ……. ,., •…•. City.. ; …………………… State………… ..

Not_Contrlbutor. to the work of tlie SOCtety'areentitled to' all publication., Inc1uiUna the .MIIJlaalne, "THE p,EOl'LE,. THE LAND AND. THE BOOK." . ' . .

aa;.YJtI= t!°~e~af:,~~t~ ~ot8b~ m~~~.Afutm:, ~rrg,:.'!t~I~ :~~!>taIn LOrd." (.Jeawr the Ohrlst) (St. Paul) Please me"tioll TIlB HtSSloRAIlY Rl!Vt.w 0. 'fllB WOR~D in .ritinc to ad.-ertisere

World's Sunday School

·HE TEDHNICAL guidance of the Sv.nday-school world T.. movement has been, by the mission and Sunday-school Boards, largely committed to the World's Sunday School Association in the Executive Committee on which these Boards have represen- tatives.

Right Hon. Thos. R. 'Ferens of Hull, England, a .leading 'British statesman and manufacturer, is the President of the Asso- ciation and Hon. John Wanamaker is the Chairman of the Executive , Committee, succeeding the late Henry J. Heinz.

Secretaries are representing this Association in Japan, Korea, China, the Philippines, India, Moslem fields, Europe and South America, some 12 secretaries in all, a totally inadequate force for so great a task and in the face of so great an opportunity.

The new program of the World's Association calls, for an increase in this secretarial force by some fifty trained workers, to man the great centers of China, South America, Europe, and other fields. These secretaries have developed the Sunday-school in a splendid way in every field. , 1. By promoting the production of a Sunday-school lesson lit- erature in the languages and dialects. This includes graded lesson literature in China and Japan and the adaptation of the uniform lessons to the needs of particular fields through wise illustration and the aid of native helpers.

2. A rich technical literature for the training and help of native Sunday-school iWorkers has been produced. This consists of a translation into the dialects of the best of American and English Sunday-school books, and the encouragement of native Sunday School material. The translations now number 162,—,say in Arabic 25, Spanish 16, Japanese 35, Chinese 35, Korean 11, Philip- pine dialects 20, Portuguese 20.

3. The introduction into Christian schools and theological seminaries of the Sunday-school courses to develop the native leadership and the suggestion of Sunday-school libraries for such institutions.

4. The promotion of Sunday-school institutes at city centers and summer schools for the training of a leadership. Notable illustrations of these can be found at Karuizawa, Japan and Kuling, China. Correspondence reading and itinerary courses are common by these secretaries.

5. The development of evangelism through the work of the Sunday-school teachers and the training in such service of the 'adults in organized Bible classes.

6. The raising of, the efficiency in Sunday-school organization through the standardizing of schools and the recognition of the attainment of· these standards. The gradual departmentalizing of the schools is going on in the larger centers.

z

ABINGDON RELIGIOUS EbUCATION

D…VID G. DOWNEY, Gen…1 Editor NORM…N E. RICHAIlDSON, …..ocl.t. Editor THE~~ELIGIOUS.MOTIVE IN AMEJUCAN EDUC~TIONI One. of ¢e greatest immediate, needs in American education. is that ~hers ~t"~etill¥>n come to have an intelligent appreciation of the aims and techniquc of' pitblic schQQ1..educa- tion and that public school teachers Jearn how to take into account the religious mOtives of their'pupifs..American fDemocracy cannot find a secure foundation in two separate and tnutually f;xclusiv~ systems of education. The church school teacher wh~ is ignorant, or antagonistic in his attitude toward the public school cannot make his full contribution to the welfare of the nation: The pablicschool teacher who ignores the religious motive' in the pupils ~ot:bring his work to its highest success. What is needed is that both have a vision of the common task, Several of the Abingdon Religious Education texts ~il be purposefully adapted to the needs of oUr secondary schools.

It is believed t!Uit this six-fold standard consistently maintained gives to the Abingdon Texts in Religious Education distinctness of character and suitability for use in the COM- MUNITY SCHOOLS OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AND IN WEEK-DAY SCHOOLS OF RELIGION. .

COMMUNITY,' TRAINING, SCHOOL SERIES During the next decade American Communities In ever Increasing numbers will launch gyst8ms of NOJUIAN E. RICHARDBON, Bd/Im WEEK-D'"Y SCHOOLS OF RELIGION.

The rapid development of COMMUNITY The Abingdon Texts for WEEK-D'"Y SCHOOLS OF RELIGIOUS EDUC…TION h88 SCHOOLS OF RELIGION are being prepared made,neOOssaz.y the creation of a special series of by competent" writers who understand the partictexts. No such school can do Its best work with- ular needBof thls tYPe of school 'and who have out suitable text-books. TWa Is particularly true crea.tlve power In producIRg ,pupu:…text-booka., 01 achoolB that hate as their aim the training of teachers of reUgion. One of the most pOtent fac- Llst 01 titles on request. tors In meJdng the class-room hour a time of en- Ifghtenment and of inspiration is a commo!} ral- GARY LEAFLETS lying point of thlnklng on the part of both puplhJ and reachers-the Wlligned lesson in a trustworthy Lealon Cou,tHa for Week…Oa,. Religioua text. Instruction "OW TO TEACH RELICION a The work of WEEK-D"'Y RELIGIOUS EDU- Principles and Methods ~ C…TION is practically new Ileld. Whlle per- Btl GJI08QB HBltBl!IRT BATr8 manent texts are being prepared we recommend the use of the Gary LeatIets. In the arrange- Professor of ReIlgious Education, Northwe..tern ment of theseleBBons the llUrpose is to give help University. born of five years' experience In Gary and e1Be- where, in actually teaching the le380ns. The UmQ, eM page.. 'Cloth, Net 111.1115;' po.tage 10e. Gary school system is not essential to the plan. A church or community with any lluWic school Llst of other titles on reqnest~ system whatever can use these ,lessons -satis* factorily. WEEK-DAY SCHOOL SERIES GROUP I-YE…R I-Including children from QIOltGJl HmBBIIRT BIl'l"TS, C(M)perating Author Grades 1 and 2.

The next great forward step in American Edu- GROUP II~YEAR I'-Including children from cation is the establishment of WEEK-D"'Y Grades. a I'nd 4. SCHOOLS OF RELIGION. Already experiments have l;leeIi ma.de with marked "uccess in . GROYP III-YEAR ,I-;Including children Gary, Ind.; Toledo. 0.; Van Wert, 0.; Batavia, from Grades 5 and 6. 111.; New York City, and ma.ny other important centers. The movement has the active support GROUP IV-YEAR I -'Including children of the most progressive public school leaders. from Grades 7 and 8 of the public schools. The church school with its one short session a week, Is confessedly inadequate to the task. For further lnformaiion address THE ABINGDON PRESS," 1SO Fifth Avenue New York Please mention Till; MISS[ONARY RJ:vuw 01" 1'U WORLD in writing to- advertisers

Portable StereOpticon' $100.00

for Your ,Church The choice 01 thousands of clergymen Today's Housewife has helped churches all over the country (For use with or without electric ctUTent) to raise funds in a refined, dig- nified manner~ Far superior Thi. i. an era ·of· visualization to the usual, threadbare, tiring supper, sociable or bazaar. Visualize Not a cent of expense or risk; Religious and Edueational Studies Write today for deta~s, Church Aid Department, BY Today's·Housewife, rldor Standard FeatlaUweigid SI:de Sllhjects 100 MainSt. Our Slide Library contains over Cooper~townt New York 18,000 Subjects and progresses with the changing demand.

SpeCial Slides made from any Copy.

Catal~es and Trial Terms mailed upon request.

THE MANUFACTURERS VICTOR ANIMATOGRAPH COMPANY· (IneorpoTated) 216 Victor BId…. DAVENPOR~, IOWA ~oDtgommery VVard REA,D rHE NEW BOOK, & Company By.T. M. STANFIELD. .' Manufacturers and Elporters : .of General Merchandise CHRIST'S SECOND GOMING Have ratered to the requir~nt. of "This little brochure is a fine showing MissiollSriet in all partt of the world. for O'er 23 years. of the Post-Millennial view of the Second You are Invited Coming of our Lord. The author, by a {uD appeal to Scripture, demolishes the to write for a copy or OUf larre Catalog main positions. and riddles with grape-. of genemi Merchandise and our speclal shot the outworks of the Pre-Millennial advocates. Missionary Circular "For a brief. clear. sane and satisfac- We guarantee safe delivery anywhere tory treatment of the subject discussed.

MONTGOMERY WARD & COMPANY this compact hooklet is equal to the Mlaaionary Bu~u' best."- TA. CAr{,lian Inl.lligene.., CHICACO, ILL. PRICE 35 CENTS PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY J. M. STANFIELD Cleveland, Tennessee.

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XIII

Interchurch World Movement of NqrthAmerica .,.,.

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENTS: ,- ~.~ THE CHURCH AND THE COMMUNITY, By Ralph E. Dilfendorfer.

A Study Book for the Ghurche.. . '., .,.

Since the Great War ended, many que.tlons have beeD. asked concerning the relatloD of the Church to the Community. New con.ditio.e and Dew. problems, calHni for ~::~:~itj:Dc80::!~:J~~~~~:r8!i:: "~:~:::ni~;8Li;!'~:'E'::::m¥!I!~:':8~'~ ,1'C:!~i;! ative Movements," "Homes and Houslbgl' and 4·CoDlfllunity Leaderahipa" Price, cloth, 75 cents; paper, 50 cents; postpaid. (Ready in April) THE NEAR EAST: CROSSROADS OF THE WORLD.

By William H. Hall, of the Syrian Protestant College, Beltut.

The story of the Near East up to date; Ua history, geography, re]{111on~ education, 'abd' .lplratloBs. The outatandlbll study book of the ye-ar oD~ecotl8truction problem.. ia Egypt, Syria, ASia Minor, and Persia. Dr• .lames L; Barton, of the Near East Relief, conttibutes a final chapter, analysln, the complex political and religious situaflon which I. of vital concern to America. Mapa and IUuatratlona. . Price, clotb, 75 cents; paper, 50 cents; p08tpald, (Ready. In ApdJ) .

FRANK HIGGINS: THE TRAIL BLAZER. By Rev. Thomas D. Whittles.

. The .ti~ng story of Frank Higgins, pioneer in Christian work 'am~ng the lumberjacks of the North. This book, wtitten by a frle~d of many years, abounds in' entertain- ina anecdote. Price, cloth, 75 cents; paper 5. cents; postpaid. {Ready in Aptil) A BETTER WORLD. By Tyler Dennett.

:t::fc:!' ~::I:::!:~n~rO~:lk8rtfu~~~:!i::itt~::~:::1~~!~i:~~"e p~:~~c::~:~~~~, h,:it~ view to interpreting, In this book, the meaniDg for the Missionary MovemeDt of t~e decisioDs there reacbed. A book for dilcusaion troups..- Price, cloth, $1.50;- p'aper, 75 cent.; postpaid. (Ready Now) . < Order from your Denominational Boord, or from the i ; ''::~l<' ;U'.':{t", -: . '" ~ '.,,1; , .

Interchurch World Movement ofNol'th America New Y~rk City 45 West 18th Street . SALES DEPARTMENT o .,; ,,2: LIFE ANNUITY BONDS _ of the BOARD OF FOREIG~ :MISSIONS land the BOARD OF HOME MISSIONS AND CHURCH EXTENSION of the METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH~are Safe In Secure a ane a tisfactory ubstantial ORDER tatement imple. TO end to Geo~e M. Fowles, Treasurer of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York City, or W. J. Elliott, Treasurer of the Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1701 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Please mention TH~ MISSIONARY R1£VIltW OF ,!H~ WORLD i~ wri~ing to advertisers

Your Ground. SUNDAY.SCHOOL LANTERN

AND MOTION l'ICTURES BY ERECTING DODSON BIRD HOUSES THE An interesting set of lantern slides has been prepared entitled "Sunday-schools in , 'King's Business" Many Lands." After &howing pictures of 1.( FOR ALL BIBLE LOVERS some of the business men of prominence I'

Livest Bible Study'Magazine in who are officers in ihe World's Sunday the Field for Home, Church, School Association the slides take the and Sunday School audience to Honolulu, Japan, Korea, China, Philippine Islands, Moslem lands, LIFE ~::li:~1s GROWTH Australia, Europe and South America. Sunday-school- work in these countries i~ This magazine has doubled its SUbscription vividly portrayed and efficient work i!' list and almost doubled again in 18 months. shown which is not equalled on the home fields. These pictures always stimulate to IT'S DIFFERENT b~tter work in ,the home land where con- ditions are much less difficult to over- In these days of hustle you want something right come. Convention pictures are shown in to the point. It must be true to the Word. It Manila, where 5,500 were present; in must be a real help to an understanding of the Tokyo of 12,500 and in Seoul of 15,000. Word. Well-here you have it. People Say The The attendance at the Buffalo Convention King's Business is the best value for the money of the International Sunday School, Asa.nd more to the point than any other similar sociation, represent;ng North America, N~~!!CtJ!t:::;'so.write for sample and see if you. was less than 3,000. Editoria.ls-Bij:>le Studies-Sunday School Las- Three reels of moving picture!' portray ~~lJ.!t ~~~~~rt RI'b~~"i"o~~ead- Sunday-school life and scenes giving de- lightful local color in Japan, Philippine Only $1.00 a Year. Foreign $1.24 Islands and Buenos Air~s. The one on Japan introduces to a day in the life of Club rate. to Sunday Schools Sayo-chan, " little Sunday-school girl, and it is fascinating to watch her place her Bible Institute of Los Angeles lesson impression for the day on the blackboard as she draws the eros!' above 540 S. Hope Stl'eet Lo. Angeles, California Mt. Fujiyama, the sacred mountain of Japan. In the Philippine reel numerous schools are shown including the barrios. The 5,500 delegates to that convention come in {)n a special train and march to the ball park. Native games are played for the camera and Rev. J. L. Mc- Laughlin, the Sunday-school Secretary, is seen as he itinerates by at~o and boat. The South American' reel portrays actual SundaY-&ehool work; classes are' seen in session.. parades are shown and afternoon tea is not omitted.

These slides and reels can be rented. A lecture' accompanies the slides. The reels are" fully -titled. Write to. the , Word's Sunday School Association, 216 Metropolitan -Tower, New York City.

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Map Why Not Learn

to teach _While Learning Showing-the What to Teach? Unevangelized Regions You can. You can have the expert help of OF THE WORLD ·a teacher of teachers, .on every .weelt's Sun- day School lesson, in learning a fundamentSl as exhibited at the Pastors' teaching principle, illustrated and applied in Conferences, suitable for use in teaching that very Jesson. Churches, Sunday Schools, Mission Rooms This unique le~n help appears every week Size 41×77 inches in The Sunday School Times .exclusively.

It is prepared by Prof. Charles Calvert Ellis, A. M., Ph. D., Vice-President and Professor of Education of Juniata College, at Hunting- don, Pa. '

Printed in three colors PRICES You will find your Bible study and teach- ing made easier and more in~resting as. yon On Paper (cash with order) $2.00 On Cloth (cash with order) 5.00 follow and use the sound "learning and teach- ing" principles in this easily used fonn by 6e whose lifework is !!ducation-but educa- tion in the service of Him whom he rejoices to mIl Saviour and Lord.

Stereopticon Every iaaue of the Sun.day School Time. con… tains thirteen other unique helps on the Int..– AND !'e-:e:n:!~~l:::ddt~~~~o~ft~~ao&i:!~e w~id~ I Motion Picture Machines graded for different aps,_ yet bindin.. the elltire home and echool'togClther in. Bible study. But a1l this Is ill only one department of FOR Thousands of readers take the paper for its Editorials and Open Letters, its masterly . Church, School articles on Archaeology, Missions, Ways of or Comr.nunity Ceqtera Worki?g; and its spiritual food anfl Victori- ous Life mess'.'ge,s.

We are prepared to furnish motion Remember also that Tlte· Sunday School picture machines or stereopticons Times and its writers believe anti. leach the for use in church, parish houSe or whole Bible as the. inspired, infallible Word school. . .. of God, and the shed blood of Jesus as the only but sure way of salvation. .

If interested, write for suggestions Our "Get-Acquaint~d" Off~r and information. We are in a position to advise as to the type of . 10 Weeks for 2S Cents equipment best suited for your needs. . The Sunda)" SchOol Timet CompanJ .74 1031 Walnut St.. Philadelphia, Pa.

INTERCHURCH WORLD For the 25 cents enclosed please send The MOVEMENT Sunday School Times for 10 weeks to OF NORTH AMERICA Name…………………………………..• SALES DEPARTMENT Address…………….•…… :………… , ..• 4SWeat 18thStreet, NEW YOIU{,N.Y.

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New Ferrum Traim.ng

Spring Bo'oks THE Virginia Conference of the The Hall With Doors-A Methodist Episcopal C h u r c h, South, and the Woman's Missionary Vocational Story Society of the same denomination By Louise S. Hasbrouck have united in building the Ferrum, Virginia, Training School for young Which door to life? College? Busi- people in the mountainous and rural ness? Social Work? Home? A sections of Virginia who are beyond group of normal fun-loving girls the reach of any school worthy of( form the V. V. Club to find out. the name. This school thus offers Did they open the right doors out an opportunity for Christian educa- of the Hall of Girlhood on to the tion to those who have few privileges way of achievement? This is a or none. No pupils are charged book for which mothers and more than $100 a year, including teachers have long Iceen waiting tuition, room and board, but the to put into the hands of their greater number pay no fees. All girls. Postpaid, $1.60. the work of the School is done by the students, and everything possible Tama-The Diary of a Japanese is done for the development of Christian character. School Girl During the summer months ex- By Florenc~ Wells tension schools in communities with- out any educational privileges have Tama as a book is unique. At resulted in the opening of several the same time it is op.e of. the branch schools. most delightfully amusing and human little stories ever pub- French Equatorial Africa lished. The quaint 'pidgin' Eng- lish in which it is written will A COMMITTEE from the Presby- cause gales of merriment when terian mission station of Elat re- read aloud. This story from the cently went to Yaounde, 130 miles to heart of a little Japanese gir' will the northeast, to look over possible appeal to young and grown"ups sites for a new station. They re- alike. Postpaid S5c. . tun,ed enthusiastic and eager to be- gin work. Yaounde is a large govern- The Inch Library ment station which has been chosen as the place for the new capital of Inches I. II. III. French Equatorial Africa, and with the palace of the goven,or general The girl's literary needs have and all the other necessary govern- been condensed to a few inches, ment buildings it is destined to be- but in these inches there is a come an important town. The place wealth of spiritual counsel and is situated on the border line be- practical information about tween the forest country and the things at home and abroad. In- grass country, and although the ches I, II Boxed, 60c. Inch III people speak a different tongue they Boxed 75c. Postpaid 7c. addit- can understand Bulu well enough iOlla!. for the missionaries to use Bulu until they themselves can learn The Girl's Year Book Yaounde. Some thoughts, prayers an.d The missionaries are 'gratified with Bible. reading-s for every day in the year. "Original in concep- the firm stand of the French Govern- tion, attractive in form and a.e- ment on the liquor question in Africa. vout in spirito" Postpaid 70c. There is very little dJ;inking of in- toxicants among the natives, for the BOOKSHOPS EVERYWHERE government absolutely prohibits im- ported intoxicants for the native or Africans, and it is the expectation that these imported liquors will soon THE WOMANS PRESS be prohibited to the white traders and . government officials also. en .60O'LeuilitonA"V ue,New York City Please mention TUll MISSION.ABY RiVIJ£W OF THE WOILD in writing to advertisers Just DORAN Out For the Ambitious BOOKS Though Busy Bible Student TALKS TO SUNDAY SCHOOL TEACHERS Luther A. Weigle Tha accomplished author of "The Pupil and the Teach- Dictionary er" canies on in this new volume a continuation of his . OF sldJltul treatment of teaching problems. The newer,Padl'IIlO!!ical ideals a.re presented in .uggestlve and inspll"ing The' Bible ,hapters. Net. $1.25 THIRD REVISED EDITION INTHE MENACE of IMMORALITY By JOIlN D. DAVlB. Ph.D.. D.D.. LL.D.. with the co-operation of B. B. WARFUtLD, D. D •• LL. D., and ih8 CHURCH and STATE late GEOliGE T. PURVES. D. D .• LL. D. The Bible student who cannot alford the time Or Reo. John R. Straton, D.D~ money to avail Wmself of the many volumes that PfUJtor~ Calvary Baptist Chureh, NelD York might enrich Ws work will find in this dictionary Is America being destroyed like Ancient Greece and ~~';'~llIfn}g~!'t~~n intobr:~~~S"::i~~i":i.!:l: Roma by Immorality? Is the startling question raised by Dr. St;raton. Illustrated. Net. $1.75 acce.ors. -The past years ha.ve witnessed a number of historica.l and geographical discoveries in Bible INTERVENTION IN MEXICO la.nds-, and the results of these discoveries are Included. Samuel Guy Inman All Those Who Enjoy An authorlta.tlve work. tells the -general reader what he most wants to know about this puzzling question. Offers a constructive program for the solution of the Amerlca.n-Mexican problem. Net. $1.50 A BETTER WORLD Tyler Dennett Author 0/ uThe Democratic Movement in. A.siG,/' etc..

TWs accomplished traveler. writer and social science investigator gives us a review of the world's religjoUB resources and their application to the realization of delightful characterdemocr..tic idealB. Net. 51.50 "This dJetlonary comes . ization of Biblical about as nearmeetlng the persons . and clear, NEW FURROWS IN OLD brief resumes of doc.. needs of the rank and :Die trine will welcome FIELDS William C. Covert, D.D. of our Sunday school tws book. teachers sa any volume of . A book of reasoned optimism. tranquil faith nnd un- 1ts ldnd. with whtch we FuJl page halfdaunted conviction. which proscribe3 applied 'Christian.. are acquainted. It is up- tones of ..actual pict- Ity as the one remedy for all our present-day social and to–date without beingrad.. ures of the more im- Industrial ills. Net. $1.50 tear- and while &lving the malD facts fn regard to ~~~t .r~t'i~; ~~~~ APT ILLUSTRATIONS FOR Bible charactert'll, places. and events. ita treatments the book very atpUBLic ADDRESSES &AI Bot so lull as to make It iml)Ol"81ble I for· bUSY tractive~ men and women to read A. Bernard Webber them. n_.'.?#1lJ1a1l SChool Maqaztnt.

A notable collection of fresh. original incidents covering Special attention Row A a wide range of subjects. Net. $1.50 is given to the .pell- TO ADYERTIt;E ing and ~~nunciation of proper names.

CHURCH E. E. Elliot We do not believe "We eoD8!der this one that any better dic- of the most satisfactory A practical band-book on Church publicity. Tells how, tionary of the Bible dlctlonarles In pr:!nt. It; wben and where.to ad verti>;e all the departments and can be found for the Is rEB.lly B dictionary of a.ctlvities of the local church. Net. $1.50 money. the Bible, and not ot things about the Bible. A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF It is su:fllclent for The UlU8tratlons 8l'8 real the needs of the Wustratfolll. and not EDUCATION Prol. W. S. Athearn average Bible stu- 'might be Imaglna~OD8' of dent and Christian """'" lehlle mInded orUst. Pra.ctical plans for a nation-wide advanre in religiou. worker and also min- When YOU look for infor– education. Net. $1.58 Isters who do not matlon It Is to be found. care to invest a large We know of no diction- THE U~E OF THE STORY sum of money in a ary btJtter suited to the work 01 several vol- work: of the Bible student IN REL claus EDUCATION umes. and the Bible teacher. to -Tl'ie lUU,tou, World.

Margaret W. Eggleston .It i. attractiyel" bound in·three .tyles: A l'OOOI!lIlZed expert te1B how to use tbe story on all occasions. Net, $1.50 C;oth, $3.00, postpaid THE CASE ACAINST SPIRIT- Half Leather, 3.75. po.tpaid 6.00, postpaid UALISM' Jane T. Stoddart Full Morocco, Hu so completely met the demand for a work that Order a copy tfHlay, from. our neare.t house. successfully controverts the teachings of revived Spiritualism that.. new edition has boon qwcldy called for. 11 neCUBQTY, the book will be ..ent on flPP""'fJl.

It!'e'f~~itis:.,~;t'ilJi'i:'.''The book Is m a. cl;:t~~1.~~ Presbyteriiul Board of Publication GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY (THE WESTMINSTER PRESS) H••4•••rt…. PHILADELPHIA, WkJ…_n Bid,.

244 Madison Ayenue New York New York Chi~ Cincinnati Nashville.. St. LouIs SaD Francisco Pittsburgh . Publishers hi ~erica for Hodder &: Stoughton Please mention THJt MISSIONARY R"E;VlF:W OP THE WORLD in writing to advertisers

XVIU

HELP FOR THE MISSIONARY COM~ MTTEE By Frank L. Brown, Brooklyn. New York The Missionary Committee, ~p­ pointed by the Bushwick Avenue Methodist Sunday School Board, were young people eager to do some- The thing worth while. But how? Too Wonderful often we appoint committees and then Acousticon With' the Smaller Ear Piece turn them loose without chart, com- Will Make You Hear pass, steering .gear or cargo, and service possibilities go to waste.

To avoid this mistake we appro- =:w !!an!: There is no longer any need for you to hear imperfectly. priated money from the regular funds for f'training to hear or being conspicuous in any way. Over (not from the missionary gifts) for :::~~:rtJ:O::f~:f cie:~ti:~ i:h~ the purchase of an outfit. With this better. and JUflt as strong as ever. l'housands. of enthusiast·io money th~ bought books, including: Acousticon users have' te8tifiedto lbe wonderful resulls obtained from i~. and we feel safe in urging every pemon who is Graded Missionary Programs, by hard of hearing to …,ept wilbout a penny of expen80 and enlilrly at our risk the Anita Ferris.

Famous Acousticon Graded Missionary Education. in For 10 Days' FREE TRIAL the Church Sch.wl" 'by Frededca NO DEPOSIT-NO EXPENS& Beard.

All we ask is that yOll give it a fair trial in your own home Missionary Methods' for Sunday amid £ami1i~ surroundings. If it does not .ma.ke you hear, we want it baCk without a cent ol e:a:pense to you for the trial. School Workets" by Trull. because we know it is good husin9 policy to have none but satisfied and enthusiastic Ctultomere-that'. the. only kind we Five Missionary Minutes, by Trull. now have. Write. fer your PREE TIllAL tod.,_ Missionary Education of Juniors, . Dictograph Products Corporation by Hutton. .

1447 Candler Building, New York Missions in the Sunday School, by Hixon: 1,'hings to Make,' by Hutton.

All of this was to inform the com·'

HARTFORD_ mittee as to principles and plans for w. Douglas Mackenzie President missionary work- and their applica- tion to the various departmenfs or classes of the school. , To put missions into the real life Theological Seminary of the school through eye gate and Dean.M. W.Jacobus ear gate, the committee ordered: School of Religious Pedagogy The Missionary Review of the Dean. E. H. Knight World ($2.50 a year). .

Kennedy 'School of Missions The World Outlook ($2.00 ayear). i)ean,E. W. Capen Everyland (for Juniors) ($1.50 a year) ..

China was selected as the subject of the first monthly program.' So Through these associated schools Hart- from the 1llagazines they cut the ford offers full training for: pictures of Chinese subjects, pinned 1. The Christian ministry. or pasted these on cardboards, mak- Z. The w~le field of religious. edu- ing one or more sets for each depart- cation. ment. For the beginners and pri- maries, they arranged pictures of 3. The foreign field. child life in China; for the juniors.

pictures of. boys and girls in. their Each School has its independent faculty week' day or school activities: for and j~ own instituti~n31 life• .md together the intermediates, pictures of mis- they form one interdenomiDational insti- 'sionaries or. I).;itive leaders or $C.r- tution 'with the 'unity of common aim vice activities; for the seniors and and spirit. ' adults illustrations of educational in- Please DltAfioa TH. MISS10M:ARY. R.v~.w ~:r 'tH. WORI.D in writing to advertisers A Music Question AnsqJered Are there any new relisious songs PUBLIC that grapple the vital problems of the Church in this day of reconstruction?

" Yes; such songs will be found in a book just olI press entitled HYMNS FOR TODAY SPEAKING edited by J. H. Fillmore and a number FREE orlY:!~~ ~ff~~-!~r oN::ti;~!ar:'iif~never 1:rt:: of experts in hymnology. It is a general purpose hymnal for the use of Graded if you take advantage of it. Ten lessons in Sunday SchoQls, Churches, Social and Patriotic Meetings. ~~b;~ox!Pd;~in~ea:~~te~s f:~ra~ordI!:; Jt~~ The price of the present edition is to intro1uce our wonderful course in localities $75 per hundred. Future editions sub- where it is DOt already known. ject to change in price. Sample copy sent for examination. We teach you, by mait~ to become a· xowerful A complete Orchestration is being ::~ ~:~:~fi~e t~~~ioa:sd :fe::::r~:ne:~rna:: prepared which will add greatly to the effectiveness of the music.

Books for individual orchestra instruments may be had.

Fillmore Music House, S27ElmSt., audience of a thousand. We have trained hun.. dreds and helped them to increase their earnings and their popularity. Learn Ifn4sytaogue-rfrslpgahtr'e~ tiamned· at home, how to overcome CINCINNATI, OHIO. conquer fear of others; how to. enlarge your vo- cabulary; how to deveio~ 8elf-confid~ce_ and the ih:l~~eif ol;a~:~~hi~Jeec~w a:n!P~ow o~~e~~a'~ your memory. Our NEW,· EASY METHOD p_erfected and taught by Prof. R. E. PattisOll Klin~. former ilean of the Public SpeakingDepart' Old Bibles ment of the Columbi~ ColI"ll"e of Expression. call Re-Bound be learned in IS minutes a day. Prof. Kline is one of the foremost authorities in the country on Haven't you often wanted that old public speaking and mental development. Do. not Bible" re-bound~that old Bible with all u':!a.x. and miss this opportunity of a Iifetime~ ita associations and sentiment ~ You oner Llmlled.-Send No Monq This Special Offer of tell lessons free is made ha'Ye wondered where you could have strictly for advertising purposes and will be withthe work done and perhaps you have drawn without notice. Write now. before it ex~ thought the price would be prohibitive. pires, and receive full particulars with enrollment by return mail. Just tear off and mail free cou- The rebindinll of Bibles requires the work- pon-or a postal. . man.hip and ••rvice. of men who have made a specialty of tm. kind of work. You can • • • • • In.tilute, ZOOS Manhattan BId… Claie..,.' have your Bible expertly rebound in leather or cloth. Send This Send me your Bible by parcel post insured Free Lesson Coupon – I will I.nd you an estimate of the cost NORTH AMERICAN INSTITUTE, .ubject to your approval before the work is ZOOS M~nhaH.D Bid,., Cua,_, ilL I am interested in your course done. Public Speaking and ;rour offer R. H. HOWLAND 156 Fifth Ave.. New York f~ra'cesP=:S:n~~~n~~bf~:ff!!~t any Please mentilih Tn M.SSIOIfARY ~VlIIW o. YHC WOIU.D in writing to ad",,~era HELP FOR THE COMMITl'EE [Continued from Paf!e ~iii For my sermons, I use stitutions, medical and social service work. These subJects were arranged the large, bold type. with the titles. Then,by "Just turning the knob" t~. ~ Helpful hints as to the program on China and the use of the material t1j~' ,8 ulli6. ~Ol' … were found in the Best Methods 91'~~te 00l'l'e8~O~~e~o •• Department and elsewhere in the ~y 8M"da, School .otic Missionary Review of the World. Each number of the REVIEW abound- ed in fresh incidents and facts from all parts of the mission field. These incidents were cut out and arranged in a missionary scrap book so that those relating to each country were put in their appropriate place ready for use. For this reason two copies of each number of the REVIEW are necessary.

In Everyland was found the touch for the Elementary Department in pictures and story. George H. Trull's "Five -Missionary Minutes" also fur- IIMany TYp'eUJriter6ln On~' nished program material.

Would yu like to know ..hit the One thing mor~ waS needed, name- ~J'!:~•• :i,,':'..~~is ;:g.l.':~-;t~ ly to give a mission land flavor In lour w….d.: , by costuming one of the scholars in the garb of a Chinese boy or girl so- Beeau•• of It. v.r••tUlty_ that the' penple': woul'd'b-e visumized'

The Multiple" Hammond does as the story was told. The Mission- ~~!:F!!.i~":. 8~:-u ~¥f:''i't~ ~ ary Education Movement and. several loIob" you caD change rrom one ortyle Church Mission Boards rent cos- _;u… … of type. or trom (IDe language, to an… oth….. Note the above specimen tumes, or they can oe made and saved (1lIldItly reduced) aU 1M for, futqre occasions.' , ,,: SAME: macAi",. . '.

No Other Typewriter C.,n Do'Thl. For the second month, the North American Indian was the subject No matter ..AD you …….."… you and was dealt with In the same way. are, or CDM,., you are. the MultIple" In the Intermediate Department when Hammond I. the a girl dressed as an Indian told the wrItlnio: IIl&ChlDe story of an Indian girl, the whole de- ror YOU. Malt partment listened breathessly. the coupon tor rree rolder. An Indian vilhlge of cardboard was used in the primary class. Also a PORTABLE Model In this way each field was taken F,uIJ capacity. Weight about 11 POun<H. up in turn, the foreign alternating ASk ror special raider. Mailed tree. with the home field. At the "end of Inquire .bout apeel.l terma the year all of these pictures were to prof.alonal. assembled in one room, with such other missionary 'material as added ____________ '1!r- ,."LJ.r____________~ picturesqueness to the effect. 'The Sunday $chool Committee told of its " THE HAMMOND TYPEWRITER CO. work for the year.

5,77 Ea•• 89th St., N… York CIty. Children and young people so im~ PI_ send tree Fold…. to: pressed ~~e missionary givers and _ N~e. __________________ workers worthy 'of a pla<;e in the world's program of tOiIlorrow. ' Ad~_ _- _ – – – – – . . , .

__ ~P.U~~,~———- ~- Pleas. mention THE MISSIONARY ltBvmw or, THB- WORLD in writiDJ 'to" advertls.~, _ _ _ _ _ _ _• rmm-IWMNIIIiIII~R_IIIDIIIHIIDIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIHIIIIIIU.IIIImI ·1 The Baptist Bank ~ 5t ~ The·Annuity Bonds 01 the various Boards and Societies 01 the Northern Baptist~Convention are as sale Cis a bank account-'-saler, indeed ~ == All of the coop",rating organizations have adopted a I uniform set of rules which 'are published herewith LIFE ANNUITIES BASIS OF ISSUING ANNUITY CONTRACTS. Annuity Contract. will be issued in return for 1. Cash; or for 2. Bonds at their market value-except that U. S. Government bonds may be accepted at psr-the market value to be determined by quota- tions in financial journals of a recogni.ed standing or by special report of a ,bond and stock broker of reputable standing; or 3. Mortgages of such character ~. would be accepted for permanent investment by the Finance Committee of the respective Boards.

ANNUITY RATES.

1. The rate at which an annuity contract will be issued is determined by the age of the annuitant in accordance with the printed schedule of annuity rates. (This schedule will be sent on request to any person interested.) ,'

2. There will be no change in the rate on an annuitycontrac(during the life of that contract. '

ANNUITY PAYMENTS. I. Annuity payments will be made annually or semiannually.

ACCEPTANCE OF PROPERTY UNDER TRUST AGREEMENT• .Other property. including stocks and real estate. which i. satisfactory to the Finance Committee of the Board concerned. may be accepted under a I trust agreement to pay the donor or donors thereof the actual net income on such property. when and as paid, with the understanding that the Society shall have the right, after due conference with the donor or donors. to sell such property, and that when such property is sold the Society will issue a single or a survivorship annuity contract for the net proceed. received from the'sale of such property at the rate of income paid to annuitants at the age of the donor or I donors of such property at the time when the sale of the property has been effected. .

THE GENERAL BOARD OF PROMOTION OF THE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION [J. Y. AITCHISON, D. D., General Director 276 Fifth Aye.. New York American Bapti,t Foreign Million Society Woman'. American Baptilt Foreign Minion Societ, Gec:wp B. Huntington, Treasurer Mias Alice Ea Stedman, Treasurer _Box 41, Bo.ton, Ma… Ford Building. Baston, Ma…

The'American Baptilt Home Mission Soeiety The Woman's American Baptilt Home Mi.,ion Society Charle. L White, D. D., E,…,. Sec. Mrs. Katheri~ s.. Westf.ll, Secretary 23 Ea.t 26th Stnet, New York. N. Y. , 2969 Vernon' Ave.• Chicago. Ill..

Minilten and Millionaries Benefit Board The American Bapti.t Publication Society :i ~~o2':~Ln;o~~'~;"sv:t~il Y. __ Gilbert' N. Brink. D. D., Secretary 1701 Che.tnut Street, Phi]…, Pa. 0' The Baptist Board Eduuti•., . ,F!ank W. Pad.lEord, D. D., Seenotarr, ,76 Fifth AYe•• New Y~k , Correapondence is invited with any of .the aboye organizl'tiona Pie….. mention T1<1! MISlIo"""" RI!YIl!W 0'# THE WORLD itt writinr to advertisers Catch. Them In The Sunday School!

Our Future Foreign Missionaries They must be our Choice Boys and Gi,.ls. We should get them early. They have a long course of preparation be- fore them. New Missionaries should reach the field before they are~thirty. There is Every Variety of Service.

We need Ministers, Educators, Doctors and Nurses, Industrial, Agricultural and Business Missionaries A College Course Is Most Desirable. -All should have Bible T,.aining for all must be Missionaries first and always.

SUNDAY SCHOOL TEACHERS may be The Best Recruiting Officers They can enlist, coach and train these new recruits. They can start Mission Study Classes. They can send to the Candidate Depart- ment of the Board of Foreign Missions' names and addresses of these Choice Boys and Gi,.ls. We will follow them up.

. NEEDED THIS YEAR 34 Ordained Men 17 Men Physicians 21 Men Educators 8 Women Physicians 33 Women Teachers and Evangelists. 21 Nurses the Write for literature to Candidate Department Board of Foreign Missions of The P~sbyt~rianChurch in,the U. S. A.

. ,15ft Fiftb Avenue, ~ew York .. • n ._ ~ n",,~ ,JllSSIOlLlE<lb""w O~ T" W<>ItUdD- writing toa4Yertiae1'1l

Testainent

League Over 5,000,000 members in all parts of the world. 25,000 just enrolled in Detroit, Mi~higan.

What is it?

Great soul-winning, Bible-reading Movement.

A splendid Christian activity for all missionary organizations, Sunday Schools, Churches or indi- viduals. .

~ennbership Free How to join and how to start a branch of the Movement in your Church or community explained in literature, which will be sent free on request.

Pocket Testannents'

For the convenience of members, special size pocket editions (21/ax33/4 inches) can be secured with the fol- lowing special features: Lea~ue Pled~e 15 colored views of Palestine 2 Son~s (words and music) Soul-winning helps Decision page Prices vary according to binding, -from 45c to $1.75. Des- Criptive price list sent free.

The Pocket Testannent League.

puts the Word of God not merely into the Pocket but into the Life. YOU can introduce this Movement in your Community.

Write Us Today.

THE POCKET TESTAMENT LEAGUE Fifth Floor 156 Fifth Avenue New York City.

PJease mention THE MISSIONARY RltVI:£W OF THlt WORLD in writing to advertisers

White Whiskered Seiuchi! r

"The seiuchi is a sea animal. bigger than the ox. with pale red fur. white whiskers and f:wo long white tusks which hang down like the tusks of the elephant."

In the fifth year of Kwansei. blown out of 'their " Japanese subiect to leave the i$lands. It is recourse. Tsudaya and eighteen other mariners <ed by the seamen who circumnavigated the world. landed on an uuinhabited island, Two days there· after. directed by the oracle. they reached Unalaska .'urning after eleven years to Naga~ki only to be and thence Russia. the realm of Catherine the Great. -ested for leaving their country. Their story was Here is a tale of high adventure. with aU the astounding, so remarkable in description of romance of a Jack London yarn. a tale of the feudal strange lands and peoples, that the officials promptly days of old Japan (1793) when no foreigner was J:er- ordered scholars to record it. mitted to set foot in the land. It was a crill1:e for Sheer chance revealed this treasure. And now the first part of "The Wonderful News of the Cir- cumnavigation" sees the light in the May ASIA The American MAGAZINE on the Orient Beautifully Illustrated-Rich Color Insert-Over Fifty Pictures flar different is the Japan of today–a world power and advocate of free intercourse with other nations -her ships "far flung" to the world. ASIA digs into the pasW;>f the Oriental nations you visit by giving you their traditional back-ground so different from ours. ASIA gives their present political and trade re- lations. Like a seismograph it registers the rumblings of these distant folk-their spirit towards one an- other and towards us-their rapidly changing conditions. The pictures (over fifty to an issue) are of a kind you cannot find elsewhere. .

SPECIAL OFFRR OF 4 MONTHS FOR $1.00 CONTENTS Jo'OR MA Y To show you that ASIA Is essential on your mental table– Special Art Insert in Color~Four Fam- . that you must know the OrMnt in order to be well informed- ous CHIUYANG (Cblnese Mlnl1) Pain'- you may have 4 issues, the next tour months, tor the reduced lOlls-Suitable for Frall1inl1, price of $1.00. . The Wonderful News of the Cireumnavi~ ASIA is a beautiful magaiine. "So beautiful" said one 01 our subscribers. '"that It ought not to be .. ma"azine. Each issue gation: • 1. The Wreck 01 the Wakamiyo. should be bound in leather covers to be kept tor all time." Edited by Stewart Culin If you want vision, you will find it in ASIA. If ~OU' wan,t i!l- What Holds China Back By John Dewey formation that cannot be found elsewhere. you wIll find It III The Stone Cutter and the Mouse ASIA. Because of the scarcity of paper and the expense in making By Bernard S~:rton ASIA, we wy,st necessarily limit the edition ot each number. Letters from a Japanese Patriot The First Mohammedan Republic Therefore, it is advisable to send the coupon now; By Boris L. T. ROU8tam Bek The Romance of the WesterIt P"vilion- A Chinese Tale of the Eighth Century Asia P;;-f~s~~n A,'e.. New York Miss. Revlew5-20 King Hussein and His Arabi.!:.Y ~t~eo Enter my subscription to ASiA. the American Magazine on By the Sea By Lowell Thomas the Orient for tour months. I enclose $1.00 domestic By Michael Kouyubinskll Vagabond Poet in Palestine 1.16 Canadian 1.32 foreign By Joseph" Koven TheMingTombs-Poem By WitterBynnt'r- N&me •.. , …………………….. ,." …. . By the Grace of the Kurd!!

Ad<il-ess … , ……… , …… . By Edward M. Dodd Face to Face With Business in Szechuan By H. K. Rt'chardsdn B.ness or profession ….. ASIA'S Travel-log Please mention THJt MISSIOllfAlty Rsvu;w OF THS WORLD in writing to .advertisers

The Missionary Review of the World — November 1915

A ViEW OF MUSCAT- ONE OF THE D001{S TO

MISSIONA~Y fIRES 1. The worst massacre of Christians that has taken place in the last thou- sand years is now going on in Asiatic Turkey. Who is responsible? The American Government has protested. What next? (See page 841.) 2. There are hundreds of thousands of Indians in South America to whom the message of Christ has never been presented in any form. These constitute an appealing field for missionary effort. (See page 809.) 3. The Christian workers at the Panama-Pacific Exposition are conducting a night-school and using other means to prepare the 1,500 young women employees for work when the Exposition closes. (See page 831.) 4. The Armenians are people whose history goes back 4,000 years. They occupied Asia Minor long before the Turk. Their church dates back to apostolic times. Why are they being exterminated? (See page 845.) :J. Over one hundred Latin-American students were entertained at the sum- mer conferences of the North American Student Movement last June, and many went away with new Christian life-purposes that promise much for their respective countries. (See page 817.) 6. A Christian professor in a government normal college in Japan has been asked to give a course of 30 lectures on Christianity. (See page 851.) 7. Mr. Sherwood Eddy has started for India to conduct student evangelistic meetings in India, similar to those among Chinese students which have been productive of such great results. (See page 808.) 8. A worker in Buenos Aires asked the first twenty men whom he met on the street what they knew of the Bible. They represented six nation- alities, and fifteen of them knew nothing whatever about the Bible, while only three had read any portion of it. (See page 864.) 9. The Protestant Episcopal Church Board of Missions has not only secured its desired Emergency Fund of $375,000 by the "one day's income" plan, but has obtained $20,000 more than the usual gifts on the regular apportionment. (See page 866.) 10. The faith of many of the younger Mormons in their religion and its founder has been shaken by the statement of Egyptologists that certain documents which they had reverenced as the writings of Abraham are among the most common of Egyptian antiquities.

11. The Bible is being used as a text-book in several Chinese government schools, and in India is considered by many British officials the most valuable ally of the Government in carrying out their high aims for the people. (See page 872.) 12. The Buddhist scandals in Japan, involving the misappropriation by the priests of hundreds of thousands of dollars, are leading many thoughtful Japanese to renounce Buddhism and to study and accept Christianity. :Muscat is on the Penian (~111f and is one of the stations of the Arabian 1Iission of th e Ue formed Church in Arabia MI "IIlIII-RY E IE OF THE WORLD Vol. XXXVIII, No. 11 NOVEMBER, 1915 Vol. XXVIII, No. 11 Old Series New Series 111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111 111111 'I~ 11 ,SIGNS·OFvTHEvTIMES mJ~ 11111111111111111111111111111 N CAlLS TO PRAYER In Mexico, tho there is talk of EVER have there been more ur- recognizing General Carranza, there gent and incessant calls to sac- still seems small hope for permanent rificial prayer, service, and giving peace through any of the contending than there are to-day. forces. All of the leaders are in- efficient and self-seeking. The coun- In Europe, Asia, and Africa there try is being desolated, and the outare the millions of struggling, dying look for good government is dark. men giving their lives fan what they It is time to pray that God's solution believe to be the call of duty and hu- of the problem may be discovered and manity-some of them believe they followed. are answering the caIl of God. There are the physicians and nurses caring In China, the hoped-for reforms for the wounded, and the chaplains under the republic have been only and other Christian workers distribu- slightly successful. A new conventing Testaments and booklets to those tion is to be called early next year to in trenches, hospitals, arid prison- decide the question as to whether camps. These are unusual oppor- China' shall or shall not return to .a tunities which are bringing rich re- monarchy. sults in conversions. :There are the appeals from Persia and Turkey for In India there is native unrest, and the intervention of God and for hu- German missions are almost at a man help to relieve the distress of standstilI through the internment of widows, orphans,. and other destitute those in charge of the work. Africa thousands. is, in many parts, a battle ground, when~ the natives see their white The editors seek to preserve accuracy and to manifest the spiri,t of Christ in th~ pages of this REVIEW, but do not acknowledge responsibility for opinions exprest, nor for positions taken by contributors of signed articles in these pages.-EDITOIlS.

masters engaged in deadly combat. even where the Church, as in Chile Pray also for Africa. and Argentina, is still subsidized in a measure by the State. The mixing of North America is entering on its the Church in politics is increasingly. winter campaigns-commercial, poli- resented. In Uruguay there is practical, religious. The Laymen's Mis- tical separation of Church and State. sionary Movement has recently opened its national campaign in Chi- 3. The distribution of the Bible is increasing in spite of the keen oppocago and is to hold meetings in 75 sition of the Catholic Church lead- ers. Penzotti was imprisoned in Peru centers to arouse the men of the for its sale. When told he would be church to their responsibility in the released if he ceased to sell and world-wide work of Christ. Their preach the Word, he said that his call to prayer is for the guidance and bones would rot first in prison. In power of the Holy Spirit, for the some places in South America, where Mission Boards and their officers, for the opposition was formerly strongthe speakers and other workers, for est, the Catholic Church is now even the delegates and the churches, for a encouraging the sale of the Book. In deepening of spiritual life and a more Brazil Protestant missions are called earnest spirit of prayer at home and Bible churches. In Bolivia, as in abroad. "The neglect of prayer by some places in the interior of Brazil, the church at home means defeat at the Roman Church, and officials unthe front of battle," says Robert E. der its influence, still seriously ham- Speer. per the circulation of Scriptures by Bible Society colporteurs. In 1914 RELIGIOUS ADVANCE IN SOUTH the two Bible Societies circulated 388,807 Scriptures. AMERICA 4. A growing democracy. South AFTER the long night of four hun- America for years has been ruled by an oligarchy, a professional class dred years of misrule and re- which has fattened off. political conligious intolerance and superstition in trol, while the mass of the people South America there is the flush of have suffered. Argentina is leading the dawn of a new day. the way to better things by a law re- quiring all citizens to exercise voting 1. Substantial religious freedom is privileges, and by a large Socialistic nearly continent-wide. While in Peru party which is demanding accounta- Protestant worship can not be ad- bility of office-holders to the people. vertised, services are not disturbed. A Socialist demonstration of 15,000 In the interior towns of some of occurred last March at Buenos Aires. these countries there are still some evidences of opposition and persecu- 5. The upper classes are being tion. In Bolivia, while there is a statutory grant of religious liberty, reached for Christ. Evangelical misthe enforcement of the law is lack- sions began among the poor, and until ing, and Christians suffer boycott and opposition, both open and secret. recently no statesmanlike effort ha5 been made to reach the waiting edu- 2. There is a growing 0IJPosition cated and wealthy class, in which the to union of Church and State in nearly every South American country; this growth of opposition is evident

OF THE

men are indifferent to the dominant Protestant Church, young people are Church. In Chile and Uruguay some meeting for games and social purnotable men have been reached, and poses under wholesome conditions. with better church-buildings and Physical exercise has been recently more educated native preachers, this introduced for the first time at Rio movement will become more pro- de Janeiro by the joint effort of Rev. nounced. The educated men are H. C. Tucker, of the Brazil Sundayawaiting a leader to crystallize this School Union, and the American growing sentiment toward a Protes- Bible Society, and the Y. M. C. A. tant form of worship. In Brazil The new public-school plans at Rio Rev. Alvaro Reis is such a leader. call for gymnasium and playgrounds. In Buenos Aires, during the last 6. New ideals for social service year, the first set of Spaulding apare being developed. The educa- paratus has been introduced for tional aim for boys has been profes- school exercises. sional and political life; for girls, preparation for marriage. Education 8. The literature is being purified. for useful service to the community At the source of much of South and State has been neglected. In Ar- America's impurity will be found a gentina, for the first time, the social vile literature from French and Spanpurposes of education are now being ish sources. This is publicly vended. emphasized by Dr. Nelson, Super- and vilely illustrated and open to intendent of Secondary Education view, and purchased by boys and for the State. His book on this sub- young men in all the South American ject is the first native contribution to cItIes. Quite recently, La N acional, this theme, and is to be followed by at Buenos Aires introduced a cheap others. library in Spanish, composed of best literature from all sources, and this In Mr. Morris's philanthropic is being vigorously pushed into cirschools at Buenos Aires an educa- culation. American publishers are tional example has been set in the aiso circulating reprints in Spanish remarkable results of industrial edu- of choice literature. Such books as cation of the poor and in the spirit Smikys' "Self-Help" are having a of service to the home, community, good sale. and state. Over five thousand are gathered in these schools. Several 9. Christian education is developing sets of clothing are given annually to sympathy. Gradually the results of the children who are too poor to be education through Christian Protesadmitted to the public schools. It is tant institutions is being manifest in clear salvage work of the most im- the conversion of parents, in a new pressive kind. sympathy for Protestant work, and in the gradual preparation of a lead- 7. The new emphasis on social ership. The quality of the native and physical recreation. Spanish so- leadership needs toning, and plans cial standards have practically shut are being pushed with increasing sucout young people from social ac- cess by the Y. M. C. A. to enlist quaintance excepting as chaperoned, young men in the university life. and from physical exercise. Gradu- Such Christian institutions as the ally, through the influence of the

.Anglo-American colleges in Bolivia win a continent.-FR,ANK L. BROWN, are having marked influence through Secretary of the World's Sundaythe high-grade character output of school Association. the graduates. The Mackenzie College at Sao Paulo, Brazil, the Meth- RENEWED INTEREST IN MISSIONS odist Girls' Schools at Rosario, Ar- TO MOSLEMS gentine, and Santiago, Chile, are instances of institutions having a MASSACRES and other efforts to strong influence. As moral educa- blot out the Christian races of tion receives a higher rating in South America, Christian institutions will Persia and Asia Minor have aroused assume positions of leadership. corresponding truly Christian inter- est in the welfare of these peoples 10. Evangelistic preaching meets and in the need for the conversion of with marked success. This is notable Mohammedans to Jesus Christ, the in the Methodist and Presbyterian Savior from sin, and the Prince of work of the West Coast, also in the Peace. A remarkable meeting was mission work in such places as Ro- held in New York on October 1st in sario •in Argentine, and under the the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian preaching of Rev. Alvaro Reis in Church under the auspices of the Rio, Brazil. The Latin temperament American Christian Literature Somakes this a fruitful line of ap- ciety for Moslems (Interdenominaproach, and mass movements may tional). In spite of a downpour of easily result from the Gospel appeal rain that ~ould have dampened the by consecrated men. ardor of most congregations, two thousand people gathered to listen to I I. The Sunday-school opportu- an address by Dr. Samuel M. Zwenity. The welcome given in all the mer of Cairo, on "The Present Crisis native churches in the recent Sunday- in the Moslem World." This masschool tour of South America was terful address, which will appear submarked by large gatherings, a friend- sequently in the REVIEW, set forth ly spirit and an eagerness for help in the need of. Mohammedans for the making the Sunday-school efficient Gospel revealed by Jesus Christ, the as an educational and evangelis- natural products of Islam as seen in tic instrument. Rev. George P. the present massacres, the great pr.es- Howard, born in South America, an ent opportunity of reaching these educated Sunday-school enthusiast millions of Arabic-speaking peoples and a fine Spanish linguist, has been with the truth through the printed appointed the Sunday-school secre- page. The close of the present war tary fot South America by the will almost certainly mean the open- World's Sunday-school Association, ing of the Mohammedan world to to act under a committee of the Mis- Christian influence as never before. sions doing work in South America. This seems to be the last st~uggle of He is preparing himself to lead a a dying religion which appeals to continent-wide Sunday-school move- force of arms and edicts for support ment, to develop a better literature, rather than to the truth of its creed and to utilize the Sunday-school as and the character of its adherents. the most widely effective agency to The Dardanelles have not yet been

OF THE TIMES

forced; and Bulgaria's entrance into west. After the breaking-out of the the affray may delay the final out- war the Armenian revolutionists of come of the struggle. Constantinople Van joined the Russians, and those has not yet fallen. Some of the mis- at the Mediterranean Sea conspired sionaries have thought it best to also against the government. The send away wives and children from consequence of this is slaughter in the scene of turmoil, but the large the north and deportation by force majority of this advance guard of from the southwest and, of course, Christianity remain at their posts to great misery of the innocent. To help render what aid they can to those in this, the mission (the German ,Aid dire distress, and to prove by their Society) is doing its best. The guilt sacrificial lives the reality of the love of the one and the misfortune of the and power of Christ. other <;loes not make, it very easy for oTHE PLIGHT OF THE ARMENIANS the German Mission. And yet it is N another page will be found the her work to be the peacemaker among the nations of the Turkish story of the wholesale massacre government wherever possible. It is and deportation of Armenians by also reported that Germany has pro- order of the Turkish government. tested against the massacres.

Whoever is responsible for this das- The article on another page also tardly deed must expect to pay a tells the main facts about the Ar-'

heavy penalty when God's time of menian people-their long history, reckoning comes. It is said, on good their racial characteristics, and their authority, that when the American religious beliefs. Their church dates Ambassador, Mr. Morgenthau, asked back to apostolic days, and while, the German Ambassador to use his like most of the ancient historic influence to stop the wholesale mur- churches, its early beliefs have be- der, the latter replied: "I can not; come mixed with error and its life these people should have been elimi- has become formal and lax, still this nated long ago." In any. case, it is church has kept alive a belief in God useless to deny the established fact and is sympathetic toward Christ and of the massacres, and Germany must the Bible. It is among them that bear a heavy responsibility for not most of the work of the American intervening to stop such butcheries missions has been carried on for al- by her Moslem ally. most a century.

The German viewpoint is given in It is reported that 800,000, or one- the August number of Sonnenauf- half of the Armenians in Eastern gang (Frankfort, Germany), which Turkey, have been killed, deport- says: "After the constitution of rgo8 ed, kidnapped, or have died as a re- hope arose in the hearts of the Arme- sult of the Turkish cruelty. Those nians. Therefore the slaughter of destroyed and deported include the I909 made the despair the worse. most able and intelligent leaders in Russia incites the Armenians and the Protestant and Gregorian church- Kurds in the province of Van; Eng- es; the pastors and teachers, the land and France arouse hopes lawyers and merchants. Whole mis- among the Armenians of the south- sion-schools and colleges have been

almost or' quite depopulated; churches day extreme urgency that the cam- have been burned and villages laid paign be earnestly pushed to win the '

waste. Some of the Armenians in coming generation to Christ. Dr.

the Van district have escaped to Rus- Samuel M. Zwemer gave a convinc- sia; some 5,000 or more others in ing appeal for the eighty millions of Southern Asia Minor have found Moslem children, who have no mod- refuge in Egypt. Rev. Stephen Van ern schools, no uplifting home train- R. Trowbridge, formerly a mission- ing, no pure literature, and no right ary in Aintab, Turkey, and now a idea of God. Mohammed could not representative of the World's Sun- have said: "Suffer the little ~hildren day··School Association in Cairo, has to come unto me for of such is the appealed for immediate help for these kingdom of Islam," for Mohammed's destitute sufferers. life, his home, his heaven were such It is gratifying that the American as would blight the purity of child- Government, that failed to protest hood.

against the invasion and despolia- It is to reach the millions of neg- tion of Belgium, has protested against lected children in Moslem lands, in this unprovoked and inexcusable India, in Africa, in China, in South murder of innocents. Americans America, and in Japan, that the have sent money for Belgian relief, World's Sunday-school Association for Persian relief, and are now for- is working to-day. Mr. Frank L.

warding funds for the Armenian suf- Brown is the secretary in N ew York ferers. If steps are not taken soon and Rev. Carey Bonner in London.

to end these atrocities there will be no Armenians left to relieve. Tho A CHANGE OF TACTICS IN INDIA many of them may not be Chris- HITHERTO the missionary work tians of an evangelical type, they are, in India has almost necessarily nevertheless, suffering because they are Christians in name and not Mos- been confined largely to the lower lems. castes and outcastes. These people have been more ready to accept WOR,LD.WIDE WORK FOR CHIL· Christianity and have come in such DREN numbers that the time and strength of the missionaries has been over- THE World's Sunday-school As- taxed to instruct them. Now, 11OW- sociation, which includes the ever, more systematic effort is being world in its field and all Protestant made to reach the higher castes and Christian denominations in its mem- educated classes, and from them to bership, is made up of over 24,000 recruit leaders.

Sunday-schools with 27,000,000 pu- Mr. Sherwood Eddy, whose work pils. It was founded in London in among the students and higher I 88g, and has since spread to all classes in China has been so greatly parts of the world. At a dinner in blest, sailed last August for India New York, given by Mr. H. J. to conduct there a series of union Heinz, chairman of the Executive evangelistic services. First, he is Committee, Dr. John R. Matt ex- holding training conferences for pas- prest his conviction that there is to- tors, catechists, teachers, and other

Christian workers in South India. RECRUITS FOR THE FRONT These conferences are in preparation for the effort to win the middle I N spite of the unrest in the world, and upper classes to Christ's standard. The Church has been prepared and the danger of travel on the for this work in a remarkable way, sea; in spite of the financial depresand there is, in India, a great spirit sion that has curtailed the income of of prayer and expectation. All the many Christian givers; in spite of Presbyterian and Reformed churches the uncertainty as to the outcome of in South India are uniting in the the great war, missionaries continue movement. to leave England and America to carry the Gospel to those in non- A second part of Mr. Eddy's pro- Christian lands. gram is to break through the serried ranks of caste in the colleges of In- In London recently, the Church dia. Few of the Brahmins and high- Missionary Society held a farewell caste students have been touched by meeting to bid Godspeed to 148 misthe Christian message. The mass sionaries, 40 of whom were going movements have been wholly among out for the first time. the lower and outcaste classes. But the Gospel of Christ is the power of God A remarkable report of the largest unto Salvation unto every one-in- party of missionaries that ever sailed cluding the Brahmin-that believeth. for their field on one steamer, comes Has not the time come to prove from Mr. Mason Olcott, a Princeton this true? Mr. Eddy is holding honor-man, who recently left his meetings for thousands of these high- home of culture in New York to' caste Hindus who are attending the serve in Veliore, India. Mr. Olcott Christian colleges-and others in the writes of 140 mISSIOnaries who large cities. Only God can achieve sailed from San Francisco on the the desired results-but He can and S.s. Mongolia on August 25th. Of will, in response to believing prayer these, 84 were bound for China, 23 and faithful witnessing. The dates for Japan, 14 for India, 8 for Korea, are as follows: South India, Con- 5 for Siam, I for Burma, and I for ferences-September 16th to 30th; the Philippines. They were going South India, evangelistic campaigns out to engage in many lines of ser- (Bangalore, Vellore, Madura, Pala- vice-Evangelistic, educational, medimacottah)-November 1st to 18th; cal, nursing, executive, orphanages, North India, evangelistic campaigns Y. W. C. A. and Y. M. C. A.-under (Ahmednagar, Delhi, Agra, Luck- r6 different denominations and other now,' Calcutta, and special colleges) religious organizations. The return- -November 22d to December 25th. ing missionaries had already served a total of 739 years. Who can foretell Mr. Eddy expects to arrive back in what sacrifice and joyful service may America on February I, 1916. He be in store for the 80 new missionasks for prayers of Christians at anes. home, as he engages in the work which is the most difficult. he has The difficulty and danger of presever attempted. ent-day travel is indicated by the re- cent experience of a party of 32 mis- sionaries who sailed from America for Egypt and the East on the Greek

steamer Athinai. The vessel took The United States Government fire in mid-ocean and burned fiercely. has submitted the following ten-year A wireless call brought help, and the program to the new Haitian Presipassengers were safely transferred to dent, General Dartiguenave, with the the Tuscania, which brought them request that he sign it promptly: back to New York. Nothing daunted, the missionaries, in spite of the "1. A Haitian receivership of cusloss of their goods, were soon headed toms shall be established, under Ameriagain for their fields of service. can control. ' They were not, like Jonah, fleeing from the Lord's work, but, like the "2. A native Haitian rural and civic apostle Paul, were not to be hin- constabulary is to be established under dered by adversaries and obstacles. the command of American officers.

CHANGES IN HAITI "3. Through its customs-control the United States shall govern absolutely all LIBERTY is not synonymous with expenditure of public moneys to the ex- independence. Small, weak na- tent necessary to prevent speculation and safeguard the interests of the tions that are unable to preserve sta- American people. ble governments or to protect life and property seem destined to come "4. Haiti shall cede no portion of" under the control of stronger na- her territory to any nation other than tions. A friendly power may con- the United States of America. trol a smaller nation to the great advantage of the latter. Already Porto "5. All revolutionary forces are to Rico is reaping the benefits of be disarmed. American 'administration, and Hawaii and the" Philippines are in much Secretary Lansing refers to the armore prosperous and enlightened rangement as a "protectorate," and conditio~ than they would be if self- says: government were attempted. "We have only one purpose-that is, After years of turmoil and pere- to help the Haitian people and prevent nial revolutions in Haiti the Ameri- them from being exploited by irresponcan Government has found it neces- sible revolutionists. These are not propsary to establish, for a time at least, erly revolutions; they are unorganized a protectorate over the "Black Re- enterprises which invoke no question of public" of the West Indies. There principle, and they are ruining the is no doubt that the little republic country. While they are in progress needs the strong hand of a big people are starving in the streets of Port brother to put an end to the internal au "Prince because they call not secure conflicts, the graft, and political tur- the supplies of food which abound in the moil. The small boy may not relish country. Things have been going from the discipline and restraint, but the bad to worse, and something must be friends and neighbors will appre- done. The United States Government ciate it. Mexico would profit by a has no purpose of aggression and is ensimilar arrangement, but is so large tirely disinterested in promoting this that she should be expected to govern protectorate." herself. The only Protestant missions in Haiti are those of the Protestant Episcopal Church and of the colored branches of the Methodists and Bap- tists.

EVENTS

Novemher 2d to 5th-Medical Missionary Conference, Battle Creek, Mich. 3d to 5th, 7th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Wichita, Kan. 3d to 5th, 7th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Baltimore, Md. 7th to lOth-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Philadelphia, Pa. 7th to 10th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Mitchell, S. Dak. 10th to 12th, 14th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Milwaukee, Wis. 10th to 12th, 14th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Portland, Me. 14th to 17th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Boston, Mass. 14th to 17th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Cincinnati, O. 16th-Provincial Synod Protestant Episcopal Church, Richmond, Va. 16th to 19th-Conference in Behalf of Israel, Chicago Hebrew Mission. 21st to 28th-Home Mission Week. 28th to Dec. Ist-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Wheeling, W. Va. 28th to Dec. 1st-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Waterbury, Conn. 29th-The 40th anniversary of the opening of Doshisha, Japan, 1875.

December 1st to 3d, 5th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Manchester, N. H. 1st to 3d, 5th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, St. Louis, Mo. 5th to 8th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Cleveland, O. 5th to 8th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Albany, N. Y. 6th to 11th-Meeting of the Council of Women for Home Miss., Atlanta, Ga. 8th-The 75th anniversary. of the sailing of Livingstone for Africa, 1840. 9th to 12th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Toledo, O. 25th-Tenth anniversary of the National Missionary Society of India, 1905.

January The one hundredth anniversary of the American Bible Society. 2d to 9th-World's Week of Prayer. 12th to 14th-Foreign lIissions Conference, Garden City, L. 1. 17th-Fifteenth anniversary of the death of Elias Riggs of Turkey, 1901. 19th to 21st-23d Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Houston, Tex. 19th to 21st, 23d-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Duluth, Minn. 23d to 26th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, New Orleans, La. 23d to 26th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, St. Paul, Minn. 23d to 26th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Minneapolis, Minn. 23d to 26th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Rochester, N. Y. 26th to 28th, 30th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Jackson, Minn. 26th to 28th, 30th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Fargo, N. Dak. 26th to 28th, 30th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Reading, Pa. 29th-Fiftieth anniversary of sailing of James Chalmers for South Seas, 1866. 30th to Feb. 2d-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Wilmington, Del.

/I L0 cat ion 0 fin d

Tribes, Bolivia,S.A. -1 df.M Hi ~ ,…

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". E yo ARGENTI N[ A NEGLECTED AREA OF THE NEGLECTED CONTINENT Drawn by Rev. Gerhard J. Schilling, D.D.

HO:fE OF SOME OF THE NEGLECTED AHIARA INDIANS, IN

U nevangelized South America THE CALL OF TEN MILLION NEGLECTED INDIANS BY REV. GERHARD J. SCHILLING, D.D., BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINE Missionary of the M.,thodist Episcopal Church (North) mD ~ URING my stay in the get that there are millions of souls United States I have in that continent who have never often been asked: yet heard of the Christian faith, and What is the use of other millions who have a very sending missionaries to wrong idea of it. Surely these be- South America, when nighted souls constitute a legitimate all the Southern republics are Chris- field for missionary labor. tian of the Roman Catholic type? Few American Christians have any An experience born of many definite idea of the number and conyears' residence in Argentine, Chile, dition of these unevangelized multiand Bolivia has taught me that every tudes. Their number is not known. reason which makes it necessary to In the United States it is estimated preach the Gospel in North America that there are 260,000 Indians and is equally applicable to South Amer- many mission boards in North Ica. Besides this, we must not for- America which carryon work among

the various tribes. Contrast the condi- the Gran Chaco of Argentine. There tions in the Southern continent. In are the Patagonians of the South Ecquador, for instance, out of a and the Araucanians of Chile. One population of 1,250,000 the Indians could fill pages with only an enunumber 870,000. These are very meration of their. tribal names and a low in the scale of civilization, and guess at their numbers. the majority of them are absolutely Indian Life and Character unevangelized. Moreover, 200,000 of The manJIer of living among these the Indians in that republic, have Indians is as varied as the area in which they dwell. Begin with the never as yet been politically subdued. southernmost, the Onas of Tierra del They still roam in the forests, kill- Fuego. Altho they are exposed for ing game with their poisoned arrows months during the rains to frost and and bringing down birds with their snow, they go about almost naked long blowpipes. Any approach to and entirely so in their poor habitathem is unsafe, and no one seems tions, which take often the form of willing to expose his life in an effort caves dug into the side of a hill. to win them to Christ. Many of them are polygamists and all show very little respect for the Look at Peru. The last census government. Not long ago a Chilian reveals the fact that 57.6 per cent. Army officer stationed among them, of its population of 2,592,000 are In- was found pierced by twenty-five ardians. Some of these have heard of rows pointed with splinters of glass. the Christian faith, and some will even salute a church when they pass, A much sturdier race are the Araubut two millions of them could not canians. Among all the aborigines give a reason for the faith that is of the region now called Chile, they within them. only have never been conquered, neither by the Incas who extended In Bolivia we find 50.9 per cent. once their empire as far as Maule, of the people Indians, or 920,864; of or by the Spaniards who had to withthe 486,018 of "mixed population" draw from them. It has been my returned in the last census, almost all privilege to preach to them in 1907, have little Spanish and much Indian and I found among the family of blood in their veins. So we can Mapuches, near Carahue, a very safely add one million Indians as kind reception. They live in large the Bolivian contingent. huts, called, rucas, the sides of which are made of branches, straw and oc- No man living can tell how many casionally of hides. Some of these Indians live in Brazil. Baron de rucas are large enough to shelter all Santa-Anna Nery, authority on the the members of one of the smaller question of Indians in the Amazon tribes. valley, actually gives the names of 373 tribes in that region. I venture The Indians in Southern Argento say that there are. from seven to tine, south of the Rio Negro, have eight millions of Indians in Brazil. wonderful physical endurance, es- pecially where pain is concerned. Dr. In addition to these millions there are the unnumbered Guaranies and Lenguas, 25,000, as Rev. W. B. Grubb estimates, in Paraguay and

1 51 UNEVANGELIZED SOUTH AMERICA 8u

F. Corbin of Mendoza, who lived a This was ten hours after an operalong time among them in the neigh- tion involving a large flesh wound. borhood of Viedma, told me the following incident of his medical prac- The Indians of the Gran Chaco, tise among them. Two Indians had the northwestern reserves of Argenbeen fighting with knives. One had tine, . and the Guaranies are first been severely cut in the abdomen. cousins. The Rev. W. B. Grubb, He managed to reach the doctor's who knows most about them, says: house, simply closing the wound, "Altho cannibalism is not practised holding the sides together with his in the Chaco, the people have many stories about it, which may be only . MASKED SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN DANCERS COMING FROM THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH bare hands. Dr. Corbin sewed up a invented. But it 'is . quite, possible large flesh wo~nd and left the man that they are the result of a longin one of his outhouses. When he forgotten habit. These cal1nibals are' came to visit the man the next supposed to be located. in. the far morning, he found the Indian's squaw West, and in that direction among a sitting by the door of the hut, people of Guarani descent, such smoking a cigaret. She fell down practises were evidently in vogue. at the doctor's 'feet, imploring him not to be angry. with her husband. The most pr.evalent crime She said that necessary business had among the Lengua-Mascoy (one of taken Lim to his home, "But," added the Paraguay tribes) is that of inshe, "he will be all right, doctor, he fanticide, which they do not .rank in did not go on foot but on horseback." the same category as the murder of a grown child or adult, aott this

evil is so general, that the very ex- are the Quetchuas and the Aimaraes. istence of the race is endangered. Having lived several years in Bo- There are many reasons for infanti- livia, it was my joy to establish cide. The strongest incentive to the preaching services among the Aim- crime is the difficulty of nurturing araes. The Quetchuas belonged to and bringing up a young family the four original tribes which unitedly under the most unfavorable condi- composed the Inca empire. tions, especially the shortage of food. It is for this reason that an Indian Much of the history of these pre- mother nourishes her child up to historic people is shrouded in mys- even four and sometimes five years tery. But we know that there was of age, and she feels that in her at the end of the twelfth century an hard, exposed, and trying life, it Inca Empire. This was composed of would be absolutely impossible for the Incas proper, the Quechuas, her to maintain and suckle a numer- Canas, and the Cauchis. At about ous family. There is no doubt that the middle of the twelfth century infanticide owes its origin to stress these men of the highlands built the of circumstances, and that sanction famous city of Cuzco. They made was sought for it on religious it the capital of the em?ire. From grounds, in order to obviate the in- that city expeditions of the neighbor- stinctive repugnance to such a crime. ing tribes were conducted. It was the Inca-for the word Inca origin- Another feature of heathenism, ally is a title, such as Emperor- found among the Lengua-Mascoy In- Viracocha, who, in the territory now dians, which is apt t~ strike one at called Bolivia, attacked the Aima- first sight as extremely cruel, and in- raes and conquered them. In their dicative of a total lack of natural midst he built upon the ruins of an affection, is the habit of hastening the old city, Taipacala, the magnificent death of the aged and the victims of temple-city and palace of justice of a serious accident or sickness. So Tiahuanaco. Its name implies "The long as there is any probable hope of Desired One on the border of thl! recovery, the patient is kindly treated lake." Lake Titicaca has receded and attended to, but their attitude some ten kilometers since then. The to these unfortunates at once changes mighty city is a heap of ruins and when they realize that their efforts jackals live now where grave judges are in vain. Then they hasten death once decided questions that involved .by starvation and neglect, sometimes the life or death of the accused. even by violence, and wilful, prema- The proud Aimara, then considering ture burial is by no means an un- himself the lord of the eternal moun- common occurrence. tains, is now a shy and crusht ser- vant. He evades the white man Some Bolivian Tribes who so treacherously treated his fore- bears in the days of Atanualpa. the In Bolivia there are even to-day a Crcesus of his time. With the great number of distinct tribes of Spanish political yoke the religion of Indians. From the map which ac- the conquerors was enforced upon companies this sketch, it will be seen all natives. Many of them little that the two most prominent families

UNEVANGELIZED SOUTH AMERICA 81

cared whether one image, that of powerful mission will begin its work the sun or moon, or another, that of of evangelizing these descendents of the cross or of the "mother of the lordly Incas, to bring them to heaven," adorned their temples or know the King of Kings, Christ, surmounted the hills. The symbol their Savior? was to them of but little value. And so in his heart to-day, as then, both From the map it will be seen also the Aimara of the mountain or the that there are twenty-five more Indian of the plain, worship the sun, major tribes of Indians in Bolivia. the one imploring the giver of heat On the official maps used in the and light to shed his benign rays Bolivian schools, drawn by Dr. Dan. Bustamante, all these are called "sal- ONE OF THE MASKED SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN DANCERS AT A CHURCH FESTIVAL upon the cold, gray, misty mountain vajes" or savages. Some of these, abode; the other pleading with the as the Guanas who are bordering on shining sun, lest he burn his body, Paraguay, or the Chacaros of the dry up the fountains, and consume East Andes, are still cannibals. No his growing crops with his fire. one knows their language, and they There is at present a society for the hide in the marshes or climb into the protection of the Aimara Indian in trees at the approach of the white La-Paz, but its members simply man. Lucky, indeed, the foreigner thlnk of helping them against the who, having been saved from their sharper, brown or white, who tries poisoned arrows, has been permitted to swindle the poor native out of his to reach the outer border of their land and inheritance. When will the domains. day come in which a great and I little wonder at the wild heathen

rites and orgies after having seen dians who have pierced the lobes of several of the festivities and pagan their ears, and, by inserting coils of dances performed by the so-caIled bamboo bark, have created holes that Christian Indians in Bolivia. These are from two to four inches long.

dances took place during one of their Almost all of these Indians are mere church festivals. savages, living from hunting, fishing, Wild Indian Dances or on the wild fruits they fin~.

Cross over to the Guianas n, ow, I saw them gather for the dance, and you will find even in territory sewed into the skins of the alpacca, belonging to European nations wild imitating bears, or wearing masks re- Indians who worship the Ceiba tree presenting lions or rats. This consist- and place food at the root of such ed of stepping slowly.to the weird trees nightly. Ghastlier still is the sound of bamboo fiutes, meanwhile occupation of the Jivaro Indians of describing large circles. Suddenly Ecuador. They know how to ex- they stop at the sign of their leader, tract from the heads of the enemies turn about and retrace in dancing -which, like the Dyaks of Borneo, step the circle just marked. At an- they carry away as trophies-the other signal they stop altogether, skull. Somehow, I imagine, they when their squaws regale them with must break the skull into fragments.

small tin cups filled with diluted raw They do this, however, without desalcohol, manufactured from sugar- troying the overlying flesh. This cane. In a few minutes dancing is they shrink by some process, leaving resumed, amI some of the men kept all hair on the head, until the whole this up for forty or forty-eight hours, has contracted to the size of a man's when they fell in death-like stupor to fist. During this process they know the ground. They never took off how to mold the flesh in such a their masks or fancy dresses during all manner that it retains the general this time and even slept out their semblance of the former being, redebauch in the attire of their orgies. duced only in size to a diameter of This was in honor of the feast of the about four inches. Ghastly, indeed, Immaculate Conception of the Virgin appear these trophies of an unbridled Mary. Can the pagan Indians have hatred against their enemies.

more horrible or degrading feasts Missions to the Indians than these?

From the Bolivian border of the Efforts to reach the South Ameri- Pilcomayo district we come into the can Indians with the Gospel have almost unknown regions of the been few and very far between. The Amazon Indians. Somewhere there scattered location of the tribes would are the Uginas, of whom even seri- not have been so detrimental if the ous white men affirm that the tribe efforts had been directed by re- has short tails. There are the Mojas sponsible boards and in a systematic of the Beni, who beat the bark of way promising continuance. But the some tree until they can make of the majority of these missions are of a fiber smocks to cover their naked- spasmodic character. Two' of the ness. Again, there are the Napo In- stations I know are exceptions. I

UNEVANGELIZED SOUTH AMERtCA 8I S

refer to the work of Rev. Grubb in not want to buy. But the colpor- Paraguay and the successful mission teur prest his wares and, really so of Rev. Mr. Sadlier among the as to get rid of the man, Chiriotti Araucanians in· Chol-Chol. These bought a copy. "So, now you can are under the direction of the So- go on," said he to the colporteur, ciety for the Propagation of the when, to his surprize, that man said: Gospel. "N0, sir, now my real work begins. You have no idea how to handle the A Remarkable Conversion Bible, nor how to get the best out of her." So he took a copy and made But some others, conducted by Chiriotti open with him at the same men and women of deep piety and WORTH SAVING- TWO PUMA INDIANS OF BOLIVIA unquestioned consecration, are of a passage. .He turned to a prophecy and very doubtful value because of their then to its fulfilment. Chiriotti told lack of backing. One had a very me that the colporteur remained . remarkable beginning. Antonio Chir- three hours at this first visit. A dive iotti, an Italian, lived in California of three hours into "The Book and owned a flour mill. He was a Charming" will set any man to know widower and childless, a prosperous more about it, and so our Italian man and, of course, held to the friend began to study for himself Roman Catholic faith. One day a and, finally, was soundly and scrip- Danish Bible colporteur offered him turally converted. Naturally, he a copy of the Scriptures. He did wanted to do something evangelical

for others and finally decided to go independently work for the evangeli- to the Argentine Republic and start zation of the Indians. They often a mission among the unevangelized live in abject poverty, and while Indians in the Gran Chaco. When they are most Christlike, healing the he reached Buenos Aires he was al- sick and helping the needy, no con- ready advanced in age and rather a stitution can stand the strain they sick man. He deposited some $40,- put on theirs, and with their disap- 000 in two of the banks and then pearance from the field the work is wanted to make his will, giving all likely to come to an end. The same this money to the work he had may be true of some workers who planned. How great was his sur- have come to establish themselves prize when he learned that under among the Indians of San-Pedro, Argentine law he could not make Bolivia. They are connected with such disposition of his money. Then some "Faith Mission" in Australia.

his attention was called by a godly It seems to me very apparent that physician who had practised some the heavy drain upon the finances in years in Bolivia to that country, and Australia caused by the present war, in 191 I old Chiriotti actually arrived will greatly diminish, if not stop al- in La-Paz where I was one of the together, for some years, these special witnesses to his will, giving all his gifts for independent mission work.

money for the evangelization of the The world is paying attention to Aimara Indians. Then he died. The the great continent of the South as four executors of his will bought a never before. The war in Europe, large tract of land on the border of the completion of the Panama Canal Lake Titicaca, and with the land and, to the Christian worker, the were taken over some thirty families notices of a great Latin America of Indians. The interest of the resi- Christian Vorkers' Congress during due of the capital is just large enough the month of February of 1916 in to pay for the salary of one married Panama, are some of the factors mIssIOnary. The work is excellent, which produce this interest.

but I doubt the wisdom ·and the per- We hope that the movement south- manency of such isolated efforts. ward will not only result in com- Past history has shown that somehow mercial profits to all concerned, and they come to grief. How much not simply strike an international better had Chiriotti left his money and an intercollegiate note, but we to some constituted board of mis- hope that definite plans will be dis- sions who would continue the work cust and adopted, whose sole and and enlarge it even if something had persistent aim will be to bring the happened to the original gift. truth as it is in Christ Jesus to these In Puno, Peru, an excellent Chris- millions of unevangelized Indians of tian couple, Mr. and Mrs. A. Stahl, South America.

It is a fearful sin to be going through the world with a light kindled by the Holy Spirit to guide sinners to Jesus, and yet to carry this as a dark lantern, which can give no benefit to anyone. But how vain is it, on the other hand, to hold up a lamp when the light is almost out.-WM. C. BURNS.

Students of I.Jatin

BY CHARLES IJlllllllS IHJRREY, NEW YORK General Secretary of the Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students ~~~~~HY are the students which the teachings of the Author of of Latin America a the Sermon on the Mount are dis- supremely important seminated and obeyed among the factor in causing the educated leaders of Latin America. will of Jesus Christ to The spreading of knowledge of the be respected and obey- sublime truths of the New Testament, and obedience thereto, constitutes a ed in their nations? Certainly not solemn obligation and inspiring opbecause they are numerically strong: portunity facing the Christian people it is doubtful whether one in a thou- of North America. The same fundasand of the total population is a mental factors essential in building student of university grade; surely and fortifying character among colnot on account of financial power: lege men of the United States and many will inherit and acquire vast Canada are indispensable in the conwealth, but as undergraduates they struction of South American manare not taxpayers; their impetuous hood. radical speeches and writings do not vitally influence political life. Not During the past year forty thouwhat they are, but who they are, and sand North American college men what they are becoming, require that were enrolled in devotional Biblethey be reckoned with in any enter- study groups, and other thousands prise affecting the future of their read and studied the Scriptures pripeople. vately. Nearly as many followed regular courses in an investigation Within ten years Latin students of the needs of the nations for the who are now pursuing their studies Christian religion. Ten thousand enin Mexico, South and Central Ameri- listed voluntarily in definite altruistic ca, and abroad, will be making the service to fellow students and others. laws, directing the industries, editing The study and practise of prayer are the journals, and determining in widespread in college circles; three large measure the policies of a score thousand selected student leaders deof republics. Will the laws be voted ten days to study ·and training framed and executed for the welfare in summer conferences. Every Sunof the people? Will industry rec- day finds over one-half of North ognize and respect the rights of the America's student popUlation astoiler? Can the press be reckoned sembled in the churches for worship as a powerful ally of righteousness, and communion. and will national policies be such as will advance the cause of internation- Scarcely a Bible-study group can al good-will? be found in all of the student centers of Latin America. Mission and An affirmative answer to these inquiries will depend on the extent to

8IS THE MISSION ARY R~VmW OF tHE WORLb

social-study courses are practically of his own nation, and in abstaining unknown; here and there one dis- absolutely fr0111 attacks upon any covers examples of social service, form of religion. but the majority of university students are allowed to live in selfish- Those Anglo-Saxon people who ness. N at five per cent. of the stu- have been most suocessful in winning dents attend church, and the practise the confidence of Latin American of prayer is practically abandoned. students have quickly established One student conference enrolled one points of contact in the study of hundred students representing a half- English, athletics, social life and love dozen institutions of higher learning. of country; participation jointly in these exercises and in discussion of These facts are not stated with a the claims of patriotism has opened view to making odious comparisons, the way naturally for reading the but rather in order to reveal to Bible, the abandonment of practises Christian people in North America the that cripple physical efficiency, and wonderful opportunity they have for for heart to heart talks about the sharing and cooperating with Latin life and mission of our Lord. America in applying approved methods of character-building to the needs That there are obstacles in the of student life in the Latin American way of making Latin American republics. Successful cooperation universities truly Christian no one will depend largely upon the attitude can deny. That the obstacles are of North Americans. One who insuperable no one dare affirm. The would awaken interest in the Bible response of students and professors as a guide to true living, and inspire to a sympathetic approach is most confidence in the Church as God's encouraging; the generous backing organized plan for extending right- offered by individuals and governeousness, must not move among ments to efforts for the moral and Latin students with an air of super- religious welfare of students chaliority and racial pride; let him rather lenges our admiration. Thousands recognize his own personal short- of thoughtful students and professors comings and the mistakes of his are waiting for friends who will nation; let him appreciate the show them that belief in God and achievements of Latin American immortaJity is rational, that religion civilization and the noble qualities is to be incorporated in daily life, of her citizens, and let him fully and to manifest its power in transidentify himself with their interests formed lives and communities. and aspirations. He will not go far afield if, in this spirit, he emphasizes The people of North America the supreme importance of high should not overlook the opportunity moral character among the youth to interpret the best in their civiliof a nation, and the indispensable zation to the two thousand students contribution of the religion of Jesus in the United States from all parts Christ in achieving such character. of Latin America. They are study- He will be wise in refraining from ing here for a few years, and will references to the glory and greatness soon return to positions of influence an-lOng their people. They should have no occasion for feeling that the

STUDENTS OF LATIN

"Yankee" is selfish and provincial. sented the Philippine Islands, Porto- Every facility should be placed at Rico, Cuba, Mexico, San Salvador, their disposal which will acquaint Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil, Para- them with the best homes, with agen- guay, Argentina and Spain. Many cies and organizations seeking the came for the good time they would welfare and uplift of the people, and have, resolved to skip all they could above all, they should come into per- of Bible study, etc. Several rebelled sonal touch with the ablest students at the start, and I believe were only and professors who are earnest held to the system of the Conference Christian men, disposed to share their religious convictions. by their sense of the duty of a guest. One started a theosophist and a dis- Over one hundred Latin American torter of .the Bible and ended a students enjoyed the hospitality of Christian, eager to learn all that the the North American Christian Stu- Bible contains. One man, caught in dent Movement as guests at the sum- the grip of a habit that meant the mer conferences last June. The pos- destruction of his mind and eventusibilities of such fellowship are thus ally of his life, found most joyous stated by one of the wisest leaders release. in Christian work in Latin America: "At Northfield, church difference, "I am just finishing twenty days international jealousy, and personal of work in the Latin American sec- aversion to piety, threatened to distion of the student conferences. In rupt the Conference. Within two the eleven years of my residence in days of the end of the Conference, Latin America I have never expe- in a discussion class, a dispute arose rienced anything that has brought me which threat~ned to lead to intersuch certainty as to the ultimate suc- national complications at every point cess of the task we have in hand in and delayed the session an hour. This these Latin republics. I have always seemed to be the final explosion of been confident; now I am sure. I the pent-up feelings of men who had have seen in the last three weeks been fighting for self-control for a young men from the best classes, the week: The very next evening was leaders of their peoples, yielding marked by a deeply spiritual disthemselves not only to the influences cussion on "What Does It Mean to of friendship, but to the highest work be a Christian?" The decision meetof the Holy Spirit. I have seen men ing held on Sunday was the most transformed from agnostics to fer- moving I have ever attended. Every vent disciples, from relentless parti- man present voluntarily signed a conzans to apostles of aNew Brother- tract to follow and serve Jesus Christ hood, from careless seekers of selfish as Master and Lord, and to read the pleasure to resolute warriors for hon- Bible and pray. Those who had esty, purity, and kindliness. I at- been open and flagrant in opposition tended the conferences for the full frankly confest their sin and begged time at Eagles Mere and at North- forgiveness. field. At these two conferences a total of thirty-four men, exclusive of "The results are far-reaching. One the leaders, attended. They repre- representative of a splendid family said he was going home to be a

Christian engineer and a promoter of K3 LOIJ1Il1Creiai congresses and Christian work for young men. An- trade commissions dre desirable and other, a brilliant graduate in engi- necessary, but Christian people of neering, offered a month's salary all nations should hail with great joy whenever Christian work can be the approaching congress on Chrisopened in his city, one of the un- tian work in Latin America to be opened student ~enters of South held in Panama in February. May America. Otic, a brother oi the presi- it mark the beginning of genuine dent of a republic where the Chri~­ cooperation of the Americas in great tian Association has never had a 1110r:,: 2nd religious ente:prises! It welcome, declares it as his intention will certainly recognize the important to use his influence to introduce the relation of the universities to the Association there." spread of Christianity, and will adopt plans which will result in the centers In the past, selfish motives and the of learning becoming sources of desire for gain have too largely de- moral and spiritual enrichment for termined the attitude of North all the people. American people toward La:::1 Amer- Shall We Send Missionaries to Argentina?

BY REV. ERNEST N. BAUMAN, JlUENOS AIRES Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church BOUT twelve years ago year, and in a short time it was very evident that it would soon be mA a Methodist local much too small for the ever-growing preacher began to hold congregation. The best feature of occasional services in the year has been the prevailing a private house in this spirit of conviction. Sunday after suburb of Buenos Sunday sinners followed the Gospel Aires, known as Flores. For years call, young and old became convicted the work was carried on by lay- of sin, repented and surrendered to workers in private houses or rented Jesus Christ. One night we were halls, finally a regular pastor was deeply stirred by the conversion of appointed, and the work flourished a young man, whose wife was a so well that it was decided to build faithful member of our church. We a chapel. Almost everybody was knew that she and her parents were ready to make sacrifices so that this earnestly praying for her husband, chapel might become a reality, aed and· were overjoyed to see their finally the prayers and good works prayers answered in this way. Some of this congregation bore fruitage. time afterward another young man came under conviction as a result A chapel, measuring forty-five feet by twenty-seven, was erected last

WE SEND MISSIONARIES TO ARGENTINA?

of the prayers of his sweetheart. were held and the matter was prayer- His family is still indifferent to vita"l fully brought before them; hence we Christianity, but the young man has believe that what was done was not experienced a wonderful change and merely a result of a momentary im· does not fear to do personal work pulse but rather a deliberate choice for the Master. About the same inspired and invigorated by the time a woman, on whom I had called, prayers and personal talks of parents was happily converted. Her life had and teachers. The children have been 2. peculiarly sad one, her hus- since been organized into a probationband had been a confirmed drugkard ers' Bible-class so that their early for upwards of thirty years. One decision of childhood may be A GROUP OF MISSION – SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ANENDOGA son, who for several years had fol- grounded and built up on the word lawen the evil example of his father of God. One of the most helpful was converted three years ago, and features of the work in this congreit was due largely to his influence gation is the fact that the parents that the mother took the same step. are so deeply concerned about the Now both mother and son are anx- spiritual well-being of their children. iously praying for the speedy conversion of the drunken father. From these and other similar re- sults, we must conclude that the In our Sunday-school we have had Protestant Church has a right to the privilege of seeing about twenty work in this land. But there is anchildren decide for Christ. Parents other reason. Argentina, Uruguay and teachers had been praying and and Paraguay have together 8,000,000 working for this for a long time, inhabitants, and about three hundred special meetings for the teachers thousand immigrants land on these

shores annually. Italy and Spain The city of Rosario, with 170,000 in- furnish almost all of these .tho there is also some sprinkling of Germans, habitants, has but seventeen priests. English, Russian, etc. Ve priests are hated, reviled, and Buenos Aires, the second Latin city of the world, has 1,300,000 in- despised. We can not even take a habitants. It is by far the largest and most cosmopolitan city of all religious census in our own parish South America. It is noted for its splendid avenues and parks. It is without being molested. It is conjust as busy and modern as any other city in the world. It has a most sidered bad luck to meet one of us modern electric light system, and its street-railways are a great improve- on the street. We American priests ment on those of New York. An extensive subway system is under have petitioned the Pope to allow us construction at present, in order to relieve the very much congested to wear ordinary clothes and to put downtown district. aside· our priest's dress when we go In New York City there are but forty Roman Catholic churches, about out, so that we may be better able the same number as in Philadelphia, where there are also 500 Protestant to reach the people. Should Proteschurches, while Buenos Aires has but twenty. Is it fair that New York tants have missions here? Why not?

should have about 900 Protestant The two churches get along very churches; Philadelphia 500, and well side by side in the United States, Buenos Aires only twenty? why not here?" . A Roman Catholic priest from North America, who has a parish in The above statement was made to this city, throws light on the subject, when he says: "We have no Robert E. Speer and to Rev. S. D. such liberty, power, or influence in Argentina as we have in the United Daugherty, a Lutheran missionary States. Both native and foreign elements are entirely irreligious. In still resident here. The prevalent our own parish only 8 per cent. attend church, and when they do immorality all through these repubattend they are so noisy that no one would ever dream that they are in lics is a fact that can hardly be a church service. All our work is fearfully undermanned; there are exaggerated. Not long ago a promonly 1,000 priests in all Argentina, and I know one parish of 130,000 inent citizen of Buenos Aires assured souls here in Buenos Aires which has only one priest and two assistants. me that not one man out of ten in this city is true to his wife.

There are scores of towns which are not yet occupied by any Protes- tant Christian missionary. The large cities are being touched only slightly by the preaching of the Gospel, and there are still some of the capitals of provinces which have no regular Gospel preaching.

What greater argument does the Christian need than this: South America is still groping in moral and spiritual darkness. South America does not know the saving power of the Lord Jesus Christ. This is the Macedonian cry from South Amer- ica. We Christians have the Gospel to-day because St. Paul said: "I was not disobedient to the heavenly vis- ion." Are we disobedient?

Latin-American Congress*

BY REV. CHARLES L. THOMPSON, D.D., LL.D., NEW YORK · .Chairman of the Commission on Unity and Cooperation of the Congress on Christian Work in Latin America HE events of the last, was explored and conquered in a fTl few years have made a new American map. lust for gold and glory. Its people in large measure have failed of the The finishing of the impulse for noble living which comes by a noble inheritance. If we have , greatest engineering achievement in all our inherited high moral ideals it is not history has reconstructed our geo- to our praise, but it constitutes a graphy. reason why we should share them North and South America, united with others less fortunate.

ge"ologically by continuous mountain It is this appeal which may be ranges, are now bound by the living confidently made and which will be ties of commerce, and social and a mighty leverage in the endeavor to educational interest as well as by lift to higher levels and purer forms common political ideals. It is there- of Christian truth people who have fore important that they should been made cold or indifferent by t~e understand each other religiously, formalities of religion without its and that by both of them common spirit.

standards of Christian thought and It is to be hoped, therefore, that life should be accepted. For such is the mind open to recognize elements going to be their unity in all other of truth and goodness in any form respects that for their common wel- of faith will characterize the Panama fare the same ethical and Christian Conference. While from the pre- ideals should be acknowledged and vailing religion of Latin America as made effective among all the people. an institution we may not expect It is in no spirit of superiority that much welcome or cooperation, yet we own the fact that to North doubtless there are many individuals, America there came a type of life, nominally or by inheritance attached and an inheritance of reformation to that faith, who will give us wel- truth, denied to South America. It come in our program and help at all is no reflection upon South America least along some lines of Christian for them and us to own the advance. Even as in the United fact that, whereas the upper half of States such help is given in matters the continent was settled and occu- of temperance and social reform, so pied by men of sturdy religious con- it is believed it will be in Latin victions, who sought only a home America. Indeed, we have been as- where they and their descendants sured by men high in civic authority might enjoy civil and religious free- in South America that an approach dom, the lower half of the continent to those republics-not in a way of • From the tenth to the twentieth of February next there will be held in the City of Panama a Congress of all missionary societies working in Latin America. It is the purpose of this paper briefly to state tbe reasons for such a gathering-its scope and the ends it is hoped it may serve.

condescension, but of helpfulness to isters of religion the people would better enable people to carry burdens get little help, because their lives so which they realize are too great for definitely contradict their preaching. them-will be welcomed. Let us The same spirit which sends us as then manifest an eager readiness to missionaries to barbarians across cooperate with any who will unite oceans should impel our steps to the with us on any plane of the great he'lpless and hopeless savages of Christian enterprise. Let us not South America. demand cooperation in the entire program as a condition of accepting This much as to the mission field allies for any part of that program. of Latin America as a reason for calling the Congress. Two further There are two other important reasons pertain to what is called the reasons for considering our Chris- home base. In the first place, the tian duty to Latin America. First: Christian Church of North America There are probably forty thousand has not seriously considered her students in her various universities- great opportunity in the southern of most of whom it may truly be half of the continent. Here are said that the doctrines and cere- seventy millions of people-our monies of religion to which they neighbors, our allies in repUblican have been accustomed no longer principles, inheritors with us of make any strong appeal to them. many of the fundamental principles But they are to be the leaders of of Christianity-to whom our conthought and action for all those re- tribution of educational and religious publics. The future of those re- forces has been almost negligible. publics will be determined largely And yet, they with us must deterby them. If they become skeptics, mine the destiny of the new world. or totally indifferent to all religious They, without us, can not shape that questions, it will bode no good for destiny. It is equally true we withthe future of those lands. If we out them can not worthily shape that have a message that will appeal to destiny. Especially now-when the inquiring minds, and if we can open civilization of the old world seems up to them possibilities of a higher to be going bankrupt-now is the life than any that now seems open, time for America to manifest a we will be doing much for the sta- solidarity of peace and Christian bility and permanence of Latin- brotherhood which may be this dark American institutions. world's final hope.

Again, there are eight million In- Again – even the little that has dians in Latin America for whose been done for the spiritual uplift of spiritual life almost nothing is lOW Latin America has lacked the statesbeing done. We do not forget that man's view and program. More than there was a time when Jesuit and a score of missionary societies have Franciscan priests did heroic service carried on work but often feebly in their behalf and lifted many of ll1anned and supported and without them out of their age-long bar- coordination with each other. There barism. But those priests have few have been many soldiers-but not an successors now. From many mm- army. The spirit of cooperation be-

LATIN-AMERICAN

tween denominations has been largely is hampered, if not imperilled, by absent. Nor has there been any such the low average of intelligence.

general and united consideration of Illiteracy ranges from 40 to 80 per the vast field and its many problems cent. Of course there are many edu- as alone would supply the knowl- cated and cultured people. There edge and the program necessary for are circles in their great cities which effective advance. In the hope of will compare well with like circles such consideration and such action anywhere. But the safety of a re- following as will write a new day of public depends on the diffusion of progress in Latin America this Con- intelligence. For lack of it there gress is called. have been many small revolutions in Now, as to its scope.-As in Edin- South America. They who would burgh, eight commissions have been best help Latin America to a surer appointed to consider the main sub- progressive civic life must inspire a j ects pertaining to missionary work. deeper desire for general education These commissions, appointed last and must lead the way in securing it.

winter by a general committee repre- The matter of popular education senting alI the societies doing work should, therefore, have large atten- in Latin America, have given diligent tion at Panama. And in this the consideration to the themes CO'11- Congress wiII have cordial welcome mitted to them. They have con- and hearty support from the leaders ducted most extensive correspond- of national life in all the republics.

ence with missionaries and others in Moral character is, of course, an- all the republics, and have studied other foundation stone of the life as carefully as they could the social, of a republic. In many parts of educational, moral and religious con- Latin America the morals of the ditions. They have also had confer- people are at low ebb. It does not ences with leaders in the politicallife indeed become us to cast stones.

of some of the republics. From We have too many sins of our own.

these wide surveys they are making A prominent South American said· up their findings, which will be re- to the writer, "The social life I wit- ported first to the workers in the nessed in some of the N ew York various fields for criticism and cor- hotels would not be tolerated in rection, and finally in printed vol- Buenos Aires." That is the call for umes will be presented to the Con- home mission work in the United gress at Panama in February. States, and it is loud and urgent.

While Latin America is behind In But so is the calI in Latin America.

the march of American progress, That the types of sin are somewhat even the steps it is taking are handi- different (and each nation seems to capped by serious failures in some furnish its own brand) does not directions. Thus, all the govern- make the national peril less. South ments are republican; some of them America needs what North America of an advanced type. Those farthest needs-the Gospel of Christ. Only from North America have made the that can finally lift the moral level.

greater progress-as Chile, Argen- If a facing of moral conditions as tina, and Brazil. But their future they exist in many parts of Latin

America shall stimulate the Chris- columns. Missions among nontian Church here and there to more Christian people have given us a united and persistent efforts, there lesson we may well learn and apply will be fewer revolutions in Latin in Latin America. If in China and America and surer national progress. Japan bodies differing in doctrine and polity can get together as a One of the most important ques- united Church, surely on this contions the Panama Congress will have tinent we should be able to do the to face is why, after fifty years of same. Latin America furnishes a Protestant mission work in Latin fine field for such an experiment. America, the fruit of it is so incon- Its languages are few, its people spicuous. Separate denominations, homogeneous, its ecclesiastical hisoperating each in its little corner, have been more or less content with tory, tho sad, is suggestive. It is to what they have done, and have had no just conception of how little im- be hoped, therefore, that a spirit of press Protestant Christianity has the utmost cooperation will rule the really made on the life of Latin America. When in more statesman- proceedings wt Panama. It is our like fashion they get together to survey the whole vast field, they will only hope for impressing ourselves be forced to see that their small or our message on peoples accusgains are scarcely visible among the tomed to a united Christian front. seventy millions of the population. Doubtless a consideration of edu- Along with that fact will come the cational problems, for example, will further conviction that some new make it plain that in all grades a methods not only must be adopted combination of different denominabut an entire new alignment of tions can do far more creditable and Christian forces must be had. Then appealing work. A few great instithey wilI see that their science of the tutions in each republic will be far mISSIOnary propaganda has been better than a score of feebly supradically wrong in this respect-that ported schools. Even union theothey are in the presence of a unified logical education is not beyond an Church, while their own forces are easy possibility, as Porto Rico and hopelessly divided and often at vari- Japan and China have revealed. ance with each other. Instead of antagonizing a unified Church, The time has come on every misbecause associated In our minds sion field at home and abroad when with teachings we can not ac- denominations must get together and cept, it were far wiser to see in it work together, or be at a hopeless an ideal that may be worth striving disadvantage in comparison w~th the for. Instead of combating such an world's great enterprises in all other ideal, were it not far better to make realms. Christ's prayer "That they of it an appeal for a reorganization all may be one" is coming to its of Protestant forces? We have answer. May the Panama Congress failed to conquer wi,th our divided be bold to accept the fact and head lines. T,et us try the effect of united alI its program for Latin America toward that divine ideal. Then it will mark the mightiest advance that the Kingdom of Christ on this con- tinent has ever known.

BEFORE SUNDAY AFTERNOON SERVICE IN FRONT OF THE YOUNG WOMEN'S

CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING At the San Francisco Exposition AN IMPRESSIVE GLIMPSE OF THE RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL WORK BY E. M. PAGE, NEW YORK [There are two sides to every phase of human life-the good and the evil. The Panama Exposition at San Francisco, which is so beautiful and so uplifting in many respects has also been severely criticized for the immorality that characterizes some of its features and its patrons. Long before the Exposition opened, the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America took measures to induce the authorities of the Exposition and the city of San Francisco to maintain a high moral tone within and without the grounds.

Fortunately, there is at the Exposition the counteracting work of such organizations as the Committee of One Hundred of the Federal Council, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the California Social Hygiene Association, the Young Men's Christian Association, and the Young Women's Christian Association. Some of this work is described in the following interesting article.-EDITOR.] S this the only religious "If you have grasped the true thought of its originators the whole I exhibit on the Exposition has a religious signifi- grounds?" I asked one cance," he replied.

I . Q of the men in charge When the tourist enters the grounds and, passing around the •.. ~ at the. Palace of Edu- Fountain of Energy with its joyous exuberance, walks under the Tower . cation.

He turned anel looked at me 11- tently.

of Jewels and pauses in the arched tion there. This is threefold. There recess to face the fountain group of are ( I ) the religious conferences El Dorado, he meets the first and congresses; there is (2) a large phrasing of the message of the Ex- religious exhibit; and there is (3) position. actual religious work carried on.

A line of struggling human figures All this has been arranged by the push and jostle their way up each Young Men's and the Young Wo- side to the magic portals of the men's Christian Associations, and the Land of Gold. Some are stagger- Committee of One Hundred. The ing to a fall, some are already down. Committee is an' organization of rep- Here .and there one stoops to lift an resentatives from twenty-seven de- unfortunate, but the main rout rushes' nominations united for Christian on unheeding, their arms out- work in San Francisco and to ar- stretched, their faces frenzied by de- range for the exhibit in the Educa- sire. Guarding the gate stand the tional Building.

heroic figures of an Aztec man and In the southwest corner of the woman, holding the great doors in- Palace of Education, over forty de- exorably shut. With a high pity nominations and religious organiza- they watch the impotent pygmies at tions have considerable space for their feet. their striking exhibit. Booths built "Behold the emptiness of the against the walls have been allotted search for gold, its horror and its to separate organizations, such as the cruelty!" their calm detachm€llt Girls' Friendly. Society,. the, Wo- seems to say. men's Christian Temperance Union, Beyond, in the Court of the Uni- the Salvation Army, and others.

verse, is another step. Theinscrip- Here' are dainty models of buiidings tions speak of Truth, the couns-ellor that never fail to attract a crowd, and guide; the groups on the arches here are easy-chairs to tempt the to right and left march forward in footsore and weary. Out on the search of an ideal, the "adventurous main floor is a large space divided by archer" stands fearless at the end of screens into narrow lanes containing a world and directs his arrow still the denominational exhibits of photo- out and up, while the figure on the graphs.

column of the Rising Sun leaps from A moving-picture theater is set up its pedestal with outspread wings, in the corner where one may rest the day all before it and a universe and watch scenes from mission fields to conquer. at home 'and' abroad enacted before Not once but many times is the his eyes with illuminating comments theme repeated; the material is not by an enthusiastic lecturer.

everything, the material alo'ne IS Once as we were passing through empty, spirit transcends all else. the building we were attracted by the But the visitor at the Exposition sound of singing.' I'n the open space is not" left for religious inspiration at the center of the religious exhibit to the chance of his interpreting the we came on a pretty sight. A young sculpture' aright. Religion has an- Japanese minister from the city had other and more definite representa- brought out a portion of his SUll-

THE SAN FRANCISCO

day-school and was proudly putting a collegiate reunion to the congress them through their paces as a prac- of the American Sweet Pea Society. tical demonstration of mission-work. One by one the chubby slant-eyed The reason given by the Exposilittle beings were lifted to a com- tion authorities for the calling of manding position on a chair, where congresses was that the aim of the each child bravely recited his bit of latest vVorld's Fair is "the meeting Scripture. The tiny ones began with of the needs of the world by social, brief quotations such as Christ's sum- educational, and industrial service." mary of the law, or the twenty-third An Exposition auditorium has been Psalm, the older aspiring to the built in the Civic center of San Francisco with halls to accommodate THE CAFETERIA IN THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATWN BUILDING As many as 3,560 have eaten here in one day lengthy achievements of the com- twenty-one meetings at one time. A mandments and the thirteenth chap- Festival Hall and a Congress Hall on ter of First Corinthians. the grounds are also available.

The second type of religious work Active Religious Service at the San Francisco Exposition has been the holding of religious con- Even more definite religious work ferences. The mere number of is being done. In San Francisco these is significant. Over eight under the committee of. One Hunhundred are listed in the official announcement and one out of every dred, a lot has been rented in' a twelve of these has a religious aim. This is a remarkable showing when central spot where a large tent has one considers that this list includes been set up. Here, week by week, every meeting held at the Fair, from come popular preachers and noted evangelists, Billy Sunday among the number, and a vigorous campaign

SUNDAY AT THE BIBLE DAY CEREMONIES OF THE WORLD'S BIBLE CONGRESS (AUGUST 2, 1915), AT THE

FRANCISCO EXPOSITION

THE SAN FRANCISCO

has been carried on for San l'ran- a kitchen and bathroom at one side cisco as well as for the stranger and the charge for all this is twentywithin her gates. five cents a day.

The problems of the Exposition it- Every Sunday afternoon a brief self have been handled largely by service is held on the porch before the the Young Men's and Young Wo- building, one of the most prominent men's Christian Associations. The spots on the grounds. This service service of tourists has been taken is listed by the Exposition along over by the Young Women's organ- with band-concerts and balloon asization, its building being the first to censions as one of the "attractions" the left of the main entrance. There of the daily program. is a wide shady porch with inviting rocking-chairs and with a view across Cornet solos and a trio of cornet, the pools and flowers of the South violin, and piano, attract the crowd, Gardens to the Tower of Jewels. and selections are sung by the choir. Within is a large reception-hall with When the shifting audience seems !nore easy-chairs, writing-desks, and largest the preacher gives his tent;>bles. Behind a curving counter a minute talk. Unexpected diversions group of workers are ready to direct sometimes tax the adaptability of the the tourist to hotels, eating-places, leader. One man was about to speak exhibit palaces, the best band-con- when the whirr of an aeroplane ancert, or the funniest laugh-producer nounced the approach of Art Smith ('11 the zone. Behind is the cafeteria, for one of his spectacular flights. All so inexpensive and deservedly popu- proceedings were suspended while aular that at meal times the line of dience, choir, and even the minister, hungry ones waIting to be fed watched the graceful dipping and stretches through the reception-room turning of the winged machi1}e. When and far along the walk outside. Up- the spectators turned back to,>;:iew the stairs is an emergency hospital on a discomfiture of the interrupted speakdllninutive scale where over five er, they were greeted with the text: hundred first aid treatments were given in the first four months. Here "And when the living creatures are rest-rooms with comfortable went the wheels went beside them; couches for tired women. At one and when the living creatures were side is a day-nursery with a kinder- lifted up from the earth the wheels garten teacher and a trained nurse were lifted up. . and . in charge of the thirty or more I heard the noise of their wings like babies. A fenced enclosure with see- the noise of great waters." sa·w, sand-pile, and swings affords a playground for the older children, Not a man moved away during the and a cool, dark room with a row of stirring and timely talk that followed. tiny white cribs is the sleeping-place of the littlest ones. The big, airy For the employees and those who playroom is fitted out with low tables are adding to the pleasure of the Exand ridiculously small chairs, while position visitors much is being done playthings are everywhere. There is by both organizations at work. The Young Men's Christian Association has put its building in the form of a large club-house by the Presidio, or United States Military reserve, where

it deals primarily with the needs of food, some energetic county adverthe Army and Navy men, who are on tisers had supplied two fascinating the grounds in large numbers. films of Californian country and ranch life to amuse and instruct, and The girls emp·loyed in all the Exhi- prizes were given to the girls from bition palaces are organized by the the county and state which had the Young Women's Christian Associa- largest delegations among the worktion in groups. Each leader has one ing force. One of the girls said on or more buildings under her direct leaving that it was her first party in supervision. A committee of volun- five years. teer workers from outside cooperate with leaders among the girls in such Out on the zone, tucked in behind a way that there are practically no the gaudy houses of Mirth is a club THE GIRLS' CLUB HOUSE IN THE (lZONE'" Conducted by the Young Women's Christian Association for the dancers and other performers during their leisure hours women employed who are not known house for the workers there. It is to the working force. Parties have a low, brown house with broad eaves been given for the various groups, the and nasturtiums running up over the girls from California acting as host- windows. In a large but cosy room esses. are little tables for eating, large com- fortable chairs, a book-case filled with In the Food Products Building one books and magazil~es, and a few good evening, . the doors were closed as pictures hanging on its walls. A usual at six o'clock, and by six-thirty smal1 window, like a pantry-slide, in a space in the center had been cleared, one corner, opening into the kitchen, tables were set with white linen, silver is a lunch counter, where a hungry and flowers, and two hundred and girl may get a square meal for fifteen thirty girls sat down. The exhibitors cents. On one side is a rest-room, in that department had provided the

THE SAN FRANCISCO

and a large bath-room equipped with and to employ those who make good. the only bath-tubs on the Zone. If an international exposition is a Three visits at the club-house constitutes a girl a member with the free- reflection of the spirit and thought dom of the house and a card of per- of the world, then these are indeed sonal introduction to the nearest times after the Master's own heart. Association when she leaves the Ex- The world is awake to the preemiposition. nence of spiritual things, and it con~ siders the ideal of service large The problem of unemployment enough to be taken as the central after the Exposition is one which the thought of its latest World's Fair. workers are trying to solve. A night- There is a yearning and a striving A BANQUET GIVEN BY THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE GIRLS EMPLOYED IN THE FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING WHICH THEY HAVE TERMED "PALACE OF NIBBLING ARTS"

school has been opened to give the toward what the Church can give, and fifteen hundred employees a lift the Church is alive to its opportunities toward the top. Classes meet in the in San Francisco as never before. Association Building, and teachers Let us take courage from this lesson from a standard commercial college of the Exposition and lay hold on give their services three nights a the great task before us in something week, and on alternate nights one of of the spirit shown in Weinman's the largest department stores offers statue of the Rising Sun, knowing a course in salesmanship. This store that the time is at hand, the day is has promised to give preference to indeed before us, and the world to these students at the holiday season, conquer.

the Dominican

THE MISSIONARY WORK OF THE FREE METHODIST CHURCH lC:;~~~~ HE Dominican Republic February, 1915. This occasion occupies a part of the brought together the largest and most island of Santo Do- representative gathering of Protes- mingo, which it shares tants ever held in the interior of the with the Haitian Re- Dominican Republic, about forty new public. The people of converts came forward and as many the Dominican Republic speak Span- more were received into the mission ish, while the Haitians generally use and church as members and pro- the French language. Recurring re- bationers.

volutions from its early history until Last February evangelistic meet- the present time have kept the island ings were held at Jababa, Santiago, in a: constant state of turmoil. The Maca, Palmar, Salcedo, Barbaro, and unsettled conditions of governments Sanchez, and were very fruitful, for have prevented most of the mission about ninety persons were received boards ·from sending missionaries to as members or probationers. At these fields, so they have not been Moca, where there are two large so well cared for as have Cuba and Roman Catholic churches, the Prot- Porto Rico. The nominal religion estant workers before mentioned, of the island is Roman Catholicism. marched through the streets singing About twenty-four years ago, Rev. and giving short addresses in the S. E. Mills, a minister of the Free parks and on the corners of the Methodist Church, went to the Do- streets, and at evenings held their minican Republic, taking his family services in a building. At the first with him, and commenced work in evening services, while the mission- the interior on the north side. Later ary secretary was speaking stones other missionaries of the same church began to come against and on the joined him, but the. frequent revo- iron roof of the building. The Chief lutions have hindered the work, and of Police, however, later gave ade- some of the workers have been quate protection.

obliged to return home. The only other Protestant mission Some of the converts have been in Santa Domingo is carried on by organized into a Free Methodist the Women's Board of the African class at San Francisco de Macoris, Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, where a commodious church has been who have a station at San Pedro de built, a school building and mission- Macoris. In Haiti, the Seventh Day ary residences. This first Protestant Adventists are at Cape Haitien and church ever built in the interior of the southern Baptists and Protestant the island, was dedicated by the Rev. Episcopal societies have workers in B. Winget, Missionary Secretary, in Jacmel and Porto au Prince.

A Visit to a ] ungle Station

Siam* BY ROBERT E. SPEER Secretary of the Board of Foreign 1-Iissions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.

AP TEANG is one of The Tap Teang station equip- ment consists at present of a resimT the newest stations of dencecompound for Dr. Dunlap and the Pre s b y t e ria n Mr. Snyder, a hospital compound for Church, in the prov- the hospital and residence (the gift ince of Trang on the Bay of Bengal side of of the Siamese high Commissoner), the lower Siam Peninsula. The station and a church compound on which it is the outgrowth of twenty-five years is desired to erect also a school for of itinerating work by Dr. and Mrs. boys and girls and a residence for Eugene P. Dunlap, who traveled up the unmarried women of the station.

and down these provinces when there The little mission school is the only were only jungle paths through the Christian school in the whole state forests and crazy little sailboats of Puket with its seven provinces along the coast. On one of Dr. belonging to the Tap Teang field.

Dunlap's first visits to Tap Teang Twenty or thirty children have al- village through a Christian Chinese ready gathered in the school and who had emigrated to the peninsula are delighted at the prospect which from Hong Kong, he met an old it has opened to them. There is a Siamese gentleman who, by his re- chance here not only to train Chris- flections upon natural religion and tian men and women for intelligent especially upon the wonder of the service as they go about their own structure of the human hand, had lives, but also to prepare teachers come to believe in a beneficent and for the Christian schools which fatherly creator. When he first should be scattered up and down heard the Gospel, he welcomed it as these provinces. The only schools the full revelation of the truth which available for the people now are the he had already dimly grasped. Forty unorganized, inefficient schools in the of this old man's descendants have Buddhist wats or temples. For sev- since come into the Christian Church eral years Dr. Dunlap, who is be- and now in the villages north and loved and honored by the Siam south there are scattered three hun- officials from the royal family down, dred baptized believers connected was superintendent of schools for with the central church in Tap the government in the Trang prov- Teang. Far and wide through a re- ince and was building up an efficient gion untouched by any other agencies system.

of Christianity, Dr. Dunlap and his As the little Christian school is companions are sowing the seed of the only center of such enlighten- the Gospel on fruitful soil. ment in these provinces. so the hos- • A Letter from Nakon Stritamarat, Siam, June 3, 1915.

pital is the only place of real succor and they would end by climbing up and relief to the sick and needy and on the platform. Forgetting all other its influence has gone out far and errands, they learned all they could wide. As we came away from of this new story to take back with Trang one of the passengers in our them to their villages. We saw the coach was an old priest from the seed of the 'Kingdom sown on abso- Chinese temple in Penang, conduct- lutely new soil and realized that each ing. a cocoanut grove now in the one of these old men would be the province of Trang for the benefit of beginning of a new work of evanhis temple. Robbers had pounded gelization. him up not long before, and only Miss Christianson's skilful care at This is mission work in its truest the hospital had brought him through. and purest and most Christ-like He and we had no common language form. It is the heroic pioneering in except our common appreciation of which men do not build 0'n other the Christ-like spirit and the skill 111¥n's foundations, but go out into of Miss Christianson, and our com- the heart of the jungles and lay rnon gratitude to the great Love t11ere the first stones of the walls which had brought her to Siam to of the city of God. The men and conditions vastly different from those women who are doing this w0'rk she had known at home. In Dr. have no borrowed glory, indeed, they Bulkley's absence there has been no do not know that they have any medical missionary in the station glory at all, but every hour there we since January a year ago, and for all saw the glory as of the messengers this time Miss Christianson has car- of God who forget themselves and ried the full responsibility, doing in whom the grace and truth of the critical surgical work at times simply heavenly spirit shine forth. This is because it had to be done, and there 110t the sort o:f missionary work was no one else to do it, and, singie- which exploits itself or is clever in handed, doing work which half a its aqvertising and appeal, but if dozen workers at home would not there is any work regarding which have undertaken. the Lord Jesus must be pleased and in which He must recognize to-day The morning of our last day in the very likeness of the work which Tap Teang we spent in the corner He did while He was here on earth, of the market, where the evangelists it is work like this at Tap Teang. preached to the people. It was fascinating to watch especially the old 'Vhat makes work like this possible men from the country drift by in the is love and faith in the hearts of throng and stop to listen. Then as men and women. Neither the slow they were caught by some word of toil of the years nor the wet miseries truth we would see them sit down of the jungle, nor the isolation and on the edge of the platform from loneliness could quench that love or which the evangelists spoke. As the quell that faith and now at last the truth was opened out these old men rich fruitage of peace and joy is would begin to nod assent, to ex- being gathered in. What greater press their delight, to ask questions, privilege could we have than to share yet more fully in this fruitage?

BLA.CK. gUSSIA «

lU SEA Vl eTABRI2. ~ RUMIA ~) ~ -J<A'2..B/N 0 't-'

HAMADANe ~ ~ y PROTESTANT MISSIONS ARABIA. INTHE TURKISH EMPIRE AND SURROUNDING COUNTRIES SHADED TERRITORY INDICATES ARMENIA. TOWNS WHERE MASSACRES AND DEPORT" ATIONS OFARMENIANS HAVe BeEN RE- POR.TEO-ARE UNDERLINED. • M I 551 ON STATIONS- – R.AI L ~OR OS

MISSIONS IN EUROPEAN AND ASIATIC TURKEY BEFORE THE

– I STATIONS , i I FOREIGN STAFF I I I NATIVE AGENCY CONGREGATIONS SCHOOLS MEDICAL MISSIONS .~ …; I .!2 .", ~" III ~ .o.-..l …. .~.~, ….. …. ~ :: :: ~ :: .e~.. . . .a .!2 .~ :: ·1 ~ ·..t i ….~.. ~" SOCIETIES ,/:, .·"S… .~ f! ~ .~ .j".. ~ ~" ~… 'i. :x": ~ -"l ~ II .0.. i 0 t; til 0 ~ "~ "'! It ~ ~ * Cl ~ ~ ~ ~ -.; ~" i ~ .~ ~ ….~.. ~~ ~ .~ R.

2: I .. .. .. .. . American Board ……………………………

Kaiserwerth Deaconesses' Homes ………………. 308 ! 55 14 65 ! 75 209 102 1015 192 15,748) 55,240 i13 1,865 437 24,146 9 11 134,357 .,. .. .. 32 , .. …. ·1 …….. …. 3 490 1 1 1,430 Lohmann's Armenian Aid Association …………… 5 10 9 j1 33 SO 6 71 108 …. .. . . . 1 . . . . . 1 .. 21 1,900 2 3 4,856 Dr. Lepsius' Germau Orient Mission …………….. 4 2 I, 1 2,848 2 . .. 1 7 1 5 … ….. ….. ,' .. . … 2 300 1 Friends' Armenian Mission ………………….. 1 ." 1 .. .. .. 2 , '" … … ….. ….. I .. …. 1 400 .. .. ……

98 100 .. …. 5 308 1 ….. ….. .. …. … ….. .. . American Reformed Presbyterians (Cililia and Cyprus) 3 " 321 2 .. 8 … 23 '" 1 7,888 British & Foreign Bible Society ……………….. 1 … 1 .. .. … 1 … … … …… .. American … Bible Society ·····················t···· 1 26 1 I .. .. … '" 26 … ….. . …. .. …. -'" ….. .. . ….. – – — — — – -'- – – – — – — — – – — TotaL ……………………………… 39 334 74 18 73 146 275 109 1140 300 15,846 55,340 113 1,865 469 27,534 14 17 151,379 Proteaiant Societies W orkinc in Turkey Mission Stations, or Places Where Mis- and Syria Before the War sionaries Reside 1. American Board of Commissioners (The figures refer to the Societies occupy- for Foreign Missions. ing each) 2. American Bible Society. Acre, 17. Jerusalem, 4, 17, 22, 3. Asia Minor Apostolic Institute.. Abeih, 7. 23, 32, 36. 4. Christian and Missionary Alliance. Adabazar, 1. 5. Friends' Foreign Missions Associa- Adana, 1. Kefr Yasif, 17. Adrianople, 15. Kessab, 1. tion of New England. Ain Karim, 4. Kochanes, 11. 6. Mennonite Church. Aintab,1. Konia,3. 7. Presbyterian Church, North. Alexandretta, 29. Kortcha, 1. 8. Reformed (Dutch) Church in Ameri- Aleppo, 27. Larnaca, 9, 22. Antioch, 29. Latakia, 9. ca. Baakleen, 28. Marash, I, 33. 9. Reformed Presbyterian Church. Baalbek, 18. Mardin, 1. 10. Seventh-day Adventists. Bagdad, 17. Marsovan, 1. 11. Archbishop's Mission to Assyrian Bardizag, 1, 10. Mersina,9. Busrah (Bassora), Monastir, 1. Christians. Mosul, 17. 12. Baptist Missionary Society. 8. Moush,33. 13. Beirut Orphanage. Beersheba, 4. Mt. of Olives, 17. 14. British and Foreign Bible Society. Beit Marl, ZO. Nablous, 12, 17. 15. British Jews' Society in Adrianople. Bethlehem, 17, 24. Nazareth, 17, 19. 16. British Syrian Mission Schools. Beirut, 7, 13, 14, 18, Nicosia, 9, 22. 17. Church Missionary Society. Oorfa, 1. 18. Church of Scotland Mission to Jews. 22,32. Ramallah, 5, 17. 19. Edinburgh Medical Mission Society. Bir Zeit, 17. Ramleh,17. 20. Friends' Foreign Mission Association Bitlis, 1. Ras el Meth, 20. Brousa, 1. Safed, 23, 31. of London. Brummana, 20. Salonica, 1. 21. Jaffa Medical Mission and Hospital. Cesarea, 1. She farner, 17. 22. Jerusalem and the East Mission. Constantinople, I, 2, Shemlan, 17. 23. London Society for the Propagation Shweifat, 25. 14, 18, 20, 23, 31, Sidon, 7. of Christianity Among Jews. 32. Sivas, 1. 24. Miss Dunn's Home. Damascus, 18, 19, Smyrna, I, 18, 23,32. 25. Miss Proctor's Mission and Schools. 23, 310. Suk el Ghurb, 7. 26. North African Mission. El Mouktareh, 18. Tarsus, 1. 27. Presbyterian Church of England. Erzerum, 1. Tiberias, 31. 28. Palestine and Lebanon Nurses' Mis- Es Salt, 17. Tirana, 1. Famagusta, 22. Trebizond, 1. sion. Gaza,17. Tripoli (Africa), 26- 29. Reformed Presbyterian Church of Hadjin, 1,6. Tripoli (Syria), 7. Haifa, 17, 22, 23, 35. Tyre,18. Ireland and Scotland. Harput, I, 33. Van, I, 11,33. 30. Tabeetha Mission Schools. Hasbeiya, 18. Zahleh,7. 31. United Free Church of Scotland. Hebron, 4, 31. 310. Presbyterian Church of Ireland. Jaffa, 4, 17, 2f, 23, 32. Deaconesses of Kaiserwerth. 30,35. 33. German Hiilfsbund. 34. German Orient Society. 35. J udischer Verein. 36. Moravian Church.

Assassination of

THE TURKISH PROGRAM OF ANNIHILATION DESCRIBED BY GOVERN- MENT REPRESENTATIVES, TEACHERS, MISSIONARIES, AND OTHER EYEWITNESSES ~T HE most brutal, the~ sible for the systematic program of most ruthless, the most extermination. Is not Germany also ~ inexcusable, and the responsible-if not for inciting the most widespread mas- outrage, at least for failure to de- sacres of Christians in mand that Turkey, her ally, imme- the last one thousand diately put an end to these butcher- ies. Turkey would not dare to conyears are deluging Armenia with the tinue a course that would involve the loss of German military and financial blood of men, women, and children. support.

Whole villages are wiped out by fire, The following is the text of the government order covering the case. sword, and deportation. It seems Art. 2d. "The commanders of the army, of independent army corps, evident that this movement against and of divisions may, in case of mili- tary necessity, and in case they susthe Armenians is part of a concerted pect espionage or treason, send away, singly or in mass, the inhabitants of scheme against all non-Turkish and villages or town, and install them in other places." Christian inhabitants of Turkey. It The original orders to commanders is estimated that already 800,000 have may have been reasonably humane; but the execution of them has been for perished at the hands of the Turks the most part cruelly harsh, and in many cases accompanied by horrible and Kurds in their fiendish "Holy brutality to women and children, to the sick and the aged. Whole vil- War." In the massacres of 1895-6 lages were deported at an hour's no- tice, with no opportunity to prepare under the Sultan Abdul-Hamid II., for the journey, not even, in some cases, to gather together the scattered according to carefully prepared sta- members of the family, so that little children were left behind. tistics, 88,243 Armenians, of whom The accounts of the sorrows of Arabout IO,OOO were Protestants, were menia are harrowing reading. -Many of -the facts have already been pubmurdered; more than 500,000 robbed lished. VIle gather many of them here that the readers of the REVIEW may of all they possest; 2,493 villages make them a subject of sympathetic and towns were plundered; 568 churches, of which 50 were Protes- tant, were pillaged and destroyed, and 282 others were turned into mosques.

In many places the victims were of- fered the choice between death and Islam and unhesitatingly chose to die rather than to give up even the little light that most of them possest. In 1909, soon after the Young Turks came into power, there were 5,000 or more who died in the Adana onslaught for which the government disclaimed responsibility. To-day, however, the Young Turk government is respon-

prayer, and that some may be led to people was manifestly a part of a campaign of extermination. give financial help toward the relief of the surviving widows and July ro. Persecution of Arme- nians assuming unprecedented proorphans.* portions. Reports from widely scat- tered regions indicate systematic at- For obvious reasons the names of tempt to uproot peaceful Armenian populations, and through arbitrary arthe various writers can not be given rests, terrible tortures, wholesale exat this time. These are known to pulsions and deportations from one end of the empire to the other, acthe American Committee, who vouch companied by frequent instances of rape, pillage, and murder, turning for them and their statements. In into massacre, to bring destitution and destruction upon them. This is most cases it is necessary to conceal not in response to fanatical .or popu- lar demand, but is purely arbitrary, the place from which the statements and directed from Constantinople. Untold misery, disease, starvation and were written, and even the name of loss of life will go on unchecked. _ .

the cities and towns referred to, in July 16. "Deportation of and ex- cesses against peaceful Armenians are order that the writer or his inter- increasing, and from harrowing re- ports of eye-witnesses it appears ests may not suffer irreparable that a campaign of race exterminaharm. tion is in progress." Protests and threats are unavailing and probably Documentary Evidence incite the Ottoman government to more drastic measures, as they are VVe quote from a few of the docu- determined to disclaim responsibility for their absolute disregard of capituments which are in the possession of lations, and I believe nothing short of actual force, which obviously the Unithe American Committee: ted States is not in a position to ex- ert, would adequately meet the situa- The reports of persecution, plun- tion.

der, and massacre of Armenians in July 31. "Armenians, mostly wo- men and children, deported from the the interior parts of the country be- Erzroom district, have been massa- cred near Kemakh, between Erzroom gan to come in April, when the scat- and Harpoot." Similar reports from other sources, that probably few of tering of large numbers of innocent these refugees wilI reach their des- tination. . . . * A special American Committee of eminent In many cases the men were (those Americans has investigated the reports, and while of military age were nearly all in the the sources of information must be withheld for the present. the committee vouches for the truth of the statements. This committee includes the Right Rev. David H. Greer, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of N ew York; Oscar S. Straus, former Secretary of Commerce and Labor, and ex· Ambassador to Turkey; Cleveland H. Dodge, of Phelps, Dodge & Co.; the Rev. Dr. Stephen S. Wise, Rabbi of the Free Synagog, New York; Charles R. Crane. of Chicago. Vice·Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Democratic National Committee during the last campaign; Arthur Curtiss James. Director of many railroads and of the Hanover National Bank, the United States Trust Company, and of Phelps, Dodge & Co.; the Rev. Dr. Prank Mason North, of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church; /ohn R. Mott, of the International Committee 0 the Young Men's Christian Association; William W. Rockhill former Ambassador to Turkey and former Ambassador to Russia; William Sloane, Presi· dent of W. & J. Sloane, 575 Fifth Avenue; the Rev. 'Dr. Edward Lincoln Smith, of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; the Rev. Dr. Frederick Lynch, of the New York Peace Society; George A. PlImpton, of Ginn & Co., a trustee of Constantinople College; the Rev. Dr. James L. Barton, for many years a missionary in Turkey, and now the Secretary of the American Board of Commissjoners for Foreign Missions; the Rev. Dr. William J. Haven. one of tl)e fou'!.

ders of the Epworth League; Stanley White, Sec· retary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions; Professor Samuel P. Dutton, an authority on Balkan affairs.

Gifts for the relief of survivors may be sent to Chas. R. Crane, Treasurer, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York.

ASSASSINATION OF

army) bound tightly together with places added to this feeling. The ropes or chains. Women with little special Armenian troubles began in children in their arms, or in the last the beginning of May. In the middle days of pregnancy, were driven along of the night about 20 of the leadunder the whip like cattle. Three ing men of the national Armenian different cases came under my knowl- political parties were gathered up edge where the woman was delivered and sent to where they have been on the road, and because her brutal imprisoned ever since. In June the driver hurried her along she died of government began looking for weaphemorrhage. I also know of one case ons. Some of the Armenians were where the gendarme in charge was a seized, and, by torture, the confession humane man, and allowed the poor was extracted that a large number of woman several hours' rest, and then arms were in the hands of different procured a wagon for her to ride in. Armenians. A second inquisition be- Some women became so completely gan. The bastinado was used freworn out and hopeless that they left quently, as well as fire torture (in their infants beside the road. Many some cases eyes are said to have been women and girls have been outraged. put out). Many guns were delivered, At one place the commander of gen- but not all. The people were afraid darmerie openly told the men to that if they gave up their arms, they whom he consigned a large company would be massacred as in 1895. Arms that they were at liberty to do what had been brought in after the declarathey chose with the women and tion of the constitution with the pergirls. . . . mission of the government, and were for self-defense only. The torture The Use of Torture continued, and under its influence one fact after another leaked out. The trouble for the Armenians be- Under the nervous strain and physical gan, as for all other nationalities, suffering many things were said with the collection of soldiers. The which had no foundation in fact. government swept off all men possible Those inflicting the torture would for military service. Hundreds of tell the victim what they expected him the bread-winners marched away, to confess, and then beat him until leaving their wives and children with- he did it. The college mechanic had out means of support. In many cases constructed an iron "shot" for the the last bit of money was given to athletic games, and was beaten terfit out the departing soldier, leaving ribly in an effort to fasten the making the family in a pitifully destitute con- of bombs on the college. Some bombs dition. A number of Armenians were discovered in the Armenian were quite well off and paid their cemetery, which aroused the fury of military exemption fee. A much the Turks to white heat. It should larger number escaped in one way be said that it is very probable that and another, so there were more Ar- these bombs had been buried there in menians than Turks left in the city the clays of Abdul Hamid. . . . after the soldiers had gone. This made the government suspicious and Through the intervention of a fearful. The discovery of Armenian Turk, the college was able to free plots against the government in other

those of its teachers already taken, with people petitioning to become and obtain a stay of proceedings Mohammedans. Many did it for the against all of its teachers and employ- sake of their women and children, ees, by the payment of the sum of 275 feeling that it would be a matter of Turkish liras. Later this same Turk only a few weeks before relief would said that he believed that he could come.

obtain the permanent exemption of This deportation continued at in- the entire college by the payment of tervals for about two weeks. It is a further sum of 300 liras. The estimated that out of about 12,000 money was promised, but after some Armenians in – – – , only a few hun- negotiations, which shewed that no dred were left. Even those who definite assurance of exemption offered to accept Islam were sent would be forthcoming, the matter was away. . .

dropt. Dragged to Exile Panic and Outrage June 28, 19I5.

The panic in the city was terrible. I ,vish to inform you of conditions The people felt that the government here. They are very bad and daily was determined to extermi:1ate the getting worse. I suppose —- told Armenian race, and they were power- you of the horrible things taking less to resist. The people were sure place in – – – . Just such a reign that the men were being killed and of terror has begun in this city also.

the women kidnapped. Many of the Daily the police are searching the convicts in the prison had been re- houses of the Armenians for weap- leased, and the mountains around ons, and not finding any, they are – – – were full of bands of outlaws. taking the best and most honorable It was feared that the women and men and imprisoning them; some of children were taken some distance them they are exiling, and others from the city and left to the mercy they are torturing with red hot irons of these men. However that may be, to make them reveai the supposedly there are provable cases of the kid- concealed weapons. Four weeks ago napping of attractive young girls by they exiled IS men and their families, the Turkish officials of – – – . One sending them to the desert city of Moslem reported that a gendarme had —, three days' journey south of offered to sell him two girls for a here.

mejidieh. The women believed that The Gendarmerie Department seems they were going to worse than death, to have full control of affairs and and many carried poison in their pock- the Mutessarif upholds them. They ets to use if necessary. Some car- are now holding about 100 of the ried picks and shovels to bury those best citizens of the city in prison, and they knew would die by the wayside. to-day the gendarmerie chief called During this reign of terror notice was the Armenian Bishop and told him given that escape was easy; that any that unless the Armenians deliver one who accepted Islam would be their arms and the revolutionists allowed to remain safely at home. among them, that he has orders to The offices of the lawyers who re- exile the entire Armenian population corded applications were crowded of – – – ~.S they did the people of

ASSASSINATION OF

We know how the latter been brutally deported, deprived of were treated, for hundreds of them all their possessions, to the deserts of have been dragged through – – – Mesopotamia. A great number of on their way to the desert whither families have embraced Mohammed- they have been exiled. These poor anism to escape a certain death.

exiles were mostly women, children A Widow'. Story and old men, and they were clubbed and beaten and lashed along as tho A week before anything was done they had been wild animals, and their to – – – , the villages all around had women and girls were daily crimin- been emptied and their inhabitants had ally outraged, both by their guards become victims of the gendarmes and and the ruffians of every village marauding bands. Three days before through which they passed, as the the starting of the Armenians from former allowed the ,latter to enter – – – , after a week's imprisonment, the camp of the exiles at night, and Bishop – – – had been hanged, with even distributed the girls among the seven other notables. After these villagers for the night. These poor hangings, seven or eight other no- victims of their oppressors' lust and tables were killed in their own houses hate might better have died by the for refusing to go out of the tity.

bullet in their mountain home than Seventy or eighty other Armenians, be dragged about the country iu this after being beaten in prison, were way. About 2,000 of them have taken to the woods and killed. The passed through – – – , all more dead Armenian population of – – – was than alive; many hundreds have died sent off in three batches; I was from starvation and abuse along the among the third batch. My husband roadside, and nearly all are dying of died eight years ago, leaving me and starvation, thirst, or being kidnapped my eight-year-old daughter and my by the Anaza Arabs in the desert mother extensive possessions, so that where they have been taken. We we were living in comfort. Since know how they are being treated be- mobilization began, the – – – com- cause our – – – exiles are in the mandant has been living in my house same place, and one young Armenian free of rent. He told me not to go, doctor, who was there making medi- but I felt I must share the fate of cal examinations of soldiers for the my people. I took three horses with government, has returned and told me, loaded with provisions. My us. . . . daughter had some five-lira pieces The Young Turk government pur- around her neck, and I carried some sues unceasingly, and every day with twenty liras and four diamond rings added violence, the war to the finish on my person. All else that we had that it has declared against its Ar- was left behind. Our party left menian SUbjects. The provinces in- June 1st (old style), fifteen gen- habited by Armenians, which were darmes going with us. The party already under the reign of inde- numbered four or five hundred per- scribable terror, have been evacuated sons. We had got only two hours by force. Thus the Armenian com- away from home, when bands of munities, – – – and – – – , have villagers and brigands in large num-

bers, with rifles, guns, axes, etc., she would not be separated from me. surrounded us on the road, and Finally we were both taken into their robbed us of all we had. The gen- wagons on our promising to become darmes took my three horses and Moslems. As soon as we entered the sold them to Turkish mouhadjirs, araba, they began to teach us how to pocketing the money. They took my be Moslems, and changed our names, money and that from my daughter's calling me – – – and her – – – . neck, also all our food. After this they separated the men, one by one, **** and shot them all within six or seven days-every male over IS years of The Plight of the Exiles age. By my side were killed two priests, one of them over 90 years If it were simply a matter of being of age. These bandsmen took all the obliged to leave here to go somegood-lookin~ women and carried where else, it would not be so bad, them off on their horses. Very many but everybody knows it is a case of women and girls were thus carried going to one's death. If there was off to the mountains, among them my any doubt about it, it has been resister, whose one-year-old baby they moved by the arrival of a number threw away; a Turk picked it up and of parties, aggregating several thoucarried it off, I know not where. My sand people, from Erzroom and Ermother walked till she could walk no zinggan. I have visited their enfarther, and dropt by the roadside on campment a number of times and a mountain-top. We found on the talked with some of the people. A road many of those who had been in more pitiable sight can not be imagthe previous sections carried from ined. They are, almost without ex- – – – ; some women were among the ception, ragged, filthy, hungry, and killed, with their husbands and sons. sick. That is not surprizing, in view We also came across some old peo- of the fact that they have been on ple and little infants still alive but the road for nearly two months, with in a pitiful ,condition, having shouted no change of clothing, no chance to their voices away. We were not al- wash, no shelter, and little to eat. lowed to sleep at night in the vil- The government has been giving lages, but lay down outside. Under them some scanty rations here. I cover of the night indescribable deeds watched them one time when their were committed by the gendarmes, food was brought. Wild animals bandsmen, and villagers. Many of could not be worse. They rushed us died from hunger and strokes of upon the guards who carried the food apoplexy. Others were left by the and the guards beat them back with roadside, too feeble to go on. clubs, hitting hard enough to kill them sometimes. To watch them one One morning we saw fifty to sixty could hardly believe that these peawagons with about thirty Turkish pIe were human beings. widows, whose husbands had been killed in the war; and these were go- As one walks through the camp, ing to Constantinople. These women mothers offer their children and beg wanted to take my daughter, too, but one to take them. In fact, the Turks have been taking their choice of these children and girls for slaves, or

5] THE ASSASSINATION OF

worse. In fact, they have even had Lord Bryce's statements are contheir doctors there to examine the firmed by reports which come direct more likely girls and thus secure the from those who have firsthand best ones. knowledge.

There are very few men among Of the Armenian people as a whole them, as most of them have been one third or more are gone, and this killed on the road. All tell the same third includes the leaders in every story of having been attacked and walk of life, merchants, professional robbed by the Kurds. Most of them men, preachers, bishops, and Governwere attacked over and over again, ment officials. There is no certainty and a great number of them, especial- for those who are just now free. It ly the men, were killed. Women and is only temporary measures, such children were also killed. Many died, as bribes or special favors, that' have of course, from sickness and exhaus- secured postponement. tion on the way, and there have been deaths each day that they have been "It seems possible that something here. Several different parties have can be done to save those few who are arrived and, after remaining a day left. Permission has recently been obor two, have been pushed on with no tained through the German Embassy apparent destination. Those who for those connected with the German have reached here are only a small Mission, teachers and their families, portion, however, of those who orphans and servants, a circle of sevstarted. By continuing to drive these eral hundred, to remain. It is time people on in this way it will be pos- that America take whatever steps are sible to dispose of all of them in a possible to secure permission through comparatively short time. the American Ambassador for the remnant of the Armenians to remain A Plea for Intervention in their homes or to escape unharmed to more hospitable territory.

Viscount Bryce, formerly British American Missionary Interests * Ambassador to the United States, has made, through the Associated America has more interest in Tur- Press, a powerful plea that America key than any other country, or posshould try to stop the Armenian sibly than all Europe together. This slaughter. Lord Bryce is not one to interest is not political, but huma.nimisstate or exaggerate facts. Among tarian. In r8r9 the American Board other things, he says: "In Trebizond of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- City, where the Armenians numbered sions began work in the Ottoman over ten thousand, orders came from Empire, and has now for nearly a Constantinople to seize all Arme- century prosecuted that work with nians. Troops hunted them, drove vigor and statesman-like foresight and them to the shore, took them to sea, breadth. The missionaries have threw them overboard, and drowned introduced into the country the printthem all-men, women, and children. ing,press and a periodical literature, This was seen and described by the modern medicine and sanitation, the Italian Consul." • Paragraph quoted from The Outlook.

modern hospital, new industries and night and was severely beaten several commercial enterprises, and western times. About June 20th he was taken education, culminating in the well-or- out toward Diarbekir and murdered ganized colleges and graduate schools. in a general massacre on the road.

Some of these institutions are: the "Professor Nahigian, who had stud- Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, ied at Ann Arbor, was arrested about with its graduate schools; Robert Col- June 5th and shared Professor Tene- lege at Constantinople; and the Con- kejian's fate on the road.

stantinople College for Girls, each one "Professor Vorperian a Princeton of these incorporated in the United man, was taken to see a man beaten States and possessing a plant worth almost to death. He started into exile more than a million dollars. Besides under guard with his family, about these institutions of international re- July 5th, and was murdered beyond pute there are others, like the Inter- Malatia.

national College at Smyrna, Anatolia "Professor Boojicanian, an Edin- College at Marsovan, Teachers' Col- burgh graduate, was arrested with lege at Sivas, Euphrates College at Professor Tenekejian, suffered the Harput, Van College at Van, Aintab same tortures, and in addition had College at Aintab, Central Turkey three finger-nails pulled out by the College for Women at Marash, the roots, and was killed in the same American Collegiate Institute for massacre.

Girls at Smyrna, St. Paul's College "Of the female instructors one is re- at Tarsus, and, in addition, three ported killed in Chunkoosh, one re- times that number of high schools ported taken' to a Turkish harem; and academies with their intermediate three have not been heard from; four and preparatory schools dotting the others started out into exile, and ten country from Smyrna to Persia, and are free.

{rom the Black Sea to Arabia. The Armenians as a people have Among the many institutions to suf- been the most responsive to the ap- fer is the American Mission College peals of modern education. The ma- at Harput. One of the reliable in- jority of the 25,000 students in the formants writes: "Approximately schools north of Syria have been two-thirds of the girl pupils, and six- from this historic and virile race.

sevenths of the boys have been taken Thousands have taken graduate away to death, exile, or Moslem courses in the United States. It can homes. Of our professors four are be said that America discovered the gone and three are left. Armenian race and introduced it to "Professor Tenekejian, who was the Western World. It is, therefore, the Protestant representative of the eminently fitting that at this time of Americans with the Government, was death-struggle America should be the arrested on May I st. No charge was first to lift its voice in protest, and the made against him, but the hair of his 1110st ready to offer its help to save head, mustache and beard was pulled this nation from annihilation.

out in a vain effort to secure damag- There are some four hundred ing confessions. He was starved and Americans now in Turkey connected hung by the arms for a day and a with the various boards and institu-

ASSASSINATION OF

tions. With these are associated fully believe (and among these are the ten times that number of trained na- missionaries in large numbers, as well tives, mostly Armenians, Greeks, and as others) that Enver Pasha is under Syrians, all engaged in conducting a the pay of the Kaiser.

work that aims at bringing to that Who are the Armenians?· country the blessings of a Christian civilization. These Americans are In the strict use of the term, there remaining at their posts, endeavoring is no Armenia at the present day.

in every way in their power to re- The name is not used either politi- lieve and save their people. cally or geographically with refer- Upon the Armenian!> and the ence to a definite territory. When Greeks the blow is falling, but there used, the name refers in general to have been intimations that the Jews' a region centering about Lake Van turn will soon come. There are many in Asiatic Turkey, and extending indications that the Turks as a whole thence north and southwest. Ancient entertain no hostile feelings toward Armenia was a country whose bounds the Armenians and the Greeks, continually changed with the fortunes and would not carry out these drastic of war. The greater part of the remeasures of extermination were they gion now lies within the Turkish not forced to do so. Some have de- Empire, and is also called Kurdisclared that the measures are un-Mo- tan. This region contains only a hammedan, and so contrary to the fraction of the Armenian race. It is teachings of their religion. inhabited by Turks, Armenians, Rus- sians,' Persians, 'Kurds Circassians, In many places the local Turkish ;reeks, Nestorians, Yezidees, Syrauthorities have emphatically pro- ians, and Jews. tested. The Governor of – – – was called to Constantinople to answer to The early history of the Armethe charge of not obeying orders in nians is so mixed with myth and legcarrying out the drastic measures of end that the truth is difficult to find. the central government. Others have During the Assyrian and Median petold the missionaries that the meas- riods there was evidently a great orures were most cruel and unneces- ganized monarchy, with a strong milisary and even disastrous to the coun- tary power, in the Lake Van basin. try, but they were finally forced to At times they were formidable eneobey. Lenient and unwilling gover- mies of the Medes. This country was 10rs were transferred, like the one well known to the Assyrians as early at – – – , in whose place was in- as the ninth century B.C. It was in- habited by four races-the Mairi, the stalled the Governor of –, who U rarda, Minni, and the Hittites.

had already carried out with vigor These races appear to have main- the order of massacre and exter- tained the;r independence until the mination. time of Assur-bani-pal, about 640 So far as can be ascertained, the n.c., when the last king of this se- two Turkish officers, Enver Pasha ries succumbed to the Assyrian yoke.

and Talaat Bey, are the source of these measures. There are many who • Information gathered from the 'Encyclopedia of Missions.

But, at the time of Herodotus, every- It was the constant effort of Persia thing seems to indicate that a strange to subvert Armenian Christianity and people had entered the land, bringing establish Magianism in its stead. To with them a new language, new this end, cruel persecutions were un- names and customs, and a new re- dertaken, and frequent incursions ligion. The source from which they were made. From 632 to 859 A.D.

came is doubtful. Herodotus and Armenia was the scene of almost in- Stephen believe they came from cessant struggle between the Eastern Phrygia, while their language and Empire and the Mohammedans, and religion would indicate Media. One it became by turn subject to each.

thing is certain: the old Turanians It maintained its independence until had ceased to rule, and the Armenian 1375, when the last Armenian king, race had been formed, which is un- Leo VI., was captured by the Egyp- doubtedly a mixture of the ruling tians and banished.

Aryan tribes with the primitive Tu- From this time Armenia lost its ranian populations. (The word "Ar- separate national existence. The menia," used in Isaiah 37 : 38 greater part of the country was an- and 2 Kings I9: 37, is an incorrect nexed to Turkey, while the eastern translation for "the land of Ara- section remained subject to Persia, rat.") Armenian histories describe and the northeast to Russia. Russia the events of some sixteen centuries took another large section of Ar- respecting which contemporary evi- menia in 1878.

dence has not yet been found. Ac- In moral traits the Armenian com- cording to them, the first ruler of Ar- pares favorably with the other races menia was Haik, the son of Togar- of the East. The Armenians are . mah, the son of Gomar, the son of cultivators of the soil, artizans, mer- Japheth, the son of Noah. The Ar- chants, and bankers. They are per- menian histories also narrate that at severing, and shrewd in financial the time of the captivity of Israel a dealings. In Asiatic Turkey the certain number of the Hebrews es- Greeks alone can compare with them caped to the mountains of Armenia in trades, professions, business abil- and intermarriages took place. Later ity, and general intelligence. In .spite the· Armenian king, Kikran (Ti- of the general increase of poverty granes), was the friend and ally of throughout Turkey, the Armenians, Cyrus. His successor was Vahakn, up to the period of massacres of celebrated in song and story for his I895-96, held their own better than great victories, and deified after the other races. The number of Ar- death. menians in the world is estimated at In 67 B.C. Armenia became an ally from 2,000,000 to 3,000,000, two- of Rome, but rebelling, their king, thirds of whom reside in Turkey.

Ardavaz, was captured by Pompey The remainder are in Russia, Persia, and beheaded in Alexandria by Cleo- India, China, Africa, Europe, North patra, 30 B.C., and the country became and South America, and other coun- tributary to Rome. The country was tries. Up to the present time the na- in turmoil for two and a half cen- tion has preserved its individuality to turies thereafter. a remarkable degree, resembling in

ASSASSINATION OF

this respect, as in others, the Jews. of the Armenian beliefs are the fol- With their dispersal throughout the lowing: world, however, the Armenians intermarry with other races, and a dis- I. They believe the Spirit protinct tendency to race disintegration ceeds from the Father only. has appeared. 2. They accept seven sacraments, The Armeni'an Church and Beliefs altho in practise, baptism, confirma- tion, and unction are intermingled. Armenian writers claim that the Armenian Church goes back to the 3. They baptize infants eight days time of Christ. One Abgar or Ab- old or less by threefold immersion, garus, King of Edessa, is said by immediately offering them the com- Moses of Khorene, the Armenian munion. historian, to have been converted by hearing of the wonderful works of 4. They accept transubstantia- Jesus, and to have been baptized by tion, and worship the consecrated ele- Thaddeus, one of the seventy disci- ments as God. ples first sent out as missionaries. This Abgar is held by the Arme- S. They use unleavened bread, nians to have been their king, altho which is dipt in the wine and given Tacitus caJJs him King of the Arabs. to the people, who receive it into the It was not, however, until the mouth from the hand of the priest. fourth century that the Armenian nation as a whole accepted Christianity. 6. They pray for the dead, but At the beginning of that century Gre- deny Purgatory. gory the Illuminator preached at the Court of Armenia with such effect 7. They practise auricular conthat from that day to this Chris- fession to the priest, who imposes tianity has been the national religion penance and grants absolution, but of the Armenians. For this reason gives no indulgences. the Armenian Church is often called "The Gregorian Church." The Ar- 8. They pray to the Virgin and menians themselves, however, call it to the saints, and have great faith "The Church of the Illuminator (Lu- in their mediation. With the Greeks, savorchagan) ." they reject images and accept pic- tures. Persecution, as usual, only served to endear the Church to the people, 9. They believe in the perpetual and from that time it has been iden- virginity of Mary, "the Mother of tified with their nationality. Under God." Turkish rule each religious body is also a political organism. The Arme- 10. They regard baptism and renian Chur,ch is little more than that generation as the same thing, and at present. It is, therefore, insep- have no practical conception of a new arably identified with the race, and is birth. All are saved who partake of pervaded by much of the corruption the sacraments, do proper penance, of Oriental Christianity. observe the fasts of the Church, and perform good works. Among the leading characteristics I!. Original sin is believed to be removed by baptism, actual sin by confession and penance.

Services are held in the churches every morning at sunrise and each evening at sunset throughout the year.. The altar is invariably toward the

east. The sacrament of the Lord's sive with the Armenian race, so that Supper is observed twice a week, but one who withdraws from the Church the people partake usually only twice rej ects his nationality. (2) The a year. Mass is observed as one of Church is already nominally Christhe formal rites of the Church. Con- tian, but Christian life has little relafession to the priest is a necessary tion to the Christian profession. (3) preparation for participation. The poverty and oppression suffered by Armenians, and Oriental penuri- Originally the Church was under ousness. (4) The turning of young one spiritual head, the Catholicos, men to the Western world, as a refwho was the general bishop. He re- uge from oppression and massacre, sided at first at Sivas, but later con- and the consequent emigration of tentions arose, and with them divi- large numbers of the best youth. sions, until now there are three who hold his office. The Catholicos alone There have, however, been special can ordain bishops and consecrate the encouragements to the work among sacred oil which is used in the vari- Armenians. These include: (I) The ous ceremonies of the Church. religious nature of the race, and the fact that they accept the Bible as the Besides the Catholicos, there are in Word of God. (2) The general de- Turkey two patriarchs, one of whom sire for education. (3) The peculiar resides at Constantinople and one at relation of the Armenians to the Jerusalem. These offices were estab- 14,000,000 of other races among lished by Mohammedan authority for whom they dwell, and who must be political purposes alone. The patriarch reached largely through the evanmust have a bishop's office eccle- gelized Armenian Church. (4) Since siastically, but to this is added con- mission work began among the Arsiderable influence with the govern- menians, there has been a gradual rement and over all Gregorian Arme- jection of their superstitions and of nians in civil matters. The Patriarch their reliance upon rites, and a of Constantinople is, by virtue of his marked awakening in the line of office, the recognized civil head of the education. (5) Of late years, owing Armenian Church in Turkey. The to the urgent demands of the people priests are married, and must have a for the Gospel preaching, the bishops wife at the time of ordination, but and sometimes the priests and teachcan never remarry. The priest can ers, preach, and their sermons are not become a bishop unless· his wife often evangelical in tone and full of dies. wholesome advice. Some twenty thousand Armenians in Turkey are Evangelical Missions in Armenia members of Evangelical Christian churches and many others have be- There have been many obstacles to come enlightened through the work evangelical missionary work among of Protestant missionaries. Armenians. Among these are: ( I ) The idea that the church is co-cxten-

Christ's Conditions of

BY THE REV. JOHN HENRY JOWETT, D.D. Pastor of the Fifth Avenue P,-esbyte,-jan CllUrcD, New York NE hundred years ago the shall we begin the Christianizing of our thoughts? I JO American and British people signed the famons Our God treaty which ushered in the century of peace. First, we must Christianize our con- Difficulties have been ception of God. "He that hath seen Me met in good sense and self-restraint, and hath seen the Father." Our conception as Mr. Bryce has said, "Whenever there of God must begin and end in Christ our were mad manners in London there was good temper at Washington, and when Lord. Our conception must not be n. there was a storm on the Potomac, there was calm on the Thames." c. or A. D., but C. What shall we think Now at the end of the hundred years about God? Just what Jesus Christ ,ethere is a spectacle unprecedented in the veals. Lately we have been using the word history of the world, four thousand miles "God" without its Christian content. We of frontier line, invisible, undefended, have been going back to the Old Testawithout fortresses, without cannon, with- ment for our conception of God, and out military patrols; but marked hy even back to the early records of the Old happy homesteads and prosperous farms, Testament, back to the twilight of reveand stretching through almost endless lation, back to the God revealed in the leagues of waving grain. That U11- world's childhood, back to the e)emenguarded line is the most significant line tary standards, back to the time of the on the surface of the earth to-day, and first syllable, before the fuller Word had its profound significance lies in the won- yet been spoken. derful fact that it can not be seen. We have been opprest by the way What about the next hundred years? in which the name of God has been How is the shy, delicate genius of peace, used in the course of the present war. which is so easily offended and driven But what has been the value of the into exile, to be strongly and intimately name? By no chance have I seen him settled among us, and not only among called "the Father" in the invocations of the English-speaking peoples, but among kings or Kaiser. By no chance have I all the peoples of the globe? seen him addrest as Christ. No, it is the name of "God" robbed and emptied What is the guiding Word of God? of its Christ significance. It is the early "He that hath seen Me hath seen the Old Testament God, the God of battles, Father." We are tragically forgetting the Lord of Hosts. It is God, minLIS this word, and erasing it from our Christ! theories, and ignoring it in our practise. The significance is this: Christ is the The Old Testament is the wonderful ultimate expression of eternal realities. record of the slow education of a par- In Christ we see things as they really ticular people. The revelation begins in are. All our thinking must begin with the dawn, in the mist and dull haze d what He has revealed. If we would passing night, and the day brightens and secure lasting peace our thought-molds broadens until the full sun rises in Jesus must be Christianized. Where, then, Christ our Lord. Here is one of the things of the early twilight: "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burning for burning, wound for

wound, stripe for stripe." That is where "Ye are all the children of God by * we are to-day; but that is not one of the faith in Jesus Christ.* * There is things revealed to us in Christ. Listen neither Jew nor Greek."

to our Lord: "But I say unto you, love "There is no difference between the your enemies." We have gone back co Jew and the Greek, for the same Lord the twilight for standards for the noon. over all is rich unto all that call upon This is one of the most deadly prac- him."

tical heresies of our time. We have un- "Where there is neither Greek nor christianized the name of God, and the Jew, Barbarian nor Scythian."

first and paramount necessity, if we arc How vast is the contrast between this ever to establish a lasting peace, is to conception and the one which I have restore that name to its Christian value. just named! But does the Christ-con- When we use the word "God" it must be ception wipe out the element of nation· Jesus whom we see. "He that hath seen ality and disregard it? By no means. It Me hath seen the Father." We shall disregards nationality as an ultimate, it never have peace until the God we wor- honors nationality as a mediate; it mag- ship, and to whom we offer our prayer, nifies nationality as a means; it rejects is the Lord and Father of us all, re- nationality as an end. Christianity con- vealed to us in the word and life and ceives national differences as the in- death of our Lord and Savior Jesus tended ministers of a richer union.

Christ. Nationality is not an orchestra, it is'only Our Nationality an instrument. Nationality is not a com- Another conception which needs to he plete picture, it is only a tint in the Christianized if an abiding peace is to making of a picture. In Christian teachmake her home among the children of ing endowments are specialized for the sake of a larger and general service. men is our conception of nationality. The nation is the servant of the race. Here again we can choose to live in the dim, hazy twilight, or in the fuller noon. Christianity, therefore, seeks to create We can choose to live in the early Old and nourish "the international mind." It Testament with Moses and Joshua, or is the mind which escapes from its own in the New Testament with Jesus Christ. national emphasis and moves sympa- We can do our thinking about nation- thetically over the universal field. That ality among the primitive standards, or is not a conception which disparages the we can go into the high school of Christ. unique endowments of a nation. Chris- tianity says: Cultivate your national Now where shall we get our thought gifts to the last degree of strength and molds of race and nationality? Shall refinement. Practise the mastery of we get them from Samson or from your own instrument to the last degree Christ? It is my deep conviction that of power, but always hold in view as the much of our evil practises have arisen aim of the mastery the enrichment of the from our unchristian thinking about racial orchestra of which you form a these things. We have wiped out the vital part. It is this Christianized con- Christian revelations and standards. We ception of nationality which is imperhave ignored Christ, and we pursue our atively needed in the world to-day if we thinking as tho He had never been. The are to enjoy the purposed relations of consequence is, our conception of nation. universal peace. ality is too often tribal and exclusive.

That is Old Testament thinking. It is Our Politics not the Christianized thought of the Another conception which needs to be New. Christianized, if human affairs are to lie Turn to the Christian revelation. in the bosom of peace, is our conception

of politics. Politics has become a de- ception of life. This is too often matebased word. It originally meant the rial and barbaric. It moves on the plane science and art of government. It meant where envy and jealousy breed, where the regulation of man in all his relations misunderstandings multiply, where strife as the member of a nation and a state. is engendered, and where fiery war springs to sudden birth. rt was a science and an art with large What, then, is life? Is it a collection ideals, and with correspondingly noble of things, or is it a set of relations? Is endeavor and achievement. To-day, pol- it a realm of having or a realm of being? itics too often means self-seeking, wire- If life is constituted of things, then in pulling, secret maneuvring, the pursuit the scramble for things we shall have of personal advantage, sectional cam- envy, and strife, and war, as long as the paigns, the magnifying of party interests world endures. But if life is determined above the welfare of the Nation and the by noble relations then the pursuit of State. It is too often a low scramble and true life will make war impossible. "To not a lofty crusade. And, therefore, be carnally minded is death, but to be there is urgent and immediate need that spiritually minded is life and peace." we Christianize our conception of politics. We must get back to Christ. What is this Christian conception of life? Here it is. "This is life, to know What is the aim and end of govern- Thee, and Jesus Christ whom Thou hast ment in the life and teachings of Christ? sent." Real life is to be intimate with It is this: "Thy kingdom come." And God, to be the friend of God, to find what is the kingdom? It is the kingdom delight in the pleasures of God. That is of "righteousness, and peace, and joy." life. From that august spiritual relation Therefore, the Christianized conception come all manner of spiritual fruits; love, of politics is such an intelligent direction purity, fidelity, sympathy, sacrifice. To of human government as will make all live unto God is to live God unto men. that is crooked straight, and appoint such relations in righteousness as will This is the word of the Christ. And provide a nest for the holy dove of peace, this must be the Church's contribution to and for all the singing birds of sacred the establishment of peace among men. joy. Christianized politics are human She must call men, by all the constraints regulations in the sphere of government of love and fear, out of the sultry for answering the prayer of our Lord, swamps of materialism, where fever "Thy kingdom come." breeds, and strife brews, up to the heights of the spirit, the hill of the Lord, When the politics of all nations be- the heavenly places in Christ Jesus. come the strenuous wrestlings of noble men and women, intent upon noble Chris- Once get that ideal enthroned in the tian ends, the fair spirit of holy peace minds of men and war shall be no more. will come and settle in the earth as a Life will have an altitude where war joyful and abiding guest. germs can not thrive. When life rings with the song of "Glory to God in the Our Life highest," there will be peace among men Again, if permanent peace is to be in whom He is well pleased.

secured we must Christianize our con- "If a wren can cling to a spray a-swing, In a mad May wind and sing and sing, As if she'd burst for joy, Vhy can not I contented lie, In His quiet arms, beneath His' sky, Unmoved by earth's annoy?"

"Tiger Year" In ]apan*

BY MISS GRACE NOTT ~~~,..a,;~IROBABLY no nation, say that this may largely be traced to either in the eastern or the Christian influence and Christian western hemisphere, is ideals which are quietly but surely per- without its own peculiar meating the. country. Then, again, the superstitions, Japan is non-Christian community had a won- no ex~eption to this rule. derful object-lesson in the self-sacrifice and the eager desire to help shown by 1914 was, according to Japanese reckon- the little band of Christians, who truly ing, the "Tiger Year," and as such was out of their poverty made others rich. greatly dreaded by a large proportion of the Japanese people, who felt that it 2. Death. of Prominent Persona must inevitably bring in its wake calami- Japan's losses by death in 1914 were ties of all sorts and kinds, and who were also very great. Among those who consequently only too thankful when it passed away are many whose lives had run its course and they were fairly seemed essential to the welfare of the launchoo on the "Rabbit Year," which nation. First among these stands the might spell monotony, but which would Empress Dowager. A quiet, retiring, assuredly mean less stress and strain. essentially womanly woman, she was still an ardent and wise reformer, and 1. Public Calamities in her the nation lost a representative of the best type of Japanese woman- The year 1914, so the superstitious hood, one who was loved by Old and say, lived up to its reputation! Early New Tapan alike. Out of the long list in January the Hokkaido was visited by a terribly severe famine, as a result of of other nam~s I will only mention which large numbers were starved to death, whole families subsisted on leaves three: Prince Arisugawa, the founder and roots, and parents were forced to of the Japanese Navy, who died in July; sell their daughters into virtual slavery Prince Katsura, one of the greatest in order to keep soul and body together. statesmen of modern times, and to whom we owe the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Hot on the heels of this disaster came who died in October; and Count Aoki, another, for on the 12th of the same one of the few prominent Christian month the southern island of Japan, Japanese statesmen. Kiu-Shiu, was visited by an earthquake so severe that the whole of Sakurajima 3. Outbreak of War (an island in Kagoshima Bay) was des- In August came the outbreak of the troyed, and 20,000 people were left war. What Japan's navy did at Tsingtau homeless and without means of susten- is well known, and a recent letter to the ance. Times from one of our Admirals who was on the spot emphasizes once more A wful as these visitations were, they the valor as well as the humanity of had their bright side. For one thing, her officers and men. Her splendidly the Government came to the aid of the organized Red Cross Society is helping sufferers with a promptitude and in the countries of the Allies. A conhumanity hitherto unknown; and surely tingent of some twenty nurses is in we are not assuming too much when we * From the Church Missionary Review, July. 1915. England; about the same number are in he is in his seventy-seventh year, and, Russia nursing their former enemies; according to custom in the Sunrise Land, while others may be found in France. anyone who has reached the age of What effects the war will have 011 sixty is "Go Inkyo" (honorably retired) Christian Missions in Japan it is difficult and has no further say in either public to say. It was at first greatly feared or private affairs; but Count Okuma is a by some that the sight of Christian glorious exception. He is a liberal and nations at war would inevitably hinder all on the side of reform, an ardent the preaching, or at any rate the accept· patriot, and loved by Old and New ance, of the Gospel of Christ, but so Japan alike. It is reported that lately, far we can thankfully record it is not when speaking of his age, he said that so. Japan's sympathy is entirely with a man was only as old as his heart, and Great Britain. Letters from the front that he felt sure he would be spared to say that Young Japan is more eager work for Japan till he was 120 if his than formerly for the teaching of Christ. beloved country needed him. He has One of the British missionaries writes already suffered somewhat on his under date of December, 1914: country's behalf, an attempt having been "I have found no difficulties, but, on made on his life, which, tho happily the contrary, daily new openings on ac- frnstrated, resulted in the loss of one count of the war. The conduct of leg. He is not an avowed Christian, British troops and the line taken by the but his influence is all on the side of Government henceforth will be of tre- <::hristianity, as he has shown time and mendous importance. The East is again during his long public life.

watching keenly, and any moral failure Markedly was this the case some years on our part will do infinite harm." ago when addressing a mass meeting of 4. Relations with Americ"a students in Tokyo. He was not speak- ing to a Christian audience, or from a The Californian land question is one Christian standpoint, and yet he reiterof the most burning, and alas! it still ated his belief that if Japan were to 'seems as far from settlement as ever. keep her place in the forefront of the It is not so much that the Japanese wish nations, it was Christianity alone which to buy land and settle in California, but would enable her to do so. their plea is that they have a right to the same treatment as Italian and other To his influence may be traced the immigrants, and the solution seems to greater leniency of the Educational Delie, to quote Count Okuma, not so much partment toward Christian Missions, in diplomacy, law, and statesmanship, as and perhaps also the continuance of the in the power of the Christian conscience present Emperor's favorable attitude to· in America and in the teaching of human ward Christianity, as evinced by the gift brotherhood. of $50,000 to St. Luke's Hospital, and possibly also in a minor degree by his 5. Home Politics use of one of our mission schools in The baneful influence of the "Tiger Osaka as a rest-house during the mili· year," so say the superstitious, is trace- tary maneuvers.

able also in the stormy atmosphere of At this time, when Red Cross and home politics. Conditions have been hospital nurses are so much in our terribly strained, but the situation was minds, it may be interesting to note that saved, at any rate for the time, by the the Emperor was greatly imprest with return to office of the veteran states- the beauty and power of Christianity by man, Count Okuma. From a Japanese the faithful witness of a Christian nurse standpoint he is indeed a veteran, for who, at his own request, nursed him

through a severe illness when he was to revivify herself some years ago, and, Crown Prince. finding that Christian methods had so much success, started a campaign on 6. Social Questions the sa.me lines, even going so far as to print "Bibles" in which the only differ- If we turn to social questions in Japan ence from our own was that Buddha's we find that the national conscience is name was substitnted for our Lord's! at last awakening to the terrible indus- Such efforts were naturally doomed to trial and social conditions, and that the failure. Now the nation is faced by Government now, for the first time, is the Hongwanji Buddhist scandals. The working side by side with the Christian priests are accused of living in luxury churches for their amelioration. Plans and extravagance on the offerings of the are being made and carried on for the faithful. The misappropriated money is relief of sufferers from insanity, con- put at the enormous figure of two milsumption, and leprosy, as well as for lion yen, and the whole matter is being the improvement of the condition of investigated by the Government. factory workers. Of the heart-rending condition of the 200,000 lepers in Japan, Sad as all this is, we can surely see who are truly without hope, either for that here also "God is working His purthis world or the world to come, I can pose out." These scandals have helped only say that the Government is at last to plunge the nation into a mood of in some degree recognizing its respon- introspection and self-questioning, and sibility toward these sufferers, and is there is a general holding out of the holding out a hand of fellowship toward people's hands to God. As one result, the four well-known Christian leper several well-known men and women hospitals, two Protestant and two Roman have become Christians; others are Catholic, which have for so long been studying the New Testament and buycarrying on their Christian work, and is ing Bibles in an unprecedented way. In also making plans of its own for the one of the Government colleges alone relief of those suffering from this ter- the students bought one thousand copie!! rible scourge. of the Scriptures, and in another six hundred; while in the normal colleges a Of the condition of the 471,877 wo- Christian professor has been asked to men and children employed in factories give thirty lectures on Christianity. The it has been weI! said that "there is but searching of the nation after God has one life in Japan worse than that of the been emphasized again most strongly by factory slave." Twelve per cent. of the the holding of the second Conference of workers are under fourteen, and most Religions, called together by the eduare working fifteen hours a day, under cational authorities, who invited Shinconditions which are utterly demoral- toists, Buddhists, and Christians to take Izmg. Some of our missionaries have part.. If measured by actual results in long been working among them as far as the shape of formal actions its value is, the conditions would permit, while the perhaps, small, but in so far as it places elder girls from Miss Tristram's school Christianity among the recognized rein Osaka have also had the joy of tell- ligions of Japan its worth is enormous, ing them the Gospel story-which in and we may indeed take courage and go some cases has been eagerly accepted. forward. The Christians proved their moral power in this conference by the 7. Religious Conditions very practical questions which they On turning to the spiritual condition forced the authorities to consider, and of the country, we find that the old re- the general result has been to prove to ligious foundations have long been tottering. Buddhism made a great effort

1 5] THE "TIGER YEAR" IN JAPAN

the Japanese in authority that Chris- 10. The Japanese Language School tianity is a very practical religion and is far more fitted to meet the moral The Japanese Language School is an needs of the nation than any other. accomplished fact, and has received the recognition of the Educational Depart- S. Evangelistic Campaign ment; by this means experienced J apan- ese teachers are now available for all That the Christians themselves are desirous of learning the language. What alive to their responsibilities and to the this will mean to missionaries can great field which lies before them is again best be realized by those who have evinced by the three years' Evangelistic had to learn Japanese as best they Campaign of which the moving spirit is could from teachers who knew no word Dr. Mott, and which has now entered of English. on its second year. It is the direct outcome of the Japan Continuation Com- Even a brief survey of the chief mittee. Foreigners and Japanese of all events of the past year must make us sections of the Christian Church are realize afresh the tremendous opporworking side by side, and it is note- tunities that lie before us in the Sunrise worthy that the leadership of the Cam- Land. Probably there has never been paign is in the hands of the Japanese, a greater conviction on the part of the and that half the needed money is being nation at large as to their need and as raised by them. to the inadequacy of their moral stand- ards, or such constant public utterances Letters from' friends at the front tell by those in authority as to the value of of many encouraging results and of a Christianity for meeting that need. widespread spirit of inquiry, but they emphasize the lack of workers who are To quote from the address of the sadly needed to prepare the soil before- chairman of the Conference of Federhand and to gather in the harvest. The ated Missions held in 1914: Japanese themselves also are still prone perhaps to fall into their old temptation "There is no nation in the East better of speaking above the heads of their prepared for a religious awakening than audience, and using the occasion rather Japan, or one that realizes so well the as an opportunity for showing their value of the Christian character. Japan's powers of oratory than of preaching the recent humiliation over the naval scansimple Gospel. Still, the gigantic effort dals and other national lapses and weakis being owned of God and used to win nesses have served to turn the mind of many souls to Christ, while those who the people toward God." are taking part in it need much prayer and encouragement. The opportunity is tremendous, and our missionaries far too few for the work. 9. Christian Education Spirit-filled men and women are needed as never before to teach, yes, ,but above Christian education in Japan is still a all-in the language of that oft-quoted burning question, and the establishment address of Count Okuma's–Itto live of united Christian Universities for both Christ" before the eyes of the nation; men and women is under discussion. to prove to them that the divine life The Church Missionary Society has al- can be lived by men in purity, sywready decided to cooperate in the Cen- pathy, self-sacrifice, and love; to prov~ tral Theological School in Tokyo which that those who live this life have someincludes representatives of the Society thing which it is worth the while of the for the Propagation of the Gospel, the Japanese to seek, something which will Missionary Society of the Canadian crown all their best ideals and be the Church, and the American Episcopal only answer to all their struggles and Mission. unrest.

Missions In Haiti *

BY THE RT. REV. CHARLES B. COLMORE, D.D. Bishop in Charge of the Work of the Protestant Episcopal Church [In view of the fact that the United States Government has temporarily established a ten-year protectorate over Haiti, "Vest Indies, the following account of work in the island is of special interest.-EDITOR.] 1A-~""""""'''''liil1!J AITI is a black republic, worship allowed by those in authority. and as such presents pe- In the cities, as in most Latin-American culiar difficulties. Whites countries, there is more indifference to there are living in Haiti, religious matters than in the country. but that there are ex- The Church in Port-au-Prince has had tremely few will be read- other difficulties to contend with as well. Three times the city has been burned, ily understood from the fact that the laws and each time our church building has forbid any foreigner to hold property in been destroyed. A temporary structure of wood has been erected in such a way the land. . that when the permanent church is erected they can build over this one and In 1861 the Rev. J. T. Holly went to so not be deprived of a place of wor- ship. There is a great opportunity to Haiti to investigate the conditions there, establish a model missionary work in and he was so enthusiastic about the Port-au-Prince with the threefold accountry that he took his family and tivities of evangelical, educational, and practically the whole of a well-estab- medical work. Two schools have been lished school from New Haven, Conn., begun in the city, which, with proper to cast in their fortunes with those of equipment and supervision, can be helpthe repUblic. This was the beginning of ful. The Protestants say that they have the Protestant episcopal work, which to send their children to the Roman has been fostered by the American Catholic schools as these are the only Church. In 1874, the Rev. Mr. Holly ones which are sufficiently equipped and was chosen Bishop and received his con- organized. secration at the hands of the American Bishops. The Church was now organ- The material at hand may be undeized as an independent body in com- veloped and ignorant, but they are humunion with the Church in the United man beings with souls which are pre- States and was called "The Orthodox cious in the sight of our Heavenly Father. The vision may not be the Apostolic Church in Haiti."t brightest, but it is such as to inspire The country is nominally Roman one to effort for God. After all, it is mission work we are endeavoring to do, Catholic, but altho practically every child and that is to help others to a plane of is baptized, there is still much adherence life higher and nobler and more God-like to the African cults. The people, gener- than that which they know at the presally speaking, are kindly disposed to ent. Is there not a great opportunity other forms of religion, and there has to do God's work right here at our own always been a remarkable liberty of doors, among these less fortunate breth- ren of the Republic of Haiti? t In 1911 Bishop Holly died, and later the Can· vocation of the Orthodox Apostoltc Church voted to request the ChlfTCh ip.. the Un~te~ States. to ,re- ceive the Church In Haltt as a m1sstonary dlstrlct, and at their request Bishop Knight was placed. in charge until such time as the General Convenhon should determine the matter. In 1913 General Convention accepted the cession of territ,ory and placed it under the jurisdiction of the Blshop of Porto Rico.

* From The Living Ch«rch. ~ DEDADTMENT ~ , , OF . '" t;). / ' ……………. ".~…/ / BEST METHODS J CONDUCTED BY BELLE M. BRAIN, COLLEGE HILL, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK MISSIONARY SUGGESTIONS FOR CHRISTMAS ~C ~, HRISTMAS is coming. presents to one another on His birthday Already the shops are than we give in a whole year to win for gorgeous in holiday dress Him as a crown the world He died to save."-WrLLIS R. HOTCHKISS. … and rich in displays that ~ tempt the eye and fire We have made more of Christmas " the imagination. There than we have of Christ.

is the penny mechanical toy for the child We have made Christmas gifts to many people, but few direct to Him.- of the tenement and the costly electrical MRS. MAUD JUNKIN BALDWIN. affair for the child of the avenue. There Christianizing Christmas are make-believe automobiles that cost a "The tendency of late years to make few cents, and really truly ones that cost Christmas a mere holiday, a festival of lavish exchange of presents and of thousands of dollars. There is cheap, material ostentation, has so wrought upon interested church-members that there tawdry jewelry for rough, toil-worn has been a widespread reaction which assumes larger proportions each year," hands and wonderful gems for dainty, wrote William T. Ellis (The Religious Rambler), in his weekly contribution to toil-free fingers. In a few days the streets a syndicate of daily papers shortly be- fore Christmas last year. will be crowded with shoppers spending "The restoration of Christmas as priincredible sums. marily a day of religious significance is being wrought more definitely by the "Through it all I see the pinched faces Sunday-school than by any other agency. Their vast potency enables them to touch of the poor; I hear the sob of the suffer- practically an entire generation at once. So they are introducing the idea of a ing. Over against the gorgeous trap- 'giving Christmas' among the children. The Sunday-school celebrations, with pings of the day is the pathetic spectacle their 'treats' for the children, have been so common that even the joke-makers of a world, two-thirds of which is still know about them.

unreached by the message of a Savior. "All this is being boldly assailed in the ranks of the Sunday-school itself. In Up through the sounds of festivity in an increasing number of schools the chil- honor of the advent of His Son there comes to the ear of God the discordant noises of a world out of harmony with Him.

"A thousand millions have never heard the name of Christ, and yet the placid surface of our indifference is hardly ruffled by the fact. We write sweet nothings and talk sweet platitudes about the Babe of Bethlehem, shutting our eyes to the sight of myriads of children in heathen lands who have never had a chance to hear the story that has glad- dened our lives and gladdens the lives of our children. And we spend more on

dren are being trained to bring gifts to the holidays we have all been longing the Christmas celebration instead of for." taking them away. Mr. Riis proved a true prophet. The To associate Christmas with the un- idea met with such immediate response selfish idea of sacrifice and of service to that now many communities have their others is the goal which has been set. Christmas-trees with people of every In this connection it has become the nationality and every walk of life gatherusage in many denominations to make ing '!round them to sing the much-loved a Christmas offering for home and for- hymns of the Nativity. eign missions. The day is primarily the incarnation of the missionary idea, and But not every community is making the growth of gifts at this season for full use of the opportunity the tree afcarrying the Gospel into lands afar has fords to bind together the various nationbeen very marked in recent years." alities included in its population. Every- where it serves to rally the people to a As we are succeeding in a nation-wide new recognition of the fact that Christ- effort to crowd out the insane celebra- mas is the birthday of the Christ, but tion of the Fourth of July, let the missionary workers especially should see churches and Sunday-schools take cour- to it that it also preaches a winsome ser- age and begin at once a united move- mon on inter-racial brotherhood and fur- ment in every town to have an unselfish nishes a place where Italians and Poles, and joyous Christian celebration of the Swedes and Lithuanians may mingle "holidays" which many have forgotten with one another and with Americans, means "holy days !"-WILBUR F. CRAFTS, and, for the time at least, forget race- D.D. prejudice in the common homage they offer to the Christ. THE COMMUNITY CHRISTMAS TREE Some of the smaller communities, no- No nation ever had a more wonderful tably in Massachusetts, have taken the opportunity than America at the present lead in this. At Fitchburg each nationtime. The whole world has come to us ality was invited to sing national airs and we can, if we will, preach the Gos- and Christmas hymns around the tree, pel to the whole world from our own each in its own language. And at Southdoorstep. Christmas affords many op- wick an important feature of the proportunities for doing this if only we will gram was as follows: make use of them. Christmas Exercises in Many Tongues: The Community Christmas-tree is one 1. In English by School-children. of these. From the day, three years ago, 2. In Polish by Polish-Americans. when a wonderful 60-foot tree in Madi- 3. In Swedish by Swedish-Americans. son Square, with blazing star, gave all 4. In Italian by Italian-Americans. New York a sense of brotherhood, a new note has been sounded in the country at On the front cover of Southwick's at- Christmas time. tractive program this bit of rime was printed which served as the motto of the "Doubtless this tree in Madison Square day: was the first of a great many such THE FIRST TOWN TREE Christmas-trees in America," wrote Ja- "Tho differing in ways and speech, cob Riis, from whom it is said the seed- 'vVe gather round our Christmas tree, thought originally came. "Indeed, it was Our Christmas thought this day shal1 born a twin-its sister grew the same be, night on Boston Common. But it was more than the first tree. It was a mile- Each one for all and all for each." stone marking the new appreciation of

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On the back cover a Christmas mes- United States, because she had been in- sage was printed in the varied speech of vited to spend her Christmas vacation the town-English, Swedish, Italian, and in a fellow student's home. Polish.* "For the sake of the great plastic YOUR CHRISTMAS GUESTS nations they represent, the future of which they will so deeply influence, I be- Inviting a foreign student to spend speak for the Oriental students in this the Christmas holidays in a Christian country the friendship of Christian home, or even to spend an evening or people who will put them in touch with partake of a single meal, is a beautiful the people and influences most helpful service to a lonely soul which may, with to them."

the blessing of God, result in great Last Christmas Mrs. Henry W. Pea- things for foreign missions. body invited six of the young Chinese "Especially would I bespeak for the girls, who had recently come to New Oriental students in this country the hos- York as students under the Indemnity pitality of Christian homes," said Miss Fund, to spend Christmas with her in Margaret Burton, Foreign Secretary of her beautiful country home in Beverly, the Young Women's Christian Associa- Mass. There was a trip to Boston on tion, in an address at the Student Volun- Christmas Eve with dinner in town, the teer Movement at Kansas City last year. great Christmas tree on Boston Com- "One of the first Orientals that studied mon, the carols on Beacon Hill, and the in the United States said, many years stores with their Christmas goods and after his return to his native land, in gay decorations. Returning home, stock- looking back on his years here, that the ings were hung by the fireplace and early greatest blessing of his life in America Christmas morning, before it was light, was the opportunity it gave him to know Mrs. Peabody was awakened by a chorus the home life of our people. of joyous Chinese voices which sang "It would be ideal if all Oriental stu- just outside her door, first, "Holy Night"

dents could live in American homes while in their native Chinese, then, "0, Come here; but where this is not possible it All Ye Faithful," in English..

means much to them to be welcomed into Other beautiful homes in and around American households at vacation times, Boston had also been opened to this first for week-ends, or even for single meals. company of women Indemnity Students, Few experiences are so highly appre- so that each of the young women was ciated by them. One young girl who able to spend her first American Christ- has been in the United States almost two mas in a real Christian home. There years told me that so far she had had were many festivities during the week, almost no opportunity to know what our the crowning of which was a reception homes are like, and that she was most on New Year's Day at Mrs. Peabody's eager to know American family life. home to which all the officers of the Judging from a letter I received from ,,vomen's Foreign Missionary Boards in her just before the Christmas holidays, Boston and vicinity were invited.

that time would probably be the hap- To the girls it was not only a time of piest she has known since coming to the great enjoyment but of very great privi- lege. "The best time I ever had," said * Excellent articles on "The Community Christ· one of the most homesick ones to Miss mas Tree," with many suggestions, will be found Burton. "But the things we loved bes(" in The Survey, December 5, 1914, pages 258-260: wrote another after recounting all the The Craftsman, February, 1913, pages 497-500: and good times, "were the morning prayers Overland. December. 1914. pages 561-2. As these and the quiet talks with Mrs. Peabody." magazines are on file in most public libraries they can easily be consulted. See also HThe Christmas Spirit," by Irene Mason, Missionary Education Movement, price 10 cents.

The hostesses, too, had their reward. of them of such general interest as to Most of the young women are products be acceptable to persons who have little of Christian Mission Schools in or near or no interest in missions. The follow- Shanghai and Canton, and by their quiet, ing belong to this class: modest demeanor and sweet Christian characters, made a most favorable im- "Love Story of a Maiden of Cathay." pression. "It may be a pleasure to the (Revell.) . 50 cents. Chinese girls to be in our homes," said a charming hostess to Miss Burton, "but "Love Stories of Great Missionaries." I can assure you that it means more to (Revell.) 50 cents. us to have them than it can mean to them to come." "The Little Green God." (Revell.) 7S cents. The Oriental students are by no means the only foreign students in colleges and Grenfell's books, "Harvest of the Sea" preparatory schools. There are thou- (Revell, $1.00) and "Off the Rocks" (Sunsands of them from Mexico, South day-School Times Company, $1.00). America, and indeed almost every missionary land. What a joy it would be Steiner's "The Broken Wall." (Revell.) and how much it might mean to the $1.00. Kingdom of God if each of them should this year share in the festivities in honor For the dog-lover, be he man or boy, of the Christ Child in a Christian Amer- Egerton R. Young's stories of his misican home! sionary dogs, "My Dogs in the North- land," would be especially good. (Revell, YOUR CHRISTMAS GIFTS $1.25. ) By selecting things missionary in 3. Games. The game, "Who's Who character Christmas gifts may be made in Missions" (Sunday-School Times to do double duty. They may not only Company, 50 cents), would be approserve as reminders of love and friend- priate for children and adults who wish ship but will perhaps be the means to become familiar with the faces and of awakening an interest in the great task the Savior of the world has placed mprl.iSn.ScliOpanlane.evse.nts in the lives of fifty great in the hands of His Church. Here are a few suggestions: 4. Pins and badges. For members of women's missionary societies, the pretty 1. A subscription to a missionary mag- little "Coronation Pin" adopted by the azine, denominational or interdenomi- Federation of Women's Foreign Misnational. THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF sionary Societies as their official badge, THE WORLD, with its broad view of world would be a pleasing gift. These may conditions, its wealth of fine pictures and be ordered from any woman's board at its practical helps, makes an ideal gift. 35 cents for composit metal and $1.75 The same is true of Everyland for the for solid gold. There are also denomichildren and Men and Missions for the national pins especially in young women. The publishers of almost all mis- men's and children's societies, that would sionary magazines are prepared to send make pretty gifts. attractive gift certificates bearing the name of the donor so as to reach the 5. Curios. For Sunday-school classes recipient on Christmas Day. there is nothing better than some little 2. A missionary book. There are curio from a missionary land. In small many inexpensive missionary books that cities where there is no oriental store it would make ideal Christmas gifts, some is not always possible to get them, but by searching through the ten-cent stores they may sometimes be found. A pair of chopsticks would be a great novelty to many children, and boys especially would be pleased with the little cowrie shell stick-pins which may be obtained

15] DEPARTMENT OF BEST METHODS 86~

in lots of ten or more at the rate of 2 members of the Sunday-school and cents each from the David C. Cook Pub- church, or shall we impress anew the lishing Company, Elgin, Ill. Cowrie real significance of Christmas Day and shells formerly took the place of money give expression to the Christmas spirit in many parts of Africa, and it will add by gifts to those who are less fortunate? to the value of the pins if something is told of the use of the shells. For this The great danger in many Christmas see "Eighteen Years in Uganda," by celebrations is to forget the tidings of Bishop Tucker, page 339, vo!. 2. great joy and let the Christmas season lose its real meaning to the hearts of The following novelties put out by the men. More emphasis needs to be placed Beacon Hill Farm Association, Fu- upon the fact that it is Christ's birthday, chau, China, would also make good and that through His coming, His life, His death and His resurrection, we now gifts: (1) Little leaden boxes of Jas- have the Christmas cheer and the spirit of peace and good-will toward men.- mine Flower Scented Tea, which has a JANE B. SMITH, Hartford School of Redelicate and most unusual flavor. Price ligious Pedagogy, in The Sunday School 25 cents a box, postage 4 cents extra. Times. (2) Packages of Chinese Lang-gang, containing four, five, or five and a half If Christ Had Not Come yards, according to the grade. This is a narrow, hand-woven ribbon in attrac- Some months ago a little story was tive designs and gay colors, used in published in The Epworth Herald that trimming women's dresses and shoes, can be made the basis of a very effective and is fine for tying Christmas pack- object lesson for a Christmas program. ages. Price 25 cents a package, 5 pack- Nothing better could be found to give ages for $1.00 to one address. (3) children some idea of the social value of Christmas and New Year's Rainbow foreign missions. Flag Book-mark souvenirs in Chinese envelops ready for mailing. Price 7 A little girl had been given a very cents each, 4 for 25 cents, 20 for $1.00 to complete model of a village, which she one address. All these may be obtained liked to play with very much. from Miss Emily S. Hartwell, Fuchau, China. The tea may also be had (usu- "What kind of a town is it?" her father ally without delay) from Miss Flora asked one morning when she had set it Starr, 718 Simpson Street, Evanston, up. II!., and the Lang-gang and souvenirs from Miss Sarah Avery, 14 King Street, "Oh. a Christian town," the child Worcester, Mass. All profits go to the answered. support of children in China who would otherwise either starve or be sold. "Suppose we make it a heathen town," the father suggested. "What must we THE CHRISTMAS PROGRAM'" take out?"

The Chief Aim.-In planning for a "The church," promptly answered the Christmas program thoughtful Sunday- little girl, taking it out. school workers must seriously consider the purpose of the program. Shall we "Is that all?" the father asked. aim only to amuse and entertain the "I guess so," the child answered. "No, indeed," her father said. Then * The Best Methods Department of THE M,S· he took out the public school and the library. ~IONARY REVIEW for December, 1913, and Novem- "Anything else?" asked the child. ber, 1914, contained a large number of suggestions "Isn't that a hospital over there?" for Christmas missionary programs. Others may "Yes; but, father, they have hospitals, be found in "The Christmas Spirit," by Irene don't they?" Mason, Missionary Education Movement, price 10 "Not in heathen countries," he excents.

plained. "It was Christ who taught us continuous impulse by which the original to care for the sick and feeble ones." light of Christ's revelation has been spread over all the world. Taking a large The little girl looked soberly around candle to symbolize this original light of the little town and presently took away Christ's truth, the Apostles, Evangelists, also the Old Ladies' Home, the Orphans' and St. Paul are lighted directly from Home, and the Insane Asylum. this. It is the Christ-light burning in another life, fed by that life's experience. "Why, father," she exclaimed, "there's From St. Paul the light is given to St. not one good thing left. I wouldn't live Luke and the Churches of Asia Minor, in such a town for anything." Rome and Greece. From Rome it is given to Europe, from Europe to England, and In using this as a Christmas object- thence by the way of our Church and lesson the model of a little village such others, on and on. The transmission and as is described in the story should be multiplication of the original light must provided. This can either be purchased go on until the whole world shines with or made from cardboard. The patterns Christ. The candle-flames may be so and directions for making a Japanese arranged that at the end they will form house given in "Missionary Helps for a cross of light, stretching out its arms Junior Leaders,"* pages 11 and 13, to infinite need. would help in this. The liquid glue now obtainable in tubes will he found of great "For equipment use a short step-ladassistance. der, draped, and the requisite number of candles (29 in this case), of which one, The subject matter may be given either to represent Christ, should be very large. by two persons-an adult and a childwho impersonate the father and daughter, or by some one person who takes the part of the father and calls forth the child's part from the school. The latter plan would probably make the most lasting impression.

If greater length is desired, the dialog can· easily be elaborated by having the father add brief statements concerning the .animal hospitals of India and the treatment of the sick and insane in lands where Christ is not known.

Christ the Light of the World Order of the Candle-LighlillY The following object-lesson on mis- 1. Christ. sionary history devised by the Rev. P . .R. Osgood of the Protestant Episcopal 2. St. Matthew } From Christ Church and printed in The Spirit of 3. St. Mark 111issions, is especially appropriate for the Christmas program. Care should be 4. St. John taken to guard against fire. Do not place the candles too close together, as the heat 'of so many lighted at once will tend to soften them and make them bend over.

'The missionary enthusiasm of the Church," says Mr. Osgood, "has been a * "Missionary Helps for Junior Leaders," by Margaret Tyson Applegarth , and. Nellie Prescott. . Central' C01Dmittee on Unite<!Study' of . Foreign Missions, West Medford, Mass. Price, 25 cents.

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j516 oTtheenr having a getting Christmas we have a 7 Apostles giving Christmas and help them out." ~ tak~~h~ ~lace 10 of Judas From Christ This met with an enthusiastic response and mite-boxes were at once distributed. 11 Two Evan- Every Sunday items of information were 12 gelists presented to keep up the interest, and each class was asked to keep its gifts 13 were secret. When at last Christmas Eve 14 Apostles) came, when the gifts were to be brought in, the church was beautifully decorated. (15) St. Paul- From Christ Miracu- "Never was there a more gorgeous tree, lously nor a more crowded audience," says one of the members. 16. St. Luke-From St. Paul After the opening exercises the pastor 17. Asia MinOr} From St. Paul called the classes, the superintendent and 18. Rome assistant standing by with pad and pen- cil. When Class 1 was called, a tiny 19. Greece girl came through the crowded aisles carrying the gift of the primary class. 20. Europe-From Rome "Nine dollars," she whispered as she 2l. England-From Europe. handed the money to the treasurer. "Nine dollars," announced the superintendent 22. U. S.-From England. of the school. "Class 2" brought a small 23. Canada-From England. boy of six, who announced "Seven dol- 1 So far as our lars and seventy-six cents," as he proud- 24. JCahpianna ly handed it in. 25. 26. Africa As class after class responded, the in- Church is con- terest became intense. The room was 27. South America cerned, from the very still, the children hardly daring to 28. Alaska I United States breathe lest they lose some announce- 29. Philippines J ment. $28 from one class was greeted by a chorus of supprest A Christmas Gift to the Laurel Country "Oh's" from all over the room, and $32 from another capped the climax. The A few years ago, when a Presbyterian last gift was $5, from a member of Sunday-school in Cadillac, Michigan, the school who has since gone to China. was asked to help send a missionary When the sum total, $235.00, was anteacher to the mountaineers in the Laurel nounced, a hush fell upon the school, Country, South Carolina, the superin- which was broken by the superintendent tendent resolved to make it a special ob- saying, "The Laurel Mountain children ject at the coming Christmas. The Home will have their teacher. Let us sing, Mission Monthly tells of his success. 'Fraise God, from whom all blessings The first thing he did was to tell the flow.' " children something about these people isolated in the Southern Mountains. N ext he read a letter asking for a teacher for them, and at the close made his appeal. "We can not have those boys and men come over the hard trail for news of what we will do for them," he said, "and then go home to the girls and women with the word that Cadillac Sunday-school will not send them a missionary teacher. I move that instead of He knows, and loves, and cares- Nothing this truth can dim- And does the very best for those Who leave the choice with Him.

WODLD-W1DE

MISSI AnY NEWS LATIN AMERICA the theory of Christianity without this service. Why has not the Church seen Protestants in the Mexican Crisis this wonderful opportunity here in Mexico as well as in the remote corners A WRITER in The Missionary Sur- of the earth. The best hospitals and vey says that the Protestant Church sanitary cars of the country are mere in Mexico is wielding a tremendous in- makeshifts. The wounded are not atfluence-not as a Church, but through tended to, principally because they have the individual members now associated an inadequate corps of doctors and in the various armies. It is said that helpers-inadequate in numbers and igthe wife of Carranza, the first chief of norant of the first principles of sanitathe Constitutional army, is a Protestant, tion and first aid; also for lack of inand he himself, tho not actually a mem- terest and a lack of funds and of heads. ber of the Protestant Church, is openly It is the way the average Mexican does friendly. Many of the native ministers the average thing. Fortunately, I have hold positions of importance in the had Protestant Mexicans to help· me and various armies, and the story goes that they are always different. in all of the armies there is not a single Protestant who was enrolled as a pri- AA Mixed Multitude in Argentina vate. Whether that statement be strict- VIVID glimpse of the cosmopolitan ly accurate or not, it certainly indicates immigration into Argentina-where the part that Protestants are playing in more than 300,000 newcomers arrive the hour of the nation's crisis. A mis- each year-is given in a letter from sionary who has spent years in Mexico Mr. W. C. K. Torre. The following says that he has not heard the word paragraphs are of special interest: "Protestante" used in contempt since the We have in this city of Buenos Ayres opening of the revolution. 1,500,000 souls, and the population in- creases. With the natural growth and Medical Opportunities in Mexico the inflowing tide of immigrants from Europe, the need seems to me to be in- E VEN in the midst of revolution and creasing. The other day I asked a turmoil in Mexico there is still a call brother who has been visiting the imfor missionaty work. Miss Mary migrants on arrival, distributing Gospels Turner of the Presbyterian Mission among them and seeking to help them, writes from the hospital in Aguas if he would go out into the street, Calientes: If Christian doctors and speak to the first 20 men he met, and • nurses could know how great the needs see what they knew of the Bible. He are here for efficient help and money, did so, and the result is most instructhere would certainly be a few who tive. These twenty men represented would volunteer to come and a few of 6 different nationalities-Spanish, Ital~ the rich who would send them. The ian, Servian, Uruguayan, Portuguese, evangelical Church could gain more and Rumanian. The Uruguayan said within a few months of practical service he had read portions of the Bible. One in the army of wounded and ill, than with years of preaching and teaching

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

Spaniard knew something about the special interests as Bible study with all Bible, but he had never read it. A departments-city, college, railroad, etc. Portuguese said he had read the Bible. An Italian had read the Bible and Mr. Mott is to have two associate seemed to have faith in the Lord Jesus. general secretaries, Frederick B. Shipp, Another Spaniard said he had studied who will give special attention to the at a Jesuit College in Spain, but he had business concerns of the committee, and never had a Bible in his hands. And Fletcher S. Brockman, who is called what about the other 15? N one of home from service in China to at- them had ever seen a Bible, and by tend to the foreign department and to their replies they knew nothing about serve as lieutenant to Mr. Mott in special it.-Bible in the World. tasks within the home department as well. Charles D. Hurrey, who has been Brazilians Publicly Accept Christianity the executive of the college department, succeeds in the foreign student's de- D URING the past month we have had partment Willard D. Lyon, who has gone the joy of reaping some of the re- out to Shanghai, while David R. Porter sults of our sowing. At Pirassununga is promoted from high school work to fill we received fifteen on profession of Mr. Hurrey's position among American faith, and seven at Santa Rita, leaving college men. Mr. Mott will continue on the roll of candidates several who had without cessation his work on the Conapplied for membership in the Church. tinuation Committee of the vVorld's Mis- In the last week several, the majority of sionary Conference and on the World's them men, have publicly accepted Christ. Christian Federation. At Dourado where we opened work in January, I preached three nights in suc- A A Baptist Five-Year Program cession, using the stereopticon for the T its meeting in Los Angeles in May, first time at that point. My congrega- the Northern Baptist Convention tions varied from one hundred and adopted the following five-year program ninety the first night to almost five hun- of aggressive spiritual activity, which dred the last night, and many were takes as its obj ective the development of turned away. At the close of the last every church into an evangelistic and service I gave the people an opportunity social force in its community. The defito accept Christ, and thirty-three re- nite goals set before the denomination sponded.-W. G. BORCHERS, Santa Rita, by this program are: A million addi- Brazil. tions to the churches by baptism; a mis- sionary force of 5,000 men and women NORTH AMERICA in America and the non-Christian world; two million dollars of endowment for John R. Matt's New Work the Ministers and Missionaries Benefit Board; six million dollars for additional JOHN R. Mott has accepted the posi- educational endowment and equipment tion of general secretary of the Inter- at home and abroad; an annual income national Committee of Young Men's of six million dollars for missions and Christian Associations as successor to benevolence. The methods recom- Richard C. Morse, who has been the mended for the accomplishment of this official leader of American Young Men's high aim are: A persistent, pervasive Christian Associations since his election Evangelism-personal, pastoral and voas general secretary in 1869. cational; the systematic and propor- tionate giving of not less than one-tenth The entrance of Mr. Mott upon this of the income, with larger giving by new service involves a complete re- those of larger resources; the Annual organization of the International Committee staff, and efficiency has further been promoted by a plan relating such

Every-Member Canvass for weekly the closed door of a church. The text giving and spiritual efficiency; an in- has a militant note reading; "Men creasing emphasis on education-Bib- wanted, National Missionary Campaign, lical, missionary and scholastic; the de- 1915-1916. Enlist for World Service. velopment of every Church in social Conventions in 75 cities." service; prevailing prayer-personal, public and social. As a reminder of the aims of this National Campaign it may be well to The Episcopal Emergency Fund quote from the call issued by the movement at its Lake Geneva con- W ITH the $375,000 contributed to vention; To the end of making oc- the Emergency Fund of the Prot- casion for such deep and grave inquiry estant Episcopal Church Board of Mis- and such lofty resolution as the great sions, the emergency has been met, even day in which we live requires of us all, tho the fund was not completed on Sep- the movement has provided-as it trusts tember 1St. In other words, the mis- under inspiration of the Spirit of God sionary treasury is practically out of -for holding great rallies for men of debt for the first time in eight years! the Church in seventy-five distributed The church has not only given the Emer- and accessible centers of American popugency Fund of $375,000, but has also ex- lation from October of the present year ceeded by $20,000 its gifts on the regular to April of the next. To each of these apportionment; so that about $400,000 there will come chosen leaders of over and above the giving of last year thought and action, to lay before such has come into the treasury. as are desirous to meet and confer there- upon the great charge of God to His con- One feature worth noting is that the temporary Church, the measureless fund has not been padded or inflated in resources with which He has enriched any way. There have been no com- His people for the doing of His will, and mittees of two waiting upon wealthy the means which will fairly put to test churchmen, and no whirlwind canvass the primary question of the agesmethods; neither were any large sums whether the followers of Christ are inheld back to be announced at the last deed able to take the world for Him. moment. The largest gift was $5,000 and there have been about 8,000 con- A New Inter-Church Commission tributions. The giving was real, spontaneous and personal; it represents de- INCREASED Christian efficiency in sire rather than pressure. dealing with community problems which concern the Church is the task set National Missionary Campaign for the new commission of the Federal Council of the churches of Christ in A POSTER in· four colors is to be America. Last June a conference of displayed in front of thousands of representatives from Christian organizachurches to announce the National Mis- tions doing cooperative work on a nasionary Campaign, the opening feature tional scale, was held at Atlantic City. of which is a great interdenominational Strong delegations were present from convention for men in Chicago, begin- such organizations as the Laymen's ning October 14th and closing next April Missionary Movement, the International in Washington, D. C. Sunday School Association, the Inter- national Committee of Y. M. C. A., the The poster is symbolical of both home National Board of the Y. W. C. A., the and foreign missions, the non-Christian Home Missions Council and other simiworld being typified by a great idol with lar organizations. This conference a group of worshipers before it, and mission work at home by a man standing bewildered in a city street before

asked the Federal Council to form a worship, and the Archbishop pointed out commission to make a careful survey of that England on her knees at home can all federated work now being carried on accomplish more perhaps than England throughout the country, to help federa- fighting in or out of trenches abroad. tions already formed, and to cooperate It is reported that a national movement in forming new ones where conditions has sprung up in the churches of Engwere favorable. land and Scotland in favor of family prayers in the home. It is said that This commission has been organized Free and Established church people are The membership in a large measure re- interested in about equal numbers, and presents unofficially the movement which that speakers are setting out to the protook part in the Atlantic City confer- vinces to talk in its fayor.-The Churchence. It is thus practically a federation man. of federated movements, and Rev. Roy B. Guild was elected Executive Secre- Jewish "Endeavor" Movement tary. AN interesting development is in prog- EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN ress in connection with the Kil- burn and Brondesbury Hebrew and British Charity Religion Classes. In order to provide a "Jewish atmosphere" for young THE world-war has produced world- people who might otherwise suffer from charity on a scale hitherto unknown. religious neglect, juvenile services have The total value of British contributions been arranged in the local synagog, last year is estimated at $125,000,000. If whereat young Israelites have been engifts from the British possessions are couraged to read the liturgy and to added, the amount will be nearer $175,- carry through the general proceedings 000,000. Australian contributions in of public worship. In short, there has money alone exceeded $15,000,000. The arisen in the midst of Jewry an ana- Prince of Wales Fund for the year log of the world-wide Christian Enreached a total of $27,500,000, and local deavor movement, and impartial obcontributions brought this up to $40,000,- servers declare that it promises to pro- 000. The Belgian Relief Commission mote reverence and an intelligent incollected nearly $10,000,000 and the terest in the services of the synagog. Times Red Cross Fund brought in Letters in the Jewish papers show that $8,000,000. the movement has not yet passed the stage of opposition. . A Revival of Family Prayer THE CONTINENT THREE marked tendencies in the re- ligious life of England and Scotland A War Prison Y. M. C. A. to-day are by many observers attributed to the war. One is a popular wave of THE bringing together of great enthusiasm for family prayer. Another bodies of young men in military hosis better observance of Sunday as a day pitals and in camps as prisoners of war of rest. And the third is such measure offers an almost unprecedented opporof cooperation between the Anglican tunity for Christian work, and the Inand Free Churches as was not dreamed ternational Y. M. C. A. has not been possible one year ago. A great meeting slow in recognizing this. In response has recently been held in London, at- to a formal inquiry, the German War tended by Free and Established church- Ministry stated that they would welmen in about equal numbers, and having come the cooperation of the Young for chairman a Free Church layman and Men's Christian Association in the work for principal speaker the Archbishop of Canterbury. The subject was family

for the prisoners of war, and in con- and love among differing races. I ex- sequence there has been erected near perience this fact every year at the GOttingen the first war prison Y. M. C. Eastern Conference at Teschen in Aus- A. building in the world. It contains a trian Silesia. German and Polish large hall, which will be used for wor- brethren sing the same hymns at the ship by pastors, priests, and rabbi; for same time in their respective" tongues. concerts and lectures, and as a reading One prays in Polish and is immediately room; a small hall as a quiet room for followed by another in German. I prayer, also for choir and orchestra prac- rejoice greatly to be a connecting link tises, and three small rooms for edu- in all Austria for these little groups- cational work. The equipment consists Bohemian, Polish, Hungarian, German, of a library of English, French, and Slovak, and Ruthenian. It is gratify- Russian books, piano, harmonium, ing to see how the Gospel is beginning tables, benches, blackboards, maps, and to gain entry among the Slovaks. pictures. Brother Chraska, a member of the Free Reformed Church, has just completed "In front of the building, which is a translation of the Bible into Slovenbeautifully situated, the Commandant ish and along with him a young, fiery has had laid out a formal garden. The Slovene believer, Brother Chlastan, has building was put up by the men them- started to spread the Bible among his selves, and they are also making the people. He has done this without legal equipment." authority and has had, consequently, to suffer fine and imprisonment repeat- The extension of similar work in the edly. The Society of Christian Enmilitary camps of Germany is under the deavor in Agram, under the active direction of a committee appointed by leadership of Mr. Schumacher, a school the National Committee of the German principal, proposes to engage a mis- Y. M. C. A. sionary for the Croats.-Recard of Christian Work. The Bible in Ireland Indian Troops in Europe T HE annual report of the Bible and Colportage Society for Ireland rec- THE Y. M. C. A. of India has been ords a welcome increase in sales for the making a record in its service to year. In Ireland, as a rule, the colporteur confines his attention to scat- the native troop contingents sent to tered country districts, where the people Europe. All the money for this extra live far from book-shops, and where the work has been raised in India. Beginmeans of getting literature is difficult. nings were made by the Bombay Asso- It is here the agent does some of his best ciation as the native troops came pourwork as a missionary and evangelist, as ing into the city for embarkation. Last well as "the man with the Book." Dur- October, twelve secretaries sailed from ing the year 5,500 copies of the Scrip- Bombay to be with the troops in tures were disposed of, and nearly 20,000 France, among them being Dr. S. K. tracts and booklets distributed. Datta, one of the young leaders in the Indian church to-day. They organize Sure Cure for Race Hatred literary, athletic, and social events, pASTOR MONSKY, Secretary of the provide post-office facilities, write let- ters for the natives by the ten thou- Evangelical Society of Austria, sand, issue a little paper in Urdu to affirms that the unhappy racial ani- furnish them with war and home news, mosities of that land cease within the run barber shops, sell mustard oil, circles of the Gemeinschaft (evangelical Christians) . "Where Jesus is really in men's hearts there are peace

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carry stuffs, soap, matches, etc., and countries as gifts of American Sunday- actually hold French classes for the school scholars, is trying hard to meet Hindu officers, having issued 25,000 the great demands that are being made copies of a booklet of French-Urdu upon it. Rev. A. C. Harte, working in phrases. The secretaries are both In- prison-camps in Germany writes: "I dians and Englishmen. am beginning to distribute the Testa- REV.Russian Protestants in War-Time ments, and long before this reaches you, I will have used up the 40,000. WILLIAM FETLER, the Rus- . It will be good if you can get another sian Baptist preacher, who, as the 40,000 or 80,000 for us." REVIEW has already stated, is now in A worker in Austria writes: "Thou- New York, is far from enthusiastic sands of soldiers and prisoners of war over the prospects of real and general :n this way get their own New Testareligious liberty being soon established ment or a copy of the Gospels which in that country. Many signs since the most of them never possest before. outbreak of the war, such as a new That the men in the trenches prize the spirit toward the Jews and the Poles, gift is evident from extracts from solhave encouraged English observers to diers' letters, such as these; . predict an era of liberalization, but "A book in the trenches is better Mr. Fetler is inclined to quite the op- than the knapsack full of provisions. posite forecast. At least, the Protes- Anyone who has spiritual food for us tants of Russia have experienced more is welcome." trouble since war began than for a long "We are hungry after spiritual food. time before it. My library consists of Faust, Lillien- Immediately after Russia plunged cron's Selected Poems, and the New into the great European struggle, Testament which one has learned again officious government agents recalled to read." that the Stundists-the original Rus- sian Protestants-were mostly non- MOSLEM LANDS resistants, and on principle opposed to The Future of Armenia war. Also, it was remembered that the Stundists arose originally in a German A CORRESPONDENT in the Mancolony within Russian bounds. On cheJ:ter Guardian, referring to Art. these grounds it was assumed that Rus- 61 of the Berlin Treaty, writes: sian Protestants were likely to be sympathetic with the enemies of the nation, "When the general settlement takes or at least indifferent to the progress place at the close of the war, the Powers of the war. Shortly after Mr. FetIer's should not forget the interests of the arrest and exile, already described, Armenians, and that not for the sake of eleven other Protestant preachers were the Armenians alone, but also for the sake banished, ten of them being sent to of Turkey and of the maintenance of Siberia. It seems plain that the most peace in Europe. Because if Armenia bigoted party of the Russian orthodox is allowed to remain in her present church has employed the war situation wretched condition she will surely convery skilfully to its own advantage. tinue to appeal to Europe and to Eng- land for help, and Europe, being moved, will seek to interfere, and thus the East- Testaments Wanted in Germany ern question will still remain open.

THE "Million Testament" Movement, "It is evident that the geographical inaugurated by the World's Sunday- and ethnological conditions of Armenia school Association to send Testaments do not permit of her being constituted and Gospels to soldiers in the warring an autonomous unit. Being a commer-

cial people in the towns, and agricultural elements of arithmetic and science. The in the rural districts, what they demand boy must drone away aloud at the is the possibility of carrying on their bus- strange rhythmic sentences without a iness, commerce and agriculture, with- word of interpretation from the teacher, out being molested by the lawless. There until he has memorized the Koran from is no need of elaborate schemes or drafts cover to cover! The Koran has some of new laws. It is quite sufficient that exalted portions, approaching in style a governor-general be appointed with and power the Book of Psalms and the consent of the Ambassadors of the Job; but as a whole it has had a degrad- Powers for a number of years. The ing and retarding influence both on the jurisdiction of this governor would ex- personal and social life. It is after all tend over the six vilayets mostly popu- a reflection of the tragedy of Mohamlated by the Armenians. This governor, med's Iife-a character gifted with rare endowed with judicial and executive spiritual powers, but under the stress of powers, would be responsible for the temptation yielding to lust, revenge, depeace and tranquility of the country ceit and the fire of fanaticism.-REv. and for the carrying out of the laws. STEPHEN V AN R. TROWBRIDGE. The governor should organize and have at his disposal a local force of militia INDIA recruited from the inhabitants, and in the case of need the military forces of German Missionaries in India the country would also be at his command. Such a governor would be quite THE British government of India capable of pacifying the country and in- has decided that all enemy aliens troducing good government, happiness in that country must be either interned and contentment in those lawless prov- or deported. The decision wiII chiefly Inces. affect the German missionaries, of whom there are a large number in A A Need of Moslem Children India. At the beginning of July, a NEED which characterizes the child considerable number of these mission- life of Moslem lands is for a Holy aries had' been removed from Assam, Book that can be understood and that is Behar and Orissa, but a fair number in the common language of the country. still remained, especially in the dis- I have often looked in upon a room full triCts of Chota Nagpur, where a Luof Turkish school boys seated cross- theran mission long has been establegged on the floor, each with his Koran lished. At the beginning of April in front of him, memorizing each line there were 442 alien enemy missionin that strange Arabic language of which aries in the whole of India, of whom he knows nothing save the alphabet. The 115 had been interned or paroled. Only Koran is a little longer than the New a few Germans and Austrians were Testament and contains a confusion of pt:rmitted to remain at large in Upper ecstatic poetry, historic legends, cere- India, and those now have been sent monial laws, and personal adventures of to the detention camp at Dagshai in the Prophet. All this is in a language the Simla district. and style as unintelligible to a Turkish or a Persian boy as Virgil's "JEneid" The work of the Schleswig-Holwould be to a boy in one of our grammar stein Mission in India has been comschools. He is under the sharp eye and pelled to stop because of the war. At threatening rod of the schoolmaster, the beginning of the war Superintenwhose whole training has been in schol- dent Timmke dismissed 200 boarding astic Moslem theology, instead of in the pupils and 78 seminarists and 194 teacher helpers who were laboring in baptismal instruction, etc. ; teachers were placed on half pay and the gov-

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ernment was successfully petitioned to these ten years. Everywhere we went take over the expense of the upkeep we could hear the people talking of of the seminary, three high schools and "The Jesus Church." Great crowds two hospitals. The male missionaries came for all the services. Except for were all placed in concentration camps two or three times when it was raining at Ahmednagar near Bombay, while the hard, the tent, seating about one thou- women and children were taken to sand, was full and most of the time more Waltair. Two sisters were allowed to than full. Fully 2,500 people attended return to Europe. The imprisoned the services each day for twelve days.

missionaries are compelled by the sub- All classes cam~. Some 1,200 portions ordinate officers to do hard labor daily. of the Scripture were sold, and 4,000 Superintendent Timmke is only allowed tracts distributed. Over 200 proba- to write once a month to the mission tioners were enlisted.

stations where there are 17,000 Chris- tians and 7,000 catechumen without an Modern Methods in Chuchow ordained native pastor. Missionary THE report of the missionaries in N eudorffer of the General Council of Chuchow, China, brings together a the Lutheran Church of North America was able to visit the field twice and striking group of facts which illustrate was of great help and benefit.-All- both the wonderful transition in China gemeine Missions Nachrichten, August, and the marvelous openings for the 1915. Gospel there now. In a small $3,000 hospital the medical missionary treated CHINA over 1,600 cases during the month and, Thirty Thousand Hear the Gospel with his Chinese helpers, vaccinated 346. The missionaries are directing L ATE in the year 1914 the two de- famine relief for 800 people by build- nominations (Southern Presby- terian and Southern Methodist) doing ing a macadam street, the money all work in this city, met to discuss the furnished by Chinese, and Christian advisability of having some sort of a services for these people are held gathering to celebrate the tenth anni- weekly in the Confucian temple! The versary of the coming of Protestantism adult Bible class in this interior Chi- to Changchow. To be sure many mis- nese city has had seventy in attendsionaries and Chinese workers had been ance, and these non-Christian officials here before and some of them left and business men have been studying faster than they came, and that to the the Gospel of Luke to find out the tune of stones and the then usual title basis of Christianity. This Chinese given to the foreigner; but it was in city is not only being led to do the the year 1904 that the first house was unheard of, construct a macadam rented and the first Protestant preach- street, but the missionaries have pushed er moved into the city. It was decided them along toward Christian ideals for to have the celebration in April, 1915. child life until they actually have a We had such a meeting as this people city playground, and gymnastic ap- had never seen. All former pastors paratus has been provided for it. And were invited and some came. The finally, China has a Boy Scout move- Suchow District tent was used, as no ment, led by the missionaries.

church was large enough to accom- A Chinese Children's Magazine modate the crowds. This we pitched on the lot formerly occupied by the. HAPPY CHILDHOOD, the new jail in the center of the city. Chang- magazine for Chinese children, is chow has never been so stirred in all meeting with unexpected success. Mrs.

MacGillivray, its devoted editor, says they considered a more acceptable in a recent letter: dress, in order to acquaint the literary class with its contents and remove the "I know you will be delighted to hear prejudice against Christianity. The that so far the magazine has met a Bible has also been introduced into very warm welcome from all parts of some Government schools as a text- China. For instance there is a mis- book. To its influence Dr. Hykes atsion to rickshaw coolies here in Shan- tributes not only such reforms as the ghai. The founder and director is a abolition of torture, the decrease of business man, and the mission take in infanticide, the going out of fashion forty copies per month and say they have of footbinding, the tendency to subnever had anything that has helped stitute monogamy for polygamy, but them so much. Miss Bonnell of the also reforms in the administration of Door of Hope says the girls have never justice, the abolition of opium-smoking, had anything to read in which they the adoption of a national scheme of have taken such interest as this mag- education, and the growing recognition azine. I also have had letters of ap- of the right of free thought, free preciation from Manchuria, Shantung, speech, and free conscience. Foochow, Canton, and many other places. General Chang in Peking of German Mission in China the Chinese army subscribes for eleven copies, ten of which he sends to an THE Missionary Magazine of the orphanage and one for his own family. In writing he said, 'This paper is truly Allegemeine Evangelische Missionsa light for the children of China.' verein reports: Since' March 1, 1915, The children's competition page is also our Seminary in Tsingtau has again a great success. Children from all been opened; about 50 pupils are now over China are sending in answers, and instructed. In March one of our Chinthis month we sent little prizes to ese was baptized. Our Chinese lady Foochow, Shantung, Manchuria, Ki- teacher, Mrs. Dschang, returned to angsi, and one to Shanghai. The sub- Tsingtau. The girls are awaiting anxscription list now stands at over six- iously the opening of our girls' school. teen hundred, and we hope for an in- Missionary Voskamp, of the Berlin Miscrease in the autumn." sion, is again allowed to preach and has opened one schoo!. The Chinese The Bible and Chinese Civilization Christians and helpers were a credit to themselves, not one of them back- MANY of the radical changes for slid. They all pray for Germany and for a speedy peace.-Calwer Missions- . the better in Chinese life, char- blatt. acter, customs and government can be directly traced to the influence of the On the China-Burmese Border Bible. The Rev. John R. Hykes of THIRTEEN thousand converts have China reported facts to prove this at the World's Bible Congress in San been baptized on the Kengtung field Francisco. Besides the various trans- in the extreme east of Burma. About lations made by missionaries, the Bible 4,500 of them are on the Chinese side was translated into Chinese by Chou- of the line. With the exception of fu, Provincial Treasurer of Shantung, eight churches near the border, these in conjunction with Li Hung-chang. converts have not been organized. They copied out the entire Bible in the When the first ingathering took place literary language, their object being to on this field eleven years ago, within produce an independent version in what a month groups came from across the China border, both of the Wa and

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

Lahu tribes, begging the missionaries on John 14: 6. The prominent ladies of to come to them at once with the the city attend this class, and some of Gospel. This same appeal has been them were baptized this year. I think sounding ever since. Native workers many preachers in America would envy who have toured the section regularly me, if they could see the enquirers' report many villages where the entire class on Saturday nights. This year population has exprest a desire to be we have had about 30 in attendance, baptized. In one of these, Ho Hko, most of them young people, and the whose 130 families all desire baptism, time is devoted only to study of the the teacht;rs stayed a few days, and Word. Ve have nine out-stations in eighteen villages from the surrounding the province, where workers are living. country sent in representatives saying There are one hundred and forty their entire villages desired baptism at towns with an average population of once. Rev. W. M. Young, in writing 5,000. Our work will be finished when of this situation, says: we shall have built up a self-supporting church in all these towns." "If we open this work on a proper basis and give them the Gospel I have Good and Evil in ConRict no doubt we will soon have more converts on this field to the north than we INa recent Church Missionary Review have in all Burma to-day." Grace Nott says: "Buddhism mad( a great effort to revivify herself some JAPAN-KOREA years ago, and, finding that Christian methods had so much success, started REV. Work in One City a campaign on the same lines, even CHARLES A. LOGAN writes going .so far as to print 'Bibles' in home: "Our work in the city of which the only difference from our own Tokushima (population 70,000) lS was that Buddha's name was substigrowing. The self-supporting church is tuted for our Lord's! Such efforts making steady progress, and gradually were naturally doomed to failure. Now reaching the more influential people of the nation is faced by the Hongwanji the city. There are two other mission Buddhist scandals; the priests are acchurches where evangelists are working, cused of living in luxury and extravaand one preaching place in the center gance on the offerings of the faithful. of the city, where I preach twice a The misappropriated money is put at week, and conduct a night-school. We the enormous figure of 2,000,000 yen, are now planning for a union evangelis- and the whole matter is being investitic campaign for this fall. About gated by the government. Sad as all eight promil1ent speakers will come, and this is, we can surely see that here also speak' in the churches, theaters, public 'God is working His purpose out.' As hall, government schools, railroad sta- one result, several well-known men and tion, and other companies' offices. Some women have become Christians; others of our most interesting meetings are are studying the New Testament and held in our home. English Bible classes buying Bibles in an unprecedented way." for students on Tuesdays, the ladies' cooking class on Wednesdays, Christian Tokyo Sunday-School Convention Poatwomen's meeting on Fridays, and the poned children's meeting and Bible study for enquirers on Saturdays. The ladies' ANOTHER result of the war has cooking class met here to-day. Mrs. been the postponement of the Logan taught them how to make ice World's Sunday-School Conventioh, so cream, and then their Bible lesson waS long announced as to be held in Tokyo in October, 1916. 58 n<l,tions wen:

represented at the Zurich Convention cation in Korea. The Korean Sundayin 1913, and it had been confidently school Association during the present expected that the holding of the next year has by the adoption of Sundaygathering in Tokyo would do much to school standards and the energetic prostrengthen the bonds which unite Chris- motion of Sunday-school· work been tians throughout the world. The Ex- fitting the Sunday-school for the greatly ecutive Committee of the World's Sun- increased responsibility it must bear for day-School Association, however, real- the Christian education of Korean ized that the belligerent nations would youth in the near future. not send delegates, and therefore decided at their meeting in September to AFRICA postpone the convention to a date soon after the close of the war, the date A New Y. M. C. A. Building in Egypt to be suggested by the Japanese Committee, of which Count Okuma, Prime REV. STEPHEN VAN R. TROW- Minister of Japan, is Chairman. An- BRIDGE sends an account of the other reason for this decision, also due opening of the new Y. M. C. A. building to the war, was that difficulties have in Alexandria on September lIth. The been encountered in the matter of building, which adjoins the Regina Palproper transportation facilities for ace Hotel, is to be used especially for the American delegates because of the scar- benefit of British soldiers and sailors. city of desirable ships. More than 3,000 The cost was met jointly by the British Americans have asked for information Y. M. C. A., the British and Australian in view of possible attendance at the Red Cross Societies, and by the Y. M. convention, a full year before the date C. A., in America. In opening the new set. building Sir Henry MacMahon, the High Commissioner, paid a high tribute to the When conditions permit, the eighth work of the Y. M. C. A. in Egypt. Mr. convention of the world's Sunday-school Jessop and his helpers have done releaders will be held in Tokyo with all markable service-both social and spiritthe features originally planned. ual-among the troops in Egypt. Not only have reading and writing tents been The Sunday-School Opportunity in established for their comfort but many have been converted in the Bible classes Korea and Evangelistic Meetings.

IN view of the Japanese ordinance Mr. Trowbridge also writes of the great opportunities presented for Chris- against religious education in mis- tian work among the wounded soldiers sion schools (already referred to in from Gallipoli who are filli,.-g the hosthe REVIEW) the Sunday-schools will have an added responsibility. While pitals of Alexandria. ~fa~y of. them the regulation is technically no more hostile to Christianity than to other having faced death are now beginning religions, and simply separates religion a new life that will never end. from education in regular schools, whether public or private, it does de- European Bishops on the West Coast prive Christian missions of one of their most valuable agencies of religious FOR a European an episcopate of education. The fact that there is yet twenty-one years in West Africa is 10 years before the full operation of the regulations gives ample time for unique, and Bishop Oluwole in his adthe organization of the 8unday-school dress to the Synod said: as a serious agency of Christian edu- We have so far had 13 European bishops of the Anglican Church on the West Coast: 9 of Sierra Leone, 2 of Accra, and 2 of Western Equatorial Africa. The first 3 bishops of Sierra

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

Leone died within 7 years-an average Ifon, and Imeri, in the Owo district, of two and one-third years. Two re- besides passing through some of the tired, each at the end of ten years. One Akure stations on the way here. At retired after 14 years, and his successor I fan and Imeri several candidates were after 4. The next died after 8 years. baptized. During the year six new The present bishop succeeded in 1910. churches have been built, and three new Bishop Hill died about six months after houses for teachers, two of these hav- his consecration. Bishop Hamlyn had ing been built in anticipation of having to retire after six years, and was suc- teachers to occupy them soon."

ceeded by Bishop O'Rorke, in 1913.

Thus you see that the episcopate of Remarkable Progress our bishop is far and away the longest NEARLY 11,000 people (7,627 of European episcopate on this coast. Nor whom were adults) were baptized should we forget that he had previously in the diocese of Western Equatorial served as a missionary among us for Africa last year-the highest number four years, so that this year also marks ever reported in one year in any Church his semi-jubilee in the country. Only Missionary Society mission. Of the six other European male missionaries adults the men numbered 5,752 and the had a longer record in West Africa: women 1,875. There are 21,399 catechu- Townsend and Wood, of 40 years each; mens on the registers, and of these Mann and Maser, of 32 each; Hinderer 14,179 are men and 7,220 women. Comof 28; and Harding of 29. menting on these figures at the first session of the fourth synod, held at The following statistics are of in- Lagos, Bishop Oluwole said: "These terest as indicating the growth of the statistics constitute a loud call to the Church in Western Equatorial Africa clergy and to all church workers to during Bishop Tugwell's episcopate: 1894. 1914. labor to instruct these multitudes in the Native Clergy ……… 17 66 things of God. . . . Let us not aim at Communicants ……… 4,000 15,600 large annual returns, but let us labor in Baptized members ….. 7,500 52,470 teaching and prayer that every candidate Catechumens. . . . . . . . . .. 1,240 21,400 baptized may indeed be born again. . . . Baptisms in the year.. 586 10,935 It is a real danger to the life of a church Scholars …………… 3,080 26,800 to fill it with baptized heathen." The Contributions ……… £3,360 £29,780 total amount contributed by Christians Communities of Christian Adherents THE Rev. H. F. Gane wrote from in the diocese tor religious purposes was Owo recently: "An interesting and £29,779 against £23,343 in the previous distinctly encouraging feature of the year.-Church Missionary Society Ga- work is that in all the small villages zette.

immediately connected with Owo there German Missions in West Africa are now small communities of Chris- T tian adherents, and in most of them HE North German Mission, whose territory in Togo which, in the besimple buildings have been erected for services by the converts themselves. ginning of the war, was an easy prey Members of the Owo church go out for the allied English and French, and Sunday by Sunday to conduct services of whose 17 European workers no less in these places, and I cycle out to one than six were imprisoned in Dahomey, or other of them as often as possible has cause to be very grateful in com- when I am not away visiting other parison to other German Missions in parts of the district. Since our arrival which the colonial war has made great it has only been possible to visit Ipele, devastations. Yet the war has been a

great hindrance. The schools are behavior were allowed to remain at their empty in 97 places, and the number of posts. Several missionaries have been pupils has decreased from 7,311 to 3,311. dismissed from the concentration camps Yet the membership in the churches, so far; from the Hermansburg Mission where 394 were baptized, numbers now all except one, from the Berlin Mission 11,682; 341 more than in the last year. all except two or four. This has been Mission property was not taken away effected, it seems, through the labor of nor destroyed by the events of the war. good Christian circles in England.- The fund for invalids deposited in the Allgemeine Missions Nachrichten. West African Bank, belonging to the native helpers, was not touched. The ISLANDS OF THE SEA missionaries, who were arrested for a short time during November, have rea- The Church of Rome in the Philippines son to hope to be able to remain in Togo during the war. The order given to the H DOnat let the Church at home think missionaries the 21st of January not to that we are facing a decadent, preach in the German or Ewe languages did not hurt the work as was feared at weakened Catholicism," writes Rev. D. first. This order was only for Lome, C. McCallum. "It is a mistake to speak and forbade the missionaries the solemn of the Roman Catholic Church in the sermon from the chancel, but not divine Philippines as decadent, and the ruined service; the native helpers were not churches here and there are not indicatroubled at all. In the interior, preach- tions of its state. Enormous sums of ing in the Ewe language received no Catholic money are being poured into the greater hindrance than that the mission- Philippines, and scores of her most inaries are only allowed to visit out-sta- telligent and capable workers are contions in the district of one day's jour- stantly coming to the islands. Dozens of ney, while the native pastors have full dilapidated buildings are being repaired liberty to go where they please, and their and numerous new buildings are being work has full recognition from the Eng- erected in new communities. Other revlish officials. Industrial conditions in enues are taking the place of the lost Togo are very difficult since the price State revenues, and a far more able and of kako has fallen from 80 to 25 cents. efficient body of workers is taking the -Allgemeine Missions Nachrichten. place of the discredited Spanish friars. Many of the newcomers are able, thor- German Missions in South Africa oughly trained, and possest of much mis- sionary zeal. The Roman Church is C ONCERNING the welfare of the straining every nerve to adjust herself German missionaries in South Af- to the changed conditions, and, one must rica, the authorities have had great appre- confess, with considerable success. The hension since the middle of May. The greatest, most bitter and prolonged brother mission received word from Eng- struggle is yet before us, and it will reland that all their missionaries should quire the highest concentration and the keep themselves ready to be imprisoned richest gifts in men and money." in concentration camps on the 23d of May. Not even the petition of Bishop Episcopal Progress in the Philippines Kalker to remain free to look after the work seemed to be successful. Fortu- THE mission to the Philippine Islands nately these things did not come to pass. which is under the direction of Bish- The German missionaries were not im- op Brent and is supported by the Ameriprisoned, but on the promise of goor! can Episcopal Church, is making solid progress. At Sagada, a station which is 5,000 feet above sea level, in the course of ten years, 1,200 persons, chiefly Igo- rQts, have been baptized. The Rev. J.

1 5] WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

Staunton and 12 assistants, Americans there were other public exercises, and and Filipinos, are in charge. Among on the 15th, "Centenary Sunday," there the industrial features of the work is the were special services throughout New operation of a great sawmill providing South Wales. A centenary offering of work for hundreds of men, women, and £50,000 is being collected, a per capita children. There are also workshops in gift of about ten dollars a member. which a great variety of tools and tin- The Methodism of Australasia, which ware are manufactured. The girls do began in 1815 with one minister and lace work and weave native fabrics. A 20 members, now reports 1,020 minisprinting-press furnishes all the printing ters, 149,767 members, 260,500 Sundayfor the district. A great stone church is school scholars, and 630,970 attendants in process of erection, as well as a hos- upon its services. pital.-The Mission Field. MISCElLANEOUS War Rumors in Borneo Sunday-School Standard. RHEINISH missionaries tell of wild reports which have spread in Bor- THE fivefold standard suggested by neo because of the war. So it is said the Missionary Department of the that after Germany had been conquered by the English and the French, International Sunday-school Associait asked help from Turkey, which had tion, adequate missionary instruction, been granted under the condition that definite missionary prayer, systematic Germany must become Mohammedan. missionary giving, practical missionary The Emperor immediately accepted Is- activities, enlisting missionary recruits, lam, and the German soldiers had the has been enlarged to a ten-point stanhalf moon sewed on their uniforms. dard, in order to make the work of the In the meantime the real truth has State and County Associations more become known. In general the respect definite in the Missionary Department. of the natives for the white man has A Ten-Point School: (1) A missionary greatly diminished through the war.- superintendent. Instruction – (2) The Allgemeine Missions Nachrichten, Au- United Missionary program; (3) Misgust, 1915. sions in the graded lessons; (4) Mis- sionary exercises and drills. Offerings Australasian Methodilm -(5) Home Mission Boards; (6) For- eign Mission Boards; (7) Union mis- METHODISM in Australia is cele- sionary movements. Service-(8) Com- brating its centenary and .Ameri- munity social service; (9) Surplus matecan Methodism will soon be celebrating rial department; (10) Recruits in prepits sesquicentenary. An English Wes- aration. leyan, the Rev. Samuel Leigh, was the pioneer minister, and he landed at The Influence of the Bible Sydney, August 10, 1815. Since that time Methodist services have never OF the many great religious gatherfailed. August 8th was Preparatory ings which have been held at San Sunday. Tuesday was Centenary Day, Francisco during the present summer, when Dr. W. H. Fitchett, of Mel- one of the most important has been the bourne, preached the commemorative World's Bible Congress, which occurred sermon in the Town Hall of Sydney early in August, at which delegates from -a city of 700,000 people-followt!d by all parts of the world were in attend- "tea meeting" and a demonstration to ance. Figures were given showing that which other conferences sent speak- during the calendar year 1914, more than ers. On Wednesday and Thursday 28,000,000 copies of the Bible or por- tions of the Bible were printed and dis~

tributed, this distribution reaching to cessant fight he waged for nearly half a every corner of the globe. century against those who would cor- rupt and mislead them. Dr. Scudder, of the Arcot Mission, stated in his address that the Bible has Mr. Comstock has died in the midst been translated, in whole or in part, into of his battle against gambling and immore than a hundred Indian dialects, and purity, but the war is to go on. The it is estimated that 250,000,000 of the Society for the Suppression of Vice has people of India have some portion of th<:! appointed as his successor Mr. John S. Scripture in their own language. It IS Sumner, for three years his associate regarded not only by British but by secretary. The offices are at 140 Nassau many Hindu officials as one of the most Street, New York. During Mr. Comimportant aids to the English nation in stock's term of office he has destroyed the government, education, and better- 50 tons of obscene books and 2,500,000 ment of the people; is studied as a text- vile pictures by which the vendors book in a great number of schools and sought to spread moral plague. colleges; is bringing together the conglomerate races into a human fellow- T Rev. G. P. Knapp, of Turkey ship, and by imbuing them with a spirit HE death at Diarbekir, Asiatic Turof humanity is gradually undermining key, of Rev. George Perkuns Knapp, the caste barriers, which have hitherto a missionary of the American Board been one of the greatest obstacles in the for twenty-five years, occurred about way of true human civilization in India. August 10th, but was not known in Amer- ica until October 1St. Mr. Knapp had OBITUARY NOTES been stationed at Bitlis, which, on the withdrawal of the Turkish forces from The Rev. Dr. Thomas S. Barbour Van before the Russian advance, be- came one of the storm centers of the T HE REV. DR. THOMAS S. BAR- war. He was formerly stationed in BOUR, formerly Secretary of the Harput. American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, died suddenly at his summer home Many of the missionaries in the intein Stoddard, New Hampshire, on Sep- rior have not been heard from ciirectly tember 28th. Dr. Barbour was highly for two months. honored and much-beloved among Baptists and others who knew him, and was A Two Missionaries in Egypt an efficient missionary secretary. Dur- WOMAN of rare charm and ability ing the last years of his life he was at as a missionary "has recently laid work on a history of the American Bap- down her life in Egypt. Mrs. A. W. tist Foreign Missions. As head of the Pollock who with her husband, were foreign mission work of his denomina- missionaries of the United Presbyterian tion, he became prominent a few years Church, had burned out her life in serago as leader in the movement to put a vice on the mission boat Allegheny. stop to the atrocities in the Kongo. Dr. After thirteen years of devoted service, Barbour was a half-brother of the Rev. she was called Home after an operation Dr. Clarence A. Barbour, President of for appendicitis. the Rochester Theological Seminary. Rev. Thomas J. Finney, D.D., a mis- Anthony Comstock, of New York sionary in Eygt since 1882, has also re- T HE United States-and, in fact, the cently gone to his reward. Dr. Finney world-can never adequately ac- was editor of the Church papers in knowledge what its youth owe to An- Egypt and was a wise counsellor, a faiththony Comstock for the brave and in- ful friend and successful missionary of Christ.

1m II ttl!

: BOOKS ON MISSIONS AND ………….. ……….. ………./ S5ION LANDS .,…, ……………// 11 South America. Observations and Im- small, and it had not yet developed many pressions. By Hon. James Bryce, LL.D. of the problems and ramifications which 8vo. 611 pp. $2.50, net. The Macmillan now characterize it. The growth has Co. New edition. 1915. been so rapid during recent years that The approach of the Congress on to-day the foreign missionary movement is generally recognized as the vastest en- Christian Work in Latin America, to be terprise of modern Christianity, repreheld at Panama in February, 1916, and senting over 300 missionary societies, the renewed discussion of South Amer- about 25,000 able and highly trained forica which it has developed, justify our eign missionaries, 2,531 educational incalling fresh' attention to this valuable stitutions, ranging from kindergartens volume, which will be one of the great to universities, 1,616 hospitals, a staff of standard works on South America for native workers numbering 130,262, a many years to come. Americans do not communicant membership of 3,167,614, need to be told that the author is one of and a Christian constituency of 7,253,- the most competent men in the world to 836. estimate correctly the character and institutions of a country and people that This immense work is scattered all he studies. His two volumes on the over the non-Christian world, and it and American Commonwealth are the best its related problems are challenging the and wisest accounts of the United States attention of thoughtful men and women that have ever been written. This states- everywhere. The great task of writing man of wide experience, comprehensive the history of this splendid movement knowledge, and sympathetic mind, re- from the beginning down to the present cords in the best literary style his ob- time has been undertaken by Charles servations and impressions of South Henry Robinson, D.D., the well-known America, to which he has added excel- Honorary Canon of Ripon Cathedral, lent notes and maps. We earnestly hope England, and Editorial Secretary of the that not only the delegates to the Pan- Society for the Propagation of the Gosama Congress, but many ministers and pel of the Church of England. His book others in America, who can not attend indicates an almost incredible amount that Congress will read this book. of labor, and it presents a wealth and variety of information which makes it History of Christian Missions. By Rev. not only exceedingly useful but really Charles H. Robinson, D.D. 8vo. 533 indispensable to the missionary student. pp. $2.00. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1915. John Hus. The Martyr of Bohemia. By A good history of Christian missions, W. N. Schwarze, Ph.D. Illustrated. 12mo. 152 pp. 75 cents. Fleming H. Revell Co. comprehensive in scope and yet reason- 1915. . ably limited in size, is an exceedingly difficult book to write. The very fact The 500th anniversary of the martyrthat it is difficult is indicative of the magnitude which the modern missionary dom of John Hus was widely celebrated. enterprise has attained. A generation ago it was easy to write such a book, for He was a remarkable character, and missionary work was comparatively came of a remarkable people. The story of his life is stirring and full of lessons

for men of to-day. Hus was born in The Progress of Doctrine in the New 1369 in a small village in South Bohemia, and was well educated in the Testament. Considered in eight lectures leading university of the day. His student life, his interest in national ques- preached before the University of Oxtions, his work as a professor and preacher, his literary work, the contro- ford, being the "Bampton Lecture" of versies with the Church of Rome, his de- 1864. By ~homas Dehany Bernard, M.A. nunciation of religious abuses, his condemnation and martyrdom are all de- 12mo. xVI-223, Is., net. Pickering & scribed concisely but graphically and Inglis, Glasgow, 1915. with power. It is a story worth reading, and if it does not inspire to similar mar- Why Four Gospels? By F. D. Van Valtyrdom, it will at least awaken an admiration for this reformer who led the kenburg. Frontispiece. i2mo. 92 pp. revolt from Rome, and will inspire to 'a similar spirit of loyalty to God and His 50 cents. Pentecostal Publishing Co fruth, Louisville, Ky., 1915. ., Comrades in Service. By Margaret E. The Social Teachings of Jesus Christ. Burton. Illustrated. 12mo. 196 pp. 60 cents, net. (Paper, 40 cents.) Mission- A Manual for Bible Classes, Christian ary Education Movement, New York, 1915. Associations, Social StUdy Groups, etc. These brief biographies are unusually By W. Beatty Jennings, D,D. 16mo. 111 interesting stories of men and women pp. 50 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell who have achieved great success in ser- Co., New York, 1915. vice. They include some well-known names like D. L. Moody, Samuel Crow- A Life at its Best. (College Voluntary ther, Chundra Lela, Jacob Riis, and others less known but worthy of ac- SBtyudRy icChaorudrseHs,enSryecoEnddwaYrdesa ra-nPda rEt thI~)1 quaintance-such as J. A. Burns of Ken- Cutler. 16mo. 145 pp. 50 cents. National Board, Y. W. C. A., New York, 1915. The Maze of the Nations and the Way Out. By Gaius Glenn Atkins. 12mo.

128 pp. 75 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, 1915.

Millard Fillmore. Constructive States- man, Defender of the Constitution Presi- dent of the United States. By William Elliot Griffis, D,D., LH.D. 12mo. 159 pp. Paper, $1.25; cloth, $2.00, net. An- drus & Church, Ithaca, N. Y., 1915. The Credentials of the Cross. By North- cote Deck, M.B., Ch.M. 12mo. 133 pp. Morgan & Scott, Ltd. London, 1915.

Economic Aspects of the War. Neutral Rights, Belligerent Claims, and American Commerce in the Years 1914-1915. By Edwin J. Clapp. 8vo. xiv-340 pp. $1.50, net. Yale University Press, New Haven 1915. '

tucky, Kaji Yajima of Japan, Li Be Cu PAMPHLETS of China, and Frances Coppin, an The One Hundred and Third Annual Re- port of the American Board of Com- American negro. The lives are of varied missioners for Foreign Missions. To- gether with the Minutes of the Meeting interest-some relate to service in the held at Kansas City, Missouri, October 26-28, 1913. Illustrated. 259 pp. Pub- United States, and some abroad; some lished by the Board, Congregational House, Boston, 1915. ,had black skins and some white; some The One Hundred and Fourth Annual passed their days in comparative ob- Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. scurity and some in the limelight, but all Together with the Minutes of the Meet- ing held at Detroit, Michigan, October were Godly, hard-working, self-sacrific-, 13-16, 1914. Published by the Board, Congregational House, Boston, 1915. ing, and succeeded in the work they un- Five Hundred Thousand of a Hundred dertook. The life stories are inspiring Million. A Sketch of the Evangelistic Work of the Presbyterian Church in and make a valuable volume for young non-Christian lands, the third of a series of booklets published by the Presbyterian people. Board of Foreign Missions. The others in the senes deal with the educational NEW BOOKS and medical work of the Board. IlIus- trated. 87 pp. Board of Foreign Mis- Childhood in the Moslem World. By sions, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York, Samuel M. Zwemer, F.R.G.S. Illustrated. Bvo. 274 pp. $2.00, net. Fleming H. 1915. Revell Co., New York, 1915.

Protestant Missionary Directory of In- dia for 1915-1916. Compiled by Jas. In- glis. 12mo. xxx-242 1>P. Scottish Mis- sion Industries Co., Ltd., Ajmer, Raj- putana, India.

The Missionary Review of the World — November 1914

to the

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD, NOVEMBER, I9I4 SOME QUESTIONS ANSWERED IN THIS NUMBER PREPARED BY MRS. F. M. GILBERT, BROOKLYN, N. Y.

I. Where does a paper bag do the work of a tract? 2. Why did the African chief order the women to join the Chris- tians? 3. In the minds of Chinese thinkers what is the chief requirement of religion? 4. Seeking God by following the course of the sun, what did the Kongo natives find? 5. How near did the number of conversions come to the number prayed for by the evang-elistic committee? 6. Why did the South American say he would not wait to see the grain weighed? 7. Why is it difficult to count the Canadian Eskimo by families? 8. How did the chart affect the small boy's prayer? 9. As the Christian Endeavor secretary went to the war, what was his prayer? 10. How did the difference in motive affect the character of the early immigrations to California and to Oregon? I I. The centenary of what event is to be celebrated in New Zealand in December? 12. What unexpected invitation did the Persian official receive? 13. When the young man's mother looked through the keyhole, what did she see? 14. In what country are government officials giving lectures on the effects of alcohol? IS. Instead of a knife and a bottle, what does the Indian now carry home? r6. What was the score in the novel relay race? r7. In what publication are the achievements of missions celebrated in epic verse? 18. How m;my ceremonies have been necessary for the inauguration of Uganda's Christian king? 19. iVhat type of appeal won missionary volunteers at the English college? 20. When the Kopu Chinese came to the harvest festival, what book did they bring with them?

FALLS OF SNAKE RIVER

The river here is 1,000 feet wide and falls 210 feet MOUNT HOOD, OREGON, ONE OF THE GREAT PEAKS OF THE SIERRA NEVADA RANGE TYPICAL SCENES ON THE WESTERN AMERICAN FRONTIER

~y W

Vol. XXXVII, No. Il E D Old Senes NOVEMBER, 1914 Vol. XXVII. No. II New Series II SIGNS FTHETIMES i THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAR ON commerce received a staggering blow but it was for a time impossible to A MISSIONS send money to workers in India, Tur- LREADY the widespread distress key and other fields. In Turkey, caused by the fratricidal strife in horses. camels, and donkeys have been Europe is being felt throughout the taken for the army, and all men who world. The reports of the effect of the could do so have fled to cover to eswar on mlSSlOns, given on another cape being drafted. This has caused page, present only a faint idea of the the closing of mission presses and situation. other institutions. The West Africa Mission, which is in German territory, Naturally, the German missions are is shut off from communication with most deeply affected at present. The America and Europe, and South twenty-six Protestant societies sup- America is feeling the suppression of port over two thousand German and European trade. The Board has 9.000 native workers, in some. 3.500 been obliged to authorize missionstations and outstations, scattered in aries to sell mission property in various parts of China, in Japan, in India, Persia and elsewhere, in order Eastern, Western, and South Africa, to obtain funds for food, if necessary. in Turkey, Persia, Russia, India, Micronesia, Latin America, the East From Busrah, Turkish Arabia, Indies and Australasia. The workers comes a letter from a missionary, in these lands are now cut off from reporting unusual excitement among the homeland and are without money. Moslems on the eve of the feast of Some of the German colonies are al- Ramazan. Many open threats are ready captured and in others there is uttered against Christians, and disconflict with British, French, or Jap- astrous results are feared if Turkey anese forces. should enter the conflict.

The Presbyterian Board (U. S. A.) The brighter side of the European reports world-wide conditions un- struggle is in the sobering of muItiparalleled in history. Not only has The edjtor~ seek t(' pre~erve accuracy and to manifest the spirit of Christ in the pages of this REVIEW, but do not acknowledge responsibility for opinions exprest, nor for positions taken by con· tributors of signed articles in these pages.-EDITORS.

tudes as they face the realities of ruin awakenings have often taken place and death. There is also the op- in the darkest hours of history. In portunity offered for self-sacrifice times of distress men look to God and heroism, and for the exhibition of for help, and when earthly possesforbearance and the spirit of service .sions seem insecure Christians are and brotherly love even toward an often more ready to lay up treasure enemy. It is possible, too, that this in heaven. breaking of the war cloud may clear the atmosphere, so that the spirit of Surely there is no need to urge warfare may be laid low, neighbors upon Christians everywhere the duty may forget their petty quarrels and and privilege of earnest prayer to selfish rivalries, religious liberty may Almighty God that the Spirit of Christ be given a broader application, and may soon dominate the policies and common suffering may prove a bond plans of governments and peoples, of brotherhood. Already the Czar and that the war may not retard the has promised new privileges to the work of Christ, but may be over- Jews, and new liberties to Poland. ruled to open larger opportunities for A cablegram from Petrograd says the preaching and acceptance of the that Russian Methodists are helping Gospel of Christ. Christians in the wounded and there are new op- America and England and even in portumtles for the Gospel. The France and Germany should not be people of India have showed an un- so engrossed and disturbed by the expected spirit of loyalty to Great distress of the present strife that Britain, and the domestic strife in they neglect the eternal and spiritual Ireland and on the part of suffra- mission of the Church. Out of cirgists has been quieted-at least for cumstances of suffering and difficulthe present. It is difficult as yet t ties come the heroism and self-sacrisee the benefits that Germany and fice "vhich are so radically linked Austria will derive from the struggle with the advancement of the Kingin the event of their defeat, and years dom of Christ. must elapse before wounds will be healed, so that the spirit of brotherly Since the days of the Son of Man love shall prevail such as was mani- on earth and the hour of His crucifest at Edinburgh and in the Con- fixion, through the early persecutions tinuation Committee Conferences. The of Nero, the dark ages, the Refor- Protestant work in Germany is also mation and the pioneering days, the suffering greatly and in need of help. cause of Christ has always advanced A silver lining to the cloud of dis- in the face of difficulties. Let it be so tress in Germany may be seen in now. If ever there was need for the notable fact that a fund has been Christian missionary work it is tostarted in England to provide for the day. German, French, Dutch and Swiss missionaries who are temporarily des- NEW INTEREST IN SOUTH AMERICA titute. T HERE is, apparently, a world- Weare encouraged also by the fact that the greatest spiritual movement toward Latin-America that is increasing more and more rapidly. This is manifest in the realms of commerce and politics, in

OF THE

learning and religion. Here is one of Woman's Board of Missions of the the greatest neglected fields of Chris- Disciples of Christ has also recently tian missions in the world. The great appointed a special commission to masses of the people, while nominally study Latin America, to study the Catholic, are in reality irreligious. spiritual needs of these republics, to Buenos Aires, the third largest city seek and send missionaries to the on the American continent, has only field, and to spread information one church of any kind, Protestant, among people at home. Catholic, or Mohammedan, to every 20,000 people, and only one Protes- A SOUTH AMERICAN LEADERS' tant church to every 120,000. Physi- CONFERENCE cally, it is probably the finest organized city in the world, morally it "ONE of the most significant is most deplorable. gatherings ever held in Latin In Bolivia the Government has America," writes Rev. S. C. Inman, granted financial aid to the two "was recently held in Montevideo, schools for boys and young men con- Uruguay, under the auspices of the ducted by the Methodist Episcopal Young Men's Christian Associations Church, so that the missionaries have of South America. the opportunity of shaping the educational life of that entire republic, "Montevideo, as the capital of the and of profoundly affecting the wel- smallest of South American republics, fare of nearly three millions of escapes the jealousies connected with people. Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, or Santiago, the capitals of the 'A B C' In Chile there is a growing appre- countries, and for this reason is a ciation of the mission schools and of popular convention city, and is the the Protestant efforts to reform the headquarters of the Continental Comvicious and lift up the illiterate. mittee of the Young Men's Chris- Leading school officials unite with the tian Association. It is called the best journalists of the large cities in Athens of the South, and is a literary their approval of the Protestant center.· Protestantism has gained an program. In Argentina and Uruguay excellent name in the community, and as full religious liberty is enjoyed as a number of prominent men of the exists in North America. All this city attend the Protestant services." promises a readier access to classes formerly almost inaccessible. The problems that face the mission work in South America are serious Evidences of the increasing mis- and a number of the secretaries of sionary interest in Latin America the Young Men's Christian Associaon the part of Christians in die tions met in conference concerning United States, are seen also in the them, with bishops of the Episcopal recent appointment of Rev. George and Methodist Church, the President P. Howard, a Methodist missionary of Mackenzie College, agents of the of Montevideo, Uruguay, to the Bible Societies, and well-known minsuperintendency of the work of the isters from eight different denomi- VVorld's Sunday-school Association nations. From beyond South America for South America. The Christian came Mr. E. Sautter, the General Secretary of the World's Committee

from Geneva, Mr. Gilbert Beaver, (illiterate) in Latin America must from New York, and the Rev. S. C. be acquainted with Latin culture and Inman from Mexico. literature, and a knowledge of French, besides the language of the people, I t was the first time that repre- is most desirable. The continued sentatives of the Evangelical forces emphasis of this idea was one of the of Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile, most valuable things of the conferhad met together in conference, and ence. It was well summed up by while the primary object was to dis- one secretary, who said: "When the cuss Association work, it developed Anglo-Saxon comes to see about into a study of the deep problems membership in the association, he faced in Latin America by Protes- asks to see your swimming-pool and tant Mission forces. Commissions your game privileges. When the had been appointed in advance to Latin comes in, he wants to see your investigate the following sUbjects; constitution and by-laws. It is the difference between the practical and 1. The basis of Active Membership the theoretical. in the Young Men's Christian Association. "This difference led to the Im- portance of the question as to 2. The character and form of re- whether the South American Assoligious education in the associations. ciations should apply only the church- membership test, considered by the 3. Publication of literature. Latin as sectarian, or would adopt 4. The kind of preparation needed the personal test, which to the inby workers in Latin America. dividualistic Latin is the only worthy 5. The Sunday question and the one. The decision was unanimous Association's program. that an Association might use either 6. Nork among University stu- of these tests which local conditions dents. seem to require." 7. Basis of formation of the South American Union. The Commission on Publication 8. Program of work for the next declared that: "It is the judgment of five years. the Commission that an International Each commission presented its find- Publishing House would be desirings and the entire discussion was able, and we look forward with keen carried on in Spanish and Portu·· anticipation to the Union Publishing guese. House being projected by the Com- "It seems of tremendous import- mittee on Cooperation for Latin ance," says Mr. Inman, "that all America, of the various Church mission workers, and those at home Boards, to which we pledge our corwho have the direction of the work dial support." in Latin America, realize to the fullest extent the differences between "The program of work for the next the North and South Americans, and five years," concludes :l1r. Inman, "is that the latter look to France and at once an inspiration and a chal- Latin Europe for their leadership in lenge to everyone interested in winliterature, philosophy, and material ning South America for Christ. aspect8 of life. Those who would influence any except the analfabetos

Among the plans are: The opening The Peruvians are also susceptible of new Associations in the four to religious appeals, and when Prot- capitals, Asuncion, Santiago, La Paz, estant misSions are no longer ham- and Lima, and in several commercial pered by priests and prohibitions centers like Rosario, Santos, Bahia, there is good reason to believe that and Para; buildings in all the cities, evangelical Christianity will be wel- where the associations are now in comed.

rented quarters; the naming of a Con- PRAYING AND WORKING IN INDIA tinental Secretary for religious work, one for Student work, one for T HE Commission on Aggressive Physical Education, and two men for Evangelism in India annually the International Review; a training- sets apart one month as a special school for secretaries. To carry out time for evangelistic effort. The these plans twenty new secretaries are work is continued throughout the needed, supported from abroad, and year, but a season of united prayer, forty secretaries should be found and combined evangelistic endeavor, and supported locally." an output of special literature, are particularly emphasized at this time. A larger Conference on Latin America is being planned for all mis- Bishop F. W. Warne of the Methosion workers in the field, to be held dist Episcopal Church, writes that in 1916, and for the purpose of study- this year they decided to pray for ing to win these twenty republics for ten thousand souls. It seemed a Christ. great request, being nearly double the number of any revival month in UNREST VERSUS LIBERTY IN PERU former years. But the pt'ayer was more than answered! And the re- BECAUSE of the disturbed con- markable thing is, that this signai ditions following the recent revo- achievement is not the result of special mass movements. There seems lution in Peru, Congress will prob- to have been a general forward moveably not act on the religious liberty ment. These figures are significant: measure immediately. "In that case," Baptisms, 10,230; meetings held, 20,- writes Mr. H. P. Archerd of Callao, 336; present at these meetings, 421,- "most of the work of last year will go 729; Bible portions sold, 23,101; for naught and we shall need to begin tracts distributed, 269,065; heathen our campaign all over again after the shrines torn down, 45 I; laymen who political readjustment." In any case, gave volunteer, days, I,705; total however, the effort for freedom of number of days given, 2,721. "Said worship will not be abandoned. The I not unto thee that if thou wouldest country is to be flooded with liter- believe thou shouldest see the glory ature on the subject. Laws granting of God?" full religious liberty may be delayed hut not given up. In spite of the A fanaticism in the country, there is a MASS MOVEMENT IN WEST AFRICA strong and progressive element, and N example of the mass movement since the country is constantly coming which is taking place toward into closer contact with North Amer- Christianity in parts of Nigeria is ica modern ideals are gaining ground. referred to by the Rev. J. D. Aitken.

of the Church Missionary Society, enough to support 25 evangelists out who was stationed in the Soba in the surrounding country, and still Country to the north of the For- have considerable to spare for making cados branch of the Niger. In less seats for the native churches which than a year he registered nearly have so far been put up free of cost 2,000 people who had thrown away by the natives.

their idols. In one town there were The church building has been once over 600 of these, and one of the enlarged and is again too small for chiefs ordered the women of his sec- the average Sunday attendance.

tion of the town to join the Chris- T tians, "that they might learn to love A CHINESE BOARD OF MISSIONS their neighbors instead of poisoning HE most encouraging evidence of them," and about 150 of the women vitality in a church or an indi- obeyed. vidual is the systematic effort to win The Niger Delta Church of the other men to Christ. It is a hopeful CM.S. now reports 6,513 baptized sign, therefore, that the native Epis- members and 1,548 communicants, copal Church in China appointed at !,894 Sunday scholars and 1,371 day its last General Synod meeting a scholars; 698 were baptized during committee on Church Extension.

the past year, and there were 3,784 This committee has just published a inquirers at its close. report, recommending that a Board The American Presbyterian Mis- of Missions be established, in order sion at Fulasi, also reports a won- to discharge more effectively the re- derful year. Rev. F. W. Neal writes sponsibility for mission work which that the station of Fulasi has been rests "upon every member of the opened only one year. It is a year Church, and upon the whole Church of the "right hand of the Most in its corporate capacity."

High." The first three months there It is proposed to have a general was an average attendance at church secretary, who shalI be a Chinese service of 636; and the last quarter clergyman, whose duty shall be to an average of 1,399. Total offerings disseminate information and create for the year, $675 gold. Confessions interest in the missionary work by of Christ at Fulasi, 1,307, and among correspondence and personal visita- the evangelists scattered over the field tion. It is also suggested that "the over twice as many more. There next General Synod inaugurate a were 685 advanced into the first year mission in one of the provinces not Catechumen Class, and 89 into the now occupied by the Chung Hua Church. At the January Communion Sheng Kung Hui, and choose a Chi- (1914), not included in the above, nese bishop to lead the mission." It there were 6,704 people counted at would be interesting if the first Chi- Fulasi, and 158 partook of the com- nese bishop were chosen as a "mis- munion; 68 adults and 16 children sionary bishop," thus representing the were baptized. aspiration of the national Church in The native Christians are giving China.

BA B AHATCTIIE HOTEL TRANSFORMED I NTO A RAILROAD Y. M. C. A

The Story of "Babahatchie"

BY J AMES D. BURTON, OAKDALE, 1ENN.

General Se~relary , Railroad Y. lIf. C. A., Oakdale, T enn., and Presiden t M organ County Sunday- School Associa ti on IB]. ABAHATCHIE has history in motion-pictures. Such had an unusual history. views would furnish to the world- The large hotel was some interesting and exciting scenes erected severai years from the life in these Southern High- .' ago in the mountains lands. of Tennessee by the Cincinnati Southern RR, th e only The location of the town is picmunicipal owned railroad In the tu resque. Mountains rise almost Un ited States, and its primary pur- perpendicularly on every side, so -that pose was to serve the employes of the ' trains from north and south this road. enter the village through tunn els. A few yards to the west of the Baba- The "Babahatchie" is no doubt hatchie building flows the Big Emory better known th an Oakdale, the town River, the Indian name of which was in which it is located, for it has given to the hotel and means "babmade more history, some good and bling waters." some evil, than all the oth er instittltions of the town combined. The Trains stop in front of "Babalife of the village of three thousand hatchie," and change crews. The population has centered here, so that narrow mountain gorge in which as goes "Babahatchie" so goes Oakdale lies leaves no room for the Oakdale. town to expand, so that there is little life here except that of the men who Almost every imaginable scene dri ft to "Babahatchie," and there characteristic of this region has been spend their "lay-over" time. enacted in or about the hotel premises and several thousand feet of By conservative estimates over film would be required to portray eight hundred visits are made daily even a portion of its interesting to the building. It is always crowded with men night and day. There is

never an hour when its halls are free road service lost their positions be- of men. They are gathered here cause of the evil habits formed under from all sections, and represent all these influences, and when they were classes. It is like Mark Twain's New unfit for duty because of dissipation England weather, "You can discover they' had to be disciplined by the about one hundred and twenty di'f- railroad company. In a good many ferent kinds of men here every cases, this took away the only sup- twenty minutes." port from a family of innocent ones.

"Babahatchie's" early history was Finally conditions became so bad anything but commendable. "For at that it became imperative to take the windows of my house I looked steps to save the men to a better through my casement," as Solomon life, and to render them more efficient would say, "and beheld young men in the hazardous work in which they void of understanding." On the were engaged.

mountain sides were open saloons, One day, about nine years ago, the and up to these places were well- former General Manager Garrett of beaten paths. Men were traveling the Cincinnati Southern was making morally in the wrong direction. Idle a trip over the road in a private car men would 'd'i4tt into town about the with the late President Spencer of time of railroad pay day, and enter the great Southern system and the into gambling games to fleece the conditions at "Babahatchie" were boys out of their money. Many a brought to the attention of the presi- young man, with a blush of shame, dent of the road.

would write to his mother or wi fe As a result an order was given to after drawing his pay, and would place "Babahatchie" under the direc- send some false excuse: "laid off," tion of the Railroad Department of "sick," "dull business," about his the Y.M.C.A. From this date for- inability to send any money home in ward (1905) "Babahatchie" was support of the family. converted and entered upon a new In the lobby and at the lunch career.

counter of "Babahatchie" were mid- A "new name" was given to the night carousals that were degrading place. A board was nailed over the and deadly. Especially just after main entrance, on which was printed "pay day," the men were often under in large gilt letters: "Railroad Depart- the influence of strong drink, and ment Y.M.CA." At the same time were quarrelsome, and hard to please. the person'nel of the management was There was no police protection, so also changed. Many did not grasp that the men did pretty much as the full meaning of the change at the they pleased. Arrests were seldom time; pessimistic people said that it made, altho pistols were frequently was useless to try to carryon re- displayed when men got into quarrels. ligious work in this place, and others These days have been compared with were ready to ridicule the idea.

the "wild west," and the traveling But house-cleaning was begun; the public, so far as possible, avoided building was renovated, the restaurant stopping here. service improved, and a home-like In those days many men in rail- appearance given to the building.

STORY OF "BABAHATCHlE"

Good books, magazines and daily and lobby have changed. Law and papers were placed on file in the new order now prevail. Visitors now reading-room. wonder how so many men can be assembled under one roof, and at the A new social atmosphere was also same time be so quiet and orderly as created; men were cultivated in a they are at "Babahatchie." personal way and gradually they have responded to the new environment. In the restaurant five to six hun- Later, Gospel meetings with singing dred meals and luncheons are served were provided. The work was car- to the men every twenty-four hours. ried on quietly, and without demon- and this department is the second TFrE V.M.C.A. SWIMMING-POOL IN THE BIG EMORY RIVER stration, but the results became mani- largest in North America. Several fest. The men became more quiet, hundred paper bags are used every and sober-minded, and learned to ap- day in putting up lunches for the men preciate the principles for which the who go out upon the road, and each Y.M.C.A. stands. Scoffers became one has printed on it a Gospel mesconvinced of the value of the work. sage. Vhile a conductor, engineer, The organization to-day has the co- fireman, or brakeman eats his meal operation of the best class of rail- on the road this Gospel message is road men in its efforts to conduct before his eyes, so that men read it "Babahatchie" on a high moral and who probably would not be interested religious plane. in a religious tract. Twelve thousand of these bags are used about every The scenes about the lunch counter

A CUSTOMARY SCENE ON THE PORCH OF THE ASSOCIATION BUILDING ninety days. Who can calculate the for many years of the successful influence of these silent little mes- operation of a great business-a corsengers to the men of the rail! poration and its employes taking a friendly hand in hand." Sleeping accommodations are provided for hundreds of railroad men, Many of the railroad employes and now at a low price they find testified to the great change that has good clean beds that are in great taken place at "Babahatchie." An contrast to the old days of "Baba- engineer said, "Long ago every hatchie." imaginable vice was carried on here. To-day, look at our Sunday-schools, In addition to the provisions made churches, and the Y.M.C.A. The for the physical comfort of the men Association has been instrumental' in there are other features worth while bringing about these improved conin the way ·of Bible classes, Gospel ditions." meetings, lectures, motion-pictures, and practical talks on life questions. A conductor remarked : "We see the good that the Y.M.C.1. has done At a recent banquet, held in the among us. A few years ago we had dining room of "Babahatchie," the no decent place to rest our weary room was beautifully decorated, and frames when in Oakdale. Now, all over one hundred guests gathered at is changed. We find nice, clean beds, the tables. Instead of revelry, rail- and good, wholesome food prepared road officials and employes sat side for us, and I want to thank those by side and the spirit of fellowship connected with it for the kindness prevailed. Rev. George R. Stuart, a they have shown to the railroad men. lecturer and evangelist, delivered one A number of us here to-night reof his famous lectures, and said in member the time of the reign of the his preliminary remarks, "I witness eighty cent quilt. It allowed all the here to-night what has been my ideal

STORY OF "BABAHATCHIE" 8r r

packing to slip down to either end , denomination in Oakdale, and a small, and just left for us the top and one room frame building served for the bottom for covering." all the religious interest of the town. A widow was trying to conduct a A two weeks revival service was little Sunday-school with about thirty held last September under a tent on scholars and little attention was being the lawn of "Babahatchie." There paid to church matters. There was were sixty-eight professions of faith preaching only when a minister could in Christ and thirty-four united with visit the town. The Y.M.CA. secrethe Oakdale churches at the close of taries began attending the little Sunthe meetings. A boy who was . con- day-school, and succeeded in stirring verted immediately began personal up interest in church work. This has work by pleading with his father , continued to grow and prosper until who not long after accepted Jesus to-day there are two resident minis- Christ as his personal Savior. He ters on the field, two large Sundayhad been a very wicked man, and the schools, with about three hundred boy had just returned from the west scholars enrolled, two young people's by beating his wayan a freight-train societies, and two church buildings. to Oakdale. All members of this More residents are now taking refamily were finally united in their sponsibility in the work of the Kinghome, and in Christ. dom.

A large community work has also Morgan County, ill which "Bababeen done outside the building. hatchie" is located, has become a When the Railroad Y.M.C.A. took Gold Star county in the Tennessee charge of "Babahatchie" in 1905, State ~unday-sch ool Association . there was no resident minister of any THE LAWN USED FOR MOVING PICT URES AND OUTDOOR ENTERTAINMENTS

This means a report, an offering, and extension work with its publications, a delegate to the convention, from and in other ways. It would be a every Sunday-school in the county. good investment for any individual or This is the third county in the State church to assume the support of a to reach this standard, and the work consecrated man to do work along has been directed largely by the in- the lines indicated. fluences of "Babahatchie." Truly, "Babahatchie" has been Through this extension work a transformed, and is letting her light conductor, who stops at "Baba· shine before the world, so that the hatchie," saw a vision of Christian good work is evident for miles service, and has driven and walked around. There are no more beaten for miles around in the mountains paths to open saloons. The vices in the interest of the Sunday-schools. common to Oakdale in its early his- He has helped to organize schools in tory have been reduced to a minineedy places, and has encouraged mum. People are realizing that some struggling schools to continue their good can come out of this railroad work. terminal. The men are saving more of their salaries, are making happier An extension worker could be used homes, and are rendering better serto advantage in this region along the vice to the corporation that hires lines pursued by the missionary work them. It is a wonderful transforof the American Sunday-school mation. A newspaper of this section Union. The national and inter- has this to say in an editorial: "The denominational character of the work .thus accomplished for our Society's operations make it well mountain people will live on after the adapted to the outlying districts of present personnel shall have passed the mountains. The Union has al- to their heavenly reward." ready rendered valuable service in the AT THE DAY AND NIGHT LUNCH COUNTER

America's L,ast Frontier: Its Situ-

ation and Its Appeal BY REV. C. A. WOODDY, D.D., PORTLAND, OREGON General Superintendent for the American Baptist Home Mission Society on the Pacific Slope, For thirty years in pastoral and mis..')ionary work in Oregon.

NATIVE American Park, Crater Lake, Colorado Canyon, never comes upon the and scores of other features of word "frontier" with- beauty and grandeur. out conscious pride. It hardly can escape The first European settlement was being true that his for- effected in 1769 by the Franciscan bears were frontiersmen here or Fathers at San Diego. American there. History and the heroic in settlement dates from the occupancy America are almost wholly asso- of Astoria by the American Fur Comciated with the stories and struggles pany in r8lO. The story of Angloof its frontiersmen. The Atlantic, Saxon occupancy may be dated from the Allegheny, the Missouri, the the arrival in r834 of missionaries to Western Slope of the continent, the Indians in the Oregon Country. locate American frontiers and the The first twenty-five years is the story scenes of American heroism and of the trapper, the next ten years the American heroic achievement. The story of missionary work in behalf story of the last of these frontiers IS of the Indians. Immigration began the story of the Pacific Slope. as early as 1842, and from 1842 to the present hour history is the story Some Features of the West of the immigrant, the pioneer, and the subjugation of America's last The "Pacific Slope" describes that geographical frontier. portion of the United States lying west of the crest of the Rockies, The early movements of immigraand in general contains eight states, tion to the two sections of this comprising 863,140 of the 3,6r6,484 region, were produced by widely square miles-that is to say, a little different causes. The Oregon less than one-fourth of the entire area Country was occupied by home seekof continental United States. His- ers, who came to acquire land and torically it includes two great sec- effect permanent residence. The tions: one sometimes called the Old California Country received its pri- Oregon Country, and the other made mary and large immigration inreup of the Mexican cession of r848, sponse to the appeal of the gold and about half of Gadsden's pur- mine. These early influences made chase of r853. The region is there- profound and permanent contribufore rich in historical incidents. The tion to character, attitude, and type scenery is the finest in- the United of life. States, embracing the great mountain peaks, the Yosemite, Yellowstone The growth of this region in popu- lation will illustrate its amazing general development in every line.

While the United States has In- (b) The in creasi ng ability to discreased in population at the rate of cover and use natural resources proabout 25 per cent. a decade for the ceeds by leaps and bounds. No other last seventy years, the Pacific Slope equal area in the United States for the last forty years has made an possesses such vast water power as average increase of 55 per cent. per the Pacific Slope. In many of the decade. If this region should main- rivers, the entire discharge of water tain its own rate of growth until the can be converted into electrical end of its second century of history energy, at scores of places in its -that is to say in the year 2oro-it course, without diminishing the volwould report a population of 200,- ume of water. The entire volume of 000,000. If it should average for the Snake River, for example, can the next nine decades the increase of be used probably a hundred times, population maintained by the United without interfering with any of the other uses of its water flow. FIRST PROTESTANT HOUSE OF WORS HIP IN CALI FORNIA (c) The amazing fertili ty of the Dedicated in August, 1849. T he lot cost $10,000 soil throughollt this whole region is and the h ouse $6,000. It was bllilt 01 s ha kes and con stantly confounding the wisdom sai l cloth whe n go ld was wo rth on ly about it s and experience of those who have profited therefrom. To these add we igh t in flou r. that other factor of an equable cli- mate, and th ere are seen the great States for the past seven decades, it sil ent, persistent forces, both of will have a population of 4 5 ,500,000. Nature and civilization, which wili Without attempting any prophecy, determine not alone the population of these possibilities warrant us in be- this great region, but in a large way lieving that by the time Astoria th e temper of its people, their virility, celebrates its second centenn ial, we and their exuberance. shaH have on the Western side of the Rockies full y one half as great The Planting of Religion a population as is now in the territory of the U nited States. A num- The establishing of religion in the ber of forces are working together expanding life of the American to promote, if not to intensify this people has had its story of frontiers increase of population. Some of no less striking and no less filled them are these: with heroic figures than those more material and visible. "Without this (a) Increasing facility of travel is mi ssionary work and spirit," said rendering the population of the vari- President Roosevelt, "the conquest ous countries more fluid, and there is of this continent would have had a consequent increasing tendency to- little but an animal side. Without it ward an equality in density. the pioneers' fierce and rude virtues and somber thoughts would have been left unlit by the flame of pure and living aspiration. Without it the life of this country would have been a life of inconceivably hard amI electronic file created by cafis .org

AMERICA'S LAST FRONTIER 8I5

barren materialism. Because of it, Indians; Congregationalists in 1836, deep beneath and through the na- for the same reason; Baptists m tional character, there runs that power of firm adherence to a lofty RtLAn<'C £JtHI8f7'$ ()F'THE (;HvIfr:n M£MtlCI/SHIP ,oW" NON MENB£R5HIP NrD Ir~ ideal upon which the safety of the ~TRllJI/T1?NIJYTI1£ -,rAn::.s JI/lMf;(J ~~OF71¥TUT.ll!. I'tI"KRTDr/M'Yllt..So ~£N nation will ultimately depend." __ M~=~"""":"":-",~s~"n-"- Taral Mernber5 The Pacific Slope region, perhaps _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ §~~~. even more than some of the older A_V_o_M~.r frontiers, early had the devoted lives and heroic service of pioneer mis- Non -memt>e.,-.5 sionaries. Indeed, here the missionanes came before the people, for 1844; Presbyterians in 1846; Episthey came under missionary im- copalians in 1851. pulses to bring the Gospel and its social and civilizing message to The actual denominational strength the Indians. Some of them, there- in this region for the current year is fore, were at hand, and immediately not available, but a fair estimate began their services among the first from the most recent official figures scattered settlements in the Oregon would show the Protestant strength Country. Missionary societies be- to be about as shown in tables below. came active, and missionaries were sent directly for work among those It is fair, therefore, to estimate whom they· tenderly regarded as that there are about 2,000,000 mem- "our people who have gone to that bers of Protestant churches in this far-off Vestern frontier." This was region, and it seems to me the numtrue in the Northwest. It was like- ber of ministers may be put down wise true in California. Mission- at about 9,000. aries were under appointment to San Francisco, before the discovery of gold had been announced in New England, and reached San Francisco in the early days of r849. To describe the matter denominationally, missionaries came into this frontier region about as follows: Methodists in 1834, primarily for work among S.-S.( Churches Ministers Members Property Members Methodists …………….. 1,450 1,500 150,000 $11,400,000 210,000 Presbyterians …………. . 1,000 750 90,000 … , …. Congregationalists . . . . . . .. .. 60,000 $5,000,000 ..1.0.0.,.0.0.0 …. . ……………… …… 600 …….. 75,000 5,600,000 Baptists .' ,- 800 80,000 Episcopa lians 430 1,350 …… .. … , …. .. 380 . …….

Less H,opeful Features will be one of our cities already I have purposely mentioned these founded. Our city problem, there- hopeful elements of the situation that fore, lies with the cities of the pres- they may be in mind while other ent, some of which are to be among facts are considered. There was a the great cities of the continent.

time when frontier lines in America During the twenty years ending in somewhat coincided with our parallels 1910 our ten chief cities showed net of longitude. That time is passing. gains of 167 per cent. City areas in Professor Paxson, of Michigan, has the same time increased probably declared, "The frontier left the map more than 400 per cent. The period in the latter years of the nineteenth since 1890 practically includes the century." The lines bounding the history of electric car transportation, frontiers of the twentieth century will and therefore the immense increase correspond more nearly to isotherms. of suburban areas in all American The present American frontier is cities. When this movement began, becoming a frontier within the fron- almost every congregation in these tier, and consists of types of destitu- Western cities was still occupying its tion and need. Notwithstanding all first meeting-house. These churches that I have said, it is true that there have faced not only the demand to are more people on the Pacific Slope meet this expanding urban territory, unreached by the gospel, and more but also have been heavily burdened actual religious destitution than at to provide adequate houses of wor- any time since the arrival of the first ship. Consequently the suburbs have missionaries, seventy-five years ago. outgrown the local ability to take To a description of these other ele- care of them. No denomination has ments of the situation, I must now been able to give adequate attention address myself. to this most promising opportunity Roman Catholic and Non-membership existing at the very doors of their Facts largest centers and of their strongest and' most zealous churches.

PERCENTAGES OF CHURCH ADHERENTS The following statement from one of the most aggressive and evan- Prot. R. C. Unchurched gelistic pastors of San Francisco not only discloses a fact of that city but Montana …. 8 23.8 68.2 is in part typical of much of our Arizona …. 6.3 20.7 73 city situations: California … 14.3 21.5 64.2 "The painful and deplorable factor in this entire report covering six Nevada ….. 7.6 23.6 68.8 Utah (88% Mormon?) 45.4 Washington ………………. 68.8 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.7 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 United States as a whole …… 60.9 These figures tell a story, and carry years is the ceaseless and wholesale a most serious appeal. movement of my members from the The Situation in Cities city, and often from the oversight and knowledge of the church. The The Pacific Slope region has now total number of additions since the sufficiently developed its trend of fire in 1906 is 467. The total num- population so that its future centers ber of losses during the period is are known. The future metropolis 476. The figures reflect in a slight

AMERICA'S LAST

degree the peculiar difficulty which the school districts of Oregon had attaches to church work in San been tabulated, and that in this tabu- Francisco. The population is un- lation 617 out of 1,145 report that stable, and its flow is constant to an there is no church or Sunday-school extent quite extraordinary. Nor is within their limits. My knowledge there any promise of improvement, of the state, therefore, leads me to for the new San Francisco is becom- believe that fully one-half the school ing more and more a market place, districts within the state are without a commercial center, and pleasure any religious privileges within their ground; a city of hotels and flats and limits. In Northern California the apartments for housing transients. report covers 984 school districts, and The home builders are moving out in of those reporting, 31.5 per cent. a steady stream down the peninsula report the existence of churches, and or across the bay, where land is 32.3 per cent. the existence of Suncheaper, taxes lower, moral conditions day-schools within their limits, but better, and surroundings more con- of the whole number it is estimated ducive to home life. The dire fore- that fully 64 per cent. have no reboding of Dr. Charles Jefferson, of ligious activities within their limits at Broadway Tabernacle of New York, all. In the state of Washington. concerning that city, may become from which the last report has applicable to San Francisco within reached me, the report shows that 53 the next half century. This gateway per cent. of the school districts of the to the Orient may take on the char- state have no religious activity within acter of a foreign mission field. their limits of any kind. From present outlook it would appear that the downtown churches of San COMPARATIVE TABLE OF CHURCH MEMBER- Francisco within another generation will be unable to maintain their SHIP IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, WASHexistence without large endowment funds or their equivalent in mission- 1NGToN' 'AND THE UNITED STATES AS A ary appropriations. That day may be averted by large help for main- WHOLE. Cal. Wash. U.S. taining or to be used in maintaining a considerable staff of workers at the N on-church- 68.7% 60.9% present time." members ……. 62.9% 12.2 14.3 18.6 24.1 Surveys by Home Missions Council Roman Catholic … 21.5 Protestant …….. 14.3 0.5 .7 Under the general direction of the All others…. . . . . .. 1.3 Home Missions Council, a careful survey was made during 1912 of all the CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS IN NORTHERN states of the Pacific Slope, with some others. The unit of investigation was CALIFORNIA AND WASHINGTON. the organized school district. Uniform questions were used, and the N. Cal. Wash. returns are now becoming available. Methodist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 % 21.3% These reports show that about half Presbyterian …………. IL2 8.2 Protestant Episcopal…. . .. 7.7 4.0 Baptist ………………. 7.5 7.1 Congregational ……….. 7.4 6.9 Disciples ….. 5.6 6.1 Lutheran ………. 4.2 11.5 Adventist … 3.7 3.9 Other Ev. Prot. Bodies. . .. 5.7 1.1 Roman Catholic ………. 11.9 1.0 Other Organizations …… 11.0 3.9 Summary-North California Protestant ………………….. 77.10/0 Catholic …………………….. 11.9 All Other ………………….. 11.0 Summary-Washington Protestant ………………….. 85.7%.

Catholic ……………………. 9.7 All Other …………………… 4.6

Tabulations from the results of this short time. We have much to be thank- Home Mission Survey are sufficient ful for." Population 350. to alarm us by the fact that from 50 per cent. to 60 per cent. of the school "We have no use for your church or districts organized within this great parasite priests and preachers, or for any region of country have within their of your so-called Christian fads. We are limits no organized Church or Sun- trying to follow in the steps of the Naza- day-school through which to reach rene, by following out his gospel of the with the Gospel message the thou- brotherhood of man. To hell with your sands of children actually enrolled in questions. You mind your business, and these district schools. Probably more we'll mind ours." than twice as many adults also reside in these same fields, and this fact "The moral and religious standards are multiplies the alarming situation as extremely low. There are no churches, to religious destitution in the whole Sunday-schools, lodges, or improvement of this great 'Vestern region. clubs. Drunken men are often seen on the streets." Population 400. 'Within another year the results of this study will be available in printed "We don't have any church or Sunform, and a systematic and intelligent day-school at all now. We did try to program may then be formed for have a union Sunday-school, but the peoreaching this destitution in some ade- ple did not seem to care for it, so it stopt. quate way. It is a great task, and Population 350. will require not alone sacrificial surrender of money and time by the Literally hundreds of such reports churches already established in this were received in this study. region, but will also call for much cooperative contribution from the Types of Destitution general missionary organizations of the denominations represented. There are other types of destitu- tion which are widespread among A few quotations from replies to the permanent population. In the the questions sent out make the re- Pacific Slope region as a whole, are ligious need somewhat more vivid. multitudes of communities where pur- suits are carried forward that do "There are no churches in this district not invite the formation of permaand no church-members. Not one, save nent settlements. For the most part, the clerk, and he is a poor one." Popula- these may be grouped under such tion 76. heads as logging camps, mill towns, mining centers, and construction "There is not a church-member in the camps. The best statistics thus far district." Population 38. gathered show that in the five states of Washington, Oregon, California, "I know nine school districts near here Idaho, and lVfontana, there are 3,03 I that have no religious service nor Sunday- establishments engaged in lumbering school. Some of them never had a Sun- industries, and 2,085 corporations day-school. Many children are growing occupied with mining activities, o~ a up who do not know what church is. total of 5,116 of stich groups of men. Children of twelve and fifteen years have To these must, of course, be added never been in a Sunday-school." the smelting centers. The permanent number of such camps and groups, "We have no churches, no saloons, and therefore, is somewhere above 5,000 110 brothels. One follows the other in a for these five states, and, if to these be added similar groups in Utah,

Nevada, and Arizona, the number people than any other section of the will be brought above 6,000. No United States. This may be the case, figures are available as to the actual for it has not yet felt the direct tides number of men employed in these of immigrants such as have inundated industries for this entire group of the Atlantic States. What the result states. Figures gathered concerning may be when immigration begins to some of the states by the State move directly from Europe through Labor Commissioners warrant me in the Panama Canal to the Pacific estimating that there are 400,000 Coast, is, as yet, largely a matter of people in these communities. Not opinion or conj ecture. AU students more than two of our cities have so of the matter are agreed, however, large a population. Relatively speak- that there will be direct immigration, ing, this is the most needy and least- and that the number of foreigncared-for set of groups in this region, speaking peoples received as immiand constitutes an important, if not grants into this region will be very pathetic appeal. There are, perhaps, much increased over the movement fifty places of considerable import- of any year hitherto. But the present ance, which are becoming somewhat situation is more disquieting than is permanent settlements as smelter generally believed. During the last towns, where the population is num- decade in all of these states the bered by thousands, and, to a large average increase of the entire popuextent is made up of men. lation was about 7I per cent., 'but the percentage of growth of the There are certain features common foreign born or of foreign parentage to this whole group of communities, was 75 per cent., indicating that even such as: at the present time with all the handi- caps of transcontinental travel, our Instability of population. foreign population is increasing more High percentage of men. rapidly than the native born. The Owners or determining directorship of census reports also show that about the industries non-resident. 5I per cent. of the present popula- Abnormal weakness of all forms of or- tion is composed of foreign born ganized aggressive Christian work. and the children of foreign-born Large prominence of civilization's great- parents. It is evident, therefore, that est vices, namely, gambling, intemperance, this frontier feature will become more and prostitution. and more marked, and will demand increasing attention from religions For this whole class of communi- workers. Active work is already ties, no adequate plan has yet been being prosecuted by all the leading framed, and no concerted attack by denominations among these new the denominations represented in the Americans, and all the leading races Home Missions Council has appar- represented are having some attenently yet been conceived, still less tion. I f the whole problem can be made effective. Soine good work unitedly approached in this region, in being done discloses the inherent a fraternal and cooperative way by possibilities. the denominations already interested.

Our Foreign Brother It has been generally supposed that the Pacific Slope region is more largely composed of American-born

there is still the possibility that we received 43,824 members by letter. may prevent the coming of that sense that it had dismissed by letter 30,238; of inability over the churches, which and had lost by death and erasure seems to prevail in some sections of of the names of those whose resiour land. dence had become unknown, 15,265 other members. It will be seen that A Depressing Incident during this period this denomination had had a net loss in these ways of It will have been gathered from 1,679 members. Whatever net growth what has preceded, that the percent- had come to it during that period, age of our total popUlation gathered had been achieved through converts into Protestant churches is very con- brought in through confession and siderably smaller in these states than baptism. For some years to come, in the United States as a whole, and, this general feature must characterize therefore, relatively very much less current church history. than prevails in the older portions of the United States. It will also have Concluding Reflections been observed that the density of population in this whole region is not This region has been a mission only less than the United States as field from the first, and in a general a whole, but relatively very much way is still the largest mission field less than the density of the popula- of organized denominational work in tion East of the Mississippi River. America. I will not spend time to The missionary meaning of these two urge that it should continue to be facts is that the churches of this recognized as a mission-field. Both region are smaller in their average the presence and expenditure of namembership, are more widely re- tional missionary organizations in all moved from each other, and are more its parts declare this to be their conloosely and indefinitely related to each viction. N or need any time be taken other in common tasks, than in to argue the great and the increasing similar areas eastward. The relation importance of this Western quarter of this to the question of supervision of our nation. All that may be taken and administration and of efficient for granted, in view of what has alcooperation is at once evident. Not ready been said, and of much more only are churches removed from each that space forbids being said. If all other in general, but those of any that should be done, is to be done, particular denomination are even consideration should be given to the more widely scattered. following matters.

This leads to a curious and de- (a) The situation is urgent.· What pressing fact. It is often felt that is to be done ought to be done as churches in this region have made speedily as possible. Economy detheir gains largely by letters or mands great haste. The enormous transfer of membership from in- speed of material, educational, and coming additions to our popUlation. social development, demands that A study of one denomination made equal pace be kept in religious and two years ago revealed the fact that missionary undertakings. The rapid in the preceding ten years it had enlargement and possible potency in

AMERICA'S LAST FRONTIER

the relations of this. region to an their Local forces in this region, to increasing immigration, and to the secure and support leadership of this rapidly crystallizing formation of a type.

new civilization in lands beyond the (e) Missionary funds must con- sea, with which the Pacific Slope is tinue to be invested. Greater mobil- our nation's point of contact, call for ity in the sums to be invested is a increase of speed in prosecuting the necessary and prominent change missionary conquest on this Western· which needs to be appreciated more slope. Its impact abroad should be by national missionary organizations.

increasingly Christian. A single illustration will make the (b) The situation calls for still meaning clear. An irrigation dis- further minute investigation and trict opened by the government some– analysis. The work done by the times comprises a half-dozen town- Home Missions Council has disclosed sites, and land for three thousand the existence of unsuspected situa- homes. All this may be sold by tions and needs, but the full story auction within a fortnight, and a can be brought to light only by flood of population at once inundates further and more careful study. It that district. Money and workers is probable that the responsibility for to meet this situation should be suffi- this can be put and ought to be put ciently mobile to enable mISSIOn upon the organized work of national boards to rise to the occasion and denominations within each state. But deal with the situation adequately the matter will be more uniformly and immediately. Similar situations done, and more likely to be done, if at times develop in suburban addi- a representative of the Home Mis- tions to some of our largest cities.

sions Council could be kept in the The last word to be said about field for a time, to stimulate and this region, and about previous and direct this investigation. It is a case future investment of men and money, in which zeal, without knowledge, is is both historical and prophetic. It wasteful. has been justified and will 111- (c) Many of the tasks involved in creasingly be justified. The vigorous supplying religious instruction ought type of denominational and Christian to be cared for through federated life and efficiency existing here is effort. Many fields are such as to worth more than it has cost. From make local church organization im- this field the annual outgo of con- practicable, or at any rate slow and tributions in Christian lives and offer- greedy in absorbing missionary funds, ings for world evangelism already if undertaken. Here the gentle pres- represents even usurious rates of sure and brotherly suggestion of the interest on the missionary invest- various national boards might be ment. Ere long, the entire principal exerted to great profit, and with large will have been repaid, yet the income success. will persist and wiII continue to in- (d) Local leadership of great per- crease. The Pacific Slope is not only sonality and prophetic insight is of to be a garden of the Lord, but as tremendous importance, and national well a land of springs, whose flood boards might well cooperate with .shall fructify the whole world.

Awakenings at

and Abroad* BY REV. M. T. MORRILL, DAYTON, OHIO Secretary of the J'Iission Board of the Christian Church PIRITUAL awakenings tribes and peoples. It is easy to ISI may be thought of in trace the effects of the German Pie- different days. There tists through the Lutheran Church and the Moravian Church, and to see are the widespread re- how the impulse of a deepened spiri- . vivals in spiritual things such as char- tual life became responsible for mis- acterized the great revival of 1857- sions in other lands. Through the 58; or they may be more local. Moravians the awakening was com- There are the ordinary awakenings municated to England in the Wes- of the evangelistic campaigns and leyan revival, and this affected Amer- those that manifest themselves in ica in the preaching of Whitefield and such movements as that of the. Stu- others who had come under the dent Volunteers. Some spiritual Wesleyan influence. We can directly awakenings are characterized by in- trace to old England the awakening gatherings of new converts into the in New England, which grew out of church, and others by the quickened the fervid appeals of Jonathan Ed- zeal among nominal church members. wards, and from both countries its I f the awakenings are really spiritual effects to oriental lands through the effects are far-reaching and often missions and missionaries.

touching two or more continents. It would be possible to trace re- The progress of the Christian con- sults of the great awakening of r857- quest has ever been from land to 58 from America to other lands, but land. Christianity has necessarily the great Moody revivals in America first taken root in one land, and and England inter-acted on other gained sufficient spiritual vigor to lands and the Welsh revival of I904 propagate itself before it has spreall reached to India, thence spread to to another land. The same revivals Korea, and thence to China.

have frequently affected two or more In the more local awakenings, we lands, and in some cases the impulse are struck by the synchronous prayer- that caused an awakening was re-' meetings in Mt. Holyoke Seminary ceived from two or more lands. and the conversion of students in Centuries ago certain Christian Fidelia Fiske's school in Persia; and centers in France, Scotland, Ireland with the fact that when God's spirit and England were the centers also of aroused the students in Doshisha missionary activity, whence men were University in Japan many prayer- sent out to heathen and pagan lands meetings for that institution were on evangelical errands and converted being held in America. These are *From a paper prepared for the Conference of Foreign },.lission Boards at Garden City, N. Y.: January, 1912. but a few of many such facts that in foreign mission fields have at times might be mentioned. The Student operated to arouse churches. Wher- Volunteer Movement has signalized ever there is a deeply spiritual and spiritual awakening among students, venturesome Christianity planted in and is one of the most remarkable mission fields, we may logically expect general movements for enlarging the it to concern itself with the lethargic Kingdom of God that we have seen base of missions at home. . . . in America. The Evangelical Lutheran Church There is undoubtedly a definite still feels the missionary spirit that relationship between the spiritual was infused into it by the Pietists. a wakenings at home and abroad; The Board of Foreign Missions says spirit-filled men here may go abroad that not only the noteworthy work of and produce awakenings there; re- the Missouri Synod in South Amer- vival here may create revival there; ica, but other parts of the Lutheran prayer here produces effects there. missionary work would yield inspira- In other words, sufficient spiritual tion and give light on the question. energy may be generated at home to There are inspiring chapters in the send forth men and women who shall recent history of the United Presby- be used in quickening or awakening terian Church mISSIOn in India. interest abroad. The agency is quite Since 1895-96 there has been a re- visible, even tho the power be un- vival spirit, more or less intense, seen. Or such deep interest may prevalent up to the present time. grow here as will produce a multi- The movetnent in India has deeply tude of intercessors whose prayers affected the church in America, will be honored of God in bringing emphasizing the highest standards to pass the desired end there. of holiness and separation and the mmlstry of intercession. Certain Our missionarias believe that conferences of the United Presby- prayer at the home base is absolutelv terian missions in India and Egypt essential for success and real progre;s have also made a profound impres- in mission lands, and hence in mis- sion on the home church. .'. . sionaries' letters and addresses we have the never-ceasing importunities Evidently the history of many for prayers. foreign missions could be made to yield greater inspiration and richer It is freely asserted-that prayer is lessons than have already been ob- more powerful and efficacious than tained from that source. While the all other agencies; the invisible is church needs first of all to learn to more powerful than the visible. send the gospel everywhere because Experiences of individuals and groups the Lord wills it, yet it has a right in changing things by prayer have led to all the help it can get from the to the assumption that mass move- past or present triumphs of the ments in prayer for missions would Gospel. . generate such power that Christianity would gain remarkable triumphs in But a small part of the church has comparatively barren and refractory any definite idea of the inter-relation fields. between the spiritual conditions of the church at home and the church On the other hand the awakenings

in the foreign mission fields. It is an awakening? Can we infer from said that the level of the water in the facts obtainable that the missions the lakes of central New York rises might have been spiritually refreshed and falls with the rise and fall in the and enlarged if the church at home great lakes, and some authorities pre- had been spiritual enough and prayerdicate subterranean passages connect- ful enough? Then the remissness ing the bodies of water. Is it true should be laid heavily and persistently that there is a similar spiritual equi- on the church. It can scarcely be librium between our home churches denied that some missions and some and our foreign missions? sections of the native church need evangelistic zeal and actual revival It is safe to assert also that for thc experiences of the most thorough and most part the church does 11'0t yet continuous character. If the failure appreciate its definite prayer-respon- of the church at home is to blame sibility for its messengers to non- for the need abroad, then that fact Christian lands. If intercession is must be pointed out and demonreally the power we claim it to be, strated, and the church at home called then our greatest task lies before us repeatedly to a deeper cons::'cration in the home church. If out of the and a life of intercession. records of our foreign mission work we can show the vital connection The records of missionary enterbetween the work at home and prises illustrate conclusively that as abroad, and show how the success we really live or die at home, so do abroad depends on the spiritual con- they really live or die abroad; that dition at home <J,nd the volume of in- the most real element of life, which tercession at home, perhaps we can is deep spirituality, can only be had more easily quicken the church to its at home by sharing it abroad, and duty and privilege. this power will be experienced abroad as soon as we actually experience it What if many of our foreign mis- at home. sions never have seen anything like "Laborers Together With God"

By Lord p'1unkett, D.D. (Late Archbishop of Dublin) "Christ's will to learn-Christ's word to "Christ's will to learn-Christ's word to teach"- teach"- For childhood's holy cause to fight. o Lord, may this our watchword be! This be our task-not idle speech- What nobler destiny for each, Nat vain delay-fast comes the night! Than thus to live and work for Thee?

"Christ's will to learn-Christ's word to "Christ's will to learn-Christ's word to teach"- teach"- His Cross in view, His .Word in hand, To strive–nor lay our armor down! Up, fellow soldiers, mount the breach, Be this our warfare till we reach Be true to Church and Fatherland! The victor's goal, and win the crown!

EVIDENCE OF THE BENEFIC IAL EFFECTS OF CHRISTIAN

The Prospects of Christianity In China A CHINESE VIEW OF THE SITUATION BY DR. Y. Y. TSU, ST. JOHN'S UNIVERSITY, SHANGHAI INCE the Revolution o. f. nations directly and indirectly affect one another. Especially is this true mS 1911, the eyes of the in our time of modern transportation world have more than facilities. In the same way Christian ever focused their at- people of the West want to know tention upon our nation what is to be the religious future of and our affairs. The our nation, because whether we be- come Christian or remain as we have fact that any changes that take place been is a matter of momentous im- port not only to ourselves but also in China, whether in politics, in edu- to the rest of the world. It is the· writer's intention in this essay to cation, in customs, or in religion, present some facts and conditions concerning Christianity in China. affect the welfare and lives of four which according to his' judgment will supply correct and interesting data hundred millions of people, or on.;;. from which the reader can draw his fourth of the world's population, endows these changes with special human interest. People in western countries want to know what is to be the future of the Chinese nation be- c~use they understand the fact that

conclusion as to the progress and fusion, but we may confidently expect prospects of the Christian religion in that out of the dissolution a new our country. order of things will evolve.

Liberation of Thought and Religion By the provisional constitution of the Nanking Republican government Three years ago a great upheaval religious freedom has become a con- took place in this land which brought stitutional right of the people of the Manchu Court to capitulate its China. It has not only become a own abdication and to accept the offer state policy to preserve this right but of a state pension, and which secured also a living principle in the popular the emancipation of the Chinese mind. And so when a party of Con- people and gave them the right of fucianists attempt to influence the popular government. It is natural to government to raise Confucianism to call it a political event but to evaluate the status of state religion by the in- its importance by its political signifi- clusion of a clause to that effect in cance alone is to overlook its vast the new constitution instantly there intellectual influence which, like a arises opposition from all parts of the seismotic disturbance, has left deep country against the measure. Fol- traces and marks upon every side of lowers of both the Christian religion national life. In fact, it is not in- and the non-Christian religions, men correct to say that the greatest bless- of broad sympathies and intelligence, ing which the Revolution has con- Confucian, Christian, Buddhist, and ferred upon the nation is the libera- what not,-all oppose the establish- tion of thought. Before it, our ment of a state religion, not because highest authority in intellectual judg- they dislike Confucianism, but because ment was tradition and our philosophy a state religion is not conformable to of life was the belief that the old the spirit of republicanism. Both order of things was good enough. President Yuan Shi-kai and Vice- But with the breakdown of the old President Li Yuan-hung have exprest order, we have begun to see that the their opinion as opposed to the policy best is yet to be. We have become of raising one religion above the critical in our attitude toward existing others by the help of the law, and as institutions and have acquired uncon- in favor of freedom of conscience sciously the scientific temper of want- and belief. It is a fact of tremen- ing to know the wherefore of their dous significance that this new idea being. Religious beliefs, moral pre- of religious freedom should have so cepts, social theories as well as forms ingratiated itself in the public mind of government and methods of edu- as to become a mighty force, which cation have become subjects for even Confucianism can not shake or critical discussion and examination. compromise. Hence the rise of newspapers and periodicals, which enjoy wide circu- Some might ask, Is Confucianism lation. Old ideas, beliefs, and pre- loosing ground in China? Is its _cepts are thrown into solution, as it authority dissolving? Are the moral were, and for a time public morals teachings of Confucius less respected and beliefs are in a state of con- and obeyed by the people of China? In answer to these questions we can

PROSPECTS OF CHRISTIANITY IN

hardly say that there has been any desirable, that Confucianism should decline in the nation's regard for be discarded in order that Christi- Confucianism as an ethical system. anity might be adopted. As one In fact, Confucius is more conscien- well-known missionary has said, HIt tiously honored and esteemed to-day is not the rejection of Confucianism than ever before. But in a state of that is to be aimed at, but the far general moral and intellectual con- wider and more zealous preaching of fusion, which attends the liberation of Confucianism and a truer application thought, like heavy fog attending an of its moral teachings in everyday outburst of morning sunshine, Con- Ii fe that we must insist upon for the CHINESE LAYMEN'S MISSIONARY CONFERENCE AT KIANGSU ilembcrs of the ~merican Episcopal Church :Mission. Each banner represents a local band fucianism has suffered with other good of the nation. For the teachsystems, as far as popular practise is ings of Confucius and the teachings concerned. of Jesus are not contradictory but complementary. History has shown But this is very different from that Christianity has been enriched saying that Confucianism is dis·· and not endangered by contact with credited by our people, as some mis- the successive civilizations through sionaries seem to feel that they are which it has come down to our age. justified in saying. To discredit Con- If so, then, it should be a matter for fucianism is to discredit Chinese civil- confident expectation rather than misization, Chinese genius, and so the giving, that Christianity will be the Chinese nation itself. And this no gainer by contact with Confucianism Chinese has done or will do. And it and Chinese civilization." is not necessary, in fact it is un-

Unprejudiced Attitude Toward the unintelligent or the masses have Christianity no appreciation of right and wrong as abstract principles and no self- Mr. Wang Yung-bei, lately Com- control, ana so they must be cajoled missioner of Education for the Prov- or forced into right conduct and preince of Kiangsu, a Confucianist vented from wrong-doing by external scholar and non-Christian, and a authority, which is furnished by ~the sincere man who has thought things religIOUS doctrine of heaven and hell, out for himself, once said to a group or reward and punishment in the next of his Christian friends, "Formerly world." In more refined form the I made a distinction among religions test may be described in the words as native and foreign on account of of Thomas Nixon Carver, an Ameritheir origin. But now I am convincd can sociologist: "What is the best that such a distinction is false for religion? That is the best religion religions as such must be universal." which (I) acts most powerfully as a This statement means that the old spur to energy, and (2) directs that prejudiced attitude toward Christi- energy most productively. That is anity because of its foreign origin the most productive expenditure of no longer exists in the minds of the energy which gives the most life and educated people of China, and that supports it' most abundantly, which they are willing to receive the Chris- gives the largest control over the tian religion according to its intrinsic forces of nature and the most comworth. What a change of attitude plete dominion over the world, and for the better this means is fully which enables men to control whatunderstood by those who have lived ever environment happens to surthrough an earlier period when the round them and to live comfortably Christian religion was officially known in it." (Quotation from Carver's as the foreign religion and to be a "The Religion Worth Having," 1912, Christian was to be ridiculed as dis- pp. 12- 13.) loyal to one's nation and family! The need of the hour seems to The educated people of China, like push into the background any other Mr. Wang, are desirous of having a consideration of the meaning of reworthy religion for the nation.. In ligion. The essentially religious motive their search for such a religion they ideas such as, communion with God, apply a test, which may be described the human sense of dependence upon as the utilitarian standar:d. They want higher powers, the thirst of the soul a religion that can save the nation for the divine personality, and so from moral and physical degeneration. forth, are overshadowed by the That is the first and last requirement, demand for results. There is no "to save the nation." In a crude cause for alarm in this. The utiliform the test may be amplified some- tarian appreciation of religion usually what as follows: "The chief function comes first and before spiritual apof religion is disciplinary. The intel- preciation. The former generally ligent people or men of education leads to the latter. But when it does can be made to understand the prin- not, then there is danger ahead. We ciples of right and wrong and to need not be afraid of Christianity guide their conduct accordingly. But

being tested by the utilitarian stand- tized Christian in every four hundred ard, for as Professor Carver has of the population. But the ,~oral inpointed out, while many of the pagan fluence that this body of men and religions seem to perform the first women exercise among their· fellow function of religion-that is, as a spur to energy,-somewhat better countrymen is at least ten times its than Christianity, none of them has proportionate share. In other words, equaled Christianity in the second, the influence of the Christian comthat is, in the productiveness with munity in society is as if one out of which its energy has been directed. every forty of the population were a Christian believer. As proof of this CHINESE STUDENT VOLUNTEERS FOR THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY These volunteers are from schools and colleges near Shanghai, gathered at the Kiangsu Summer Conference At the present time, Christianity is fact, we may cite the order of the gaining ground among our people not President's Cabinet in April of last only because it has a good theology year, calling upon all Christians in but especially because it is a religion the land to pray for the nation, and that shows practical results. As they commanding state officials to attend see the fruits, so they judge the tree. the Christian services. Very few people seem to believe that the order Moral Influence of Christians to observe April 27th as the National Prayer Day was a political move to In China we can not boast of a win the sympathy and favor of Chrislarge Christian church membership. tian nations. It is generally regarded Perhaps there is at most one ba1'-

as a sincere desire on the part of the public mind. Unlike evangelistic work nation's leaders to invoke divine help these educational agencies are not for the newly established government primarily concerned with the gaining of the country according to the way of church members, but with evan- of the Christians. Whatever our in- gelistic work they are almlllg at terpretation of the event, we must all the Christianization of society.

see that it was an unsought spon- Another powerful agency whereby taneous acknowledgment of the in- Christian ideas and ideals are dis- fluence of the Christians III the' seminated and realized among our country. It is not necessary for us people is the Young Men's Christian to reiterate the familiar proofs of Association and the Young Women's the same fact, such as the leading Christian Association. The Christian part which Christians play in fighting Associations include in their member- against national evils, opium-smoking, ship both church-members and non- concubinage, slavery, etc., and in Christians. They aim to build up movements that aim at positive ame- for the nation and for the Church lioration of society, as education, strong Christian manhood and .medical work, social services of womanhood in the complete sense of various kinds. the word. They have had a wonder- One of the ways whereby the Chris- ful career in the large cities and have tians exercise large moral influence is been the means of reaching many in educational institutions. It is un- young men and women anel leading disputed that there are no better them into the Christian life.

schools and colleges in the land than The Chinese Ministry and the Student Christian schools and colleges. They Voluntl!er Movement are superior to others not necessarily The native ministry is the crux in the excellence of their equipment of the missionary problem. Just as or their curriculum, altho it is gener- the training of the twelve disciples ally the case, but in their good dis- was the chief work of Christ on earth, cipline and influence upon the char- so the training of the native ministry acter of the students. According tq must be the chief work of the mis- latest statistics there are about eighty sionaries. As Mott said, if China is thousand students in Christian pri- ever reached for Christ, it will be mary schools and more than thirty- largely through the influence of the one thousand students in the institu- Chinese, because the native worker tions of higher grades. It is not knows the language of the people, difficult to interpret these numbers in their environment, customs and tradi- the term of Christian nurture upon tions, their successes and failures, as personal character, upon family life, no foreigner can. And so the native and upon social customs and ideals. ministry is the most important human Besides the schools and colleges, there factor for the establishment of the are other educational agencies such Christian Church in China. Mission- as Christian literature societies, tract aries sow the seeds of the Gospel, societies, mission presses, Christian but the watering of the plants and publications, which together wield a the reaping of the harvest must be large molding influence over the the work of natives.

PROSPECTS OF CHRISTIAK'ITY I~

But the difficult problem has been the past, (2) to enlist qualified young to secure a sufficient number of quali- men for the ministry, (3) to raise fied men for the ministry, and to hold the status of the ministry in public them in it. The calling is a new one mind, (4) to advance theological eduand so lacks the appealing power of cation, and (5) to encourage minisan old institution with its record of terial students to take the best prepfamous men in its ranks, ·as preachers, aration for their life-work. It is pastors and doctors of theology. 1110st gratifying that already there are Lack of appreciation of ministerial in the Christian ministry men of rework in the popular mind, the low cognized ability, education and consestatus of the ministry, and other un- cration, such as Rev. Cheng Chingfavorable conditions deter promising yi, Pastor Ting Li-mei, Rev. Lindel young men from selecting the min- Tsen, Rev. P. N. Tsu, and Rev. istry as their life-work. Moreover Bernard Tsen, who as living models other professions seem to offer to of what the native ministry should be men of ability greater opportunities are raising the ministerial standard for personal advancement and social and attracting young men of like recognition, and so men of this kind qualification to a favorable considerare attracted more by these profes- ation of the claims of the ministry. sions than by the ministry. Finally. lack of consecration on the part of The Chinese Church our educated Christian .yOl1l1g men is another serious cause to account for Exactly one hundred years ago the deficiency of men for the min- Robert Morrison, the great missionistry. In short, the ministerial prob- ary pioneer, baptized his first convert lem of the Christian Church in our in the person of Tsai A-ko. "At a country is the same problem that has spring of water, issuing from the confronted the Church in America foot of a lofty hill, by the seaside, for the last fifty years. away from hnman observation, I bap- tized him in the name of the Father, Recently conditions have improved. Son and Holy Ghost. . . . May he The Student Volunteer Movement for be the first fruits of a great harvest." the Ministry has been organized, "as These words were found in Mora spontaneous response to a specific rison's diary for 1814. To-day there and urgent need," as one missionary are 370,000 baptized members affiliput it. It derived its original impetus ated with Protestant churches. Elsefrom the evangelistic work of a where in this essay, we have atnative pastor, Mr. Ting Li-mei, tempted to show that the moral inamong the students of north China fluence of the Christians 111 our in 19IO, when over three hundred country is ten times their numerical students dedicated their lives for strength. The other characteristics Christian service. The movement has of the Chinese Church that are notesince then spread rapidly. The formal worthy are the desire for unity, coorganization was effected in 1912, operation and federation in large miswhen an executive committee was sionary undertakings, and self-propaappointed. The objects of the move- gation. We quote the findings of ment are (I) to conserve results of the 1913 China National Missionary

Conference on the Chinese Church in China and to present themselves, for their lucid statement of facts and in the face of the great mass of conditions and their true reflection of Chinese non-Christian people, as one the spirit of the Chinese Church: brotherhood with one common name, "This Conference prays with one this Conference suggests as the most accord for that unity of all Chris- suitable name for this purpose, tians for which our Lord Himself "Chung-hwa Ki-toh Kiao-hwe," or prayed, that the world may know and "The Christian Church in China."

receive Him as God the Son, the Savior of all mankind, and in accord- The Signs of Progress ance with this prayer, earnestly de- In conclusion, we re-state briefly sires the unity of the whole Church the facts and conditions which to of Christ in China. our mind show that Christianity has "This Conference rej oices that the made genuine progress in China and churches in China, for the most part, that' prospects of its future are bright have been organized as self-govern- and promising of greater acllieve- ing bodies, and believes that in ment. Of the signs of progress, respect of form and organization, there are (1), the establishment of they should have freedom to develop the Chinese Church; (2) the spirit in accord with the most natural ex- of unity and self-propagation; (3) pression of tqe spiritual instincts of the Student Volunteer Movement for Chinese Christians. At the same the Ministry; (4) the Christian edu- time it is essential for these churches cational work; (5) the moral in- to maintain cordial relations with the fluence of Christians. Concerning the churches of the West, that they may future of Christianity in China, there absorb every good influence which are besides the above-stated facts, those churches can impart. other favorable conditions, such as "In order that Christianity may ( I) Liberation of Chinese thought, appeal with force to the minds and hitherto tradition-bound; (2) the hearts of the Chinese people and win Constitutional right of freedom of their growing national consciousness conscience and belief; (3) Unpreju- for the service of Christ, it is of the diced attitude toward Christianity; utmost importance for the churches (4) Sincere search for a worthy re- to be so developed that the Chinese ligion for the nation. In short, large themselves may recognize them as opportunities are opening the way for having become truly native. Christianity to advance and possess "In order to do all that is possible the nation. May the Christian Church to manifest the unity which already have the strength to realize her mis- exists among all faithful Christians sion in China.

If a man love not the immigrant whom he hath seen, how shall he love the foreigner in other lands whom he hath not seen.-The American Home Missionary.

OF THE YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY AT TRES ARROYOS

In this group arc those who have Dutch, Swiss, Spanish, German, French, and Italian blood Evangelizing the Queen Province of Argentina BY REV. ROBERT F. ELDER, TRES ARROYOS, ARGENTINA Missionary of the Evangelical Union of South America I JI F Argentina holds pre- to put Great Britain and Ireland. ~ mier place a m 0 n g This province has 2,100,000 inhabit- 'South American re- ants, and its semi-cultivated and publics, Buenos Aires semi-developed plains of fertile soil ~ holds premier p I ace are capable of giving a living to among A r g e n tin e many millions more. Buenos Aires provinces. This province and the contains 42 per cent. of the culticity of the same name contain al- vated land of Argentina, and promost half of the 7,000,000 inhabit- duces half of the enormous cereal ants of the Republic, but the two crop, one-half of the sheep, oneare distinct political divisions. The third of the cattle, and one-third of city of Buenos Aires is the Federal the horses. Of the 2~MI3 kilocapital, with 1,250,000 inhabitants; meters of railways in the Republic, the province, with its separate pro- over one-third are laid on Buenos vincial government, includes an area Aires soil, and the rapid extension of into which it would be just possible the wisely planned network of rail-

ways has worked miracles. Impor- conservative in the extreme, subservtant cities and towns are now to be ient to clerical rule, and steeped in found where twenty-five years ago the superstitions of a degenerate Roall was open, untamed country. manism. In the newer towns, about There are towns of from I,OOO to 80 per cent. of the men and over 40 3,000, the growth of five to eight per cent. of the women are avowedyears, and new townships, which soon ly anti-clerical. For appearance sake grow into towns, come into being many still adhere to certain outward every year. The population of the ceremonies of the Roman Church, province has doubled in fifteen but others are bitter opponents of reyears, and altho this year it will re- ligion, and their hatred for the priests ceive a partial check owing to a finan- and scorn for religious ceremonies is cial crisis due chiefly to mad specu- unbounded. Between the two exlation and the failure of the harvest, tremes of the ignorant and supereverything indicates that when things stitious masses and the fanatical and return to normal it will continue its bitter anti-clericals, who often take steady growth. the form of agnosticism, atheism, or spiritism, we find another class that It is in this "Queen of the Ar- 15 being imbued with democratic gentine provinces" that the Evan- principles, and hence is naturally regelical Union of South America has volting against clerical dominance. established its principal work. From This class has begun to read, or, at the missionary standpoint, Buenos least, to listen to echoes of current Aires presents something ut11que. literature, and hence has ceased to Perhaps in no other country is there believe in the efficacy of mere rea more cosmopolitan population. The ligious ceremonies. Those who comonly truly successful and abiding pose it will still declare themselves work must be carried on in the Span- Roman Catholics, but they boldly ish language. Even the sons of for- avow that they do not believe in bapeigners, especially after the second tismal regeneration, or in the worgeneration, tho they may understand ship of images, which they consider the language of their grandparents, a relic of the dark ages; transubprefer the national language. stantiation they declare ridiculous; the confessional pernicious; the in- Buenos Aires is more liberal, more fallibility of the Pope unthinkable; enlightened, and more progressive indulgences an exploitation of suthan her sister provinces. While the perstitious ignorance; extreme unc- Roman Catholic Church is the State tion a useless ceremony; prayers for church, in Buenos Aires her influ- the dead inefficacious; purgatory nonence over the people is much less existent; sacerdotalism a curse to any than 111 the Northern provinces. land. They retain the religious in- There are old-established towns, stinct, for they believe in, and reverwithout local industries, half-dead ence, God-a distant, unknown Sucommercially, with a foundation' of preme Being. They believe in the the old "criollo" familes, who give the Christ of history, and mentally actone to the place, who, however quiesce in the principal Christian docamiable and hospitable they may' be, are devoid of initiative. They are

I914] EVANGELIZING THE QUEEN PROVINCE OF ARGENTINA

trines and moral precepts; yet they teaching of any sort except what they know nothing of a personal God pick up at the public houses where who is "nearer than hands or feet"; men congregate, and which tends of a personal Savior who ennobles only to make them despise all reand enriches the character as well ligion. This is what is actually comas saves them from their sins; nor ing to pass in the country districts. do they know anything of a vital The young men of the country, as practical religion which is of the well as many of the towns, are comheart, and reveals itself in conduct. ing to think that they have no souls, and, as a result, they live as tho they The sad story is that many of the had not. callous agnostics and blatant atheists have passed through that stage of In addition to the Roman Cathmental evolution, and some of them olics there are many thousands of might have been diverted from the Pro t est ant extraction scattered lowest and basest to the highest and throughout the country. A few weeks noblest if the Gospel of Jesus Christ ago a woman called at our house. had been presented to them in a sane She had a son, who was very ill, and illuminating way. Many such and who died shortly after. Her acknowledge that evangelicals teach mother was English and her father the truth, and some of them break Argentine. When I went to the old ties, and gladly turn to God. house the lady from whom she had Others listen and approve, but are so rented her room at once greeted me wedded to custom, and so fearful of as a Protestant, and spoke of having what people will say, that they stay tried to explain to the neighbors where they were. But they are about the customs of "our religion." thinking, and are at least arrested She said that her father was English in their mental drift toward a ma- and her mother Argentine, but she terialism which is more baneful in had scarcely ever attended a reits moral effects than the ignorant ligious service except when the Rosuperstitions which they have left. man Catholic priest had christened If this drift toward materialism is babies at whose birth she had been not arrested, and continues to ad- pr~sent, or had administered extreme vance as rapidly as during the last unction to some dying patient she ten years, the majority of the people was nursing. After the funeral I in the province of Buenos Aires will questioned the uncle of the boy conbe practically pagan in fifty years. cerning his. British parentage. A This is one of the strong arguments close friend who was present opened for preaching the Gospel boldly his eyes with wonder and said, "Why throughout this land. man, you did not tell me that before. I have British blood, also. My father Those who know what spiritual, was a Scotchman and my mother an moral, and intellectual strength has Argentine." Then he gave us as his been given to their nations by the name one of the most celebrated in farmers in Great Britain and Ameri- Scottish history. None of these ca will recognize the calamity it is could converse in English, but alI that the sons of the soil in Buenos were of Protestant extraction and Aires grow up devoid of religious

respected the Protestant religion. dred years ago the United States of With the exception of the mother of America had fewer people, and only the boy, who had attended Spanish a little over two centuries ago Great services in Buenos Aires, not one Britain could not boast of more. Tohad any real idea as to what the Bible day these two nations not only are teaches. They are only a step re- strong numerically, but exert a removed from Paganism. straining moral influence on other nations, and lead the way in the van- A few months ago we had a ser- guard of justice. They do this bevice at a country farm house where cause they possess thousands of truly the mother is a Dutch Protestant, Christian citizens, whose life is a and the father, now dead, was an protest against evil, and who form a Italian. A neighboring family came public conscience which revolts to the service, whose mother is also against all wrongdoing. Dutch and the father Spanish Basque. Not one of them would have Mexico is an example of how anything to do with Romanism. But political corruption and lack of pubwere it not for our presence here lic conscience in a nation may perthose families would have no op- turb the world's peace. If Argenportunity to receive religious instruc- tina advances without having a fountion. dation of moral principle, character, and conscience, it is possible for it These are but examples of many. to become a cesspool of moral cor- There are Danish, Dutch, German, ruption in the world, and a menace Russian, Swiss, French, Spanish, to other nations. Nothing can re- Italian, Syrian, and others of Prot- place the Gospel of Jesus Christ in estant ongm, who have spiritual the building of character and in the needs, and whose children need teach- creation of a national conscience. ing. If there were no Protestant Hence Argentina's leading province missions established here, the next needs Jesus Christ above every other generation of these people would be need, that it may lead the other provlost to evangelical Christianity. There inces to higher things, and to make should be a Protestant mission 1ll war on the graft and nepotism which every town in the province, if for no ruin the politics of the land, and other reason than to save the sons the moral degradation so prevalent of nominally Protestant immigrants to-day. If the present state of things from becoming entirely irreligious. develops at the same rate as the in- crease of population, with the same In Argentina we are building a new propelling forces behind, the outnation, of which Buenos Aires is a come in fifty years will be worse very important part, and which al- than the darkest dreams of any ready affects to a marked degree the chronic pessimist. If, on the other commercial life of the world. The hand, new moral and spiritual inday is coming when it will influence fluences can be set loose, new steadygreatly the political life also. N u- ing principles established, and new merically, Argentina may yet take its propelling forces directed, such as are place among the front-rank world the outcome of the application of the powers. It has the necessary extent of territory and resources. One hun-

I9I4] EVANGELIZING THE QUEEN PROVINCE OF ARGENTINA

Gospel of Jesus Christ to private and The results are wider reaching public life, this youthful nation may than any statistics of church-mem- not only send food for millions in bership would reveal. Altho we have Europe, but may react beneficially on no inclusive returns at hand, there the morality and the conduct of the are probably not more than 1,600 world. Are these dreams of an op- who are members of evangelical timist? Perhaps they are, but they churches or Salvation Army soldiers are dreams which every true Chris- in the province. Weare but at the tian should endeavor, to the point of beginnings of our work yet. There real sacrifice, to turn into facts. are many more people in the king- Some are striving to do this al- dom than are i n clu d e d in the ready, but the forces are entirely in- churches. Results there are that adequate. The Methodist Episcopal would gladden the heart of any Church has some eight centers with Christian. Here are some samples: settled missionaries, from which a A member of one of our churches, number of outstations are worked. who, when converted, was a compara- The Brethren have four or five cen- tively poor man, has since prospered ters and branch work. The Christian greatly, and has consecrated his and Missionary Alliance have two money to the Lord. He bore the centers from which they work in lion's share of the expense for the neighboring districts. The Salva- building of a church and manse for tion Army have several established the work in his town, and is at the centers of work and do itinerating. present time bearing the whole ex- The Southern Baptist Board have re- pense of a new schoolroom. In the cently taken over a work started same church is a young lady, who some years ago in La Plata by the was converted as a girl, just when Christian and Missionary Alliance. her clear, rich voice was making her There are a few independent work- popular in social circles, and who was ers, and the Evangelical Union has thus saved from countless moral s,even centers from which outstations perils. She has fully consecrated her are worked. voice and talents to the Lord, and is, Many of these missionaries are the likely to be taken on as a mission only preachers III Spanish III a worker. Her singing of the Gospel radius containing some 100,000 message has already been much blest.

people. Our district of Tres Ar- One of our earliest Sunday-school royos has 40,000 people, and around pupils was converted just when he it are four other districts containing was giving way to the temptations of together 62,000 people, with no other youth, and is now a successful help- resident Protestant missionary who er, working as colporteur and evan- preaches in Spanish. My helper and gelist. There is a neat little house I are the only preachers of the Gos- down one of our streets, and its pel in Spanish in a zone containing· owner declares it to be a monument 31,850 square kilometers, with a to the power of Christ to save a population of I02,OOO people. Our drunkard. That Spanish victim of nearest colleague, either to the north drink made his wretched home a hell or the· south, is IOO miles away. nine years ago. His wife says that

it is heaven now. Their home is of establishing a work in Juarez their own, built with what he would three years ago. The Juarez church previously have spent for drink. now pays its own expenses, and has Around the corner is a Dutchman left Tandil and Tres Arroyos free who could tell the same story. Last to start in other towns. From Juarez year one of our members was pro- one of the members will run a Sunmoted by his firm to take delivery of clay-school in a town some twentythe grain they bought. Many sellers seven miles away. are very suspicious of the weighing, and in some ca~cs not without reason. If strong young men and women One man G'.me to watch all his stuff in the homelands could only grip the weighed. When he saw our meober fact that here we are engaged in the weigh one or two lots, he asked, enthralling work of building a new '"Are you going to weigh it all?" nation, and that there is the proba- "Yes, . sir," was the answer. "Well, bility of their life and teaching being then, I am going. I have known translated into lives that will wield you for over five years, and I know wide influence in the country, and be what sort of man you are, so I am re-lived and re-taught in the yet unnot going to trouble any more." born generations, they would respond to our call for workers. We need At an outstation, Juarez, we have competent school-teachers. S tat e watched some of the Church mem- schools exist in every center, but the bers develop into some of the finest teaching is superficial, and the moral types of Christian we have ever met. atmosphere evil. The Government Altho it is not long since the work can not. supply the demand for was started there, no sooner did we schools. According to the Almaganize a church than the members naqUf? dr?l JYfensagero, "there are in took upon themselves the entire responsibility of the rent and other ex- the province 286,623 children of penses, and some of the young con- school age, of whom only 143,280 verts run successfully a Sunday- attend school." It is not our intention school with about forty children. One to attempt to meet that need, but we man, who is a builder, has promised urgently need schools for the chilto do all the bricklaying work free of dren of our congregations, for it will charge if we can provide him with be policy to give them a thorough the materials to build a church. education under Christian moral in: fluences. Strong, educated, and Our latest convert here is a charm- keenly spiritual missionaries are an ing girl, a daughter of Basques, who even greater need, perhaps; men with is a school-teacher, said by the prin- the evangelistic gift, and at the same cipal of the local normal school to be time capable of teaching and training the best student in Tres Arroyos. the intelligent young people we are And that sets us dreaming and see- raising in our Sunday-schools, and ing visions, for there are potentiali- shall yet produce in our schools. ties and possibilities in these young lives. Evangelically the day is still dark in . The Tandil and Tres Arroyos Buenos Aires, but that constitutes the churches united to pay the expenses loud call for Christ's true disciples to let their light shine here.

F. G. PENZOTTI. AND A GR(lUP OF AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY

..~The Bible In Latin America BY I'. G. PENZOTTI,* BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA Agent of the American Bible Society m_ Bible in the republics four million Bibles or portions. OR the past thirty-six paraiso. Only a few thousand copies ~ years, or since 1877, I of the Bible were in circulation. To- F have been preaching day the American Bible Society and circulating the alone has put in circulation almost of Uruguay, Paraguay, Forty years ago the doors seemed Brazil, Argentine Republic, Chile, impassable, some of our colporteurs Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, were giving up their lives either Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, through violence or through the Nicaragua, Honduras, San Salvador, fevers . Many times have I been Guatemala, Cuba, Jamaica, Mex;ico, at death's door, I have also been im- and other places. prisoned for the ,,yard and have My remembrance goes back to the endured great persecutions and many time when all the missionary work privations. But as the apostle Paul in this continent was represented by tells us: Our "labor is not in vain smatl groups of believers in Buenos in the Lord."

Aires, Montevideo, Rosario and Val- No pen can describe the effect pro- .. Mr. Pcnzolti has probably traveled more in South America tHan any other missionar y, and is better acquainted with missionary work than any other one man. Vhat he says, therefore, is of especial interest and importance.

duced by the circulation of the Bible effectual is opened unto me, and there and the preaching of the Gospel in are many adversaries." these countries. I have just returned from a seven months' trip, A quarter of a century ago the having visited several republics on Roman Church had limitless dominthe Pacific coast and bring with me ion in all Latin America, but their the conviction that all over the field system was mechanical and cerethe voice from Macedonia can be monial. Doubts and unbelief arose, heard, "Come and help us." Romanism was confused with Chris- tianism, and liberty with license. It is fifty years since the Ameri- Men began to look with contempt can Bible Society first started their on everything religious and conwork in South America. For the sidered religion an enemy to profirst twenty years they worked in gress. It is difficult to convince such Argentine and Uruguay only, but men that they are confusing form since r883 they have extended to with reality; but we nevertheless, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, and in r886 meet persons of good judgment who to Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia and recognize the superiority of true Ecuador. When Mr. Milne and my- Christianity, and who have acknowlself began to work here the ways edged that the only hope for upliftof travel were so difficult and dan- ing these countries is in Protestant gerous that at times we were in evangelization. danger of losing our lives. A few months ago when I was in A fter thirty-six years of experi- Callao, Peru, some of the Roman ence in Latin America I find that clergy and fanatics went to the Prethe most practical way to begin mis- fect asking him to forbid us from sion work in new places is to send spreading our doctrines. The Preour men with the Bible in their fect answered them: "To forbid the hands to prepare the way. The col- spreading of such a good and moral" porteur carries the divine lamp in izing doctrine it is necessary to be a his hand, from town to town, and savage, and as I am not a savage, from house to house, and can enter· I will not forbid it." These words the homes where the voice of a have been said by _the first authority pastor ar missionary has never been of the principal port of the last heard. It frequently awakens interest, country in South America to grant and there are genuine conversions by the liberty of cult, which has just means of the colporteur. Conver- been obtained, and where we have sions are not infrequently due to the worked hard and suffered. simple reading of the Word. The work is difficult, but has the approval The doors are now open from and blessing of the Lord. Tierra del Fuego to Cuba, and we have the opportunity to enter. Rome, Latin America is rightly called the after four centuries of dominion, has "Continent of Opportunity," and it given evidence of her impotence would be a pity to lose that oppor- morally to uplift these countries. We tunity. We find, like St. Paul (r must show them that Protestant mis- Cor. r6: 9): "A great door and sions are not asking the people to change their religion, bnt are seeking

BIBLE IN LATIN

to show that that religion should owner of a small hotel finally: let me change them individually. We must have his dining-room, where a large show that our arms are not carnal number of men came, but not one for destruction, but spiritual for edi- lady. The next day as I took the fication. The people will then be small steamer to cross the lake of convinced of the superiority of Chris- Nicaragua on my way to Granada a tianism. lady of about sixty years of age came to speak to me. She was very ner- There has been in South America vous and frightened, and said to me: a strong prejudice against the United States. European merchants point to "Sir, do you think that the end of the American eagle as an invader. the world has come?" The Roman clergy also give the cry of alarm against "the dreadful Yan- "No, madam," I answered. "What kees," who send their Bibles and has happened?" missionaries from personal interests. Lately this spirit seems to be disap- "Have you not heard?" pearing, specially during the last few "No, I have heard nothing." years, because of the visit of such "Just think, sir, a Protestant preacher came here last night. Do YOIl men as Elihu Root, William J. Bryan, not think that the end of the world has come?" John Barrett, John R. Mott, and, "Did you go to hear this man?" lately, Theodore Roosevelt. "May God deliver me. W ere you present ?" I replied that I was there, The supreme need of these coun- and she said she had been told that tries is the glorious Gospel and to there was a large crowd of men, but make it possible that the day may that the women were all ready with come when in each house they will sticks and stones waiting outside to have the divine lamp, the Bible. kill him, the preacher. A French gentleman who was near, Money and foreign arms have de- listening to our conversation, said to veloped the natural resources of the her that this was not Christ's teachcountry, but they have not been ing; but in a low tone of voice she able to make this kind of antagonism said to me: of races, customs, languages, and re- "Yes, sir, we must kill the wolfs. ligions disappear. What men can Do you not think so?" not do the Bible is doing; it is the "Madam, perhaps you have been best diplomacy for conciliation with the foreigner of different nation- . wrongly informed about this gentlealities and creeds, bringing the people nearer to God their Creator. man." "Oh, no, I know very well what Some Instances is happening. I have been told that In Rivas, Nicaragua, while visiting he is coming on board of this from town to town and house to steamer, and I fear that we will go house, with the Bible in my hand to down." read and explain the contents to the people, and looking for a place where I opened my New Testament and I could hold public meetings I could tried to explain to her some passages. find no place to hold· them. The She listened attentively and with interest, and asked what book it was.

"The New Testament of Jesus with the door locked, and, of course, Christ." she thought it could be nothing good. At last she looked through the key- "What is the New Testament?" hole and we can imagine her surprize "It is what Christ and His apostles on seeing her two boys on their knees had taught." with their open Bible. The mother "That is why it is so beautiful; could not resist the impulse, and please read some more." knocking at the door asked what was As I read and explained, she was the meaning of this. Opening the door much interested, and at last she ex- to her they told her the whole truth: claimed, "Sir, you truly are a good Christian, but we must kill and burn "Now, mother," they said, "we that heretic." know that we have been bad sons to After we reached the other side you and have made you suffer a great of the lake she was so greatly imprest deal, but from now on we wish to that she begged me to come again be good boys, and to help you." The soon. Then the same French gentle- mother was so surprized that she man came up and said to her, "Why asked them where this place of wordid you speak like that to this gentle- ship was, for she wished to go to man, he is the same one who preached hear this religion which had changed last evening." her children so completely.· They "The same man! He seemed so took her to the next meeting. At the well educated!" next service she came with all her N ow we havy in this same town eight children. On their return home several groups of believers whose they took all their images of different souls belong to the Divine Shepherd. sizes and colors and made a great In Callao, Peru, there is a family of bonfire with them. vVhen the father ten, consisting of father, mother, and entered the house he was frightened eight children. The two older sons, to see the smoke, but only found his twenty and twenty-two, were given wife and children warming themselves over to sin and were a burden to with the fire from the images. For their parents. One evening they some years two of the boys have been were walking the streets looking for working as missionari~s, and one of adventures and happened to pass in the girls married a Protestant pastor. front of our chapel. When they heard the singing they came inside In spite of persecutions, privations to make fun of us. I spoke to them and prisons in the past, I rejoice to kindly but firmly, and they changed find rich fruits of the work of many their minds and seemed imprest by years. Boys that I used to take by the service. Both came to our next the hand and young men who were meeting and were regular in atten- on the wrong road are now coldance ever after. One evening when porteurs, others are teachers, pastors, we did not hold a service they re- engineers, managers of banks and mained at home and locked them- secretaries of the government-men selves in their r00!ll. Their mother, with good positions who give a good who had' lost all confidence in them, testimony to Christ by their lives-. wondered what they could be doing How true it is that "your labor is not in vain in the Lord."

Warid at

ALLIES NATION AREA POPULATION British Empire: 121,633 46,035,570 United Kingdom …….. . 120 235,063 Europe …………….. . 1,802,657 315,156,396 India ………………. . 166,834 8,709,533 6,551,513 Asia ……..•………… 3,191,773 Australia …………… . 2,135,147 37,990,222 4,010,914 10,096,863 Africa ……………… . America ……………. . 207,054 39,601,509 France: 4,538,543 40,986,243 Republic ……………. . 1,997,310 140,683,000 Dependencies ……….. . 6,294,119 27,236,800 Russia: 125,689 3,140,100 Europe …………….. . 11,373 7,571,387 Asia ……………….. . 909,654- 15,005,465 18,650 2,911,701 Finland …………….. . 260.738 52,985,423 Belgium ………………. . 5,603 516,000 Belgian Kongo ……… . Servia ……………….. . POPULATION Japan …..•……………. Montenegro ……………. .

THE OPPONENTS NATION AREA Germany .0 ••••••••••• 0.0.0 208,780 64,925,993 1,027,820 (White) Dependencies ••••• 0.0 •••• 24,389 241,491 (Native) Austria-Hungary ••••• 0.0 ••• 0 12,041,603 49,458,421 SYMPATHY OF NEUTRALS IMPARTIAL NEUTRALS With Ames With Germany United States Switzerland Italy Turkey Latin America Portugal Albania China Spain Persia? Denmark Holland Afghanistan? Norway Rumania? Sweden Bulgaria Siam Greece

WORLD AT WAR-ALL SHADED PORTIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PRESENT

Effects of the War

Missions REPORTS FROM VARIOUS BOARDS, SOCIETIES, AND MISSIONS ~T HE nations of the quietly. Many of the colporteurs, world are so closely however, are serving as soldiers.

linked together that if "As it is impossible to obtain sup- plies from Germany, we are printing "one member suffers all in this country a German Gospel and also a Gospel in diglot form with I the members suffer German and English in parallel col- umns." with it." The suffer- Rev. E. P. Sketchley, M.A., asing is all the more keen and more sistant secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in constant because of the incessant war- Foreign Parts, writes: "So far as we know none of the society's work outring in our world-members between side Europe is suffering interference in consequence of the war. Vhen those who follow the usurping war was declared we were anxious for the safety of 122 chaplains on the "Prince of this world," and those who Continent. They are nearly all safe now, and there are only twenty-one are servants of God, the rightful about whom we are still anxious."

Ruler. The Rev. Cyril Bardsley, M.A., the honorary secretary of the CM.S., Practically every religious and states that the committee is greatly encouraged by the income received missionary organization is hampered during August, which is quite up to the average of past years. "Once and some are suffering because of more," he says, "our brethren at the front are nobly and promptly rethe war, but there is no need that the sponding to our message asking them to cut down their expenditure in work of God should permanently suf- every possible way. The supporters of the Society at home may be asfer. If men will but learn the les- sured that all expenditure, both in the field and at Salisbury Square, will be sons He is seeking to teach them, most rigorously limited so long as the work itself is not curtailed." great blessing may come from this In several of the missions of the murderous strife. Church Missionary Society the mis- sionaries are passing through a time The following are some of the re- ports of the British and American Mission Boards in reference to the difficulty of sending men and money to the field, the financial stringency at home, and the increased obstacles to the work abroad.

Reports from British Societies The Rev. John H. Ritson, M.A., secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, says: "We have not yet had any communication from our German or Austrian agencies, but we are in touch with all the other Continental agents, and in most countries our colportage work is proceeding

of considerable anxiety, chiefly "Our missionaries in Madagascar through lack of news, but there is no must be in great difficulty. They reason for fear as to their saIety. telegraphed three weeks ago that the Owing to the mobilization in the bank refused them money. Ve have Ottoman Empire and to the difficul- been able to send them 5,000 francs ties experienced, such as those of by Ranarivelo, the great merchant of obtaining money and cashing cheques, Tananarive, who is at this moment a C. M. S. agent has been dispatched in France, bu~ it is a very small sum, to Palestine to look after the interests and we ourselves are very short of of the missionaries, and to render money; because of the moratorium any special assistance that may be we can hardly draw any money out needed. In German East Africa the of the bank. Besides, our society isolation of the missionaries is com- was behind in funds when the war plete, and no communication with began, which suddenly stopt all rethem is at present possible. ceipts. We have had to ask all our missionaries to live as they can on The stations of the C.M.S. 111 the produce of the country, and not German East Africa extend over a to pay the evangelists and native line of some 250 miles, and are in teachers. It is a heartbreaking situtwo different countries, Ukaguru anel ation. I hope we shall be able to Llgogo, in which distinct languages send a small sum at the end of are spoken. In 1913 there were September, but it will only be a little. three stations in each country, but two stations have since been amal- "Some English friends who were gamated. There are over a dozen much concerned at the situation of missionaries with their wives still in our two South African missions in German East Africa. Basutoland and Rhodesia have fur- nished the money, and have asked A letter of greeting to the German the British Colonial Minister to inter- Baptist Missionary Society has been vene and to furnish food as soon as written by the foreign secretary of possible to our missionaries. But the British Baptist Missionary Society, nothing of the kind has been done and the missionaries in everyone of for the missions of the French colthe society's fields have been notified onies, and it is there they will suffer that in rendering any emergency especially, both on the Kongo and in service to members of Continental Madagascar. We are having to re- ITIlSlOnary soclettes they will be duce the allowance of our missionacting in full accordance with the aries on furlough, an allowance aldesire and purpose of the committee ready very insufficient, and also the and supporters of the Society at pensions a f retired missionaries and home. widows, which is almost cruel.

Continental Mislions "How much we must ask God that this terrible trial will not last Mr. F. H. Hawkins, LL.B., secre- too long. One asks if Europe could tary of the London Missionary So- endure it through the whole of next ciety, has given out the translation winter." of a letter from Paris written by an influential French Protestant. "For our French Church," states

EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON

a Vesleyan Methodist Society, "the church will be more disastrously war is a disaster of inestimable mag- affected than the Moravian Church.

nitude. Those stations in the south The Moravian Church is an organic will probably escape the worst hor- unity throughout the world, and its rors of' cpJlflict; but our people in missions are carried on by the Church the frontier town of Nancy are sure as a whole. Its Mission Board is to suffer terribly. It is as yet too composed of one American, one early to foresee how many of the Englishman, one German, and two other circuits may also be involved. chosen . from the Church at large.

At best, the war spells calamity for The central offices are in Herrnhut our work in France." in Saxony, in Germany.

Mo"re than 250 French Protestant "Hence it is cut off from direct clergymen have gone to the front communication with all its various with the French armies, and prac- fields, and especially from those in tically all of the German Methodist Africa. About 60 per cent. of the ministers in south Germany are with income of the Moravian Mission the German army. The Methodist Board has been derived from the Theological School at Frankfort has countries now at war, all of which is been closed, as nearly all the students jeopardized, so that it can readily be have been called to fight. seen into what a critical condition German missionaries are in a Moravian missions have been plunged.

seriotls position owing to the war, "In the Home provinces there are and facts are given illustrating the members of the Moravian Church in manner in which they are cut off the British, the German, the Austrian from their home base. and probably the Russian armies. No "In India," says Dr. David Downie, direct advices have been received "Germany has 400 Protestant mis- from the Austrian and Russian sionaries and in South Africa prob- .Moravians."

ably the same number. These are The Moravian Brethren in Eng- Moravians, Lutherans, Baptists and land desiring to express their firm Methodists, and their work is highly conviction that this awful war need esteemed by their English colleagues, not disrupt the churchly unity have with whom they cooperate in unity adopted the following minute: and amity. At present these 800 "This Synod of the British Prov- missionaries can not communicate ince of the Moravian Church sends with their headquarters nor can they hearty and. brotherly greetings to our obtain their usual remittances for Brethren of the German Province, their salaries and for the upkeep of mindful of the fact that hate can the missionary propaganda." not exist between members of the "It is too early to be able to fur- Body of Christ, nor war between nish definite and· accurate informa- members of the Brethren's Church.

tion in regard to the effect of the The President of Synod is requested European War on Moravian Mis- to forward this Resolution to the sions," says Dr. Paul de Schweinitz, 'Deutsche Unitats-Direktion' and of Bethlehem, Pa., "but it may well to the two Provinces in America and be questioned whether any other to the West Indies."

Work of American Societies ditions they were compelled to with- Dr. James L. Barton, Secretary of draw and have returned to America.

the American Board of Commission- Mr. Erickson is in Italy, hoping to ers for Foreign Missions, writes 'as get into Albania and continue the follows of the physical effects of the work laid down by Mr. Kennedy. So war on the missions of the American far as we can learn, the missions in Board: "As soon as England de- the Balkans have not been disturbed clared war the banking systems of the materially. The Bulgarian mission- world seemed to cease action, and aries have been able to secure funds from that day for a longer or shorter necessary for their support.

period in all the mission fields it was "One of the most trying situations practically impossible for the mission- in any of the missions of the Board aries to secure funds from the banks is that represented by the mission in for their own support or for the con- Austria, with headquarters in Prague.

duct of their work. Credits and bills No letters of credit or bills of ex- of exchange on London or on the change that they had were of any United States seemed to have no value, and, so far as we know, up to value. Missionaries in Turkey were the present time no money has pllt into straits from which at the reached them from Boston. A thou- end of September they had not been sand dollars was sent through the wholly relieved. United States Treasury for the sup- "The United States Ambassador at port of the two families in Prague.

Constantinople, Mr. Morgenthau, was, "Upon the outbreak of the war the able to secure from business firms sailings of all missionaries of the several thousand pounds Turkish. American Board to India, Ceylon, which he distributed to various insti- Africa, Turkey and the Balkans were tutions in Turkey, the American cancelled. The situation had so Board treasurer receiving £T.4000. changed by the end of September This money provided immediate re- that plans were completed for the lief. At the present time arrange- sending of missionaries to Africa, ments have been made so that through fndia and Ceylon by way of the business houses funds can be received Atlantic and the Mediterranean. All at Constantinople, but no way of sailings to Turkey have been in- transmitting these funds into the in- definitely postponed, for two reasons terior of Turkey has been discovered -one the uncertainty of what might up to the middle of September. All take place in the Grecian Sea bethe banks in the interior had ceased tween the time of the sailing of mispayments. Some of the missionaries sionaries from our Eastern coast and in the interior have been living on their arrival there, and because of the short rations. situation in Turkey, which made it "Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy remained uncertain as to whether it will be in Albania until it became impossible possible to continue the work in any for them to secure funds, from Con- normal condition this fall. Many stantinople or elsewhere, in exchange English have been sending women for their credits, either for themselves and children out of the country. The or for relief work. Under these con- State Department in Washington ad-

EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON

vises that under present conditions were detained for nearly a month in no more Americans should be sent Egypt, because the steamer was dis- into Turkey. continued in the middle of the voyage and because their express drafts "The work in Turkey has been could not be cashed. much interfered with by the mobiliz- ation which has been general. It Bishop Ferguson, of Liberia, re- was not certain, when the most re- ports that the missionaries were in cent letters were written, whether or great want. Finally arrangements not the schools would be able to open for exchange were made through the at the regular time, but the mission- Anglo-West African Bank. The aries were planning to open them, Standard Oil Company and other even with a greatly reduced teaching large business companies doing busistaff, in order to restore confidence ness in the East have also underin the minds of the people and to taken to cable remittance through hold things steady. It would produce their agents. For this purpose Mr. a spirit of consternation throughout E. Walter Roberts, Assistant Treas- Turkey if for any reason the Ameri- urer of the Protestant Episcopal can schools should fail to open at Board was appointed the representhe regular time. tative for all the boards.

"The new hospital of the American The demoralization of trans-Atlan- Board at Marsovan, Turkey, has tic passenger lines, and more parbeen taken possession of by the mili- ticularly the complete interruption of tary, which is also threatening to take international exchange, has thrown other buildings in Marsovan and upon the Presbyterian Board of Forother cities. Through the efforts of eign Missions in N ew York some of our Ambassador in Constantinople, the most puzzling problems with the authorities have agreed to with- which the secretaries and treasurer draw at an early date from the hos- have ever had to deal. The board pital. received a cable from the council of its missionaries In India saying: "In other countries there has been "Send no drafts. Can not get money little interference with the work, to except at exorbitant rates." The our knowledge. The work of the board's average remittances to India American Board under the German are $50,000 a month, and a high rate flag, in the Caroline Islands, may pass adds a prohibitive percentage. to the British flag. The island of )Jauru has already been taken pos- The desperate situation pertains to session of, and possibly the Marshall the West African field. All the ::-slands. That need not make any African stations, save one, are in difference with the work of the mis- German colonial territory, and they sion." have been dealt with ordinarily through a Berlin house correspond- The Domestic and Foreign Mis- ing with a German bank in Buea, sionary Society of the Protestant the capital of Kamerun. It is im- Episcopal Church reports that all new possible now to buy exchange on missionaries have now, after some Berlin, and it is probable that the delay, gone forward as usual. Two colonial bank would not cash the exmissionaries on the way to China

change at any rate, whether on Berlin was at times deafening. But we or any other European center. In never dreamed that the horror of the this condition great anxiety exists for reality of war would add terror to the African missionaries, lest they these maneuvers in our lifetime.

be reduced to privation through in- "The children were enjoying to the ability of the board to transmit them full the sea and mountains and the any funds whatever. companionship of other children after The receipts of the board have their winter alone on the compound.

thus far shown no diminution, under Then in a single night the whole depression due to war, and it is pro- aspect of life was changed. Germans foundly hoped that the sacrifice and in Tsing-tau were naturally excited enthusiasm of the supporters through- and the whole city was in commotion.

out the Church will prevent any loss Provisions were to be had only under of income. Government supervision, and prices The Presbyterian Board is watch- were advanced 50 per cent. The ing with keen attention every de- poor Chinese fled by the hundreds velopment and is prepared to meet from Tsing-tau, walking d~ys to any complication. A list has been reach interior villages at a safe sent to the State Department at distance."

Vashington, giving the names and Many new and furloughed mis..

addresses of its missionaries in sionaries were preparing to sail Africa, China, Jndia, Japan, Persia, during the late summer and early and Syria. Since China has become autumn, but all sailings from New involved careful information has been York VUl England or the Con- furnished to the Department con- tinent, were canceled, and sail- cerning the missionaries and prop- ings from the Pacific Coast were erty interests of the Board in Tsing- carried out only by steamers under tau. American registry. Members of the Mrs. Charles K. Roys, of the Pres- Indian missions, and who are needed byterian Mission in Shantung writes on the field, were permitted to sail for under date of August 21st: "Ve India 'via the Pacific, no women or have heard the wildest rumors of children to accompany them. Young Russia's advance upon the port she men under appointment to Inelia are has long coveted, of Japan's ap- permitted to go only in special cases.

proach, and of Germany's intention From the United 'Presbvterian to blow up the place rather than let Board comes the report: – Tsing-tau fall into the hands of the "Egypt is theoretically a part of enemy. Our little papier machC sum- the Turkish Empire and pays to mer cottage is located within a few Turkey an annual tribute of some hundred' yards of the German military $3,500,000. Yet the more vital factor practise ground, and for years past in her international relationships is we have heard and seen the man- the great British occupation. When euvers of German troops. Ten-inch the war broke out Egypt's neutrality guns sent their missiles whizzing was immediately and independently through the air over our heads; the declared. Great Britain's interest i;l shrapnel and gattling-gun practise the Suez Canal, as a necessary high-

EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON

way to India, is perhaps our greatest sionaries by the way of Lisbon. guaranty that British authority will Travel has not been seriously interpreserve order in the N ile Valley. rupted to our fields in China, Japan As goes Egypt, so goes the Sudan." and Korea, nor has our mission w9rk been interfered with except an occa- A letter from Egypt says: "It is sional delay in travel." said that there are 40,000 Indian regulars in camp at Alexandria, on From the Executive Committee of the Canal and at Abbasia. Noone Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian seems to apprehend the slightest Church in the United States (South) danger. As to an uprising, we do Dr. S. H. Chester, the secretary, not consider that there is as much sends this word: "I am thankful to danger to-day as there was at almost say that in actual receipts to date any time during the regime of Sir the European war has not begun to Elden Gorst. It is said that most tell on our finances; we even show Moslems are wishing the Germans a slight gain for the month of Septo win, but I take it that it is only tember over the corresponding month the unthinking ones, and the am- last year, and for the fiscal year our bitious characters that have been all receipts to date are still a few thoualong 'Nationalists' and hating the sand dollars in advance of those of English, because they want to rule last year. As a good deal of our (or ruin) the country themselves. missionary income is received from those living in the cotton section we "So far there is no reason to be can scarcely hope that we will not alarmed for the personal safety of suffer seriously later on from the inany of us. There does not seem to ability of the people in that section to be the slightest intimation of any command the means for making their native uprising. In fact, almost usual contributions; and that is the everything seems to point the other reason why we deem it necessary to way. The Egyptians generally seem exercise great caution and conservamore loyal to Great Britain now tism in sending out reinforcements, than ever before, for which we are and to husband our present resources all very thankful." in every possible way.

The Board of Missions of the "Ve have received no word from any of our missions indicating that Methodist Episcopal Church (South) their work has been in any way reports through the Secretary, Dr. hindered as yet as the result of the W. W. Pinson: war. As a cautionary measure we have cancelled the sailings of all new "The European war has had no missionaries to our Eastern fields and disturbing effects in the field occupied are retaining furloughed missionaries by our church, except those incident from those fields at home except in to banking transactions and the trans- a few cases." fer of funds. It was for some time difficult if not impossible to get either Rev. George Drach, Secretary of funds or supplies to our missionaries the Board of Foreign Missions of the in the Belgian Kongo, but by an ar- General Council of the Evangelical rangement with the Department of Lutheran Church in North America, State the difficulty was removed and we are now able to reach our mis-

reports: "The war in Europe has began. Two or three of our missiondelayed the sending out of our mis- aries have been delayed in sailing but sionaries to India over a month, but the way seems to be open now. We we now have completed arrangements have had no trouble in the matter of for their passage in November. We reaching our missionaries and sending have been able to send funds to our them their usual remittances." missions in India and Japan, but at a high rate of exchange. Weare ad- "We have not experienced any vlsmg economy, especially in the ill-effects of the war on our misdirection of building operations, not sions," writes Dr. Canon S. Gould, of only because we can not feel sure that the Church of England in Canada. our income will allow the normal ex- "Our receipts to-date are somewhat pansion of the work which would in advance of those of last year. otherwise be provided for, but also Beyond the withholding of reinforcebecause calls have reached us from ments for the present and instruc- German societies and mISSIOns of tions to our field authorities that German societies, asking for aid and they should exercise every economy relief, inasmuch as the German so- in administration, I do not anticipate cieties find it impossible to send funds that our board of management will or communications to their missions feel called upon to take any definite in British colonies, especiaIly India. action. We wish to be able to some extent to grant the aid requested. Weare "It is stiIl too early to know the about to issue a special appeal to all uitimate effects of the European war Lutheran churches in America for upon our missionary wmk," writes Dr. offerings to relieve the need of Ger- F. P. Haggard, of the American Bapman Lutheran missions in India and tist Foreign Missionary Society; "but elsewhere." I may note the following: (I) While there are many Baptists in the coun- Dr. L. B. vVolf, Secretary and tries of Europe we are related directly Treasurer of the Board of Foreign or indirectly only to those in France. Missions of the General Synod of the GerlIltlcmy, Sweden, Spain, Russia. Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Finland, Denmark and Norway, and United States of America writes: we contribute to the work in these "We contemplate sending out a party lands smaII sums, as compared with of seven missionaries, leaving New that appropriated to missions in non- York on October 2Ist, among whom Christian countries. It seems almost is my daughter, who goes out to take needless to add that Baptist work in up work as a medical missionary in the countries at war is absolutely deour hospital in South India. moralized. The churches are dis- organized, since the laymen and many "The war in Europe has affected of the pastors are at the front. Thus our work to some extent," says Dr. far we have no information of prop- A. McLean, of the Foreign Christian erty destroyed. Missionary Society. "A number of churches and individuals find it more "(2) The sending of new missiondifficult to contribute to the treasury aries has not yet been affected to any of the society than before the war degree. Our missionary parties are sailing without difficulty both east-

EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON

bound and westbound, and some of the must face the necessity for reliefmissionaries who sailed during the measures for the distrest represenearly part of the war have already tatives of the church in those lands. arrived at their destinations. The situation in Italy is only a little less serious than in the zone of hos-. " (3 ) We have not found any diffi- tilities. culty in the transmission of funds greater than that experienced by all In Africa the missionaries have commercial houses. The Standard Oil suffered great financial distress, par- Company has agreed to transmit the ticularly in North Africa, where the funds of missionary societies which stations in the French territories of find themselves unable to make the Algeria and Tunis found themselves usual arrangements. suddenly cut off from financial sup- port. It was with grea't difficulty that "(4) It is still too early to forecast the Board was able to transfer funds the effect of the war upon missionary to meet the situation. From the contributions at the home base. Our Belgian Kongo, and in Angola, Rhosituation at present may be described desia, and Portuguese East Africa as normal, being almost identical with come reports of disturbances of all that of a year ago." normal relations, and disquiet con- cerning ,the future. Liberia, tho out- The American Friends have mis- side the zone of actual danger, has sions in China, India, Africa and else- been hit as hard financially. where. Secretary Charles E. Tebbets reports that: "lVord has just Dr. George Heber Jones writes come from their missionaries in Brit- that the Board has, so far, been ish East A frica that they are under able to meet the new situations martial law, and that the government created. Bishop John L. Nuelsen, in is providing a place of refuge in case charge of the work in Europe. has of a native uprising. The natives are remained there toc'are for the varied much excited, but so far have shown interests of the church. The Re'. no hostilities to the missionaries." Ernest >V. Bysshe, superintendent of the mission in France, who had just The Methodist Board of Foreign come to America on furlough, re- Missions is responsible for a widely turned immediately, and is now extended work in the countries of studying the situation in Paris. The Europe now at war and in their colo- Rev. George A. Simons placed at the nial possessions. On the continent service of the Russian Government of Europe congregations are dis- the newly purchased Methodist proppersed, families broken up, churches erty in Petrograd, and it is now being vacated, schools empty, factories idle, used as a hospital for wounded solmarket-places deserted, and every- diers. The great Methodist hoswhere there is disquietude and dread. pitals of the Bethenian Verein, in Ministers and laymen have been Hamburg, Berlin, and Frankfort, called to bear arms in Germany, have done large service in caring for France, Russia, and Austria. The the German wounded; while two hunparalysis of industry renders it prac- dred nurses of the Nursing Sistertically impossible for the congrega- hood of the German Methodist tions to meet their obligations to their pastors, and the Methodist Board

Church are reported as having en- Christian peoples been so ready to tered the service of the government receive the Gospel. A transformafor hospital work. tion of startling magnitude is taking place. God is summoning His A Message to the Churches Church to mold the character of the coming life. It is unthinkable The Committee of Reference and that the Church should fail to reo Counsel, representing the Foreign spond. Missionary Societies of North America, has sent out a letter to the "While we do not underestimate churches which emphasizes especially the embarrassment which some busithe danger that whole nations will ness men are experiencing, there is misinterpret Christianity, and Im- no reason to anticipate that the agine that it IS represented by ability of the American people to armies and navies rather than by maintain their missionary work has peace and good-will. been or is likely to be seriously im- paired. Many of the missionary so- The Day of Prayer, appointed by cieties had their birth during a period President Wilson, was emphasized as of war. Several of the largest Britwas the request that Americans ob- ish societies were founded in the serve strict neutrality. "The churches period of the French Revolution amI should make clear the distinction the Napoleonic wars. The Baptist between the teachings of Christ and Missionary Society of Great Britain some of the characteristics of so- made some of its most notable adcalled modern civilization. A more vances during the Crimean and Boer persistent effort should be put forth wars. Some of the strongest soto make the spirit of Jesus leaven cieties in America were formed ill national as well as individual rela- war times. The foreign missionary tionships. Vital Christianity has not work of at least one of the churches failed, but men have failed to exem- in our Southern States was started plify it. in the darkest days of the American Civil War; and while the contribu- "FJmphasis should be laid upon tions to the northern mIsSIonary so- cieties feB off during the first years th.e .necessity of maintain ina.., the of the struggle, they regained their former standard before the war mIssIonary work of the churches at closed, and in some cases exceeded their full strength. Thousands of it. Without question, American American missionaries are in lands Christians of to-day can equal the which are directly or indirectlv devotion and self-sacrifice of Chris- tians of former days. No concession governed by the warring nation~. should be m~de to a spirit of retreat, but the Church should be confidently There is danger that absorption in expected to address itself with new questions developed by the war will vigor to the supreme necessities of lead to forgetfulness of the great the hour." work which the churches have been conducting. That work has been built up through a long series of years. Schools and hospitals on the foreign field can no more be closed at such a time than similar institutions at home. Never have non- ~~ DEPADTMENT J ~~./ ' " ' OF …………….. /~ BEST METHODS CONDUCTED BY BELLE M. BRAIN, COLLEGE HILL, SCHENECTADY, N. Y.

BEST METHODS FROM SUMMER CONFERENCES ~s…tAJIl~1 EPORTS from all the of such "best ideas of the best leaders" conferences and summer as could be brought together in tan- schools of missions tell gible shape to constitute an Efficiency of large attendance and Exhibit. The word efficiency may be a inspiring sessions. At bit overworked nowadays, but the each of these gatherings eagerness to attain the quality and practise of efficiency that animates so there is a constant interchange of large a number of even the humblest methods, and the eagerness with which workers, is one of the most encouraging delegates jot down in their ever-present signs of the times. At this' exhibit, notebooks new plans that might prove foreign costumes, curios, flags and all helpful in their home churches is one purely decorative features were ruled of the most encouraging features. The out, and only such things were displayed desire for better preparation for ser- as might easily be reproduced at home. vice is everywhere manifest. Don't Waste Time Hunting! "This is my first experience at a summer conference and I have found FILE YOUR LEAFLETS it delightful," said Mrs. H. G. Clark, missionary of the American Board to This sign greeted the visitor from a Japan, at a farewell service held by table on which were ordinary letter-file little group on the mountainside the boxes with gummed labels on the back last Sunday afternoon at Silver Bay. duly inscribed to show the range of "The thing that has imprest me most is contents. These had been adapted to that everybody here seems to be get- the filing of missionary leaflets, items ting to give." or pictures cut from periodicals. The special adaptation consisted of replacing The Best Methods editor brought the letters of the alphabet, which usually home a notebook full of helpful things designate the sheets which separate the from Silver Bay, and through the kind- box into various compartments', by writness of several delegates to Northfield ten slips bearing the names of missionshe has secured some of the best ary countries or subjects; e.g., A was methods outlined there. A few of these replaced by Africa; B by American are given here. Others will appear Indians; and so forth. from time to time during the coming year. This filing device and other things seen at the exhibit, like the wafer AN EFFICIENCY EXHIBIT butter-plates which grocers and house- wives find indispensable, but which only BY MISS EDITH THOMSON, RIDGEWOOD, one man was clever enough to patent NEW JERSEY and put on the market, seem so simple One feature of this year's Summer School for Women's Foreign Missionary Societies at Northfield was a collection as to hardly be worthy of such a place. notice. These stamping outfits are more Yet, as a rule, a classification of expensive at the start than pasted material on hand, or a filing system, is letters, but lettering done with them one of the last things adopted by leaders eliminates the danger of cracking or and makers of programs. Nothing tearing if the charts are to be packed saves more wear on the temper or and used many times. If purchased by brings more comfort and assurance than some society in the church, this miniaknowing where to put one's hand on ture "printing outfit" will prove a cona thing when it is wanted. Junior tinual source of helpfulness in new and leaders, especially, who save printed varied ways. pictures, maps, etc., will find such boxes, or (if more easily obtained) a set of Many of the designs on the cloth large manila envelopes, of great ser- charts were done in colored crayons, vIce. and the exhibitors gladly gave away the secret of their "no smutting" process. CHARTS and POSTERS have come to These colored crayons are much easier be almost necessary adjuncts of success- to handle than paint; but, as every body' ful missionary meetings, yet many per- knows, the slightest rubbing of a craysons hesitate to undertake them lest it oned surface causes blur. This IS require excessive labor, .artistic talent, wholly remedied if, when the picture is or both. This need not be the case. finished, the chart is laid face down Some of the most effective posters at and prest quickly with a moderately this exhibit relied for their art work on hot iron till the color comes through pictures that had been cut out and on the wrong side. This effectually pasted on cardboard or heavy paper. "fixes" the picture. But let the presser Some of the lettering was merely done take the precaution to cover the board with heavy pencil marks, the whole en- with paper or cloth of no value. Othertailing no expense and little effort. For wise she will find a duplicate of her the simplest charts, manila paper, cray- design where it is unwelcome! ons, ink, and a small paint brush constitute all the outfit necessary.* Another feature of the exhibit was the Missionary Tea Table with its The cloth charts at Northfield showed numerous small novelties and oddities considerable variety of lettering. Oll made to add attractiveness or the elemany of them, gummed and pasted ment of surprize to such items on the letters cut from patterns of letter-forms program as current events or the anoffered for sale by some of the swers to sets of questions. Among the Women's Boards, had been used, and it things on this table were pasteboard was suggested that children in bands or crackers (made to look real by rows shut-ins in the Home Department might of pin-pricks), with items pasted on prepare such letters in quantity to be the back; a dish of tempting paper ready when needed. On others, rubber- salad with slips bearing printed bits of stamp letters had been used (not information fastened to the leaves and stencils, which entail more labor). the mock slices of egg; and paper fire- These applied with the help of ruler crackers with items inside to be pulled and ink-pad form a simple mode of out by the string projecting in imitalettering ready for use at a moment's tion of a fuse.

4 "Miss Edith Thomson, the 'chart-maker: had The amusing or interesting invitation a bewildering display of charts at Northfield that cards shown had nearly all been actually were the desp,air of the audience," SrlYS one of the in use, and were loaned for the occadelegates. • How could any ordinary hand pro· sion. It was evident that some societies duce such extraordinary charts?" Yet many an had found blue-printing a satisfactory "ordinary hand" has done it, and many more can do it by fonowin …. NIiss Thomson's directions as herer given.-B. M. B.

OF BEST METHODS

way to reproduce a large number of Methods for children filled consider- invitations or announcements when it able space. It was interesting to see was desired to embellish them with how little villages'-African, Burmese, some artistic design. and Japanese-could be built up in fashion suggestive enough to children's A map traced from an atlas on thin eyes, out of pasteboard and colored cloth and stretched over flat, corrugated paper, ten-cent-store dolls and other inboard was dotted with tiny flags bear- expensive accessories. A suggestion for ing the names of great missionaries. hand:work to be done by children at This was pronounced "the best thing their meetings was found in the pretty here" by an enthusiastic Sunday-school Christmas ornaments-horns, stars, teacher who had lately been teaching crosses, flowers, gay Santas, and angels the graded lessons on missionary heroes, -to be used on the Christmas trees at and felt the need of such a device. the mission stations. These were cut from colored mounting-board, red pre- Even an idol shrine, the exhibit dominating, and in many cases decorproved, is capable of home manufacture. ated in gilt. In the dramatic scenes now so popular, an idol is often wanted but hard to Even the very little ones sent in get. A very good substitute can be their contribution-just simple textdevised by making a charcoal copy of cards, white squares brightened with a picture of some idol on a sheet of colored borders of kindergarten sewing, stiff cardboard, and bending the card- the center left blank for the missionary board in a backward curve at the base to write in some text of Scripture. to enable the figure to stand upright. Yet who knows but that such missives The Buddha, 28 inches high, shown in as these, made possible by little children the exhibit, was made in this fashion. a:ld bearing the Good News into re- It was enshrined. in a background of mote, unlikely corners, may not prove dark drapery and had incense sticks in the end to have been the most effec· and candles before it, together with tive method among them all? sticks topped with long streamers of colored paper, cut in fantastic shapes, CHARTS AND POSTERS AT like the paper prayers seen in Eastern NORTHFIEW temples. From a distance and in a somewhat dim light, it had almost the The importance of charts and posters effect of a large alabaster image. -things that appeal to the eye-was continually emphasized at Northfield. Samples of hand-work from the "We often hear of things going in one Woman's Board of the Reformed ear and out the other," said a delegate Church formed a notable exhibit in at one of the meetings, "but who ever themselves. There were bandages, work- heard of things going in one eye and bagS' (filled and unfilled), tiny dolls for out the other?" Another told the story Christmas trees in India, and garments of a small boy who, after seeing a chart for babies and adults cut from patterns which depicted the number of Chrisfurnished the Board by missionaries 0n tians and heathen in the world by means the field. Such things are especially of black and white circles, prayed: welcome for hospital and rescue work, "Dear Jesus, help me to be a man; and but the peculiar value of all such work when I become a man to make the black lies in the fact that many women in circle smaller and the white circle the home churches who can not give bigger." largely in money, are thus enabled to offer such gifts as they have-their time Perhaps the most striking of all the and the Jabor of their hands. many charts displayed was a drawing in black and white entitled, "In The

Grasp of Heathenism."* (See page 854.) Another striking chart was "The Some important truths were taught Hand that Rocks the Cradle Rules the World." Two hemispheres were picby means of statistical charts. Two of tured with a hand above each. Over these were as follows: the United States and Canada in the Western Hemisphere was a Christian Japan Leads the Orient mother's hand, shedding a beautiful But Whither? golden radiance; over the non-Chris- tian parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. 8,000 Students in Tokio University a heathen mother's hand cast a blac;{ 6,000 Agnostic shadow. In the sunshine were the 1,500 Atheistic words, "Rise, shine, for thy Light ;s 440 Uncertain come"; in the shadow, "To turn them 60 Christian from darkness to light."

A Comparison A very attractive poster, "l'HE MIS- In the United States SION KINDERGARTEN," designed by Miss 19,636,348 Children in School Thomson, would be equally effective for a Primary Department or for a class In India studying chapter IV. of "The Child in 12,281,000 Married Children the Midst." With the aid of pictures 481,000 Widowed Children between clipped from missionary magazines, and with gummed or Tubber-stamp letters, 5 and 15 it could be reproduced by almost any one. It was as follows: * Outlines of this chart and another called HBurdened Girlhood," drawn in pencil on cloth one yard square, can be supplied for 50 cents each by Miss B. F. Bennett, 106 Highwood Avenue Ridgewood, N. J. Anyone can follow the poocil lines with heavy marking crayon, or fill in color and letter them.

Picture of Kiltdergartm 1. This is the Mission Kindergarten.

I rJ,Chi:Jld~ -. 2. This is the child that went to the Mission Kill- I~ der.garten.

3. This is the mother won by the child That went to the Mission Kindergarten.

RFamily 4. This is the family hostile no more; Because of the mother won by the child That went to the Mission Kindergarten.

5. This is the street with neighbors galore, Street Who watched the family hostile no more, Because of the mother won by the child That went to the Mission Kindergarten.

Chapel 6. This is the chapel where gathers a throng Of people who listen to sermon and song, And come from the street of the neighbors galore, Who watched the family hostile no more, Because of the mother won by the child That went to the Mission Kindergarten.

AND LI FE DARKNf:65 ANt> DcA-1fti'

·SUFFER iHE LlTTt..E CH{LcDQeN ' . ,.'".r TO COME UNTO ME. AND FOQBiD THEM NOr" ~ "

LOVE CHRISTIAN HOME.5 PUBLIC SCHOOLS SUNDAY .5CHOOLS CHILD LlTERATUQE. PLAY GROUNDS . MOTHERS' CONGRE.55 CHILD LABOR LAW5 CHILD WELFARE -STUDY ADAPTED FROM A CHART DRAWN BY MISS THOMSON AND MISS BENNETT ADAPTED FROM A CHART DRAWN BY MISS THOMSON AND MISS BENNETT CHARTS USED TO ILLUSTRATE "THE CHILD IN THE MIDST" A Ctll LD SAVED IS A SOUL SA VE V PLUS A L,FE"

Preachers A CHART TO ILLUSTRATE "THE CHILD IN THE MIDST" Drawn by MiliS Thomson aoo Miss Bennett

OF BEST

"It wilJ be more interesting," says 2. The last scene 111 the Children's Miss Thomson, "If this chart can be Pageant given out of doors one afterput on a roller or be folded, so that noon was Mrs. Peabody's "Magic one picture can be shown after the Christmas Tree," dramatized. A large other in order-beginning with No. I." evergreen was decorated with colored balls, tinsel, and other ornaments, and THE MAGIC CHRISTMAS TREE placed in the center of the green Tho the Northfield Summer School "stage." Crowds of American children was held in July, "The Magic Christ- came running to it and danced around mas Tree" played an important part it in great glee. Then angels came alonJ three different lines as follows: and directed their attention to groups I. The welcome announcement was of heathen children scattered all around made that Mrs. Peabody's exC[uisite the grounds. The American children fable, "The Magic Christmas Tree," stopt their merry-making and after which appeared on the back cover of THE CHRISTMAS TREE PAGEANT AT NORTHFIELD E'veryland a few years ago, had been debating for a while, ran out to get reprinted in red and green and gold them. "There was real thrill in this in the form of a beauti ful Christmas last scene, when the privileged Amerifolder and could be had from any of can children ran out to bring back by the Women's Boards at ten cents a the hand each little pagan child to share copy, Missionary workers were urged in the glad festival of the Christ Child." to make large use of it as a Christmas greeting to their friends , and some one Here is something that could be suggested that the different delegates effectively used for the Christmas exerendeavor to have it on sale in the Ten cises of the Sunday-schooL The entire text of the Pageant is to be reprinted, Cent Stores in their own home towns.* but it will probably not be available for Christmas this year. But with a • Wholesale prices may be obtained by address· copy of Mrs, Peabody's… Christmas ing }.fiss M. H. Leavis, agent of the United Committeo on the Study of Foreign Missions, West Medford, Mass,

folder, anyone could work up the scene. has not been found by some wideawake 3. A Christmas chart designed by missionary worker.

Miss M. H. Leavis of West Medford, "At what hour should the meetings Mass., for use in her Sunday-school, be held ?" asked a delegate at the was also called by many delegates, "The Methods Hour one day at Northfield. Magic Christmas Tree." The idea was suggested by a story, and its purpose "In the evening," came the prompt waS' to show the comparative number response, "so we can have the young of children in the different missionary women who are engaged through the countries and the selfishness of the little day." Americans who do not share their Christmas trees with others. It con- "Very good," said another delegate; sisted of a large picture of a Christ- "but how about the mothers who can mas tree surrounded by Christmas seals not come out in the evening?" (the Santa Claus variety in common use), on the basis of one for every At the Silver Bay Conference of the 7,000,000 people. Siam had one; the Missionary Education Movement, which Philippines I; Korea 2; Japan 8; China was in session at the same time, Miss 60; India 46; Africa 18; Turkey 8; Louise Southwick of New York City Eastern Islands 5; total 149, represent·· told of a plan that offers a possible ir:.g more than 250,000,000 children. To solution of this problem. This was the this were added I3 seals and a tiny formation in the Church of the Inter- American flag for the American chil- cession (one of the Trinity Chapels dren. with a membership of about 3,000), of an evening session for business women Accompanying the chart waS' a dia- and others who can not attend meetings log made up from the story that had in the day time. suggested the whole, the parts of which were taken (in her own Sunday-school) The idea came to Miss Southwick by Miss Leavis and a small boy. As one day when a young woman, a teachthe dialog progressed, the seals for er, who was urged :to attend the each country, previously pasted to pieces meetings of the Woman's Auxiliary said of paper, were pinned to the chart. At that "if she came she would have to the close Mrs. Peabody's "Magic Christ- be terribly late, and perhaps could not mas Tree" was read as a fitting climax. make it at all." Wisely reasoning that if there was one who could not come This would make a fine number on there were probably others, Miss South· the Christmas program in the Sunday- wick went to the rector, the Rev. Milo school. The dialog is not in print, H. Gates, D.D., and unfolded to him but typewritten copies may be ordered her plan of an evening missionary meetfrom Miss Leavis at five cents each. ing for business women. He not only The chart can easily be made. gave his approval but took the trouble to make out a list of some thirty wOlpen EVENING MEETINGS FOR BUSINESS who would be eligible for an under- WOMEN taking, and sent a letter to each of them saying that such an organization With nearly a thousand women pres- was about to be formed, and giving ent at Northfield it seemed impossible it his hearty endorsement. When these always to agree as to the best methods, letters had been sent out to pave the especially as conditions in the home way, Miss Southwick followed them churches differ so widely. Yet there up with personal calls. About the are few problems for which a solution middle of January, I913, a meeting was called and the president of the Diocesan Society was invited to explain the work

OF BEST METHODS

of a Woman',s Auxiliary. All who were by the Domestic and Foreign Mission- willing to join, or who wished to have ary Society of the Protestant Episcopal notices of the meetings sent to them Church. The second is an executive were asked to place their names and session to which aU the officers must addresses on a paper that was passed go and to which the members are more around; officers were elected with Miss than welcome. All business is trans- Southwick as president; and a program acted at this meeting with the excepof work was mapped out. tion of an occasional vote on some important question. The third meeting From the beginning the Evening is devoted to social service and city Branch has prospered greatly. There mission work. were eighteen charter-members, but now the membership has grown to thirty-two, All funds collected by the Branch are As the members are exceptionally busy sent through authorized channels to women, the requirements for member- places where the members can not go ship are very slight, One college themselves. To supplement this, an woman, the principal of a private school effort is made at each social service on Riverside Drive, when asked to join, meeting to s'ecure volunteers to take up inquired "how little she could do ami some special form of city mission work. yet belong." When told that the one Thus at one meeting one of the memobligation was to pay her dues, she gave bers decided to join the "Big Sisters," her name at once. volunteering to act the part of a sister to some girl who had gone astray. In The Branch is affiliated with the this way she formed a link between the afternoon Auxiliary, and one feature society and this kind of Christian work. of the monthly program of each is a At another meeting a music teacher report of what has been done in the who is a member of the Evening other. During Lent the Evening Branch offered to play during the entire Branch sews in conjunction with the year for a settlement house connected Auxiliary. The ideal now is to form with the New York City Mission. a similar branch for men, the two tll unite for special programs. A MISSIONARY RELAY RACE At first but one meeting was helrl At Silver Bay the Misses Martha and each month, but during the past yeal Hilda Pratt, indefatigable workers in the number has been increased to three. the First Baptist Church, Bennington, At the first of these, the program is Vermont, told of an unusually succes~- along the line of the work undertaken THE· KING'S·BU5INESS· DEQUIOrs·tIASTE ENTIRE. 0 S[~W~([ FAITHFUL FCINOOTQNEESLIEGLCNIQCGAl:EHTNOETDME INTEQCE5S0QY ENTHUSIASTIC NATIVE CONCERTED YOUR REASONABLE ADAPTED FROM A CHART EXHIBITED AT NORTHFIELD

ful reading contest held in their Sun- shelf, red for the girls', these being the day-school last spring. They called it colors of the books. a "Reading Relay Race," and it was one feature of a Judson Jubilee Campaign The contest lasted six weeks. At the carried out by the Sunday-school and close it was found that the 'girls had Women's Missionary Society of the won, the score standing, boys 58, girls church. 98, total 156-a remarkable record for a school that has only about 300 mem- In this novel race the boys were bers. pitted against the girls, and it was agreed that at the close the losers Schools of other denominations may should entertain the winners. The books wish to use other books, but these two chosen were "Ann of Ava," by Ethel have the advantage of being quickly Daniels Hubbard, for the girls, and read, and of being exceedingly interest- ing. Tho the J udsons were Baptists "Judson the Pioneer," by J. Mervin they belong to all, and everyone should be familiar with the thrilling story of Hull, for the boys. Six copies of each their life and work. were purchased and a large chart representing two shelves of books, the upper SPLITTING UP THE TEXT-BOOK for the boys, the lower for the girls, The woman's text-book for this year, was hung before the school. "The Child in the Midst," makes a strong appeal to mothers and strenuous Reading Relay Race efforts are to be made to induce as Boys' Shelf many as possible to read or study it. At one of her conferences on Methods II III III II ffill for Junior Workers conducted each day at Northfield, Miss Nellie Prescott sug- Girls' Shelf gested a good plan for getting the book into the hands of women who can II I I I ! not be induced to join a reading circle 111111 – or a study class, and who claim they I have not even time to read the text- book. This is to buy a paper copy of As soon as a book was completed it it, separate it into individual chapters, was passed on to another reader as provide attractive covers tied on each quickly as' possible without waiting for chapter with ribbon, and paste a slip Sunday to come, so that it frequently of paper on the back with this request: happened that one copy of a book was "When you have read this, put your read two and (in a few cases) three initials and the date opposite your name times in one week. Each Sunday one and pass it on to the next one on the space for each book read during the list." week was filled in on the chart with Sent out by the Home Department colored crayons-green for the boys' or a special committee, many women can be induced in this way to read a single chapter if not the whole book.

The privilege of prayer is one of my most cherished possessions, because faith and experience alike convince me that God sees and answers, and His answers I never venture to criticize. It is only my part to ask. It is entirely His to give or withhold, as He knows is best. I f it were otherwise, I would not dare to pray at all. When I can neither see, nor hear, nor speak, stilI I can pray so that God call hear. When I finally pass through the valley of the shadow of death, I expect to pass through it in conversation with Him.-Dr. W. T. Grenfell,

WODLD-WiDE

MISSIONADY NEWS LATIN AMERICA Romero. The children receive gratui- tously instruction, books, school sup- Slavery in Yucatan plies, needed clothing, shoes, medical A WRITER in the Christian Herald, who has lived fifteen years' in attendance and medicines, and many Yucatan, suggests that the conditions families of children receive food, peamong the Indians there might be ended if the United States Congress were to cuniary and other help, They are inprohibit the importation of the products of slave labor. He says that the native structed in trades and professions as Maya is the meekest and gentlest of all Mexican Indians; he is also held in well as in common school branches. The more cruel and hopeless bondage than the others. There are in the State of Bible is read daily without comment Yucatan some 150,000 Maya slaves, owned by about two hundred masters, and prayer is offered. Once a week who cultivate the sisal hemp, a product chiefly imported into this country. They the New .Testament is read with comgrow up under the baneful influence of lash, rum and a most un-Christian priest. ments. This has caused the opposition Under this triple system the Maya is fast going to an early grave, and some by .the Roman Catholic priests. About of them seek peace in self-inflicted death. As the Maya slave is disappear- 1,000 of the children are also enrolled ing fast, the planters import human cattle from other parts of the Mexican in Protestant Sunday-schools. republic. Twelve years ago, more than 12,000 Yaquis were shipped to Yucatan During thirteen years the schools and sold as slaves. To-day but a few hundred are alive, and these are as have enrolled 47,000 children, many of hopeless as the native Maya. whom have found employment secured The Philanthropic Schools of Palermo for them by the school workers. THESE schools were founded by Mr. 'Wm. C. Morris about fourteen No. of children who have received years ago. They were started for the clothing and shoes, which are poor children of the streets and have distributed twice a year …… 50,000 grown until they care for about 6,000 pupils a year. The cost is from $r20,- No. who have received medical 000 to $130,000 annually, and for a long attendance ……………….. 16,870 time this was raised by Mr. Morris personally. The Argentine Government No. of medical prescriptions filled 18,300 Poor children helped during their has voted a subsidy of $500 a month, convalescence …… ,………. 7,900 in spite of the opposition of Bishop Children for whom work has been obtained ……….. , ……. ,.. 2,500 Parents and relatives of the chil- dren for whom work has been obtained …………… , … ,.. 1,200 Abandoned children or small de- linquents detained by the police and for whom help has been given in the way of clothing and shoes during their deten- tion ………………. '…… 410 Prisoners helped during their de- tention and after being put at liberty …….. '…………… 140 Children who have received gra- tuitously everything necessary for their education ………… 4,200 Mr. Morris went out to Argentine as a Methodist missionary and after- ward joined the Anglican Church. He has uns-elfishly devoted all his energies to this work.

A Bolivian Inscription ippines. Two hundred and forty-six THERE is a strange inscription to be delegates registered, an increase of 132 read on the Bolivian grave of the over the previous year. These delegates pioneer missionary, Robert Lodge. T.aken represented sixteen different denomina- to a Roman Catholic hospital in Le Paz tions and were drawn from a wide on becoming seriously ill, he was con- area, covering sixteen States, Japan stantly approached by priests of that and the Philippine Islands.

faith, and was more and more urgently exhorted, as he grew weaker, to save his Home Mission Sunday-Schools A soul by entering the Church. When it NUMBER of summer schoob for the study of Home Missions were was seen that he must soon die, a group gathered in his room. Nuns in one COI'- conducted this year at various centers.

ner were praying to an image of the One of the best was the N'orthfield Con- Virgin; the Jesuit priest at the foot of ference, held in July. It was unusually the bed exhorted him; his coJIeague, Dr. ~mccessful, both in point of numbers an(t Jarrett, stood by awaiting the end. After in the interest and devotion manifested a long silence, during which his breath- "In Red Man's Land," the study book ing became slower and weaker, he sud- for the year, was taught by Miss Wood- denly sat up, and, looking straight at the berry, and the beautiful colored slides priest, made the final affirmation which and moving pictures of Indian lif~ now is written over this heretic's grave: shown by Dr. Dixon, of the Rodman "The blood of Jesus Christ cleanses us ¥anamaker expedition. Rev. Frank from all sin."-J. L. Jarrett, Colombia. Higgins presented his work among the.

NORTH AMERICA lumbermen, and addresses were given on the Italians and "The Loyal MOUll- ALaymen's Missionary Conference taineers." T the fourth summer conference of the Laymen's Missionary Movement. Evangelism by the Seaside held at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin (July OVER 200,000 people attended 29 to September 2), J. Campbell White the very successful meetings this reported that since the inception of the summer at Brighton Beach, N. Y., ill movement six years ago, the contribu- the open-air Gospel work conducted by tions of the churches to the missionary Mr. W. E. Stephens and his associates.

enterprise have more than doubled. Meetings were held on Saturdays and Still better things are expected, since Sundays from 5 to 7 p. M. Last year the men of to-day are better equipped I33.450 persons were reached.

to promote a program of more efficient The highest number of attendance missionary instruction in their churches. in anyone day was 16,625~n August The study groups at the "Lake Geneva 3ISt. These services consisted of sing- Conference discust immigration, the ing, Scripture reading and short Gos- New Home Missions, the Church of the pel talks directed to the passing throng.

Open Country, Mexico and the Call of The object was to reach the 110n- the World, and daily denominational churchgoers, and the conversions' re- meetings were followed by round table ported this year exceed last year's, amI conferences of all the groups meeting the influence of these meetings has ex- together to compare notes and discuss tended all over Brooklyn and to dis· methods. tant parts.

Vesper services were held .on t1~e Jake Occasionally a gospel bell-ringer front, addrest by missionary workers and a cornetist assisted, but the music from Japan, India, Africa and thel'hil- for the most part was simple Gospel

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

singing by a large chorus on the plat- Baltimore, and it is thought by mem- form, led by soloists. bers of the Washington colony that those in authority will heed their re- The work was supported by the free- quest and grant the requisite funds. will offerings of Christians. "How to reach the masses" is a problem which Work for Chinese and Japanese seems to be solved by the Open-Air Gospel services. "How to reach the WITH the largest Chines-e popula- masses" is to go to the masses. tion of any American city, San Prohibition Progress Francisco is naturally the center of Chi- nese missionary work, with I I missions. NINE States have already adopted Fine buildings have been erected for the State-wide prohibition. Of the work of the Baptist, Congregational, other thirty-nine States so much terri- Episcopalian, Methodist and Presbyterian tory is "dry" that more than 47,000,000 missions._ The cities across the bay from of our population are now living under San Francisco, Oakland, Alameda and prohibition, the saloonless area of the Berkeley, have II missions, carried on United States being 7I per cent. by 7 denominations, twice as many in of the entire country. At the proportion to the population as in San present time five States, Washington, Francisco, but with much less equipment – Oregon, California, Colorado, and Vir- for the work. Los Angeles recently had ginia, are engaged in campaigns for 8 Chinese missions carried on by 6 de- State-wide prohibition next November. nominations, Sacramento 4, Seattle 2. -Two others, Idaho and Arizona, are planning for like campaigns. Iowa, The great centers of Japanese popula- Texas, Utah, and Florida are working tion on the Pacific Coast are Los An- to secure State-wide prohibition next geles, San Francisco and Seattle. There year. Other States are stirring in the are 7 churches and missions in Los An- matter. People are everywhere aroused, geles, and 3 more in suburban tOW!lS, and the prohibition idea advances by conducted by 7 denominations. There leaps and bounds. are 5 miss-ions in Seattle, under as many denominations. Several of the Japanese One-half of all the American people missions in Seattle are well equipped now living in license territory live in with buildings. In San Francisco and four States-New York, Pennsylvania. the Bay district, 16 churches and mis- Illinois and New Jersey_ One-fourth sions for Japanese are maintained by 8 of all the people who live in license denominations. territory live in 6 cities-New York. Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston "Go to Church" in Hawaii and Cleveland. One-half of all the saloons in the United States are located W ORKERS in the American Mis- in 14 cities. sionary Association report that the observance of Go-to-Church Sunday, A Mormon Temple in Washington throughout this entire field, has proved a stimulating experience. A contributor BEING without a regular place of to the Congregationalist writes from worship, a colony of ISO Mormons Hawaii: "With the advent of I914 the Go-to-Church movement in Honolulu which has grown up in Washington is began in -earnest. Its chief feature has drafting plans for the erection of a lain in getting before the people the llandsome edifice in the capital city as claims of religion. In doing this it has a branch of the Church of Jesus Christ been using modern methods." All suc- of Latter Day Saints. Mormons have cessful advertisers _.know the importance churches in Chicago, New York, ami of following up an advertisement, and

in connection with Go-to-Church Sunday it proved to be leprosy, he was banished this pertinent comment is made: "Cer- to a hut on the outskirts of the city, tainly the Christian forces of the United occupied by a Chinese leper, mutilated States are waking up on the question of hideously. He fled in terror, but was getting their wares before the eyes of pursued by the authorities and brought men by persistent advertising. The back. Another inmate of the same hut .question is, Will the churches meet this is an American who had assisted in campaign of advertising by a corres- opening a railroad in the Philippines ten ponding welcome and an enthusiastic years before the disease appeared. endeavor to make their services winsome and helpful?" A The Canadian Eskimo NEW Canadian Census Bulletin gives Lepers in the United States curious details of the Eskimo popu- lation living about Hudson Bay. Arch- RECENTLY two Bills have been deacon Renison of Moosonee, who took introduced in Congress looking to the census in his district, writes: "In the establishment of a National Lepro- calling most of them pagans it must sarium. One of these would provide be remembered that they are so in name $150,000 for a National Leprosarium on only, since all of them have their resome island. The other Bill appro- ligious books and practically everyone priates $500,000 for a Leper Home, of the age of ten can read them. the location now being specified. Heathen practises are a thing of the past. The majority of the people live By those familiar with the facts, under the most squalid conditions and are leprosy. is believed to be a serious destitute of proper clothing through national danger. The United States are the failure of the deer, which long in frequent communication through ship- ago were numerous along the east ping with countries where leprosy is coast of Hudson Bay." Sergeant Hay- widely prevalent, and inquiries have ter reported that the people in his shown that in some parts of the United district had no idea whatever of their States foreign levers have little difficulty age and they knew nothing of our .in effecting a landing and passing thence divisions of time. They are sometimes into the interior, where they are soon polyga111ists, sometimes' polyandrists. lost sight of, but where they may spread They are fond of children, but change the infection unobserved. This source the111 about, adopting some or giving of danger is stated to be rapidly in- their own away, according to convecreasing. Leprosy is known to be nience, so that it is hard to reckon comIhonin some of the foreign posses- by families.-The Churchman. sions' and dependencies of the United States-e.g., the Hawaiian Islands, the EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN Philippines (where at present some 5,000 lepers are under supervision), and A Record Year for Bibles Porto Rico. There is great need for a national leper home, where suitable care T HE British and Foreign Bible can be given to these sufferers, who are Society has closed its one hundred now often subjected to virtual perse- and tenth year. In the past year, six cution. A physician in St. Louis reports new versions of the Bible have aptwo such cases. One a man thirty-five peared in print for the first time. One years old, who had been a soldier in the is Mark's Gospel in Kopu for one of Philippines ten years before, developed the many aboriginal tribes in the a disease of the skin, of the nature of mountains of southwest China. Last which he was entirely ignorant. When autumn IO,OOO copies were delivered to the China Inland Mission. The Gos-

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

pel was first used in public worship at Christian Association, which has a a harvest festival, when 400 Kopu filled membership of 3,000, in 400 branches, the chapel, each with his own copy. devotes itself particularly to evangelis- Sentence by sentence they read in tic work among the troops, both on the unison the first chapter. Mark has Continent and in England. also been given in their own tongue to the Mawken-or "Drowned-in-the-Sea," Within ten days of the actual dec- as they style themselves-a gipsy fisher laration of war the Young Men's Chris- folk of Lower Burma; and to the tribes tian Association Field Service De- among the snow peaks of Western partment was at work at more than Tibet who speak Manchad. Luke has 60 points throughout Great Britain. been published in Car Nicobarese, the The greatest possible variety of method dialect of the most populous of the is in use. One special piece of work Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal; which the Y. M. C. A. has undertaken and Matthew in Addo, a dialect of is the distribution of Testaments among Southern Nigeria; while the four Gos- the Territorials and Regular troops for pels~ at the request of the Evangelical the Pocket Testament League. This Missionary Society for German East league plans for the wise and careful Africa, have been printed in Ruanda, distribution of special copies of the the speech of 7,000,000 negroes in the Gospel of St. John to hundreds' of mountain region between Victoria thousands of soldiers and sailors, and Nyanza and Lake Tanganyika. The for the individual gift of copies of the Society's list now includes versions in entire New Testament to those soldiers 456 different tongues-the complete and sailors who would agree to carry Bible in 112 languages, the New Tes- the Testaments with them and read at tament in III more languages, and at least one chapter daily. least one book of Scripture in 233 other languages. The total issues for the THE CONTINENT year 1913-14 were 8,958,233 copies-an increase of over a million compared I The Prussian State Church with the previous year. In embossed N view of the position of Germany type for the blind, the Society has pub- in the present European war, special lished or circulated the Scriptures in interest attaches to an article in a 35 different languages. recent issue of the Hibbert Journal, regarding the withdrawal movement Salvation Army Sends Out Workers from the State churches. Since the first of January, 1908, in Berlin alone, GENERAL BOOTH recently dedi- 31,967 Protestants, 5,029 Roman Cath- cated a party of 102 officers for serv- olics and 196 Jews have notified such withdrawal. The formality of withice in India, the Dutch Indies, Korea, drawing involves no little personal Japan, Holland, Canada, South Africa, trouble and loss of time, besides the New Zealand, South America, France, social stigma attached to it. Those Malta, and Gibraltar. This is the larg- baptized in the church must formally est party ever sent out at one time by declare their withdrawal before a State the Army, and over 75 are going to India. official, otherwise they must pay the church tax, if their incomes exceed British Troops and the Gospel a certain sum. The writer calls the Prussian State Church little more than T HE departure of British troops for a link in a social and political chain, the front was the call to service a constituent element in the State orfor the various agencies which concern ganization, but one which only reflects themselves with the moral and spiritual welfare of the men. The Soldiers'

a part of the heart of the nation. It Poles, mostly Roman Catholics, are not is the political-religious side of Preus- particularly susceptible. to Pan-Slav sentum, and he thinks that the working propaganda, as that is largely Russian class is becoming increasingly convinced and Orthodox. that Christianity has moved somewhat from its primitive ideals and has been Altogether the Dual Moriarchy conmisused to bolster up the Prussian tains 5,500,000 inhabitants of Cerb State idea.-The Churchman. race, divided between Islam and two Christian creeds.

Polyglot Population of Austria The Religion of Suicides ACCORDING to the most recent THE Imperial Statistical Bureau of authoritative statistics the racial Berlin publishes the averages of question in Austria-Hungary is much more complicated and diversified than death by suicide per 100,000 people is usually to be explained in reference among different religious and nonbooks. In the kingdoms and provinces religious sections of the German nation. represented in the Reichsrath in Vienna The ratio is as follows: there are nearly 10,000,000 Germans and 18,500,000 non-Germans. Of these Among Moravians, Mennonites, etc. 1 nearly 17,500,000 are Slavs. Among Among Protestants ……………. 31 these Slavs, the Croats and Serbs num- Among Catholics ……………… 37 Among Jews …………………. 40 Among the religionless, especially ber 780,000, chiefly in Dalmatia, while – among Socialists ……………. 605 there are in all 666,000 Orthodox and Revival in Bulgaria nearly 3,500,000 Greek Uniats. In Hungary, with its subject kingdoms of "N OTHING like the present SpIrI- Croatia and Slavonia, there are 10,000,- tual awakening has ever occurred 000 Magyars, 2,000,000 Germans, and in the history of evangelical Chris- 8,000,000 other non-Magyars. Of these tianity in this country," writes Dr. E 3,000,000 are Rumanians and well over E. Count, from Sofia, Bulgaria, under 5,000,000 Slavs. The Croats, or Roman date of August 29th. "Over 60 have Catholic Serbs, number 1,800,000 and joined our Methodist Church in this their Orthodox brothers are I,roO,ooo city since February, and on the Sofia in number. All told, Hungary has District more than ISO new members nearly II,OOO,OOO Roman Catholic sub- are recorded."

jects, 2,000,000 Greek Uniats, and Restrictions Abolished in Russia 3,000,000 Orthodox. In this connection S it should be remembered that the EVERAL months ago the Review referred to the hostility of the Patriarchate of the Orthodox Serb Church has been fixt at Karlowitz, Greek Church officials to the Baptists under Hungarian rule, for over two in Russia, and the action taken by the centuries. In Bosnia there are 434,000 Government against Rev. Mr. Fetler.

Roman Catholic Croats, 825,000 Ortho- Since the outbreak of the war, the dox Serbs and over 600,000 Bosniaks, 1:orrespondent of the Reuter Telegram or Moslem Serbs. Thus, it will be Company at St. Petersburg has re- seen that the Emperor Francis Joseph ported that the Russian authorities are rules over more than 25,000,000 Slavs abolishing previous restrictions against and 3,225,000 Rumanians, of whom the holding of prayer-meetings by nearly 4,500,000 adhere to various Or- Baptists, and that the Baptists are thodox churches and 5,400,000 are opening hospitals in Kiev, Odessa and Uniats. Of this Slav mass 5,000,000 St. Petersburg.

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Stamping Out the Drink Curse political unrest. Here the war-call of my earthly king suddenly reached me, NEWS was recently published from which I must obey early in the morn· St. Petersburg, to the effect that ing. Unfortunately, I have not time enough for a complete report. Everyan order from the Czar to his army, where there is an earnest longing for dealing with the drink evil had just salvation in Christ; everywhere I had been issued. Drunkenness is to be to promise either· to return or to send ruthlessly stamped out. Officers are a secretary. The harvest is ready at forbidden to drink in camp, on ma- the door, and the Christian Endeavor neuvers or while on any duty with Society has great problems in the their men. All classes of drunkenness Balkans. The Lord Jesus· will bring it are to be dealt with in the severest out right, even without my service, manner. Commanding officers are since I must now go to the war. It ordered to discourage as much as pos- is bitter that I must now go with sible the drinking of alcohol, and weapons against those to whom a few medical officers are to deliver lectures weeks ago I preached of the Lord of periodically on the harmful effects of Peace. God make me strong." alcohol. Russia is looked upon as benighted, out when have governments MOSLEM LANDS taken action to teach the people the harmful effects of alcohol? Apart from An Encounter with Brigands the schools, no effort has been made by American authorities to let the people DR. W. N. CHAMBERS of Adana. know the facts revealed by science. In England, France and Germany, great while on his way to the annual efforts are made by means of bulletins, meeting of the Central Turkey Mission posters, and other ways, to warn people was "held up" by brigands four hours of the danger in the use of alcoholic out from Hadj in. He says: liquors. The results, as far as we can judge, show that more good is accom- "The distressing and tragical part of plished by teaching than by prohibition. it was the shooting of the soldier de- Here the teaching is left to private tailed to act as guard to the party. He enterprise which is very spasmodic and was beside me, and seeking cover for does not carry the weight or influence resistance was shot through the breast of governmental authority. and dropt dead. This was within a minute after we were halted and found The Pathos of the War ourselves in the hands and at the mercy of six or eight brigands. They searched A PATHETIC letter addrest to Dr. the others of the party-three Arme- Francis E. Clark, of the Christian nians from Hadjin-and would take Endeavor Society, by a teacher in nothing from me, tho I offered money Croatia, Austria, who devotes his sum- to induce them to deal mercifully with mers and all his free time to Christian one of my companions."-Miss.ionary Endeavor work, is one of those side- Herald. lights on the war which give it its vital human significance. This teacher A Boy Sultan in Persia writes: SULTAN AHMED SHAH KATAR. "For four weeks I have borne the the boy of seventeen who occupies Christian . Endeavor banner through the Balkans. I was obliged to cut .off the throne of Persia, took the oath and fourteen days' of the journey planned, was crowned in Teheran, his capital, and hasten home on account of the in July. Advancing to the table in front of the platform 111 the Parliament House, he placed his hands on the Koran, and in ~

loud voice took the oath. He then is need of more forceful and cultured proceeded to the neighboring Sipah- men in the native pastorate who may suc- Salar Mosque where the Ulama and cessfully address their fellow country- the principal religious dignitaries were men-Indian Christian scholars, nur- assembled. Here he returned thanks tured in the varied learning of the and offered prayers to Allah for the East and West, who will interpret the prosperity of his country and his reign. practical West to the philosophical East, At 5 P. M. the coronation took place and will be able to show that the re- in the palace, the king placing the ligion of Christ is in accord with the crown upon his own head, while the best sentiments of India's best minds. Ulama acclaimed him king, intoning ill The college is the first example of sonorous, guttural tones the Arabic different missionary societies in India formula: cooperating· in theological instruction. Six Foreign Mission Boards, Scotci1 Fearless Dealings with Moslems Presbyterian, English Congregational, Danish Lutheran, English Wesleyan, T HE fact that the Presbyterian Mis- American Reformed, and American sion schools in Persia have been Congregational, have representatives on organized primarily to make Christians the college council. Four European does not seem to frighten Moslems professors and one Indian professor away from them. Of more than 1,000 constitute the faculty. Buildings at an such in attendance 700 are paying tui- expense of $47,000 are being erected. tion fees. All are required to study These consist of a college hall with the Bible, and in only three of the classrooms and library, a hostel for unthirteen is Friday (the Moslem Sah- married students, two small bungalows bath) given as a holiday. Miss Stock- for married students, and a residence ing tel1s in the Moslem World, a good for the principal. The sum of $33,000 story of one of the missionaries in has already come from Europe, chiefly Resht who was summoned before a from England, for the building fund. magistrate. The fol1owing dialog The remaining $14,000 are rightly exdeveloped: pected from America.

Official.-"We hear that you have Lowering the Flag of Paganism been inviting Moslems to become Christians." A STRIKING incident is related by Rev. William Peters, of the North Missionary.-HIt is true.' ' India Methodist Mission: "Recently I Off.-"Whom do you invite?" visited the work on Ujhani Circuit, Miss.-HI invite you, sir." where lives an old Hindu more than The official gave no more trouble.- seventy years of age. All his life he Record of Christian Work. had been an idolater and had done everything in his power to prevent the INDIA spread of Christianity. He built a great heathen altar in front of his A Unique Miuioaary lnatitution house and hoisted over it a large pagan banner. Revival meetings were held T HE first class of eight students by the. Christians in his village. The graduated from the United Theo- power of God took hold of his soul logical College of Sont:iLlndia a~ ancl he pulled down his flag, broke Ion at Bangalore have all beelL called to down the altar, and with his heart acpositions of usefulness as tbeffltJgirnJ cepted JesuS' Christ as .his Savior." teachers, pastors, and evangetists: in the Indian church. The need of an institn- tion such as this is great, for So~ India and Ceylon contairr half the Protes- tant Christian population of India. There

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America'. Costly Gift to India not merely protected Christians from insult or injury in his own province, D R. HUME, speaking at the cen- but who quietly conveyed to Washing- tenary celebration of the American ton news, upon the strength of which Board Mission in India, estimated the was determined the despatching of number of earnest, educated sons and troops to safeguard the legations. Since daughters of North America, who had then Yuan haS' done many things for given their lives to India in the past which Christian propagandists are 100 years, at not less than 40,000. This grateful. But his open acquiescence in gift of good women and men by one the advance of Christianity in China country to another with which it has is shown in his manly decision, in the no political and little commercial re- face of political intrigue, that China lation is, he declares, unparalleled in shall not revert to the reactionary ranks history, and unparalleled in its spiri- of nations shackled by the bonds of tual, intellectual and social value. state religions.-Men and Missions (N. Y.). HTTen Nationalities at One Altar HERE are commonly ten nation- Optimism in West China alities and combinations of nationalities represented at the family altar BISHOP LEWIS, of the Methodist of the mission house at Pegu, Burma, Church in West China, writes that the political conditions are much more viz., Canadian, American, Tamil, Te- settled than they were a year ago. "Among a few," he says, "there may lugu, Hindustani, Panjabi, Burmese, be a slight opposition to Yuan Shih Chinese, Karen and Chino-Karen. Kai. But the people are loyal to the These are all resident on the compound central government and do not want except the Panjabi mater who happens trouble. They seem to be satisfied with to come for work at that hour, and the present situation. The epidemic being a Christian takes part in the of robbery, reported a year ago, apt family devotions. What will be the pears to have been entirely checked." product of the amalgamation of all With the new Civil Governor of these races'?"-Indian Witness. Szechuen, Chen Tin-chieh, in cordial sympathy with the Church's work-tho CHINA not himself a professing Christian- with the people at peace, and the p Religion and Politics Church making rapid strides, Bishop RESIDENT YUAN SHIHKAI Lewis believes the situation in West has dissipated all doubts as to China to be 1110st promising. freedom of worship and of religious belief in the new Republic. He has T Plea for Methodist Union issued a mandate explaining the mean- HERE is undoubtedly much to be ing and force of his previous announce- gained by the organic union of the ment regarding the restoration of Con- Chinese members of the various Methfucianism as China's system of social odist bodieS' operating in China. So ethics. The mandate guarantees re- many different churches, so many difligious freedom and declares: "No State ferent names, so many different sysreligion will be introduced, as under the tems of doctrine. and church polity, Ching dynasty, since religious freedom necessarily produce no little confusion corresponds with the system of repub- and uncertainty in the minds of the licanism." Yuan Shih Kai has long Chinese. This is bad enough when we been the friend of the missionary and consider only the great main divisions the native Christians. Back, in the days of the Boxer troubles. it was Yuan Shih Kai, then a powerful viceroy, who

among the denominations, as the Pres- church, and schools, and preachers, ana byterians, Methodists, Baptists, Angli- teachers, and I always go to church cans, etc. But when each of these and am diligent in learning the doc- main divisions is subdivided into nu- trine."

merous smaller bodies, the Chinese are What May Come to Pass at a loss to know the reason for it, and it makes confusion worse con- W ILL China some day send misfounded. Further, there can be no sionaries to America? We can doubt that our work could be adminis- not believe it, says the Christian Obtered much more economically, both as server (Southern Presbyterian), but a to men and money, if we were united high Chinese official says it will be so. into one organic body. The mission- The rapid advance of Christianity in aries need not necessarily belong to mission lands suggests this. The sugthe Chinese Church. They could main- gestion is emphasized by the comtain their connection with the home paratively sluggish progress of religion, Church, as is the case in Japan. Bilt or its actual decline in Christian lands. that the Chinese members shouM be As indicating growth in foreign lands united into one body is a consumma- it appears from the last reliable census tion devoutly to be wished. There arc of India that there are now 3,896,000 to-day perhaps 70,000 or more Metho- Christians in India, twelve for each dist Christians in China. What a thousand of population. The American strong body these would make if they Methodist Mission in India baptized were all united into one organization. 30,000 persons in I9I2, and 40,000 in -China Christian Advocate. I9I3. Thousands registered their names for baptism, but could not receive the Result of a Medical Journey required instruction because of lack of workers. The work of other de- DR. D. DUNCAN MAIN, of Hang- nominations is correspondingly pros- perous. The Presbyterian Church in chow hospital, relates. the follow- China is preparing to organize a ing as an illustration of the text, "Cast General Assembly. 60,000 Presbyterians thy bread upon the waters": are ready to enter this organization. Other denominations enjoy similar An old patient who lives in a little prosperity. country place twenty miles distant, that 'we used to visit on Saturdays, for healing and preaching, some years ago, writes: "I live at Kuchang, in Yu'ang-. An Appeal from Honan and my name is Li Kya-Chen, and I THREE years ago the gentry oi am 74 years of age. A long time ago, Chow Kiakan, Honan, presented a in the reign of Kwang Dzu, you came petition to the China Inland Missions here to heal, and preach the 'Happy asking for a hospital. They are still Sound.' At that time I only thought awaiting an answer. The city has a of my disease. Now I know that your population of 225,000, and the sur- coming here was not only to cure our rounding district is well populated.

diseases, but to cllre our souls, because A great opportunity is thus presented the doctrine of Jesus has got into my for reaching these people. The peti- heart and that is the most important tion expresses appreciation of the work, thing of all. I have offended against and in oriental language the writers God and you; but most fortunately Goel say that they "turn with earnest desire has forgiven me while I am alive, and toward the open door of the Mission I thank you for what you did for me. Book Room, as the Sunflower turns to- We have had now for some years a ward the Sun."

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JAPAN-KOREA think of allowing his new official duties to interfere with the indorsement of the A Methodist School in Kobe Sunday-school convention to which he had committed himself. THE Kwansei Gakuin, founded 25 years ago at Kobe by Bishop W. I An Anglican Mission to Lepers N the September, 1913, issue of The R. Lambuth, has proved to be one of Spirit of Missions appeared an ac- the great missionary institutions of count of the work done among lepers at learning in the Orient. Good buildings Kumamoto, Japan, under the leadership have been erected, the student body of Miss Riddell. At that time she was in all departments numbers more tha~ earnestly praying that a priest might 1;le 700. It is a union Methodist institu- moved to help in the enterprise. The tion, the Methodist Church of Canada May issue of The Mission Field, the having united with the Southeru official organ of the S. P. G., says: Methodist as full partners. In Octo- ber, the 25th anniversary was cele- "The S. P. G. is to be privileged to brated on an extensive scale. share in the work among the lepers at Kumamoto, Japan, the committee having The Premier Stands for Religion made a grant toward defraying the ex- penses of the Rev. A. S. Hewlett, the – COUNT OKUMA, the venerable pre- Vicar of St. Paul's Church, Tranmere, mier who has recently succeeded to Birkenhead, who is resigning his living in order to devote himself to work the headship of the government in J a- among lepers. The leper settlement is pan, continues in his high office to show not very far from the scene of the the same practical concern in the relig- great volcanic eruption. In a letter just ious life of his people which he hag received from Miss Riddell, the foun- manifested for years as private citizen dress of the work among lepers in and university president. Tho he Japan, she writes: 'The Sunday after has thus far in his career refrained from the first eruption our lepers, sixty-six in actual indorsement of Christianity, in number, brought me all the money they an address which he delivered recently could make up between them, four shil- in Tokyo at the dedication of the dormi- lings and a farthing, and asked me to tory for the Chinese Y. M. C. A., the send it to any Christians among the Count used the following significant lan- sufferers as a little thank-offering for guage: "The fatal defect in the teach- the great Love which was preserving ings of the great sages of Japan and them from need and anxiety in this time China is that while they dwelt with of their physical affliction. I know that virtue and morale they did not suffi- it was not only the "widow's mite," but ciently dwell on. the spiritual nature it was the lepers' all.''' of man. And every nation th:lt neglects the spiritual, tho it may Christianity in Korea flourish for a time, must eventually decay. The origin of modern civiliza- THE president of the Japanese Y. M. tion is to be found in the teachings uf C. A. at Seoul is Judge Watanabe. the Sage of Judea, by whom alone the necessary moral dynamic is supplied." the founder and head of the judicial Vhen Count Okuma became Premier, it system in Korea. The church statistics was expected that he would resign from for 1913 have just been completed. the arrangements committee of the The following comparative tables will World's Sunday-school Convention. indicate to some extent the growth of which is to meet in Tokyo in 1916. But Christianity during that period. he expressly declared that he would not

1913 1912 AFRICA Adult Baptisms …… . 6,848 6,089 The Coptic Church in Egypt Communicants ……. . 80,383 73,226 Total Church Members 98,325 90,400 ABOUT 6 per cent. of the popula- Organized Churches .. 857 tion of Egypt, or some 670,000 Churches, Self-support- 831 persons, we are told, belong to the Coptic Church. They constitute a dis- ing ……………. . 182 186 tinct community, with their own schools, Churches, Partly Self- cemeteries and civil laws. While only 645 4 per cent. of the Moslem popUla- supporting ……… . 675 1,280 tion can read and write, more than IO Preaching Places …. . 1,256 per cent. of the Copts can do so. Ordained Ministers, Jap- 702 The Copts in the cities are clever mer- chants and the number of extremely anese ………….. . 728 652 wealthy Coptic families has consider- Unordained Ministers ably increased. The Egyptian Protes- 106,580 tants are largely persons who have and Helpers ……. . 732 abandoned the Church of the Copts, 318,987 but there is no such chasm between S. S. Scholars and them as between Protestantism and Teachers . . . . . . . . . .. 108,495 Romanism. Protestants feel a sense of historical relationship to the ancient Amount contributed by church, desire its reformation, contri- Japanese ……. Yen 374,538 bute to its schools and church con- struction, attend its congresses. Ameri"- $187,269 $169,493 can missionaries are invited repeatedly to speak in Coptic churches. This has One of the most interesting features gone so far that the solemn ritualistic of the Student Young Men's Chris- services on Good Friday have been tian Association work in Korea is the suspended, and Mr. Reed, a Presby-o sending forth of evangelistic groups terian clergyman, invited in to give which preach the Gospel in the neigh- an exposition of the Scriptures. Great boring villages and country districts, numbers of Coptic laymen and school often where no preaching has ever been teachers and some Coptic priests have heard. One Association reported that been educated in American Presby-· during the year they have raised money terian schools and cherish the friendto send a missionary to an island 1,500 liest feelings for the evangelical church. li distant. His work has resulted in There is, further, a distinct movement many conversions among the islanders. of reformation in the ancient church of Egypt-an advancing use of the What a Student Y. M. C. A. Can Report Arabic colloquial in place of the un- intelligible Coptic, an increasing use of THE report of the Student Secre- the Scriptures in the services, more tary in Korea, Mr. Choi Sung Mo, preaching and Bible exposition, growth contains the following paragraph: of schools for girls, and other work "From last June to April of this year for women. The development of Sun- I have been able to lead 272 men to day-schools in the Coptic churches is decide to accept Jesus Christ as their proposed as the most promising way of Savior. A number of these are in my transforming it in an evangelical sense. Bible classes and 76 of them are now There could hardly be a more certain known to be in regular attendance at guaranty of a Reformed Church of the church. It was my duty to deliver the Gospel both in public and in private and to visit the sick. I have done what I could as the time permitted, and I trust that the work of my Master has been promoted by my services." Mr. Choi Sung Mo leads 16 different Bible classes, two of which are composed entirely of students from non- Christian private schools, while two other number among their enrolment some 60 Government school students.

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Egypt than a widespread movement of ther evangelization of the subjects of this kind. 'King' Lukengu, the well-known Kongo A Typical Moslem Region chief. Not long ago, Ibanche station A CORRESPONDENT writes to the Christian Standard from Algiers: chose seven of the very best and "After a three-months' sojourn in the land of Islam I am more profoundly strongest native preachers (unordained. convinced than ever of the power of a false religion to mar the happiness of course) that they have, and sent and destroy the prosperity of mankind. This land is, in parts, as beautiful as them to the most strategic remote vilthe Garden of Eden, yet everywhere it yields tokens of the curse of Islam. The lages of Lukengu's country. Two of memories of this land, it seems to me, will always reawaken the threnody of them went to the tribe called the Bangwail and sob that swept down upon us from the minarets the last night we endi, a tribe never before touched by spent in B1ida. A few days ago we walked through 'the Casbah in Algiers. Protestant teachers, with the exception The Casbah is that part of the city where the Arabs live. It was an ex- of one very brief visit of two missionperience to make' one's heart sad. The Casbah has been called a human rabbit- aries of the Presbyterian Missions. warren. The streets are so narrow that, in many places, one might stand Until the arrival of these young African in the middle and touch the walls on either side. Here the natives live and Protestants in those villages, the name work and trade. Foodstuffs-the very sight of which was nauseating-were of Christ had never been heard. Not on sale in alleys, where the smells proclaimed the deadly pollution of the one word of God's message to men had atmosphere. Dark passages, narrow stairways and doors in unexpected ever reached them. This is, indeed, places suggested a labyrinth as intricate, dangerous and mysterious as pioneer evangelization, and these young the catacombs. The people who haunted these abodes, mostly shrouded umpeon~ with their wives', will be called in white, were silent and sad, as tho to endure many trying hardships. they might be corpses wandering from their tombs. Islam knows no pity for Indeed, they have already reported such the poor,. the ignorant and the opprest. Islam cares not for sanitation nor for discouraging facts as the cold indifferthe uplift of humanity. Islam means degradation, stagnation and desolation." ence of the people to the Gospel mes- From the Kongo Region sage, the superstitious fear of the Gospel MR. PLUMER writes from Lusambo, by many, and the tremendous power of Kongo Beige :-"Ibanche station, of our African mISSIon, has lately taken a Fetichism over the mass of the people. very important step forward in the fur- With this heathenism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other, these forces of Christ must have a severe and long struggle before the victory is won. "

A Promising Mission Field ARECENT traveler vividly pictures the opportunity in the Kassai valley of the Kongo State. "There is no mis- sion field more full of promise, more' urgent in its needs, than is the great Kassai valley and the adjoining Lunda plateau. The Bakete, numbering 20,000, are all accessible and at the doors of the great church at Luebo. The Bakuba, numbering, perhaps, 400,000. lying north of the Luebo, in the great Sankuru-Kassai peninSUla, have thrown open their doors, and already one sta- tion has been planted among them. The Bashilange, numbering over 1,000,- 000, lying to the south of Ndombe, are ready to have the Word.

The Christian King of Uganda ceremony, however interesting; that it is not only entailed from below but OCTOBER 5th was the day chosen committed from above; and that in for the crowning of Dauda Chwa, facing responsibility the Kabaka may the day on which, in 1889, the com- rely on the earnest prayers of his bined Christian forces of Uganda, people.-C. M. S. Gazette. Protestants' and Roman Catholics, re- entered the capital after their final Great Growth in a Hard Field victory over the Mohammedan party. Uganda Notes for June says: "The THE Swedish Mission in Abyssinia celebration of October 5th as 'Peace counted in 1897 5 stations, 300 con- Day' has already become an established verts, 20 native evangelists, and 90 institution in Uganda. The cqoice of pupils in one mission school. To-day such a day for the coronation is a there are 10 stations, 2,000 converts', happy augury to mark the beginning 75 native evangelists, 10 native school of a rule that shaH know no respect teacherS', 1,305 pupils in 5 boardingof persons, but labor untiringly for the schools and 50 day schools in the vilhighest good of all. Three distinct lages. There is a hospital in full celebrations will mark the coming of operation and a press which is printing age of the Kabaka. The fi.rst, which in Ethiopian, Amaric, Tigrigna, Tigre, will take place on Saturday, August 8th, Cunama, Galla and Swahili. Two hunwill be the civil ceremony, when the dred hymns have been translated into authority to rule will be formally trans- the Tigrigna tongue and are uS'ed in ferred from the three Regents, who the mission schools. have hitherto borne the burden of government, to the Kabaka. The sec- OCEAN WORLD ond native ceremony will take place on Friday, August 14th, when the Kabaka The Marsden Centenary will sit for the first time in his Lukiko, or Council, and the great chiefs will T HE very existence of the now come forward to swear allegiance to flourishing Dominion of New Zeahim. Both of these ceremonies will land is due to the faith and courage take place in the capital. The third, of the Rev. Samuel Marsden, who went or religious ceremony, will be at Budo, fearlessly among the ferocious Maoris on Monday, October 5th. For the first of those cannibal islands. The mission time in the history of the country a of the Church Missionary Society which Christian king will sit on the throne he founded on Christmas Day, 1814, of Uganda. With a Christian king tamed the race; and subsequently in much of the older ceremonies connected poured the colonists. The British occuwith a native coronation will be out of pancy is, therefore, in a large measure place. Where it is inextricably en- due to the labors of Samuel Marsden tangled with pagan customs and beliefs and other early missionaries. Christit is' inevitable that it should pass with mas Day next will be the one hundredth them, but it is earnestly to be hoped anniversary of the first day on which that to the furthest extent possible all a public Christian service was held in ancient customs which are not clearly New Zealand, and it is proposed to repugnant to civilized and Christianized mark the event in that country by a feelings will be retained. But, above special series of commemorative serall, it is important that, at such a time, vices and gatherings. The centenary the transfer of responsibility is seen to celebrations will begin on December be something far more than a civil' r r, with a large public meeting in the Auckland Town HaiL On Christmas Day there will be a service of Holy

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Communion at, or near, the Marsden submitted to the voters at the next Cross-the identical spot where the election: "Religious Instruction in first service was held. Schools; Referendum Scheme of In- struction. . Provision to be made for Christian Newspaper in Borneo the reading in public schools, within school hours, of selected Bible lessons THE German missionaries in Borneo from a reading book to be provided by publish a monthly paper, under the the Education Department; such read- title Brita Bahatap, or "Good News." ing to be conducted under the super- It is said that the number of sub- vision of the public school teachers, scribers at I20 guIders grows from but no sectarian teaching to be allowed. week to week, and the native Chris- Provision to be made for religious intians send in their contributions to ap- struction to be given within school pear in the columns of the paper along- hours to children by a minister of their side that of the editors. The prospect own denomination, or by an accredited is that the publication will shortly be substitute. Any parent to have the self-supporting. Devotional articles, news right, if he chooses to do so, to withof the mission field, Bible readings, and draw his child from the Bible-reading, so forth, make up the contents month or from the religious instruction, or by month, and a number of the con- from both." tributions by natives have really been of unusual merit. That the Christians A Leper Cure in the Philippines of the island should thus speak to those of their own race and tongue is speci- W HEN the Americans went into the ally valuable. The Dayaks are strong Philippines they discovered that on poetry-of the epic kind, such as the Filipinos were not taking proper are the ancient poetic writings of care of their lepers. The Bureau of Germany and England. The longer the Health, under Dr. Victor G. Heiser, better, would seem to be their thought set aside Culion, one of a small group in their utterances-seventy stanzas of of southern islands about a day's sail six lines each is nothing special for from Manila. It had three or four them; and in these they will sing the fishing villages on it, of which the whole history of missions in the island largest was Culion village. Its inafter the manner of their old hero habitants were transferred to nearby songs. Every station and every mis- islands, and the site of the old town sionary is brought into these. The of Culion was taken for the new leper natives are specially interested in all colony. The idea of the establishing that is published concerning the outside of Culion Colony was, of course, evenworld. Particularly was this the case tually to eliminate the disease from concerning the late Turkish war, for the Philippines. Over 8,000 lepers have the paper presented true reports and been in the colony in the past eight contradicted the false ones of the Mo- years. All have come voluntarily and hammedans on the island. Even some are happy in their well-ordered colony. Mohammedans are among the readers. The clinical diagnosis of leprosy has -Evangelical Christian. become so scientific that cases are much more readily identified in incipiency. The Bible in New Zealand School. A probable cure for leprosy has been THE people of New Zealand will found in a hypodermic injection of soon be called upon to vote on a Chalmuga oil, mixed with camphor. Six referendum providing for the reading cases have been reported cured, having of the Bible in public schools. Tht' shown no signs of the disease, either following is the text of the proposal

microscopically or clinically for two lawsuits between the French and the years. Two hundred others seem prac- natives, which resulted in what he tically cured and others are undergoing considers the unjust imprisonment of treatment. a teacher and others.

There is one phase of the colony-life MISCELLANEOUS we should not have pictured of ourselves, and yet which must inevitably What Appeals to Volunteers be present as long as lepers are just human beings. That is to say, CuEon, DR. CLIFFORD of London tells of like any other community, is not sociologically ideal. It has clas's distinction, an English college which was visit.. pronouncedly, and beneficially, too, in ed by a minister seeking volunteers for a some cases. Many a leper, altho of mission-field in India. He assured the good family, enjoyed none of the bene- young men that the work was not diffifits of his station in his former manner cult, that they would live in a pleasant of life, being outcast and often isolated, society, 'have good homes, and enjoy but here he can take his proper place the services of plenty of servants. Noamong other lepers of his better-born body offered to go. But a little while class, and after the fashion of man- later another mission worker came to kind, his vastly increased importance in the school seeking men to go out to the his own eyes has its good effects upon Kongo. The places that he wanted to his health and entire outlook. He is fill were vacancies left in the force by at last Somebody-and that means much death, and the recruiting officer said to human nature. bluntly to the students: "It will most likely mean death to you, too." Imme- Perils in the New Hebrides diately six men offered themselves for service. GREAT as have been the changes OBITUARY among the people of the South Seas since Dr. John G. Paton began Dr. C. H. Daniels of Boston his life among them, there are still some places where cannibalism pre- THO it is over ten years since vails. A recent letter from Mr. Fred Rev. Charles H. Daniels, D.D., re- Paton reports that "the Malekulan bushmen have had many of their num- signed, because of failing health, from ber kidnapped by French recruiters. his active connection with the American In revenge they murdered and ate a Board, his long and particularly efficient boat's crew, and sent word to all service as Secretary is responsible for natives not to act as crews for re- the fact that his recent death seems cruiting ships. Dr. Sandilands is mis- a direct loss to that body. During the sionary of Wala and N. Malekula, fifteen years of his secretaryship-, the Some of his finest natives went to a forward movement, which provides for bush village by appointment to hold the support of individual missionaries service. The bushmen killed his four by churches and personal contributors, leading men and two boys, and ate five the system of interesting Sunday-schools of them. The rest escaped by a mir- in the work of the Board and the daily acle, one being wounded. It has been noon service of prayer at the Board a severe blow to the mission work, as Rooms were all begun. His earnest the four were outstanding men." faithfulness, his devotion to the work in all its' phases and his tact are per- Mr, Paton writes also of a volcanic haps the qualities which his colleagues outbreak on the island of Ambrin, of remember best.-Missionary Herald.

Among Baptists. By Re~. and "keeping tab on providence"

A. L. Vail, D,D. 140 pages. Amen- disapproved; can Baptist Publication Society, Phila. 50 cents, net. (5) System; while desirable, its This is one of three historical studies justification is not in the New Testa- ment passage usually quoted in favor by Dr. Vail, the other two being "The of it (1. Cor., 16:2). System is apt to Morning Hour of American Baptist "supplant spirit" and "machines replace Missions," and "Baptists Mobilized for men." Missions." The historical character of this last volume is not so marked as in (6) Simplicity (Matthew 6: 3); the other two, for there was evidently (7) Spontaneity; not so much "history" in the subject of (8) Symmetry; stewardship among Baptists as was (9) Equality. found regarding the discussion leading to the establishment of agencies for The methods tested by these prinmissionary work. The fact is revealed ciples are summarized as follows: Hapthat in the early days of religious life hazard; Competitive; Self-denial; in America Baptists did only about as Thank-offering; Fixt percentage. The well in the matter of giving as other false bases underlying these methods people. The book is really a discussion are discust and better ways are of the general problem of Christian pointed out. The author does not stewardship, and will have as much hesitate to disapprove the tithe, the interest for others as' it has for Bap- apportionment and other well-known tists. devices. The entire discussion is in- teresting and, in parts, unique. It will Dr. Vail is out of sympathy with prove stimulating to one's thought on many if not all of the modern "methods" this vita! question of stewardship. The employed for "raising money." He closing words are: tests all these methods by nine "principles" which he considers in detail as "Every church is under the most follows: strenuous responsibility to avoid every method of securing fund, which may (I) Totality; the Christian holds all seem to reputable people beneath the that he has in trust; highest standards of integrity and dig- nity; and equally to use only those (2) Personality; possessions can not methods that are respectable accordingbe separated from life-from the pos- to Christ as indicated in those prinsessor; ciples which he has announced in the New Testament. The only way of life (3) Responsibility; all giving should for a church is to give the Gospel to be in harmony with this principle as the world, and other things in strict applied to the individual and to his pro- subserviency to this service; and to ask vision for those for whom he is re- nothing from the world but repentance sponsible; toward God, faith in the Lord It-sus (4) Prosperity; giving in proportion to getting is advocated, but a rigid rule

Christ, and obedience to Him. When the basis of the obligation. He holds it goes beyond that it goes into the that there is need of a change in the mist and the mire.'" appeal to meet the attitude of modern The Gods of India. By Rev. E. Osborn thought. Many will not agree with Dr. Martin. Pp. 330. Illustrated. Price Garvie in his concessions to modern rationalistic thought, but they will sym· 4s. 6d. ]. M. Dart & SOilS, Ltd., pathize with his loyal adherence to the London and Toronto, 1914.

Rev. E. Osborn Martin, who was for claims of Christ as the Divine Savior thirteen years a Wesleyan missionary and Lord. These lectures may not be in India and Ceylon, describes the de- commended without caution, but they are velopment of Hindu mythology; the worthy of study, as presenting the introduction of the practises of pil- standpoint of the newer theological grimage, idolatry, and caste; and de- views.

votes one chapter to the Sacred Books of the Hindus. Then he deals with the Missionary Programs and Incidents. By Vedic Deities worshiped by Aryan settlers, with the Puranic Deities, the Rev. George H. Trull. 12mo. 274 pp. 50 cents. Missionary Education Move- ment, New York, 1914.

great gods and goddesses of modern Here is a gold-mine for the chairmen Hinduism; and with the worship of of missionary committees. The little sacred rivers, animals, trees, and stones, book contains valuable material and the worship of ancestors, heroes, and suggestions for programs and special demons, which attract the worship of occasions. The incidents are interesting the Hindu peasantry. stories, revealing the need for the Gos- pel, the miracles of modern mission", It is difficult for the learned Euro" the great events of missionary history, pean scholar to understand the mental the can for workers. There are sugposition of the devout Hindu, who gested programs, hymns, prayers, poems, believes the wildest and most contra- scripture and other responsive readings. dictory myths, and worships with utter The only criticism of such a book is abandon at the shrine of some strange that it leaves the missionary chairman conception of the deity. so little to do.

This volume is an interesting study of the subject, but throws no new light on our conception of Hindu gods. The Glory of the Pines. A Tale of the Ontoworship has failed to elevate the people nagon. By William Chalmers Covert. of India. Illustrated. 12mo. 245 pp. $1.25, lIet.

Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1914.

The Missionary Obligation. By Alfred In guise of fiction, Dr. Covert gives tiS a story of life among the lumber- E. Garvie, D.D. 12mo. 141 pp. 25., men. It is a fascinating tale and one net. Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1914.

Dr. Garvie, who is principle of New with a meaning. Labor and love, joy College, London, here views the mis- and sorrow, sin and salvation, an con- sionary obligation, not in the light of the tribute their quota to the living interest divine authority of the Bible, or the sal- and reality of the narrative which in vation of the heathen from hell, but in many respects reminds one of Ralph the light of modern thought concerning Connor's tales of the Selkirks. "Glory,"

the Christian religion and the social ob- the girl from Detroit, and the young ligation to all mankind. He considers minister of the little white church, and the foreign mission enterprise to be in a the lumbermen and saloon keepers- pe,-i!ous position due to waning interest, g-ood and bad-are characters 110t easily because of a change of conviction as to forgotten.

ON MISSIONS AND MISSION

Glorious Liberty. A Hundred Years' In addition to Kentucky, various writers Work of the Jamaica Baptist Mission. discuss the general problem of home By Leonard Tucker. Illustrated. 8vo. missions, the work of the Presbyterian 168 pp. 2s., net. The Carey Press, General Assembly (South), and other London, 1914. topics. Questions on each chapter add to There are many romantic passages the value for a mission study class-book. It would be a noteworthy work if some in the history of the early days of one would compile a book giving the Christian missions in Jamaica. The conditions, needs, and work of all Protes- early days of slavery were followed tant churches in a state. by the revolt in 1832, and emancipa- tion in 1838. This record is especially Our Opportunity in the West Indies. By important as a contribution to the study B. G. O'Rorke. Illustrated. lZmo. 136 of the native church and its develop- pp. Is., net. S. P. G. House, 15 Tufton ment in self-support, self-government Street, London, 1914. and missionary extension. The Jamaica A history of the West Indies is given, Colored Baptists are to-day doing a noble work in Central America and the as weJl as a brief description of Jamaica, the Bahamas, Barbados, and other West Indies. islands. The book is packed with infor- mation, and is of particular interest to The Return of the Lord Jesus. By Rev. the members of the Anglican Church. R. A. Torrey, D.D. Paper. 12mo. 160 pn. 25 cents. Bible Institute of NOTEWORTHY ARTICLES IN OCTO- Los Angeles, California, 1914. BER MAGAZINES Like most of Dr. Torrey's writings, The most able and Christian state- this is a clear, logical, spiritual Bibli- ment concerning "The War and Mis- cal statement on the subject of our Lord's return to earth-the importance, sions" is that by Rev. J. H. Oldham the certainty, the manner, the results, the time and our attitude toward it. ill the International RevieVJ of Missions The study is instructive and practically for October. Tho written by a British subject, even the Germans could scarcely helpful. find anything to criticize in its spirit or statements. Another striking article in Silver Chimes in Syria. By Wm. S. Nel- the same number is on "Vestiges of son, D.D. Illustrated. lZmo. 195 pp. Heathenism Within the Church in the 7Sc., lIet. The -VVestminster Press, Mission Field," by Dr. Johannes War- Philadelphia, 1914. neck, missions inspector of the Rhenish These glimpses of life and work in Missionary Society.

Syria give an excellent idea of the sur- Those who are looking for a bright, roundings and experiences of a mission- readable article on Bible work will find ary in Aleppo and Tripoli-with occa- it in "Colporteurs and Common Sense," sional side trips. Little has been written in The Bible in the World (B. & F. B. on this subject, and those who have read S.), for October. "Habeeb, the Beloved" will need no urging to renew their acquaintance with the In reading what various experts have to say about "The War's Science," as author. given in the October American Review of Reviews-a notable war number-:-one Presbyterian Home Missions in Ken- is profoundly stirred by the thought of tucky. A Class-Book for Mission what would result if the Christians of the Study. Rev. I. Cochrane Hunt, Editor. world took as seriously ~e work of mis- 12mo. 263 pp. 50 cents. Transylvania sions as the nations take the business of Printing Co., Lexington, Ky., 1914. war. Not many States in America can boast The World Outlook, which promises of a text-book devoted to its missionary needs and work. The Home Mission Synod of Kentucky has set an example that other states would do well to follow.

to be an achievement in missionary jour- The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913. By Jacob Gould Schurman. Maps, 12mo, 140 pp. nalism, is to be published by the Board $1.00. net. Princeton UniveJsity Press, Princeton, 1914. c of Foreign Missions of the Methodist In the Vulgar Tongue. Popular Report Episcopal Church, beginning with De- of the British and Foreign Bible So- cember. ciety. 12mo, 135 pp. Bible House, Queen Victoria Street, London, 1914. Dr. Samuel M.Zwemer, the well-known authority on Mohammedanism, con- Battling and Building Amongst the Bhiis. tributes to The Homiletic Review a paper Illustrated, 95 pp., Is. net. Church Mis- worth reading on "The Future of Turk- sionary Society, London, 1914. ish Arabia"-a land still terra incognita to the majority of Americans. Dr. Zwe- Through Europe on the Eve of War.

mer has also a strong paper on "The A Record of Personal Experiences; Including an Account of the First United Christendom and Islam" in the current Constructive Quarterly. W orId Conference of The Chambers for International Peace. By Frederick The article on "Agricultural Training in India," by Sam Higginbottom, of Al- Lynch, D.D. 12mo, 152 pp. Church lahabad, in Men and Missions, will be a Peace Union, 70 Fifth Ave., New York, revelation to many concerning the need 1914. and value of this work as an arm of mis- The Making of Christianity. By Dr. sions. John C. C. Clarke. The Associated On missionary methods at home, Miss Authors, Inc., 35 W. 39th Street, New Gabrielle Elliot gives valuable hints in York, 1914. the Woman's Wark (for November), in A Chinese Christmas Tree. By Norman her description of "Mission Pageants," Hinsdale Pitman. Illustrated, Boards, their value, and how to run them. Prac- net, 50 cents. Fleming H. Revell Co., tical plans are also given in that excel- Ne'w York, 1914. From Alien to Citizen. The Story of lent monthly of the Southern Presbyterians, The Missionary Survey, in My Life in America. By Edward A. "Methods for the Secretary of Litera- Steiner. Illustrated, 8vo, $1.50, net.

ture," and other articles. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, A novel side of missionary life and 1914. work is given in a brief account of "Chi- Delia, The Blue Bird of Mulberry Bend. . By Mrs. E. M. Whittemore. Illusnese Boy Scouts in Camp," by J. Randall trated, 12mo, 75 cents, net. Fleming H. Norton, in The Spirit of Missions, the Revell Co., New York, 1914.

ably edited organ of the Domestic and Immigrants in the Making. The Bohe- mians, by Edith Fowler Chase. The Foreign Missionary Society of the Prot- I talians, by Sarah Gertrude Pomeroy. estant Episcopal Church. Illustrated, 12mo, each 25 cents, net.

NEW BOOKS Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, The Call of the East. A Romance of 1914. Far Formosa. By Thurlow Fraser. Prince and Uncle Billy. A First Reader Illustrated, 12mo, 351 pp., $1.25 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, in Home Missions. By Charles Lin- 1914. coln White. 16mo, 50 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, The New Life in China. By Edward Wilson Wallace. Illustrated, 12tno, 114 1914. pp. Paper cover, Is. necf. United The Little Angel of Canyon Creek. By Council for Missionary Education, London, 1914. Cyrus Townsend Brady. $1.25, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, The Work of Christ, Past, Present and Future. By A. C. Gaebelein. 16mo, 1914. 126 pP. 50 cents, postpaid. Publica- The Regeneration of New China. By tion Office, "Our Hope," 456 Fourth Avenue, New York, 1914. Nelson Bitton. Illustrated. 16mo. 282 pp. 2s., net. United Council for Missionary Education, London, 1914. The Holy Land of Asia Minor. The Seven Cities of the Book of Revela- tion. Their Present Appearance, their History, their Significance, and their Message to the Church of To-day. By Rev. Francis E. Clark, D.D., LL.D. Illustrated 12mo. 154 pp. $1.00, net. Charles Scribner's Sons, New Yark, 1914.

Steps Toward Reunion. By W. G. Peel, D.D., Bishop of Mambasa, and J. J.

Willis, D.D., Bishop of Uganda. 70 pp., Is. net. Longmans, London, 1914.

The Missionary Review of the World — March 1911

p. VIEW OF SEOUL, KOREA, AND ITS SACRED MOUNTA1N

8lissionary CJ?..eview

of the World Published Ly Funk and Wa.g-naIls Compa.ny (Isaac K. Funk4!:.~~s'k.~~r.~t~VN~:~~~ice-Pre!l.• Robert J. Cuddihy, Treas., Robert Scott, See',.), VOL. XXXI'. No.3 MARCH, 1911 VOL. XXIV. No.3 Old Series New Series SIGNS OF THE TIMES MISSIONS UNDER THE LIMELIGHT F. E. Clark, Mott and Zwemer; col- lege presidents like H. C. King of Until within a few years the knowl- Oberlin, etc., etc. Furthermore, duredge of missions, including the fields, ing the last two years, under the inthe methods, and results of work, was spiration and lead of the Laymen's for the most part derived from the Missionary Movement, many of the missionaries themselves. The charac- most eminent and sagacious of our ter of the work undertaken for the business men, the captains of indusreligious betterment of" non-Christian try, have been investigating this mopeoples and the achievements of the mentous matter, and thousands all the workers was little known except to land over have reached the conclusion the initiated few. In every community that missions rank among the worththose well disposed toward the Gospel iest and mightiest movements this often feared that the money was not world has ever seen. It would seem wisely expended, that the missionaries to be high time that the uninformed were somewhat weak and sentimental, and misinformed cavilers lapse into the results shallow, and the whole en- perpetual silence. terprise expensive and unfruitful. A MEN'S RELIGIOUS CAMPAIGN Within the past ten or twenty years however, a decided change of senti- A commission of about one hunment has come about, largely because dred men has been formed to carryon of the world-tours that have become a ""Men and Religion Forward Moveso common. Not a few business and ment," from September, 19II, to May, professional men have gone to the I9I2. The purpose is to hold in the ends of the earth, not for mere sight- ninety cities in America the biggest seeing or money-making, but to meetings ever held in the interest of study the religious conditions in lands religion. It is expected to have the where the Gospel has just begun to be cooperation of the Y. M. C. A.'s, heard. Among those investigators are Brotherhoods, The International S. S. statesmen like Roosevelt and Taft, Association, and kindred organiza- Ambassador Bryce, and Sir Robert tions. The work for the men and Hart for more than half a century in boys is to be prosecuted by "teams" public services in China; newspaper of six men, giving eight months to the correspondents like Ellis and Curtis; campaign. These teams are to be representatives of Y. M. C. A. and made up of specialists in Bible study, Christian Endeavor like H, P. Beach, evangelistic addresses, religious work fornia Indian Rights Association (a for boys, social service, shop and fac- Protestant society).

tory meetings, and a singing evan- After the conference with the Coun- gelist. The teams are to go from city cil of Women's Boards, tentative plans to city, conducting conferences, hold- were adopted for a series of home ing street parades, including all the mission institutes in a number of men in the churches. American cities to study local and na- This movement gives as its specific tional religious and social problems.

objects: "First, to devise for all or- The policy was also indorsed to ganizations workable plans for spe- have in every congregation a mis- cialized effort for men and boys; sionary committee whose business second, to publish a statement of the it shall be to promote missionary edu- most approved methods of religious cation and giving. One committee work for men and boys; third, to bring should have charge of both home and into the churches by May, 1912, the foreign missionary interests.

largest number of men and boys; The executive committee of Federal fourth, to increase enrollment in Bible Council of Free Churches, of which classes; fifth, to increase missionary Dr. IV. H. Roberts is chairman, also gifts of money and men; sixth, to met in "1ashington and discust prob- teach men how best to devote money lems of religion in America and to the service of others; seventh, to Church Unity. It was reported that improve the social, political, and com- during the past year State federations mercial life of all the people; and, have been organized in Pennsylvania, , eighth, to exalt the spiritual power of West Virginia, Vermont, New Hamp- the public worship of God." shire and Indiana and similar councils UNITY IN HOME MISSIONS have been started in several Western states. The I-Iome Missions Council-a joint meeting of the Protestant Home Money was appropriated for the Missionary Societies and Board of work of a Social Service Commission United States, met in Washington, to investigate conditions and methods. The quadrennial council will be held D. C, during the last week in Jannary. in Chicago in 19I2.

This Council has not been in exist- ehce for three years and is growing MISSIONARY UNION FOR SOUTH- in the spirit of harmony and effective EAST EUROPE cooperation. }I.t this conference the Little active missionary work has Indian problem was discust and been done among the members of the united opposition was shown to the great Slavic family which inhabits al- bill pending in Congress to appro- most all Southeastern Europe, not priate 300,000 acres of land in New because it is not needed, but chiefly Mexico for a Roman Catholic manual because the great need in these training school. An attorney was re- nominally Christian lands was not tained to oppose this and other at- fully understood. There are the Poles tempts to devote public funds to sec- and the Ruthenians, the Servians and tarian use. The council, on the same the Rumanians, the Gipsies, the ground, opposed the granting of $20,- Greeks, and the Bulgarians, all in sore 000 by the Government to the CaIi- need of the pure gospel. The British

OF THE

and Foreign Bible Society distribu- A MOVEMENT IN RUSSIAN POLAND ted Bibles, the great Religious Tract Among the Roman Catholic Poles Society provided them with suitable of the western provinces of Russia tracts, and the American Board was there is steadily going on a movement active in Bohemia and Bulgaria; a few away from the Roman Catholic Scotch and English Christians con- Church, very much like the Los von tributed of their means for private ef- Rom movement in Austria. The forts; but, after all, an organized and causes behind the formation of this strong effort to reach these vast masses new sect, called "Mariarits," are the in Southeastern Europe with the aggressions of the Jesuits and the Gospel in its purity has been lacking loose living of many of the Roman hitherto. Now the Missionary Union Catholic clergy. The civil and eccle- for Southeast Europe is making an siastical authorities of Russia are by effort to stir up German Christians no means the enemies of this move- toward a sense of their responsibility ment, for Russia has always main- for the members of the Slavic family. tained a position of suspicious oppo- We fail to discover the Missionary sition to the Vatican and all its ways.

Union for Southeast Europe among The movement is very wide-spread in the many societies counted in the Russia Poland, and has reached the World Missionary Atlas of Edin- northern confines of Lithuania and the burgh, 19IO, tho it was started in 1903. southern confines of the Ukraine.

In the beginning the Union simply Tho loosely holding together, the supported the efforts of others arnong movement already numbers more than Gipsies, Poles, Rumanians, and others; 600,000. One of the strong marks of but after it had united with the Mis- the movement is its antisacerdotalism.

sionary Training School in Kattowitz, It retains belief in purgatory and the Silesia, in 1906, it began to prepare its power of the Virgin Mary, but dis- own workers. Its chief sphere of ac- cards papal primacy and infallibility tivity is Russia, Austria Hungary, and maintains the right of direct ac- and the Balkan, tho it has employed cess to Christ.

some workers among the Poles of THE LATEST RUSSIAN CENSUS German Poland (provinceof Posen) and of Silesia. Its laborers are much en- The results of the recent census of gaged in the itinerant preaching of Russia have been published, and the the Gospel and reach almost every announcement has been made that the part of Eastern Europe. They num- Czar now rules over ruo millions of bered thirteen in 1910. The income human beings. Thus the most exten- of the Union is about $7,500 annually, sive realm of the earth is one of the which includes the contributions for most populous also. It has almost 60 the Missionary Training School. The millions of inhabitants more than the latter has been removed from Kat- United States with their colonies in- towitz to Hansdorf, in Silesia, and is cluded, 95 millions more than Ger- in a prosperous condition. The quar- many, I I I millions more than Japan, terly magazine of the Union is called and 120 millions more than France.

Mitteilungen der Mission fur Sud- The population of Russia is increas- Ost-Europa. ing at the rate of 20 millions an-

nually, and there is enough land, either thought it wise to move to Monastir.

already cultivated or suitable for cul- Rev. and Mrs. Phineas Kennedy have tivation, to accommodate a consider- moved into the Girls' School build- able increase without difficulty. ing to protect it from destruction.

Czar Peter ordered the first census The Government attempted to close of his domain and found 14 millions the school because the Albanian of inhabitants in 1724. In 1782 the language was taught there but the number of inhabitants had doubled, American missionaries protested and while Alexander II ruled over 74 mil- kept it open with sixty-five pupils.

lions. The census of 1899 showed Since other schools have been closed 127 millions, but it was followed by by the Government there have been great catastrophes from within and many boys and young men clamoring without. War, rebellion, and terrific for admission to the mission and only epidemics wrought greater destruction the lack of funds prevents the reopen- than in any other empire of the earth. ing of the boys' school to meet the The war with Japan alone cost more present need.

than one-half million of Russian lives. EDUCATION IN TURKEY Yet, the population increased until it is now 160 millions. The proclamation of liberty in Of each thousand of the total popu- Turkey did not mean that European arts and sciences could be introduced lation of the Russian Empire 771 are into the Turkish schools at once. The peasants, 112 are inhabitants of towns, holy law of Islam prohibits the inincluding merchants and mechanics, struction of Mohammedans in arts and IS are noblemen,S are clergymen, and sciences developed by non-Moham- 45 are employees of the Government, medans. The Young Turks might a remarkably large number. The have been able to change their schools number of foreigners [non-citizens] within the European Turkey, but the living within the realm of the Czar pious Moslems of India, Turkestan, 1S very small.

TROUBLE IN ALBANIA and Africa, who are ten times more numerous than those in Europe, The Turkish Government has fol- would have seriously objected and lowed a program of oppression in would have been opposed to the break- Albania during the past year which ing of the holy law. A religious edict has made missionary work exceed- from the Sheik-ul-Islam, the highest ingly difficult. Hundreds of the peo- official of all Mohammedans through- ple around Kortcha, where the Amer- out the earth (except the Shiites), ican Board has a Girls' school, have was necessary to overcome the dif- been killed and hundreds more have ficulty. He was asked for one, and been beaten, exiled or imprisoned. All after weary months of waiting he has newspapers and schools have been given permission to study history and prohibited and every effort is made geography to all the pious Moslems: to keep the people in fear and ig- "The Fetra," published on September norance. Two missionaries have been 26, J9IO, in the magazine Bejan ul obliged by the Government to leave H agg, reads thus: "What is the Elbasan and Mr. and Mrs. Tsilka have word from the Sheik-ul-Islam? His

OF THE TIMES

door be open always, for it is a refuge cure from members of the Church, for all men. It is permissible to study both men and women, what is fully geography and history and to teach as important as their contributions, them in the Arabic language or in the consecration of a certain amount other tongues, like Turkish, or of their time to direct evangelistic Indian, or how does the matter stand? work among their non-Christian neigh- The answer is, Yes, it is permitted. bors. The Almighty God knows best. Written by the poor Mussa Kazim. May BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF THE UN. he be forgiven for it." REST IN INDIA Thus, two years after the proclama- Unfortunately, the most that is tion of liberty the study of geography known about the "Unrest" and "Up· and history is allowed in Turkish rising" in India by those outside her schools, which, however, does not borders is the occasional telegram mean the actual introduction of these from India telling of the assassination studies into the schools. How long of some official. There is enough of it will be before the study of natural this violence to give concern; but in sciences will be allowed, is difficult to reality it is only the froth and foam on say. a mighty flood, which will sweep India on to better things. The great asset A MEN'S MOVEMENT IN INDIA from this unrest is the life that is manifested. India has long been as This matter has been agitated for dead; now she is alive, and vigorous some time, but the general judgment life, if dominated by Christ, will drive was that the time was not ripe. How- out disease from the body. As yet, of ever, recently at the call of a number course, the life is only mental and of the lay members connected with the physical energy. What India needs is Hindustani church in Lucknow, a the spiritual life of God. good congregation gathered to consider what could be done in the mat- As a result of India's new life, new ter. After the devotional exercIses views are rapidly spreading with reand the introductory speech by Rev. gard to many of the most damaging things in the Indian social system. J. R. Chitambar, Rev. L. A. Core, who The leaders of the people are seeing that their hopes for aNew India can has been closely connected with the never be realized until many wrongs workings of the movement in America, are righted. In January, 1910, the was called on to explain the congrega- Indian Social Conference met in tion methods and ntsults as he had ob- Lahore, and discust such subjects as served them while on furlough. This the outcastes, education of women, was followed by a speech by Prof. N. seclusion of women, evils of caste, en- K. Mukerjee, of the Jubilee High forced widowhood, moral and relig- School, earnestly advocating the inau- ious education, total abstinence, temguration of the movement in India. ple girls, child marriages, and foreign The result was the formation of an travel. In every case the decisions organization to be known as the Lay- of the conference were in accord with men's Missionary Association, whose enlightened Christian sentiment. object it will be, not only to try and secure increased contributions, but also The Hindu Social Reform Associaby following the Korean plan, to se-

tion of Barisal, in an appeal for Hindu New conditions are making edu- widows speaks emphatically concern- cated Indians more accessible to the ing enforced widowhood. It says: Gospel. The evils of caste, idolatry, "]ust fancy a girl of five years of age enforced widowhood, seclusion of moving briskly about and playing with women, child marriage, etc., are so her juvenile companions. She is sud- closely bound up with religion, and so denly seized by a ruffian who, with a often sanctioned by sacred texts, that shake of his grisly beard and skinny when one breaks with the practises, hands, tells her that the world is not he must break with Hinduism. An for her, that she must give up every editorial in the Indian Social Re- sport, every pleasure, every comfort former, speaks most strongly against for the sake of society, and should shut the idea put forth by some English- herself out from it for a life of fasts man that the Hindu religious leaders and privations. . . .. May we point should be made the teachers of the out that what is often believed to be young. They are spoken of as the the concentrated wisdom of ages is "agents of medievalism," and their nothing but the accumulated error of morality is spoken of as such that centuries which has blinded our eyes no children should be put into their and steeled our hearts against a sen- care. The opportunity is wonderful timent which is shared by even the for the missionary who will preach lowest beasts in creation." The Indian the simple Gospel in great love, and Social Reformer says in an editorial with sympathy for a nation striving concerning the place of women in the to be born. It is not a time for Hindu sacred books: "If Hindu argument or denunciation. The spirit women but knew what degrading and of New India will not receive that, Machiavellian things are said about but it is a time for mighty Christian them in the standard works of ortho- leaders to bring India out of her sor- doxy, they would not be the rows by the way of the cross.

stanch supporters of it that they have There is one other feature of this ever been." new life which should not be omitted, Missionaries themselves could not and that is the effect on the Christian take stronger positions on moral re- community. It has been the tendency forms so much needed in India to-day of the Christians to lean heavily upon than do the non-Christian reformers. the missionaries. The willingness of The attitude of the new life in India the missionary to bear burdens, and the is not hostile to Christianity or Chris- humble origin of the most of the tian missions. There are a few reac- Christians, are probably the causes.

tionary reformers who would drive Now, however, the Christians are feel- everything not Indian out of India, ing the impulse of the new life. The but their number is small. Without time has come for them to bear their doubt the reformers have derived own burdens. Many missionaries their ideas largely from the missionary have long hoped for such a time. If agitation of these evils, and while the present condition is met with great not usually admitting that fact, all ex- wisdom and tact, that longed for time press appreciation of what the mis- when we shall have an independent sionaries are doing. Church, may quickly come.

CASE FOR MISSIONS IN LATIN

BY ROBERT E. SPEER, NEW YORK The exclusion of all missionary many as raising the question of the work among nominally Christian peo- legitimacy of mission work among ples from the program of the World nominal Christians, and that question Missionary Conference in Edinburgh we must squarely face. It is not, how- has appeared to many persons to imply ever, a new question. It is as old as a criticism of such missionary activ- the Reformation. And in modern ity, and to raise the question of its missions it was a more living question legitimacy. As a matter of fact, its seventy-five years ago than it is to- exclusion has given it a prominence day. The American missions to the that its inclusion could never have Nestorian and Armenian peoples in secured it. Included, it would have the ancient Syrian and Gregorian been lost in the general world view, Churches, to the Greeks in Turkey, and as much lost as Southern Buddhism to the Copts in Egypt, and the effort to or the Kongo or the Shiah Mohamme- meet the dire needs of South America, dans. Excluded, it has been the first which was renouncing both Spain and subject thought of in connection with Rome and religion, raised this issue the Conference, and all over the world then as vividly as it can be raised to- the question of its true place has aris- day. The objection then and now rests en for fresh discussion. upon two assumptions, first that these Of course, we know that the con- nominal Christians are Christian and stitution of the Edinburgh Confer- do not need missionary work in their ence did not deny the legitimacy of behalf; and, second, that foreign mis- mission work among nominal Chris- sion work among them is simple pros- tians. How could any Christian con- elytizing and therefore illegitimate ference do so? Is not home mission and unworthy.

work legitimate among all classes of Missions to Oriental Churches people, whether nominal Christians or not, who are in any religious need? The story of the American missions Is not Christian work legitimate in to the oriental Churches is a fascina- hehalf of any man whatever, no mat- ting and suggestive story, and there ter who or what he is, to win him to are many lessons to be learned from Christ or to a larger and truer life it, but our concern here now is with in Christ? To deny the propriety of missions in Latin America. There are trying to help in Christ's name, and several things which should be said for Christ's service, any man whom in passing, however, regarding the we can help is to deny the very spirit purpose and warrant of the missions of Christ and to renounce the funda- to N estorians, Armenians, Greeks and mental principle of the Gospel. All Copts.

that the Edinburgh Conference did I. The Roman Catholic Church, was to confine its scope to what the which objects to our foreign mis- European Churches regard as For- sions in Latin America, does so on eign Missions. principles which it rejects in its deal- Nevertheless, it must be allowed ings with these oriental Churches. It that the action of the Edinburgh has for years carried on foreign mis- Conference has been construed by sions among them with a view to ab-

sorbing them in the Roman Catholic ica and in the United States? (3) Church. In going to these oriental If not, what course are we to pursue? Churches we have done nothing that (4) If we are to go forward with the the Roman Catholic Church has not missions, how are we to get for them done. that interest and support at home to which they are entitled, not less than 2. The conditions of these Churches our missions in Asia and Africa? demanded help from Christendom. They were illiterate. Their worship The Need of Latin America often was in dead languages. Their polity was tyrannical. Their religion I.-Are our missions in Latin-Amerwas a travesty of Christianity. They ican lunds legitimate and necessary? were an insuperable obstacle to the We answer Yes, and for the followevangelization of the Mohammedans. ing reasons: I. The moral condition of To have neglected them, in the name the South American countries warof an ecclesiastical theory, would have rants and demands the presence of been a shame and reproach which the force of evangelical religion, which the Christian spirit of the American will war against sin, and bring men Churches refused to bear. the power of righteous life. In South America, as a whole, official sta- 3. The purpose of our missions to tistics show that from one-quarter to these Churches was not proselytism, one-half of the population is of ilbut spiritual vivification. The first legitimate birth. Mr. Hale, now conmissions to the Nestorians in Persia nected, I believe, with the Bureau of were instructed to have as their ob- American Republics, says in his very temperate and fair-minded book, "The i ect in establishing this mission: "( I) South Americans," "Male chastity is practically unknown." It is the right To convince the people that they came and duty of evangelical Christianity among them with no design to take to go in with morally cleansing power away their religious privileges, nor to upon this moral need. subject them to any foreign ecclesiastical power; (2) to enable the Nes- 2. The Protestant missionary entertorian Church, through the grace of prise, with its stimulus to education God, to exert a commanding influence and its appeal to the rational nature in the spiritual regeneration of Asia." of man, is required by the intellectual The purpose in Turkey among the needs of South America. There is Armenians was the same. The sep- a brilliant upper class, many of whom arate evangelical churches grew up have been educated abroad, but the in spite of the influence of the mis- continent may justly be called an ilsions. The old bottles would not ac- literate continent. In Brazil, the cencept the new wine. sus of 1890 returned 12,213,346 of the population, or approximately 85 But our concern here is with Latin per cent., as illiterate. In Chile, 1,951,- America, and I wish to ask and an- 061 were returned in 1907 as illiterate, swer four questions: (I) Are our or approximately 60 per cent. These mISSIons in Latin-American lands two countries would dispute with Arlegitimate and necessary? (2) If so, gentina the first place in educational can they be conducted without encountering the antagonism of the Roman Catholic Church in Latin Amer-

CASE FOR MISSIONS IN LATIN AMERICA 16g

enterprise. And in the Argentine priests. Only a few months ago, the 50.5 per cent. of the population over priest in the church on the main plaza six years of age, and in Bolivia, nearly in ChiIlan, Chile, where the great 80 per cent. of the population over markets are held, boasted openly in seven years of age, are illiterate. church of having burned seven Bibles. Agencies which will bring home to The circulation of the Bible in South these nations the duty of educating America is still dependent upon the all the people, and of doing it with Bible societies and the Protestant missincere thoroughness, of setting right sionaries. If it were not for them, the standards, and of relating religion people of South America would to-day rightly to education, are justified in be without the Bible. Is it wrong to extending their help to South Amer- give it to them? Must we justify ica. a movement without which 40,000,000 people would be ignorant of the Bible? 3. Protestant missions are justified in South America in order to give 4. Protestant missions are justified the Bible to the people. There are and demanded in South America by Roman Catholic translations of the the character of the Roman Catholic Bible, both in Spanish and in Portu- priesthood. I fought as long as posguese, but the Church has discour- sible against accepting the opinion aged or forbidden their use. Again universally held throughout South and again priests have burned the America regarding the priests. Ever Bibles sold by colporteurs, or mission- since reading as a boy the "Life of aries, even when they were the Ro- Charles Kingsley," the celibacy of the man Catholic versions. Again and priesthood had seemed to me a monagain they have denounced the mis- strous and wicked theory, but I had sionaries for circulating the Scrip- believed that the men who took that tures, and have driven them out of vow were true to it, and that while villages where they were so employed, the Church lost by it irreparably and and have even secured their arrest. infinitely more than she gained, she It is safe to say that not I person out did gain, nevertheless, a pure and deof 100 in South America would ever voted, even if a narrow and impoverhave seen a Bible but for the Prot- ished service. But the deadly eviestant missionary movement. The dence spread out all over South Amerpriests themselves are ignorant of it. ica, confronting one in every district A few ecclesiastics, like the one Ro- to which he goes, evidence legally man Catholic cardinal in South Amer- convincing, morally sickening, proves ica, who was formerly an Archbishop to him that, whatever may be the in Brazil, have written approvingly case in other lands, in South America of the circulation of the Bible in the stream of the Church is polluted Portuguese, but nothing has been done at its fountains. by the Church to promote the circulation in Spanish, which is the lan- 5. Protestant missions in South guage of two-thirds of South Amer- America are justified because the Roica. The Archbishop of Bogota re- man Catholic Church has not .given quires all who have Bibles in their the people Christianity. There are possession to deliver them up to their surely some who find peace and com- fort, and some who see Christ through

all that hides Him and misrepresents fending South America's religion Him, but the testimony of the most from the charge that it did not know temperate and open-minded of the a living Christ, contends that in the men and women who were once them- deep faith of the people in Ecuador selves earnest Roman Catholics, is in transubstantiation, and in their that there are few whom they know reverence for the Host, there is a in the Roman Catholic Church who recognition of the living Christ that know the facts of Christ's life, and is indisputable. The very argument fewer still who know Christ. The is acknowledgment of the charge to be crucifixes, of which South America refuted. A Christian religion that is is full, inadequately represent the Gos- life and power, is bound to redeem it- pel. They show a dead man, not a self from such misrepresentation. living Savior. We did not see in all the churches we visited a single sym- The Strength and Weakness of Rome bol or suggestion of the resurrection 6. Protestant missions are justified or the ascension. There were hundreds in South America, because the Roman of paintings of saints and of the Holy Catholic Church is at the same time Family and of Mary, but not one of so strong and so weak there. There the supreme event in Christianity. And priesthood has a powerful hold upon even the dead Christ is the subordi- the superstition of the people. As nate figure. The central place is we rode along one day in Brazil in Mary's. Often she is shown holding a drizzling rain, with bare heads and a small lacerated dead figure in her rubber ponchos, an old woman came lap, and often she is the only person running solicitously from her hovel, represented at all. In the great La mistaking us for priests and crying, Merced church in Lima, over the "Oh, most powerful God, where is chancel is the motto: "Gloria a Ma- your hat?" To the people the priest ria." In the oldest church in Bar- stands in the place of God, and even ranquilla, there is no figure of Christ where his own life is vile, the people at all in the altar equipment, but Mary distinguish between his function as without the infant in the center, two priest in which he stands as God beother figures on either side, and over fore the altar, and his life as man, in all "Gloria a Maria." In the wall of which he falls into the frailties of the the ancient Jesuit Church in Cuzco, flesh. Not only is the priesthood the known as the Church of the Campania, . most influential body in South Amerare cut the words, "Come unto Mary, ica, but the Church has a hold upon all ye who are burdened and weary politics and family life and society with your sins, and she will give you which is paralyzing. Its evil is not rest." There are many, I am sure, weak and harmless, but pervasive and who learn to love and reverence the deadly, and the Christian Church is name of Christ, but Christ as a liv- called by the most mandatory sancing moral and spiritual power the tions to deal with the situation. But, South American religion does not pro- on the other hand, the Roman Catholic claim. And I notice that in a recent Church does not have a fraction of issue of A merica, the Jesuit weekly the strength and power in South published in New York, a writer de- America which we had supposed it

rJ THE CASE FOR MISSIONS IN LATIN

had, and the inefficiency of its work to understand the morality of the view is pitiful. With enormous resources, which would deliver the whole situawith all the lines of power in its hands, tion in South America to the agency it has steadily lost ground. The which has created it, an agency whose churches, save on festivals, are most- influence unless reformed from withly ill-attended. The priests are de- out, is wanting for everything but rided and reviled. The leading news- evil. paper in Chile, which bitterly attacked some statement which I made upon 7· The Roman Catholic Church in returning, about the character of the South America needs the Protestant priests, a few weeks later printed a missionary movement. There is good denunciation of the priests in north- in that Church in South America. ern Chile, far more sweeping than There are good men and women in anything I had said. The comic pa- it. In spite of the falsehoods and pers gibe at them. This spectacle of vicious elements in it, there is truth a continent of men losing all respect also. That the good in it may triumph for religion and leaving it to women over the evil, there is need of exterand to priests whose moral character nal stimulus and purification. The they despise, and whose religious char- preserice of Protestant missions alone acter they deride, is a grave and dis- will shame the Church into a selftressing spectacle. There is no sadder cleansing, and introduce the forces, or sight to be found in the whole world. support whatever inner forces there The religious teachers of South may already be, which may correct America have made the men of the and vivify it. There are some who continent irreligious. They have dis- think the South American religious covered that what was taught them is system is simply to be swept away, false, and with that discovery they that it can not be reformed; but there have flung away the faith which they i, another view open to us, and that now call superstition. One can not is that against whatever odds and but feel toward them as the author with whatever deep-cutting excisions of "Ecco Homo" felt toward the the good may be strengthened and en- Pharisees: "It would be better that abled to eliminate the eviL Already the Jews should have no teachers of Protestant missions have wrought wisdom at all than that they should great changes. They are altering in have teachers who should give them Chile at least the ostensible attitude folly under the name of wisdom. of the Church toward the Bible. They Better that in the routine of a labo- have been among the influences which rious life they should hear of wisdom have secured a very fair text-book of as a thing more costly than pearls but sacred history in the public schools beyond their reach, than that it should in Chile. They have elevated the seem to be brought within their reach standard of education in the schools and they should discover it to be paste conducted by the Roman Catholic Church, and have greatly stimulated If a divine revelation be the the Church in its establishment of greatest of blessings, then the impos- schools. "His praiseworthy efforts," ture that counterfeits it must be the says the ex-Minister of Justice and greatest of all evils." It is not easy Public Instruction in the .Argentine,

Dr. Frederico Pinedo, of Mr. Morris, it is demanded by the moral necesthe founder of the Argentine Evan- sities. The South American Church gelical Schools, "have had the virtue system has not met these. It has proof awakening the Catholics, who, not duced them. It has resulted in stagto be left behind, have also founded nant populati()ns, some of which have numerous schools, so that in every diminished in !lumbers. It has inspired way the most needy children are be- no moral reform. It has created no ing benefited." They have o:teadily solid basis of commercial and political widened the sphere of freedom, and character. It has done nothing perhedged in the Church more and more manently to uplift the Indians. Litto a true church ideal. To restrain tle of its great wealth has been emor abate the forces which have done ployed either in education or in works all this is not an act of true friend- of charity. Its philanthropies are inship toward the Roman Catholic significant in comparison with those Church. It is a betrayal of her best of the Roman Catholic Church in the interests and her best men and wo- United States. The power which men, who need all the help that can it is evident the Protestant missions be sent from without to cleanse the alone can introduce is needed to awa- South American soul, and to purge ken a benevolent love of the unfortuits chief institution. nate and the needy, and to make the character without which free institu- The Only Hope for South America tions can not endure, and the resources of nations must lie undeveloped. Let 8. And lastly, tho it seems to me me put this last consideration in the that I have only begun the argument, words of the Anglican Bishop of the evangelical Christianity is warranted Falkland Islands, whose seat is in in going to South America, because Buenos Ayres, and whose work lays it alone can meet the needs of the on him the burden of South America's Latin-American nations. Many lead- real need: "The needs of South ing men in South America realize America," says he, "how great and this. Again and again South Amer- pathetic they are! The world's empty ican statesmen or governments have continent, the hope of the futuresought from Protestant lands what the home to be of millions of Eurothey recognized could come alone peans, who are already beginning to from them. The Argentine Govern- flow there in a steady stream-it is ment gave $r ,000 gold toward the without true religion, and does not present building of the American realize its danger! The form of the Church in Buenos Ayres. When Sar- faith prevalent is the weakest and miento became president of Argen- most corrupt known, and it is impostina he commissioned Dr. Goodfellow, sible to believe that the rising young a missionary returning to the United nationalities of the continent can long States, to send out a number of edu- be content with it. Indeed, they are cated women to open normal schools. not content with it now. Yes, a faith Evangelical Christianity is required to they must have. What hope is there meet the intellectual, moral and social for Argentine, for example, that needs of South America as well as its Spanish-speaking United States of the religious necessities. Fundamentally,

THE CASE FOR MISSIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

future, without true religion? Of what man Catholic Church in Latin Amer- use are vast material resources, rapid ica and in the United States?

development, wealth, knowledge, pow- Well, as a matter of fact, they do er, without that? Surely, God has a not escape, and never have escaped place in the world for these brillian" this antagonism, no matter what the Southern races. They are still full care and spirit with which they have of vitality. We have no right to been conducted. I could quote criti- speak of them as effete and played cisms by Roman Catholics of the out, especially when we know the mar- American Episcopal missions in Bra- velous recuperative power of the hu- zil and the Philippines, altho in the man race. Well, where should this latter, the mission has sought carefully place of development be, but in the to protect itself from the suspicion free air and temperate climate and of proselytizing among the Roman wide spaces of the New World, far Catholic Filipinos. And you all know from the social tyrannies and religious how the Protestant missions in aU superstitions which have hitherto re- parts of Latin America have been as- tarded their proper growth? It is sailed by the Roman Church, and how nothing less axiomatic that South the organs .of the Church in the United America needs true religion, if ics States have dealt with any who have future history is not to be a disap- dared to state the facts regarding Lat- pointment, and its development a fail- in-American conditions. Now, is all ure. this inevitable?

"South America needs what Chris- History helps us to answer this tian England, if the Church were but question. There was a time when in moved with more faith and love, could the Philippines, and in all Latin Amer- easily give-true religion; namely, re- ica there was no religious liberty, no formed, scriptural, apostolic Christian- free speech, no public education, no ity. Our own people need it, that they civil marriage, no burial rites or inter- may be saved from only too possible ment in a cemetery for a Protestant, degradation. The Spanish and Portu- no valid baptism for Protestant chil- guese-speaking people need it, that dren, and consequently, in some lands, they may develop into strong free na- no right of inheritance. These in- tions they desire to be. The aboriginal tolerable conditions have passed away.

races of Indians need it, that they Did they pass away without the an- may be saved from extinction, and tagonism of the Roman Catholic find place, too, in the Kingdom of Church? It fought everyone of these God." reforms. It is fighting some of them If missionary work is not warranted still. Not one advance has been made and demanded in conditions like these, toward free institutions and free edu- where is it legitimate? cation, and freedom of opinion and The Antagonism of Roman Catholics speech and religion in Latin America without encountering sooner or later n.-But if our missions in Latin the opposition of the Roman Church.

America are justified and necessary, In 1852, the Pope denounced the can they be conducted without en- movement in New Granada toward re- countering the antagonism of the Ro- ligious liberty, which decreed the e.x-

pulsion of the Jesuits, a curtailment reached, but neither of these con~ of Church revenues, free education, siderations will save us from the opfreedom of the press and freedom of positon of the Roman Catholic public and private worship. These Church, for, as the recent investiga- "nefarious decrees," the Pope con- tions of the delegates from the Engdemned and declared to be "null and lish Baptist Church have shown, and void." In October, 1864, Pius IX as all who have looked into the subwrote to Maximilian, "Your Majesty ject know the work of the Roman is well aware that in order effectively Catholic Church in South America to repair the evil occasioned by the claims almost all the accessible Indian revolution, and to bring back as soon population, so that work there is reas possible, happy days for the sented by the Roman Church as much Church, the Catholic religion must, as work for the rest of the population, above all things, continue to be the and, curious as the fact may appear, glory and mainstay of the Mexican the atheism and unbelief and immoralnation, to the exclusion of every other ity of South America are nominally dissenting worship; that the bishops Roman Catholic. In no South Amermust be perfectly free in the exercise ican country have the men of the land of their pastoral ministry; that the more completely thrown off religion religious orders should be reestab- than in the Argentine, and yet nomilished or reorganized, that no person nally these men are Roman Cathomay obtain the faculty of teaching lics, and the constitution of the Arfalse and subversive tenets; that in- gentine requires that the President of struction, whether public or private, the RepUblic shall be a Roman Cathoshould be directed and watched over lic. I believe there is the same reby the ecclesiastical authority, and that quirement among similar conditions in in short the chains may be broken Uruguay. In Chile, where a third which up to the present time have of the births are illegitimate, and 60 held the Church in a state of self- per cent. of the popUlation is illiterate, dependence, and subject to the arbi- the government cen~us gives 98 per trary rule of civil government." Now cent. of the population as Roman if every step thus far toward the Catholics; while in Brazil, where the emancipation and enlightenment of government census of 1890 gave a per- South America has been antagonized centage of illegitimacy of 18 per cent. by the Roman Catholic Church, we and of illiteracy of 80 per cent., the must not be surprized or intimidated official returns gave 98 per cent. of if we continue to meet with opposi- the people as Roman Catholics. In tion. other words, on the declaration of the official census in Brazil, almost 18 per The Real Facts cent. of the Roman Catholic births were illegitimate, and about 80 per For let us candidly and fearlessly cent. of the members of the Roman face the real facts. It is very well Catholic Church were illiterate, while to seek to justify some of our work according to the official census of in South America by pointing out Chile, almost 33 per cent. of the Rothe atheism and unbelief which needs man Catholic births were illegitimate, to be dealt with, and also the great aboriginal popUlation which is to be

CASE FOR MISSIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

and about 60 per cent. of the church- We may lament this. We may be- members illiterate. You can not do lieve, as I believe, that it is the height anything for the people of Brazil or of folly for the Roman Catholic Chile that is not on the face of it Church in the United States and Can- work for Roman Catholics. Prac- ada, to seek to deny or cloak the tically all the illegitimacy and illiteracy indisputable facts regarding Latin is Roman Catholic illegitimacy and America. But the cold truth is that illiteracy. We do not believe that we can not carryon any Protestant that fact puts it beyond the pale and work of any sort whatever in Latin makes any effort to relieve it unwar- America without encountering the rantable, but the simple fact can not opposition of the Roman Catholic be escaped that whatever missions are Church both there and here.

operated in these lands, or, indeed, in What Shall We Do? any Latin-American lands, are oper- ated among nominal Roman Catho- IlL-If, then, this opposition is un- lics; for the Roman Catholic Church avoidable, what course are we to pur- claims them all as its own. sue?

And the situation is not relieved by 1. We are to do our duty. It is that view of our mission work in these our duty to minister to human need.

lands which would acquit it of all Weare to maintain our missions in responsibility for establishing Evan- Latin America, and to seek to evan- gelical churches, and would be satis- gelize the people of Latin America fied to conduct it simply as a moral with the Christian Gospel, just as we and educational influence, seeking by seek to evangelize the Japanese Budd- its example to awaken the Roman hist sects whose doctrines and rites Catholic Church to better standards are scarcely less Christian than those and a purer life. The Roman Catho- of many of the Latin-American lic Church approves of su~h Protes- peoples.

tant missions no more than the other 2. Weare to seek to build up evan- kind. It has opposed such work so gelical churches in Latin America, and earnestly as it has fought evangelis- to receive into these churches con- tic effort. In the Argeritine House of verted men and women, whether Deputies it assailed, through one of these men and women have been its bishops, the remarkable schools of nominal Roman Catholics and actual Mr. Morris in Buenos Ayres, and in atheists and unbelievers, or whether Brazil. American Catholics have la- they have been open repudiators of all mented the work even of Protestant religion, or whether, as will usually institution" which, altho ill this they be the case, they are men and wo- were in error, they declared had no men who have sought for moral and evangelistic purpose or influence. spiritual satisfaction in the Roman As a matter of fact, our missions Catholic Church as it is in South are welcomed in every Latin-Amer- America, and have been disappointed.

ican land, but not by the Roman Most of the earnest members of the Catholic Church. Both in South Amer- evangelical churches in Latin America ica and here that Church stedfastly have been devout Roman Catholics resents and opposes every such effort. who were discontented with their

vain search for life and peace. If it And all the forces of human progress is said that this is proselytism, my are with us. Indeed, there are some reply is that I abhor proselytism as entirely too free and radical forces much as any man, but that proselytism awaking within the Roman Catholic is the effort to win a man from one Church, or among the Latin-American form of Christian faith to another, people. We must beware of sympathy and that the Latin-American form of with anti-clerical movements which Christianity is so inadequate and mis- rest on principles which are anti-re- representative that to preach the truth ligious, and with tendencies of thought to it is not proselytism, but the Chris- which not only destroy tradition, but tian duty of North American Chris- by the same token, dissolve history. tians, both Protestant and Catholic. We have no easy path. The true path is never easy in the midst of 3. We are to pursue in all this work conflicting extremes. To be a rank the most irenic course. Weare not partizan is far simpler than to extri- to attack the Roman Catholic Church. cate truth from error in antagonistic . That is not good policy, and it is not views and to travel on even ways. good principle, and it is to many of us practically impossible. We grew up 5. We must recognize sympatheti- here with many friends in the Roman cally the problem with which the Ro- Catholic Church, and we have many man Catholic Church has to deal. It friends in it now. We believe that is stupendous. One's heart goes out here, and even in Latin America, it to the earnest men who have to bear holds some great fundamental Chris- this burden. It remains to be seen tian truths. We respect the piety and whether the capacity of adjustment to consecration of many of its men and new and unavoidable conditions is in women. Weare appalled at the mass the Church, or whether it is incapable of evil which has overcrusted it in of being reformed. There are many Latin America, but even so, we can who assert that it is. We venture to not wage a war against it. Our pur- believe otherwise, regarding large sec- pose and desire are to preach Christ tions of it at least. In other large sec- and to set forth the positive truth in tions a work of destruction and re- love. This course will result in the generation must be done as radical destruction of error. Even this course almost as any needed in heathenism. will be opposed by the Latin-American Church, but, nevertheless, in spite of Support at Home such opposition, in spite of the in- sults and slander by which all who try IV.-And now, lastly, if we are to tn show the actual conditions in Latin go forward, in this spirit of good will America, will be assailed in the United and friendliness, but of undaunted States, we must not be provoked into determination, how are we to get for unkindness or injustice toward that these missions adequate interest and which is good and true in the Roman support at home? Those who are now Catholic Church, both among its peo- interested in such missions are in- ple and among its leaders. terested, as a rule, from ultra Prot- estant and militant anti-Papal con- 4- We must be patient and hopeful. victions, and their argument for mis- If we have the truth, it will prevail. sions in Latin America, would in-

volve as an inevitable corollary a great presentation which can be gainsaid or propaganda in the United States and disputed, we are in danger of damag- Canada, against the Roman Catholic ing the case which must be made. Such Church. I do not believe we ought to faulty evidence can not invalidate the take up the matter in this way. It is sound evidence, but diverts attention, true that the Roman Catholic Church and it compromises the argument. It in the United States makes it very is no easy matter to be faultless here difficult to take it up in any other when we review all the testimony way. It insists that the Church is which is current. But we must take one in all lands, and in all ages, and pains to be absolutely accurate, and that to state what we know to be the then we must speak out unflinchingly facts about Latin America is to libel the facts which demand attention, and and attack the Church in the United which dare not be obscured. States and Canada. This is a terrible responsibility to assume, and one 2. We must challenge the conlongs for the day when the Church science of Great Britain and America in our lands will be as bold as Car- specially. The South American Jourdinal Vaughan and Father Sherman, nal states that Great Britain has :£555,- any many other ecclesiastics have been, J42,041 capital invested in South and denounce and renounce the evils America, and that her dividends from and abuses which flourish under the this investment in 1909 were £25,457,- name of the Church in all Latin Amer- 030; that is more each month than ica. And we must anticipate this the total expenditure on evangelical day, and be wise enough and generous missions in South America in a hunenough not to allow th~ American and dred years. In the face of such a Canadian Roman Catholics to shoul- statement as I quoted at the outset der the shame of Latin America in from the Bishop of the Falkland blind denial of indisputable facts. Our Islands, can a nation conscientiously propaganda must be carried on, I be- do such a thing as this, draw a stream lieve, on the basis of these facts, name- of national wealth from these lands ly, the conditions of need in Latin and contribute to them no moral or America, which unanswerable evi- spiritual treasure, or next to none? dence can establish. 3. We must, temperately, but firm- I. First of all, we must set forth ly, dispute the position that the whole these conditions, aud prove them by Church is facing the whole world task, evidence which can not be gainsaid. or is entitled to claim the divine re- Whenever evidence creeps into our sources available for a world emprise alone, if it excludes from its view the need and appeal of Latin America.

URGENCY OF MISSIONS If the government of Great Britain In all India I did not see a single can take the census of India within soul that looked as tho it could twenty-four hours, how long ought afford to wait till the next generation it to take to give the gospel to all to hear the gospel of Jesus Christ.- those in India ?-A. J. GORDON. J. CAMPBELL WHITE.

MITIVE METHODS IN OLD

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES IN MEXICO BY NEVIN O. WINTER, ESQ., TOLEDO, OHIO. Author of "Mexico and Her People of To-Day_"

When the Spanish conquerors dians could not fully appreciate the reached Mexico the policy of Cortez Deity or humanity of Christ when repleft no alternative to the inhabitants resented by such invaders. but the adoption of the Christian religion. "Conversion" and "baptism" A few of the Aztec gods blossomed became interchangeable terms, and out as Christian saints soon after the baptized pagans were immediately en- Conquest through the ingenious rolled as Christians, even tho their schemes of the early priests, who conversion only followed the use of adopted this method to make the new the fire and rack. Within a few years religion accepted. They brought with after the conquest, according to tlte them into the Roman Church the Roman Catholic records, baptism had particular cha;acteristics and powers heen administered to more than (our which they were credited with as pagan million Indians. gods. As for example, the goddess of the rains, who was much worshiped Dreams of avarice swayed the in the regions of little rain, may be minds of the conquering legions, for recognized in Our Lady of the Mists, it was believed that from the unknown of the Mexican Church, who is apwestern world was to come the gold pealed to fol' the much-needed rain, that was to make every man a Cro~"us. and is believed to have the same power But first these ungodly peopte must be that the old Aztec or Toltec gods were converted to Roman Catholicism, and, supposed to have. In many places there as the unlettered Indians r::ould nr)t are shrines erected to these saints of understand the real spirit and mean- the Church, and it has been proven ing of this new religion, visible sym- that, in most instances, in Aztec times, bols and pictures were substituted for temples existed on the same spots their former idols, and the introduc- dedicated to the goddess of the rains tion of the Roman religion substi- or mists. tued new ceremonies and symbols for the rites of their old sanguinary wor- The story 0 f miraculous appearship. It is little wonder that the In- ances upon scenes already sacred, made the transition from the native

19II ] RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES IN MEXICO

ceremonies to the ritual of the Ro- their gods, thus indicating that the man Catholic Church easy to a people grosser forms of paganism have not who were accustomed to outward been stamped out entirely. The priests show and symbolism. The striking do not approve of this and try in every ceremonies of the Roman Church, as day to stop these practises, but withpractised in :Mexico, and its impres s- out success. ive services in an unknown tongue. seemed in harmony with the rites of The Roman Catholic Church used the Aztecs, and it was not hard for to be all-powerful in Mexico. It Cortez to force his religion upon the held the wealth and the learning of simple and superstitious mind of the the country, and rich men gave freely poor conquered Indian, who was more of their substance. Poor peons-and interested in form than in doctrine. they are vastly in the majority-went It is, therefore, easy to understand clothed in rags that the Church might why the religion of the Roman Church be benefited. A favorite method of in Mexico is not free from pagan fea- increasing the income was the sale tures, even to this day. As one writer of indulgences. General Thompson, expresses it, "Paganism was baptized, United States Minister to Mexico in Christianity paganized." Outward r845, wrote as follows: "As a means display means more than spirituality or raising money, I would not exand piety with the ignorant who con- change the single institution of the stitute a very large proportion of the Roman Catholic religion (in Mexico) population. of masses for the dead and indul- gences for the living for the power of In remote caves of mountain re- taxation possest by any government." gions it is said that the ancient deities are still worshiped. Several writers Shrines and chapels were formerly assert that they have seen Indians on so numerous that a true believer passed their way to the mountains to sacri- through the streets with head uncovfice lambs, chickens and flowers to ered and hat in hand, for fear that he might pass one unobserved, and not AN ADOBE HUT ON THE MEXICAN PLATEAU

remove his head-covering, as piety de- of it. An edict aimed at the power manded. During the later years of of the Church was issued by Com- Spanish rule in Mexico, the Church monfort in 1857, but the Indian rebecame so rich that it was reported former and president, Juarez, was to have in its possession one-third of the first to actually accomplish the all the wealth in Mexico. In addition separation of church and state, several to the power the Church naturally years later. The establishment of the held, this immense wealth gave its empire with Maximilian as Emperor leaders great prestige in governmental was a reaction, and an attempt to esaffairs, for wealth everywhere com- tablish a government in which the mands power and respect among those interests of the Church would again in authority. At one time the clergy he paramount.

ENTRANCE TO A SUBTERRANEAN TEMPLE AT MITLA, !'.lEXICO held property to the value of about The greater portion of the property $r80,ooo,ooo, yielding an annual in- once owned by the Church has now come of $12,000,000, according to re- been lost, and the country abounds in liable authorities. Some have even ruined churches and convents. The estimated the wealth at more than law went so far as to prohibit the Church from holding the title to prop- $600,000,000. erty, and if it wished to own property, it must be in the names of individuals. Unfortunately, the Church used its Priests were forbidden, under penalty great influence to oppose progress. of fine and imprisonment, to appear The immense wealth of convents, in the streets in their clerical dress. shrines and monasteries was poured Religious processions outside the walls forth with lavish hand in what of the church, or churchyard, were the Church considered a holy war prohibited. Civil ceremonies were against heretical ideas and persons. made obligatory to render a marriage Then reformers set envious eyes upon valid, and Sisters of Charity and the the church property, and numerous attempts were made to gain possession

Jesuits were sent out of the country. The Mexican Catholic Church, as Even the ringing of bells was regu- an institution, is no doubt to some exlated' by law, so that it has now lost tent the victim of the ignorance and not only its property, but its prestige fanatical zeal I)f its early founders in as well. Mexico. The Church will thrive far more when placed on the same footing For many years Mexico has thus as all churches are in the United progrest in the line of reform. The States, and people and priest accept ambition of the Roman Church has that condition. As one prominent been held in check, but they are re- American priest has recently said in gaining some of their former power, commenting on the struggle in France: and are recovering much of their for- "Everywhere that Church and State mer property. The average Mexican BOOTHS FOR SELLING SACRED CANDLES AT GUADALUPE is superstit1ous. He is boastful and are united the Church is in bondage. bold in times of peace, but craven in Nowhere is the Church so free and the time of trial. Consequently, when untrammeled, or so progressive, as in sick and about to die, he will send the United States." for the priest, no matter how he may have fought the Church when in The first organized movement on health. Many priests, claiming that the part of Protestant organizations the Roman Catholic Church, as the to evangelize Mexico was made by the chosen (?) of the Lord, has a lien American Bible Society when they on all earthly goods, and refuse to sent out one of their representatives administer the last sacrament with- with the American army in 1846. This out some restitution. If the lying man distributed several thousand man owns a confiscated church prop- copies of the Scriptures between Vera erty, he must restore its value before Cruz and the capital, which afterward he can have a clear title to a home bore fruit. A few years later a woin heaven. man, Miss Melinda Rankin, who had been engaged in missionary work in

Texas, crossed the border and held The Presbyterians are working in services in Monterey. In 1862 a Bap- fourteen different States. They have tist missionary, Rev. James Hickey, fifty organized churches and two hunalso began work in Monterey. No dred and twenty-two out-stations, organized effort was made by Protes- which are served by twenty-one fortant denominations until 1869; be- eign missionaries and one hundred and tween this date and 1880, missionaries one native workers. The Methodist were sent by the following denomina- Episcopal Church has twenty-nine tlons: Protestant Episcopal, Meth- missionaries in the field, and one hunodist Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal dred amI twenty-two native workers, South, Presbyterian, North and and is holding services at more than South, Baptist, Christian and Con- a hundred different places. The gregational. Bishop H. C. Riley ob- various denominations have divided tained an old church for the use of up the field, and are working together the Protestant Episcopal Church, and in harmony. The Methodists, for in- Rev. William Butler purchased a part stance, are working in Guanajuato, of the convent of San Francisco, in Leon, Pachuca, Puebla, Silao, and the heart of the city, for the Meth- Oaxaca. The Presbyterians have odist Episcopal Church. centered their efforts in Aguas Cali- entes, Zacatecas, Saltillo, San Luis President Diaz has encouraged the Potosi and Jalapa. All denominations missionaries in many ways, and Rev. have missions in the City of Mexico. Villiam Butler quotes an interview The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyteriin which the President exprest himself ans and Congregationalists have their as follows: "I have seen this land own publishing-houses and issue peas none of you ever saw it, in degrada- riodicals and a great deal of printed tion, with everything in the line of matter in Spanish. There are in all toleration and freedom to learn. 1 about 250 foreign missionaries in have watcLed its rise and progress to Mexico, serving about 700 congregaa better condition. We are not all tions. Many of these workers are we ought to be and hope to be; but medical missionaries who are doing we are not what we once were; we a vast amount of good, and others are have risen as a people, and are now teachers who are instructing the rising faster than ever. My advice is, youth. The Protestant bodies own do not be discouraged. Keep on with property in Mexico valued at nearly your work, avoiding topics of irrita- $2,000,000, aU in use for the purtion, and preaching your gospel in poses of education and spiritual inits own spirit." struction.

THE FIRST MISSIONARY Jesus Christ the first great mission- His soul an offering for sin. Thm, ary came. A man in the highest sense only the man Jesus can meet the man was offered for men. This epitomizes from Macedonia; and this will He do, redemption. And He must still come. until the vision of the natural man He must still go. Allied to his con- shall fade out and that of the resecrated servants, He must still make deemed man rise up in His place.– P. L. JONES.

GATE OF SEOUL~

THE EDITOR'S LETTERS FROM ASIA-I1I* FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF KOREA BY REV. ARTHUR T. PIERSON, D.D.

Korea has been called "the storm- surrounded. It is one series of bleak, center of modern missions." A work sandy peaks, almost without verdure. of revival has been in progress for The great extent to which wood is some years, and has become known as used for fuel in Korea causes the one of the most remarkable in the destruction of the few remaining trees history of modern missions. It can even while they are still young. only be compared in magnitude and spiritual results with such work of The population in and about the grace as that at Hila, in the Hawaiian capital, Seoul, is about 500,000. Korea Islands, and in the Telugu Mission of measures approximately 600 miles Central India. The eyes of the Chris- north and south, and a little less than tian world are now turned in the di- one-quarter of that distance from east ~ection of this newly-acquired de- to west. It has an area of about pendency of Japan. 80,000 square miles, or about half the size of Japan. It is divided into thir- The latitude of Korea is from 35 de- teen provinces, and the total populagrees to 43 degrees north, correspond- tion, according to the Japan Year ing to the part of the United States Book for 1907, is reckoned at 14,000,- reaching from Cape Cod to the Potomac. Its situation on the far-eastern 000. coast of Asia, its sea-coast and its proximity to Manchuria, China, and Korea has a backbone of mountains Japan makes it a strategic point. which abound in ranges that run ir- regularly from end to end. They are The first impression of a traveler on not very high, few being as elevated nearing Seoul is the desolation of the as 2,500 feet. They are very much mountain region by which the city is revered by the people, as the habita- tion of spirits who guard the living • Dated, Seoul, Korea, December 13. 1910. and watch over the dead.

Of the ten rivers of Korea, none are is now comparatively little smallpox on the hilly east coast except the Tu- since vaccination has become common men, but there are four rivers on the and the Japanese have introduced so west. The soil is barren-looking earth, many sanitary improvements that tyand would seem almost incapable of phus fever and cholera are becoming fertility, and yet when once vegetation more and more rar,e. is rooted, it seems to flourish. Rice is the king of all vegetable products. The people are a generally quiet and dignified. The pigtail is worn by The land is not without its miner- young men until marriage, when the als, but little mining has been at- hair is done up in a "topknot." The telnpted, because the spirits of the hills right to wear a beard is conceded only to those who have a son. Daughters A KOREAN BOY AND MAN are underrated, as is the case in most oriental countries. are supposed to be disturbed and displeased by engineering operations. The land seems comparatively de- void of religion. There are no great The means of transportation are temples, as in Japan, where they are very primitive, and the strong backs found on every hill and every valley. of the coolie, the pony and the bul- No great procession of priests or falock bear the burden of the country. kirs, sacred animals, incense sticks or A coolie will sometimes lift and car- low prostrations are seen in Korea. ry as much as 500 pounds. Mr. Hulbert says, "There is a mosaic of religious beliefs, held not only by There are many curious examples different individuals, but by single inof the meeting of the old and the dividuals." In the Korean mind there new in Korea. Side by side with the is no antagonism between the different most primitive house or shop may be cults, however logically antagonistic. seen a building of modern western In one frame of mind a man may lean construction, with glass windows and toward Buddhism, in another toward doors, and oftentimes with modern his ancestral fetishism; a Confucian- English signs as well as Korean char- ist in society, a Buddhist in philosacters. ophy, and a spirit-worshiper in trouble. The basis of all practical re- Many diseases are prevalent in the ligion seems to be spirit-worship, incountry. Korea is first of all a coun- cluding animism, shamanism, fetishtry of chills and fever. Happily, there ism and nature-worship generally.

Dr. Gale says that "Society has rested on five strong pillars called oh- ryun, or the five laws, as they are sometimes called, on which rests the world of Confucius." Between father and son this doctrine requires "chin," or friendship; between king and cour- tier, "eui," or righteousness; between husband and wife, "pyul," or defer- ence; between young and old. "saw,"

EDITOR'S LETTERS FROM

or degree; between friends, "shin," Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop says, in or good faith. Allied to these are the her book, "Korea and Her Neighfive virtues: in, eui, ye, chi, shin (love, bars," "vVoman's rights are few, and righteousness, ceremony, knowledge, depend on custom rather than on law. faith). Millions of pages have been She now possesses the right of remarwritten on these subjects, and the riage, and that on remaining unmarwhole five are combined by hyphens into one word, as tho the elements WAYSIDE IDOLS IN KOREA which composed that word were inseparable. Then there are believed to ried until she is sixteen, and she can be five Original Elements-metal, refuse permission to her husband for wood, water, fire and earth. These his concubines to occupy the same agam are associated in one hyphen· house with herself. She is powerless ated word, keum-mok-su-wha-do. to divorce her husband, conjugal fidel- They are called the "Oh-hang," so ity, typified by the goose, the symbolic that the Korean society may be char- figure at a wedding, being a feminine acterized by "Oh-ryun," "Oh-sang" virtue solely. Her husband may cast and "Oh-hang," the Five Laws, the her off for seven reasons-incurable Five Virtues and the Five Elements. disease, theft, childlessness, infidelity, Dr. Gale compares the Five Elements jealousy, incompatibility with her parto the foundation, the Five Laws to ents-in-Iaw, and a quarrelsome dispoas many pillars and the Five Virtues sition. She may be sent back to her to the firmament above the pillars. father's house for anyone of these The Five Elements are supposed to causes. Domestic happiness is a thing play a most important part in life's she does not look for. The Korean affairs. They have to do even with has a house, but no home. The hushappy marriages. A young man whose band has his life apart; common ties element is wood must not be mated to of friendship and external interest are a metal-girl or a fire-girl. Earth and not known. His pleasure is taken in water are the only safe elements with company with male acquaintances and which wood can be combined, so that the "Oh-hang" concerns even the smaller details of life. Of course, with such a philosophy as the social basis, progress is difficult. Such views cause customs to become stereotyped and are an apology for most absurd and unwholesome practises and superstitions.

The father's authority in the family is absolute, as the King's word has been in society. If a wife is not fortunate enough to bear sons, it is a common thing to resort to concubines or a second wife, and the first wife meekly submits.

'gesang'; and the marriage relation- that he loved lost and fallen women.

ship is briefly summarized in the re- Peach-red had never before heard of mark of a Korean gentleman in con- such a being. Her soul was sick, and versation with me on the subject, 'We she wondered if she could but meet marry our wives, but we love our con- Him what he would say to 'the likes of cubines.' " her,' and if He really could cure soul- Dr. George Heber gives the words sickness. When or where or how of one of the native Christian wo- Peach-red met· Jesus, I know not; but men: "Before Christ came into our that she met Him I most assuredly home I never knew what it was to eat know. Seven years rolled away, and a meal in the same room with my hus- out of my life passed the name of band. His meals were served to him Peach-red. It was forgotten in the in the sarang (reception-room), while multitude of names that crowded on I had mine on the earth floor in the me. One Sunday, after service in a kitchen. He always spoke to me in great meeting-house of some two the lowest grade of servant talk, and thousand people, with this and that often called me by insulting names. one coming forward to say 'Peace,'

Sometimes, when he was angry or there appeared before me a smiling drunk, he used to beat me, and my life face known and yet not known. 'Don't was as miserable as that of most all you remember me ? You baptized me the heathen Korean women. But now seven years ago. MyoId name was that Christ has come into our hearts, Peach-red.' Here was this woman in everything is changed. My husband value once less than zero, crowned has not struck me once since he be- with the light and liberty and growth came a Christian. We have our meals in grace during seven years. On long and prayers together in the sarang, journeys over the mountains, hun- and he always speaks kindly to me, dreds of miles, on such a mission as addressing me as an equal. The past Paul's through Europe, had gone the life was a bad dream; the present is unwearied feet of Peach-red. For a foretaste of heaven. We did not seven years it had been a pilgrimage know what love was until Christ came of yictory, and she was here to-day into our home to teach us." with an overflowing heart to thank the A most interesting instance of the Lord. By her side sat Madam Ye, blessing of the Gospel to Korean wo- wife of one of Korea's noted men, men is recorded by Dr. James S. once imprisoned, curtained round, se- Gale, who says: "As I write I see cluded, shadowed by the awful form the face of one called Tohong (Peach- of Nai-woi, proud too, not deigning to red). She was a low-class dancing- look at such refuse as Peach-red. To- girl, bought and sold. Restoration day they sit together and Madam Ye was a word not applicable to her, for says: 'You know so much of the she never was right. She was born Bible. Let me listen while you read lapsed and lived lapsed. Over the walls it. Truly you are dear.' Jesus had of the world that encircled her came broken Nai-woi so that Madam Ye the story of Jesus, a man, a wise and came to this crowded meeting-house.

pure man, pure as God is pure, in fact Christ had bridged the chasm that di- a God as God is God, yet it was said vided these two women. He had de-

livered the poor dancing-girl from the he found that he could retain it in life of a broken Nai-woi and from the his memory. slavery under which she was held. Surely, at such a day as this, when the The aim of the native Church is to woman's world is crashed into and the become self-governing, self-supportdividing walls are down, we need the ing and self-propagating. Disciples gospel to point out the new and better continue to pledge themselves to a way." A KOREAN VILLAGE STREET In Pyeng Yang, where Dr. Samuel Moffett is laboring, there is compara- certain number of days to be taken tively a small population, but over out of their working time, for volun- 2,000 of them are church-goers and tary preaching of the good tidings, and church-members. The Korean Chris- in one station the sum of these days tians are especially active in Christian exceeded 8,000. What wonder that work. Their interest in Christianity there was an average of 453 conver- usually begins when they receive a sions a month. There is no question tract, or buy a book, or attend a meet- that the Korean Church deserves the ing; then they go on to regular at- name of a self-extending body, and tendance, conversion and church-mem- this is the more impressive because of bership, but they do not stop with the abject poverty of the Koreans. personal faith and piety, they seek out The daily wage runs anywhere from and eventually reach their acquaint- fifteen to forty cents. To save anyances, neighbors and friends; in all thing is almost impossiLle, and betimes of the year and in all places of cause the Koreans have so little to concourse and intercourse, public and give in money, they give what is more private. Many of them accept per- valuable, they give personal work into sonal abuse and ostracism' for their which they put their whole hearts. fidelity. It is not too much to say that a Korean church-member is quite uniformly a Christian worker who will freely give his services to extend the knowledge of Christ. Pastors say that sometimes one-third of their members will be found on the streets on the afternoon of the Lord's day visiting from llOuse to house and personally working among their ttnconverted friends and neighbors. These Korean disciples commit scripture to memory, and also put it into practise. One recently-converted man recited the entire Sermon on the Mount without a verbal error; and, when commended for his memorization, he said that he found that it wouldn't stick until he practised its teachings, then

IN JAPAN AND

BY BISHOP M. C. HARRIS Two years ago the fiftieth anniver- impartial in their treatment of the mis- sary of the Protestant missions in sionaries and their converts.

Japan was held in Tokyo. This last The Effect of Union Between Japan and year the quarto-centennial of the Korea Christian missions in Korea was cele- brated in Seoul. The triumphs of At the time of the union between Christianity in Japan have been very Japan and Korea, it was feared that noteworthy. From the year r872 un- this would react unfavorably upon the til 1908 Christianity spread to all the Korean Christians, and many pre- principal cities and towns of the em- dicted that not only would the here- pire. The church-membership is over tofore rapid progress of Christianity 80,000, with a very large number of be checked, but that thousands of other adherents, totaling over 300,000. Christians themselves would be led to Some Japanese pastors believe that abandon their faith. Those who were there are more than a million of nomi- well acquainted with the Christian nal Christians in the empire. The leaders among Korea and the Church Christian movement in Japan from the were free from misgivings, but hap- beginning was almost wholly restricted pily, this political union has produced to the student class, and most of the the very opposite effect. Very few, if converts were from Samurai families. any, have given up their faith on this Thus, Christianity entered at the top, account; but, on the other hand, the and has been slowly percolating down Million Movement, which was on at until it includes a great many of the the time of the annexation, has been masses. In Korea the movement is powerfully stimulated by the union and has been a mass movement. The with Japan, and it is expected that people of all classes have been af- before the campaign ends that more fected favorably toward Christianity. than a million converts will be en- In regard to the mission movement rolled.

in both countries, great attention ha., The relations between the Japanese been given to the careful instruction Government, the missionaries, and the of the people in the principles of Christian churches in Japan are, and Christianity. Therefore, the Christians have been, very satisfactory for many have been saved from fanatical out- years past. Neither the missionaries bursts, and a very sane and orderly nor the Japanese Christians have any development has marked the progress requests to make to the Government in these communities of Christians. for larger privileges and for better In Korea, tho the converts are num- treatment. So there is among them a bered by the tens of thousands, yet universal feeling of gratitude to the they have been well instructed in the authorities. In carrying into effect the first principles, and have exhibited a union with Korea the Japanese Gov- high degree of loyalty and have, as a ernment has more than fulfilled its body, avoided complications with the pledges to protect the Christians, and authorities. In both countries the gov- give the largest liberty to the mission- ernments have been very friendly and aries. The representatives of the different missions caIled upon the Gov- one organic body. Many years must ernor-General by Count Tera Uchis, elapse before such a consummation and assured him that the Christian could be brought about. churches would be obedient to authority, and there would be no trouble. But the attitude of the Japan Gov- The Governor-General was very much ernment and the people toward Korea gratified, and in turn assured them of has undergone a very radical change. his interest in their work, and desired In place of the former attitude of their cooperation in promoting the distrust, and also of contempt for weal of the people. It is interesting Korea, the watchword now is "Treat in this connection to note that the the Koreans as our equals, and also treatment of the Korean dynasty and let us especially help them in their efthe Korean people has produced a very forts to secure a higher standard of happy effect. Seventy-six were raised living." There is good reason to beto the peerage and nobility, and lieve that under the egis of Chris- treated in all respects as Japanese tianity the churches will become one at noblemen, and also a large sum, thir- least in spirit, and the people will inteen million yen, was given to the ermarry and amalgamate, and become thirteen provinces for the establish- wholly homogeneous. ment of hospitals and schools, and other public utilities. Gratuities were All thoughtful persons will feel ingiven to the worthy old people, num- clined to sympathize with Korea in bering many thousands. so that all the loss of her independence. Never- the people were made to feel the theless, they will conclude that Korea kindly touch of the authorities at the will share so largely in the benefits beginning. A large number of the of· this union that her sense of huprinces and princesses, and newly-cre- miliation should be forgotten, and that ated nobles visited the Japanese Em- the whole people should very cheerperor and Empress, and were present fully accept the new relations, and at his Majesty's birthday on Novem- profit from them to the very highest ber 3d. They were kindly received, extent. and were highly pleased with their visit. The Korean Revival and Its Results The future relation of the Christian The revival in the churches of Kochurches in the two countries will be rea began about three years ago, not a matter of very great interest to the as a local affair, but through all the Christian world. Heretofore, they churches in the land. Its first effects have stood far apart. Fraternal greet- were seen upon the Christians themings of an informal character have selves, and for some time the movebeen extended to each other. Now ment was wholly within the Christhat they have become one people un- tian circles. The results seen upon der one constitution, one rule, the the native Church were remarkable. spirit of fraternity and of coopera- It was baptism of purity. The law tion will be rapidly advanced, tho of God, which demands a pure and it must not be expected that the two faultless life, was first revealed to churches can unite and be formed into them, and brought them to conscious- ness of sin and repentance, and to the purging away of all impurities. The effect also upon the church as an evan-

gelizing power was very great. As tation of every home in the land, and in the first Pentecost in Jerusalem, all the presentation as far as possible, to were filled with the new life of the every individual. The ingathering of spirit, and began to bear witness. All such a large number during the first gladly told the story of their salvation quarter of a century of Christianity and of the salvation of all through in Korea stands out as one of the faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. The marvelous things in the life of Chrisrevival which began in the heart of tianity, but what is most interesting the Church, spread also to all parts of in connection with this movement is the country. Tens of thousands of the effect of this revival upon the people were enrolled as seekers, and churches in China and Japan. From became regular attendants at church. Korea the revival fire spread over into Scores of young men, the student Manchuria, with the result that reclass, were called to the holy ministry vivals in connection with all the Chrisand devoted their lives to God for tian churches occurred, producing the this work. The immediate effects upon very same effects in among the Christhe whole people were very manifest. tians and upon the people as seen in New joy and courage and purpose Korea, and not only this, but the for the salvation of the whole people churches in North China and Central came to the church. China were also very greatly affected. Revivals in many, if not all of the About one year ago a new move- churches, resulting in thousands of ment was launched under the name of conversions, took place. Many of the "A Million Souls for Jesus in One Christians in Japan were skeptical as Year." The missionaries and the Ko- to the genuineness of this movement, rean Christians were perfectly united believing that the conversion of so in this undertaking. And now and many Koreans to Christianity was in after this following very closely upon part a political movement. However, the political union between Japan and the leaders among the Japanese Chris- Korea, a new movement was launched, tians visited Korea and became acwith the cry, "Not only a million souls quainted with the Korean Christians for Jesus, but the whole land for and missionaries, and investigated the Jesus and how." The special workers conditions, with the result that their in this movement, numbering over 700, doubts were all removed, and they met in the city of Seoul early in Octo- were convinced that this movement ber, and launched the campaign. These was non-political and altogether a very were divided into 350 teams, consist- extraordinary phenomena. The news ing of two each, and they went from they carried back to the churches in house to house preaching the word, Japan and in pulpit and press the condistributing the Gospel, and enrolling ditions were discust, and also made seekers. The result of. a three weeks' known to the Christian churches. The campaign was the enrollment of over result in Japan has also been a quick- IO,ooo seekers, and the conversion of ening of the Christian movement several thousand. Following this, the there. and not only this, but the story campaign was to be transferred to of the Korean revival has spread all every provincial city and county seat. over the Christian world. Indeed. the campaign includes the visi-

OF BIBLE STUDY AMONG ORIENTAL

BY CLAYTON SEDGWICK COOPER, NEW YORK The Bible is rapidly acquiring a books was delayed for a brief time, position of preeminence among the with the result that every copy was college men of the East. In three na- sold before a single one was printed. tions of the Orient during the past In one meeting in the city of Seoul year national committees of Bible I saw 655 Koreans enroll themselves scholars have been formed with the in Bible classes. A training class for express purpose of preparing in the teachers was formed, with a membernative languages, Bible courses and ship of thirty-five educated men, led literature suitable for students. by Mr. Ye Sang Chai, one of the best Chinese scholars in that country. In Japan the first result of this Bible committee's work has been a In India the Bible is rapidly becourse of studies in Japanese on "The coming the most valued of all sacred Social Teachings of Jesus," prepared books. For several years Pundita Raby Professor Y. Chiba. This Bible mabai, perhaps the most learned wocourse has been arranged especially man in India, has been engaging the for use in small groups. It is the services of fifty workers, with her own first series of studies which has been printing establishment, for the transwritten with this design for Japanese lation of the Bible, and the making students. A booklet has also been is- of a commentary upon the same, for sued by another member of this com- the eighteen million Indians who speak mittee, Professor H. Yoshizaki, en- her native language, the Maratha. A titled "Bible Study in Small Groups." high-caste Brahman professor, who Still another booklet by President presided at a student meeting that King, of Oberlin, is now being trans- I addrest in the city of Lahore, North lated by Mr. N. Niwa, the title of India, speaking to an audience comwhich is "Bible Study the Great Way posed almost entirely of Hindu, Mo- Into Life's Values." hammedan and Parsee students, ex- claimed, "I have read through the In the city of Shanghai last autumn Bible carefully, not once, but many a Bible institute, held for three days, times. I consider the Sermon on the was attended by 3,000 Chinese young Mount one of the greatest pieces of men. An extensive series of Bible moral and religious literature in the institutes similar to this one is now world. I venture to say that the stubeing arranged with much care for dents of India know the Bible better next college year. These institutes than they know any sacred book of will reach the student life of prac- Hinduism." tically the entire empire of China. In view of such facts as these, it During my visit last year at the city is of the most striking significance that of Seoul, in Korea, I found that the within the next six months a natif)nal Bible was the chief book of this na- Bible secretary, giving his entire time tion. Great difficulty is experienced and attention to the supervision and in furnishing enough Bibles at twenty- promotion of Bible study, will be prestwo cents apiece, to supply the Ko- ent for leadership in this great cause reans. A few years ago one church in each of the three sections of the ordered 20,000 copie!' of the New Orient-India, China and Korea, and Testament. The publishing of these

Japan. These men, already in close generation of students in the Far East. touch with the great student Bible An old Brahman in Calcutta said to movements of North America and me, "The Bible will stir the conscience Europe, will devote their lives to a of India-the conscience which has thorough-going study of the spirit and been slumbering through thousands of method of Bible study best adapted to years-and India will awake to Christhe life and development of these ori- tianity." One Christian worker among ental nations. students in the city of Calcutta told me of scores of Hindu students who The whole matter of native Biblical had come to him, one by one, to study literature, of whicl:t these nations are with him, for an hour, the English in such peculiar need at present, will Bible, and to discuss the most vital be among the first things considered. questions of their personal lives. No mere translation of Western Bible Among these men he also pointed out study books will be adequate to meet a goodly number of the most thoughtthe demands of these Eastern peoples. ful students, who, through the influ- Literature must be prepared by men ence of these personal conversations, whose knowledge of the life of these had been led to accept discipleship nations is both inherent and trained. with the great oriental teacher.

A great progress will be noted, also, In the city of Allahabad an Oxford during the next decade in the Orient graduate related to me his experience in the training of expert Bible teach- with a Brahman student who read ers. During a six weeks' Bible cam- the Bible with him for over a year. paign last year in China and Korea, Especial attention was given to the not less than 3,000 students were en- life and teaching of Jesus. No refergaged in Bible study. This number ence was made to the personal acmight have been increased many-fold ceptance of Christ on the part of this had there been trained Bible teachers Brahman student. At the end of the ready to accept leadership in the year, however, the teacher said one classes. The group plan of study is day to his Hindu scholar, "What do especially consistent with the Oriental you think of Jesus Christ?" The anlove of discussion and argument; but swer came slowly, but with peculiar this system in the East, as well as in certainty, "I think that Jesus Christ the West, is truly dependent upon ef- was the greatest man who ever lived. ficient agencies for the training of I think-yes, I know-He is my Sateachers. Letters from the Orient vior." confirm the fact that the leaders of the Bible work among the tens of A competent intellectual and spirithousands of students of these nations tual interpretation of the Bible, as a are keenly alive to this particular need. result of this movement, will greatly This is evinced in the formation of further the cause of evangelism among normal training classes in the great thinking men in the East. A very student centers, and in the general representative scholar and teacher of preparation for training conferences. the city of Tientsin recently accepted Christianity. It is noteworthy that he It is, however, as an evangelizing has been retained as the head of a agency that the Bible promises to be government school, subsequent to his an outstanding influence in the next

STUDY AMONG ORIENTAL STUDENTS

conversion. He exprest to me his am- as yet, brought openly to accept Chrisbition to become so proficient in the tianity, the spirit of student relationknowledge of the principles of Chris- ships has often been entirely transtianity, through the study of the Bible, formed. In the main hall of the Asthat he might be able to translate into sociation Building at Calcutta, one the Chinese language the central may read the significant words, meaning of the Christian religion. "Bought by the power of prayer."

One is profoundly imprest, also, in A Chinese student in one of the Korea by going into churches that colleges of South China was marked are literally packed to the doors, many off from other leaders by the audacity containing over a thousand men and of his attempts to make the Bible real women listening to the clear exposi- among his fellow students. I asked tion of the Bible. The vivid appre- him how he came to be so much hension of the deep princiiJles of this more interested than the other stubook has been the predominant influ- dents. He answered, "I have studied ence in bringing Korea, as a nation, for a year the spirit and method of nearer to an entire Christian evan- Jesus Christ." I was told that he gelization than any nation on the face kept with great seriousness a half of the earth. hour each day for the study of the life of Christ. The impression of this It does not take unusual prophetic student's life was extraordinary. powers to realize also the wonderful use of the Bible in the East as a means After all, the great question of the for developing spiritual reality and East, as well as of the West, is the power in personal living. I was deep- question of character. Whether it is ly stirred to find, in th~ city of Naga- the confused political questions of Insaki, fifty students in one of the col- dia, the intricate commercial relationleges, arising at six o'clock each morn- ships of China, the proper industrial ing and spending an hour, singly and development of Korea, or the striking together, in prayer and Bible study. military and social evolution of Japan It was not surprizing to find an un- -all these are subjects which are diusual depth of serious motive and rectly affected by the influence of the ideal among the men of this institu- teachings of the Bible upon conduct. tion. These students had discovered As one of our own great political not simply the knowledge, but the leaders said not long ago, "The quespower of the Bible. tions that decide the success of men in the present age are, Will the in- It is not unusual to see Christian dividual lie? Will he steal? Is he Indians studying their Bibles on the pure in heart ?" We are utterly contrains, and often in the hostels, where vinced that no man can habitually Bible classes are being rapidly formed. follow the custom of daily Bible study One Christian worker explained to in serious meditation and communion me how the entire atmosphere of one with God, without achieving in his of his student hostels had been own life the preeminent qualities changed through the influence of a which made the life of Jesus im- Bible group, which met each week mortal. in one of the student's rooms. While comparatively few students had been, The East needs, supremely, at this

time the embodiment in the lives of ness. I said to him, "What is the men of the chief message of the Bible great influence for the making of -the love of God. I shall not soon Christianity a fact among the educated forget the meeting with a great pio- men of India?" His answer came inneer missionary leader in India. For stantly, "Men whose hearts are filled thirty-five years he has poured out with the love of God." I saw this his life for that people; and altho he great man address an audience of Inhad been obliged often to beat his dians. I saw him at the close, as he way against great odds, through all took them by the hand and looked the years he has kept his spirit of into their eyes. I was convinced that "sweetness and light," being known he had found the supreme secret for far and wide for his great loving-kind- the evangelization of the world.

SEEING THE WORLD IN BOSTON BY FRANK W. HAROLD, BOSTON, MASS.

Two. years have passed since the by verbal pictures entered in through idea of a great missionary exposition the eyegate, and took possession of was suggested at a meeting of the "man soul." Thousands of young Young People's Missionary Union of people were educated in addition to Boston. The success of "The Orient the casual visitors, and they have in- in London" and "Africa and the spired many to practical, sympathetic East," the great missionary exposi- and prayerful effort, in behalf of tions held in Great Britain in 1908 world-wide work. Some few offered and 1909, was so marked, and the themselves for foreign service, as a Americans who visited these exposi- result of the exposition, and after tions urged so strongly that the idea .one of them, eighteen young people be transplanted to the United States, came forward as candidates fol' the that plans have been made and car- foreign field.

ried forward until success is assured. An exposition offers a great oppor- The committee of Boston men se- tunity for Christian service, and in cured the services of Rev. A. M. Gard- many instances has proved the start- ner, who organized "The Orient in ing-point for young people who London" and other successful mission- hitherto had withheld themselves from ary expositions in England, and his such opportunities for becoming in- experience, his initiative and energy terested in missions.

make him a valuable man as general The Exposition, which will be open secretary. in the Mechanics' Building from April The English expositions illuminated 24th to May 20th, will show the na- the mission fields to the Christian tive life in non-Christian lands, in public. Knowledge of the missionary order to impress the contrast with and his work which has failed to grip life in the countries where Christ is the attention and impress the mind known and honored. It will dereon-

THE WORLD IN BOSTON

A GENERAL VIEW OF THE LONDON EXPOSITJON strate the work of missions, and show and populate the variOlls scenes will the results of Christian work, the in- drive home the facts. fluence of Christianity upon the people and the customs of the lands which The demonstrations are to be made have not accepted the gospel. in various ways, showing actual scenes from many countries. An attractive Generally the missionary appeal has Japanese street scene will be as true been made through the ear, but thou- to life as it is possible to make it. sands of people in the churches know There will be a Japanese garden, a little about the great fields or the tre- Buddhist temple, a tea-house, with all mendous enterprise of missions, and their beautiful scenic accessories. A this ignorance has begotten indiffer- tall pagoda will dominate the Chinese ence. Outside of the churches there village, and among the other struca,re tens of thousands who are not tures will be a temple, a cobbler's shop, only absolutely indifferent, but feel no an apothecary's shop, a Chinese house, obligation and no responsibility what- a Christian chapel, aml scenes showever, with reference to the Great Com- ing the missionaries at work in school mission. It is hoped that "The vVorld and hospital. The India section will in Boston," with its picturesque pre- include the Temples of Silence, a waysentation of things, which will be at- side shrine, a Kali temple, an India tractive to the eye, will draw large bazaar, and most interesting of all, numbers of all classes of people. When perhaps, a zenana, showing the wothese have been attracted through cu- men's apartments in the home of an riosity, the thousands of stewards Indian gentleman. Another foreign who will have charge of the exhibits scene will be an African village with a

real Kongo hut, various native indus- churched areas of the Far West tries, the idol's house, and a mission- will be vividly portrayed by the fronary's home. tier scene, which is to include a log cabin, a sod house, a colportage Mohammedan lands will be repre- wagon, and a little chapel. A secsented, and there will be a Palestine tion of the immigrant station at Ellis exhibit. Considerable space will be Island will show the effort being made devoted to medical missions, showing toward turning the never-ending the contrast between methods em- stream of immigrants not only into ployed by the native doctors and mis- good American citizens, but Godsionaries. The work among lepers and A JAPANESE SCJlNE AT THJt EXPOSITION IN LONDON that of industrial missions will also fearing men and women. Porto Rico be illustrated. and Hawaii, as well as many other countries, will also have their place Several large sections of the exposi- in the Exposition. tion are to be devoted to scenes depicting the evangelizing effort made On the second floor of the great along home mission lines. In the sec- building there will be a comprehention illustrating work among Amer- sive exhibit of educational missions. ican Indians, there will be a genuine Side by side visitors may see the natepee, with scenes on the plains, and tive schools of China and India, with an Indian chapel. A slave-ship and the mission schools and the methods its horrors will be contrasted with of the modern educational institutions educational and industrial work which have grown up in these lands. among the negroes of the South to Especially interesting in this section show the development of the negro will be the educational work among race. The great unsettled and un- the children of all non-Christian lands.

AFRICAN VILLAGE SCENE AT TEE

AMERICAN INDIAN LIFE AT THE EXPOSITION

There will also be tableaux of every- a spectacular presentation of great his- day scenes in the home life of all torical events in the history of mis- peoples, and moving pictures taken on sions. It includes five dramatic epi- the field of the busy life in great sodes, representing the north, south, centers of population and work of east, and west, with a final procession- missions in all parts of the world. al from all quarters of the globe. More The great feature of "The World than a thousand participants, most in Boston," which will make it differ- of them wearing costumes, will be ent probably from any other exposi- tion ever held in America, is the army of IO,OOO stewards, who will make true to life every scene. To prepare themselves for this duty, these stew- ards are studying the history and the work of missions in the particular country to which they are assigned.

There will be a class in nearly every one of the more than three hundred churches of Boston and vicinity, from which stewards have been enrolled.

When the exposition opens, these men A MISSIONARY WINNING AN AFRICAN BOY and women, young and old, will wear the native costumes of the people they included in the various scenes. It is impersonate. During the four weeks intended that by this means the moral of the exposition, they will impart to of the exposition will be driven home visitors the information which they and the meaning of the various scenes have acquired, take part in dialogs made plain to every comprehension.

and demonstrations, and in other ways Other cities will doubtless desire to endeavor to impress the crowds who have similar expositions, so that the are expected to attend, with the im- Missionary Exposition Company has portance, the necessity, and the bless- been organized in New York by a ing of world-wide missions. It seems number of Christian men. This com- as if the exposition would be worth pany is constructing much of the per- while, if its only result shall be the manent material for "The World in influence which the study and active Roston," and after the Boston Expo- participation will have upon the stew- sition will rent it to committees in other ards. It is not possible that they will cItIes. This company will also aid, ever again lack in interest for the through its permanent staff, in the or- work of the kingdom. ganization and management of exposi- One great feature of "The W orId tions in any part of the United States in Boston" will be "The Pageant of or Canada. Should any profit be de- Darkness and Light," to be presented rived from the rental of material, af- in the grand hall of the exposition ter the payment of the company's cer- building, every afternoon and evening tificates of indebtedness, the money during the four weeks of the exposi- will go into the treasury of the Young tion. This is really a musical drama, People's Missionary Movement.

FRENCH COLONIES AND FRENCH

BY REV. A. BOEGNER, D.D., PARIS, FRANCE French Protestantism has been Of course, the growth of the work tried to death by three centurie, of was slow. The first aim of the society persecution. Everyone knows about was only to help other societies, es- the massacre on St. Bartholumew's pecially the Basle Mission, which has night, about the Revocation of the been-after the Moravians-Iike the Edict of Nantes, and about the Dra- mother society of all the missions of gonades, but what is less known is continental Europe. But the Paris that, during the whole of the eight- Society was, after a time, able to eenth century, up to the eve of the start a work of its own, under the great revolution, the persecutions brotherly leading of the London Mis- were going on. As late as 1767 a sionary Society, among the tribes of Protestant minister was executed, and South Africa. There it was allowed from 1678 to r802 no Protestant ver- to begin and to work out its mission, sion of the Bible nor any Protestant which stands now before the whole literature, was printed in France. Dur- Church of Christ as a token of that ing the whole century, until I787, no strength of God which is made per- legal existence was granted to French fect in the weakness of man. All Protestantism. It existed only as the those who have been able to witness Church of the Desert, its gatherings it agree that our Basutoland Mission for worship could take place only by is a standard mission in the whole of night, in wood or in cave, and when South Africa.

its followers were surprized by the Two years ago the delegates of king's soldiers, they were fired upon, France, of French Switzerland, of the killed or captured; the men were sent Valdensian valleys of Italy, of all the to the galleys for life; and the wo- churches and missions working in men to prison-one of them, Marie South Africa, were attending the ju- Durand, spent thirty-six years in the bilee of our Basutoland Missions.

Tower of Constance, at Aigue Mortes. Seventy-five years earlier the first Such being the situation of French missionaries, three young Frenchmen Protestants up to the very verge of –Casalis, Arbousset, Gosselin-had the nineteenth century, it was scarce- made their first appearance in the ly to be expected that this poor rem- country. It was desolated by war; the nant of the great tribulation could population reduced to a small number; care for much else than its own ex- cannibalism, born out of famine and istence and preservation. N everthe- misery, practised; a dying nation un- less, a few years after the end of the der a wise chief. Now the tribe num- ~ apoleonic tragedy we see them, un- bers 450,000 souls; it stilI occupies its der the fertilizing spirit of the great own country as a native reserve, un- Revival, awakening to the thought of der the British protectorate; a Church missions. and as early as 1822 the of Christ has been established, num- Paris Missionary Society was estab- bering now 17,000 catechumens, with lished, as it is still carried on by the a native pastorate, a native work of joint forces of all the living Protes- evangelization, and a native share in tant Christians in France without re- our Upper Zambesi Mission, with a spect to denomination. splendid and complete system of

schools. These were the facts which Loyalty Islands; there is still an Amerwere given to our delegate to witness ican Mission in the Gaboon district and report to us. In one word, a of West Africa; there are English Church, strong by God's grace, grow- missionaries in French North Africa, ing up to self-support and self-gov- and to maintain, as much as possible, ernment, amid a nation saved from this policy of the open door for the destruction and kept alive and sound GOf:>pel, has been the effort and the by the Gospel: such are the proofs glory of the Paris Missionary Society. God has given to the Protestant But everyone who is acquainted with Church of France, of its capacity to the facts knows that, notwithstanding bring forth for Christ. our good will, the chief responsibility for giving the Gospel to the heathen This is only the first of a series. and Mohammedans in the French col- Twenty-five years ago, one of its mis- onies rests on the French Protestants. sionaries, Fran<;ois Coillard, started for the interior and settled in the very What have we done in order to fulplace where Livingstone secured men fil this responsibility? The foundato carry out his first great journey tion of the Senegal Mission, fifty across Africa, and where, years after, years ago; the taking over, at the missionaries of the London Mission- same time, of Tahiti and the Society ary Society had been hindered in their Islands; more recently, the taking efforts to open work by poison and over, from the London Missionary Sodeath. And out of the labors of Coil- ciety, of one of the Loyalty Islands, lard, a new mission was born-the and the starting of the Mission in New well-known Baroke or Upper Zambesi Caledonia; the taking over, from Mission, which we hope, altho still American Presbyterians, of their stahindered by many difficulties, will be- tions of the Ogowe River, in the come, by and by, a second Basuto- French Kongo, and the creation of land. new stations there; and, last, but not least, the entering into the field of But I am anxious to draw your spe- Madagascar, not to weaken or drive cial attention to those missions which out, but to supplement the English and by the providence of God, through Norwegian Missions-at what cost of historical events, was committed to labor, of suffering, of money and of our care in the vast area of the French life, many of you know-this is the Colonial Empire. work we have done and for which we have trebled in ten years our staff ex- Of course that empire can not be pense. In fact, if you ask for figures, compared with the British dominion, it may be said that the average conbut still it is second only to it. It tribution of each of the 600,000 souls, extends over nearly a quarter of Af- which is supposed to be the total numrica, over Madagascar, the half of In- ber of French Protestants in France, do-China, and important groups of is one franc (twenty American cents) islands in the South Seas. Now for a year for foreign missions. But if this large empire the French Protes- we reckon not by souls but by churchtants are made responsible by circum- members (altho that method of stances directly. God be thanked, calculating is not familiar to us), if there are still English and Norwegian missionaries in Madagascar and in the

19II ] THE FRENCH COLONIES AND FRENCH MISSIONS

we reckon one church-member to five Colonial Empire is to receive the messouls, it may be said that each church- sage of God's love in Christ. More member contributes five francs or one than that: the work which we are cardollar, and if we reckon one church rying on now exceeds our strength, and member to ten Protestant souls, two we are sorely laboring under the indollars. sufficiency of our means and power.

These are the facts. What do the'! Consider, on one hand, the work show? First of all, they show the that ought to be done. It concerns a faithfulness of our God, who has tremendous portion of the world field, marvelously helped us in all our dif- perhaps forty to fifty millions of heaficulties. When we took up Madag:ts- then and Mohammedans. Look at the car, we had deficit in our finance's, and Report of Commission Number I, of not one man ready to go. And the very the World Missionary Conference; first year after the inquiry, we were meditate upon the chapter on Unoccuenabled to send out not less than fifty pied Fields, look at the Atlas pubpeople, including the women and chil- lished by the Conference, and consider dren. And the money was found not the portion of the world for which, only for Madagascar, but also for the belonging to our French colonial em- Zambesi Mission and the Kongo Mis- pire, we are nominally responsible, sion, which had been increased by and where, practically, nothing is done obedience to God's call, and for all -not one evangelical mISSIOnary our work-so that during five years in the interior of Senegal and in the of constant progress, we had no deficit whole French Sudan. Not one evanat all. And as God has helped for gelical missionary in the interior of the men and for the means, so he gave the French Kongo from the upper the blessing, to such an extent that Ogowe River up to the Lake Chao. Dr. Julius Richter could write, "The Portions of Madagascar left without Paris Missionary Society has been in the light of the Gospel. The whole of the hands of God, the means for sav- French Indo-China, save one single ing the whole Protestant Church in and small exception, left without Madagascar." Protestant missionaries. In the mis- sions already going on, or even in If those facts show the faithfulness progress, how great is insufficiency of and the power of God, do they not men and means! also show how and to what extent we ~ave accepted the task which God has On the other hand, consider what entrusted to us in the Colonial Em- the French Protestant Church is, pire of France? the Church to which such tremen- dous responsibility has been en- What Ought to be Done trusted. The question arises: Have we done what we could? Ah! French But the distressing fact is that in Protestants! well may the question respite of the work that has been and echo in the depths of our conscience, is being done by our instrumentality, while we seek before God the reply and notwithstanding all our effort, which truth obliges us to give' the work which has been undertaken is insignificant compared to what But while dealing honestly with ought to be done if ever the French ourselves, we may justly tum to our

friends, and ask them in turn: Do ertheless, to go out to fight and to you know what French Protestantism conquer? If you realize all this, you is, upon which circumstances have will be astonished that enough warmth imposed such a crushing charge? remains to sustain, not only its own Compare our Church, not with large life, but also its home evangelization churches of England and America, and its far-off missions, and you will but only with the churches of the admit that a large portion of this Continent. The Scandinavian nation work exceeds its strength and means. is Protestant; Holland is Protestant; Germany, in its largest and strongest The Need fot' Help portion, is a Protestant nation. The task resting upon it, at least in its col-: This being the situation, who can onies, is in proportion to its power. wonder if, in spite of all the. cour- But for France this proportion does age God has granted us, we have been not exist. We are utterly insufficient led to look for help? But from for our work, God knows it, but you whence can help come? We have must know it also. In France, Protes- gone on trying patiently to keep our tant Christians are a small minority, footing, and laboring, year after year, scarcely one to sixty; not more than especially since the separation of 600,000 souls; not quite I ,000,000, if Church and State, under financial difwe include the French-speaking Pro- ficulties, and obliged finally to come testants of Alsace, of Switzerland, of to reduction. At last came the day Italy, and of the Netherlands. of the Edinburgh Conference, and gladly we witnessed the attitude and Do you know what it means for heard the call of that assembly. Here one-sixth of the whole French popu- at last was hope for help. Am I not lation to counteract the effort of the right when I say that the very charother fifty-nine sixtieths? Of these acteristic of the Edinburgh Confer- 600,000 Protestants, only a small pro- ence is that it has had in view, and portion bears its part in the burden has borne in mind and heart, first of of the great work. This minority of ali, the unoccupied fields of the world, a minority struggles in isolation with and that it has laid the responsibility scattered forces, against the pressure for the unoccupied fields on the of surroundings which are either Ro- Church of Christ as a whole? man CatholIc or indifferent, if not free-thinking and atheistical, in many This spirit consists in the view cases hostile. More than that, these taken of the work as a whole; the same hostile forces are in the mission- whole of the Church is responsible ary fields, and after former times, for the whole of the work; the stronga French Minister of State said: er must help the weaker, "that there "France abroad means Catholicism," may be equality," and that the battle and recently a French Colonial Gov- may end in victory. ernor has said: "France abroad means atheism." Finally, do you know what There are in Europe both British it feels like for a Church, itself of- and Continental, men of God who, in ten half-frozen, to consume its own addition to their devotedness to their heat in keeping itself alive. and. nev- special share of the work have had on their hearts the full burden of the non-Christian world and of the work

FRENCH COLONIES AND FRENCH MISSIONS

to be done in order that it might be My earnest hope is that a time will won for Christ. Such were men like come when American Christians will Robert Arthington in England, Pas- be able, not only to stick to the portor George Appia in France, and in tion of the field already occupied by Germany, Professor Gustav Warneck, you, but also to enter into some other besides many others. Still it has been unoccupied part of our Colonial posthe special feature of American Chris- sessions, and to help us in that way tianity in the last years, that it has to discharge a portion of the responfaced the problem of missions in its sibility which, until now, has rested fulness. By God's grace there are on us alone. For the present, and men in America who live with the perhaps for some years, the principal map of the world under their eyes; part of the work and responsibility in men who embrace the whole man- the French dominion will remai-n on kind and the whole undertaking of our shoulders, but you may help us, its evangelization in their horizon, and wherever God in His grace and in their constant care. There are also mercy will have opened your hearts groups of men inspired by the same to this appeal. Weare few and feeble; thought; works come of the same we want something of your strength. spirit, in this land of the Student We are poor; we want something of Volunteer Movement, of the Young your riches, that there may be equal- People's Missionary Movement, of the ity. May God Himself enable you to Laymen's Missionary Movement. help us, first of all spiritually; and,· if it is possible, practically. He is This broadness of thought and able to make all grace abound toward heart is a gift of God, and that gift you, "that ye, always having all sufmakes men responsible, as well as ficiency, may abound in every good any other gift which the Lord may work and be the means of abundant bestow. No particular work, no de- thanksgiving to Him." nominational undertaking can satisfy Christian ambition and love: you must A Final Word open your hearts to every part of the world, and to every portion of the There is one thing which strikes work, and, where local forces are me, and I write it plainly: to help our wanting, where some important por- French Missions will be to help our tion of the missionary undertaking is French Churches; and to help our checked and stopt by the lack of Churches will be to help France; and means, where some small troops are to help France, to keep France alive, holding the fort in spite of danger and to regain for the service of Christ suffering, you must come, you must that nation, with all its marvelous be the helping army appearing on the gifts for human sympathy, for clear hill. thought, for bright and active expres- sion, for generous and chivalric ex- How can you help? First of all, pansion of truth, is that not also a in keeping in your hand all the por- missionary work, a portion of the protions of the field which you already gram of every missionary heart?* occupy; to withdraw from a country, because it is French, without absolute -)/. Communications may be addrest to A. Boegnecessity, would be to give up duty. nero D.D.• 124 East 28th Street. New York.

A GERMAN MISSIONARY

THE LATE PROFESSOR GUS TAV WARNECK, OF HALLE BY REV. JULIUS RICHTER, D.D., On December 26th one of the ac- terly disgusted with his uncongenial knowledged leaders of the missionary work, obtained his parents' consent to movement, Professor Gustav vVar- go to the near city of Halle in an ef- neck, died at Halle, Germany, at the fort to find a way to enter the higher ripe age of nearly seventy- six years. educational institutions there. His In his illustrious and laborious life, the father could not give him the least two keynotes are just those that appeal financial support, and at that time most strongly to the modern man: he self-help was almost unheard of in German schools. With only 75 cents in his pocket he entered the famous grammar school in August Herman Francke's institution, and in a few years, by working almost beyond his physical and mental powers, he passed through the upper classes and entered the university as a student of theol- ogy.

In the fresh and invigorating air of this alma mater his noble spirit developed wonderfully. His poverty compelled him to earn his livelihood by tutoring, but hard work and late hours caused his health to break down.

Aserious lung trouble and hemorrhages brought him to the brink of death and left little hope for future usefulness.

PROF. GUSTAV WARNECK In spite of this weakness he finished his university course, passed the final was a "self-made man," and he was a examinations and entered the ministry man of one purpose. in a village not far from Halle. Again Gustav Warneck was the oldest son he was laid low by a recurrence of an of a poor mechanic at Naumburg, a almost fatal illness, and altho he small town on the Saale. He passed recovered slowly he retained throughhis infancy in the narrow surround- out his life a frail constitution, so ings of a family without a wide out- that only his unconquerable energy look on the world life and with scanty forced his weak body to new exertions. opportunities for education. When In these early years of his ministry still a young boy he entered the work- Gustav Warneck caught the wonderful shop of his father to assist by counting vision of world-wide missions which and assorting heaps of needles so as inspired him throughout his later life.

to help eke out from a small shop a Warneck never visited in person living for the rapidly growing family. any of the foreign mission fields, ex- At the age of fourteen, after the failure cepting in his mind and by means of of an effort to become apprenticed in his deep sympathy with missions.

a commercial shop, the boy, being ut- He had been fortunate enough to enjoy the blessing of Tholuck's instruc- curious invention or heroic deed, but tion as well as his intimate friendship by the incessant concentration of all while studying theology, and he seem3 his energy on the study of missions, to have imbibed something of the pro- by publishing books and papers, by found devotion as well as the scholas- founding a first-class monthly; in tic method of that eminent divine who short, by becoming ultimately the centook this earnest and gifted son of ter of missionary interests not only of an artizan needle-worker as his com- Germany, but of almost the whole conpanion on his walks. When he be- tinent of Europe. came assistant preacher at Roitzech, a small village in Saxony, he found His Literary Work for Mi••ions in the neighboring hamlet of Pouch a young man serving the Church in In r874 Gustav Warneck, then the same capacity. This was that about forty years of age, started the Grundemann who was afterward to Allegemeine Missions Zeitschrift, become his collaborator in the office which was to become the center of of the Allegemeine Missions Zeit- his work during the second four decschrift. Grundemann, like Varneck, ades of his life. The missionary litwas deeply interested in foreign mis- erature of his day sorely disappointed sionary work, and was laboring to him as utterly inadequate to the greatarouse in other people something like ness and gravity of the theme and rehis own zeal in promoting the spread sponsibility. He had the strong imof the Gospel. These two men each pression that the devotional element, fed the fire of enthusiasm in the other. the pious phrases, the "language of Grundemann was making a thorough Canaan," were rampant in the books of geographical study of the mission field the day so as to make most of them and its statistics, and a plan was undigestible for a greater public. He drawn up by the two preachers for found that the periodical literature a systematic prosecution of missionary of the missionary societies was- dework abroad. But the eye of the plorably lacking in loftiness and far- Church was upon Warneck. sightedness, the pages being crowded with endless details and tedious an- For a few years he accepted the in- ecdotes of every-day life. He felt it vitation to become a secretary of the to be his duty to put up a higher Rhenish Missionary Society, but he standard of missionary literature and was not strong enough for the, inces- to educate his contemporaries up to sant traveling and lecturing connected that standard. The starting of such a with that office. He therefore re- periodical by an unknown young man signed under strict medical orders, for was a bold enterprise. Two friends, the apparently short remainder of his Professor T. Christlieb of the Univerlife, to the small village of Rothen- sity of Bonn, and Pastor Dr. R. schirmbach, near Eisleben, the birth- Grundemann, the author of the first place of Dr. Martin Luther. It seems scientific missionary Atlas, helped Mr. almost incredible that a minister in Warneck through the first years. But a remote small village should become soon the authority of the monthly was in the course of twenty-two years a firmly established. man of world wide-fame, not by any From the first the standard of the Allegemeine Missions Zeitschift was

so high that a whole series of articles worthy forerunner of Harnack's misof the first year's issue fetched the sionary work and the spread of Chrissame price as those of the last year. tianity in the first three centuries." From the very beginning he aimed at scientific accuracy, with articles by ex- In the year 1879 Warneck printed a perts and at the same time adapted to second essay, "The Opposition Bethe needs of people at home; a chal- tween Modern Missions and Civilizalenge to critics of missions and a tion," in which he points out how, in source of world-wide information: the work of modern missions, Chris- Such a many-sided program it seemed tianity still manifests itself as a great almost beyond the powers of one man power, amid the powers of the world. to carry out in a small journal and He shows civilization as both a proyet Warneck proved equal to the task. moter and a hinderer to the spread of Christianity. It is a pity that these The feature of the work that War- excellent works have never been reneck chose as his especially was mis- vised and brought down to date by sionary teaching. He investigated Warneck.* Altho Warneck had fully the basis and laws of life needed for advertised these three volumes by first an evangelical mission and traced its printing them in the A. M. Z., he had activity from inner conviction to out- felt a peculiar distress that as an ward conduct. He upheld the in- editor he must refrain from announdissoluble connection between mis- cing in a fitting manner this his standsionary work and the salvation ard book, which he regarded as the wrought of God in Jesus Christ as crowning effort of his lifelong labor. the life spring of missionary work. He His attempt to set forth an impartial recognized it as his duty to maintain estimate of it by the pen of a collabothat the foundation principles of the rator was a disappointing failure. Bible were living forces in missionary methods. In all his missionary prin- The significance of the volume, on ciples he kept in view the supremacy "Evangelical Mission and Slavery" of the Bible. Besides a series of stri- (published in 1896), which Prof. Warking articles Warneck soon began to neck regarded as the crowning effort publish monographs. In the year 1876 of his life, lies in the fact that it sets there appeared "The Apostolic and forth the oneness of evangelical misthe Modern Mission," an enlarged ver- sionary effort, and shows that it is sion of a Conference address. In con- solidly based on Bible doctrine. Prof. demning the prevalent neglect of Warneck sought to avoid giving unmodern missionary work Mr. Warneck due prominence to any features of mismakes a comparison between present- sionary work; he labored rather to day work and the apostolic missions make every column spring from the and reaches the following conclusion: foundation of the whole literature on Our impatience to attain, in from four its subject so as to form a complete to eight decades, a success in mis- and symmetrical structure. sionary labors which in the apostolic times was the fruit of centuries of toil For thirty-seven years Prof. Waris unreasonable both psychologically neck pursued his laborious and selfand historically. "This essay was a * This subject has been dealt with in three large noteworthy volumes by Dr. James s. De!lnis, with a vast amount of rich material, but without Prof. Warneck's scientific accuracy.-J. R.

J A GERMAN MISSIONARY

denying work of tracing the mission- to find that his son, in accordance with ary movement in all the kaleidoscopic his estimate of the importance of this vicissitudes of its history. In fact, duty, became the pioneer in this dethis toilsome task, which demanded the partment and by his book "The Living regular perusal of from fifty to sixty Christ and Dying Heathenism" pracmissionary journals and many annual tically reenforced the effect of his reports, claimed his whole attention. father's labor. He was always on the lookout for new devices by which this dry matter might Warneck has been called the be made more acceptable to his readers, founder of the science of evangelical and he was never quite satisfied with mISSIOns. The particular fact on his his presentation of facts. The ripe claim to this title is based is not the fruit of this regular and comprehen- large number and soundness of his sive study of the whole field of Protes- writings but rather on his preeminence tant Missionary work appeared in as a powerful writer on the managehis "Outline of a History of Protes- ment of missions, and upon his advotant Missions from the Reformation to cacy of the main thing in missionary the Present Time." This work shows work, the instruction of converts. This the absolute impartiality and soberness subject he treated in an epoch-making, of his judgment and his perfect mas- authoritative and permanently conclutery of materials. The ninth and last sive work. edition (published in 1910) contained 530 pages and is a historical work of Let no man think that the author of exemplary completeness. It is notable so much missionary literature was a for the condensation of its style and perfunctory pastor. On the contrary, for its trustworthiness. Of all his he devotedly ministered to the souls works it is the most valuable gift he entrusted to his charge to the best has made to the evangelical world. In of his power. He was a pious and England and America it has appeared earnest preacher. A vast number of translated into English by a specialist, people have listened to his village his friend Dr. George Robson, and in sermons and in his preparation of his spite of some severe judgments passed own and other children for confirmaon the management of certain mis- tion his teachings have proved an sions, it is accepted as authoritative. abiding blessing. By his confirmation reading classes for young people, by During the last ten years of his life his Bible classes, by the founding of a Warneck directed his attention to the public library and other institutions, question of the intelligent study of Warneck always strove to draw close non-Christian religions, or missionary to him the members of his congregaapologetics. He saw that this little tion. Especially valued were his utilized domain claimed attention and regular missionary meetings. In spite while he only occasionally entered him- of all Warneck's zealous labors he self upon the study of this problem, was frequently dejected over the he urged impressively upon the notice thought that he had made so little of.his younger collaborators their duty spiritual impression on the hearts of to apply themselves to it. his pastoral children. But amid all his sorrow he learned that his peace lay It was an especial pleasure to him in the hands of God. He reminded

himself that, after all, not a little of of missionary work. There are many the good seed which he had scattered who, in the lecture hall or the seminar, sprang up and bore fruit. His con- became inspired with enthusiasm for gregation cherish a grateful affection missions as a result of his words and for him. In the tranquillity of the re- spirit, and not a few through his inmote little village the memory of War- fluence were led to engage in missionneck still brings a blessing upon his ary work. Whoever listened to him family. saw that he had the gift of imparting not only knowledge but life. Warneck spent all his powers to awaken love and intelligent study of Even after he had resigned his ofmissionary work in his native land. fice of teacher, he would not rest. He He organized a body of traveling mis- still edited the Allegemeine Missions sionary preachers and himself took Zeitschrift (The Universal Missions part in their labors, during his earlier Journal) , whose freshest and most years. In the year 1879 he made a powerful articles he wrote himself up great hit by instituting the Conference to the last. To such labor was added of missionary experts at Halle. In the conduct of a correspondence ex- 1883 the University of Halle conferred tending over the whole globe, while the on him the honorary degree of D.D. elaboration of a pointed and careful On several occasions he ably repre- lecture on missions occupied this never sented the cause of missions in the wearied man up to a few days before Provincial Synod and the General his death. It was his frequent prayer Synod. His spiritual and energetic that God would take him away, withremarks are largely responsible for out his being laid aside, but while he the fact that the leading classes of the was in the midst of his work. This Church at home are learning more and prayer was granted for tho a more to pay to missions the attention serious and painful illness attacked that a really living Church ought to him in the beginning of December, cultivate. while still on his bed of suffering he corrected the proof of the January For several years Dr. Warneck number of the magazine and with deep took part in the proceedings of the emotion cried: "This is our thirty- Bremer Continental Missions Confer- eighth year 1" In fancy he saw the ence and more and more evidently be- missionary work advancing; now it came its leader and its center. For a was Madagascar of which he spoke long time he stood at the head of the and again it was Japan. His sickness German Mission Committee and he did not last long and after some days earnestly applied himself to the found- of pain, in the evening after Christmas ing of the Evangelical Alliance. day, gently and in complete peace he passed away to the strains of the In the year 1896, Prof. Warneck Christmas canticle: was made professor emeritus in Halle, but at the earnest request of the faculty "Lord, now lettest thou thy servant he accepted an honorary professor- depart in peace, for mine eyes have ship and for twelve years, by his seen thy salvation according to ~hy matured knowledge and ripe judg- word, which thou hast prepared bement, he instilled into the hearts of fore the eyes of all people." the students his love and knowledge

OPPORTUNITIES IN MEXICO*

BY REV. L. E. TROYER, PUEBLA, MEXICO American Baptist Missionary of the Home Mission Society.

A more picturesque spot could the tunic of John the Evangelist. scarcely have been chosen for the Now, just what are these splendid founding of "Puebla de los Angeles," the "City of the Angels," so called buildings whose magnificent domes because of the tradition that an angel glitter in all parts of the city? In appeared to the founder and led him reality, they are little less than heathen to this particular spot. What a view temples that have been built for the to inspire even an angel! Mts. Popo- purpose of housing images of gold or catepetl and Ixtaccihuatl on the west, brass or wood or stone, and before Mt. Malinchi on the north, Mt. Ori- which, kneeling on the bare floor, may zaba in the distance on the east, and a be seen at almost any hour of the day, low range of mountains on the south, throngs of devotees in the act of worwith undulating plains and plateaus ship. You ask, "What is this image lying in between, a place where, veri- before which these people are kneelly, "every prospect pleases and only ing, and what are they worshiping?" man is vile." This is the image of their patron saint, and they are worshiping it. At Puebla we find ourselves in a Catholicism in Mexico, in its incepcompact city of 100,000 people, one- tion, was little more than the old tenth the entire population of the pagan Aztec idol-worship, taken over island of Porto Rico, and practically with the names of the heathen gods every inhabitant an object of mission- changed to those of Catholic samts. ary endeavor, for they are "without Image-worship exists all over Mexico Christ, having no hope, and without on the part of the faithful adherents God in the world." I have heard to the Catholic faith. Here is an Philadelphia referred to as "the min- altar before which a robed priest isters' paradise." I suppose it is be- stands mumbling "la misa," and bowcause there are so many churches and ing, and tinkling his little bell. Why so many ministers there. For a simi- is he mumbling this jargon that no one lar reason Puebla is called the Catho- understands, and that you call "la lic paradise of Mexico. There are misa" ? A few days ago a man, after scores of Catholic churches-one committing a long list of crimes excomes upon them at almost every turn of the street. There is scarcely a tending over many years, took the life corner anywhere in the city, but that of a fellow man, and finally ended it a Catholic church is accessible within all by taking his own life. The poor at least three blocks, and sometimes wretch happened to have wealthy relatwo may be found in that distance, tives, having paid all the required fees and in certain localities it is possible up to the time of his death, has been to find three; and with few excep- taught that his soul is now writhing in tions they are large, magnificent build- "purgatorio" in agony, from which, in ings. some mysterious way, it can be extri- cated only by the saying of "la misa" Start from our own residence, and a sufficient number of times by this in twelve blocks we lliay pass no less or some other priest. His relatives than seven Catholic churches. The are, therefore, paying handsomely for grand cathedral which occupies a this service on the part of this priest, commanding position in the heart of who is always ready to say "high the city, according to one authority. mass for high money, low mass for is "considered the finest church build- low money, and no mass for no ing in either North or South Amer- money." He will have to say a great ica." In it, according to a printed many masses at the same rate in orannouncement, is guarded with care der to help the poor fellow much, and the purple robe of Jesus Christ and even then no one can know for sure .. Condensed from Missions~ February, 1911.

that he is out, so that the only satis- even after she has poured out the factory way, to the priest at least, is story of her sins, hoping to get some to keep on saying masses at the same relief, or if it be a man, after he has high rate, week after week and year dragged himself over the floor of the after year, as long as the relatives temple several times on his knees in can be induced to part with their the act of prescribed penance in the money for this purpose. Masses are vain hope of finding peace-inevitably being paid for in different parts of comes away with the same hopeless Mexico for relatives who died genera- look gendered by the feeling of contions ago. The doctrine of purgatory demnation that marked the face be·- is a most convenient one for the priest, fore the confession. This we may see but a most expensive one for the other enacted every day here in Puebla by party. multitudes of burdened souls who really seek relief from the load of their Do you want to see the "vicegerent sins. of Jesus Christ" exercising his vicegerency for the living sinner, telling It is the Gospel of Christ that they him what to do in order to atone for need, but that is the very thing that each particular sin which he has com- they do not want and are determined mitted? The present State law of Mex- not to have; they have been taught to ico requires that all confessional boxes shun it as they would shun a pestibe kept out in plain view, and that lence, and to not even converse with they be kept entirely open in front, a "protestante." We open our chapel, so you may actually see the "vice- and rent mission rooms in populous gerent" in action. Here comes a poor centers, and hold services night after soul, really seeking to know how she night, and month after month, and may be rid of the terrible guilt of her year after year, but only a handful sins. She is bowed down with the darken our doors. They are determined awful weight of the knowledge of not to hear the Gospel. Why not go merited condemnation. She kneels be- where they are and preach to the side a confessional box within which crowds on the streets and in the market sits the long-robed figure of a man. and in the plaza? The reform laws of Study his face for a moment as h~ Mexico strictly forbid any propaganda sits curiously gazing about the room of any religion outside of the desigeven while another penitent is already nated places of worship. Weare forin the act of confession. If his face bidden to hold even a prayer-meeting is an index of his character, he is, in in a private home. We must designate many cases, ten times more a "child the place of worship, and even then of hell" than this poor creature who must put up a screen in front of the is pouring the story of her sins into door. If we were to attempt to preach his ear. He occasionally whispers on the street we would find ourselves something back to her, and then in a lodged in jail in less than thirty minperfunctory way listens for a time to utes. Even the homes, all but a very few, are closed to us as Gospel the other poor sinner who is kneeling workers. on the other side. And so the farce goes on to the end of the chapter, and If the Gospel is their only hope, and you turn away sick at heart because they absolutely refuse to listen to the you know that you have been looking Gospel, it seems that the case is hopeupon one of the most gigantic frauds less, and we might as well retire from ever practised in the name of religion. the field. No! there never was a field The irony of it all is that the priest anywhere in the world that could not who thus traffics in the souls 6f his be reached with the Gospel, if the fellow creatures knows deep down in proper means were employed. This his own heart that it is a farce and a is a needy people. Manifestly the monstrous fraud. And the pathos of thing to do is to find out what they it all is that the poor, misguided soul, do want, and while we are giving them

DENOMINATIONS IN MEXICO 2II

that with one hand, give them the competent surgeon and general prac- CospeJ with the other; they will re- titioner. We must have a building for ceive the latter for the sake of the a hospital and dispensary, with equipformer. ment quite up-to-date. If we employ these methods we shall give Mexico a There are two things, in great de- Christian civilization. mand by these multitudes, that we, as Gospel workers, can consistently sup- Why play at missions with such a ply, namely, schooling for their chil- magnificent opportunity as presents itdren, and healing for their diseased self on this field? A compact city bodies. Jesus had a forerunner to with a population larger than was reopen the way for his coming, and his ported for at least two of the States Gospel needs, and must have in of our great Union at the last census, Puebla, a forerunner. The Method- and nearly two and one-half times as ist denomination found this out long great as the population of one of them. ago, and have a well-equipped day In view of the vast resources which school, in which they are doing excel- God has placed in the hands of North lent work, and we rejoice in their American Christians does not this consuccess. dition in a great North American city seem pitiable in the extreme ? We We are convinced that in a city of certainly have neglected some vast opthis size and importance we must have portunities on our own continent. Who not only a school with consecrated could ask for a better opportunity of missionary teachers, but also an ef- investing a few thousand dollars ficient medical missionary department, where his investment would bring which shall include on its staff a con- quick returns in evangelizing a great secrated lady physician for work among women and children, and a city?

OTHER DENOMINATIONS IN MEXICO The Northern Presbyterians began 60 of these are Christian teachers. A work in Mexico City in 1872; in Zaca- monthly is published in English, and tecas and San Lpis Potosi in 1873; at another in Spanish, besides a weekly other points much later. According to paper, a new experiment. Sabbath the report of the Foreign Board for school literature has been prepared by 1909 they have 57 churches, with the Presbyterian Press in Mexico City, 4,320 members, and 373 were added and this is used in South America, that year. There are 26 schools, with Cuba, Porto Rico, Spain, and the 1,362 pupils in boarding and day Philippines, as well as in Mexico. This schools. The ordained American mis- suggests a work that should be done sionaries number 8, the native preach- by the Baptists in Spanish-speaking ers 29, native teachers and assistants countries. We have a small paper in 65, women missionaries 13. The field Mexico, in Cuba, and in Porto Rico, contributions were $23,304, and the but as yet are lacking in suitable Sun- Foreign Board appropriated $53,432. day-school literature and general re- Much attention is paid to the eduq- ligious reading. The American Prestional work, which is essential to the byterian Church in Mexico City finds development of a native church. The its work more difficult than the Span- Coyoacan College and Seminary is lo- ish-speaking church. The pastor says: cated in the capital, and at Mexico "The conditions are even more op- City and Saltillo there are normal schools. The students at Saltillo num- posing in this foreign city of 400,000 ber 100, and altogether there have than in a city of the same population been 931 boarders and 110 graduates in the States. There is the lack of since the opening in 1889. More than religious and moral sentiment which is so helpful in a Christian land."

The Northern Methodists took up tional) expended $24,572 upon its the work in Mexico in 1873, and the Mexican missions in 1908. It has 6 Mexico Conference was organized in stations, 5lout-stations, 5 ordained 1885. The American missionary force missionaries with wives, 5 single woconsists of 13 men and 22 women, 50 men, a total of 15 American missionnative women workers, 29 ordained aries, 6 ordained native pastors, and and 37 unordained native preachers, 2 unordained, 20 teachers, and alto- 92 native teachers, and 20 other helpers. There are 2,822 members and gether, 29 native workers. There are 3,016 probationers, a total of 5,838, 24 organized churches, with 1,540 with II,OOO other adherents. Educa- communicants, 60 added during the tion is looked after in 7 schools, with year on confession. The adherents 24 teachers and 708 pupils, beside!> 3,819 pupils gathered in elementary number 4.425, average attendance and day school,:· There is a theo- 1,126. Three churches are self-suplogical school in Puebla, with one porting wholly, and 1,157 pupils are teacher and two students in 1907. enrolled in the Sunday-schools. There There are 71 Sunday-schools, with is one theological school, with 10 stu- 3,553 scholars; the churches and dents for the ministry; 3 boarding and chapels number 57, valued at $3°9,- high schools, with 140 boys and 161 86o; and there are 33 parsonages, girls enrolled; and 6 other schools, valued at $238,665; while the school, the total school attendance being 676. orphanage, hospital, and other property reaches a total of $217,700. The The people gave $12.494 for the suptotal contributions on the field port of their own work. The missions are at Guadalajara, Chihuahua, Heramounted to $I03,758, $91,476 of mosillo, Parral, El Fuerte, and Guerwhich was for self-support. The adult rero. A State Conference of Conbaptisms in the year under considera- gregational Churches has been organtion numbered 222. The church edi- ized. The report says that in Hermofice in Puebla cost $25,000, and the sillo the Yaqui Indians have made a church has property there valued at deal of trouble throughout the greater part of the State. It is the govern- $170,000. The Mexican church in ment's severe dealing with these In- dians that has been one occasion of Mexico City has 570 members and ~riticism. The missionaries have been probationers, while the English-speak- unable to make headway among them. ing church has 112. The Mexican In the school at Guadalajara, the Cohouse of worship is valued at $110,- legio Internacional) there is a normal 000, and a total of more than $300,- department, and every student is 000 in property has been put into obliged to take part in the domestic or this strategic field. The Methodists industrial work, including carpentry, make their work impress the people bakery and laundry. At Parral the with a sense of stability. They are Congregational and Baptist missionwell spread over the districts from aries have united to maintain a servnorth to south. The Methodist Mexi- ice in English once a month, the only can Institute, the strongest educationai religious gathering of the Englishinstitution, is at Puebla, and has about speaking colony. A German work has 260 students, half boarders. The day also been started among the large Gerschools are attended by Catholic chil- man population in Guadalajara. dren, whose parents seem glad to secure these advantages for them. The The Southern Baptists have had a hospital at Guanajuato, and the medi- work in Mexico since 1880. The Forcal work, open the way where the mis- eign Board reported in 1908, 40 sionary can not gain admittance. As churches and 63 out-stations; 30 misshown elsewhere, we are finding the sionaries, of whom 17 are women; 17 same thing to be true in our work. ordained natives and 21 unordained native helpers; 1,428 members; 17 The American Board (Congrega- houses of worship; 1,046 enrolled in

OTHER DENOMINATIONS IN MEXICO

37 Sunday-schools; 10 day schools was $3.497, and the mission property with 406 pupils. The amount raised is valued at $159,772. There are 25 on the field was $2,I52. The work in church edifices, 14 parsonages, I North Mexico is much the larger. school bUilding. American churches Education is emphasized. The prin- are maintained in Mexico City and cipal fields are Saltillo, Torreon, Du- at San Luis Potosi: The Colegio Wes- rango, Jua~ez, Chihuahua, Hermosillo leyano, training school for young in the north, and Guadalajara, Mo- preachers, is at this point.

relia, Toluca and Leon in the south. The American Friends Foreign Medical work has proven effective, . Board has three mission centers- and a regular dispensary is maintained Matamoros, Victoria and Matehuala, at Guadalajara. At Leon there is with excellent schools in each place.

great intolerance and Protestant work Especial attention is paid to the educa- is especially difficult. There is a prin- tional work, with good results. There tery, and a weekly paper has been are 7 churches, with membership of started in the Leon field. The name 773· of it is the Baptist Watchman (El The Cumberland Presbyterians have Atalaya Bautista), so that our Bos- a mission and school at Aguascalientes.

ton weekly can see how its name looks There are seven missionaries and in Spanish. The missionaries note teachers. The total put into the work an increasing readiness to hear the is about $8,000, half of which is for Gospel, and a corresponding decrease school work.

of fanaticism. The Presbyterian Church South The Protestant Episcopal Church entered Mexico in 1874, at Mata- has missions covering the principal moros. It now occupies six fields cities. The force consists of a mis- with a combined population of 165,- sionary bishop, 16 presbyters, 5 dea- 000. Nine missionaries are at work, cons, 3 candidates for orders, 25 three of whom are men; besides 8 na- teachers and workers from the United tive preachers and 16 native helpers.

States, and 22 Mexicans. Of the There are 10 churches, with 721 com- clergy 9 are American, 7 are Mexican. municants. One boarding and high The report for 1909 shows 55 stations school is maintained in Matamoros, occupied, with a Mexican membership with 120 girls in attendance, and five of 1,187, English-speaking 885. There day schools are well attended. About are 15 churches and 21 chapels. The $2,500 is raised by native contribu- average attendance upon public wor- tions.

ship was 23. Six day schools and 2 The Christian Woman's Board of boarding schools are maintained, with Missions of the Disciples Church has about 200 pupils; the Sunday-school 32 missionaries at work, 16 of them attendance is 447. The contributions American, and 16 native ministers and for this work amounted to $26,963, of teachers; II churches and 21 out-sta- which about $6,500 was raised on the tions, and reported 596 members in field. 1908. There are 370 pupils in the day The Methodists South have three schools. The amount raised on the field Mexican conferences. The work be- was $2,746. The principal stations gan in 1873 in the capital. The force are at Monterey, where the mission consists of 12 foreign workers and was opened in 1897; Coahuila, the 46 native. The three districts have 30 Texas frontier district, Saltillo, and stations and circuits, with 3,063 mem- Sabinas, and in the State of Coahuila, bers, and 1,185 Sunday-school schol- the frontier district. Evangelistic 3rs. The total collected on the field vigor characterizes the work.

REPORTS OF THE GERMAN MISSIONARY

A REVIEW BY REV. LOUIS MEYER Since the German missionary so- numerous. In South Africa the finan- cieties have published their reports for cial difficulties from which the whole the year 1909 it seems profitable to country suffered had a retarding in- review them that our readers may thus fluence upon the work, and the racial gain a clearer view of the large work question, which is becoming more pro- done for the Master by these societies nounced there, by no means aided the among the heathen. work of European missionaries. In The eighty-sixth annual report of German East Africa, Islam proved so the great Berlin Missionary Society successful in its aggressiveness that contains a multitude of valuable and· the German Government quietly and important facts and figures, which kindly urged an extension of mission- clearly prove the blessing of the Lord ary activity, which, however, is not upon the faithful work. The fields of possible under existing circumstances.

the society are the Cape Colony, In South China the enmity of the Orange River Colony, Transvaal, Chinese reformers toward everything Rhodesia, Natal, German East Africa, foreign proved a serious hindrance, and China. In 86 missionary centers, while everywhere sickness of the 439 out-stations, and 616 preaching- laborers, lack of means, and lack of places, II5 ordained and 14 lay mis- men retarded the work for the Master sionaries, 6 physicians and teachers, 33 very much. All these difficulties, how- lady teachers, 4 trained nurses, and II ever, were more than balanced by the tradesmen, of European birth, were manifest blessings of the Lord. The assisted by 23 ordained and 1,006 lay report of the Berlin Missionary So- native workers. The number of con- ciety for 1909 is a most encouraging verts from heathenism baptized during document in spite of difficulties and 1909 was 4,249. so that the number of hindrances recorded in it.

native Christians increased to 60,048 The Breklum Missionary Society in the different fields. Of these native held its annual meeting on June 7. Its Christians 49,245 are found in South sphere of activity is East India, where Africa, 1,982 in German East Africa, the work is being carried on upon 14 and 8,821 in China. The number of stations. Its 29 European mission- inquirers under instruction at the close aries (23 men) are being assisted by of 1909 was 1,952 in South Africa, J26 native teachers and catechists and 1,351 in German East Africa, and 812 145 voluntary helpers. The number in China. The 409 missionary schools of baptisms in 1909 was 372 only, so of all descriptions had an attendance that the number of baptized Christians of 15,381 pupils. The financial condi- increased to 10,791, but 2,239 inquirers tion of the society is a serious one, remained under instruction at the close alas. The deficit of the past year of the year. The 68 missionary schools amounted to almost $48,000, so that were attended by 1,722 pupils, of the total deficits of 1905, 1907, 1908, whom 825 were heathen (653 boys and 1909, amounted to the large sum and 172 girls). The income of the of $180,000. Providentially, the so- society for 1909 was $51,300, so that ciety has been enabled to pay this the year closed without a deficit. The whole debt with the money left by a reports of the missionaries tell the friend of the work some time ago, but story of the irresistible progress of the becoming available only now, yet its gospel in spite of immense difficulties financial condition is such that a mort- and of the growth in grace of those gage had to be placed upon the who have come out from heathenism property in Berlin and an increase of and placed their trust in Jesus in ~he contributions to $350,000 in 1910 former years.

(from $284,000 in I909) is needed if The German Baptists in Berlin are the work is to be continued without able to report large numbers of bap- retrenchment. The difficulties en- tisms in its field, which is Kamerun, in countered during 1909 have been German West Africa. Their 30 European missionary workers are about 300 pupils attended its 9 schools.

faithfully assisted by S9 native helpers, The total income was about $25,CXXl.

and the gospel is being proclaimed by The Gossner Missionary Society this missionary staff in 5 missionary has labored many years already among centers and 51 out-stations. The mis- the heathen Kols of Chota Nagpur sionary schools have increased to 42, with wonderful success, in Assam, in and the number of regular pupils to Jaspur, and in the district immediately 1,782, while the 12 Sunday-schools are adjoining the Ganges. At its last an- attended by 817 young natives. The nual meeting the statement was made income for 1909 was about $27,000, so that at the close of 1909 the number that aU obligations could be met. The of Christians among the Kols was work is progressing rapidly and 74,626, while that of inquirers was blessedly in every department. 14,355, tho the propaganda of Roman The German East Africa Mission- Catholic missionaries continued to lead ary Society well speaks of blessing and away considerable numbers of both trial in its last annual report, for its baptized and inquirers. The congre- work is abundantly blest, tho the gations are so widely scattered that it difficulties, chiefly caused by the ag- is most difficult for the 45 European gressiveness of Roman Catholic mis- missionaries and their 797 native help- sionaries, are great. In Ruanda, ers to look properly after the mem- where its missionaries settled only bers or to instruct the inquirers thor- three years ago, the third station has oughly. In Jaspur no station has been been founded and the people continue founded yet, tho already 2,426 heathen to attend the preaching of the Word have been baptized and 2,740 have be- of God in large numbers, so that the come inquirers. In Assam, where 3 missionaries look into the future most missionaries are laboring, chiefly hopefully, especially since the first ap- among the Kols laboring upon the tea plicant for baptism has come. In plantations, 1,957 of these immigrants Usambara, the original field of the have been baptized, while 329 have ap- society, the number of native Chris- plied for baptism. The harvest in the tians has increased to 1,200, and that district immediately adjoining the of inquirers to 400. Among the in- river Ganges is still small and 7 mis~ quirers is one of the most prominent sionaries have gathered only 674 con- chiefs of the country, Shedafa of verts and 57 inquirers. The financial Mshihui, who has to suffer especial condition of the society is still unsatis- factory, the year closing with a new temptations and difficulties on account deficit of $5,000, so that the total of his prominence. The number of deficit is $33,000 now. pupils in the 44 schools has increased to about 1,700, and the school at The Hermannsburg Missionary So- Kirinda, one of the stations in Ruanda, ciety has laborers in South Africa, is especially promising. Upon 12 Persia, and East India. In Persia the stations and 21 out-stations 24 Eu- work is to be reorganized in the near ropean missionaries are assisted bY-49 future, while in Africa and India it is native helpers, and the income was equal to the expenses, about $8,000. in a most satisfactory condition in the The General Evang-elical Protestant 57 missionary centers and 169 out- Missionary Society has continued its stations. There 67 European missionwork in China and in .Tapan. but has aries are assisted by 300 native workbeen forced to somewhat limit its ers, and more than 70,000 heathen have been baptized, while almost 9,000 heathen pupils were in attendance at activity in the latter country on ac- the 200 missionary schools. count of the decrease of its income. The Jerusalem Society in Berlin upon its 4 stations and 10 out-stations, can look back upon fifty-seven years of 10 European missionaries and 33 na- missionary work among the Arabs of tive laborers were employed, while the Holy Land. Its stations are Beth-

lehem, Betdjala, Betsahur, and He- ward for baptism,' so that the misbron, where one European minis- sionaries there are greatly encouraged. ter and one Kaiserswerth deaconess The total income of the Leipsic Soare assisted by r6 native helpers. No ciety increased to $150,000 during the baptisms were reported for 1909, but year, yet it closed with a deficit of the missionary schools were well attended by Mohammedan children. $15,000.

The orphanage for Armenian orphans The Moravian Missions have conat Bethlehem was so crowded that it tinued their great work in Labrador, became necessary to transfer eight of Alaska, California, West Indies, the older orphans to the Syrian Nicaragua, British Guiana, Dutch orphanage. In Jerusalem the society Guiana, Cape Colony, German East has employed one of its native evan- Africa, India, and Australia faithfully, gelists from Betsahur as assistant but have not yet succeeded in overpastor at the evangelical church of the coming their financial difficulties, so Redeemer, who has entered upon a that the gradual retrenchments decided wide and much-appreciated ministry upon by the General Synod a year ago in the Holy City. Besides the mis- must probably take effect. much to our sionary work among the Arabs, the regret and that of every friend of missocietv takes care of the German evan- sions. gelical congregations at Jaffa and Haifa, with their schools and other re- The Neuendettelsau Missionary Soligious work. The income of the so- ciety has met with continued blessing and success in its work in New Guinea ciety for 1909 was almost $30,000, so and in Queensland, where 35 Euthat all expenses could be met. ropean and 14 native workers are em- ployed in 13 stations. Its native Chris- The Leipsic Missionary Society re- tians have increased to more than ported much progress upon its three 2,000 and its missionary schools are fields in India and Africa. In India crowded by more than 600 pupils. it is the successor to the old Danish- Halle mission in the Tranquebar field. The Neukirchen Missionary Insti- tute is reaching out for new fields in There the European missionaries need German East Africa, its fields upon aid most urgently, for in 41 stations, Java and in the Lamu and Tana dis- 862 out-stations. and 264 preaching- tricts of British East Africa being in places, only .17 German and 1.1 Swed- a most prosperous condition. Its misish missionaries are at work, who were sionaries number 29 Europeans and assisted by 29 ordained and 204 lay 69 natives upon 15 stations. The nanative workers. The number of bap- tive Christians gathered by the faithtized heathen has increased to 2I,gOl ful work have increased to more than (19~ adult baptisms in 1909), while 2,000, and the schools report an at- 184 inquirers remained under instruc- tendance of about I,800 pupils. tion at the dose of 1909. The missionary schools were attended by The North German Missionary So- IO.q20 heathen Ptlnils. In German East ciety reported another year of labor Africa many difficulties were caused and success in Togoland, West Africa. by the progress of Islam and the in- For the first time within seventy-four Ciease of the number of European years of missionary activity more than settlers, yet 17 heathen were baptized 1,000 were baptized in one year, the and the total number of baptized total number for 1909 being I,14~. and heathen is now I,:to;2. There are 1 I among them 826 adult heathen. Upon stations, 36 out-stations. and 6 preach- 8 stations and I43 out-stations, 53 Euing-places, and a staff of 32 Eu- ropean and 204 native workers were ropean and 5q native workers, while in employed. The number of native the 64 schools 5,817 pupils were en- Christians increased to 7,635 from rolled during I 909. In Ukamba the 2,go8 at the close of 1902, and the schools were attended by 5,627 pupils, first free Wakambas have come for- an increase of 565 over the number of

FIRST LAOS BELIEVER 21

pupils in Ig08. The increase of pupils 864 Christian teachers impart instrucis not as large as in previous years, tion to 15,114 heathen pupils (out of but still very satisfactory. The in- a total of 35.334 pupils). The numcome was almost $63,000, but the total ber of inquirers was ~I4,746 at the deficit now amounts to more than close of Ig0g, larger than at the close $35,000, so that the financial condi- of Ig08. Financially the year 1909 tion of the society is by no means was quite satisfactory, the total in- come of the society amounting to more good. The Rhenish Missionary Society than $235.000. so that it closed with a little balance in the treasury. The has sent its missionaries to Cape society. however, urgently needs an Colony, German Southwest Africa, increase of men and means. Borneo, Sumatra, Nias, Mentawei Islands, China, and New Guinea, and There were 25 missionary societies from every part of its great field of in the German Empire at the close of work came most encouraging reports Ig09, which employed about 1,200 Eufor publication in its eightieth annual ropean and 5.000 native laborers, upon report. The number of its European 60S stations and 3,000 out-stations. missionaries has increased to 201, that The baptized converts numbered alof native helpers to 1,907, while there most 550.000. while the schools conare now I 15 stations and 534 out- tained 150.000 pupils. The total instations. The converts from heathen- comes of all the societies amounted to ism and Mohammedanism number almost two and one-half millions of dollars. now 144,929, while in the 679 schools THE FIRST LAOS BELIEVER BY REV. DANIEL MCGILVARY, D.D Missionary of the Preshyterian Church. U. S. A.

The first Laos believer to be bap- to be their sleeping, dining, reception tized was Nan Intah, the man who room and chapel for months to come.

became a believer through an eclipse News of the arrival soon spread far of the sun. But for the first believer and near and was the signal for a we must go back to that ever mem- rush. They had anticipated a rest orable first month of the mission. from the small hot boat, but they Forty-two years ago (April 3, 1867) themselves proved to be the greatest the first mission family, husband, wife show the country had ever seen. The and two children, reached Chieng Mai, arrival of Barnum's menagerie in a after a journey of eight-nine days country town in the back woods would from Bangkok. The only possible have been as nothing to it. The ex- place to receive them was a sala or hibition was in a public rest-house rest-house built by a Buddhist officer where one was presumed to have as for merit. It was 12 by 20 feet, with much right as another, and there was teak floor and walls on the back side no fee. And so from early dawn till and two ends, opening on a veranda shades of evening they came; princes 6 feet wide. Tho small, it had the and princesses, officers from the court, virtue of being brand-new. It really market women and children with their proved meritorious, as it had been baskets, the sala crowded above, and planned by the all-foreseeing Father crowds below pressing for a sight.

for the new mission family. The favorite act of the scene was The sala was just outside the city the eating-time, with their interesting gate, on the greatest thoroughfare in criticisms on seeing the white people the country. Into it was crowded all eat. "Father, mother and children all the family furniture, tables, chairs, eat together sitting around a table."

bedsteads, boxes and trunks. It was "They have knives and forks and they

eat their rice with a spoon and not been baptized and two others in the with their fingers as we do." When interval, so his name stands fourth on begged to wait and come again, they our roll. said, "Oh, no ;>go on, we will not dis- In September our Christians were turb you, we just wanted to see how scattered by the martyrdom. Ve the white people eat." wondered how the Sen fared in his But it was a fine time for mission distant home. It was not till May, work. The missionaries had not to seek the people; the people came to r872, that we saw him and learned the them. Time with the Laos was not facts. Dr. Vrooman and I were on money, and they were in no hurry to a long tour to Luang Prabang. While go. Many were the interesting con- in camp on Sabbath we saw a man versations with the more thoughtful had spied us from a passing crowd of the callers on the great themes of and was making his way to us. It sin and salvation, Buddhism, spirit was our dear old officer. When the worship and Christianity. martyrdom occurred he had been sent for by the Governor of Lampun, who, Sen Ya Wi Chai it seems, had joined with the Chief It was early in that very memorable of Chieng Mai to stamp out the dread- month that Sen Ya Wi Chai, an officer ed, heresy. When he can fest to being six days distant to the north, called a Christian, he too would have died with the crowd. He saw and heard had not the governor's son, and after- only the mother teacher, as Mrs. Mc- ward successor, begged his life on the Gilvary was talking to a crowd on the ground that he was a countryman who folly of idolatry. He caught the name knew no better.

of Jehovah Jesus, the living God, the When the old city of Chieng Sen Creator of all, and "He is able to was resettled, as he belonged to the save." captive race, he was sent back and set- The crowd passed on and he with tled at Ban Thurn, a day's journey them. But like Lydia his heart had west of Chieng Sen. He became one been opened. A great thought had of the charter members of the Chieng touched his mind. He ceased to wor- Sen church. On all of my subsequent ship his idols. He talked to the peo- visits it was a great pleasure to com- ple, but his words were as an idle tale. mune with him. His knowledge was It was not till his next annual visit to limited, but his faith was strong. Like the city that his history became the father, the three sons became of- known. He was delighted to meet the ficers. That in itself would then have father teacher. His honest face and made it difficult to profess the faith evident sincerity guaranteed his truth- of the father. But they always said fulness. He called daily, and when the father was right. They would still his business was finished he still lin- wait. They were fine business men, gered till his comrades would stay no reverenced their father, and Sen Ya longer. But he did not leave till June Wi Chai himself, after an upright 27, 1869; then he was baptized and Christian life, "came to his grave in received into the communion and fel- a full old age," in his eighty-fourth lowship of the church. Meanwhile, on year, "like as a shock of corn cometh the 3rd of January, Nan Intah had in its season."

EDITORIALS

WASTED ENERGY IN MISSIONS stitutions established, or even in the The work of the missionary in most number of converts gathered in a of the foreign fields has radically year. Success in missionary work conchanged in the last twenty-five years. sists in the establishment of the King- Formerly he was a pioneer, preaching dom of God with true spiritual leaders the Gospel, translating and distribut- who will carryon the work as the ing the Scriptures, and doing the work early apostles carried forward the of a general evangelist and teacher. work committed to them by Jesus To-day, in the great mission fields, the Christ. MISSIONARY SERMONS foreign worker is, or should be, not a pastor or general evangelist, but No subj ect is more scriptural, more a supervisor and trainer of native Christian, more rich in material or Christian workers. It is wasted energy productive of better results than the for a man, who is receiving a com- subject of city, home and foreign mis- paratively large salary, and is capable sions. This is the work of the Church, of training and directing a hundred this great need of the world is the workers, to be preaching to a handful fact that calls forth the compassion of people, where a low-salaried and the heart-longing of Christ. The preacher of their own nationality minister who neglects to present the could do it better, or to be spending his Biblical teachings, the commands of valuable time over mission accounts Christ, the need of the world, the and minor details of the work. progress of the work is an unfaithful We need, in addition to the alI-im- steward. He can not expect the bless- portant spiritual power, generalship ing of God in his own life, or on his in the mission field. The same reason ministry.

that justifies, yes necessitates, the use On the other hand, it has been of clerks, stenographers, assistants proven in experience as well as in and numberless labor-saving devices theory, that the pastor and the Church in mission hoards and churches at awake to the need of the world, and home, demand that they be employed ready to sacrifice home comforts to to a much greater extent on the for- give the Gospel to all men, are eign fields. Any other course is fool- blest in their own spiritual growth.

ish waste of energy, waste of money, Churches or Christians can not pros- waste of time, waste of life. Many per without the blessing of God, and a missionary has broken down and can not have the blessing of God become discouraged because of the unless they cooperate in the work of multitude of minor details that he Cod in the world field as well as in was not authorized or was financiallv that which is near at hand.

unable to delegate to others. • Pastors are the keymen in the Missionaries to-day must be leaders, Church, and are responsible if they men and women with spiritual power, do not educate their people in world- spiritual insight, organizing and ex- wide missions. A Church never yet ecutive ability, many of them special- died in which the spim of Christ ists in certain lines of Christian work. was manifested in self-sacrificing sep!- They must, by example and by careful ice for the advancement of the world- instruction, train the future leaders kingdom of God.

of the churches in the mission field. Among the missionary sennons of This was the method of Paul, and this the past century are those delivered was the method of Christ. This is at the annual meetings of the Amer- one secret of the great wurk in Ugan- ican Board. Many great men have da and in Korea. Success in foreign given them-Dr. Timothy Dwight, missions does not consist in the num- Lyman Beecher, Mark Hopkins, Rich- ber of missionaries employed, in the ard S. Storrs, and others. Their texts number of stations occupied, in the may offer suggestioill' to other pastors number of educational and medical in- who plan to discharge their responsi-

bility in the missionary education of THE EDITOR'S CHANGE OF ROUTE their people. In the plans of the editor-in-chief Numbers 14: 21; 1 Samuel 7: 12; 1 Kiugs 19: 7; for a world tour of the missions fields, Nehemiah 6: 3; Job 23: 3; Psalms 2: 8; 55: 22; he has sought to follow the leading of 72: 17, 96: 10, 102: 13·16. 119: 96. Isaiah 11'.9. God without reference to his own per- 32: 15. 41: 14·15. 43: 21. 45: 1·16, 58: 12, 60: 4·5, sonal preferences. This led him to Japan and Korea, where, in spite of an? 8: 62: 1.2; Ezekiel 47: 9; Daniel 7: 27; Zechariah ill-health, he has been able to visit many stations, has conferred with mis- 4:9;. Ma1ac~i 1:11;.Matt~ew 6:10, :0:6 sionaries of various denominations, and has been able tel address meetings 9.3/·38.13.38,28.18·20, Mark 7.24,10.45, for prayer and Bible study, and to 12: 31, 16: 15; Luke 4: 18, 11: 2, 11: 41, 14: 28·30, help forward the work by gifts from 24:45-47; John 1: 4; 8: 32,10: 16, 12: 24. 12: 32, funds entrusted to him. 14:6, 14:9,17:20·21,20:21·23,21:17; Acts 2: 14·18, 4: 12, 8: 30·31, 11: 18, 12: 2, 20: 24, After a month in Japan and two 26: 17·18; Romans 1: 14, 4: 25, 10: 14·15; 1 Corin· months in Korea, it has seemed wise thians 1:28, 2: 1·5,3:9,9: 19·23,15:58; 2 Corin· to abandon, for the present, a further thians 5: 14, 6: 11·13, 10: 4; Galatians I: 15·16, tour in Asia, and to seek for rest and 2:20; Epresians 1:23,3:8; Philippians 2:15·16. recuperation in California. With Mrs. 3: 13; 1 Timothy 1: 15: Hebrews 11: 13, 39, 40; Pierson and her daughters, Mrs. Cur- 1 John 4: 20; Revelation 14: 1,21: 1. tis of Korea, and Miss Anna W. Pier- son, he sailed from Yokohama on THE NEED OF FRENCH PROTESTANT the S.S. Manchuria, February 1st, and will probably remain in Los Angeles MISSIONS for one or two months, should the climate prove such as will hasten his French Christians have suffered recovery. Christian friends are asked financial loss through the recent laws to pray that strength and guidance depriving all religious sects of State may be given him from God. support. The Protestant churches have always struggled against the Ro- THE PATON MEMORIAL HOSPITAL man Catholic superstition, formalism and failure to present ;1 living spirit- IN KOREA ual Christianity, and in late years have had a still greater struggle against In Korea the editor-in-chief had growing infidelity and agnosticism. the pleasure of meeting Rev. Frank Being few in number, and compara- H. L. Paton, the son of Dr John G. tively poor in this world's goods, it Paton, who is hoping to see erected a is not to be wondered at that they are hospital in Chinju, Korea, in memory seeking to enlist the help of Ame'rican of his mother. This hospital is un- Christians in giving the Gospel to the dertaken by the women of Victoria, people of the French colonies and de- Australia, who have raised for the pendencies in Africa, Asia and the purpose fl,100 ($5,500) and f400 islands of the sea. These have been was given for a church in the New especially committed to the care of Hebrides. Later £300 more was given French Protestant churches, and they for Korea. It has been found, howcan carryon the work most satisfac- ever, that even with the utmost econtorily, and with least opposition from omy $55,000 more is needed for the French officials. hospital and furnishings. Owing to financial stress at home and the need Rev. A. Boegner, D.D., the sec- for putting extra missionaries into the retary of the Paris Evangelical Mis- Korean field, the Victoria Church can sionary Society, has recently come to not supply the additional amount. America, at the invitation of Dr. John Chinju is a town of 40,000 inhabitants R. Mott, and is seeking to enlist the and is the center of a population of sympathy and support of Americans 600,000. I t is hoped that some Amerin carrying on this work. We bespeak for him a careful reading of his valuable paper in this number of the REVIEW. It sets forth the conditions and opportunities that confront the Paris Society at home and on the foreign fields, and shows the need for cooperation in the interests of the Kingdom of God.* • Dr. Boegner may be addrest at 124 East 28th St., New York City, ican friends will come forward to its royal guardians, the princes Dilock make possible the completion of this much-needed hospital. and Suriyong, the brothers of the late THE LATE KING OF SIAM king, walking by its side. Then came There are two deaths which have a body of retainers, bearing the Charecently taken place, and which have vast significance, and should not be morn, or ceremonial fans. Then, passed by either in silence or lightly and cursorily, as tho they were matters alone and solitary, the present king of only common interest and importance. One is the death of Leo Tolstoi, at the head of his regiment of guards, and the other the death of the Siamese king, Chulalangkorn. whose uniform his Majesty wore.

The latter took place on Sunday Between long lines of guards walked morning, October 23d, at the Dusit Park Palace, Bangkok. There was no the male members of the royal family, serious development till Friday evening previous, and the gravi~y of the clothed in white, followed by governcrisis was not fully felt untIl Saturday night. The cause of ~e~th was ment officials, all in full dress uniform, uremia. A comatose condItion was developed on the evening of the 22d, but with bands of crape over their and his Majesty passed away peacefully the next day. Early the brilliant badges and insignia. In the same morning his Royal Highness, the Crown Prince, Somdet-Chao-Fa- rear of the procession were naval Maha-Vajiravudh, was proclaimed king. Profound grief pervaded not officers and sailors. Minute-guns were only the court but the nation, and the distress of the members of the royal fired while the procession was moving. family was very great, as the calamity fell with such suddenness. In accordance with ancient custom, On Sunday evening the body of the the last ceremony was the dressing late king was removed to the Maha- Chakkri Palace, with befitting dignity of the body in full regal robes with a and solemnity. crown broken, and the face covered Then followed the Tamruet Guard, with gold; then the body was placed accompanied by a band with a single reed instrument and muffled drums, in the urn, in the accustomed position, the effect being uncommonly weird and peculiar, a singular melancholy and the urn enclosed in a great golden monotone, hollow and startling, being produced by the intermittent sound of casket. For king and princes to move the numerous drums as they were struck in unison with the mournful on foot in a funeral procession, con- sound of the reed. veying the sacred urn, is a novelty, The body of the departed king was but it added to the solemnity and sigenclosed in a large gilded casket, borne upon a platform, with three nificance of the occasion. rows of bearers, and, high above the casket, a parasol in nine tiers, held The new king promptly issued a above the throne of the king, swayed as the platform was slowly borne for- message to the people announcing his ward. On the sides of the casket sat father's death and his own accession, and directing that the old custom of shaving the head should not be fol- lowed.

,"Ie have recorded the facts about this funeral, not only as a matter of interest to the people, and of value as a contribution to future history, but because Chulalangkorn has been for many years the earnest and consistent friend of missions, especially of medi- cal missions. He and his queen have been accustomed to give aid from time to time to the mission enterprise in Bangkok, and have encouraged the missionaries in their work. This king was one of the most enterprising and progressive of the sovereigns of the Orient, and Siam owes a great deal of its peaceful conditions to his pa- cific character and prudence and wis- dom as a sovereign. Let us hope and pray that his successor may manifest a like spirit. A. T. P.

MISSIONARY

SPANISH AMERICA several times visited all this region, Radical Changes in Bolivia holding cottage meetings in many of the towns in houses freely offered, al- It will be difficult for people accus- ways with large and attentive automed to another type of civilization diences, who beg him to return soon to fully appreciate the present condi- and to bring a "ministre" (minister). tion of affairs in Bolivia. One hun- He has had as many as 400 people in dred years ago Bolivia raised her first attendance at these cottage meetings, cry for liberty, and struck the first all listening reverently and respectblow, and after some fifteen years of fully. In one of the letters to the conflict political freedom was gained. station, Elder Call wrote: "The town But, to their amazement, the people of Carmen (10,000 inhabitants) defound that by throwing off the yoke sires a Protestant school, a minister of Spain they were not yet free, but and a chapel. They are very enthustill in bondage to another master. it siastic. There are many who want to has taken them one hundred years to subscribe for the Sabbath-school quarmake this discovery; and now the terly and evangelical peFiodicals.- opening years of the twentieth cen- Herald and Presbyter. tury are witnessing a determined struggle against the bondage 01 Rome. Education and Religion in Guatemala What sweeping changes a few years Persecution for religious belief has have wrought! Fifteen years ago the not ceased in the intensely Roman Archbishop of Sucre had the boldness Catholic country of Guatemala. In to hint that Mr. Payne, who was un- the village of Sija, the public school der arrest, should suffer capital pun- teacher of the town was arrested and ishment, seeing that no other penalty arraigned before the local magistrate was prescribed in the penal code for on the charge of having visited her the crime of selling Bibles. Ten years neighbors and tried to convert them ago the missionaries were on the de- from Catholicism to Protestantism.

fensive. Until August 29, 1907, the Local Romanists had been much article still existed in the penal code stirred up by the visit of the Presby- of the Republic, a relic of other days. terian missionaries, Mr. and Mrs. Mc- But what a story it tells of the power Bath, who had just spent two days and intolerance of Rome: "Everyone in the town, and they evidently in- who directly or through any act, con- spired these measures to counteract spires to establish in Bolivia any other the influence of that visit. When the religion than that which the republic teacher was given her liberty she professes, namely, that of the Roman complained to the governor and he Catholic Apostolic Church, is a traitor promised her protection and told her AND SHALL SUFFER THE PENALTY OF to return to her village. The governor DEATH." at the same time sent a stringent order Open Doors in Colombia to the local authorities that they should desist from further persecution of Within a semi-circle with a radius the Protestants. Through the in- of roo miles, using Barranquilla as fluence of this teacher a number of a center, are at least 100 towns, some persons in Sija are ready to acknowl- of considerable size, and all easily ac- edge themselves as Protestants.

cessible by carriage, mule or boat. In Mr. and Mrs. Allison, in a recent many of these towns churches could itinerating trip through Guatemala, be soon organized if there were a mis- were repeatedly asked to recommend sionary to itinerate among them sys- some school where children could tematically. Some of the larger ones have good Christian training, but they have definitely asked for evangelical were unable to give any satisfying an- teaching and preaching. swer to these requests, since the one Elder Call, as colporteur for the Protestant school ir. Guatemala, main- British and Foreign Bible Society, has tained at Chiquimula by the Friends, is full to overflowing. The Presbyte- 107 per cent. Eight Baptist churches rian missionaries very eagerly hope increased 52, 38, 144, 86, 106, 522, for some gift which will enable them 219 and 230 per cent. These Baptist to establish a much-needed school. churches also report an increase of 89 per cent. to home missions.-Men A Good Plan in Guatemala and Missions.

The Presbyterian mission in Gua- Gifts for Y. M. C. A. Foreign Work temala which has been carried along in the face of many difficulties, due A few weeks since, at a gathering to lack of sufficient workers and to of men in the East Room of the White insufficient support, has taken on a House in Washington, a gift of $540,- new lease of life with the help of a 000, by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, ten- Christian layman, Mr. Walter Mc- dered on the condition that a like Dougall of Brooklyn, New York. amount be raised, was met by New property has been purchased, contributions made by many prominew buildings and equipment are nent laymen, among them Mr. planned, new workers are to go out John Wanamaker, who offered to and the whole proposition has aS5umed erect another building in China in ada new phase. There is still need of co- dition to the 5 foreign association operation in securing additional buildings already given by him; Mr. financial support that the equipment C. H. Dodge, of New York, who imperatively needed may be provided. pledged funds for two buildings in the The missionaries are earnest, self- Levant; 1fr. S. VV. VVoodford, of sacrificing workers and the need for Washington, $35,000 for a building in medical, educational and evangelistic Kobe, Japan; 1fr. James Stokes, of work is pressing. It would be a New York, and an unknown giver, great blessing if every mission could $100,000 for a building at Moscow; have definite co-workers at home who Mr. John Penman, of Ontario, $50,- would help to share the burdens of the 000 for a building at Hankow, China; workers who have gone to the field Mr. J. VV. Ross, of the 1fontreal Y. and would see that the pressing needs 1f. C. A., $40,000 for a building at are brought to the attention of friends Canton, China; Mr. Dupont Clark, Jr., at home, in order that the missionaries funds for a building at Bangalore, may be saved from physical and men- India; and citizens of Buffalo, $35,- tal break down and that their spiri- 000 for a building at Tokyo, Japan. tual work may be unhindered by finan- Dr. John R. 1fott, Secretary of the cial worries. Foreign Department of Y. M. C. A. outlined a program for the expansiC'n NORTH AMERICA of the work, which involves an addi- tion of 50 secretaries for the Far East Notable Gains in Missionary Giving in the next three years, the erection of 49 buildings in ten countries, pro- Among many notable gains in con- vision for equipment for such expantributions to foreign missions made in sion, and $1,515,000 in money to cover the Pittsburgh district, following last the cost of equipment. year's convention, these are stimulating examples: Three churches of Growth of Christian Endeavor the Evangelical Association increased 79, 143 and 56 per cent., respectively. The United Society of Christian One Presbyterian church increased Endeavor has had a year of great pro- 114 per cent. Three Episcopal gress. President Clark writes as folchurches increased 175, 139 and541 lows: "With gratitude to Almighty per cent. Six Methodist churches in- God, I record that the past year has creased 45, 49, 143, 43, 25 and 27 per been one of unexampled progress and cent. One Methodist Protestant prosperity in the Christian Endeavor church increased 45 per cent. Two movement throughout the world. Lutheran churches increased 94 and

America still leads by a large mar- are frequently broken in upon by an gin in the number of its societies; and insistent telephone message asking for there seems ~o be no diminution, but help.

rather an increase, in the rate of In all, 3,000 strangers in the city, growth. More than 3,000 new so- women younger and older received cieties have been formed in America the direct aid of this ministry in a alone during the last year, and not far single year. Many who are in danger from 500,000 new members have of being led away to the worst places joined our ranks. During the last in the great city are sent to safe board- quarter, from September 1st to De- ing houses. Friends are hunted up cember 1st, a new society was formed for others who have lost or forgot- every three hours. ten addresses to which they were go- "Thirty years ago there were very ing in the city. Many, stranded mid- few organizations of young people in way of their j01,1rney without sufficient our churches. Now there are few money, are supplied with tickets to churches without them. Thirty years go on to their destinations. Alto- ago there was no organized national, gether, the Young Women's Christian State, or city union of young people's Association "aids" are undoubtedly religious societies. Now there are no the most efficient foes the white slaver countries of any considerable size, and in Chicago meets.

few States or large cities the world Jubilee of a Woman'. Society around, without their Christian Endeavor unions. Thirty years ago there On January 18th, the Woman's were no young people enrolled under Union Missionary Society of America a distinct covenant to commune daily celebrated its golden anniversary. It with the Unseen, and to give regularly marked the completion of the first fifty and proportionately as God hath years of organized Woman's missionprospered them. Now there are tens ary work in heathen lands. This soof thousands thus enrolled. Thirty ciety is undenominational and its work is carried on by unsalaried officers at years ago there was little fellowship home. Its workers labor in India, between the denominations; the China and Japan and there has never young people of the different sects been a debt.

never thought of mingling one with The English Bible 1611·1911 another. Now ten thousand such union conventions and great meetings Much interest has been awakened are held every year, when the young tliroughout America and England by Christians of one hundred denomina- the preparations for the coming cele· tions meet face to face and see eye brations of the Tercentenary of the to eye. In the Pennsylvania Chris- King James Version. The American tian Endeavor Union alone 46 dif- Bible Society has issued a Bibliogferent denominations are enrolled. raphy of the King James Version as the Tercentenary Leaflet No. I.

Friends of the Stranger in Chicago Various commemorative exercises will In the railroad stations of Chicago a be held to celebrate the anniversary.

blue badge marked "Travelers' Aid," A New Missionary Training Schoul worn by a motherly-looking woman, indicates that to her all sorts of troubles The Christian Woman's Board of may be confided. A corps of women Missions (Disciples of Christ), have is maintained by the Young Women's succeeded in establishing at Irvington, Christian Association of Chicago, and Ind., a new missionary training school instances of faithful human friendli- for home and foreign workers. Irness set to their credit are numbered. vington is a suburb of Indianapolis. These faithful workers take at their and here are located Butler College homes no more hours of rest than are and the Bona Thompson Memorial absolutely necessary to keep them on Library. The school is to be unsectheir feet, and even those rest hours tarian, and is called "The Sarah Davis

Deterding Training School for Mis- a mixture of Indian and civilized ap- sions." Prof. Charles T. Paul is prin- parel. At that time there were 63,147 cipal. The curriculum includes orien- who could read, and 69,209 who could tal and European languages, element- carryon in English an ordinary con- ary medicine and hygiene, physical versation. In 1908 the Indian popUlaculture, domestic science, bookkeeping, tion had increased to 300,412. For industrial work, music, and the Bible the fiscal year which ended in June, and science and history of missions, 1909, the United States Government comparative religions, anthropology, expended in their behalf $15,724,162. sociology and pedagogy. The home The Government supports 116 boardmission course includes preaching and ing schools and 163 day schools, and pastoral work, city missions and res- spends about $10,000,000 a year in cue work, work for foreigners, In- their maintenance. The total expendidians, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., etc. tures for the Indians from 1789 to 1909, inclusive, have been $485,091,- The new building contains 80 rooms 300. besides chapel and with grounds and equipment. Cost over $100,000, raised The Chinese Christian Students in North through the efforts of Mrs. Helen E. Moses. America The Fruit of Church Federation One of the most wide-awake and hopeful of the Christian organiza- In the first ten years of the Federa- tions in America is the "Chinese tion of Churches in New York, the Students' Christian Association" which following things were done: is affiliated with the Y. M. C. A. of China and Korea. The object of this Twelve churches, of six denominations, association is to unite all Christian located by federated investigation and Chinese Students in North America approval. in order to promote growth in Chris- tion character and to carryon ag- Tenement-house reform furthered. gressive Christian work, especially by A people's park secured in a densely and for Chinese Students. The Assocrowded section. ciation is divided into four depart- Summer playgrounds made part of the ments to develop the work for stumunicipal activities. dents in various parts of the country. Six kindergartens opened in churches Annual conferences are held and have and elsewhere. proved of great inspiration and prac- Two Christian settlements founded. tical help to the students who have Crippled children cared for. met. In September last the second i'!. cooperative parish system developed annual conference was held in Hartfor neighborhood visitation, vigilance ford, Conn., and two other simiand ministry. lar meetings brought together students Special summer work, including moral in Evanston, Ill., and at San and religious instruction for children, by Francisco. One former Harvard stusix denominations at 14 centers. dent, Mr. David Z. T. Yui, is to give The formation of similar federations in his whole time to the work during other cities. the coming year. He was the winner of the Bowdoin prize of $250 at Work for the Red Man Harvard last June where he secured his Master of Arts degree. There are about 300,000 Indians in the States. In California, 20,000; Since the organization of the con- Arizona, 39,000 ; Oregon, 3,600 ; ference in 1909 the membership has 'vVashington, 8,000; Nevada, 5,300; increased from 39 to 166 and the in- Idaho, 4,000. Oklahoma has more fluence of the association has been Indians than any other State, 117,124, felt throughout the country. according to 1908 statistics. In New Mexico there were 18,255; in Mon- At the conference last September tana, ro,428; in South Dakota, 20,- the Chinese students pledged $634 for 065; in Wisconsin, ro,688. In 1908 it was ascertained that II6,333 of the Indians then in the United States wore citizen's dress, and that 43,602 wore

the work during the coming year. The The number is now 414, as against executive committee of this conference 403 a year ago, and they are in the is composed of the following mem- service of 42 societies, and scattered bers: President, Y. T. Tsu of New all the world over. The Church Mis- York, Vice-President, Miss F. Y. sionary Society leads with 81, the Tsao of Columbia University, and H. United Free Church has 63, the Lon- S. Chuck of Stanford University, don Society 39, S. P. G. 25, etc.

Treasurer, H. J. Fei of Oberlin. The Islam in Britain General Secretary is Chengting T. It is stated that there are over 800 Wang. Moslems in England, dispersed in London, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Man- Politics and Miuion& in Alaska chester, Oxford, and Cambridge, and that a large number of them are Eng- The 65,000 red-blooded Americans lishmen who have gone over to the of Alaska believe they are entitled Eastern faith. Some of these latter to elect their own public officials-not wear the green turban, as a sign that to be kept forever under "carpet-bag" they had performed the pilgrimage to appointees from Washington. These Mecca. Anxious as we are in regard Alaskan pioneers are getting anxious to the spread and development of Monot to have conservation conserve too hammedanism in North Africa, it is long. At present towns lying right not unreasonable for the London alongside measureless deposits of the Christian to ask: What are we doing best coal in the world are paying $18 in respect to these Moslems in our a ton for a poor grade of coal from very midst? The statement in the British Columbia, and paying duty on October, 1910, REVIEW as to Moslems it into the bargain. Naturally, citi- in Liverpool was not quite correct, as zens feel this intolerable. the Moslem sect, their "quilliamism" is weak and their "mosque" is an in- Dr. S. Hall Young is in the East significant affair. to find four young preachers who have the grit to sleep outdoors at fifty A Moslem Forward Movement below zero. If he can get four men of that quality into Alaska, he is sure Mohammedans in London are they won't come away. It is the best initiating what may be called a "forcountry on earth to keep well and ward movement." Hitherto they have grow strong in; its air is like wine confined their religious services to pein the veins, and hard work is s11ch a riodical meetings held at a central resphysical joy as it can hardly be in taurant. In Great Britain, we believe, any milder climate. Dr. Young there is not one mosque, with the pos- "mushed" across Alaska snows longer sible exception of a certain building and farther than any other man who in the city of Liverpool. Now this ever took the gospel into that vast warlike faith, which is such a terrible Northwest territory. obstacle in the way of Christian mis- sions in heathen lands, proposes to A Chinese Christian Teaches Japanese invade the metropolis of Christendom, and a sum of ilOo,ooo is asked for Miss Ethel Lee Toma, a Chinese in order tc build a mosque in Baysteacher in the government school at water that shall be the headquarters Kalaheo, Territory of Hawaii, has re- of Islam in the British Isles. Among cently established a Sunday-school for the promoters we are amazed to find the benefit of Japanese. The attend- several who are bearers of English ance is so great that she now has to names! Weare not at all afraid that have the assistance of a Portuguese it will make headway among the peoyoung woman. ple at large, but we recognize in this proposal a loud call to Christians of EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN all shades to return to their "marching British Medical Missionaries In January of each year Medical Missions at Home and Abroad publishes a list of all medical missionaries holding British degrees or diplomas.

I9II ] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

orders," and redouble their zeal for Church and State in Portugal the spread of the Gospel in the un- The bill for the separation of happy lands which are still under the Churches and State in Portugal guar- blight of the False Prophet.-London antees liberty of conscience, education, Christian. and propaganda subject to simple con- London'. Charities trol. The churches will be placed at the disposal of the clergy, the only According to the "Directory of stipulation being that the clergy shall Metropolitan Charities," recently pub- show they are able to keep them up. lished, the sum total for last year was Bishop Joseph C. Hartzell, of the £7,894,59I , and was divided among American Methodist Episcopal 948 objects, such as these: Church, forwarded to President Taft 14 Bible, Book and Tract Societles…. 343,964 an account of an interview with Dr. 103 Home and Foreign Missions…… 3,310,284 Alfonso Costa, Portuguese Minister of Justice. Dr. Costa asked Hartzell 4 Church and Chapel Building Funds 41,877 to explain to the people of the United 38 Charities for Blind, Deaf, etc…… 242,091 States that the Republican Govern- men of Portugal is not anti-religious, 179 Hospitals, &c …………………. 1.197.211 but anti-Jesuit and anti-reactionary. 89 Pensions and Homes for Aged….. 676,010 Portugal purposes to give perfect 93 General and Food Relief Charities. . 482,794 57 Voluntary Homes ……………. 311,001 46 Orphanages …………………. 193,384 50 Reformation, &c., Insthutjons…… 74,662 63 Education Institutions ………… 607,234 33 Social Improvement Tn~titutions…. 166,828 20 Protection Institutions ……….. 247,251 Arthington's Gifts Finally Available liberty to all sects and even to those of no faith whatsoever. The Legislative Mr. Robert Arthingtol1, of Leeds, Assembly will be asked to pass a England, died ten years ago, leaving law under which these organizations the bulk of his large estate to mis- will be expected to furnish the Gov- sions. The contests made by the first ernment with their rules and regula- cousins are now over, and the Bap- tions, methods of work, and informa- tist Missionary Society has received tion as to how funds are to be raised.

$2,334,630. .Mr. Arthington willed that All contributions must be voluntary, the legacy, principal and interest must and there will be no subvention by all be spent in twenty-one years. the Government.

THE CONTINENT In schools established and main- tained by the Government all religious Roman Catholics Want the Bible instruction will be prohibited on the A remarkable Roman Catholic con- ground that the Government does not gress held its third annual meeting in wish to impose religious beliefs upon Paris a short time ago. Its purpose any. But great stress. will be laid is the promotion of spirituality among upon morality and patriotism. Pri- Christian (Roman Catholic) families. vate or church schools, such as the Its watchword is, "Back to the Gos- Wesleyan Methodist School at Oporto, pel!" Its chief aims are thus stated: will be authorized, the Government I. Return to the ancient custom of requiring them to report regularly evening prayers, which are to be fol- their school regulations, exact plans lowed by the reading of some verses for work, the time set apart for reof Scripture. 2. Reading of the Bible ligious instruction, and proof that in school and catechism classes, in children are not forced to enter the meetings of societies, and in teachers' schools or that parents are not coerced classes. 3. Public reading of the Bible to send their children there as against at all masses without a sermon. 4. public schools. The same program Presentation of Bibles to those who is to be carried out in the colonies.

are confirmed or married, and use of A Blind Woman's Gift the Bible as a premium in the schools. A poor, blind woman in Paris, we Thus, once more in revealed the long- are told, put 27 francs into a plate at ing of many Roman Catholics after a missionary meeting. "You can not the Word of God. afford so much," said one. "Yes, I

can," she answered. On being prest in the aggressive attitude of the Kai- to explain, she said: "I am blind, ser. The statement is made that he and I said to my fellow straw-work- never fails to discuss the subject in his ers, 'How much money do you spend speeches-urging upon. his SUbjects, in a year for oil in your lamps when and especially upon the soldiers and it is too dark to work nights?' They sailors, the evil effects of the use of replied, 'Twenty-seven francs.' So," all intoxicants. He has advised the said the poor woman, "I found that soldiers and sailors of the German I save so much in the year because army and navy to join the Good Tem- I am blind and do not need a lamp, plars and other total abstinence so- and I give it to shed light to the dark cieties, and has ordered the making of heathen lands."-New York Observer. total abstinence from liquors one of Mission Study In Holland the qualifications for naval officers.

"Holland is just in the beginning Interest for Missions in Germany of her Mission Study Movement, but Some years ago a colonial training she has begun well. A sense of the school was founded in Witzenhausen need for intelligent enthusiasm and in Germany. Its purpose is to pre- reasoned convictions in the Church's pare those who expect to settle in the work of Christianizing the world's German colonies, especially in those in life, and for the most thorough edu- Africa. Little attentlOn has been hith- cational means of keeping the world's erto paid to the work of the mission- needs before individual Christians, has ary in these colonies, tho its progress struck deep root in Holland. We look was occasionally mentioned in lectures forward with confidence to the suc- referring to culture and history, eth- cess of their mov(lllent, and its spread nology and national economy, but a in the future from them to other change has come, and now the cur- countries on the Continent. We shall riculum is extended and a special not readily forget the kindness which course for miSSIOns has been added.

welcomed us to the first missionary Thus, Professor Mirbt of the Uni- summer school this year at Lunteren. versity of Marburg, one of the Ger- It was a time of inspiration, in which man authorities on missions, is now we felt ourselves to be members in a giving a course of lectures on "Mis- spreading movement, as the young sions and Policy in German Colonies."

life of to-day is responding to the call Jews Coming to Christ of Christian ideals in the face of unprecedented opportunities and duties." There has been 204,000 Mschumo· -Life and Work (Church of Scot- dim (Baptized Jews, apostates) in the land). last hundred years. Dr. Ignatz Zalson, of vVien, Austria, the well-known Temperance in Germany learned Jew, and author of a book on One of the most significant facts the Jewish race, has in a lecture in connection with the present world- brought out startling figures about the wide temperance reform is the stand number of Jews that have been bap- being taken by the Emperor of the tized in the last one hundred years.

German Empire, together with the He has shown through statistics that, leading scientists, educators and busi- in the 100 years which closed 10 years ness men throughout Germany. Mr. ago, not less than 204,000 Jews left William E. Curtis, who has recently their religion and went over to Chris- made an investigation of conditions tianity. From these fallen away Jews in Germany, writes a very interesting were 22,000 in Germany, 28,000 in account of the present German move- England and her colonies, 44,000 in ment against alcohol, which appears in Austria-Hungary, 84,000 in Russia, the Chicago Record-Herald of Janu- and 13,000 in America. . The ary 12. The most hopeful aspect of number of Jews accepting Christian- the situation, however, is to be found ity increases every year. In the year

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

rSgo, 300 Jews in one city left their the Pale of Settlement. In this great religion and were baptized as Chris- Ghetto, says Mr. Rosenthal, 95 per tians, while in 1904, 600 Jews became cent. of the Jews are confined, and Christians in the same city. they are forbidden to settle in the vil- Cave-dwellers in Rumania lages or to move from one village to another. Even a temporary absence In Die Tiigliche Umschau, Dr. Emil is sufficient to forfeit the right of Fischer, of Bucharest, publishes an residence. Last year thousands of article about ancient habits among in- Jews were expelled from Kief. In habitants of Rumania, which so clear- many places throughout Russia the ly illustrates the necessity of more mis- commercial bovcott has increased the sionary work in that nominally Chris- miseries of the-Jews, and the Ministry tian land that we translate some of of Education has closed to them many his interesting statements. of the schools and universities. In- sanity has increased among them and According to the latest statistics, poverty has caused thousands to bethere are still in existence in Rumania come beggars. Many Jewish bankers over 54,000 cave-dwellings, in which in America and England have refused a quarter of a million peasants live to have financial dealings with Russia in circumstances almost as primitive while the Government persists in these as those of the ancient cave-dwellers plans of persecution. of the stone age. These inhabitants of the remoter parts of rural Rumania ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS still use ancient plows, while wild pears and crab apples are the only Fatalism in Islam fruit known to them. Their vegetables are wild herbs boiled with oil, which Every action, including every sin, is has been prest from the seeds of the "maktoob" (written, fore-ordained). sunflower, the hemp, and the gourd. How often we have heard the worst Until very few years ago, millet, the sins excused in this way! A man kills ancient grain of these people, was another, and his deed is excused by crusht by means of hand-mills and his friends, who say it was "makstored in primitive granaries as pe- toob," or "maksood" (purposed of culiarly shaped as those found in Cen- God). This fatalism enters into every tral Africa. Medical men are still detail of life, and is the cause of known as wizards among these peas- much evil, cruelty and neglect. Chilants, and at funerals a repast named dren seriously ill are often uncared coliba is partaken of which is like for, or, what is far worse, cared for that prepared and eaten by the ancient with such ignorance and superstition heathen tribes of Europe. It con- that they die off like flies, and this is sists of soaked and boiled corn. Thus, God's doing, according to Islam. Look the customs of the stone age still pre- on it as favorably as we can, excuse vail in rural Rumania, says Dr. much of what we see, interpret its Fischer. sacred book as liberally as possible, and we have still a religion corrupt Russian War on the Jews at its source, founded and based on deception, and tainted in all its springs Herman Rosenthal, a Russian editor by the world, the flesh, and the devil. and author who formerly lived in -Egypt General Mission News. Kief, reports that the bloody massacres of Jews in Russia have only Robert College to Date given place to a more silent program The annual report of Robert Col- of persecution and extermination. lege, Constantinople, for 1909-10, This work has now taken the form shows a register of 198 students in of merciless repression and degrada- the college, and 2IO in the preparatory tion. First, there is the limitation of department. The Greeks number 196, the right of residence and the herding the Armenians 61, the Bulgarians 70, of the great majority in Poland and the Israelites 17, the Turks 52, and

others divided among Albanians, school and a mission farm of several Americans, Dutch, Hungarians, Per- hundred acres. some two miles out- sians, Poles, Rumanians, Russians and side the city. Agriculture must al- Sudanese. The incorr.e is $92,763, of ways be the staple industry of Syria, which the students paid $69,584. but the vast stretches of fertile plains Are Missions in Turkey Worth While? have been neglected for generations through lack of honest and efficient While not making so large a propor- government. The present methods of tion of converts in Turkey as in some cultivation are centuries old. and the other lands, nowhere in the world, says tiller of the soil has no scientific help an observing writer, not even in China for dealing with }:ests and other probor Japan, are the results. of the .la~ors lems. This undertaking will round out and influence of Amencan mission- the symmetry of the Presbyterian misaries more conspicuous or more gen- sion's educational work in this diserally recognized than in the .<?ttoman trict. Dr. George A. Ford began the Empire. Mr. Bryce, tlle BrItish am- preparations fifteen years ago, and will bassador to Washington, in one of his act as superintendent of the farm. The books, says: "I can not mention the mountain sides have been tunneled American missionaries without a trib- into for water, and the slopes terute to the admirable work they have raced for the planting of fruit trees. done. They have been the only good The farm is accessible to a seaport influence that has worked from abroad market for the disposal of its produce. -Assembly Herald. upon the Turkish Empire."..Sir 'Yilliam Ramsey, the famous Bntlsh sCien- Bedouin Revolt at Kerak tist, who has spent much tim~ in Turkey, is quite as enthusiastic. The The revolt of the Bedouin on De- American missionarieo. have over 400 cember 5, 1910, against the Turkish schools, 130 or more large .c~urches Government at Kerak, in the East in the centers of population, With con- Jordan district, appears to have been gregations nun:bering as high a~ 2,OO?, due in the main to an attempt on the besides a multitude of out-stations tn part of the authorities to disarm the tribesmen. The first outbreak was at the villages of Asia Minor. Katraneh, the nearest station to The Mission at Sidon, Syria Kerak on the Hejaj Railway, where One of the most stlccessful stations several of the station officials were in Syria from an evangelical star;d- killed, telegraph wires were cut, and point is the American Presbvtenan the line destroyed for five or six miles Mission in Sidon, where Dr. Samuel of its length.' From thence the Be- Jessup and his son Stuart J ~ssup are douin, in strong force, marched upon laboring. Emigration contmues to deplete the ranks of the Syrian la- Kerak, and delivered an organized borers and church-members. Army attack Many of the leading Turkish conscription is now accelerating the officials and soldiers were murdered, while nearly all the Government buildemigration in spite of difficulties, how- ings, including the school, were ever, the education and evangelistic burned. The lives of the Christians work are progressing and there are many encouraging results both direct were SPared and their horses were and indirect. One great need is for not damaged or looted. For thirteen a new Arabic hymnal. It is hoped years the Church Missionary Society maintained medical mission at Kerak. that some friend will make possible but in 1908 it was dosed. its preparation and printing. Girls' College at Smyrna Burned A Missionary Farm at Sidon It is a cause for regret to learn of "An interesting development in mis- the partial destruction by fire of the sionary effort has taken place at Sidon, American ColIegiate Institute, the the Syrian mission of the Presbyterian American Board mission colIege for Church. having opened an agricultural girls at Smyrna.

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 23

It is feared that this will seriously was close on 10,000, all for missionary interfere with the work of the insti- purposes, this in addition to over 60,- tute, which was established thirty 000 for self-support. The first misyears ago. sionary was sent out in I90S, and to a field where no Christian work had The students at the college number ever been done, but where to-day there about five hundred, while the Faculty is a community of 1,000 Christians, includes several American women. looked after by a band of 20 Telugu teachers, themselves early converts, Medical Work in Resht, Persia and 6 native Indian missionaries from Tinnevelly, all wholly supported by the Dr. J. D. France, of the American native society.-Men and Missions.

Presbyterian Mission in Resht, Persia, A Mission Arranged by Native Hites that their dispensary last year treated 2,432 new cases and 30498 pa- Christiana tients who returned for treatment. The assistants prescribed for or drest In September last the Tinnevelly 3,703, so that the total was 9,633, or itinerating band, under the leadership an average of 30 a day. There has of Mr. E. Keyworth, worked for a been a great increase in native Per- week in Srivaigundam in a "mission" sian physicians, some of whom are arranged by friends of the Indian Misskilful but many of whom are quacks. sionary Society of Tinnevelly. Mr. The hospital and surgical work has K. writes: "They had arranged a been very important, some patients campaign for the benefit especially of being obliged to sleep on the floor. English-speaking government officials, land-owners and lawyers. Mr. Ap- There is still a strong popular pre- pasami, a widely-known and muchjudice against minor operations, but respected convert of long standing, this prejudice is decreasing and pa- now retired from the bar, threw himtients have been coming from prac- self into the work with great enthutically every place visited last year siasm in arranging lectures on 'The by the missionaries. The evangelistic plan of salvation,' 'Follow the opportunities are beyond the power gleam,' 'The Supernatural in nature,' of the missionaries to accept. Resht etc. For four nights the meetings, enis 20 miles from the Caspian Sea, and livened by Tamil Christian music, were is a city of fifty or sixty thousand well attended by the class of hearers inhabitants. There is great need for that we sought to reach, some of whom a larger hospital and more workers.* afterward bought a quantity of Chris- tian literature." INDIA A Union College at Banga]ore Self-Suppo..t and Self-Christianization The 1l1.adras .JIlail gives an account Those who heard George Sherwood of the opening meeting of the United Eddy during the Laymen's Movement Theological College for South India Campaign last year will recall the pow- and Ceylon. The principal is the erful Use he made of the career of Rev. James Mathers. The Internathe Rev. V. S. Azariah, a native only tional character of the college council two generations removed from devil- is interesting-England, Scotland, Ireworship, but who had been associated land, America, and Denmark have with Mr. Eddy in Christian service as each their representatives. The VIesthe honorary secretary of the Tinne- leyan mission has decided to particivelly Missionary Movement, and was pate in the work and support of the likely to become the first Anglican college, and has made a nomination bishop of Asia. Speaking of the Tin- of a professor. The members of the nevelly Missionary Society, Mr. Aza- staff include a Danish Lutheran, an riah has said: "In the first year of Irish Presbyterian, a Wesleyan, and its life we gathered only 1,500 rupees; It member of the South Indian United but last year, the seventh, our income * Rev. and Mrs. Henry C. Schuler, of Resht, are now in America on furlough.

Church. It is expected that the es- easy to estimate. Believers are not tablishment of this college will mark immediately taken into the church. an era in the progress of Indian Chris- Two thousand persons signed probatianity. tionist slips. A geographical distribu- tion of these has been made among Illiterates in India and China the various denominations, so that each church becomes responsible for The Christian Literature Society the converts and probationers in its of India, of which the Hon. Lord immediate neighborhood. Reay, of London, is president, is calling attention to the deplorable. il- The Future of the Chinese Church literacy in the Far East. In the IndIan Empire it is stated that there are 277,- A self-supporting and self-govern- 000,000 and in China 300,000,000 who ing church in China is the reward, the can not read and write their own fruit, the jJY, and the crown of your languages. This illiteracy is one of long period of labor in that land. Some the greatest of all hindrances to the of our missionary friends are, indeed, progress of the Gospel. They can a little afraid of the Chinese Church not read, they can not think, they can Movement. But the Church can only not understand the teachings of Chris- become able to manage its own affairs tianity. In India practically all the by actually trying to manage them. A women and girls are illiterate, only I child learns to walk by actual walking. in 90 being able to read and write. Does this mean the breaking of friend- A phonetic method is advocated by ships with those who have sent .IS Mr. Joshua Knowles, a method by the Gospel, or is this anti-foreign? which roman letters and romanic sym- Decidedly no! We can never thank bols will displace complicated char- you enC'llgh for what you have done acters and will greatly simplify and for us. But now the time is come facilitate the instruction of the Far when every Chinese Christian should Eastern peoples.* be taught and led to undertake this responsibility, and to know his rela- CHINA tion to the Church. What is the mo- tive power of all this? It is the work- A Union Revival Effort ing of the same Spirit that inspired you to realize your responsibility Suchou, the capital of Kiang Su toward men of other lands.· Yes, the province, is the home of about half a same blest Spirit of God.-MR. million souls. It was occupied by mis- CHENG, delegate to the World Consionaries more than fifty years ago. ference. Never in its missionary history has there been such a revival as the one Christian Endeavor Moving On with which it was so wonderfully blest during the last year. Baptists The delegates present at the recent and Episcopalians, Methodists and three-days' Christian Endeavor con- Presbyterians, on both sides of the vention at Kwangchow, Honan, China. Mason and Dixon line, united in one In many ways the gathering was one union effort. The results vindicated of the most notable ever held in China. the wisdom of the plan. There was The occasion was the first anniversary no friction. Every denomination was of the organization of the first Chrisrepresented in the pulpit at some time tian Endeavor society in that section. during the meeting. And yet there It was all planned and carried out by was unanimity in the messages of the the Chinese from ideas which three preachers, for Jesus Christ, the Savior of them got at the Nanking Convenof the world, was the burden of every tion in May, 1909. At Kwangchow, sermon. The results of such are not as in almost every part of China, the missionary force is so inadequate that * See the leaflet "Our Duty to India and Indian if a missionary is laid aside for illness or other cause, these young Chris- Illiterates," published by the Christian Literature Society for India. 35 John Street, Bedford Row, London, W. c., England. (15 cents.)

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

tians are often left largely to get on that there was no destruction of prop- as best they can. Our Christian En- erty at Lien Chou, but at Sam Kong, deavor secretaries, Mr. and Mrs. ten miles away, where the chapel, Strother, encouraged these three school, parsonage and foreign house young men to start a Christian En- have been ruined. The first three of deavor Society to hold their people to- these buildings were of brick, and the gether, and make every Christian feel bare walls remain standing, but the his responsibility to work for Christ foreign residence is totally destroyed. and the Church. Their case is an- As no foreign missionaries are now other proof of the efficacy of Christian resident at Sam Kong, this house will Endeavor and its wonderful adapta- not be rebuilt. Rev. Stewart Kunkle, tion to local conditions and needs. who was alone at the Lien Chou sta- Four hundred dollars was raised and tion when the disturbances occurred, So persons were pledged to do evan- has been in no danger at any time, gelistic work in the country. and the report from Sam Kong is re- ceived from him. No Cabinet Yet for China There seems to be no danger of The throne has issued an edict, re- further trouble at either point, and fusing to create a Constitutional Mr. Kunkle explains that there was Cabinet, in compliance with a me- no serious anti-missionary spirit morial recently presented by the Na- manifested in any of the recent tional Assembly. The Imperial Senate occurrences. The wrath of the adopted a resolution praying for the mob was directed entirely at immediate creation of a Cabinet, and the local officials, who were unit was believed that the throne had dertaking to establish a new publicdecided to accede to this demand. school system for that part of China, and the point of their grievance was Christian Work on Japanese Railroad that the taxes for this purpose were being levied on the poor, while the Rev. T. C. Winn, of Dairen, Man- schools were being so organized that churia (formerly called Dalny), is ex- they would be especially for the adtending his work along the whole vantage of the rich. After the Sam length of the South Manchuria Rail- Kong riot, there was talk among the road. The railroad is under Japanese radicals of marching on Lien Chou to control and there are large colonies drive out the missionaries there, but of Japanese at every station. Mr. the men of a number of the villages Winn now has six regular preaching- adjacent to Lien Chou held a massplaces on the line above Mukden, and meeting and announced that they the railroad company has employed would go to the defense of the misfive Christian men to spend their sion premises there if it were neceswhole time visiting the families of sary to protect them, and this bold employees along the line to cheer and stand dissipated the danger. encourage them. The company does not allow these men to talk on posi- The Need of Christian Schools in Chin!> tively Christian themes unless individuals express a desire to hear of The goal of the old system of edu- Christianity, but the president of the cation in China was official preferrailroad says this form of service ment; the goal of the new system is can be done by nobody save by Chris- the same, but the subjects of education tian men. The company in one town and the methods of instruction are difhas erected a building for religious ferent. The Board of Education in purposes which Christians and Bud- Peking has elaborated a complete dhists use alternately. system from kindergarten to graduate and professional schools, but the Facts About Lien Chou Chinese are finding out that it is one thing to formulate ideals and quite The situation in the Lien Chou field another thing to carry them out. The of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in Southern China shows

provinces are joining in the proces- every 100,000, and no less than four sion for educational progress, but it is provinces have one missionary to every discovered that very many of the new 250,000. That would mean twelve schools are a farce, and the students missionaries for the whole city of New are helping to make them such. 1n- York, and between three and four hunmoralities are conspicuous, and as true dred for the United States. Out of educational and moral forces the 1,971 wall~d cities in China, only 527 schools and colleges are failures. They are occupied, 27 per cent., leaving do not each students how to live, do not 1,450 great cities without a single misdevelop character, and do not inspire sionary. The aboriginal tribes of to lofty ideals of service. In many China (6,000,000) have no missioncases teachers who are conscientious ary. and capable are dismissed because they are unpopular. KOREA China's most pressing need is for The Little Land of Big Things men of character; there is need therefore for Christian Schools where men Dr. George Heber Jones has reare trained not only intelIectuaIIy but cently said: "Previous to 1905, bemoraIIy and spiritually. fore Korea's union with Japan, Japan faced America, and Korea was simply An Innovation in China a backdoor neighbor; but since 1905, Japan has changed face. She is now The Chinese calendar for 19m– facing Asia, big with possibilities and the second year of the new Emperor, with policies, and Korea has become Hsiian T'ung-is remarkable for one the front door of the Japanese Emextremely important fact: the Chris- pire. Japan during the past five years tian Sabbaths are marked, along with has spent over $40,000,000 in railroad the other Confucian feasts, holy days, exploitation in Korea; but those railetc., etc. The importance of this from roads are built of Pittsburgh rails, our point of view becomes apparent laid on Oregon ties, with locomotives when we remember that this "calen- from the Baldwin Company, and rolldar" is an official document in a way. ing-stock from the Pullman and other It is issued by the government for the American companies. The Koreans guidance of its subjects. It is more have a genius for religion. There is than a calendar. It is a guide to cor- dawning upon the Christian world a rect conduct during the coming year. Korean interpretation of Christian life For example, the red printing on the and practise. I used to hope to live top of the pages mentions the "lucky to see the day when there would be days" for starting on journeys, etc. a thousand Korean Christians. Now There is also full guidance given as there are 250,000, and more believers to the proper days to select for wed- in Jesus Christ." dings, burials, etc.; lists of days when visits are to be paid, presents offered The Gains of Twenty-five Years. and accepted, etc. ; the dates for united worship before the tablet of Confu- When the Rev. John F. Goucher cius and this year, for the first time, made his gift for the founding of the in addition, the dates of the Chris- Korea Mission of the Methodist Epistian worship days are marked! The copal Church in 1884, there was no calendar has a huge circulation. They prophet whose vision could foresee say three out of every five Chinese that in 1910 there would be 50,000 homes will possess one. probationers, members and inquirers as a result of that small beginning. What Paucity of Missionaries Means Prophecy has been outrun. To-day there is an annual conference of this The most fully occupied province church in Korea, with 34 full memin China has one missionary to every bers, 21 probationers. Seven confer- 40,000 people, while five other prov- ence districts take care of the work inces have only one missionary to

19II ] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

being done in over a thousand cities, the servants repeat the same prayer towns and hamlets, and the spirit of clay after day is rather funny. 'Whatevangelism in the name of Jesus Christ ever happens in the house, family is flaming from heart to heart among prayers are not given up. Every memour workers, both ministers and lay- ber of the household is prompt in men, in a manner unprecedented since getting ready for the morning meetthe days of the Acts of the Apostles. ing at the breakfast table to worship The Gospel is being preached, and God.-Japan Weekly Mail. thousands are turning to Christ. The sick are being healed, over 30,000 re- Roman Catholicism in Japan, Korea and ceiving treatment from our physicians last year. The youth are being taught, China there being 6,000 boys and girls in the Methodist schools. One of the leading Catholic mis- sionary magazines, Katholische Mis- JAPAN sionen, publishes interesting figures concerning the progress of Roman A Japanese Statesman on Ethics Catholicism in Japan, Korea and China between 1889 and 1909. According Count Okuma has recently said: to these figures, Japan had 37,016 "The fatal defect in the teachings of Roman Catholic natives in 1889, and the great sages of Japan and China 65,741 in 1909, so that the progress is that while they deal with virtue and there was remarkably slow. Korea morals, they do not sufficiently dwell had 15.416 Roman Catholic natives on the spiritual nature of man; and in 1889 and 68,016 in 1909, which any nation that neglects the spiritual, might be considered a quite encourtho it may flourish for a time, must aging increase were it not that the eventually decay. The origin of mod- Protestant natives have increased far ern civilization is to be found in the more rapidly. China had 542,662 Roteachings of the Sage of Judea, by man Catholic natives in 1889 and whom alone the necessary moral dy- 1,2IO,054 in 1909. While the increase namic is supplied."-Chinese Re- in China was very slow during the corder. closing ten years of the nineteenth century, it has been between 80,000 Family Worship in Japan and 100,000 annually during the last years, so that Roman Catholic mis- The Kirisutokyo Sekai publishes a sionaries in China are greatly encourletter on family worship, written by a Japanese lady whose husband is a aged. Christian. She says that the family worship in her house lasts less than AFRICA-NORTH AFRICA fifteen minutes. The whole familyassembles at 6 :45 A.M. around a table President Alexander Resigns in Egypt that will seat about ten people. Each person reads his verse of Scripture in Universal regret will be felt that turn, the little children and the serv- Dr. John R. Alexander has felt conants often making rather amusing mis- strained to tender his resignation of takes. Each member of the household the presidency of Assiut College. The has his or her morning for choosing a announcement has come to us unexhymn. After the Scripture reading is pectedly, and causes a deep sense of over, the master of the house explains loss. The statement made by the the meaning of certain verses, and TIoard of Foreign Missions contains chooses a text to be taken as a motto 110 explanation of the reasons for the for the day, and makes a few simple step, but Dr. Alexander's deep interest remarks thereon. Each member of in the college would yield only to nethe household takes it in turn to pray cessity in asking to be relieved. Dr. morning after morning. The children's Alexander was governed by a weIlprayers are very, very short, but im- defined purpose, an educated people pressive in many ways, and the way and a native ministry for the Church. He made no attempt to give the col- lege a name or a position above or

apart from its actual work. He saw agent of the Church Missionary So- the need of Egypt and met it by a ciety has just reported in regard to school with a broad curriculum and the Sudan district of Lava Enclave, a high standard, a school in which which we have recently taken over character and training for effective from the Belgian Government, that Christian work were ever kept in view. the condition of things "provides a The result is seen in the native min- startling object lesson in the meaning istry trained within its walls. He and of Anglo-Egyptian rule." He states his work have so appealed to the that the thickly-populated district will Church and to the large number of form a splendid ground for missions, visitors from other churches and other but that, at present, "without meaning lands that the name of Assuit College it," we have encouraged Mohamme- is known throughout the Christian danism. "Some 500 Mohammedan world, and is a factor of unmeasured soldiers and junior officers have been power in the spiritual and political poured into the country, and, of regeneration of Egypt.-United Pres- course, Friday has become the of- byterian. ficial day of rest. All government work The Girls' College at Cairo goes on as usual on Sundays. The only schools are those held by The need for a higher educational the Mohammedan mollahs of the Suschool for Egyptian girls has long danese battalions, and the base of been pressing. Many have been turned their teaching is the Koran. This away from the United Presbyterian system is forcing Mohammedanism on Girls' Boarding School in Cairo, and the country, and it has already held the parents have shown a willingness sway for years over what we call the to support a more advanced institu- Pagan Sudan. . At present the tion. The First United Presbyterian nation can only conclude that Moham- Church of Allegheny, Pa., has given medanism is the religion of England." the money to purchase the ground -The Christian. needed and many have united to sup- A Traveling Evangelist in Africa ply the funds for buildings. After many delays the college was opened In Der Evangelische H eidenbote, as a day school, December 6th, with Missionary H. Henking, of Nsaba, in 176 pupils in an unfurnished build- the Gold Coast Colony of West Africa, ing. The boarding department opened writes concerning a remarkable December 20th, with fifty boarders. African itinerant preacher, who vis- ited his station last September quite Among the pupils are 80 Copts, IS unexpected on a Saturday. "On Sun- day morning, we and our native Protestants, 54 Moslems, 12 Jewesses Christians went to the heathen's town, and IS Roman Catholics. One is the daughter of a former Turkish Ambassador to America. The school where the strange preacher, in simple building is well planned, with chapel, and plain English, discust the ways school-rooms, etc. Beside the regu- to condemnation and to life. One of lar classes for academic studies, there our teachers translated the exceedare Sabbath-school, C. E. Society, inly clear address, which could be Arabic preaching service, etc. Re- understood by any ignorant heathen. cently the girls gave a thank-offering At the evening service the stranger of $13S for work among the women admonished our Christians and our teachers and the next day he wanin Egypt.

England and Mohammedanism dered on, a long cane in his hand, hard sandals on his feet, and a light bundle The British Empire continues to of clothing upon his back. None grow in extent, but whether we are would have suggested that the wan- sufficiently alive to our responsibilities derer had been roaming thus through toward those who are brought under the thick forests and the hot deserts British rule is somewhat doubtful. The of Africa for four years.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

In the short hours which the wan- renewed energy. The plan was laid derer spent with us he reluctantly before the international railway congave a little account of his life. His gress at Bern last summer. It is proancestors had been brought as slaves posed to build this line either to Dafrom West Africa to the West Indies, kar or to Bathurst, which ever is the where he himself was born on the nearest point to Pernambuco in Braisland of Trinidad, and was called zil. The sea voyage from Pernam- George Newton. Brought up as a buco to Dakar requires three days, the Roman Catholic, he later came into time by rail from Dakar to Tangier fuller light and felt called to preach would be about two days. From Tanthe Gospel to his black brethren in gier across the strait to Gibraltar is Africa as an itinerant preacher. He ten miles. The entire distance from started from the West Indies without Europe to South America would be any certain plan of procedure, landed reduced to five days. It is proposed to in Cape Town, and immediately began build the road on the standard Euroa life of missionary itinerancy. He pean gage, so that it will be possible to wandered through Cape Colony and ship European trains across the Strait Basutoland, discarding gradually all of Gibraltar without breaking bulk. his baggage as too heavy or too expen- The promoters confidently expect a sive. Then he went, almost always on heavy traffic, and plan to build a foot, through the lands of the Boers, double track. the countries of the Bechuanas and Barotses, and the Belgian and French Slavery to be Abolished Kongoes, making his way slowly northward, calling to the people every- The British Friend is informed by where, "Seek ye salvation for your the Anti-slavery and Aborigines Prosouls." Trusting the Lord for the tection Society that, recognizing the supply of every need, he crossed the unique opportunity now presented for great continent, until, finally after bringing about the liberation of the four years, he reached the Gold Coast 40,000 slaves on the coca-producing Colony and the station of Mr. Henk- islands of San Thome and Principe, ing, whence he proceeded on his mis- and also the prevention of slave-tradsion of mercy. The natural timidity ing in Angola, they have decided to of the African negro has left him and send an influential deputation to Lisfull consecration has taken the place bon at an early date. They also state of the common negro's inclination to that they have received authoritative seek the easiest job. evidence confirming the truth of the charges of pillage, outrage and mas- In every place he preaches but once, sacre made against the officials of a because he feels it his duty not to rest rubber company trading in the upper until he has brought the tidings of Amazon, which has its headquarters salvation in Christ to all Africa. Thus in London. The story, which will he expects to go on, from place to shortly be made public, surpasses in place, an itinerant evangelist, until the horror, it is said, the worst of the tired feet will no longer carry him Kongo atrocities. and the worn-out body will be unable to stand the strain. ffraining for Zulu Preachers George Newton, the black traveling A Norwegian missionary to the evangelist of Africa, is a wonderful Zulus writes N orske Missions Tidende example of the power of divine grace of his training school for evangelists in the heart of man. among these intrepid savages-5,555 of whom are now in the membership A New Afric.n Railroad of various Christian missions. The course is nine months long; and carries The scheme for a new railroad, the student through a careful evan- 1,750 miles in length, down the west gelical study of the gospels and cercoast of Africa, from Tangier to Da- tain epistles, the catechism with Klavekar in Senegal, is being pushed with ness' explanations, and Vogt's church

history, besides providing exercise in December 24th at Sialkot, India. He preaching and instruction concerning was born in Irondale, Ohio, in 1836, the care of souls. The pupils go out was graduated from Jefferson Coltwo by two, Sundays, to preach in lege, (now Washington and Jefferson heathen kraals. "For diligence, at- College,) studied at the Allegheny and tention and Christian walk I can give Xenia Theological seminaries and them the highest praise. It has been was ordained in 1865. The following a delight to work among them, for year he went to India. Three daughthey seem to ripen more and more and ters are missionaries in India. to get hold of the central teachings of Christianity. I have noticed that Rev. Dr. John H. Harpster the beginners usually preach on moral themes, but as they develop, the On February 1st, Dr. John Henry ground principles of Christ's teaching Harpster, the veteran missionary of take a continually more important the Lutheran General Council, died in place in their thought." Mount Airy, Philadelphia. He was born at Center Hall, Pa., on April 27, Chinese Coolies Converted on the Rand 1844, and after serving in the Civil War, was ordained to the Lutheran "We have been often hearing," Ministry in 1871. J:Ie went to India, writes one of our missionaries in where he was statlOned at Guntur. China, "of Chinese coolies deported From 1879 to 1893 he was pastor of from South Africa to their native churches in America, after which he land, coming to varied mission sta- returned to India, where he served tions with letters of introduction from until 1909, when he returned on fur- Christian workers in South Africa. A lough and engaged in deputation party of these men returning to China work. Dr. Harpster was a conseapplied on one of the boats to the cap- crated Christian and an able missiontain for a place to meet, and there ary. His death means a great loss they gathered for prayer and the study to his Church and to the world. of the Scriptures during the voyage. One of these men told the missionary Rev. J. H. Sobey, of Costa Rica that while on the Rand he and others came under the influence of a remark- After a ministry of forty years, Rev. able man, a Norwegian, a self-supporting missionary to the coolies and J oshua Heat~ Sobey, of Costa Rica, others working there. He preached in their language to blacks, whites and passed away m November. He held a yellows, as occasion offered. He learned Chinese by working with number of Baptist pastorates and at Chinamen in a carpenter's shop. This coolie himself was one of a batch of the invitation of the Baptist Mission- 40 Chinese, who, coming under the spell of this Norwegian, learned the ary Society he took charge of the story of Jesus' love, gave up their evil practises, and entered their names as Second Baptist Church at MIonnteOfi"~oe applicants for baptism; and when they Bay, Jamaica, West Indies. were returning to China they received open letters to various missions there years he was led to engage in the esfrom Christians in Africa." tablishment of Christian work on the OBITUARY NOTES Cayman Islands. Then he went to in- Rev. Samuel Martin of India. vestigate the condition of the people Rev. Samuel Martin, D.D., a pioneer missionary of the Presby- on the coasts of Central America. terian Board of Foreign Missions died What he discovered led him to leave his Church .to take up pioneer work in LthienoRn,epuwbhlIecreofhiCs oswtaorkRicwa~sat Port abun- dantly blest.

When the Isthmian Canal Commis- sion took charge of the work of con- structing the Panama Canal, Mr.

Sobey became associated with them a!!

a chaplain.

THE MISSIONARY

THE UNIQUE MESSAGE AND UNIVERSAL MIS- the hindrances met in missionary SION OF CHRISTIANITY. By James Frank- work, and gives an excellent account lin Love, D.O. I2mO, 256 pages. $1.25. of Christian missions before and Fleming H. Revel1 CO. I9IO. after the reformation. One chapter is ~e~oted to early Church of England There is no more important sub- MISSIOns, and one to the outlook in ject in connection with the missionary 1843. work of the Church than the essential character and value of the gospel mes- It is interesting to note that even sage for the whole world. If Christ at that early date Dr. Grant recogbrought no all important message nized the need for a scientific study which other religions do not possess, of missions and of the science of misor if this message is not adapted to sions. He pleads for a careful invesall races and classes of men, then tigation of non-Christian beliefs and there is no sufficient reason for the Christian propaganda. practises, and an investigation of Caste and its influence. He sees in Dr. Love shows that the truths that the progress already made an angury actually save men are confined to of future success and notes in pagan Christianity and that they apply with nations the signs of new life. Some equal force to all mankind. In developing his subject the author shows of the statements about Africa and man to be a religious being, that a supernatural revelation is a human Turkey might almost seem to have necessity if truth is to be ascertained, been written ten years ago, so little and proceeds to give evidence that has the situation changed except in such a revelation is contained in the the number and strength of mission- ary centers.

Old and New Testament teachings LEPERS. By Rev. John Jackson, F.R.G.s. 8vo, 208 pages. 3s 6d net. Marshall and in the personality and work of Brothers, London. 19lO. Jesus Christ. The story of thirty-six years of If Christ and His religion are true, work among lepers is pathetic but and if through Him comes the only stimulating, for it is sad and heroic. hope of man's salvation, then the ob- This new and revised edition of the history of the Mission to Lepers in ligation of all Christians to help in the India and the East can not fail to extension of the Gospel is unavoidable. awaken sympathy for the unfortunate The theology of the volume is conser- sufferers who are afflicted with living vative.

THE PAST AND PROSPECTIVE EXTENSION death and for the noble ministers to their physical and spiritual needs. OF THE GOSPEL BY MISSIONS TO THE Such work calls for and merits the HEATHEN. By Anthony Grant. 1843. hearty support of every Christian. Reedited by Canon Charles H. Robin- son. 12mo, 270 pages. S. P. G., London, 1910. Read the book and then make a thank- Dr. Robinson has considered these offering.

Brampton Lectures, delivered at LIFE IN THE ORIENT. By K. H. Basmajian. Oxford nearly seventy years ago, of 8vo, 277 pages. $r.oo net. American sufficient merit to be republished. Tract Society, New York. 19IO.

Their chief contribution of value to . An Armenian author gives his missionary literature is their account views of the social religious and of early and medieval Christian Mis- political conditions ni Turkey at the sions. Some of the information in present day. The book is a third edi- the appendices is not elsewhere to be tion revised to bring it down to date.

found in print-it has been gathered The author is a strong believer in from many Latin sources. Christian missions and speaks em- Dr. Grant gives us a careful study phatically in their favor. He was of the Subject of missions from the born in Adrianople in 1853, was con- view-point of the first half of the verted at eighteen years of age in a Nineteenth Century. He upholds the Protestant Church, was driven from universality of the Gospel, describes home, became a preacher at Marsovan

and elsewhere, and studied at Crozir progress of Christian Missions since Theological Seminary in America. the days of the Apostles, the author chronicles the most outstanding Mr. Basmajian's book gives an ex- triumphs of the Cross. His language cellent description of the Armenian is clear, his conception is fine, and his Church and its condition, of the judgment is good. Thus the book is missIOnary work among Arme- most instructive and interesting. May nians and the general situation in it fulfil its purpose which we conceive Turkey under Sultan Abdul Hamid to be the stirring up of the Chris- II. The chapters on the "Present tion Reformed Church unto Mission- State of the Eastern Church" and the ary activity among the multitudes of "Down of the New Era" throw much heathen in foreign lands. That proslight on the conditions and outlook perous denomination, with 138 minfor the general reader. isters, 189 churches, 14,554 families, and 76,083 souls, has hitherto limited MISSIONARY HEROES IN OCEANIA.. By John its missionary activity to the heathen C. Lambert, D.D. Illustrated. I2mo, 163 Indians of New Mexico and to the Jews in the United States. It has the pages. 75 cents. J. B. Lippincott Co., means and, we believe, the men, to enter upon missionary work abroad Philadelphia. 1910 without injuring its blest work at home. May this book, which we No field is more full of romance heartily commend, aid in the starting and adventure, or picturesque atmos- of a forward movement. phere and thrilling interest, than the mission fields among the savages in REAL RELIGION. Rev. Howard A. Bridgthe islands of the Pacific. There have man. Izmo, 185 pages. 75 cents, net. been enacted feats of daring heroism The Pilgrim Press, Boston. 1910. and there have been witnessed marvelous transformations. Dr. Lambert The managing editor of The Conhas selected some of the heroic inci- gregationalist and Christian World dents from the history of missions in has gathered together in this attract- Oceania for his present volume. ive little volume a bundle of very There are the stories of Patteson in practical messages on every-day life Melanesia, Chalmers in New Guinea, and religion. They are short straight Damien and Kapiolani in Hawaii, talks on such topics as Luck, Begin- Calvert in Fiji and Paton in the New ning Again, Good Cheer, The Buried Hebrides. Life, Business, Easy Street, Snap Judgments etc. They are not in- The author does not give as full tended as studies in fundamentals, but and graphic description of incidents are calculated to start helpful lines of with lives of his heroes as the circum- thought and lead on to better living. stances merit. A more detailed account of some of the adventures would NEW BOOKS make the volume more attractive to young readers. The biographical THE BALANCE OF TRUTH (The Gospel for sketches are, however, forceful and Moslems). By Rev. C. G. Pfander, D.D. inspiring. 8vo. lOs, 6d, net. Religious Tract So- ciety, London. 1911. TRIUMFEN VAN HET KIWIS. Schetsen der Zending onder de Heidenen van aIle UNKNOWN PEOPLE IN AN UNKNOWN LAND. eenwen en aIlerei la'nden. Voor ons By W. Barbrooke Grubb. I2mo. Seeley HoIlandsch Volk geteekend door Henry & Co., London. 1911.

Beets. Met Afbeeldingen, 282 pages. J. DR. APRICOT OF HEAVEN BELOW (The Hang B. Hulst, Grand Rapids, Mich. Chow Medical Mission C. M.S.). By Kingston de Gruche. 8vo, 144 pages. The book, written in the Dutch lan- $1.00, net. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1911. guage, is chiefly penned for the benefit of the members of the Christian THE NEXT TEN YEARS-A Centennial Reformed Church, of which the Address by Samuel B. Capen. American author is a prominent pastor and Board of Commissioners for Foreign editor, but it is of much interest to Missions, Boston. 1911. anyone who is able to understand the Dutch. Giving a brief history of the HENRY GRATTAN GUINNESS, D.D. Memo- rial Number of the Regions Beyond, London. January-February, 19II.

The Missionary Review of the World — May 1910

OF THE MEN'S NATIONAL MISSIONARY CONGRESS-Chicago, May 3-6,1910

Tuesday, May 3. VII. Brotherhoods: I. Significance of the Brotherhood Movement. 3 P.M.-I. The Will of Christ for the World. 2. The Best Methods of Developing Lay Leaders. 2. A World-wide Purpose in the Life of a Chris- 3. The Brotherhood and Volunteer Preaching. 4. The Brotherhood Task in America. tian. 5. Will the Brotherhoods Back up a Missionary 7 :45 P.M.-I. Laymen and Missions. Policy? By What Method? 2. America's World-responsibility. 3. The Supreme Opportunity of Our Generation. VIII. Editors: I. Is the Denominational Missionary Periodical the Wednesday, May 4. Best Method of Disseminating Missionary News? rHE NATIONAL MISSIONARY CAMPAIGN 2. The Secular Press and Missionary News. 3. Are Our Religious Journals Meeting the IO A.M.-I. The Power of the Whole Appeal to Present Opportunity? the Whole Church. 4. How Provide Missionary News? 3 P.M. (Simultaneous Mass Meeting for Women.) 2. The Nation's Response to the National Cam- 7 A5 P.M.-I. Southern Asia. paign. 2. The Far East. 3. Africa and the Near East. 3. What Laymen Can Do for Missions. 4. Business System in Missionary Finance. Thursday, May 5. 5. The Spiritual Significance of the Campaign. IO A.M.-I. Stewardship of Life. 2. The Church's Need of a World-field. P.M. SECTIONAL CONFERENCES 3. The Nation's Power for Missions. 4. A Worthy National Missionary Policy. 1. Physicians and Surgeons: 3 P.M.-Conference of Congress Delegates on How I. The Unnecessary Burden of Suffering In the Non-Christian World. to Conserve and Extend the Influences of the 2. How Non-Christian Ideas and Practises Affect National Missionary Campaign. Life and Health. 3 P. M. (Simultaneous Meeting for Students.) 3. The Debt of Medical Science to Missions. 7 :45 P.M.-I. The Mission of Christian Nations 4. The Opportunity of the Medical Missionary. to the Non-Christian World. 2. Money and the Kingdom. II. Ministers: 3. Prayer and the Kingdom.

I. Spiritual Significance of Laymen's Movement. Friday, May 6. 2. How a Minister May Miss His Opportunity. 3. How Explain the Church's Failure. THREE IMMEDIATE DEMANDS 4. The Church the Force; the World the Field. IO A.M.-I. Christian Education in Non-Christian 5. How Can Laymen be Enlisted and Developed Lands. as Missionary Advocates and Organizers? 2. The Development of a Medical Profession in 6. The Power of the Vorld-appeal to Strong Men. the Far East. III. Church Officers: 3. The Impact of the West Upon the East Must 1. Features of a Standard Missionary Church. be Christianized. 2. The Responsibility of Church Officers. 3. What Policy Should Church Officers Adopt? CONFERENCES BY CHURCHES 4. What Financial Methods Produce the Best Re- 3 P.M.-(Simultaneous Mass Meeting for Women.) 7 :45 P.M.-I. Brief Reports from All Conferences. suits? 2. National Missionary Policy. 5. Reasons for Having a Separate Treasurer to 3. The Spiritual Equipment. 4. Christ, the Universal Savior. Handle the Missionary Funds. 5. The Hallelujah Chorus. 6. The Effect of an Adequate Policy on the SOME SPEAKERS EXPECTED Spiritual and Financial Life of the Church. Bishop Charles P. Anderson, Archbishop of the West Indies; Dr. George Alexander, Ambassador IV. Sunday-school Workers and Bible-class Teachers and Officers: Bryce, Dr. James L. Barton, Dr. Arthur J. Brown, Mr. Samuel B. Capen, Mr. Clement Chase, Dr. J. I. The Opportunity in Adult Bible Classes. 2. Practical Methods of Missionary Instruction. L.Dearing. Dr. O. S. Davis, Mr. George Sherwood 3. Advantages of Having All Sunday-school Of- Eddy, Dr. M. D. Eubank, Mr. R. H. Gardiner, Col. Elijah W. Halford, Dr. F. P. Haggard, Mr. Harry ferings Used for Missionary Purposes. Wade Hicks, Mr. Charles S. Holt, Dr. W. W. 4. The Contribution the Sunday-school May Make Keen, Dr. Howard A. Kelly, Dr. W. R. Lambuth, Bishop Arthur S. Lloyd, Mr. William H. Lewis, to the Evangelization of the W orId. Dr. Ira Landrith, Mr. R. A. Long, Bishop William V. Business Men: F. McDowell, Mr. J. A. Macdonald, Dr. E. Y. Mullins, Mr. John R. Mott, Mr. Alfred E. Marling, I. Some Principles of Business that Have Appli- cation to the Missionary Enterprise. Mr. Silas H. McBee, Mr. George Wharton Pepper, Hon. F. W. Parker, Bishop William A. Quayle, 2. Opportunities for Business Men on Mission Bishop J. E. Robinson, Mr. Charles A. Rowland, Fields. Dr. Homer C. Stuntz, Mr. Villiam C. Stoever, Mr. Robert E. Speer, Dr. William Jay Schieffelin, Rev. 3· Business System in Missionary Finance. John Timothy Stone, Mr. L. H. Severance, Judge 4. The Art of Advertising Missions. Selden P. Spencer, Mr. John B. Sleman, Jr., Mr. 5. Vhat Business Men are Now Doing to Pro- S. Earl Taylor, Mr. J. Campbell White, Mr. Mornay mote Missions. 6. The Necessity of An Adequate Financial Basis. Williams, Mr. John W. Wood, Hon. T. H. Yun, 7. The Commercial and Economical Fruitage of Dr. S. M. Zwemer.

Missions.

VI. Lawyers: I. Some of the Flagrant Injustices of the Non- Christian World.

2. Interesting Legal Questions on Mission Fields. 3. Vhy Missions Appeal to Lawyers. 4. How Lawyers Can Promote Missions.

Carpenter-sh<>p, Anat<>lia, College, Turkey. 2. Breakfast at Girls' School, Madura

3~ Zulu preachers and assistants after servif:es in :1 co__pourw!~ 4. rest for .tuberculosis, Manepay Hospital. 5. Nurses in Woman's Hospital, UnduvjL ;ry.PlCAL .sCENES IN TliE MlSSlON.5 OF THE .AM.ER.lCAN .BOAII.U

fMiss{onary ~ev{ew

of the World Published by Funk nnd 'Wagnalls Company (Isaac K. Funk, Pres., A. 'V: VM~nall!'l, Yiee-Pres., Robi<rt J. Cuddih). TrElaA" Rob,;rt Scott. Sec'y), 4-l-6v E. :Wd St .• lf'W York VOL. XXXIII. No.5 MAY, I910 VOL. XXIII. No. 5 Old Series New Series SIGNS OF THE TIMES WORLD-WIDE UNREST memlous civil and religious dis- One of the signs of the times, and turbances of I793. Russia, for the very conspicuous, is the world-wide time quiet, seethes under the surface unrest. Never has this been more with antagonisms between the Czar general if not universal. If we begin and his people, and the Church and the at the Sunrise Kingdom and go west- lesser sects. When was ever England ward, we shall find almost, if not quite, and Great Britain generally more perevery nation in the sun's daily course plexed? a desperate struggle going on in a state of agitation bordering on between democracy and aristocracy, revolution. In Korea there is a des- socialism and imperialism. In the perate struggle for independence and United States the conflict between freedom from Japanese domination. labor and capital is keener than ever In Japan itself there is a conditiOI'l of and harder to bridge over by any mepractical bankruptcy, the nation con- diation or compromise. And so it is sumed with political ambition and all round the -circle. Much prayer is anxiety to assert and maintain su- needful that all this upturning and premacy on land and sea and yet too overturning may be controlled by the poor to risk further indebtedness and God of nations; human plans frusoutlay. China and Manchuria are trated when not in accord with His restive under the threatened aggres- plans, and that, amid all this worldsion of Russia and the spirit of reform wide commotion, the uplifting of manthat is like a liqnid at boiling-point. kind may surely come. India has not been so impatient and on the point of outbreak since the bat- WORLD-WIDE FEDERATION AND tle of Plassey. Turkey is only just CHURCH UNITY starting upon its new career and uncertain what new development to-mor- Amid all the arguments pro and row may bring; it is like a volcano con, from every land and every between two eruptions. Persia is in branch of the Church of Christ, there the very throes of revolution, with a are signs that a world-wide federation change of dynasty and an entire up- of Protestant missionary forces is beturning of government. And as in coming more and more assured. The Asia so in Europe. Italy is far from mIssIOnary revivals at home and being at rest; France is in much the abroad bring new enthusiasm that same condition as before the tre- challenges imitation in the kindred fields of evangelism and reform. Interdenominational societies are on the ideal which we seek. The ideal na- increase. The Young People's Mis- tional church may be divided on minor sionary Movements of many denom- points of faith and practise, but must inations have a union board for the be united in spirit and cooperative ef- preparation of missionary literature, fort to reach and raise the unsaved. and the unprecedented series of Laymen's Missionary Movement meetings The form of baptism, or any other is managed by another union board. of the ordinances of the Church, the The North American Protestant mis- method of church government or sionary societies have also voted for a forms of worship, are not essential so federation with similar unions in con- long as there is the baptism of the tinental Europe and in the British Holy Spirit, the evidences of a Christ- Empire. Why should not the world like life and heartfelt worship of God. be looked upon as one great field and the army of Christ's followers as one Episcopalians must not insist on great army to be used most effectively the necessity of apostolic succession or and economically in the world-wide Episcopal government; Baptists must campaign? not deny the validity of forms of bap- tism which God manifestly accepts; Is it too much to hope and expect Congregationalists, Presbyterians and that before many years each nation will Methodists must be so filled with the have a united Church of Christ, rep- idea of loyalty to Christ and the unresenting Him to their unconverted doubted essentials of His gospel that fellow countrymen? The movement they will not have time to dispute or toward federation and union is steadily insist on minor details of faith and advancing in the mission fields. A practise. The points we all hold in writer in The Chinese Recorder tes- common are the essentials of saving tifies to the belief that "next to the faith. Christ is our common center, foundation work of evangelizing the and the nearer we are to Him the Chinese nation, the outstanding work nearer we will be to each other. of the missionary enterprise is to help forward the unity of the Christian A REMARKABLE DEMONSTRA. Church." Many questions which af- TION IN BERLIN fect the churches in the home lands, and which stand in the way of a full From Germany, for many years the and frank understanding of the whole stronghold of rationalism, of dequestion, are eliminated in mission structive higher criticism, and of infields. At the same time the forces fidelity, comes the report of a recent that draw Christians together are more remarkable religious demonstration. powerfully operative on the frontier, This was directly caused by a bitter where a great task calls for united infidel attack upon Christianity. A energy. short time ago the well-known un- believing Professor Drews, of Berlin, NOT UNIFORMITY attacked the reality and historicity of Jesus Christ in an address delivered Of course, those who study the sub- before the "Monist Club." Jews and ject thoughtfully know that uni- infidels heartily applauded the proformity in creed or practise is not the fessor and made so much noise that it almost seemed as if few believers

OF THE TIMES 32

in Christ were to be found in the Ger- meeting seems to us the attitude of man capital. But that noise awakened the thousands who at its opening the sleeping believers and caused them crowded the streets around the Circus to rally for a religious demonstration Busch. As soon as it became known larger than has ever before been wit- that this multitude could not gain adnessed in Berlin. mission to the Circus, an attempt was made to rent one of the immense halls After a number of smaller protest- (the Fairy Palace) in the neighbormeetings had been held, the "Positive- hood. It could not be had, and sud- Church Association for the Advance- denly the thousands quietly went ment of Evangelical Life in Berlin" toward the royal palace and speedily called a mass-meeting of believing crowded the wide Lustgarten in front Christians to the great Circus Busch of it. Luther's hymn, "A Mighty for February 20. Large red placards Fortress is Om God," was sung with .the inscription "Jesus Lives," in throughout. Then the president of heavy type, and an announcement of the Y. M. C. A., von Rothkirch, took the proposed meeting adorned the of- the reins of the improvised meeting ficial advertising columns, found at into his hands and offered a most ferthe street-corners, for several days be- vent prayer. In the meantime one of fore the set date. Programs, widely the speaker!! of the meeting held in the distributed, announced as the one sub- Circus Busch arrived and made a ject to be discust the direct statement deeply spiritual address, standing upon "Jesus lives," adding as subdivisions, the steps of the great cathedral which (I) The Word of God proves it; (2) flanks the Lustgarten. Another of personal religious experience affirms the stirring German hymns was sung it; (3) public life shows it; (4) the by more than 20,000 voices, and after Church stands and falls with the that a deeply devotional hymn ("So living Christ; (5) let us hold fast our mimm denn meine Hinde"). The profession! impression which it created was mar- velous. Tears were in the eyes of al- 'When the clay of the mass-meeting most everyone as the multitude thus arrived, the immense Circus Busch, sang and prayed, "Guide me, until my which easily accommodates 8,000 peo- end, forever." As the last words were ple, was (according to the police es- sounding the great doors of the timates) crowded by 12,000 an hour cathedral were thrown open and, still before the time of opening, while the singing, the multitude entered and surrounding streets were filled with quickly filled every corner of the thousands who were unable to gain spacious building. The seats usually admittance. The chairman of the reserved for princes, or nobles, or meeting was Police Commissioner members of the German Parliament, Baron von Loebel1. The speakers were occupied by men of humble stawere some of the most prominent tion. The laborer and the merchant, ministers and laymen of Berlin, and the rich and the poor, the educated and a most impressive testimony was given the uneducated, mingled togetherto the deity of Jesus Christ and His all one in Christ Jesus. Yet, tho every atoning death as the foundation of available space in the house of God Christianity.

More important than this mass-

was occupied, four-fifths of those who hundred such peace palaces! The had assembled in the Lustgarten were Peace Society of New York City has unable to find admittance, and re- been sending forth its solemn trumpet- luctantly returned to their homes, re- blast to call attention to the contrast joicing that by their very presence between peace expenditure and war ex- they had testified that from personal penditure, urging the public to scruti- experience they knew that "Jesus nize with great care the proposed ap- lives." In the cathedral an improvised propriations for army and navy, not meeting of thanksgiving and praise only in the interest of economy but of was held, at which Court Chaplains, humanity. Drs. Dryander and Ohly, and other speakers, addrest the multitude and ex- The eight years' increase In such prest the gratitude of every believer to military appropriations has cost the Him who had made possible a demon- American people over one thousand stration of such magnitude and depth. millions of dollars! The average cost Finally all arose and repeated the of army and navy for the eight years creed together with loud voice. preceding the Spanish War (r890- 1898) was $51,5°0,000; for the eight The German daily press, which gen- following (1902-I91O), $I85,4OO,000; erally takes little interest in religious average annual increase in the latter matters, recognized the im'portance of decade, as compared with the former, this popular demonstration at once as $I34,o00,000; and a total increase in a sign of religious and spiritual life. eight years of $I,072,000,000, or 360 The religious papers, greatly en- per cent! couraged by it, saw in it a proof that the German masses arc not as This eight-year increase is shown to much tainted with infidelity and ra- -exceed the national debt by $r58,000,- tionalism as is commonly supposed. 000; the entire United States budget We do not doubt that a demonstration for I91O; to be three times the esof such magnitude will do much to timated cost of the Panama Canal; to strengthen those Germans whose faith :;uffice to exterminate tuberculosis has been undermined by the influence within a reasonable period; or disof destructive criticism. May it be the tribute to every family over a dollar a beginning of a great religious revival week. Such a sum as marks one throughout Europe! year's increase could double the en- tire gifts to charities and public bene- THE MENACE OF MILITARISM factions. The expenditures the next How many realize the dominance in twelve 1110nths will, however, be our day of the war spirit, disguised greater than even this year, and what in the cloak of a peace measure! The is caIled "an armed peace" is getting preparation of engines of destruction enormously more costly than even deand the maintenance of great standing structive wars. armies and navies are said to be preventives of conflict and therefore The cost of building and repairjustifiable. While we build a peace ing one battleship, for its life from palace at The Hague for arbitration, dock-yard to rubbish-heap, coulc! we are constructing battleships, the pay for building rAoo churches cost of one of which might build a at $20,000 each; fifty such would suffice to give a dollar's worth of

19ro] SIGNS OF THE

religious literature to every human punish or control criminals three and being. Comparisons, however, only a half million dollars a day, or $1,373,- hint at the enormous amount of money 000,000 annually.

sunk in this craze for more battleships. Still more startling is the fact that The very competition makes them the proportion of crimes of violence is out of date almost before their C0111- steadily and rapidly on the increase.

pletion. Destructive invention so im- There are four and a half times more proves upon their design that they are murders per million for the population sometimes practically useless soon in the United States than twenty years after being launched; what seems per- ago. And this is our boasted fect when planned becomes defective twentieth-century civilizatiop with its when manned; and so, while the world new brotherhood of man!

perishes for lack of bread, we go on A gifted writer, in one of our pop- devising schemes and instruments of ular periodicals, apologizes for dis- death for dealing out bullets and balls honesty and perfidy on the ground of by the wholesale; and instead of the flexibility of moraJ standards.

priding ourselves on the righteous- What is considered dishonesty in one ness which exalteth a nation, we boast age or era is not in another. Men do of. the impregnability of our defenses wrong things,. either believing them to and the destructiveness of our weapons be right or, at best, not viewing them of war! And this is progress! as wrong! Such is this writer's con- How mt1st the Almighty God, who tention, and it is his way of account- made the world and created mankind ing for the marvelous advance of of every nation and color, look on crimes of fraud, graft, peculation, these plans and preparations of men maladministration, and other forms of to destroy one another. How does fashionable robbery! Legislators take Jesus Christ, the Savior of the worlel, bribes and vote accordingly, because view this use of money and power bribery is the regular way of paying which by rights belongs to Him. 11:en a man an honorarium for his inves- who claim to desire the advancement tigation of the merits of a cause or of the Kingdom of God advocate the case and his intelligent patronage and expenditure of more money on one support. An insurance officer avails battleship by one nation than is given himself of his position to enrich him- by the whole Protestant world for the self with the funds entrusted to his sending out of missionaries of the management, and is 110t to blame be- kingdom in a whole year! Our view cause such is the almost universal cus- of Christianity needs revlsll1g or tom! We are left to infer that there is money and power will be taken from no fixt ethical standard, but every man us and given to more faithful stewards. does as the usage of his day sanctions.

If these are the current notions and THE APPALLING COST OF CRIME opinions of our day and "Christian A correspondent of a Chicago daily commonwealth," some of us would gives statistics to show that in Amer- prefer China, where higher standards ica 200 lives are sacrificed every week of ethics prevail. We can easily un- to violence, and that the entire republic derstand the increase of all sorts of pays for its crimes and its efforts to criminality, whether of the coarser or

more refined type, if it is coming to adequate plan for making Christ be understood that the Ten Com- known to the whole world in our genmandments are not to be regarded as eration. The men of every State in graven on imperishable stone as im- the Union have exprest themselves mutabl~, but written on tablets of wax with a unanimity and depth of convic-. to be refashioned or obliterated alto- tion that could never be called forth gether at the caprice of a loose moral except in behalf of a tremendous sentiment. Weare not sure that we cause, and under the impulse of the do not need missionaries at home to mighty working of the Spirit of God. mold anew the conscience of our people, and settle afresh the eternal basis It is most important that earnest, of right and wrong. continued prayer be offered continu- ously for blessing upon the coming What is needed in this and every congress. It will no doubt be the most land is the adoption of the standards representative and potential convenof righteousness and truth given in tion ever assembled on this continent. God's Word. Compromise and the The forty-five hundred available seats adoption of flexible human standards in the Auditorium have been allotted can not fail to bring disaster. to the evangelical churches of the United States in proportion to their THE NATIONAL MISSIONARY membership and missionary contribu- CONGRESS tions, thus guaranteeing a propor- tionate representation from every The national campaign to arouse the church and from every part of the namen of America to a sense of their re- tion. It will be the privilege of a lifesponsibility and opportunity for world- time to be a member of this (onwide missions is to be held in Chicago, gress.* The national missionary policy May 3-6. At this congress the re- adopted at this congress should mark sults of the campaign are to be gath- a new era in the history of Chrisered up. Let all friends of Christ tianity. unite in prayer that the congress may be wisely guided, spirit-filled, and THE INDIRECT INFLUENCE OF producti..-e of lasting results. CHRISTIANITY Mr. Campbell White says that Dr. Zwemer, the Arabian missionary, the most important thing in Amer- calIs attention to the singular indirect ican history this year is the changing influence of Christian ideas, and even conviction of the nation concerning phraseology, upon the religious life its religious obligations to mankind. and literature of opposing cults by a "In this process the very character of remarkable example. In Lahore, at American Christianity is being rad- the Moslem Book and Tract Reposically changed. When a man or a itory, a Mohammedan manual of nation becomes conscious of world- prayer has adopted word for word the relationships and responsibilities, a opening confession of the Anglican new life has begun." Liturgy, substituting "Allah" for "God." "Almighty and most merciful From Maine to California, at AlIah, we have erred and strayed from seventy-five great conventions and thousands of secondary meetings, * All desiring to attend should apply first to the Christian men of all denominations secretary of their own Foreign Mission Board. have endorsed a comprehensive and

OF THE

Thy ways like lost sheep," etc., exactly acquainted with Islam and its fol- adopting the language of the English lowers will have grave doubts if its prayer-book. high-sounding phrases are seriously Some one well says that the differ- meant. The same high priest who is- ence between India and its religions sued the edict condemned to death two and America and its Christianity is Mohammedan priests a short time ago, largely this: that in India the religious because they had accepted Christ system represents the worst and the through the instrumentality of a mis- life of the people the best that the na- sionary of the German Orient Mis- tive faiths can produce; whereas in sion. Both had to flee from Turkey America the religious system repre- and were baptized in Potsdam, Ger- sents the best and the popular life the many, where they are now members of worst aspect of Christianity. In other the faculty of the newly founded words, in Oriental lands the better training school of the German Orient classes of the people rise above their Mission for Missionaries among Mo- religious cults and despite the unholy hammedans. Thus it remains to be doctrines they contain and the impure seen if the edict means really what it practises they sanction; but in Chris- says, and if it will influence the wild tian lands the religious system is al- fanaticism of the followers of the ways infinitely above the best of those false prophet, should it be seriously who embrace it, and holds it; own meant. Prejudices, antipathies, and despite the imperfect and inconsistent fanaticism, both racial and religious, character and conduct of its adherents. can not be removed by the word of A REMARKABLE MOSLEM EDICT mere man. It takes the power of the Holy Spirit to overcome them, and A short time ago the high priest, man must become a new creature in together with the Ulema Council, the Christ Jesus before he can love his , highest authority of Islam, issued a neighbor as himself.

most remarkable edict addrest to all WOMAN'S ADVANCE IN CHINA Mohammedans throughout the world.

It contains statements like the follow- When Christ begins to uplift a race ing: "The Constitutional Government the evidence of it is seen in the position (i.e., in Turkey) is in harmony with and education of woman. In the the tenets of Islam" ; and "True Chris- great land of China woman is still tians and Mohammedans worship the ignorant and enslaved to man. Men- same true God, and they are therefore tally, morally and physically she is still brethren. Sincere Christians have a near the bottom of the ladder-but a right to a seat in paradise also. Equal- change is coming and has, in fact, al- ity and fraternity between Christians, ready become evident. A new style Mohammedans, and Jews must be em- of woman is appearing, with unbound phasized by Mohammedanism and feet, with face washed from the old- practised by all true followers of -the time paint and powder, with the im- prophet." pulse and the admitted right to take This edict, standing alone in the her place beside the men 'of her family whole history of Mohammedanism, and acquaintance in social and in- sounds most remarkable, but anyone tellectual life.

Perhaps the most evident change has is at the forefront of America's battles been in the line of woman's education. and discoveries. A big black negro Thirty years ago there was not even stood beside the discoverer of the the simplest classic for them; now the N"orth Pole. President Taft is recomroad to highest education is opening. mending a negro exposition in 19I3, to The very men who a generation ago show how the race has progrest in wished to keep them in subjection now half a century of freedom. All over demand they shall be like their West- the South the whites are encouraging ern sisters. the blacks to become educated and to succeed. No one objects to the edu- "A cry comes froJl1 all over China cated negro nowadays, because the for teachers, for women who know," negro race is over the silly period says a writer in rVoman's Work. "This which it went through thirty years need offers perhaps the greatest op- ago. Social service-service of the portunity for American young women head, service of the hand, service of that exists anywhere, for the Chinese the heart-is now his motto. He are willing to pay for English, for doesn't think that labor, that work, is music, for anything. It is decreed that degrading any more. There are 14,000 their women must be enlightened." negro brick- and stone-masons in the South. There are 10,000 stationary Another sign of progress in China engineers. Forty-seven per cent of is seen in the new official Chinese al- our race can read and write. One of manac, which contains for the first our Tuskegee graduates has just been time in its history the Christian Sun- put in charge of a plantation of 3,000 day as well as the Chinese holy days. acres of land, it having been found that educated negroes can get more NEGRO PROGRESS IN AMERICA work out of negro laborers than white men. The American Indians cost the At a great meeting in Carnegie Hall, United States Government $10,000,- Booker T. Washington told of the 000 a year. But the negroes have work for the negro race. Tuskegee never cost the Government a cent." Institute has now over eighty buildings, in which 1,500 pupils are Dr. Riley, of Alabama, showed by taught everything needful for statistics the progress made by the practical life and work, from arith- colored people of the South since their metic to farming and engineering; and emancipation. He said: "The negro they represent thirty-five States and TJegan without a penny in his pocket, nineteen foreign countries. Altogether without a loaf of bread, without an there are about 167 instructors and inch of land which he could call his helpers. The institution was founded own, without a shelter over his head, thirty years ago and has sent out more with no idea of home, and yet within than 6,000 men and women. The less than forty-five years he has work costs $250,000 a year, and a bought and paid for 200,000 plantascholarship of $50 will support a stu- tions, has built for himself 400,000 dent for one year. The present en- homes, has 10,000 stores, and fifty dowment reaches $1,000,000, and it is banks operated by negroes and condesired, if possible, to increase this to $3,000,000. Mr. Washington said: duct~d on negro capital. His taxable "The negro race is not dying out. property amounts to $600,000,000." It is increasing every year. The negro

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA UPON

UNITED STATES AND CANADA * BY ROBERT E. SPEER, M.A., NEW YORK That the United States and Canada derstand the grounds of their convic- are under a deep obligation to Latin tion, and I desire plainly and earnest- America is a conviction held by every ly to set forth in brief some of those Canadian and American whom I have grounds.

met who has seen at first hand the But, in order that there may be no condition of the Latin-American lands. misapprehension, there are several pre- This last year in' South America I met liminary observations to be made. In scores of men from these two coun- the first place, in setting forth the tries-men of no religion at all, facts, especially of South America, we churchmen – Roman, Anglican and are not animated by any sentiment of Lutheran-merchants, consuls, min- hostility or by any lack of sympathy isters and ship captains, and in the for the Roman Catholic Church. We whole company, numbering men who believe that that church is in error, have traveled over all parts of South just as it believes that we are in error, America and lived there for many and as doubtless some day we our- years, we did not talk on the subject selves shall discover that we have been with one man who did not believe in error, as we hope that it also will that the United States and Canada are be disillusioned. But we believe that under a real debt of moral and re- that church, even in Latin America, ligious obligation to Latin America, as holds, in part, the saving truth, and well .as under a duty of commercial in- we are not willing to be driven into tercourse. any attitude of hostility or lack of sym- There is something very significant pathy or prejudice with regard to it.

about this. Many of us have traveled We will not say of it what all over in Asia or have met men who have South America it is saying of us. In traveled there, and we know that it is the catechism, for example, of Canon almost impossible to get on a ship Jose Ramon Saavedra, approved by crossing the Pacific or on a ship going the University of Chile and by the through Suez, or to stop in anyone Archbishop of Santiago and used for of the ports of Asia, without meeting many years by the priests in the public many men of our own race who do not schools of Chile, occurs the ques- believe that Protestant missions to the tion: Asiatic peoples are legitimate. They "Why do you say that the doctrines are wrong, but this is their view. I taught by Protestants are unholy?" have not met all this year one man of The answer in the catechism is: our own race who denied the legit- "Because they counsel a person to sin imacy of Christian missions to Latin as much as possible to make salvation America. And having seen now in the more sure, they say that good some measure the conditions that pre- works are rather a hindrance to en- vail there and heard the candid decla- tering heaven."

rations of the frank-spoken people of "Is it not a false teaching of our South America, themselves, I can un- religion," the catechism goes on, "that * An address delivered before tbe Student Volunteer Convention, at Rochester, N. Y., December 31, 1909. Reprinted by permission of the Student Volunteer Movement. In the original address tbere was quoted a letter from the pope to the clergy in Chile, in 1897. This letter has been declared by Roman Catholic papers to be spurious, and is omitted here, while its authenticity is being investigated. If {eund to be genuine, it will be published later. The letter of the Archbishop of Venezuela, alao de- Dounced by lome as spurious, is Indisputably authentic.

outside of the Catholic Church there Christian organizations, that we may is no salvation?" see in each nation one great national Church of Christ, and that on those The answer is: "Nothing is more national Christian churches there may reasonable than this principle." be built up the one universal Church, just as on distinctly developed po- We will not be provoked into any such attitude regarding the great re- ligious organization which for three litical nationalities will be built up the hundred years has dominated the one great federation of humanity.

South American peoples. But I desire to add that such sen- The Papal Church timents of good will and spiritual sym- pathy for the good in the Roman In the second place, we are not Catholic Church must not be aIlowed speaking of the Roman Catholic to blind us to the obvious facts that Church in the United States and are to be found in all of Latin-Amer- Canada and Europe. I have no first- ica. Wherever there is mortal need, hand knowledge regarding the condi- deep and real mortal need, there is a tions in Europe; but, regarding the spiritual obligation upon the Church Church in our own country, I believe of Christ. It does not matter what our that it is a great religious force; that ecclesiastical theories may be; it does it holds, with us, the fundamental not matter what our sympathies may truth of the deity of our Lord; and be. The plain questions are, What are that to no other body should the con- the facts of moral, intellectual and re- ditions in South America appeal more ligious need to be found in the Latin- strongly. American lands? and, Is the Roman I desire to say, in the third place, Church meeting or striving to meet that we are not of those who believe this need?

that the South American Church is Civilization in Latin America necessarily to be warred against and destroyed. We do not anticipate the I want to say also that we are not destruction of the great Church that to be misled by the idea that Latin has existed all these hundreds of years America is satisfied with its civiliza- in South America. The polemical at- tion or that the people of Latin Amer- titude toward that church has accom- ica know the name of Jesus Christ. It plished less than any other attitude, is not satisfied with its condition. Are either to set up evangelical churches we satisfied with ours? If civiliza- in South America or to purify the tion is a purely commercial matter, Roman Catholic body itself. We an- then there are parts of Latin America ticipate the cleansing of that great or- which are more highly civilized than ganization. For myself, I hope and Europe, and there are other parts expect that I or my children will see which are not. All the foreign trade the day when everywhere that great . of Ecuador and Colombia and Vene- church will be purified and reformed mela and Paraguay added together is and break up into national organiza- not equal to the foreign trade of the tions, and when it will become possible one ruined nation of Persia, so that on to make these national organizations such a definition of civilization that coalesce, with the other national part of South America is I;1.ot civilized,

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA 33

But if making money and shipping ing the name of Christ. It is a matter goods constitutes civilization, then the of knowing Christ and the living Argentine Republic is, I suppose, the power of Christ; and those people are most civilized land in the world. The not less unfortunate who know the average exports per capita in the Ar- name of Christ and have been led to gentine Republic are sixty dollars. associate it with a false ideal of Him The average exports in the United than those who have never known States are about twenty-five dollars. that name at all and who come with On the basis of exports, if that con- unconfused minds to hear the message stitutes civilization, the Argentine is of His gospel.

two and a half times as civilized as we Now having said so much by way are. The Argentine RepUblic, I said, of clearing these misapprehensions had exports of sixty dollars per capita. from our view, I want to state as di- The average per capita exports of the rectly as I can some of the grounds on Chinese Empire are less than fifty which our spiritual obligation to tIre cents. All the exports of the Chinese Latin-American people rests.

Empire combined are only 188 mil- The Intellectual Need lions of dollars. If the Chinese Em- pire had exports per capita equal to In the first place, South America- those of the Argentine Republic, it I shall speak especially of South wOltld be exporting every year not 188 America-taken as a whole, is a con- millions but 25,000 millions of dollars. tinent of great intellectual need, evi- All the exports of the Empire of Japan denced in the prevailing ignorance and are only ZII millions. If Japan had illiteracy among the masses of the per capita the same export trade that people. There is a highly intelligent the Argentine Republic has, its annual class in South America and the best exports would not be 2II million but men of these lands are loudest in 3,000 million dollars. The Argentine their assertion and lamentation of Republic has a foreign trade almost these facts. They can be made real as great as the foreign trade of the to us by home comparisons better than whole African continent. But civiliza- in any other way. The average il- tion is not a !.patter of export trade. literacy in the American nation is ten Civilization is not to be defined in per cent and a fraction over. If you commercial terms. And no South add to that number all the children American nation realizes more deeply under ten years of age who are out of than the Argentine its need of the school, you will have a total illiteracy moral and intellectual elements which in the United States of about sixteen enter into civilization, or is seeking per cent. According to the last of- more earnestly to supply them. ficial census, the proportion of il- Neither are we to be misled by the literacy in the Republic of Brazil was fact that Latin America knows the eighty-five per cent. In the Argentine name of 01rist. So do the students RepUblic it is fifty per cent among of India know the name of Jesus those over six years of age; in Chile, Christ. So does the whole Moham- according to the official census, it is medan world know the name of Jesus sixty per cent; in Bolivia, according Christ. It is not a question of know- to the Statesmen's Year Book, it is

eighty per cent among those over ten thirteen per cent of the population of years of age. Now you may take the Japan. In other words, about four most illiterate State in the United times as large a proportion of the States; I mean the State of Louisiana, American population are in school as which is so illiterate because of the of the entire population of South great mass of ignorant negro citizens, America. The educational leaders of and the average illiteracy of the State South America bewail such condi- of Louisiana is thirty-eight per cent. tions. In other words, Louisiana, charging against it all the ignorance of its great It will bring it to us a little more di~ black population, has less illiteracy rectly to put the illustrations in a still than any country in South America. more concrete form. The Argentine And even the most ignorant part of is one of the most intelligent and ad- Louisiana-I mean the negroes- vanced countries in South America. averages only sixty-one per cent of Compare it for a moment with the illiteracy, which makes the darkest sec- State of New York, which is just tion of America-these negroes of about equivalent to it in population. Louisiana-more literate than many of In the Argentine there are 15,000 the South American republics, in spite school-teachers; in the State of New of the high intelligence of their lead- York there are 40,000. In the Ar- ing classes, who can not bear the gentine there are 550,000 pupils in the weight of the great popular ignorance. schools; in the State of New York We can put it more concretely in one there are 1,400,000. With the same simple parallel. In the year 1901, population there are three times as seventy out of everyone hundred con- many teachers and three times .as many scripts in the Chilean army were il- students in the schools in the State literate. In 1904, out of every twenty- of New York as there are in the whole five hundred recruits for the German of the Argentine, and the average il- army, one was illiterate. literacy of the State of New York is five per cent and the average illiteracy Or consider the fact in another as- of the Argentine Republic is fifty per pect. When we were in southern cent. Or compare, once again, the Re- Brazil, there appeared in one of the public of Bolivia with the State of papers; the leading paper of southern Minnesota. The population is about Brazil, an article lamenting the edu- the same. The conglomerate condi- cational backwardness of the Latin- tions of the populations are not un- American lands, which pointed out like. There is just about as large an that only nine per cent of the popula- immigrant population in Minnesota as tion of the Argentine was at school, there is an Indian population in Bo- and that this was the best-educated livia. Compare the educational situa- land in South America; only five per tion of the two States: eighty per cent . cent of the people of Chile; only three of illiteracy in Bqlivia, four per cent of per cent of the people of Brazil, and illiteracy in the State of Minnesota; three per cent of the people of Peru. 1,300 teachers in Bolivia, 14,000 teach- Nineteen per cent of the American ers in Minnesota; 50,000 pupils in population are in school, fifteen per Bolivia, 438,000 in the State of Min- cent of the population of Germany, nesota. Or compare the Republic of

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

Venezuela with the State of Iowa, two are two million pupils in the schools; sections of about the same population: in Japan there are six millions. In 1,700 teachers in Venezuela, 30,000 other words, comparing Japan with teachers in Iowa; 36,000 pupils in the the whole of South America, there are whole Republic of Venezuela, and three times as many teachers and three 562,000 in the one State of Iowa. If times as many pupils in its schools as you say I have been picking out the in all the republics of South America darkest sections of South America combined. We have scores of misand contrasting them with the bright- sion-schools in the one Empire of est sections of the United States, I Japan. If our missionary educational could reply that Argentine is one of institutions are justified, as they are the. brightest parts of South America; abundantly, in Japan, they are threebut take, if you will, on the same level, fold more justified, on the face of these New Mexico and Paraguay. New facts themselves, in the great continent Mexico has only two-thirds of the pop- of Latin America. If we owe our help ulation of Paraguay. It has ten per to Japan, we owe it also to our neighcent more pupils in its schools and boring continent bound to us by intwenty per cent more public school- numerable friendly bonds, and seeking teachers. our brotherly help in dealing with a great need. It has some good institu- Consider further the money spent tions, and higher educational systems, on educational systems here and' there. but it welcomes and needs our aid in I read in a paper the other day Presi- shaping character and in meeting the dent Butler's latest report of Colum- deep intellectual requirements of its bia University, and observed that the great masses. tuition fees for Columbia University for one year amounted to more than The Moral Evil the whole sum which the Chilean Government was spending in its ,budget on In the second place, our spiritual obthe education of three and a quarter ligation to Latin America rests not million people. I picked up a few days only on its deep intelIectual need, but afterward the report of President also on its deep and conscious need of Schurman of Cornell, and saw that help in its fierce battle with moral evil. the income of Cornell University for I desire to state not opinions but facts. four months expended on the work of According to the last Government the university was larger than the ex- census of Brazil, eighteen per cent of penditure of the Peruvian Government the population was. illegitimate; acon the education of three and a half cording to the Statesman's Year Book, million people for a whole year. twenty-seven per cent of the popula- tion of Uruguay; according to Cur- Or pass by the tedium of concrete tis's book on Ecuador, fifty per cent illustration and consider the total edu- of the population of that republic; accational effort of the whole continent. cording to the Bolivian military regis- All South America together has just ter, taking the proportion from ranabout the population of Japan. In dom pages, thirty-eight and a half per South America there are 43,000 cent; according to the estimate of Dr. school-teachers; in Japan there are Renzoti, curator of the Central Uni- 133,000. In all South America there

versity of Caracas, than whom there all the young men who come down is no higher authority in Venezuela, here to teach that they must leave be- for Venezuela the figures were sixty- hind them any great hope of working eight and eight-tenths per cent. The any moral transformation in the charshadow of that heritage rests on only acter of these boys. I have worked six per cent of British blood, rests on among them for years and I have alonly seven per cent of French blood; most given up hope. I like them. it rests on between twenty-five and They have, many of them, fine qualififty per cent of the blood of South ties, but in the matter of purity I de- America. And if one says, as he may spair." I asked a friend from China truly say, that some allowance must the other day what was the proportion be made for many men and women of students in his college of whom he who live faithfully together without could say that they were leading ever having been legally married, the morally clean and unsullied lives. He reply is that while that abates a little said he believed that in the college in the darkness of the moral stain, it China from which he came perhaps flings the responsibility back on the fifty per cent of the students were men great instit.ution which is responsible whose lives were morally untainted. for the fact of their not having been Perhaps he erred in his estimate, but married. In so far as you relieve in if there is need on moral grounds for this way the moral situation you re- maintaining missions in the Chinese lieve it only by deepening the evidence Empire, as there indubitably is, or for of religious need. pure religion in the United States, I believe there is need also in South And one can not leave the matter America. with a reference only to these naked mathematical facts. Mr. Hale de- If religion has nothing to do with clares in his book on South America, morals, if religion has no connection "Male chastity is practically unknown. whatever with a clean life, then we There is a tone of immorality running can save ourselves the trouble of through all South American life." But carrying religion into Latin America, there are chaste men and they mourn or elsewhere. But if religion is inmost deeply the condition which they dissolubly connected with a life that .are the first to describe to you. I keeps itself unspotted from the world, asked men in various cities where there is need of our carrying our gosthere were students, men who knew pel down into Latin America as truly the students of South America, some as of spreading it in our own land or of them students themselves, what of carrying it over into Asia. And their experience had been regarding the worst of it all is the fact that in the moral phase of student life. All Latin America the lips which should these men said that they could count be the first to speak in rebuke of unin too small numbers the students cleanness are silent and the lives which whom they knew who were living un- should be themselves the models of sullied moral lives. One man not a purity and holiness-I mean the lives missionary, who had been teaching for of the religious teachers of South years in a South American school, told America-are, not always we can me : "I think you ought to explain to thank God, but too often, the very

THE SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

lives that are appealed to by those who lect easy-going confessors who pass wish to live themselves the corrupt and over everything and then give absoluthe decadent life. tion; and there are not wanting others whose confession is nothing more than One would hesitate to express this a sad routine practised between one judgment on any other authority than sin and another, to their own decepthe highest in the South American tion-well known is the life they lead, churches. I have here the last pas- and where it will end." toralletter of the Archbishop of Venezuela to the clergy throughout the Re- The priest who took us around the public of Venezuela printed in full in great school of some French fathers the leading paper in Caracas. In the in one city in South America told the section of his pastoral letter on chas- man who introduced me to him, in tity, these are the words that he uses: answer to his question, that he thought about one-half of their priests in Chile An Archbishop'. Letter were men who were leading clean, moral lives. We will believe that there "Scandal in the parish or town were more. But we asked a priest in takes on unmeasured proportions: the Colombia who made a long journey dishonored priest is lost once for all, with us, how many priests he knew the enemies of the church triumph be- who were clean and pure men; and he cause of the shameful fall, and good said that out of the eighteen priests souls retire to groan in secret and to whom he knew intimately, there was cry to the Lord to free them from this only one who was leading a clean abomination. And even if the sin is moral life. If there is need of carryhidden, yet is it revealed through every ing the gospel to Japan-and there is guise in the dead parish, the deserted the deepest need, as men like Count church, in the tiresome preaching, un- Okuma and Baron Mayajima have fruitful works of mere routine, with- told us, on moral grounds-if there out fervor or piety, in the house -of the is need of carrying the gospel to priest, who breathes only a worldly at- China, if there is need in the United mosphere; in his reading, in his oc- States, there is need also of carrying cupations and the tedium at the things the gospel to South America. If we of God. Why do we note the sudden are excused from carrying the gospel spiritual decline of a priest who until to South America, we are excused yesterday was active and devout? from carrying the gospel to the Chi- Why do we see him destroying little nese Empire, which, on moral grounds, by little that which promised to be a is as well able to get along without fruitful apostolate, but now ap- the living and the cleansing Christ as proaches mysterious and mournful South America or ourselves. ruin? Ah! if we could penetrate the veil of his secret life, we should know Their Direct Appeal. that the one cause of this humiliating and opprobrious decay is in nothing In the third place, our spiritual obother than the hidden corruption of ligation to the Latin-American lands his heart and life. . . . And yet there rests upon the appeal which these are priests who only rarely go to con- lands are making to us for the help fession, and others who never con- which they know can come to them fess at all! There are those who se-

only from without. From the very women who could come out to estab- beginning the best men in the Latin~ lish normal-schools to train the teach- American lands have desired this help. ers for the Argentine. In 1882, Presi- I was reading the other day part of dent Barrios of Guatemala requested a speech made by Alberdi, one of the the Presbyterians to open a mission in great Argentine publicists, in the days Guatemala, and offered to payout of of the struggle over the question of re- his own pocket the expense of bringligious toleration in South America. ing the first missionaries there. In "South America," he said, "reduced to 1884, President Rosa of the Argentine, Catho.1icism with the exclusion of any at a great Protestant celebration in other cult represents a solitary and si- Buenos Ayres, attributed to the inlent convent of monks. The dilemma fluence of missionaries a large part of is fatal-either Catholic and unpopu- the progress that the Argentine Related or populated and prosperous and public had made and besought them tolerant in the matter of religion. To to increase the field of their operations invite the Anglo-Saxon race and the and to enlarge their zeal. I read peoples of Germany, Sweden and while in South America the report of Switzerland and to deny them the ex- the debate in the House of Deputies ercise of their worship is to offer them of the Republic of the Argentine over a sham hospitality and to exhibit a the question as to whether they should false liberalism. To exclude the dis- subsidize what are known as the Arsenting cults is to exclude the Eng- gentine Evangelical School's. Those lish, the Germans and' Swiss and the are the schools of one of the most re- North Americans who are not Catho- markable men I met in South Amerlics; that is to say, the inhabitants ica, the Rev. William C. Morris of the whom this continent most needs. To Church of England. He has gathered b~ing them without their cult is to seven thousand little waifs off the bring them without the agent which streets of the city of Buenos Ayres. makes them what they are, and to Single-handed he has built up agencies compel them to live without religion to train those seven thousand little, or become atheists." The best senti- ignorant, neglected children. The Arment of South America has taken that gentine Republic recognized the value attitude from the beginning. Some of what he was doing, and against the governments are willing to pay money protest of a bishop deputy the Argennow for immigrants from other lands. tine Congress voted a subsidy and is And it is not only for immigration, voting now fifty thousand dollars a including Protestant immigration, that year to maintain those Argentine Evanthey have asked. Many of the great gelical Schools, openly called evanmissionary activities begun in Latin gelical, on the ground, as Deputy America have been begun at the direct Lacasa said, that "if this work does request of the Latin-American peoples not deserve the attention and support themselves. When Dr. William Good- of the authoritIes of our nation, if this fellow, a missionary, was coming home work is not excellent and praisefrom the Argentine seventy years ago, worthy, then I do not know where to President Sarmiento commissioned look for those good works which our him to engage, in the United States, Christian religion commands us to

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

perform." What the first text-book of only a small part of the priests were the Student Volunteer Movement capable of preaching to the people. stated in regard to Latin America is What are a few hundred men to six in large measure true. Our great mis- millions of people in a great republic sionary foundations laid in South just now taking on its national form? America have been laid in response to a demand coming from the people I went to one section in the city of of Latin America themselves. I ask Santiago, one of the best-supplied you, fellow students, whether it is to cities in South America, where there be regarded as illegitimate to respond were more than ten thousand people to a great cry of human need? On and only one priest trying in an inadthe ground of South America's con- equate way to reach all those great stant request for the help which she multitudes of people. You can travel wants from without, the United States miles and miles in central South and Canada owe a deep and undis- America without even seeing a Cathocharged obligation to these lands. lic church or a Catholic priest. On all the long reach of the Magdalena A Great Religious Need River, from its mouth at Barranquilla up to the city of Honda, more than six In the fourth place, altho I have no hundred miles, I think I counted only doubt that this appeal from Latin four or five Catholic churches, not all America rests rather on the ground of with priests, ministering to the thouits recognition of its intellectual and sands of people of that great river moral need, yet back of that intel- valley. Great regions everywhere are lectual and moral need lies the funda- neglected. The agencies that are mental religious need. All intellectual there are utterly inadequate to cope and moral need at last roots itself back with the religious needs of South into great religious need. And be- America, even if they were spiritually hind these various considerations of capable of doing so. which I have been speaking is the profound religious need of South Amer- And then such agencies as are there ica. have no living general hold upon the . You see it, for one thing, in the in- people. That was the lament of a adequacy of the forces that are now priest in the Argentine. He told us there attempting to meet the religious that his order had actually asked the necessities of the people. The Roma3 Pope to allow them to lay aside their Catholic Church, even if it were qua:- clerical dress in order that they.might ified to do so, does not have enough put on laymen's garb and go down priests to minister to the religious need among the people, because they were of Latin America. One of the good so despised and reviled in their clerical men we met in South America was a garb that they were not even allowed priest in the city of Buenos Ayres. He to evangelize in the homes of the peotold me there were less than a ple. He said that if they walked along thousand priests, counting all the the street and a woman saw them she secular clergy, in the whole of the Ar- ran and knocked on iron to break the gentine, and that many of them were bad luck of having seen a priest. I men too ignorant even to teach; that went down the street with a friend of mine who was a clergyman in the

Scotch Church, in the city of Buenos visited was full, and that was filled Ayres, and he was clad in clerical in part with sisters and little children dress; school-girls on the street, chil- from the schools. There were not, I dren of good appearance, turned and judged, one hundred and fifty men in hissed at him .and called him names as anyone of the churches of that city we passed by, because they thought he on one of the greatest feast days of was a priest. In Peru the great comic the whole year. In Holy Week the paper is called Fray K Bezon. If you demonstrations are great, but priests pronounce the syllables rapidly they in Buenos Ayres told us that the real run into words which mean "fat- influence and hold of the Church upon headed priest." It is widely read. And the people was nothing in comparison what do you think the jokes in it are? with its strength in the United States.

Simply the matter-of-fact tales which The people of South America are a the editor of the paper prints week people practically without any real re- after week, without fear of libel suits, ligion. It does not matter what the of the personal immoralities and scan- census says about their nominal ec- dals in the life of the clergy of Peru. clesiastical connections. We are look- The Churches and Preaching ing out upon forty millions of people, the great majority of whom the South And not only does the Church not Americans themselves say have no re- command the general respect of the ligious faith. The men have for the people for its priesthood, but also the most part only a nominal connection people do not throng the churches in with the Church or none at all. And Latin America. We have an idea that they have none because they have no all the people of Latin America are access, the great mass of them, to any devoted to one great religious institu- living religious faith. Here and there tion that has been there all these years. surely there are good priests; we met I am inclined to think that in our some devout, lovable men; but for the towns here you will find twice as many great mass of the people there is no people every Sunday, in proportion to access to the living Christ at all. He the population, in the churches as you is hidden in the churches, behind saints wiII find in the churches of the most or symbols. We were in churches where religious towns of South America. there was no figure of Christ even be- We were in the city of Arequipa in hind the chancel, in many churches Peru on one of the most sacred days where the figure of Mary was high of the Church in South America. They above all figures of Christ, and where, told us that Arequipa was the most high above all the figures, would be fanatical city in Peru, that there we such an inscription as "Gloria a should find all the churches thronged Maria." Cut right into the stone walls with men. All the shops were shut. of the old Jesuit church in the an- It was a holy day in the city. We cient city of Cuzco you read the words, visited five of the leading churches, in- "Come unto Mary, all ye that labor cluding the cathedral. In the ca- and are heavy laden, and she will thedral there were not fifty people, give you rest." I wonder sometimes men, women and children, at the main whether that old word about a sword service. Only one church which we piercing through her heart might not

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

refer rather to the sufferings· of the tinue to brutalize and degrade more humble and loyal soul of the mother and more these people? Why exist so of our Lord to-day as among forty many parishes which are true cememillions of people she sees her be- teries of souls dead to God, in· despite loved and divine Son hidden behind of the fact that there stands the church her human motherhood. All our edifice, there is Jesus Christ in the hearts are reverent toward the mother Sacrament Adorable, there is the priest of our Lord, and we can understand with his marvelous powers to sanctify what it was in the history of the the souls? The only reason is that Church that drove the heart of hu- the parish priest does not faithfully manity, when it was denied any rest- perform his duties, he does not lay ing-place on a humanity in Christ, to hold upon and generously shoulder the the humanity of Christ's mother-we charge he has accepted, and, as many can understand all that, but we can Christians who take of the gospel not ignore the conditions that have only so much as suits them, so he takes come to prevail where the Church has up only those duties which do not concealed the real Savior behind the trouble him much-more than all, mother who bore Him. those that produce most income. They do not preach, or, if so, it is only to And what the people see of Christ tire and annoy the few hearers. What is no real picture of Him. We went living word could come from a sacerto more than eighty churches in South dotal soul dead to the palpitations of America. In not one of all those the grace and the activity of pastoral churches was there a symbol or a zeal? There is no catechism cIasspicture or a suggestion of the resur- and if there is, it is in this sense: that rection or of the ascension-not one. this work is for the priest a disagree- In every case Christ was either dead ble task, for which he has neither inupon the cross or He was a ghastly telligence nor heart, and which he figure, lying in a grave. Where is the ends by handing over to the school or living Christ? a man cries out again to the women! Service, attention and and again as he travels up and down care and frequent visiting of the sick, South America and no voice answers in order to lead them as by the hand him in reply. He is not there because, to the gates of eternity, is an unknown once more, the men who ought to be thing to him. Poor sick ones that fall His representatives and preach His into the hands of such priests! And gospel there are silent regarding Him. this, when they do not abandon the Once more, this is not my opinion. sufferers entirely under any mere pre- Let me read you another section from text to escape going to their aid in this pastoral letter of the Archbishop their extremity supreme. . . . And of Venezuela: we will not say more, for we should be interminable, if we were to enumerate "Nearly all the clergy of the arch- everything. " diocese of Caracas is parochial; there arc more than one hundred parishes, These are not the words of the eneand to-oay all are occupied by pastors, mies of the Church. They are the with few exceptions-those which words of the men within the Church have become mere hamlets. And yet, who lament its shame and its spiritual why does ignorance of religion con-

impotence. Perhaps we speak too clergy were guilty. "I thought," he severely, but can anyone say that con- said, "that one of the best ways to ditions like these constitute no ground diminish the domination and abuses of spiritual obligation to the millions of the clergy in Mexico was to favor of people who are denied by such con- the establishment of other sects which ditions access to the Christ who lives would come in some measure into to save? competition with the Catholic clergy The Need for Protestant Missions and thus cause it to refrain from ex- ercises of which it had been guilty be- And, last of all, our spiritual ob- fore." "His praiseworthy efforts,"

ligation to Latin America lies in the wrote Dr. Pinedo, ex-Minister of Jus- very fact that this Church needs from tice and Public Instruction in the Ar- us and we have a duty to give to it gentine, of Mr. Morris and his schools, the help which only Protestant in- "have had the virtue of awakening the fluence can supply. I asked a true Catholics, who, not to be left behind, priest in Argentine whether he saw have also founded numerous schools any reason why there should not be so that in every way the needy chil- Protestant churches in South Amer- dren are being benefited."

ica. "No," he said. "Why not? We And there are many inside the work together in the United States; Church who realize the necessity of why should we not work together here help from without. I spoke of the in the Argentine? Take our own young priest with whom we traveled in parish here," he said at another time, Colombia, the man who told l1S that "there are one hundred and forty only one out of eighteen of his ac- thousand people in our own parish and quaintances in the priesthood was a only seven per cent of them ever go good man. He was going to visit his inside of a church. Look at this other old father. His heart was sick of the parish with 130,000; with one man abominations in the midst of which and his assistant endeavoring to reach he lived, but, he said, he did not know those 130,000." what his personal duty was. Where Weare wanted to meet great neglect- was he to go? He did not know where ed needs .and to purify and stimulate to go out of the Church. Was his place the forces which ought to be striving in his church, to work there, to purify to meet them. The best men of these and cleanse the institution and to help lands have always seen this. In his the people who lived 'round about him?

book on the relations of Mexico to the He was going to his old father to ask United States, Minister Romero, who him where his path of duty lay. If did as much as any other man to bind only there were strong churches of the together these two neighboring re- evangelical faith in his land some- publics, said that from the very outset thing might be done. Do you mean he had argued for religious toleration to say that we must abandon men like in Mexico because he saw in that the this, that we have no duty to the men best way to remedy the great evils in South America for whom their in- which sprang from the political au- stitution is too strong, and who are thority of the Roman Catholic clergy asking for help from without to come and from the abuses of which the in to enable them to deal with the great

10] THE SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA 34

situation that confronts them? We the cleaner, more progressive, better owe a deep debt to the men, many or educated does South America become, few, scattered up and down South and the nearer you draw to the United America who look for spiritual and States, the darker are the shadows that moral help from without, and who rest on the South American lands. know that the only hope of reforming It is not that we have caused the darktheir own church is through the in- ness, but we have not relieved it. We fluence of Protestant missions. And have begun, but only begun, to disour brethren in the native Protestant charge our commercial obligations to churches have a supreme right to our South America. There is one copaid. per mine in Peru in which a few American men put more money before Our Debt and Duty they took out .a dollar than all the Protestant churches of the world, I These are the grounds briefly put, venture to say, have spent on the evanonly a few of them, of our spiritual gelization of South America for the obligation to these lands. We owe last hundred years. At Cerro de these lands help in their search for Pasco twenty million dollars were put intellectual light. We owe them aid into that one copper mine before anyin their awful battle for moral purity. thing was paid back. The whole We owe them a response to their Protestant Church has not done as brotherly call of need. We owe them much for forty million souls. . And Christ and spiritual freedom. We there is Canada, which has, I believe, owe it to them to call them to their only one little mission in the whole own most deeply cherished ideals. of South America, a mission made up And we have not paid that debt. We of two faithful Canadian Baptist, are not paying that debt to-day. We men and their wives, in the mountains have justly declared a negative po- of Bolivia. Canada has put millions litical doctrine with regard to South of dollars into the lighting plants and America, which has warned Europe the water plants and the electric power to keep her hands off, and we have plants, and it has not put five thousand thought that in that way we fulfilled dollars a year into the evangelization our duty to the South American peo- of South America. We have, I supples. The South American peoples do pose, about forty American missionary not resent the Monroe Doctrine, but organizations working in the Empire they do resent that negative interpre- of Japan, with a popUlation equal to tation of it with· which the American that of the whole of South America, people have been content, which and we have about ten American mistended to shut out the aid which the sionary organizations and two British European nations might have been organizations working in the whole glad to carry in, and which has not South American continent. replaced it with any brotherly help from near at hand. We have had our obligations staring us in the face for a hundred years, and It is a lamentable fact that the we have passed the needy men at our darkest part of South America is the door mercilessly by. Surely now at part nearest to the United States and last the day has come for us to take Canada. The further you get away from the United States and Canada,

up our obligation to these Latin-Amer- land with thousands of fresh imican peoples. Now, more than in any migrants pouring in every year. Do other day, the need is pressing upon you suppose that these republics can us. If we do not give help now, South be built without religion, that these America will become the stronghold nations can ever fulfil their God-apof all the reactionary and the ob- pointed destinies if they drift, as they scurantist elements of the Church of are drifting to-day, into a hard, Rome, and a situation will be produced atheistic materialism? In the interest which even the Church of Rome itself, of these South American nations, with all of its best purposes and its which will be our neighbors forever, best energies, will not be able to deal and which are to exercise a steadily with. Priests from the other lands increasing influence upon our own are pouring in, from the Philippines, life, we are bound to go in with the from France, from Andalusia, from. spiritual forces of the gospel of the Italy, from Belgium, all those priests living Christ. who are not wanted in their own lands are gathering now in South America. We are called to these republics to- They have already prest in. There day because they offer men as good are good men among them, but there opportunity for life investment as men are others, too, and the people them- can find anywhere else in the world. selves begin to resent their coming. I stood one day, only a few months The Sunday before we got to Bogota ago, beside a great brown marble there was a riot in the city, which the block in the Protestant cemetery in troops had to be brought out to quell, the city of Valparaiso; all around in which the artizans started to tear were the evidences of the earthquake, down the school of the Silesian Fa- great stones twisted awry, but this thers in Bogota on the ground that they stone stood stedfast among them all. did not want or were not going to It was the burial-place of old David stand this invasion of foreign priests, Trumbull, who for forty-three years especially those whose influence on in- had stood like a great rock in the city dustrial conditions, perhaps quite un- of Valparaiso, leaving his influence on justly, they feared. We are bound to that city, and also in a real way on the press in for the help of the South national life of Chile, in which he was American peoples before reactionary one of the great forces that brought men get into the religious control of about the laws which gave effect to the religion and education of the South religious toleration, provided for civil American continent. marriage and the secularization of the cemeteries, and helped to open the We are bound to press in there to- gates wide for the preaching of the day because those great republics are gospel up and down the length of the now in their formative life. Look at Chilean RepUblic. There are all over the six millions of people in the Ar- South America opportunities for men gentine, one of the livest, most eager to live under changed conditions, such countries in the world, with a fourth lives as David Trumbull lived in the or fifth of its whole population in its city of Valparaiso, such lives as Wilcapital city of Buenos Ayres, a city liam C. Morris is living to-day in tlle with half a million Italians in it, a city of Buenos Ayres, as many men

THE SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

are living now in many places. If against the stanchions of the lower men and women are looking for a deck. I fell asleep again, but sud- chance for life investment where they denly was awakened by the sound of can not only change the characters of a plunging body in the water and a men, but where they can make a real rush of footsteps on the lower deck contribution toward forming the char- and excited voices whispering, and acters of great republics, South Amer- then a half-strangled, pitiful cry, "Oh, ica is a field calling to them. hombre," literally, "Oh, man," but The Passing Opportunity truly also, "Oh, brother! Oh, friend!" and then a gurgling sound and .a swirl And, last of all, men are passing, of the brown waters rushing by, and and passing fast, there. The genera- all was still. After a little while the tions of South America do not last work was done, the men came aboard, longer than the generations of Asia, the ropes were thrown off, and our or North America; and year by year, boat went sobbing on its way up the while we wait, men go whither we can stream. In the morning we asked the not follow. If men need Christ any- captain what had been the trouble, and where, they need Him there also, and he said that it was a Colombian private they need Him before they die. Just soldier who had been sleeping on the about two months ago, our boat tied unfenced lower deck and rolled off up one night along the east bank of in his sleep into the water, that no- the Magdalena River. It was an old- body had seen him go; they had heard fashioned stern-wheel river-boat, burn- his cry but were too late to help him, ing wood, and every three or four and the man was gone.

hours we had to stop to take on fresh Often on that river journey and fuel. Ve were still in the lower often in the days that have passed reaches of the river and it was possible since, it has seemed to me that I could to run by night. We had fallen asleep hear that only half-conscious strangled in the earlier part of the evening, but cry sounding in my ears, "Oh, friend!

were awakened as the boat tied up to Oh, friend)" and that it was the cry the shore, and the men ran out with of many millions of South American the gangway, and began to bring on peoples making earnest, if silent, .ap- the wood. Here and there we saw the peal for the things that in Christ we glare of the torches against the tropical have to give. "Oh, friend!" That forest and then heard the murmur of voice calls to you men and women of the boatmen as they carried on the North America. Will it find in you great racks of fuel and piled it up the heart of a friend, to reply?

CHRIST'S MISSIONARY PROGRAM, MATTHEW 9:36-10:8 KNOW ~ Study Missions-Read Books. Missionary :Meetings-Regular-Powerful. "Harvest Plenteous-Laborers Few" I Missionary Days–Al1nivers arie s. PRAY The Church and the Field.

"Pray ye the Lord of the Harvest" Privately-Definitely-Regularly.

GIVE { The Prayer Circ1e-Groups-Agreement. Public-Dependence on God. "Freely ye Have Rec:eived, Freely Give" i Systematically. GO-PREACH W eekly-Monthly-Annually. Proportionate1y. ·'A. ye Go Preach-HeaJ," Cheerfully-As a Privilege. Yourself-Sons-Daughters-Friends.

{ Student Voluntecrs. Pastors-Christian Workers.

100' /80''' /t50~ /40" 120" 100" BO'

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Coan, Adoniram Judson Wm. Goodell, Crosby H. Wheeler J. E

of HalVaii of Burma of Turkey of Asia Minor of Madura FAMOUS MISSIONARIES SENT OUT BY THE AMERICAN BOARD A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE AMERICAN BOARD BY EDWARD WARREN CAPEN, PH.D.

A little more than a hundred years in the recently organized theological ago the religion of New England, as seminary at Andover, appeared before of other parts of the country, was ap- the Massachusetts General Associaparently in a dying condition. The tion, then in session at Bradford, near college church at Yale was almost ex- Haverhill, and presented their "statetinct, most of the students were skep- ment and inquiries," which breathe a tics, and Princeton College was no spirit of humility and aggressiveness, better. Christian leaders were every- of tact and determination. This hiswhere mourning the prevalence of cor- toric document read as follows: ruption, drunkenness, and licentiousness. Yet in the midst of these very The undersigned, members of the Diconditions there was organized the vinity College, respectfully request the pioneer among the foreign mission attention of their Reverend Fathers,' conboards of the United States. Next vened in the General Association at Brad- October the American Board of Com,. ford, to the following statement and inmissioners for Foreign Missions is to quiries: celebrate its centennial. This event has a significance to others besides the They beg to state, that their minds' Congregational churches, which use have long been imprest with the duty this society as their agent for work and importance of personally attempting abroad. It was conceived on broad a mission to the heathen; that the imlines, and for more than half its ex- pressions on their minds have induced a istence has been under the control of serious and, they trust, a prayerful conno single church or denomination. sideration of the subject in its various How did the American Board come attitudes, particularly in relation to the into existence? What has been the probable success and the difficulties atgrowth of its work? For what prin- tending such an attempt; and that, after ciples has it stood? examining all the information which they can obtain, thcy consider themselves as Origin of American Board devoted to this work for life, whenever God, in His providence, shall open the It was on the afternoon of June 28, way. 1810, that four young men, students They now offer the following inquiries, on which they solicit the opinion and ad- vice of this Association. Whether, with their present views and feelings, they ought to renounce the object of missions,

as either visionary or impracticable; if of religion there came usually a renot, whether they ought to direct their newal of these efforts. At the close attention to the Eastern or Western of the eighteenth century and the beworld; whether they may expect patron- ginning of the nineteenth, there was a age and support from a missionary so- vigorous development of home misciety in this country, or must commit sions, some of the leaders of which, themselves to the direction of a Euro- like Dr. Worcester, had dreams of pean society; and what preparatory work beyond the seas. This ideal had measures they ought to take, previous to fired Rev. Cotton Mather as early as actual engagement. r7IO to urge the colonists to emulate the example of the Jesuit, Dutch, and The undersigned, feeling their youth Danish missionaries in the Far East. and inexperience, look up to their fathers During the last decade of the eightin the Church, and respectfully solicit eenth century American Christians their advice, direction, and prayers. were mo:;;t sympathetic observers of the renaissance of missionary zeal AOONIRAM JUDSON, JR. among the Protestant Christians of Great Britain. A few of the British SAMUEL NOTT, JR. missionaries went to the East by way of the United States. The re- SAMUEL J. MILLS, ligious magazines here contained the latest missionary intelligence. More SAMUEL NEWELL. than this, William Carey was receiv- ing considerable sums of money from The statement was referred to a his American admirers and helpers. committee, on which was Rev. Samuel Worcester, of Salem, who had been When, therefore, the group of one of the young men's advisers. The young men at Williams College, unnext day the committee reported and der the lead of Samuel J. Mills, Jr., the association appointed the original held their historic prayer-meeting bemembers of the American Board of side the haystack, in the summer of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, r806, and two years later organized who met the following September in their missionary society, The Breth- Farmington, Conn., adopted a con- ren, the object of which was "to efstitution, and chose officers. These fect in the persons of its members a momentous steps were taken unani- mission, or missions, to the heathen," mously and without any long discus- they were but embodying in tangible sion, but this does not mean that they fashion the purposes of hundreds of were sudden or unpremeditated. the people of America. These young students from Williamstown presently The missionary interest of the joined others of like mind at Andover Christians of America had never Seminary, the founders of which had ceased since the granting of the co- as one of their distinct purposes the lonial charters, one distinct purpose training of foreign missionaries. The of which was that of preaching the result of their association at Andover gospel to the heathen of the West; that was the decision that four of their is, the American Indians. Many illus- number should present an application trious names, such as those of John Eliot, Thomas Mayhew, David Brainerd, and John Sergeant, testify to the zeal of the colonists, who did not let the severe struggle to obtain homes and protection for themselves and their families interfere with their missionary work. With each revival

A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS

to the General Association at Brad- bers among its members and support- ford .. ers a few who belong in other communions. Even in recent years sev- The organization of the American eral of its strongest and ablest mis- Board was followed by consultation sionaries, both men and women, have with the London Missionary Society, been trained in other denominations. which was willing to commission J ud- son and three of his friends, and Growth of th… Work finally in 1812 five young men sailed for India under the American Board. The same comprehensiveness char- On the voyage out one of each of the acterized from the beginning the two companies, Judson and Rice, be- American Board's view of its field. came Baptists by conviction. The At present its territory is well de- . news of their change called into being fined, but in the early days, when it the American Baptist Missionary was almost the only channel for mis- Union. Thus, at the very beginning sionary work abroad available to the American noard was indirectiy the American Christians, it regarded the occasion for the starting of a sister whole world as its field and sought organization. The Board itself was earnestly by exploration and exper- never narrowly sectarian. Vhile it imentation to discover which countries was organized by Congregationalists. offered the best opportunities. With- in 1812 eight new members were add- in about a quarter of a century work ed, belonging to other churches, six had been begun or investigations had of them Presbyterians, and the num- been made or planned in nearly every ber of the latter was greatly increased field ever occupied by AmeriCan Chris- after the absorption into the American tians, and in some regions which now, Board in 1826 of the United Foreign a century later, are still unoccupied. Missionary Society, which had been North Africa, including Egypt, had formed in 1817 by Christians of the been explored and missions established Presbyterian type. The Old School in the western and southern parts of Presbyterians withdrew in 1837, but the continent. Missionaries had work- the New School Presbyterians con- ed in Palestine, Syria, including Beirut tinued this relation until 1870, when, and the Lebanon, in Smyrna and in after the union of the two schools, the Greece. The press at Malta had Board surrendered to the Presbyterians printed thousands of copies of the the Persian, Syrian, Gaboon, Seneca, Bible and Christian literature. Con- and Ojibway missions. The German stantinople, Broosa, Trebizond, in- Reformed and Dutch Reformed terior Armenia, and Persia were the churches also used the American homes of Christian workers. The ex- Board as their agent abroad. The ploration of Afghanistan and Tibet latter withdrew in 1857 after a quarter was under consideration. Work was of a century of cooperation, and took well established in western and south- with them the Arcot Mission in India ern India and in Ceylon. Two mis- and the Amoy Mission in China. Even sionaries had laid down their lives to-day, when the American Board di- while exploring Sumatra. Siam, Java, rectly represents the Congregational Borneo, Singapore, and Canton, China, churches of the United States, it num- were early occupied; Hawaii was

being transformed, and an attempt had great empires of China and Turkey, been made to reach the Marquesas each of which has four missions. Af- Islands. Patagonia, Mexico, and rica comes next with three, followed other countries in Central and South by India with two. The work in America had been visited to see Japan is very extensive, but it is orwhether the freedom from Catholic ganized in but one mission. Ceylon, Spain meant freedom to preach the Micronesia, the Philippines, Austria, gospel. Spain, and Mexico contain the six remaining missions. To man this True to the traditions of colonial work, with its 107 stations and 1,395 America, the American Board was out-stations, there are 581 missionalso using vigorous measures to reach aries, 202 of whom are men, and each the Indians in the Eastern, Southern, missionary is assisted by an average Central, and Western States, extend- of eight native assistants-4,564 in all. ing its work even to the Pacific coast. The statistical showing for the cen- The work for the American Indians tury and for the present time is sumwas all but ruined by the forced mi- marized in a table at the close of this gration of the tribes to districts far- article. ther west, and what remained was finally transferred to home missionary Policies of the American Board organizations, the final transfer, that of the Dakota mission, occming in The American Board has done more 1883. Of the foreign centers some than any statistics indicate; it has were soon abandoned in order to se- stood for certain great principles of cure greater concentration of effort missionary policy, which most of the upon strategic points or because of greatest mission boards have now lack of funds or suitable opportunities. adopted with more or less complete- With the opening of China, the work ness. there was expanded, the Pacific Islands work also gradually grew, the Micro- From the beginning, the American nesian mission being started in 1852, Board has taken the broadest and Japan received its first missionaries most comprehensive view of the obfrom the American Board in 1869, and ject of foreign missions. The early the work in the Catholic countries was secretaries declared that the purpose begun in accordance with a vote of of the missionary was nothing short the American Board at its meeting in of the complete Christianization and 1871. civilization of whole peoples. In giv- ing instructions to the missionaries to The receipts of the American Board Hawaii in 1827, the officers declared for its first year were $999.52. The that the missionary required more income has steadily increased during than piety or mere religious feeling, the century until for the last fiscal that every power of intellect would be year it amounted to nearly one thou- of use and that the people must be sand times the first sum, or $947,- formed "into a reading, thinking, cul- 163.25. This amount was spent in tivated state of society, with all its maintaining work in twenty missions. schools and seminaries, its arts and in- Of these twenty, the largest numbers stitutions." This missiEln policy, which of missions are found in the two starts with the conversion of the in- dividual, but which reaches out to-

Church and dispenfa ry in Na tal, So. Africa. 4. Mission H ospital, lfadura

2. Ma ra thi Missi on Church , Bombay, India. 5. U ndu vil Girls' School. Ceylon. 3. North China Union College, Tungchou. 6. Science Building, Doshjsha, Japan.

TYPES OF M ISSION .IlUILDINGS OF TH E AMERICAN llOARD

S. B. Fairbanks, Peter Parker, M.D., Hiram Bingham, D.D

Mar.thi. India of China of Micronesia Alice Gordon Gulick, M. L. Gordon, Horace Tracy Pitkin, Josiah Tyler, of Spain of Japan of China of South Africa SOME LEADING MISSIONAIUES OF THE AMERICAN BOARD

A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS

ward the transformation of nations, These strong missionaries have al- and is not satisfied until countries have ways seen the importance of educa- been Christianized, was clearly enun- tional work if the Church abroad is to ciated by those great missionary states- be intelligent and influential and is to men Samuel Worcester and Jeremiah have native leaders of ability. As Evarts. It is believed in by the Amer- early as 1823 steps were taken to es- ican Board to-day and is one of the tablish an institution of higher educa- chief justifications for many of the tion in Ceylon, and the only reason lines of work maintained by its mis- why Ceylon did not have the pioneer sions. American missionary college is that the colonial government refused to ad- Work of this nature can be carried mit a single additional American mis- on successfully only by men of a sionary. Without reenforcements large caliber and the best ability ob- nothing could be done and the project tainable. At a time when British so- fell through. There was a time in cieties were sending out men of the middle of the last century when meager education, the American the educational work was carried on Board resolved to give a commission solely in the vernacular, and it was as a full missionary only to those who practically limited to the Christian had had the best possible training. community and those in training for The effect of this is seen in South Af- Christian service. This was..a de- rica. This is a region where the path parture from the earlier policy, and of the missionary has not been a bed was finally abandoned. It meant, how- of roses and where much friction has ever, that the founders of Robert Col- developed between some missionaries lege, Constantinople, and the Syrian and the colonists, Boer and British Protestant College at Beirut, had to alike. The members of the Zulu mis- resign from the Board when they en- sion have commanded respect by sheer tered upon their work of creating force of ability and character, and one those mighty institutions for the of the earlier men was not only in- Christianization of Turkey. Now, vited by the Boer colonists to become however, this narrowness of view has their pastor, but had a town named given way to a belief that education is in his honor. The American Board a powerful force for the Christianiza- has furnished to the United States tion of the world, and that the col- Government no fewer than four of the leges should be training-schools for men who have held the responsible po- Christian leadership in the Church and sition of interpreter to the legation at the community. The American Board Peking. Three missionaries in India admits frankly that there are dangers and one in Japan have been decorated in higher education and that too large by the sovereign for services rendered. a proportion of the energy and funds The future historian of the Turkish available may be drawn off into it; . Empire will have much to say of the but at the same time it adheres to its epoch-making work of three Chris- belief that the day-school and the Sun- tian educators, Cyrus Hamlin, Daniel day-school, the college and the church, Bliss, and George Vvashburn, all of must stand side by side, and that whom went Qut as missionaries of the neither can do its best work without American Board.

the assistance of the other. The in- the Levant. Dr. Greene, of Ceylon, fluence of the Doshisha in Japan and Dr. Parker, of Canton, and their sucof nearly ten college~ and higher cessors of the twentieth century have schools in the Turkish Empire testify done great things for the gospel to the soundness of this policy. through following in the footsteps of the Great Physician. The American Board has also believed in the value of industrial train- In the field of letters, too, the Amering. Its missions among the North ican Board has taken an honorable po- American Indians were largely in- sition. The late Dr. Hiram Bingham, dustrial, the Hawaiian Island mission whose devoted labors to give the Bible was designed to teach the people the and Christian literature to the Gilbertarts of civilization as well as the truth ese were continued to the very end, of Christianity. These objects were was but one of a long line of misattained only in part, but still the sionaries who have sought to reach American Board believes that indus- the heart through the eye. The press trial training has its place in seeking of the board at Malta, which was later to make the Christian community self- divided and is now represented by the reliant. In recent years it has not mission presses at Constantinople and gone into industrial work on a large Beirut, printed the Scriptures in all scale; but it has found it useful in con- the languages of the Levant. In the nectien with schools and orphanages, Marathi and Tamil Christian literaand for the training of the Christians ture the names of its missionaries apin habits of effective industry. pear. The Hawaiian language was reduced to writing by its workers, and Medical work has been another ave- to-day in the great work of Bible renue of approach which has been be- vision in North China the American lieved in from the earliest days. It Board is honored by representation was in 1819 that Dr. John Scudder, on each of the two committees. a practising physician of New York City, was sent as a missionary to Cey- Yet, after all, the American Board lon. He at once set to work to train has never lost sight of the fact that a native physician, who did not long its supreme work is spiritual, and into survive the completion of his training. the task of evangelizing the nations Dr. Peter Parker holds an honorable and developing strong native churches place in the history of medical mis- it has put and is putting to-day its sions in China, and the work which he best energies. Education of every began in Canton has continued until grade, medical and literary work, are to-day. The missionary physicians only means, never ends, and they are have not only tried themselves to re- used simply as a means of putting the lieve suffering and open hearts to the Christian impress upon men and nagospel by caring for diseased bodies, tions and raising up a native church but they have sought and are seeking and' Christian community which shall to train a body of native doctors to do be strong enough to stand by itself, the work for their own people. The direct its own affairs, and conduct an medical school at Beirut, the foster- aggressive campaign. The genius of child of the American Board, has sent the ecclesiastical polities in hich its its graduates all through Syria and missionaries have been trained is to

A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS

put the responsibility upon the Chris- tive church to a share in this respon- tians themselves. While the Amer- sibility. In a few instances in Turkey ican Board has had no monopoly of and in Japan, a further step has been the principles of self-support and self- taken and self-governing Christian or- direction, it has gone further in this ganizations have been subsidized by direction than many, if not most, of the mission. This policy has, on the the other similar organizations. In whole, been sticcessful, and with the fact, in one notable instance it went present nationalistic movements in the too far, and withdrew from the East the tendency is increasingly In Hawaiian Islands before the native this direction.

Christians were prepared to stand The policy of the missionaries of alone. In Japan, too, there have been the American Board on the field has times when the outlook has been dark, never been narrowly sectarian. Sec- and there are some missionaries to- retary Worcester, in his instructions day who believe that the policy of the to the first missionaries in 1812, said: American Board there is a good illus- "The Christian missionaries of every tration of how not to conduct mis- Protestant denomination, sent from sionary operations. When all due al- Europe to the East, you will regard lowance has been made for mistakes, as your brethren; the servants of the the American Board still believes the same Master, and engaged in the same results are their own best justification, work with yourselves. With them for the Kumi-ai body is generally ad- your only competition will be, who mitted to be second to no Christian shall display most of the spirit, and church in Japan to-day in self-reliance do most for the honor of Christ; with and aggressiveness. The relations be- . them you will be ready to cultivate tween the mission and the churches are the best understanding and constantly improving and the Ameri- with them you will cheerfully cooper- can Board is now asked by the J ap- ate, as far as consistently you can, in anese Christians to send out reenforce- any measure for the advancement of ments and open new stations in the the common cause," This was the closest cooperation with the Japanese theory; this was .also the practise, as churches. The Zulu Christians in witness the formation in Bombay in South Africa .and the Christians in 1825 of a missionary union and the the missions in Turkey illustrate the existence of intimate terms of friend- merits of a policy which trusts the ship and even of communion between Christians and calls upon them to the Ceylon missionaries and their Bap- take a large measure of responsibility. tist brethren. Such was the theory The general policy of mission boards and practise a hundred years ago; it has been to insist that the responsibil- is the theory and practise to-day. The ity for the administration of funds American Board missions seek the sent out from the United States must closest cooperation with their neigh- rest solely in the hands of the mission. bors. Its missionaries have been lead- This policy has been followed by the ers in forming the United Church of American Board during most of its South India. In the North China existence, but now the tendency is to Mission all the work of higher educa- go at least as far as admitting the na- tion is carried on jointly by three or

more missions. While individual mis- formidable rival. The new Turkey is sionaries may at times err, the mission indirectly the result of the transform- policy is never to interfere with others, ing influence of Christianity embodied but always to work in the closest har- in the Christian school and college, mony. the Christi ill Church, and the devoted lives of the Protestant Christians. The American Board has not over- looked its responsibility for nominal The American Board was born in Christians. Its present missions in prayer a century ago. Men of faith Mexico, Austria, and Spain are not and of works laid its foundations deep large, but they have been influential and strong. Hundredsand thousands in raising the tone of Christianity in of Christians have given money, the regions touched. Not only is energy, life itself to the development there a strong Protestant community, of the work. And now a new genera- but the Roman Catholic Church itself tion, thankful for the past, is facing has felt the competition of the lofty the future with confidence, and its morality and pure gospel of the mis- leaders are resolving to signalize their sionary, and has had to cleanse itself. entrance into a new century by a for- The educational work for girls in ward movement which shall seek the Madrid has done much for the women speedy Christianization of the 75,000,- of Spain, while from the mission in 000 men, women, and children who Austria have come some of the ablest constitute the field of the American workers among the Slavic population Board of Commissioners for Foreign of the United States. Missions.

The great Moslem world, centering PRESENT WORK OF THE BOARD in Constantinople, early attracted at- tention, but it was found at once that In view of the pressing needs of the little could be do~e for the Moslem di- Board and the importance of an ade- rectly so long as he was face to face quate financial policy of advancement, with a formal, dead, or corrupt Chris- it is well to notice the extent of the tianity, which was often inferior to Board's work at the present time, to- Islam itself. Hence the great work gether with the cost. for the Christian populations in the Turkish Empire and Persia. There The receipts of the Board in 1908- was no intention of organizing a Prot- estant church, but this step was forced 1909 were $953,573.69, including lega- upon the mission by the Eastern cies and income from invested funds. Churches and the government. So Deducting what was paid upon the successful has this work been in leav- debt of preceding years we have $894,- ening these older Christian bodies, 275.83, as the amount disbursed dur- that it is possible that the time will ing the year. This sum was made to come-and sooner than we expect- when the Protestant churches can be cover: merged back into the older organiza- tion and. the combined Christian The salaries of 581 missionaries. . forces can make·a united attack upon the very citadel ofChristianity:'s most The outfits of missionaries newly ap- pointed. The traveling expenses of missionaries going to their lields or returning.

Touring expenses of missionaries on the field. .

Grants for missionaries retired on ac- count of old age or physical infirmity.

The conduct of fifteen colleges.

The conduct of fifteen theological sem- inaries and training schools.

The conduct of 144 high. schools:

A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS

The conduct of 1,309 common. schools India and Southeastern Asia-Continued (70,979 pupils in attendance). Siam ………………………… 1831·1849 Singapore …. '" …………….• 1834-1843 The employment of such of our 4,564 Sumatra ………•….. , •…•.••..• 1834·1836 native workers as are not supported by llomeo ………………………. 1836·1849 native churches. Java ………………………… 1836·1838 The cOllduct of our 71 hospitals alld dis- ChillQpensaries, treating over 300,000 cases. South China (Canton, Hongkong) …. 1829·1866 1883· The conduct of our printing presses and Foochow ………..•.•.••….••••• 1847publication plants which issued millions of North China …………………. . 1854· pages of literature in 27 languages. Shansi ….•.•..•••.••…•..••.•.•• 1882· Amoy .••.•..•…•.•••••….••.•.•• 1~"2-1857 The conduct of our extensive industrial work. Japan ………………………… . 1869· Africa- The administration expenses of the Board, including salaries of officers, clerks, West Central ……………….. .. 1880· ctc., 'expenses of missionaries and speakers South Africa. Zulu (Natal) ..•..•.•• 1835. visiting the c1ll1rches, office expenses at BostOIl, New York, Chicago, and Berkeley, Rhodesia (formerly East Coast) … 1883magazines and Ie'aflets for in forming the West Africa (Cape I'almas) …….. . 18H·1843 churches-cycrything which properly be- Gaboon …………………….. . 184.H870 longs in this class of expenditures. Pacific lslands- With such an extensive missionary .Micronesia •……• ~. •. . . . . . . . . . . .• 1852· plant in operation, every increase ill Philippines …..•..•……..•..•… 1902· receipts adds materially to the work. Hawaiian Islands •….•…•.•.••.•• 1820·1870 The increase of the $I 50,000 contem- RomaH Catholic Cotl1ltries- Italy ………………………… 1872-1874 plated under the Apportionment Plan Spain ……………………….. 1812· would at least double the effectiveness Austria .•..•••••……•..•..•.•.••• 1872· of missionaries, so great are the op- Mexico .•……….••.•….••••••.. 1872· portunities under present conditions. South America ………………… 1823-1825 The receipt of the sums called for would so increase the fruitfulness of N orl It A mericaJJ I ndiaftsthe work in extending Christianity as Abenaquis ……………………. 1835-1858 to make a mathematical statement im- New York Indians ..•……..•.••..• 1822-1870 practicable. Indians £11 Southeastern States- Cherokees ………………….. 1817·1838 By the division of the world field Choctaws …………………… 1818·1833 among the different denominations, Chickasaws •….•..•..•••……•• 1827·1835 75,000,000 persons are assigned as the Creeks …..•..•……..•..••…. 1832-1837 special responsibility of the Congrega- Lo«'er MississiJ'pi Vallcytionalists of America. Cherokees in Arkansas .•..•..•..• 1830-1860 Choctaws in Arkansas ..•……..• 1832-1859 MISSIONS OF THE AMERICAN BOARD Osages ….•……..• _.•….. , . .• 1826-1837 Utter Mississippi Valley- With Dates When the Work Was Begun Pawnees …………………… 1834-1847 Green Bay (Stockbridge) ..•.•••••• 1828-1848 or Taken Over and When it Was Ojiuways …………………… 1831·1870 Ncar Great Lakcs- Closed or Transferred to Other Maumee …………………… 1826-1835 Mackinaw ………………….. 1827·1837 Societies Sioux or Dakota ………… __ ….. 1835-1883 Oregon 1lissioll ..••••.•..•••••.•••• 1835-1852 (The titles of the missions are the final ones, and a mission is said tn have begun when wcrk Statistics of American Boarcl is started in any station belonging to that mission.) ,810-[909 190<) LC'4'ont and l¥c.stct'Jt Asia- European Turkey .•…..•••.•.••••• 1858- Missionaries ..•.•••••.••••.•••••.• 2,572 SSl Western Turkey ('Vestern and North- ern Asia Minor) …………….. 1820- Men ………………………. 1,000 202 Central Turkey (Southeastem Asia Ordained men ……••… , ..•. ~ 762 ••• Minor) …………………….. 1847- Eastern Turkey (Armenia and :Meso· Incillding physicians. .••.•. •• 38 10 potamia) …………………… 1860- Sl~i~ (and Palestine) ………….. 1823·1870 Unordained physicians……. . • 75 22 IOlsla ………………………… 1833-1870 U nordained teachers or business Greece ………………………. 1830·1869 agents…. … …….. … .. 163 12 Mediterranean Islands .•.••.•••••••. 1819-1833 Women …………………….. 1,572 379 I1tdia aud Soutlieastern Asia- lIlarathi, India (Bombay Pl'esidency) •• 1813- Wives.. … . .. .••. .. •••.••••. • 969 185 :/'ladura, India ………………… 1834- Arcot (and Madras) …………… 1836·1857 Unmarried……………….. 603 'Ceylon ….. _" … .. . .. … .. . .. …. 1816- l'hysicians (already included in totals) …. ……….. ……. 14 Receipts- 1810-1909; $39,527,427.29; 1909, $947,163.25 1909 Native Churches ………………….. 584 Members ………………………. 73,611 Contributions, more than ……••..••.•$260,000 Accessiolls-18l0-1909, more than 205,000 5,914 Native workers…………………….. 4.564 Schools ………………………….. 1,483 Scholars ……………………….. 70,979 Theological seminaries …………….. 1S Students, more than •…..•..•.. , " • • 200 Colleges ., ………………….. •.•• ,11 Students in college classes. more than 1,700 Students in preparatory classes. more than …….. …….. …… …• 2,700 Hospitals ..•…..••••.•….•..••.•••••• 28 In·patients, more than……………… 9,300 Operations, more than ………….. "" • 9;200 Dispensaries ………… , …… , … ,'''', 37 Out.patients. more than ……………. 151,000

A FORERUNNER OF

SIR HENRY M.. STANLEY, AND HIS CAREER * EDITORIAL The appearance of this distin- neither the wisdom to read child naguished explorer's life story, two- ture nor the tact to guide it, nor the thirds of which are from his own pen, love to feed it. He passed nine years and the other third largely compiled of misery, under a schoolmaster as from his own writings, has already brutal in temper as he was stupid in corrected many false estimates of the mind, who became more and more author and will surprize not a few savage and ended his days in a madwho have had no adequate conception house. It is charity to suppose he was of the real greatness of this man whose long before this practically insane. original name was John Rowlands. Matters came to an issue when a cruelly unjust flogging of an entire This career of sixty-three years class for a trifling offense where the (1841-1904) was one of the most re- guilty party could not be traced, led markable which modern history fur- this lad to rebel against the master, nishes. It was what we call "check- thrash him with his own blackthorn ered," only that there are more black and then flee from the place. squares than white. The titles of the first twelve chapters sufficiently indi- He had the natural experience of a cate the singular variety of his early homeless, friendless waif who had experiences: "The Workhouse," never known human love or friendly "Adrift," "At Sea," "At Work," "I sympathy, finally finding refuge with Find a Father," "Adrift Again," some relatives, but no real home and "Soldiering," "Shiloh," "Prisoner of no proper training either mental or War," "Journalism," "West and moral, until, like many another hap- East," "A Roving Commission." The lcss wight, he drifted out to sea, shipthirteenth chapter, "The Finding of ping nominally as a cabin-boy, but Livingstone," is the middle chapter really as a slave to a harder master and appropriately, for it marks the than the workhouse overseer. On artrue life-center and pivotal turning- rival at New Orleans, he left ship and point. pay behind, and, once more, for the sake of liberty dared all minor risks, Few who have not read this fas- and started in a strange land and city, cinating life-story know that Stanley penniless and homeless and friendless. began in a Welsh workhouse. His father died shortly after he was born, Wandering about, in search of work, and at six years of age he found him- he met a gentleman of middle age self an inmate of the St. Asaph Union with a genial face, indicating both in- Workhouse, about which the less said telligence and sympathy, to whom he perhaps the better. It was one of those ventured to put the question: "Do asylums that are places of imprison- you want a boy, sir?" It was Mr. ment and torture under the guise of Stanley, who subsequently became to philanthropy-to the young a rack, to him in more senses than one a true the aged a tomb. There he met harsh father, not only adopting him as a son, treatment from an overseer who had but with singular tact, wisdom and • The autobiography of Henry M. Stanley, edited by his wife, published by Houghton, Mifflin Com· pany, Boston and New York. love molding his character. How sight of him for a time, their acquaint- much providentially depends upon ance was renewed, he said to him one what to us is a chance! Mr. and Mrs. day, with no little tenderness of emo- Stanley were childless, and had long tion, "Henceforth J'our future shall be yearned for a boy, and this lad's first my charge t" And what he said he question had startled him-"a boy" made good. Meanwhile his wife had was just what he did want; and God so guided that, not long after, he found HENRY MORTOI'i STANLEY a son in John Rowlands, and gave him a new name, Henry 11orton Stanley. died, and now the wealth of a generous nature was lavished on this boy who One of the steps in this romantic had never known father's or mother's story we must not pass by, for it has love. He took him to his heart, too much significance. The poor boy studied his nature and needs, coun- at St. Asaph's had not learned much seled him, corrected him, guided his that was gooel, but he had got some mind, tamed his temper, trained his knowledge of God's Word, and Bishop judgment. He became a boy again Short had given him a Bible, inscribed for the boy's sake. And tho unwith his name, and testifying to the happily he and Henry later were lad's "diligent application to his parted and never met ag-din, those studies and general good conduct." months of intimate fellowship left an Mr. Stanley saw that Bible sticking indelible mark on the character of the out of his pocket and, opening it, read adopted son. As Stanley himself says, the certificate which unconsciously dis- "The golden period of my life began posed him to befriend the needy boy, from that supreme moment-the moand ultimately to adopt him; It would be pleasant to linger over this part of the history, for it bristles with charming suggestions. Mrs. Stanley was almost an ideal woman, in her combination of refinement and gentleness. Every inch a lady, she was better than a lady, a woman and by instinct a mother; even her occasional contact with John Rowlands, before he became Henry Stanley, was enough to helmet him against the darts of temptation, and inspire him with high aims. She kindled in him faith, hope and love, all at once, and he never lost the talismanic power of that contact. As to Mr. Stanley, we have never seen an illustration of equal pertinency and power, of the Bible concept:on of adoption, than is found in his whole treatment of this strange boy of sixteen. When, after losing

ment when Mr. Stanley took him into scraps of information and gathering his arms as his son, and said to him, such treasures as are only found in "YOtt are to bear my name-Henry such varied experiences, all fitted him Stanley!" as Providence knows how in its pe- How, after this, Stanley again be- culiar school for the unique future came adrift, and ultimately a Con- that awaited him.

federate soldier, prisoner of war, jour- His expedition to find Livingstone nalistic correspondent and extensive was to be kept secret, and he went by traveler, must be left to this auto- a round-about course, arriving at Zan- biography to disclose. We are more zibar, January 6, 1871, and starting concerned with that second "golden for the interior, feeling his way by period" which began when, in October, such indications as only sagacious in- 1869, at twenty-eight years of age, he stinct could recognize. He had used received from Mr. Bennett of the New the time at sea, en route to the Af- York Herald that carte blallche-a rican coast to learn to take astro- commission, at any cost, to find Liv- nomical observations and train himself ingstone! Here Stanley'S real life as a surveyor. November IO, 1871, work found its ttue beginning-and found him at Ujiji, near Lake Tan- at last its goal. ganyika, where he grasped the hand Curiously, that same year, 1841, of the Scotch hero, of whom for three when Livingstone first trod Africa's years no certain word had reached the soil, John Rowlands first breathed the outside world. Twenty-three times breath of life in Wales-one of the Stanley had been prostrated with fe- striking coincidences of history: while ver, but he felt repaid when, on De- the cotton-spinner of Blantyre was en cember 27th, the travelers set out to- rOllte to the Cape, an infant boy at gether for Unyanyembe; and more es- Denbigh was just embarking on life's pecially when, on March 14, 1872, unknown sea, destined to be the suc- they parted, having been four months cessor of Livingstone in exploring the and four days together.

Dark Continent. How little Mr. Stan- On May 4, 1873, Livingstone was ley when he gave him his name fore- found by Susi, at four o'clock in the saw the luster he would reflect upon morning, in the little grass hut, kneel- it. This waif of humanity, after en- ing at the bedside, his head buried in listing under the Confederate flag, his hands on the pillow; the candle drifts into the Union ranks, until in still burned, but the candle of life that 1865, when, acting as secretary for an had shed its rays so far over benighted admiral, he swam, under fire, to fasten Africa had gone out. The next year, a hawser to a rebel vessel, and was April 18th, Mr. Stanley led the body promoted for heroism. His mixed ex- of pall-bearers, as they deposited in periences as a press-representative, the tomb in the nave of Westminster then in a guerrilla warfare against the Abbey, the body of the man to whom North American Indians, and then as he owed more than to any other llU- companion to the British expedition man being.

into Abyssinia, thus on land and And now he who, at Unyanyembe, sea, in army and navy, camp and cam- had sorrowfully parted with Living- paign, tent and vessel, picking up stone, by that open grave in Westmin-

A FORERUNNER OF MISSIONARIES

ster, resolved to take up and finish sion was accomplished. He had per- the work the great missionary had left formed the stupendous feat of opening undone. And so a new chapter opened up the Kongo basin, with its more in Stanley's African experiences. On than 5,000 miles of navigable waters, August 5, he left England, and on No- its 43,000,000 of people, its vast area, vember 12-three years almost to a drained by various streams; and in day from the time he first grasped February, 1885, the Kongo Free State Livingstone's hand-he left Zanzibar was erected and recognized as such. again for the unknown interior. At Uganda he met Mtesa, whose war- January 20, 1887, Stanley begins a riors he estimated at a quarter of a new chapter, and again Africa is the million. While at his court he trans- theater of his action. He departs from lated the Gospel according to Luke, London for the relief of Emin Pasha. and actually wrote a brief analysis of February 25th, he once more left Zan- Bible history in Kiswaheli for the zibar, and, going by the Kongo's monarch's use. Mtesa profest adher- mouth, reached Leopoldville, April ence to the Bible instead of the Koran, 21st. A ye.ar later, April 29th, just and invited to his capital Christian fifteen years from the last day of Liv- teachers. Stanley then wrote a letter, ingstone's travels, he met Emin Pasha published in the Daily Telegraph, at Kavalli, and December 6, 1889, urging that missionaries should be emerged from Darkest Africa once . sent; and so he began, in another more at Zanzibar. sense, to follow in the steps of the grand Scotchman. The Church Mis- From that day honors were shower- sionary Society sent men to Uganda, ed thick as autumn leaves on Stanley's who, in 1877 began to labor. That head. The reception given him, May letter of Stanley's had a strange his- 5, 1890, at Albert Hall, in London, tory. It was given to Linant de Bel- when 7,000 people were present, was fonds, one of the officers of Gordon one of the most brilliant assemblages Pasha. When he was killed by the of ali modern history. Then, on July Baris, the letter was found in his boot 12th, in the great Abbey, he led to the and forwarded by Gordon Pasha. marriage altar his accomplished bride, Miss Dorothy Tennant; and since, in After a journey of 7,OClCl miles, con- her jubilee year, the Queen was there, suming 999 days, Stanley reached Westminster has had no such gather- Banana point, August 9, 1877. In ing. Had it been a royal ceremony, January, 1879, he was again en ,'oute the interest could scarcely have been to the Dark Continent, at the head of more intense or the throng more dense. the expedition, organized by King The long, crimson carpet broke its Leopold, of Belgium, and reached the lines only over the slab which in the Kongo's estuary, August 14, 1879; aisle bore the name of LIVINGSTONE. Leopoldville station was built in April, Two magnificent floral wreaths, one 1882. Compelled by illness to return from the officers of the relief expedi- for a time to Europe, he came back to tion, and another from Mr. Stanley, the Kongo toward the end of the same were laid on the sides of the pros- year; and in August, 1884, reported trate tablet, and when the bride moved to the King of Belgium that his mis- up the aisle she gracefully laid still another tribute upon the marble me-

morial, bearing, in flowers, the words, anxiety for my white and black com- "In memoriam, DAVID LIVINGSTONE- panions, whose fate was a mystery. H. 'M. STANLEY." In this physical and mental distress, I besought God to give me back my peo- Thus in outline we have traced the ple. Kine hours later we were extwin story of these strangely-linked ulting with a rapturous joy. In full lives. Mr. Stanley himself said that, view of all was the crimson flag with to the four months and four days that the crescent, and beneath its folds was he spent with Livingstone in Africa the long-lost rear column." he owed the greatest impulse of his later life, and especially his final at- And now he whose previous reserve titude toward Christianity, Living- upon such matters had seemed to bear stone thus found himself suddenly a special seal of silence has made this, thrown into the society of a stranger his latest confession: and there is no evidence that during all those months he ever directly con- "Many forms of belief and curious versed with Stanley as to his spiritual ideas respecting the great mystery of interests; but by his character he com- our being and creation have been sugmended the religio'n of his Master. gested to me during my life and its His uncompromising loyalty to Christ, wanderings; but after weighing each his unobtrusive conscientiousness, 'his and attempting to understand what unselfishness, considerateness, conse- must be unsearchable, my greatest cration-aIl this imprest Stanley as no comfort has been in peacefully resting words had ever done; and, when he firm in the faith of my sires. For all parted from his new friend, he was the human glory that surrounds the constrained to admit, somewhat as memory of Darwin and his wise com- Pilate, of a far greater, "1 find no peers throughout advanced Europe, I fault in this man!n would not abate a jot or tittle of my belief in the Supreme God and that From that day Mr. Stanley led a divine Man called His Son." lif~ that runs strangely in sympathy with that which had its spring in Space alone compels us to halt as Blantyre. When Sir William YIackin- we pursue this fascinating story. We non asked the pleasure of presenting have had space only to glance at this him with some token of friendship to book, with its 500 pages, itself a carry with him to Africa, Stanley re- greater feat than his march in Equaplied, "Give me a Bible," and he took toria. Mr. Stanley's noble tributes to it and read it thrice through. After- the heroism and success of Christian ward, in Darkest Africa, constrained at missions present a marked contrast to the darkest hour humbly to confess some modern critics who ought to have that, without God's help, he was hope- been in better business, We have less, he says: sought to put side by side two lives whose unique parallelism demands a "I vowed a vow in the forest soli- permanent memorial and suggests lestudes that I would confess His aid sons of lasting value, before men. Silence, as of death, was TOund about me. It was midnight; I We note one marked contrast. As was weakened by illness, had been this great successor followed the misprostrated by fatigue, and wan with sionary explorer, he strewed his path with the blood of the slain. Living-

AMONG THE LEPERS OF SIAM

stone had trodden those same paths band will go far to correct wide-spread without even a pocket pistol for per- misapprehensions and misjudgments sonal protection from wild beasts; his as to his real character and motives. great weapon of defense was a mag- To many, even yet, he was only at nanimous Love that forgave even the best "Bula Matari," as the natives injuries it could not prevent. When called him-"breaker of rocks." To we read years ago of the demijohns her, he was gentle, tender, unselfish, of strong drink which Stanley, in his "winner of hearts." And we crave a former passage across the Dark Con- wide reading of this life story not only tinent, distributed to those sable sons for its own sake as one of the foreof her soil whom he employed in build- most books of our day, but for truth's ing his stations, we deplored any such sake and justice's sake, that the mists catering to the appetite for intoxicants, of prejudice and the darker clouds of and recalled that letter, the first writ- aspersion that have obscured and ten in English by a Kongo native, and shadowed his career may be cleared addrest to the Archbishop of Can- away, and his true position and merit terbury: be recognized. It is one of the sad but irrevocable blunders of history ((Great and Good Chief of the Tribe that his remains were refused a rest- of Christ, Greeting: ing-place beside the dust of him whom he recovered to the world's knowl- "The humblest of your servants edge; but we believe that in the kisses the hem of your garment, and greater "Westminster" of the future, begs you to send to his fellow serv- the true Temple of Fame, he will be ants more gospel and less rum. accorded a memorial which no preju- dice can tarnish and no malice re- "In the bonds of Christ, move!

"UGALLA."

Lady Stanley's tribute to her hus- AMONG THE LEPERS OF SIAM BY J. w. MC KEAN, M.D., CHENG MAl, SIAM 11issionary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions Of all the diseases that have afflicted physicians during all the ages, it is human kind since history began, none only within recent years that its true has a more remote antiquity than lep- cause has been brought to light. One rosy, none has a wider distribution wr;ter has remarked that, "There is over the habitable globe, being found hardly anything on earth or between alike in the ice-bound regions of Si- earth and heaven that has not at one beria and Kamchatka and under the time or another been assigned as the tropic skies of India and Siam, none cause of leprosy." The influences of has a more dreaded and dreadful ef- climate, of bad food and bad hygienic fect upon the sufferer and none has so conditions; of certain articles of diet, successfully baffled the efforts of med- such as dried fish; the lack of salt in ical science to effect a cure. food-these and many others less Altho this disease is one of great probable have been regarded as the antiquity and has been known by call~es of the disease.

It remained for Amaurer Hansen, One form is called the tubercular, or in 1871, to discover its true cause; moist, or nodular form, the average namely, the bacillus leprae. Since duration of life being fr0111 nine to which time it has been most diligently twelve years. The appearance of studied by many competent observers those having this form is 1110st repul- in many lands, and its characteristics sive. The second is termed the an- ::l,re well known, One of these is its esthetic, or dry, or mutilating form.

remarkable similarity to the bacillus These patients live on an average from of tuberculosis. This bacillus lcprae fifteen to twenty years. In 1110st cases, has hitherto been seen only in leprosy, however, the two forms of the dis- and is found in all forms of the dis- ease are combined in the same indi- ease, but has never been discovered in vidual.

any other disease. Another very re- 'While leprosy is incurable, it is pre- markable characteristic is that, altho ventable; isolation will assuredly pre- diligent search has been made for it vent its spread. We have a marked· in many places, it has never been found instance of the effectiveness of segre- outside the human body; and more re- gation in the history of leprosy in Eu- markable still, it will not attack any rope. At the close of the thirteenth oth~r animal; so that, so far as we century it prevailed to an alarming ex- know, man is the only member of the tent, the Crusades and increased com- animal kingdom susceptible to leprosy. merce with the East contributing much In 1887, at Berlin, there was held thereto; indeed, so C01111110n was it a conference of leprologists, which during the Middle Ages, that the was presided over by the noted Pro- rulers and clergy of nearly all Eu- fessor Virchow. The conclusions of ropean states, alarmed at its rapid ex- this body of experts, after the lapse of tension and terrible ravages, took more than twenty years, still repre- measures to restrict what was becom- sents the opinion of the great majority ing a general calamity. Leper asylums of medical authorities on the subject were established everywhere, so that, of leprosy. being segregated in these, the leper 1. The disease is com111unicated by was prevented from contact with the bacillus lcprae, but its conditions others. "These measures, based on of life and methods of enterin'g the what we now know to be a correct ap- human organism are unknown. Prob- preciation of the contagious nature of ably it obtains entrance through the the disease, were crowned with almost mouth or mucous membrane. complete success, and leprosy prac- 2. It is certain that mankind alone tically disappeared from Europe with- of all the animal kingdom is able to in the course of the next century."

harbor this bacillus. "In all the long procession of the 3. Leprosy is contagious, but not ages there is no more truly tragic hereditary. figure than that of the Jeper. Moved 4. The disease has hitherto resisted both by traditional association and by all efforts of cure. natural horror, men have shrunk from There are two forms of manifesta- him as a creature cut off from all the tion of this disease, both due, how- interests of humanity. His cup is full ever, to the same specific bacillus. to the brim with bitterness, and in-

AMONG THE LEPERS OF

SOME LEPERS OF SIAM cludes in it every ingredient of sor- wandering about begging in public row." places and in private dooryards. Ow- ing to stiffening and contraction of the Disease both loathsome and life- muscles, loss of fingers and toes and long; expulsion alike from home and other deformities of various kinds, city; forfeiture of social and legal they are wholly unable to earn a liverights-all these, together with the lihood, and their only means of subconsciousness that he is an outcast sistence is begging. To the honor of and that life holds for him no hope, Siam be it said that beggary is not combine to make the lot of the leper common, being confined almost enthe very embodiment of misery and tirely to the lepers. Their food is despair. Indeed, the very word has scant in amount, their clothing conbecome the synonym for all that is sistsof rags. The normal resisting foul and repulsive. powers of the body being much re- duced by disease, they suffer ex- Siam, like all Oriental lands, has tremely from cold. During all the her full quota of this unfortunate months of the cool season, probably class. In the absence of a census, not one of these sufferers passes a their number is not known, but it is warm or comfortable night. certain to reach many thousands. During the early stages of the dis- Lepers also suffer extremely from ease, the leper is allowed to remain in mental depression, due not only to the his village; usually, however, living effects of the disease, but particularly apart from his family. But, as the dis- to the consciousness of the hopeless ease progresses, the neighbors become character of their malady. The conconcerned. Adverse public opinion stant fear that the day will soon come constrains his friends to shield him no when he no longer will be able to hoblonger, and he is forced to take up the ble from door to door in quest of food homeless, hopeless life of a wandering and must lie down to die of starvation beggar. The Government makes no hangs over the leper like a pall of provision for lepers, save that they are midnight darkness. His hut is unfreed from the necessity of paying speakably poor and mean. Indeed, poll-tax. Feeble attempts at segrega- most of them do not even have a hut tion have not prevented them from

MISSIONARIES DISTRIBUTING CLOTHING TO THE LEPERS OF SIAM to call their own, sleeping in the open This tract of land comprizes 160 where night overtakes them. All in acres, being half of an island in the all their lot is most pitiable; cast out river a few miles below the city of by all men, forsaken, despised and un- Chiengmai. For many years this land clean; hated and feared, and, accord- was the playground of the Governor's ing to Buddhist teaching, without a pet elephant. In spite of the fact that spark of merit, or hope of a better he was the "Good Luck" elephant of future. According to Buddhist be- the Governor, he was a most wilful lief, they are suffering for sins com- and vicious creature. He knew no mitted in a previous state of existence, restraint. If hungry for rice he would and Buddhism can not ever be expect- tear down the granary and help himed to offer them relief. Such relief self; he even demolished the native must come from us who enjoy the houses near by to get the baskets of blessings of health and home and a rice that he knew were there. Unable Christian civilization. longer to endure such raids, the peo- ple fled from the island, leaving the To the thousands of lepers in Siam elephant in possession. Upon the no helping hand has hitherto been death of the elephant, we petitioned stretched out in the way of permanent the Governor for the land, and it is aid, and it is now proposed to estab- now to be devoted to a better purpose. lish an asylum for these needy suf- It is an ideal plot, a good proportion ferers. being suitable for rice-planting, while other portions furnish excellent gar- The Governor of Chiengmai has den plots and building sites. given a tract of land for the purposes The object of a leper asylum is to of .a leper asylum. His gift has been provide for these outcasts a home, confirmed by royal authority in Bangkok.

with the comforts of good food and concomitants of Christianity which the clothing, warmth and shelter, all of American missionary has brought her. which they now lack. Such provision Schools, hospitals, Western medicine, lightens their physical distress, relieves vaccination, and the like are not only their mental depression, which is so welcomed by the people, but are being constant a factor in their suffering, fostered by the Siamese Government, and brings a measure of good cheer and put within the reach of .all the into their hopeless lives. people. It is known to all that these material benefits have come to Siam For more than thirty years the Mis- with the advent of the missionary, and sion to Lepers in India and the East they have very greatly commended has been carrying on work among Christianity to the nation. And we lepers in the Orient, and experience have a right to hope that once the shows that not only do they succeed practical benefits of an asylum are in relieving much suffering, but that seen by the Siamese, the Government a very large proportion of these peo- will take up segregation of the leper ple, to whom the gospel could not be on its own account and Siam may yet preached without the provisions of an be the first of Oriental nations to rid asylum, become Christians of un- herself of the scourge. doubted sincerity. To establish a leper asylum, where Such a work in Siam, while long these outcasts may find comfort of needed, seems particularly opportune body and mind, will be an act of at present. Siam has readily, if not Christian philanthropy which will very eagerly, appropriated many of the A MISSION CHAPEL FOR LEPERS IN NORTHERN SIAM

greatly enhance the favorable opinion, "And behold there came a leper benow held by prince and people alike, seeching him and kneeling down to of the great value of the religion of him and saying unto him, if thou wilt Jesus; so that this project commends thou canst make me clean. And Jesus itself, not only because of the imme- moved with compassion put forth his diate relief it will give to God's suf- hand and touched him and saith unto fering children, but particularly be- him, I will be thou clean." cause it will make for the speedy coming of the Kingdom to all Siam. "For I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty and ye Two thousand dollars will build a gave me drink: I was a stranger and brick cottage which will house in com- ye took me in: naked, and ye clothed fort twenty leper men or twenty leper me: I was sick and ye visited me: I women. One hundred dollars will en- was in prison, and ye came unto me. dow a room in such a cottage. And the King shall answer and say Twenty-five dollars will provide the unto them, Verily I say unto you, inentire support of an adult leper for asmuch as ye have done it unto one one year. Twenty dollars will sup- of the least of these my brethren, ye port an untainted child for one year. have done it unto me."

KO THAH BYU, THE KAREN APOSTLE BY BELLE M. BRAIN, DETROIT, MICHIClAN Ko Thah Byu, the Karen evangelist he had murdered, either as principal whose pioneer work among his coun- or accessory," says one of the mistrymen in Burma won for him the sionaries, "he did not exactly know title "Karen Apostle," was one of the himself; more than thirty, without most notable converts ever won on the doubt, according to his own confesmission field. Never was apostle made sion." of less promising material; never did the grace of God effect a greater The Karens were at that time a transformation. rude, untaught people scattered wide- ly through the jungles of Burma and Ko Thah Byu was born about the adjacent parts of Siam, yet entirely year 1778, in the little village of 00- distinct from the Bunnans, who detwau, four days' journey north of spised and misused them. To escape Bassein. For a full half-century he from oppression, they planted their spent his life in the service of the devil. little villages in the most retpote and As he himself says, he was a wicked, inaccessible places, and rarely came ungovernable boy, with a diabolical among the Burmans unless compelled temper that proved a curse to him to do so. After Judson's arrival in throughout his life. Even after his Rangoon, he occasionally noticed parconversion he had to spend long hours ties of these strange, wild-looking in prayer for strength to overcome it. men, with scant clothing, filthy bodies and long, matted hair, straggling past of At the age fifteen he left home his house. On inquiry he was told that they were Karens and were as and soon became a murderer and robber. "How many of his fellow men

THAH BYU, THE KAREN

untamable as the wild cows of the of the war, in the spring of 1826, mountains. when the mission was removed from , Tho very degraded, the Karens Rangoon to Amherst, in territory were not idolaters, their only form ceded to the British, Ko Shway Bay, of worship consisting of the pro- pitiation of the nats, or evil spirits.

They had a vague knowledge of God, but believed that on account of sin, He had withdrawn Himself from them. Yet they cherished a hope that this would not always be so. Trans- mitted from age to age, through un- written, poetic legends, were' strange prophecies of white strangers who would come across the sea, bringing to them the "words of God," and re- storing them to His favor-prophecies that were almost literally fulfilled by the coming of the missionaries, and led the people to welcome the mes- sage they brought.

Such were Ko Thah Byu's people, HEV. ADONIRAM JUDSON, D.D. to whom, like John the Baptist of old, he became the forerunner of Christ in Born August 9. 1788; died April 12. 1850. the wilderness. Copied from a celebrated oil'painting made in 1845 and now in possession of the American Baptist The first seeds of gospel truth seem Mission Society (formerly A. B. M. U.), Boston.

to have been sown in the heart of Ko with his family and Ko Thah Byu, ac- Thah Byu by the Rev. George H. companied the J udsons thither.

Hough, with whom, in some way, he But Ko Thah Byu's unfortunate came in contact in Rangoon, and for temper rendered him a most unwel- whom he ever cherished the deepest come addition to the Christian home affection. In after years in Tavoy, of his new master. So rude and pas- the name of "Teacher Hough," fre- sionate was he, that in the summer of quently found a place in his public r827, tho he showed much. interest petitions. in the new religion, Ko Shway Bay The next step in Ko Thah Byu's re- felt compelled to send him away. But demption was his purchase, during the Judson was so anxious to continue his first Burman war, by Ko Shway Bay, instruction that he agreed to pay his a Burman convert who had become in- debt if his colleagues, Mr. and Mrs.

terested in the Karens through Jud- Wade, with whom he had made his son. Finding the poor man in home since the death of Mrs. Jud- bondage to a Burman master on ac- son, would find employment for him.

count of a small debt of ten or twelve As they gladly consented to this, Ko rupees, Ko Shway Bay paid the Thah Byu soon came to live beside amount, and according to Burman them in the mission compound.

law, became his owner. At the close Here, as elsewhere, his violent tem-

per caused no little trouble, but the exceedingly dark and ignorant, has begun missionaries were very patient, and to discern the excellence of the religion ere 'long were rewarded by the in- of Christcreased interest he took in spiritual things, But his progress was slow, Early the next year (1828) Ko for his mind was very dark, and again Thah Byu showed such true signs of and again violent outbreaks of tem- saving faith in Christ that the misper cast him down and discouraged sionaries were disposed to grant his request when he asked for baptism, A KAREN V1LLACE IN BPRMA him from praying. Nevertheless he But the little Burman church, having made progress, and on December 31, had less opportunity to witness the 1827, after the mission had been trans- change, refused to grant him admisferred to Maulmein, Judson wrote as sion, declaring that until he gained follows: complete mastery over his temper they could not believe him a true child of One of our hopeful inquirers is Moung God. Notwithstanding this rebuff, he Thah-pyoo,* a Karen by nation, imper- patiently bided their time, and less fectly acquainted with the Burman lan- than three months later was received guage, an,d possest of very ordinary abili- by a cordial vote of all the members. ties, He has been about us several But on the date set for his baptism, months, and we hope that his mind, tho March 30, 1828, Ko Thah Byu was far away. The day before he had • Ko Thah Byu, Mou,,"g and Ko are Burman sailed for Tavoy with the Rev. George titles of respect given to men at different periods of life, and pyoo was an early rendering of Byu.

KO THAH BYU, THE KAREN

Dana Boardman, who had been sent fifty years of age, he made remark- there to open up a new station. able progress in Christian knowledge and faith, and through the power of During the previous year, a Karen the Spirit was able to accomplish a family with three orphan relatives, a very great work. It is estimated that young woman and her two little brothers, had made their appearance '. in Maulmein. So poverty-stricken were they that the missionaries found G~ORGE DANA :BOARDMAN them a place to stay and took the three orphans into their schools. The Bom, February 8, 1801; died, February II, 1831 young woman was very ignorant and very degraded, but she made such he won more than a thousand Karens rapid progress and showed such a to Christ. teachable spirit, that Ko Thah Byu made her his wife. She was baptized Immediately after his baptism he in less than a year after he was set out from Tavoy to carry the mes- (March 20, 1829) and became a most sage of salvation to the Karen settleearnest Christian. ments in the Tenasserim valley be- yond the eastern mountains. But the When Mr. Boardman was asked to rainy season had set in, and the rains open the new station at Tavoy, he de- were so heavy and the streams so cided to take some of his Maulmein swollen that after a few days he was school-boys with him, among them obliged to turn back. But on the way the two little brothers of Ko Thah he turned aside to visit a little settle- Byu's wife. But they refused to ment of Karens on Khat Creek, a leave their sister and she was un- short day's journey from Tavoy. willing to let them go so far from her. Here he won his first convert, Moung It was therefore arranged that Ko Khway, a brother of the chief of the Thah Byu should accompany Mr. village, who accompanied him to Boardman and take them all with Tavoy to see the White Teacher. This him.

One of Mr. Boardman's first acts, after reaching Tavoy, was the longdeferred baptism of this first Karen convert, which took place early in the morning of May 16, r828, in a little pool near the city, now called Lake Ko Thah Byu. As this event marked the beginning of the wonderful work among the Karens, the date is a notable one in the history of missIOns.

The change in Ko Thah· Byu was very great. He who had once ruthlessly destroyed life, now went forth to give life and teach men how to live. Tho a dull and ignorant man,

man soon became an earnest Christian, worship. You have been ignorantly with whose help almost the entire vil- worshiping this book; that is not lage was eventually won to Christ. good." He then read portions of the Psalms and talked and prayed with In July, Ko Thah Byu was off them. So great was their interest again for a short tour into the jungle. that the entire company stayed two Returning after five days, he reported days. that at Thalu the entire village had listened eagerly to his message. Toward the close of September, Ko Thah Byu made a second attempt to As a result of Ko Thah Byu's work, reach the Karens beyond the eastern the news of the White Teacher who mountains. Taking with him Moung had come across the sea bringing the Sekku, a Karen convert, as guide and "words of God" with him was spread- companion, he stopt first at Tshiekku, ing far and wide through the jungles, the village of the sacred book, where and presently parties of Karens be- he was received with joy by the peogan to arrive, some from long dis- ple. They listened eagerly to his tances, to see and hear for themselves. message, and at the close of a second visit made in November, ten of them Among these visitors there came accompanied him to Tavoy to learn one day the chief of the village of more of Christ from the White Tshiekku, accompanied by a prophet Teacher. or sorcerer, called the bookho, who wore a fantastic robe .and carried a In January, 1829, the Karens havheavy wand or cudgel. They had ing begged him to visit their villages, come to consult Mr. Boardman about Mr. Boardman decided to make his a book that had been left at their first tour into the jungles. To Mrs. village twelve years before by a Boardman, who had just recovered traveling Mussulman who told them from a long and serious illness, the it was sacred and they must worship thought of being left alone in a it. It had been given into the care of heathen city with her two little chilthe bookho, who kept it, carefully dren and none but dusky faces around wrapt in many folds of muslin, in her, while her husband braved the a basket or case made of reeds plas- dangers of an unexplored wilderness, tered with pitch. After hearing. the was at first almost unbearable. Yet story, Mr. Boardman advised them to she bravely let him go, and on Febgo home and bring him the book. ruary 5, when he started out, the wife of Ko Thah Byu, whose husband had In a few days they came again with also gone, lovingly tried to console a large party of the villagers. As her. "Weep not, mama," she said; these stood around in awed yet eager "the teacher has gone on a message silence, the bookho opened the basket of compassion to my poor perishing and reverently unfolding its many countrymen. They have never heard wrappings, placed in Mr. Boardman's of the true God, and the love of His hands a worn-out, tattered copy of Son, Jesus Christ-Christ, who died "The Book of Common Prayer and on the cross to save sinners. They the Psalms," printed in Oxford! know nothing of the true religion, mama; and when they die they can "It is a good book," said Mr. Boardman; "it teaches that there is a God in heaven whom alone we should

i o] KO THAH nYu, THE KAREN

not go to the golden country of the only as an interpreter but as a blessed. God will take care of the preacher. At the end of ten days, teacher; do not weep, mama." during which he had traveled more than a hundred miles, much of it Arriving on the third day at through a trackless wilderness infested Tshiekku, the village of the sacred by wild beasts, Mr. Boardman rebook, from which a special invitation turned to Tavoy, more interested in had come, Mr. Boardman was re- the Karens than ever. ceived with great rejoicing. In anticipation of his coming, a large zayat From this time on they came to SOME NAT OR DEMON ALTARS~ BURMA had been built, and in the evening he Tavoy in ever increasing numbers, preached to an audience of thirty, Ko and Ko Thah Byu was untiring in his Thah Byu repeating the message to efforts to win them to ellrist. "A those who did not understand Bur- good number of Karens are now with . man. So intense was the interest that us," says Mr. Boardman's journal, many remained all night in the zayat, "and Ko Thah Byu spends night and and next day a still larger audience day in reading and explaining to them gathered. the words of eternal life."

At each village on the tour Mr. Yet Ko Thah Byu was not content Boardman was treated with the great- to remain for any great length of time est respect, for everywhere the way in Tavoy. He could not rest satishad been prepared by Ko Thah Byu, fied until the gospel had been preached who was an invaluable assistant, not to every Karen. Notwithstanding his

THE KO THAH flYU M E MORIAL, BASSE IN, BURMA age, he declared it his purpose to visit In December of the same year, after the Karen settlements, not only in the months of busy work in many places, districts of Pai ant! Palau, and the Ko Thah Byu started across the great province of Mergui, but also across mOtlI1tains to preach to the Karens in the border into Siam; and then to go Siam. He had recently met some to Bassein, his native place in Burma from that country who pleaded with proper, near Rangoon, Through the him to come over and help them, and blessing of God, he was able to carry he felt it his duty to go. On the day out most of this program. of his departure, Boardman wrote: In March, 1829, not long after his Having solemnly commended the Kamemorable tour with Mr. Boardman, he set out, accompanied by Moung rens, and especially Ko Thah Byu, to the Sekku, on the first of these long journeys, expecting to go as far as Mergui. divine blessing, we sent him on his jour- But on reaching Palouk, he became ney this morning. I gave him an affecvery ill, and could not go on. But he tionate letter of introduction, written in sent Moung Sekku to preach in the both Burman and English, to the. people villages round about, aml when he and the "powers that be." was able to be moved, chose a zigzag path home, in order to reach as many On reaching the Siamese border, villages as possible. Tho in some re- however, the authorities refused to spects disappointing, the tour was not allow him to enter, on account of his without fruit, for wherever Ko Thah being an "elder." But Moung Sekku Byu went, he won souls. Even the was permitted to go .on,. and he man at whose house he lay ill at Pa- preached the gospel to many who louk eventually became a true Chris- were ready to listen. tian. In the spring of 1830, Ko Thah Byu went to Maulmein with Mr. and Mrs. Boardman, both of whom were seriously ill. There he rendered

THAH BYU, THE KAREN APOSTLE . 37

. l;J OCP ()F ;iXfIYE PASTORS IN TH E SGA", K/R.EN SLTION, BASST<:lN, BCRMA valuable service in the work of the who had providentially arrived from mISSIOn and in preaching to the America ten days before. Karens in the neighboring jungle. At the end of November Ko Thah Byu Early in 1832, when Mr. Mason set out to spread the news of made his first tour of exploration the home-coming of Mr. and Mrs. through the province, he took Ko Boardman. Everywhere the news Thah Byu with him. Stopping at noon was hailed with great joy, for the on the first day out at an old walled Karens had feared they might never Burman town which had the most see the beloved White Teacher again. famous idol in the province of Tavoy, At once they began flocking into the Mr. Mason left Ko Thah Byu to rest city, with hands full of gifts, and when in one of the zayats while he went to Ko Thah Byu returned, at the end of the villages roundabout. Expecting two weeks, he brought forty more to find the old man asleep on his rewith him, many of whom wished to turn, he was amazed to find him adbe baptized. dressing a crowd of Burmans who were held spellbound by the strange Less than two months later the be- power of his flashing eyes. loved Boardman passed away, dying in the wilderness, whither he had "The first sentence I heard on comgone, borne on a cot, to fulfil a promise ing up," says Mr. Mason, was" 'Your made some months before, to meet the god was a black kulu' [foreigner]. disciples and baptize the new converts. The words were uttered with such a Tho unable to do more than whisper peculiar expression of countenance a few words of counsel, he had wit- that a dozen years have not effaced it nessed with joy the immersion of the from my memory. It has been said candidates by the Rev. Francis Mason, by one of the brethren, 'If ever a man hated idolatry, Ko Thah Byu did.'

Were I able to throw on canvass Ko as when preaching to those who would Thah Byu's countenance at that mo- listen to him for hours. "In seasons ment, everyone that looked on it of special interest," says one of the would say, 'If ever a man hated missionaries, "he not only continued idolatry, Ko Thah Byu did.' " his speech like Paul, until midnight, On reaching the eastern settlements, but not infrequently till break of day."

where great changes had been As . an illustration of his love for wrought, almost entirely through Ko preaching, it is related that once, when Thah Byu's labors, the Karen Chris- in great danger, while out in a boat tians came forth in troops to welcome at Maulmein, he showed no fear of them. After journeying for nearly a death, but merely exclaimed: "I shall month among unconverted heathen, be drowned and never more preach the contrast presented by these Karen the word of God to the Karens!"

converts and their neat, well-ordered To those who ask how such an ig- homes, was so overwhelmingIy great norant man could preach with such that Mr. Mason wrote as follows: power, the answer is ready-his I cry no longer the horrors of heathen- strength lay in prayer. One who ism, but the blessings of missions; I date knew him says: no longer from a heathen land. Heathen- It was his practise to read and pray ism has fled these banks. r eat the rice, aloud constantly, tho in a low tone of voice. I have known him to spend whole the yams, the fruit, cultivatecl by Chris- days ill this way. After evening worship tian hands; look on the fields of Chris- he would commence again, and continue tians, and see no dwellings but those in- until nine, ten and even eleven o'clock, habited by Christian families. I am seated when he would retire, but not to spend in the midst of a Christian village, sur- the whole night in sleep. V'hen I knew rounded by a people that love as Chris- him, he used seldom to spend a night tians, converse as Christians, act like without praying three times, or at least Christians, and look like Christians. as often as he awoke; and I have heard Surely a voyage around the globe would it said that he has occasionally spent be amply repaid by a Sabbath spent in whole nights in prayer to God. this valley.

But great as was Ko Thah Byu's work, it soon became apparent that in Early in 1833, Ko Thah Byu re- communities such as this, his useful- moved from Tavoy to Maulmein, ness was largely at an end. He was where he at once began work among an ignorant man, and his opportu- the Karens in the jungles. But after nities for study had been so limited a few months he went with the Rev.

that many of the Karen Christians, Cephas Bennett to Rangoon, where, especially the younger ones, soon came among the Karens of Bassein, to to know more than he, making his whom as yet no one had carried the ministrations less and less acceptable gospel, he was permitted to do a work to them. fully as great as that at Tavoy.

As a pioneer he was still unsur- Two days after his arrival in Ran- passed, and in this work God contin- goon, in April, 1833, leaving his wife ued to bless him, giving him hundreds and child in the care of the Bennetts, of souls for his hire. Preaching he set out for the jungles. In May he Christ had become the ruling passion was back again, having visited seven of his life, and he was never so happy villages and distributed 150 tracts.

KO THAH BYU, THE KAREN APOSTLE

At first the Karens were somewhat ber 10, scarcely six months .after Ko unwilling to listen to him, being Thah Byu's advent among them, the afraid of the Burman Government, but first four Karens from the new field by and by he had succeeded in win- were baptized. After that the numning their interest. ber of converts steadily increased, and the villages in the wilderness began· When the rainy season came on, to take on a new appearance. making touring impracticable, Ko Thah Byu opened a little school in a Presently a time of sore persecuvillage of the Maubee district where tion came on. The Burman Governhis brother was governor, and some ment, becomin~: alarmed at so many of the people ,,~ere anxious to learn Karens embracing a foreign religion, how to read. Here he spent most of tried to stop it by fines and imprisonthe summer faithfully sowing the seed. ment and other forms of oppression. But the work did not stop. Notwith- Meanwhile, as a result of his work, standing their sufferings, the Karens the Karens began to come to Rangoon proved true, and in 1836, when to see the White Teacher, by ones and Messrs. Vinton, Abbott and Howard twos at first, but presently in such made a trip up the Irawady, they overwhelming numbers that, under found in the Maubee district, where the date of October 28, 1833, Mr. Bennett persecution had been most severe, a wrote to Judson at Maulmein as fol- large number of Karens who had long lows: been waiting for baptism. Of the 173 baptized at this time, nearly all testi- Weare ih distress and send to you fied that they had first heard the gosfor relief. For the last few days our pel from Ko Thah Byu. house and the small house of Ko Thah Eyu have been thronged. As Ko Thah Soon after the persecution began, Eyu has been unable to go out as soon Ko Thah Byu, in response to the as he had intended, in consequence of pleadings of his friends, fled to Pegu, his wife's illness, the Karens are throng- taking some of the disciples with him. ing us-men, women and ·children, all Here, among the 2,000 Karens of the anxiously inquiring about the religion of province, he found a new field of Jesus. They are all anxious for schools work. After remaining for some time, and offer to build zayats for preaching if wandering from village to village, he some one will come to them. There are went to Maulmein at the beginning of very many who already keep the Lord's day, I837. After a few months here, he and endeavor to instruct one another. went with Mr. Abbott once more to They daily read our tracts, and all get Rangoon. together in their families, and sing and pray to the God who rules in heaven. On his arrival in April, the old man went at once into the jungles, where What shall we do? Ko Thah Eyu is he spent the next six months among only one among a thousand. He can not the Christians in the villages of preach the Gospel and teach these peo- Maubee. Being now nearly blind and ple to "read in their own language" the greatly afflicted with rheumatism, he precious truths of God's word at the was no longer able to engage in same time. . . . Can you send us any itinerating work. But the Maubee vilassistance? If so, do; for Christ and His lages were close together and connectcause require it. I hope Ko Thah Byu will soon be able to go out and do something; but he can not do all alone.

Before long the seed sown began to produce a great harvest. On N ovem-

ed by good roads, so that, by making his illness, and at times his old tema long stay at each, he was able to per tried to return, yet he was very visit them all. In November, his submissive, and perfectly willing to health becoming more feeble, he re- die. "He had no fears," says Mr. Abturned to Maulmein. batt; "'as it pleases God' seemed to be the frame of his spirit. To the In February, 1840, when Mr. Ab- last he had not an anxious thought as bott left Maulmein to open a new sta- to his destiny; his usual reply to my tion at Sandoway in the province questions on the subject was, 'Teacher, of Arracan, he took Ko Thah God will preserve me.' " Byu and his family with him, stationing them at a little Karen On September 9, r840, he passed village not far from the city. Here, just as the old man was beginning to away, a: good and faithful servant of reap the first fruits of his labors in Arracan, God called him home. His God, whose memory is cherished, not sufferings from rheumatism had only in Burma, but wherever his story grown so great that at times he was is known. No monument marks his unable to walk, or even to rise, and a last resting-place; but in 1878, fifty violent cold, settling on his lungs, years after his baptism and one hunmade him so ill that he knew death dred years after his birth, the jubilee was near. of the Karen Mission was celebrated in Bassein by the dedication of Ko As he exprest a wish to die near Thah Byu Memorial Hall, a beautiful the missionary, Mr. Abbott sent a boat building paid for by the Bassein and had him brought in to the city. Karens and set apart for the use of His sufferings were very great during the Bassein Sgaw Karen Normal and Industrial Institute.

LIGHT AND SHADE IN TURKEY BY REV. CHARLES T. RIGGS, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY Constitutional government and uni- of its inefficiency and of the time versal contentment are by no means wasted by it on useless details. True, synonymous in the Ottoman Empire. its sessions were sadly broken into by Some people are by nature such the disastrous fire that destroyed the inveterate grumblers that nothing splendid home of Parliamentsatisfies them. With others, in this Cheragan Palace-and that necessiempire, liberty of speech means liberty tated their moving from pillar to post to grumble and criticize.. But one can for many weeks. But one must also not deny that there is still plenty of remember that the Deputies of the cause for discontent, even after nearly present chamber are those elected by two years of constitutional freedom. men who not only had no means of The Parliament, now in its second knowing what sort of men they were session, is indeed more manageable electing, and for what sort of duties, than the premature creation of 1876; but who even knew absolutely nothbut, after all, what has it done? The ing of the ballot and were voting for local dailies teem with just complaints the first tim~ in their lives. Small

I 01 LIGHT AND SHADE IN TURKEY

wonder, then, that among these as of property. Two Moslem teach- Deputies there are many whose ers, who last year became Christians, records will never enable them to sit had to flee to Bulgaria for their lives; again. One thing they appear to have and even there they found themselves learned well, and that is the value of in imminent danger, and have fled to red tape. Legislation that ought to Germany. Moslem fanaticism is far have been passed months ago is still from being destroyed. referred to one committee or office after another, while the country waits. It is easy to be a pessimist. Not a Concessions and franchises are ap- single mile of railroad has been built plied for and neither granted nor re- under the new regime. Not a telefused. And much-needed reforms are phone line is yet in use by the public much further along in the newspapers in the whole empire. The public roads than in Parliament. are still in large degree impassable for wagons in winter. The postal service But it is not merely in the Chamber has not been so improved as to show of Deputies that things are not what any prospect of making unnecessary they should be. The courts of justice the foreign post-offices that have for are still far from perfect. There is many years been examples of efficiency' great dissatisfaction, and rightly so, in the empire. The customs tax of with the court martial at Adana, eight per cent. has been raised to charged with investigating the mas- eleven per cent., and the effort is now sacre of last April. There are several being made to raise it to fifteen per cases where Armenians have been cent. And more significant still, there sentenced heavily for minor offenses, are grave rumors of dissension within while Turks guilty of murder or the Party of Union and Progress, and pillage have had a merely nominal sen- of dissatisfaction with the new Sultan tence. And several high officials, some and a wish to remove him and put the of them at the capital, while openly heir presumptive on the throne. And charged with being criminally im- the cabinet is known to be in immiplicated in the massacre, are allowed nent danger of a fall. freedom and even public office. But all is not black, by any means. Religious Liberty What has been done is by no means a slight accomplishment. First of all, As for religious freedom, the con- freedom of speech and of the press is stitution says explicitly that the State a fact. True, a paper may be supreligion is Islam; and while it guaran- prest for articles adjudged subversive tees the free practise of all other re- of the public good; but we sometimes ligions, and theoretically does not in- wish there were at least that measure terfere with anyone's personal con- of censorship in America. People are victions, yet it is as dangerous for a allowed to think aloud, and are waking Moslem to become an avowed Chris- up to that privilege. It is a valuable tian to-day as it ever was j and even incentive to legislators to know that his right to do so is denied in high there is a thinking and reading conquarters. If there were actual liberty stituency back of them. Then again, to turn Christian, we doubt not there the abominable system of espionage, would be many that would do so. But of Abd-ul-Hamid's reign, is gone. it still involves the risk of life as well

Even under martial law, such as has to-day that is really creditable. Great been in force in the capital for nearly praise is due to Admiral Sir Ernest a year, men do not suspect their own Gamble, of the British navy, who has neighbors and brothers and sons of be- reorganized and rejuvenated the Otto- traying them to the Government. One man navy. Some sixty-five old hulks can hold his head up now and be a of varying degrees of rottenness have man, not a cringing, cowering slave. been sold for old junk; and the really And the finances of the country are in available ships of war have made a better shape than ever before. The cruise in the .L£gean Sea, indulging in receipts for December, 1909, exceeded maneuvers which have made the ma- those of December, 1908, by nearly rines feel that they were not merely a twenty per cent. Under the able advice joke. Admiral Gamble Pasha has been of M. Laurent, the French financial compelled by ill-health to retire, but the expert, taxes are being collected more navy has begun to feel itself a power.

justly, and are reaching the Govern- In the recent acute phase of the ment better, for leakages have been Cretan difficulty, the Ottoman Gov- stopt. The imperial purse is regulated ernment won golden opinions abroad by law, and the salaries of the higher by its self-control under very great officials are regularly paid, and no provocation. The island has been for longer have to be eked out by bribes. a dozen years under a joint European And the enormous drain of maintain- protectorate, as an integral part of the ing the incredible army of spies, under Ottoman Empire. But the Cretan the old regime, is no longer a tax on Assembly declared the island united the resources of the country. to Greece; they took the oath of al- Moreover, the army was never in legiance to King George of Greece; better discipline than now. The events they surcharged their stamps of last April proved that the Mace- "Greece"; and the Greeks were many danian troops were under admirable of them for welcoming the upstart control. And the war-clouds which island with open arms. Instead, how- have hung low over the Greek and ever, of sending their fleet over from Bulgarian horizons, tho they seem Smyrna to Crete, and forcing the now to be disappearing without a issue, the Turks left the matter in the storm under the genial influences of hands of the European powers, and spring, have yet served as an in- controlled remarkably well their hot- centive to great activity in the army, heads and their newspapers at home; which is in excellent shape. A very till now the danger seems to have moderate element of non-Moslem blown over.

blood is now being infused into the In our missionary work, two results army, in the enlisting of Jewish, Greek, have already been seen connected with Armenian and. Bulgarian soldiers; the new liberty in the land. One is and while this introduces all sorts of in the increasing readiness of the practical problems as well, which are evangelical churches to assume entire hard to solve, it gives a new incentive self-support. Three such churches in to more and better drilling as well. Constantinople have, since the consti- For the first time since the battle of tution went in force, accepted willing- Navarino, 1827, Turkey has a navy ly reductions in the amount of aid

REAL MEANING OF THE TURKISH REVOLUTION

given them from abroad, and all three weekly paper for young men applied are aiming at speedy self-support. The to the editor of an evangelical weekly other result is in increased con- to furnish them with a series of tact with the Moslems. Into our articles that they might publish in schools they are now coming in in- their paper. They were willing to accreasing numbers. Not a few are at- cept anything in the moral or ethical tending the regular preaching services line which did not directly attack in various places and a large number Islam or preach Christianity. It is ask for opportunities of private con- a new thing for Turks to apply to ference with missionaries and Arme- Armenians for instruction! nian pastors. There are practically no obstacles to social contact with the With such facts as the above to en- Moslems. Joint meetings of Moslems courage us, surely he has very little and Christians for the purpose of dis- faith who can be a pessimist. There cussing ethical and religious themes are clouds about us; but the Sun is are becoming more frequent. One above, and wiIl scatter them like the such was held last week, at which a morning fog. And if to-day we can Turkish M. P. and an Armenian evan- not see far ahead of us, we can still gelical pastor joined in combating the look up. And around us there is an agnosticism of Herbert Spencer, be- increasing number of others who are fore a large audience. A few weeks also looking up. And the Master ago the Moslem editors of a Turkish Himself looks down on us, and His smile is worth all the rest.

THE REAL MEANING OF THE TURKISH REVOLUTION * BY J. J. COOKSEY A missionary among Moslems The secular press of Britain has in the Koran and its commentaries, largely regarded it as a political re- and enforced by reiterated injunction, form movement, nothing more; a few writers, as well as some of the most that friendship with Christians and important French organs, have per- Jews is forbidden, and that their counceived that, by the very constitution sel, opinion, and ways .are to be avoid- ed and rejected.

of a Mohammedan state, no move- Hence the fanatical hatred and ment of such a radical character was cleavage between Europe and the possible without carrying with it a Moslem East for the past twelve cenprofound religious significance and turies. The chief nation holding this practical change in its outlook and belief is Turkey; chief not because policy; the purpose of this article is having the largest Moslem population, to make this fact clear. but because its Sultan is, more or less, the acknowledged Caliph of the Mos- Let it be laid down firstly that lem world; that is, deputy upon earth Islam; like Judaism, divides men into for God, and Mohammed his apostle. two classes, with a distinction sharp The office is more religious than secand irrevocable; that of Believers and Unbelievers-enlightened ones and ular, and is comparable to the Papacy darkened ones. Religion, much more in its status and world-wide influence. than race, in both cases, is the great Hence the fanatical hatred and cleavdivider. It is laid down most clearly age between Europe and the Moslem * Condensed from the N o.tn African.

East for the past twelve centuries. The priestly revolt which followed With these facts before us, we may was to be expected; the countermove gage the tremendous significance of which for a time restored supreme the movement we have witnessed, power to their patron was solely the when the heads of the nation turned work of the priests, and was originatto the West and said, "Teach us, we ed and executed upon the ground that are ignorant; le.ad us, we are astray." the innovation was contrary in every Young Turkey sought the dynamic of sense to the teaching of Islam; withregeneration in the schools of Europe out doubt they were correct, as also and found it; found it in those high were the priestly party who hindered for so long, upon the same grounds, principles of Justice, Responsibility the struggles of Persia for similar and Liberty which are the bases of liberty. European civilization and the pillars of the gospel. Precious fruits have already been reaped in variety; more will surely Were ever revolutionaries so revo- follow. Worthy citizenship, not an lutionary as these men of Turkey? iron creed, must continue to be the The word has at last received its full basis of civic life and preferment. In significance. The main principles of some directions there may appear in- dications that the privileges of Eu- Mohammedan rule, based upon the ropeans will be curtailed; yet in the teaching of the Koran and the Sunna, main, .and in permanent fact, the new are irresponsibility in the ruler, denial order can make for nothing but inof liberty to the subject, and an ar- creased opportunity for extending the bitrary conception of justice, based borders of the Everlasting Kingdom. upon caprice more than equity. These three principles applied to the modern This movement is significant for the whole Moslem world; all will be theocracy denominate the relations affected by it. I am writing this at subsisting between God and man, and Susa, a city in southern Tunisia. man and his fellow who is subject to During the past few weeks intelligent him; they account for the fatalism, sin- natives have, upon their own initiative, blindness and moral turpitude of the discust the question with me; they East, and also for the monstrosities of clearly see that in principle and fact governmental rule which ended in the Islam is being forced into a new path which will conduct it eventually to deposition of Abdul Hamid. dissolution. The momentous changes were crys- The time has fully come for a tallized by the formation of a represen- worthy effort by the Church of God tative government upon European in Moslem lands. The hand of Provlines; and to give this legal sanction, idence has been unmistakably shown; it was necessary to procure a Fatwah throughout the Turkish Empire, defrom the Sheik EI Islam, the spiri- velopment and enterprise should be tual head of the priesthood. This is a the watchword; and here also in North pronouncement based upon the teach- Africa, in the important lands of ing of the Koran and the Sunna, ad- Tunisia, Algeria, Tripoli and Momitting or excluding any proposed rocco, once the scene of gospel measure involving change. A study of the terms of the Fatwah would, I triumph, and the home of some of the doubt not, convince those who are in- noblest sons of the Church of God, clined to regard this revolution as the we may witness great things when the unsupported hands of isolated misnatural evolution of Islam to meet sionaries are joined in spiritual commodern needs, that the facts are ex- pact and material support, with a actly opposite; only one or two ex- strong home organization, pledged to tracts have reached me. One of its the utmost of spiritual faith and enprincipal points, however, was a re- terprise. puted utterance by Mohammed, to the effect that, "It is good for a man to take counsel with his neighbor."

EDITORIALS

THOSE THAT STAY BY THE STUFF know the facts, to· go and to plead, and to give, shall have equal share Among other circumstances having in the final results and reward. We in Holy Scripture a conspicuous know a hopelessly invalid woman in prominence, manifestly meant for em- Manchester, England, whose heart is phasis, is the following: in China and has been for many years, but whose body is unequal to the trial As his part is that goeth down to the of voyage and service; yet her serene peace, sacred enthusiasm, unceasing battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by prayer, systematic giving, have stimthe stuff: they shall part alike. And it was ulated many another to read and give and pray and go. Manifestly, all are so from that day forward, that he made not called to the front; otherwise there could be no line of communication it a statue and an ordinance for Israel unto kept up between the church at home this day. -I Samuel, xxx, 24: 25. and the host abroad-and whence would come the supply wagons with Compare Numbers xxxi, II-27, Joshua their sacred freight of Bibles and tracts, money and what is far more xxii,8. precious, the invisible contributions of love and community of interest! Truly Unexpected spoils, tempting cupid- the one essential thing is "let every ity, proved a pretext for a serious one in that calling wherein he is quarrel, the selfishness and sordidness found, therein abide with God." The of the "children of Belial" claiming it secret of all cooperation lies not in the all for those who had actually fought sphere of action or kind of activity, in the battle. But David justly de- but in the spirit of service. God alone creed that the two hundred warriors knows where each may be of most use whose strength had been overtaxed, and He distributes to each severally and whose faintness compelled them to tarry at the brook, Besor, should as He will. One may be in China unshare the booty equally with those who called and unblest; another may be in had gone to the front. And the no- America, yearning after China, but ticeable thing is that for all coming recognized and rewarded as if there time he thus established a precedent, actively engaged. What a wonderful and the principle he then adopted be- God we are serving, to whom "if there came "a statute and an ordinance for be first a willing mind, it is accepted, not according to what one hath not Israel" from that day. . but according to what he hath"; so This fixt decree has a universal .that in His eyes every man has per- formed that which in his heart he has bearing, and affects the whole work truly purposed-the achievement being of the church universal at home and measured not by what is done but by abroad. There is a pathetic legend what is willed. He sets our limitathat when the church of St. Sophia tions of time, money, health, and was building at Constantinople, in 325 providential hindrances. But there is A.D., a poor bedridden woman who, one thing He never limits, and that is from her window saw the oxen slip- the honest, earnest purpose. That He ping back on the rough roadway as permits to be as gigantic as the love they toiled up the hill dragging the of the heart will have it, and He reheavy stones for the structure and wards a great desire .and determinatearing their hoofs, she had the straw tion even tho fleshly conditions and from her own pallet scattered on the worldly restrictions prevent its exe- roadway to help these struggling cution. beasts of burden; and that, when the day of dedication came, the name of this obscure "Maria" was found engraven by unknown hands on its portal. In all God's work those who are kept at home, and tarry by the stuff; who by prayer, almsgiving, heart-yearning, are helping others to

EXPENSES AND RESULTS AT HOME parative activity and benevolence of the various ecclesiastical bodies, and AND ABROAD (See Statistical the disproportion between the home and foreign laborers. Possibly these Table.) comparative results may show how in some cases a more equitable distribu- Some interesting facts will be dis- tion both of men and money might be covered by .a careful study of the ac- made were there a quickened sense of companying table. Notwithstanding responsibility. the incompleteness, inaccuracy and lack of uniformity in statistical tables, It is also interesting to note that the approximations to truth and fact are missionary societies with the largest possible through them, and anyone average gain in communicants have who will carefully examine the ac- also high average gifts per member. companying table will find much food Almost uniformly the societies that for both reflection and instruction. contribute the most to missionary work support the largest number of mis- Here the largest contributions to sionaries and receive the largest numforeign missions are found to be from ber of converts. The smaller societies the Methodists, North; the Baptists, generally cost more to maintain and North; the Presbyterians and Congre- yield less visible fruit. gationalists; but the largest average gift per member is in one of the But the most noticeable feature of smallest bodies, the United Presby- this comparative study is that almost terians, who contribute $2.56, which is invariably the number of converts to more than double most of the other every ordained minister are from two denominations. There are but two ex- to ten times as great in foreign lands ceptions and both these the smaller de- as at home. Surely it is not waste of nominations. men and money to obey the Lord's great command to disciple the na- The largest number of ordained tions. ministers abroad is found in the Methodist, Congregational, Baptist THE. EXAMPLE OF KOREA and Presbyterian bodies; but when the comparison is instituted between the MISSIONARIES home body and the foreign body of ordained workers, we find the United The missionaries in Korea have set Presbyterians have about one-eighth a noble example of faith and works. as many abroad as at home, and the They have set a mark for I,OOO,OOO Congregationalists nearly reach this converts to Christ this year and the proportion, but the Baptists, North, native Christians are entering into the have but one-fourteenth, the Presby- campaign in earnest. The faithful terians one-seventeenth, etc. missionaries and their native band of workers do not make the mistake of As to gains in communicants, sim- depending on mere enthusiasm, or ilar instructive comparisons are sug- advertisement, or numbers, or money, gested. The largest average gain per or human agency. They depend on minister at home is among the Ger- the Spirit of God first to stir their man Evangelical body, IO.3; next own hearts and purify and empower among the Methodists, South, 6.9; the their own lives, then to stir the church largest average gain abroad is that of at home to renewed prayer and supthe United Brethren, which reaches port, and finally to act on the hearts the high figure of 4I.7; the next high- of the heathen men and women in the est being the Presbyterians, North, field. The revival movements have 25.7, and the United Presbyterians, already shown that machinery and or- 23.6; and the smallest, that of the ganization are not always needed to Lutheran General Council, .9I. produce results and that nothing is too Upon these figures we make no comment. We simply call attention to hard for God. them, if possibly they suggest any What might not be accomplished if wholesome lessons as to the com-

AMERICAN CHURCHES· AND FOREIGN MISSIONS IN

A Comparison of Home and Foreign Work of the Protestant Denominations .. . " I Ordained Ministers ~ i~~.:: Gain in Communicants IAz,'erage Gain Per Minister .l~-~~ .,1~<:>~~ LEADING .. ..,,:.';:~.., …. E ",'~ ~ ;:' ~ '..c…. oM -f!.. '.~.. ~~ ":::.._. ·'~"~~~.f…r.. ~~ ….~ ~ ::~t: g :-t;" ~ ;t . . ;t"":: … – I—~-·£– 1—~–~-~–I.–~-~–I—-:t:—I.-;;-~-;-ti;-:-i:-~- 1—:s"I-~6,-'~-~-:-II–"'-~-~-~-~–I—'-:—I-:;:-'-]-~~ DENOMINATIONSt;I';) ..c~:j ——–.– ___ .___, Baptists (North)……………… ….. … 1,176,380 $1,151,354 $0.91 8,095 578 8,065 2.1 14. Baptists (South)., ….. , …..•••. ;……. 2,139,080 460,798 .21 U,6SS Baptists (Colored) .. ,……………….. 1,874,261 23,537 .01 12,602 193 2,905 4.1 15. Congregationalists ………………… '" 947,163 1.02 6,026 Disciples of Christ………………….. 732,500 450,106 .04 6,460 99 •.••. 300 .. 3. Evangelical Association ……..••. ;……. 1,273,357 30,474 .36 Society of F-riends (Orthodox)………….. 82,000 .85 991 433 13,305 5,914 2.2 13.7 Lutheran General Synod…………….. 106,957 85,300 .30 1-.341 Lutheran General Council……………. 96,005 34,167 .08 1',320 232 1,368 2,537 decrease 10.9 German Evangelical Synod……………. 284,805 28,419 .11 1,487 Methodist (North)………………….. 452,818 .63 1,002 31 1,224 111 1.1 3.6 Methodist (South)………………….. 249,137 2,019,084 .46 18,160 Methodist (African)…………………. 3,159,913 831,998 .04 7,287 44 1,074 360 .8 8.2 Methodist Protestant ……..•.••..•..••• 1,780,778 15,480 .13 6,353 Moravian * …………………. ,…… 452,126 24,630 1,348 18 3,827 218 2.9 12.3 Presbyterian (North)………………… 188,122 1.13 Presbyterian (South)………………… 17,572 1,487,160 1.53 134 11 5,700' 1;000 3.8 9.1 Presbyterian, United,……………….. 1,311,828 412,156 2:56 8,916 Protestant EpiscopaL………………… 269,733 340,935 .77 1,625 8 10,332 130 10.3 16.2 Reformed (Dutch)………………….. 132,925 708,928 Reformed (German)…………………. 9iz,I23 205,373 I 1.76 995 933 47,425 17,157 2.5 18.4 United 'Brethren., ….. ,…………….. 116,174 95,000 .32 5,272 293,836 100,459 .35 191 50,164 2,430 6.9 12.7 285,019 727 1,2.0 16 •…. 214 •• 13.4 1,874 12 2,586 210 . decrease 17.5 . •• 129 •••• .9 562 33,569 14,409 3.8 25.7 97 •. •• • 2,219 22.S 121 3,361 2,860 3.4 23.6 222 25,700 1,643 4.9 7.4 72 965 308 decrease 4.3 31 4,508 87 3.7 2.8 40 5,173 1,671 2.7 41.7 I * The 1ioravian headquarters are in Germany and we have not the separate statistics for Americ:a.-EDITOR~.

CHURCH STATISTICS FOR

Prepared tor Tlte Christian Advocate, by Dr. H. K. Carroll ————————————-,———————-~I~G~A~IN-S- ORDER OF DENOMINATIONS SUMMARY FOR 1909 1909 I Rank in Communi- -M–in-is_· ·I,C·h– – – – –'———1- DENOMINATIONS Rank in Communi· Communi- Commu- ters DENOMINATIONS urches cants nicants ———————1 1909 cants 1890 cants – – – – -:-:–~–:-:-:-..,——.~– -~- –~-I—- Adventists (6 bodies)…………………. 1,154 2,479 91,951 d1,572 Roman Catholic ………………. . 1 12,354,596 6,231,417 1 Baptists (15 bodies)………………….. 40,455 55,304 5,510,590 91,933 Methodist Episcopal ……………. . 2 3,159,913 Regular Baptist (Sollth) ………… . 2 2,240,354 Brethren (Dunkards, 4 bodies)…………. 3,412 1,188 122,847 2,139,080 515 Regular Baptist (Colored) ………. . 3 4 1,280,066 Brethren (Plymouth, 4 bodies)…………. . . . . 403 10,566 3,905 4 1,874,261 3 1,348,989 Brethren (River, 3 bodies)…………….. 220 102 4,847 433 Methodist Episcopal, South ……… . 5 1,780,778 5 1,209,976 Buddhists (2 bodies)………………….. 15 74 3,165 3,165 Presbyterian (Northern) ……….. . 6 1.311,828 7 788,244 Catholic Apostolic (2 bodies)………….. 33 24 4,927 3,436 Disciples of Christ …………….. . 7 1,273,357 8 641,051 Catholics (Eastern Orthodox, 7 bodies). . … . 179 195 355,000 80,000 Regular Baptist (North) ………… . 8 1,176,380 6 800,450 Catholics (Western, 3 bodies)………….. 16,470 13,264 12,372,069 227,286 Protestant Episcopal …………… . 9 912,123 9 532,054 Christadelphians …………………….. . . . . 70 1,412 135 Congregationalist …………….. . . 10 732,500 10 512,771 Lutheran Synodical Conference …… . Christians ………………………….. 1,011 1,379 85,717 d6,615 11 726,526 12 357,153 Chr!st!an Ca.thol.ic (Dowie)……………. 35 17 5,865 d34,135 African Methodist Episcopal. Zion … . 12 545,681 13 349,788 Chnstlan SClenhsts ………………….. 1,336 668 85,096 Lutheran General CounciL ……… . 13 452,818 14 324,846 Christian Union …………………….. 295 217 13,905 d12',078 African Methodist EpiscopaL ……. . 14 452,126 11 452,725 Church of God (Winebrennarian)………. 509 595 41,475 LatterMDay Saints …………….. . 15 350,000 21 144,352 Church of the Living God (Colored, 3 bodies). 101 68 4,286 4',286 Reformed (German) …………… . 16 293,836 15 204,018 Church of the New Jerusalem (2 bodies)…. 131 148 7,243 34 United Brethren ……………… . 17 285,019 16 202,474 Communistic Societies (6 bodies)……….. . . . . 22 2,272 d812 Lutheran General Synod………… . 18 284,805 20 164,640 Congregationalists ……………………. 6,026 6,035 732,500 13,305 Presbyterian (Southern) ……….. . 19 269,733 18 179,721 Disciples of Christ (2 bodies) .. " . . . . .. . … 8,560 13,631 1,430,015 134,592 German Evangelical Synod ……… . 20 249,137 17 187,432 Evangelical (2 hodies)………………… 1,517 2,678 180,315 2,899 Colored Methodist Episcopal …….. . 21 233,911 24 129,383 Faith Associations (9 bodies) … " . . . . . .. … 241 146 9,572 9,572 Methodist Protestant ………….. . 22 188,122 22 141,989 Free Christian Zion Church……………. 20 15 1,835 1,835 United Norwegian Lutheran …….. . 23 160,645 26 119,972 94,m 45,030 Friends (4 bodies)…………………… 1,494 1,097 119,601 425 Spiritualists ………………….. . 24 150,000 39 27 Friends of the Temple………………… 3 3 376 36 United Presbyterian …………… . 25 132,925 German Evangelical Protestant…………. 59 66 34,704 19,704 Greek Orthodox (Catholic)………. . 26 130,000 138 German Evangelical Synod…………….. 1,002 1,290 249,137 10,332 Lutheran Synod of Ohio ………… . 27 120,031 33 69,505 Jewish Congregations ………………… 1,084 1,769 143,000 •… Reformed (Dutch) ……………. . 28 116,174 28 92,970 Latter-Day Saints (2 bodies)…………… 2,483 1,350 400,650 1,150 Evangelical Association ………… . 29 106,957 23 133,313 Lutherans (24 bodies)………………… 8,421 13,533 2,173,047 81,311 Primitive Baptist ……………… . 30 102,311 25 121,347 Swedish Evangelical (2 bodies)…………. 516 411 51,000 4,000 Dunkard Brethren (Conservative) … . 31 100,000 35 61,101 Mennonites (12 bodies)……………….. 1,008 606 55,007 d6,683 Methodists (19 bodies)……………….. 42,029 60,737 6,477,224 54,927 Moravian. (2 bOdies)…………………. 137 142 18,343 900 ORDER OF DENOMINATIONAL FAMILIES Non-sectarian Bible Faith Churches……… 50 204 6,396 6,396 Pentecostal (2 bodies)………………… 815 .380 16,420 4,420 Presbyterians (12 bodies)……………… 12,935 16,224 1,848,046 16,192 I _ I I Rank in Communi- Rank in Communi- Protestant Episcopal (2 bodies). . .. . . . … . . . 5,366 7,674 921,713 25,891 DENOMINATIONAL FAMILIES 1909 cants _18_90_ cants Reformed (4 bodies)………………….. 2,110 2,614 442,569 10,321 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J_ __ _ ' _ _ ___ _ _ I_ _ '_~~_ Salvationists (2 bodies) ……….. _…. .. .. 3,385 909 27,286 436 Catholic (Roman, etc.)………….. 1 12,372,069 1 6,257,871 Methodist …………………….. Schwenkfeldians …………………….. 6 8 850 23 Baptist ………………………. 2 6,477,224 2 4,589,284 Lutheran …………………….. Social Brethren ……………………… 15 17 1.262 349 Presbyterian ……………………. 3 5,510,590 3 3,717,969 Society for Ethical Culture…………….. 8 5 2,342 114 Episcopal …………………….. 4 2,173,047 5 1,231,072 Spiritualists _………………………… . .. . Reformed …………………….. 748 150,000 Latter-Day Saints ……………… 5 1,848,046 4 1,278,362 United Brethren ……………….. Theosophical So<iety ………………….. 99 3,000 400 Jewish ……………………….. 6 921,713 6 540,509 Dunkard Brethren……………… United Brethren (2 bodies)……………. 2',i77 4,311 311,656 4,387 Friends ………………………. 7 442,569 7 309,458 Adventists ……………………. UnItanans …………………………. 558 482 70,542 d658 8 400,650 9 166,125 Universalists ……………………….. 730 890 54,836 1,824 9 304,656 8 225,281 Independent Congregations ……………. 267 879 48,673 34,547 10 143,000 10 130,496 ~~—-~-I-~~–'—- 11 122,847 13 73,795 Grand total for 1909. _……………… 168,378 215,160 34,677,000 791,713 12 119,601 1! 107,208 Grand total for 1908 ………………. 164,355 210,434 33,885,287 13 91,951 14 60,491 d Decrease,

EDITORIALS

missionaries all over the world would No doubt there is a large humanitarian unite in such a campaign of faith and element in the modern missionary works, in each land uniting in prayer method, but it is not the deepest basis and calling on the Church at home of the work or the best fruit of the and the native converts to unite in labor. Every true missionary seeks praying and working to increase the first of all to save man for this world membership tenfold in the next year. and the next by presenting Christ· as It is possible if it is God's will, and we a Savior from sin and its conse- quences and as a leader into a larger, are not sure that such an "if" is not better life. Beyond this basis the mis- sionary seeks to build up schools, bom of unbelief and carnality. He operate hospitals and use every other may be waiting only for His Church to means for man's lifting. We know be ready to sacrifice and serve with of no thorough, successful mission the sufficient zeal to make such a world- prime object of which is not to con- wide movement effective. God is vert men and women from sin to God, ready when His people are ready. He from failure to victory, and to oris still moved with compassion for the ganize a church of converts. To shepherdless multitudes; He still calls evangelize is the true watchword of the on us to pray, to give, and to go. The followers and servants of Christ. Orpromise of .answer to the united ganization and amelioration are both prayer of a united church has not been subordinate and subsequent. We beabrogated (Matthew 18: 19). With lieve that missionary work will never earnest, heartfelt prayer and conse- be truly and permanently successful crated personal work the numbers in if this order is reversed. If civilizathe Christian Church might be doubled tion, the fruit of Christianity is sought this year and the power of the Church before the roots have been planted and might be increased tenfold. strengthened, the end will be decay and death. Rev. W. H. Forsyth of Korea suggests that Christians throughout the GIVING AND GOING BY PROXY world unite in a campaign The death of Dr. Louis Klopsch, ( I) To put the word of God in editor of The Christian Herald, reevery household in the world (Isaiah moves not only a gifted journalist but a philanthropist. He sought to have 55: 10-13). his widely-read paper on the right (2) For a world-wide prayer circle side, evangelical .and evangelistic in tone, and the helper of every good for Christian missions (Matt. 9: 35-38, work. Few realize that through his and 18, 19, 20). appeals, in the past eighteen years, he has raised and disbursed in interde- (3) For a world-wide campaign of nominational and international charpersonal work (Matthew 22: 9, and ities over three and a quarter million 28: 16-20). dollars. During the India famine, fourteen years ago, he was the means Why not? "Where is your faith?" of sending a cargo of wheat and $400,- "Be it unto thee even as thou wilt." 000 in cash; two years later half as much more was sent to relieve Cuban IS THERE A NEW METHOD IN sufferers; ten years ago, for famine and cholera victims in India, $700,000 MISSIONS? was added; the next year $80,000 for Chinese famine and $300,000 more in The Outlook, in referring to the 1907, likewise for China. Dr. Laymen's Movement, says that the Klopsch's philanthropic services natunew method of missions is that of rally evoked formal recognition not civilizing the heathen rather than saving their souls; and an article in Harper's Weekly runs somewhat along the same lines, affirming that "Christian people and civilization tend to save souls." The missionary effort is now directed largely to establishing schools, hospitals, etc., the practical civilization aims at and accomplishes.

only in the form of private audience MISSIONARY REVIEW has been blest with European rulers, but in the form for the promotion of missions. We of medals .and decorations. constantly receive appeals for copies It is not necessary to have wealth from pastors, missionaries and stu- in order to wield wealth as a weapon. dents who are not .able to pay the Many .a comparatively poor man has price, but who feel the need of the controlled millions by his wisdom in stimulus and the inspiration of its counsel, his probity in conduct, and his ideals and reports. The funds for this large-hearted enthusiasm in advocacy. purpose were long ago exhausted, but Wise men long ago discovered that if those who believe in the value of "wit is better than wealth," "the pen spreading missionary information and mightier than the sword," and the who are able to do so, will give the "tongue more potent than the purse." cost of one or more subscriptions for Here is a man that used type as wider distribution, what blessing tongues of appeal and reached his mul- might follow! The same labor on titude of readers with his' words so as the part of the editors that now brings to move them to give what he could the REVIEW to thousands of readers not. He commanded donors by the may as well cause it to reach ten times mere force of an outspoken zeal. It that number. Readers may be co- is a great thing to be an intelligent ad- workers with the editors and authors vocate. Dr. Duff in his prime stirred to spread these leaves as leaves of all Scotland to a new interest in mis- healing and strength.

sions. He set the assemblies of the TRAVELING MISSIONARY SECREchurch aflame by his holy passion for TARIES the work of God. No legacy of money could have compared with the The Methodist and Episcopal legacy of moral and spiritual motive Omrches have missionary bishops and movement that he left to the Eng- who travel in the mission fields, overlish-speaking world. If we have noth- seeing and directing the work. Other ing else to give, we may first inform boards have had under consideration ourselves and so inform others, first the appointment of general mission- get the sacred fire and then carry and aries who would fill much the same spread it, that those who can go and office, with more limited powers, in can give may find information and in- the Congregational, Presbyterian and spiration for their own endeavor and Baptist denominations. When the benevolence. men are wisely chosen the advantages Some years ago, it was the writer's of such a system would be great in privilege to plead for larger mission- bringing missionaries into closer ary consecration before the young touch with each other and with the men of Belfast. Fifteen years later home office. we first learned that after that address It is reported that the American some young men spent the night in Baptist Foreign Mission Society prayer, and out of that came a new or- plans to appoint two new secretariesganization to carry the gospel into thus making three foreign and one Africa, and now there are twenty- home department secretary. Some seven missionaries on the field and of the missionaries on the field raise thousands of pounds annually are the question as to whether such art given for their support. Let every increase in the force at home is j usreader do his or her best in the spread- tified when the appeals for increased ing of intelligence and the advocacy of appropriations to meet the needs on every good cause, and what er.onnous the field are constantly desired on the ground of the expense involved. The results may follow! We are thankful to be able to tes- foreign secretaries of the Baptist tify to the way in which money given Society are to take turns in visiting for the gratuitous circulation of the the foreign fields. AMERICA striking developments in the two-mil- The Laymen's Movement in the Wild lion-d?ll.ar ~ampaign. Brooklyn has Weat the dIstInction of being the first city To anyone at all acquainted with to set a new standard. As a result the Western frontier, the following from Men and Missions will be most of the convention of the Laymen's interesting reading, relating as it does Missionary Movement held there Janto what occurred in the capital city of Idaho and reported by Sherwood uary 8th-10th, the men of the churches Eddy: "Boise beats all records, tho n?! down as one of the seventy-five have determined to raise $60 000 for cIties for a convention. They canvassed the entire town, and every busi- the seven societies in 191d. This ness man in the city. There were 1,200 registered delegates, paying ~mount wilI be a fifty-per-cent. $1,700 in cash to attend the meetings. There were twenty per cent more dele- Increase over that given during the gates from the city itself than there were male communicants. All the past year, and will be about $10,000 shops were closed in order to attend the banquet, and the whole city was In excess of the .apportionment. The decorated by order of the mayor. The m~n marched to the banquet hall, two $60,000 for the seven societies, added mIles away, with a brass band. The judges of the Supreme Court went to the $40,000 for local church exin a special auto. The Governor took the chair, and the ex-Governor and tension work, will make a breonuenvdol$e1n0c0~sprominent judges presided at other 000 for congregational meetings. The day sessions were crowded with men. They voted to from the churches of. BroOklyn III will increase their gifts to missions from 1910. It is a long distance from $3,800 to $9,000, but they far ex- Brooklyn to Los Angeles, but within ceed that amount. twenty-four hours from the time the "The Governor of the State said that he would join the church the next Sun- Brooklyn men reached -their determiday. He said he had also decided to retire at the close of his term of of- nation at the congregational rally in fice, and devote his life and fortune to work among men. Tho he had Clinton Avenue Church, the men of never given anything to missions, he gave up his gold watch in order that southern California gathered at a banhe might make a special sacrifice for the foreign mission cause." Many quet in Los Angeles had put themwho were present had never before seen a live missionary. selves on record as determining to lift The Influence of the Laymen's Movement the &ifts to the seven societies to $roo,- It was feared by some that the <;>00 III 1910, altho their ap~ortionment vigorous pushing of work for the world's evangelization would work se- IS only $48,000. Organization is unriously for the detriment of home missions. But not so at all; at least for der w.ay in all the southern California Congregational work. On the contrary, says Our Missions: "The first churches looking to the accomplishmonth of the year has witnessed some ment of the result desired. Now comes news from Chicago of a committee of seventy laymen appointed to conduct a. campaign for $roo,ooo for congrega- tIOnal benevolences among the Chicago churches.. !Most of this goes to the ~even SOCIetIes, a small percentage be- Ing used for local congregational ex- penses."

Why Laymen Have Been Idle A strong, capable man, who had been a member of a church for twenty- two years, was heard to say some time ago that during more than two dec- ades. of church life, the supreme serVIce he had been called to wreansdetr~ in addition to living right, usher and take up the collection.

However, the imperative issue of the L.aymen's undertaking has clutched hIS heart, and he has been giving clays and weeks to superb aggr~ssive personal endeavor, and is now proposing fect upon the men who made it. "I to invest his new-found talents in en- never knew before that there was any- thing in the Church worth while for listing non-Christian men to become a man to do," exclaimed one man in affiliated with the Church.-Men and talking about it.-Men and Missions. Missions.

An Upriaing in Houston The American Baptiat Foreign Minion Representatives of the Laymen's Society Movement held a two-day meeting in this Texan city, which has a popula- The American Baptist Missionary tion of about 50,000, and the seven de- Union has changed its name to "The nominations represented made mis- American Baptist Foreign Mission sionary subscriptions as follows (with Society." The work goes on as before the gifts of each for last year) : and the headquarter" are as usual at Easton, Massachusetts. Many will 1909 1910 regret the unnecessary change in the Methodists …………….$2,318 name of the well-known and well-be- Baptists ….•………….. 1,792 $10.975 loved Union, but we trust that the 5,000 change in name wiII mean no loss of Presbyterians, South ……. 1,434 6,01 5 support and no loss of efficiency. Disciples ……………… 786 2,000 Episcopalians …………. S65 V olunteera Wanted 3,200 Presbyterians, North .•.••• 295 Congregationalists ……… 23 768 ISO Total ………………. 7,213 28,108 1. A man to teach stenography, typewriting, bookkeeping, etc., and A By-product of the Men'. Movement take charge of the business department In Colorado Springs the members of a boys' school in Calcutta, India. of the cooperating committee, going This school is under the auspices of two by two, visited every office, store the Board of Foreign Missions of the and house in the down-town section Methodist Episcopal Church. two days before the opening dinner. 2. Treasurer and secretary (unmar- Among those who made this canvass ried man) to the president of the were college professors, prominent Union University at Nanking, China. lawyers and bankers, physicians and A stenographer and bookkeeper who business men, and men engaged in has had experience in office work is some of the biggest commercial en- needed. terprises in the country. In this way 3· Manager of a mission press in many delegates were secured. Two Mexico. A man thoroughly f.amiliar Christian Chinamen learned of the with the printing and publishing busi- movement and registered. Church- ness, with good business ability, who men who did not believe in missions will in time be business manager of were induced to register and attend the press and act as treasurer of the the opening dinner. But more was mission. (Presbyterian Board of Fordone, however, than the mere regis- eign Missions.) tration of additional delegates and the 4. Industrial superintendent for arousing of interest in missions. Men Kamerun, German West Africa. A who had drifted from the Church in man capable of teaching the cultiva- the course of years were brought into tion of the soil, carpentering, tailorclose touch with the Church again. It ing, etc., is required. Appointment was the first time that men of their will be made by the Presbyterian own position and business capacity had Board of Foreign Missions. approached them and asked them to 5. A physician for a hospital· in take part in the work of the Church. Nanking, China. A man who has had The mere fact that this canvass was a college course as well as a full made by men of large caliber made a course in medical school, with a year tremendous impression upon the com- or ntore in a good hospital (a man not munity. The canvass also had its e£- much over 30 years old). A man is needed at the earliest possible date in translations, and in many it has passed order to allow the present incumbent through several editions." But it is to go home on fudough for a much- to be remembered that tho all these needed rest. (Board of Missions of translations may have been made and the Protestant Episcopal Church.) printed and carried abroad by Mormon missionaries, the number of copies dis- The International Mi.sionary Union tributed is utterly insignificant com- pared with those sent out from the The Twenty-seventh Annual Con- Bible Society presses. ference of the International Missionary Union will meet at Clifton Springs, Americ:a Uniting Foreigner. N. Y., June 1st to 7th, 1910. The theme of the conference will be It seems clearly to be the divine "World Movements Foreshadowing mission of the New World to bring the Coming of the Kingdom." It is together the amazingly diverse peoples expected that there will be over one and races of the Old World, and in hundred missionaries present, repre- order that becoming acquainted all senting all denominations and nea~ly prejudice and dislike may be rooted every mission field, in conference with out, in order that they may live side reference to the problems and prog- by side as friends, even brethren in Christ Jesus. As an illustration of the ress of missionary enterprises.* process, The Pacific has recently stat- ed these facts: "The Oriental coolie The Bible Society Endowment is rapidly finding a new home in the West Indies.' Large numbers have The American Bible Society is at been imported by the British Governlast able to announce that the $500,000, ment as indentured plantation labor. to meet the offer of Mrs. Russell Sage They do not mix with the negro, and to give a similar amount, has been as their terms of service expire, many raised. This money, one million dol- of them settle in the new land as free lars, will be used as a perpetual en- laborers, small farmers, and shopdowment, and will enable the directors keepers. In Porto Rico, Cuba and of the society to enlarge the appro- Mexico the Anglo-Saxon and the priations both for home and foreign Spanish-American are being brought work for the year beginning April I, face to face as never before in history. I9IO. The earnest appeals for help The two hundred years' battle for the which come from all over the world possession of the Spanish Main and may be more adequately and promptly the contiguous lands caused them to satisfied. The Bible Society is the meet as foes, where.as now the bands society without which other m~ssion­ of transportation and commerce are ary societies would be greatly Crippled. drawing them together in a spirit of cooperation. The City of Mexico has Book of Mormon i.. Many Tonl'u•• a colony of six or seven thousand Americans; the resources of the coun- According to the Deseret Evening try are being exploited by Yankee en- News, organ of the Mormon Church, gineers, railroad-builders, manufactur- "The Book of Mormon is the volume ers .and miners; and Spanish romance that possibly comes nearest the B~ble and color, the bull-fight, and the in point of distribution. It now eXists church pageant are strangely set off in English, German, Danish, Swedish, by the workaday surroundings of Dutch, Spanish, French, Italian, modern industrialism." Welsh, Hawaiian, Maori, Samoan, Tahitan, Turkish, Japanese, Greek, An Independent Mexic:an Churc:h Hebrew, Armenian and Hindustani There is a great national feeling * The Sanitarium entertains the members of the among Protestants in Mexico. It might be called "Christian patriot- Union free of expense, and others wishing to attend can secure accommodations at the Sanitarium or at private boarding places in the village. 14'0' sionaries and others who contemplate attendIng the Conference will confer a favor if they will notify the corresponding secretary, Mrs. H. 1.

Bostwick, Clifton Springs, N. Y. ism." It is a pent-up force that must which they come, is not in the least be reckoned with. A movement to likely to be overestimated."

unite more closely all Protestant The number of delegates appointed forces, which would take into account by 54 American societies is 480; by 44 this national feeling would receive a British societies, 394; and 139 from 37 hearty support by a large majority of Continental societies; a total of 1,013 all Protestants. The direction of such delegates from 135 societies. Eight- a movement would require wise and een German societies will be repre- statesmanlike leadership. As an out- sented by 75 delegates, six Dutch so- come of this national feeling there cieties by 13, two French by 5, two was started some years ago an organ- Danish by 7, one Finnish by 4. three ization called the Mexican Evangelical Norwegian by 10, and five Swedish by Church. This is still in existence and 10 delegates. Well does the News publishes a paper, but has failed to Sheet suggest: " It is not without enlist the sympathy and support of significance that the Continent should the best of the Protestants. It was be- furnish so many delegates more or gun and is carried forward with wrong less fully qualified to take part in an motives and lacks the leadership of English-speaking conference." Among those who have sufficient executive distinguished American laymen ex- ability and personality to direct a na- pected are such as W. J. Bryan. vice- tional movement. President Fairbanks, Admiral Mahan EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN and Seth Low. Sir Robert Hart, for more than forty years inspector-gen- The Great Edinburgh World-conference eral of customs in China, will have a The M onth!y News Sheet, pub- part.

lished in the interest of this coming The Continent Deeply Interested notable missionary gathering, said in the March issue: "There is something The deep interest in the conference that appeals very strongly to the which is being taken on the Continent imagination in the prospect of the is shown in a paper by Dr. Julius representatives of so many national- Richter, who says: "The missionary ities meeting together to consult how societies on the Continent, as well as they may advance the cause of their those in Great Britain and America, common Lord. Tho the conference is are keenly alive to the fact that a new held in Great Britain, the number of great missionary era has dawned, and delegates appointed by American so- that this demands a new standpoint cieties exceeds the number sent by and new standards in missionary work, British societies. Representatives will both in the great mission fields also be present from Germany, France, abroad and at home, with reference to Switzerland, Holland, Norway, Swe- work at the home base. As a result den, Denmark and Finland, as well as of the shrinkage of distance and the from South Africa, Australia, and breaking down of the racial, national, New Zealand. It is a special pleasure and social barriers which have hither- to welcome the delegates who will be to existed, missionary societies are present from Japan, Korea, China, and. emerging from their former isolation; India. As the Church in this confer- and missionary problems, the full ence considers the problem of the magnitude of which is now recog- evangelization of the world, it will be nized, call for the combination, proper able to look at it not through Western distribution, and careful employment eyes merely, but with the help of rep- of the missionary forces available. In resentatives of the Church in non- this general movement the German Christian lands. The importance of and Continental missionary societies the presence of these representatives, in particular recognize it to be their and the significance of the new spirit duty, and definitely purpose to emerge of nationality in the countries from from their previous seclusion in order that they may take an effective part in wives. In the United Free Church we the general missionary life of the are far from raising even iI a head Church. Continental missions occupy, for foreign missions, and our foreign to some extent, geographically dis- mission staff would require an addi- tinct territories, which naturally tional 2,000 to the present 500 before tends to result in isolation. In the we could reach the proportion of one Dutch East Indies the missions are al- missionary to 200 members exem- most exclusively German and Dutch, plified by the Friends.-Missionary and the rest of the missionary world Record.

takes but scanty notice of these re- Father Giuliani Now a Methodist mote fields. Greenland, Labrador, Lesser Tibet, Surinam, Mosquito, Apropos of the recent widely pub- Kaiserwilhelmsland, and other small lished incident when ex-Vice-President territories are mission fields similarly Fairbanks addrest the Methodist separate and remote." Episcopal congregation in Rome, and Friends' Intereat in Minions was refused audience by the Pope, the following extract from a letter of the If we were asked to name any sec- Rev. N. Walling Clark will be of in- tion of society which was exercising terest: an intellectual and spiritual influence "On Sunday night we had the first beyond all proportion to its numbers, public address in our Italian church we should have no hesitation in point- in Rome of Father Giuliani, a priest ing to the Friends. Their world sta- occupying a prominent position in the tistics for 1903 were published in Jan- Catholic Church, who has recently uary last, and we find that in the been converted. He is only thirty-two United Kingdom, the Colonies, and years old, but has been for about five the Continent, taken together, they years the prior or father superior of a number only 21,716, and in America large Carmelite convent at Taranto, in 95,954. Nor does an increase of 6,000 southern Italy, and at the same time in ten years give promise of rapid in charge of one of the largest growth. In the foreign mission sta- churches in that city, which numbers tions, apparently 8 in number, con- about 35,000 souls in the parish.

nected with the American yearly meet- Father Giuliani has been one of the ings, there are 3,669 members; and in best preachers in the Roman Church in the 5 breign mission fields connected Italv. He has been sent to conduct with the British meetings, 3,123 mem- missions in various cities, preaching to bers, making a total membership large audiences, and has been received throughout the world of I 24,462. by the present Pope Pius X in private But small tho the number of Friends audience. Every seat was taken in may be, it is undeniable that their our large church on Sunday night and lofty ethical ideals, recommended by many persons stood during the ad- calm persuasive reasoning, are ever ex- dress."

ercising an educative and plastic in- Sage Counsel to Pope Pius fluence on the best thought of the gen- eral community. And in the field of With the Fairbanks incident in action they are also exemplary. Per- mind, Harper's Weekly suggests: haps their best work at home is found "What one might wish is that the good in their adult schools, while abroad pope might have a better appreciation they maintain a proportionately large of the usefulness of proselyting missionary enterprise. The report of Methodists both in Rome and every~ the London Association shows that where else where the Roman Catholic the British Friencls contribute over Church is strong and all-pervasive.

i25.oao for foreign missions. and are NotIling seems to be so useful to that represented in the field abroad by 105 Church as lively Protestant competi- missionaries, including missionaries' tion. Wherever it has it, it thrives i wherever it lacks it, it gets into trou- fects of Mr. FetIer's efforts noticeable.

ble. The spirit of man demands an Toward the end of October a new opposition, or at least a religious al- chapel, capable of holding 500 per- ternative, to the Roman Catholic sons, was opened at Balasheff. The Church. The great mischiefs that building is invested with a particular have come on that Church have come interest as being the first native Rus- from the denial of that alternative. sian Baptist chapel.

Heretics were driven out of France Progress of Islam in Rus.ia and killed out of Spain to such an ex- tent that Protestantism is weak in We have referred to the fact that in those countries, and the inevitable op- Russia 50,000 have left the Greek position to the strong Roman Catholic Orthodox Church and Lecome Mo- organization has to line up with hammedans between April 17, 1905, atheists and haters of Christianity. An when religious liberty in Russia was infusion of active Methodists might proclaimed, and January I, I 909. We do both of those countries, and Italy, were inclined to think that these 50,000 too, enormous good, and incidentally were people forced into the Greek Or- might improve the position of the thodox Church, who remained Mo- Roman Catholic Church in Europe. hammedans at heart and embraced the If the pope, with propriety, could sub- first opportun~ty to return to their old sidize the Methodist Association in religion. But this is not so. Reports Rome, it would pay to do it." from northeastern Russia continue to Evangelization in Ruaaia report to the Secretary of the Interior that Islam is rapidly progressing. The The scrutiny of State officials-for- Mohammedan priests and rich mermerly so serious a check to evangelis- chants and large landowners are matic work in Russia-shows many king a most aggressive campaign for signs of a tendency toward relaxing. the spread of their faith among the A similar inclination exists among nomadic tribes of the Tshermisses, priests, one of whom advised an in- Mordwines, Tshuwashes, and others. quirer to "go to the hall of the Evan- These tribes either are heathen or begelicals," where she would be sure to long officially to the Greek Orthodox get help. Among Evangelical workers Church. The Mohammedan press is are an ex-priest who was excommu- exceedingly active among them. Large nicated because of an outspoken dec- numbers of newspapers-in Kasan laration of his belief in Christ, and one alone thirty-pamphlets, and tracts in who was formerly a monk, but now the Tatar language are being pub- spends his time in visiting prisons and lished at the expense of rich Moslems. distributing Gospels. The mission- ,Great packages of this literature are halls are well filled, the Bible-readings sent into the towns and villages, where are well attended, and the number of they are sold at low prices on the marchildren in the various Sunday-schools ket days. The publishers can not gain is increasing. anything thus, nor do they seem to Baptista Making Good Headway desire it, since the rich Mohammedans The Government has now granted undoubtedly stand behind the whole its recognition of the native Russian movement with their large means.

Baptist Church in St. Petersburg, the The propaganda is so strong that membership of which has increased Russian papers are calling upon the threefold during the last twelve Government for energetic steps months. The position Mr. Fetler has against it, since the movement may be- won for himself in public esteem is come a national danger.

indicated by the action of the City Thus our attention is called again to Duma in granting him the free use of the fact that every Moslem who lives the town-hall for his winter services. among heathen or non-Mohammedan Not only in St. Petersburg are the ef- neighbors becomes an active missionary of his religion, and goes to work work. The Bible has been translated quietly and persistently, and the suc- into all the lanOguages of western J.sia, cess of these voluntary messengers of and a large Christian literature pre- Islam is such that one well acquainted pared for its polyglot people. At the with the fact has said, that for every Beirut Press alone 60,000,000 pages of Mohammedan brought to Christ, at Christian books were printed in a present, one hundred heathen enter the single year, and in one month orders camp of the false prophet. were on file for IOO,OOO copies of the Arabic Scriptures, including eighteen ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS cases of Bibles sent to Shanghai for The Constantinople Girls' College the Moslems of China. What stronger proof can be given of the strategic im- Within a few weeks three large portance of Syria in the evangelization gifts to this institution have been an- of the Moslem world? And who can nounced. Miss Helen Gou~d has measure the influence and power of given $175,000 and Mrs. Henry Wood such great educational centers as $5°,000. To these sums Mr. Rocke- Robert College, the Syrian Protestant feller has just added $15°,000. Several College, and similar institutions at new buildings will soon begin to rise Marsovan, Aintab, Smyrna, Tarsus, on the new site, and by the autumn Marash and Teheran? Robert Colof 191 I it is expected that the college lege has for the past forty years eduwill cross the Bosporus and establish cated and trained fifteen nationalities itself in its new quarters. The en- in the principles of justice and selflarged opportunities and increased government and made possible the number of students will make this present new era in Turkey.-S. M. plant seem inadequate, altho spacious in contrast with the old buildings. ZWEMER.

For many years the pupils have been New Theology in Islam Armenians, Greeks, Bulgarians, and A British correspondent, writing reof other Oriental nations, but now re- cently to the Homiletic Review, makes straints from Turkish girls have been the following reference to tendencies removed and they are coming in con- and developments among the modern siderable numbers. This college is in leaders of Mohammedan thought: the way of doing a service for education in the Near East beyond the "It is now manifest beyond all doubt dreams of its founders; and another that Islam has a new theology of its half-million dollars could be used at own. Too much significance must not once with assurance of great results. be ascribed to this fact, as tho the Moslem world were cutting loose from Light Breaking in the East all the rigid old traditions which have characterized it till very recently. But Christian missions are not only es- the fact is indubitable that a new tablished, but have proved their power school of thought has arisen in Islam.

and influence in ever-widening circles Many evidences might be mentioned.

in everyone of these centers: Con- One of the latest is the rapid favor stantinople, Salonica, Adrianople, which is being secured among the Smyrna, Bagdad, Aleppo, Beirut, Moslems of Constantinople by the fine Brusa, Kaisarieh, Mosul, Adana, institution known as the American Jerusalem, Trebizond, Diarbekr, Ta- College for Girls. Till recently such briz, Teheran, Ispahan, Kirman, Yezd, an innovation would have seemed a Shiraz, Aden, Muscat and Busrah. miraculous impossibility, but last year Within the boundaries of these five 10 Moslem girls to begin with entered Moslem lands, Turkey, Palestine, oas students, and now 26 are enrolled.

Syria, Persia, Arabia, there are over Furthermore, five girl students have 600 Protestant missionaries engaged in been sent to study in the college by the educational, medical and evangelistic Government, with the view of prepar-

ing to teach in those primary schools ficers employed in putting down the which are to be introduced." rebellion, was so struck with the INDIA bravery and honesty of the people that he suggested to the late Rev. E.

Enthralled by Christ L. Puxley (a CM.S. missionary, for- One of the most remarkable con- merly an officer in the Fourth Light verts and preachers that India has Dragoons, who had served in the produced was Nilakantha Goreh- Crimea) the advisability of com- Nehemiah Goreh .as he was called af- mencing a mission to them. Puxley ter his baptism-a high-caste Brahman accordingly obtained permission to and Hindu pundit, deeply versed in live among the Santals, worked for all the Hindu philosophical systems. several years as an honorary mission- He despised Christianity, thinking it ary, and was permitted to baptize some was a religion fit only for ignorant of the first converts. He died only Mlechchas (out-castes), and set him- last year and lived to see over fifty self to undertake its refutation. With C.M.S. Santali and Pahari congregathe object of proving that it was false tions meet every Sabbath. The New he began to study the Bible, and he Testament and parts of the Old Tesyielded to the simple fascination of tament and the whole of the prayer- Christ. Why and how he became a Christian he could never explain. "1 book have been translated into the lanwas caught as in a net, and I could guage of the people. There are now not get .away from Christ," he said. some 5,000 Christian adherents.-C. M. S. Gazette.

"Christ is so pure," was one of his One Church for All India?

expressions. It was a very similar ex- . The general assembly of the Presbyperience to that of Pastor Hsi, of terian Church of India which recently China, who, tho a scholar and a man met at Lodhiana with commissioners of influence, was yet an opium slave, from twenty presbyteries, approved but became enamored of the New the plans so far perfected for a gen- Testament and conscious of the over- eral federation of all the Protestant powering presence of Christ, and sud- churches of the Indian peninsula. The denly, in a moment of glorious faith, presbytery of Allahabad overtured the exclaimed, "He has enthralled me, and assembly for permission to enter into I am His forever." It was this union with the Congregational Nehemiah Goreh who had the high churches of the United Provinces; but, privilege of helping Pandita Ramabai, since those churches had not yet acthe child-widow's friend, on her way cepted the plan of union, the assembly to Christ.-The Bible in the World. did not think action called for.

The C. M. S. Santal Mission This mission, under the care of the Laymen as Missionaries in Burma English Church Missionary Society, A few months ago Dr. Knight, who has recently celebrated the semi-cen- was then Bishop of Rangoon, made a tennial of its beginning, and it is in- special appeal to laymen to come out teresting to recall the circumstances and take part in missionary work in attending its origin. The Santals are Burma. We are exceedingly glad to an aboriginal tribe in the Bhagalpur be able to announce that it has been portion of Bengal. Their country, possible to draw up a satisfactory Santalia, lies between and around the scheme, and that the first layman who Rajmahal hiIIs, south of the Ganges. has volunteered for this wo~k has re- Fifty years ago the Santals rose in re- cently started. Mr. E. C. Down, to bellion through the oppression of the whom we refer, has volunteered to act Hindu money-lenders. There was as a school-teacher. He will "serve much bloodshed before they were sub- entirely under the bishop, as the first dued. Major Aitken, one of the of- of a Diocesan Board of Teachers, and

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

be ready to go to whatever school the and certain others have no vote. Any bishop may send him." He will "serve native of a province over 30 years of as the first of a new order of laymen age or anyone of that age who has missionaries under the S.P.G. He lived IO years in the province is will not expect nor propose ordination. eligible for election. Members are In this matter the initiation is to be paid 50 tae1s (about £6) a month, the left absolutely and entirely to the president ISO taels (about £19). Nabishop.-Mission Field. tive Christians exercise freely the CHINA right of voting and no trace of anti- Christian prejudice marked any of the China Old and New elections.

Sir Robert Hart has recently said A Call for BiLle Trainin~ "that of his fifty years spent in Olina, during the first forty-five he felt as Three summer conferences of mistho he was in a close room with every sionaries in China, through their comdoor .and window tightly shut, but the mittees, representing the various leadlast five made him feel as one occupy- ing denominations of America, Great ing a room with every window and Britain, Canada, .and Germany, have door open, and the breezes sweeping invited Dr. Wilbert W. White and through from every quarter of heaven. three others of the Bible Teachers' Mr. Mott thus compares the state of Training-school to go to China next things in China when he visited it summer, and the invitation has been twelve years ago: "Then there were accepted. To accompany Dr. White 200 miles of railway, now there are are Dr. Robert W. Rogers, Dr. Louis 4,000, and 4,000 miles more pr'ojected; M. Sweet, and Miss Caroline L. then the telegraph wire had gone to Palmer. The final arrangements have a few provinces, now there is a net- been made for this group of Bible work of them all over China; then teachers to go under the combined there were no modern post-offices out- auspices of the committee of the side the foreign legations, now there Peitaiho, the Kuling, and the Mokanare 2,500." shon conferences, the Shanghai con- ference committee for the Promotion Deliberative Aaaembliea for China of Bible Study and the Committee of Three years ago an imperial decree the International Committee of the issued from Peking authorizing the Young Men's Christian Association creation of deliberative assemblies, one for China. The work in China will for each of the 18 provinces of China end about September I, when the party proper, one for each of the 3 provinces will go to Japan for a short confer- of Manchuria, and I for Chinese ence at Karuizawa, and thence home Turkestan-22 altogether. All these, by the Pacific.

except the last, for in Turkestan the A Union University in Nanking difficulties proved insuperable, were ceremoniously opened on October 14 Hitherto in Nanking educational last. The qualifications for the fran- work has been carried on by the Meth- chise are: (1) A minimum age of 25 odists, the Disciples and the Presbyte- years; and (2) either 3 years' service rians, but recently action has been ta- in educational or other work for the ken which secures union of effort in public good, or having graduated in a single institution to be known as the schools of a certain standing either in University of Nanking. The board of China or abroad, or having certain trustees includes four Methodists, the degrees, or being a civil official of not same number of Presbyterians, and lower than the seventh rank, or having three Disciples. Upon the faculty property of not less than $5,000 in eighteen Chinese are found and value. Opium-smokers and "turbulent twelve foreigners. The site to be oc- or law-breaking persons," illiterates cupied is the one upon which hither-

to the Methodist Nanking University. Peking, that all women are free from was located. A number of new build- all old customs. Unnumbered millions ings are to be added at the soonest, of Chinese women still need medical and the maintenance of the school is attention, and will never get it unless to be provided for by an equitable it is given by some woman doctor, nadistribution of burdens upon the three tive or foreign. boards involved. A Medical College for Manchuria A Women's Hospital in Shanghai At the annual United Conference of The Margaret Williamson Mission the missions of Manchuria-the Unit- Hospital in Shanghai is probably the ed Free, the Irish Presbyterian, and busiest women's hospital in China. At the Danish Lutheran-held in New- its head is Dr. Elizabeth Reifsnyder, chwang in May, resolutions were and she is .assisted by an able staff of unanimously passed strongly urging colleagues and coworkers. The hos- the establishment of such a college, pital has a great reputation. Last year and heartily recommending it to the it had 833 in-patients and 35,021 new liberal support of all interested in the out-patients, and the receipts from welfare of the Chinese. It will be es- Chinese patients and friends amounted sentially a missionary institution, run to close on £1,200. Miss Reifsnyder's on Christian principles, permeated by description of the scene in front of the Christian influence, and with a great hospital on dispensary day shows what deal of direct Christian teaching. The changes are transpiring in the London majority of the students will be from of the East: "The road in front of Christian homes, and there will be the hospital presents an interesting systematic training in evangelistic and sight during dispensary hours; the other branches of Christian work.'

long line of jinrikshas, not infrequent- Through the generosity of the Chinese, ly broughams, very often sedan- a suitable site for the college came chairs, and now, less than formerly, into our possession contiguous to the wheelbarrows. Very few walk, as the hospital, and well situated. The Vice- distance is too great for the majority roy of Manchuria then guaranteed TIs.

of the patients." 3,000 (about £420) a year for ten years toward the college. During Women Doctors and Nurses Wanted January and February, 1909, Chinese When we remember that of the 400,- officials and other friends subscribed 000,000 people of China one-half are women and girls, just as liable to sick- $5,000 (about £450) toward the buildness of all kinds as their sisters any- ing fund. In this country also many where, and that it is practically im- friends of our own and other churches possible according to Chinese custom for most of them to receive proper have come forward to the support of medical attention from male physi- the college, and over £2,000 has al- ready been received.-Free Church Monthly.

cians, it seems that the plea for wo- JAPAN AND KOREA men doctors for China need be made but once, for any person to feel the Missions Not a Failure in Japan force of the argument. But some one The first Protestant church was or- says that times are changing; that ganized in 1872; several others fol- Chinese women are being emancipated lowed within the next year. Since and it is no longer impossible for them then the progress has not been uni- to go to male doctors. True, China form, but the statistics for 1908 are is moving, but old customs are chan- as follows: ging slowly. It must not be supposed Organized churches (Protestant), that because women may go about excluding 28 Y. M. C. A.'s, somefreely in some places, or because a times counted as churches, 551.

woman can publish a newspaper in Unorganized congregations, 956.

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Churches wholly self-supporting, Think of the returns on an investincluding pastor's salary, 169. ment in Korea now! Last year $2,300 -$1,800 regular appropriation from Communicants, 60,450. the board and $500 in special gifts- Adult baptisms in 1908, 7.449. invested in one missionary and native Sunday-schools, 1,159. workers, cared for 40 churches and Teachers and scholars in Sunday- 5,600 Christians, kept 1,800 Christian boys in 65 day-schools and 63 boys in schools, 87,003. high-school, in all of which schools the Boys' boarding-schools, 15. Bible is taught every day; baptized Students, 3,034. 529, and preached as best as could be Girls' boarding-schools, 37. for a whole year the gospel of salva- Students, 3,693. tion among the 30,000 still in heathen Day-schools and kindergartens, 59. darkness on this one circuit. During Pupils, 4,702. the year the 5,600 native Christians Theological schools, 19. contributed over $6,000 for the sup- Students, 318. port of the work. The whole amount Christian literature, copies, 849,880. contributed in Korea last year by our Christian literature, pages, 63,602,- church was $33,357.-Pittsburgh Ad- 'vocate. 970 . Hospitals, 6. Koreans Engaging in Evangelism Patients treated, 3,860. Orphan Asylums and Homes, 13. Writing in the Advance, a mission- Inmates, 1,299. ary, with reference to the recent won- Industrial establishments, 14. derful conference where the Spirit Inmates, 296. was present with overwhelming pow- Amount raised by Japanese, yen, er, says: "The most thrilling hour came when Rev. C. T. Collyer called 259,498. upon the delegates to give their whole It should be noted that certain im- time for so many days during the next three months to working for the lost. portant items are not included in these I was amazed at the marvelous restatistics. For example, in making sponse to the appeal. Sometimes there up the above statistics, in the case would be ten or fifteen or more men of the Kumai-ai churches (American on their feet at once, eager to call Board churches), while the number out their 'days of service.' A merof self-supporting churches is reck- chant arose and said: 'I am going to oned as 65, there are over 30 others do this work continually; but I will which receive no foreign aid, being devote my entire time to it for one cared for by the missionary society week in every month,' making 21 of the Kumai-ai churches. Again, days during the next quarter. A boatthere are several very important man said he would give 60 days to union charities wholly Christian the Lord during the three months. A supported at an expense of many third declared he would give every thousand yen a year, which es- day, save Sunday, when he wanted to cape tabulation. One of these, a child- attend church himself! Another said saving institution, received within a he could only give three full days, but single year nearly, if not quite, 25,000 he was going to preach every day, no yen for extending its work.-D. matter where he was. A traveling C. GREENE, of Kyoto. merchant said he was going to preach all along the road, but he would give Behold! The Great Opportunity six entire days. One man aroused enthusiasm by stating that he would One Korean leader says: "If in devote 60 of the 90 days to the Lord, each of the 20,000 towns and villages and would keep on in this way until in which as yet there is no church there was a trained Christian leader, either American or Korean, he could build a church in each of these towns within six months."

the million souls were won. At length tion to the Mengo C. M. S. Hospital the blind man arose-the one who had to be used as isolation wards, and walked 20 miles to be present-and which will henceforth be known as the said he would give the entire 90 days "Roosevelt Block." Bishop Tucker to the work." presided, and there were present, be- Day-clawn in Korea sides the mission staff, the Kabaka (King Daudi) and the Regents, sev- Rev. C. T. Collyer writes as follows eral members of the Government and in the London Christian: representatives of the trading commu- nity. Mr. Roosevelt said: "It is more than twenty-one years since I first left home for the mission "Long before I came here I had field. Never have I known of people known of the work that was bebeing so ready to hear the Gospel as ing done in Uganda, and felt particuare the Koreans just now. I have larly anxious to see it. Here you have had the privilege of doing a good deal a peculiarly intelligent native race, of personal work during the past few which has already developed a very inweeks. Without stretching the point, teresting culture of its own, a culture I can say I have had personal conver- both political and social. And the sation with several hundreds of hea- great work must of necessity be to try then. Not one to whom I have spoken to help that race onward, and to try to but has acknowledged that he must do it in a practical fashion, and to do become a Christian. The young Em- it so that the doing of it shall be pripress of Korea has not been making marily a benefit to the race, and, l:>ecgood progress with her studies, so ondly, a benefit to your own people it was felt she ought to have some from whom you come. young lady companions who are used to study. A young lady from our "I have the strongest feeling as to school was chosen for this position. the good that is being done by the She has been in the palace less than medical missionary. There must be a month, but she has found many op- some visible fruit in the life and work portunities of witnessing for her Lord, of the man who preaches if his preachwith the result that Her Majesty has ing is going to have a very great effect definitely set one hour each day for upon those to whom he preaches. the study of Christianity, and ordered That visible fruit can be shown in that a Bible and a hymn-book should many different ways, and one of the be procured for her. It has been my most efficient ways of showing it is privilege to order a specially bound by just such work as is being done' in copy of the New Testament for her." connection with this building, which it will naturally be a source of peculiar AFRICA pride to myself to have my name as- Mr. Roosevelt Visiting Missions sociated with, and which I now take pleasure in declaring to be open."

Theodore Roosevelt will have something to sayan missions in Africa Is Afri<:a to Be Moslem or Christian?

from first-hand knowledge when he Bishop Hartzell of the Methodist returns to America. He visited the Church has recently said that within Africa Inland Mission at Kijabi, was only a few years the Moslems have much imprest with the remarkable re- gathered more converts from pagan sults of Christianity in Uganda, and humanity than all the Christian now on his journey down the Nile, is Church has in fifty years. The mis- visiting Gordon College, at Khartum, sionary problem of the twentieth cen- the United Presbyterian Mission at tury is the evangelization of the Mo- Dolaib Hill, Luxor and the C. M. S. hammedan world; and of the 230,- Missions in Cairo and elsewhere. 000,000, one-fourth are in Africa. It In Uganda, Mr. Roosevelt respond- entered North Africa in the early ed to an invitation to open a new addi- Christian centuries, overcame the

I<)IO] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Christian Church, and for thirteen and fresh courage. The language of this a half centuries has had its strongholds people has not as yet been reduced on the Mediterranean facing Christian to writing. They know nothing of Europe. Later on it began going into Christianity, they have never heard the continent. Everywhere the Arab the story of Jesus. Dr. and Mrs. trader, and in these later years, stu- Springer will have for their first duty dents and missionaries have gone fil- the learning of a new language; their tering down through the continent. next will be to translate the Gospel Read the information brought to us by into that dialect as rapidly as their missionaries. In Uganda, in Nyassa, ability will permit. And, along with and -on down the east coast, first the this, will come the strange and beautrader, then a little community, then tiful task of inviting a people, for a small mosque, then a larger mosque. the first time, to the world's Redeemer. And so on the west and on the east, southward and through Central Af- The tribesmen are warlike people, rica; not everywhere, but filtering here living back in the interior. To reach and there steadily, day by day, in- them, these two missionaries will probdividually, steadily, like the constant ably travel through British possessions movement of the trade-winds, steadily, from the south coast.-Western Chrispersistently, this movement goes on. tian Advocate. In the Christian city of Cape Town, there are Mohammedan mosques. A Giving Meeting in South Africa Unless the Church of God accepts the challenge of the Lord Jesus Christ for On Saturday last there was a large that continent, before the close of the gathering near the Bushmen Caves, twentieth century, outside of South Silonga's schoolroom opening. The Africa and a few other spots along the Amasidindi tribe turned out in great Mediterranean, all Africa is certain force. The chief councillors and peoto be under the influence and domina- ple were all in good time. The kraals tion of the Mohammedan faith. round about the schoolroom were a mass of reds; fires were on all sides A New Methodist Mission in for the many pots containing meat and Indian corn. The usual giving meet- West Africa ing took place. Several led off well, giving iI each; then followed the long A new tribe of possibly 3,000,000 speeches and threepenny pieces, fowls, souls is soon to have the Gospel pre- etc. One man noticed no pennies had sented to it. Vhat vast meaning is been given, and so gave a new penny. included in this simple statement! Another made a long speech, saying So continually do we hear and read he was much surprized cattle were of revivals, where, possibly, for the not given to payoff the debt. He hundredth time, a community has been gave one hen for himself and one egg brought under some special religious for his baby. After four hours' talkinfluence in the attempt to impress ing, and shut up among two hundred the message and build up the cause red Kaffirs, I was glad to announce of Christianity that we sometimes that the debt had been cleared. Then steel ourselves against discourage- followed the feast; it did not take long when we contemplate the meager re- to finish off the four sheep an~ goats. ports. But when we were informed Many women ran along to their kraals lately by the Rev. John M. Springer carrying two large pots balanced on and wife, both of whom have written their heads, smoking their pipes.- charming volumes on Africa missions, CANON WATERS in The Mission Field. that they were soon to sail for the (S. P. G.) Dark Continent and push into Portuguese West Africa, to the tribe of Menelik and Hi. Succe.sor Lunda-where never yet has the Gospel been preached-our heart took Menelik, Emperor of Abyssinia, whose death has recently been re- ported by the press, for a score

of years ruled his country with a missionary in that country. He was strong arm; by his ability, tact, cour- sent by the English Baptists, who a age, and statesmanship he harmonized few years later withdrew and transthe factions led by warlike chiefs, and ferred their work to the Basel Misbound the restless federation of states sionary Society. The work is flourinto the strong empire of Ethiopia. A ishing and in its stations are gathered year and a half ago, he suffered a 6,080 native church-members. In stroke of paralysis, which disabled I891 the German Baptists sent mishim, and caused somewhat a relaxation sionaries to Kamerun and now in their of his grip upon the Government, and stations are found 1,52I native Chrisin October he suffered another stroke, tians, while about 1,250 other native which paralyzed his body and de- Christians have formed independent throned his mind. In a period of men- Baptist congregations. tal lucidity, he selected, as the successor to his throne Lij Yasu, son of the In the southern part of Kamerun Emperor's daughter, Waizaro Shoa the missionaries of the Presbyterian Rogga, and Ras Michael. There is Church in the U. S. (North) are dograve apprehension in the home land, ing a g00d work and have 800 conand among the nations, who by the verts, so that about I30 missionary triple alliance are to a certain degree laborers are employed upon about 335 responsible for the good behavior of stations and out-stations among 30 the Ethiopian empIre, that the death millions of black inhabitants (mostly of Menelik and the change of rulers heathen) . The total number of commay result in a revolution, in which municants of Protestant churches in the chiefs of the various provinces may Kamerun is estimated at 9,000. Of fight for the throne. Roman Catholic missionaries the Pa- lotins (Pions Society of Missions), of The Christian Church was planted Rome, are laboring in this German in Abyssinia fifteen hundred years ago, colony. and has existed continuously in that country until the present time. It has ISLANDS been diluted from time to time by Ju- Religious Liberty Among Pagans Upon daism and other if-lns, but it has been Sumatra the basis of a far better civilization than that of paganism, and makes it Missionary Theis, of the Rhenish the more easy for the empire to take Missionary Society, writes from Raja its place, as it does to-clay, among the upon Sumatra, on November 3d: progressive nations of the earth. The land is practically closed to all forms "Last Monday brought a decision of of Protestant Christian work. vital importance to our work here. On another occasion the Tuan Raja The new emperor is only thirteen (chief) had entered into an agreeyears of age, and he has been given ment with me that he would send the over to the guardianship of one of children to the school, but that no re- MeneIik's most faithful friends, Ras ligious pressure should be exerted. I Tasma. The council of ministers, pro- gladly promised that. Now, however, viding a guard of 50,000 soldiers, com- a number of the older pupils have missioned the father of the young asked for baptism, and two are applyemperor to defend the city.-DR. 1. C. ing for admission to the training school, for which they seem to be well IGLEHART. fitted. But the parents were opposed to their children becoming professing Fifty Years of Missionary Effort in Christians. Therefore I laid the mat- ter before the council, and showed that Kamerun the agreement was that no religious coercion should be used, but that The German Baptist missionaries in everyone should decide for himself. Kamerun, the German colony in West Africa, recently celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of the first Thus, I added, none could be hindered more or less, the need of an industrial in his decision to be baptized, and bap- education. It is not that it doubts the tism must be allowed. The members efficacy of the gospel of Jesus Christ, of the council agreed with me, and but rather that it believes such help now none can be hindered in his in- to be an integral portion of that gostention to be baptized, not even chil- pel. Look at this problem: The Fijian (lren, by their parents. has land-good land and plenty. It is lying fallow. He has strength "Naturally this liberty refers only to stored up in a body capable of fine older children, but it also implies that muscular development. That is falnone who decides to become a Chris- low also. The land rots in idleness; tian, can be ridiculed by the other in- so does the native. Can not we find habitants of his village. My kind some way of freeing the labor of the invitation to the Tuan Raja to be a native that it may act upon the land good example to his subjects and to and give some resultant product? attend the divine services, was re- That is the task we have, in a small fused, however, with the words, 'We way, set ourselves, and for the great are too old. We surrender the young majority of the Fijian people this is the gladly to you, but we older ones will gospel of race salvation." adhere to the old customs.' Thus we have the younger generation, at least, OBITUARY NOTES and not only it, but three whole families have already begun to attend the James W. Waugh, of India instruction for inquirers." Truly, sometimes pagan princes are more A cablegram announces the death of tolerant than nominal Christians. Dr. James Walter Waugh, at Morada- bad, India, on January 22, 19IO, at the A Mistake in Fiji age of seventy-eight. Doctor Waugh was one of six missionaries to respond The February issue of the Aus- to a call for reenforcements to the tralasian Methodist Missionary Re- Methodist Mission, sounded by Dr. view has a very interesting article William Butler during the Indian Mufrom the pen of Rev. ]. W. Burton tiny in 1856. He had thus been laon "Our Industrial Work in Fiji," in boring for India for over half a cenwhich he says: tury. He established the first Methodist printing-press in southern India, and "The Fijians were won to Christ it later grew into a great publishingwith a rapidity that was phenomenal house. Doctor Waugh contributed in missionary annals, and, it must be largely to Christian Indian literature said, with a thoroughness that is and was principal of Bareilly Theoscarcely to be equaled among any logical Seminary, retiring from active primitive people. N a praise can be work some years ago. too high for those early pioneers !n Fiji. But the success was too rapId Bishop Hare: Indian Missionary for the liberality of the Church that sent these men forth. At the close of The recent death of Bishop Hare, that first wonderful period was the the apostle to the Sioux Indians, takes time for rooting and grounding the one of the most devoted Christian converts, not merely in faith, but also leaders of our time. In the seventies, in works-works of the most practical under the direction of President Grant, kind. Then land ought to have been the various Indian tribes were placed bought for the future needs of the under the care of the different religrace and thus saved us to-day from the ious denominations; a certain amount reproach and dilemma of being a land- being appropriated by the Government less Church. for the carrying on of their schools. In addition to what the Government "It is the recognition of the fore- provided, the churches raised considgoing state of the natives that has erable amounts t0ward Indian educamade our Church in Fiji emphasize, tion. The Roman Catholics, who have During the past few years Mr. Marin, always shown great interest in the with Mr. Anglada, of Barcelona, has Christianizati0n of the Indian, because held together the interests of the misof their larger number of schools, sion .and the work has grown slowly, record the largest appropriation from while the literature from his press and the Government. especially the monthly publication, E1 Eco de fa Verdad, has had its influence One of the Christian leaders who in the changed feeling abroad in Spain. has stood bravely by his red brother in all his difficulties was Bishop Hare, Rev. S. J. Smith, of Siam of the Protestant Episcopal Church. A man of rare culture, of refined Rev. S. J. Smith, Litt.D., passed tastes, through long years of devoted service, he has thrown in his lot with away October ro, 1909, at the age of his red chiliren. For days and weeks eighty-nine, at Bangkok, Siam. Doctor at a time he traveled across the plains, Smith was born in Burma, and was carrying his tent with him, cooking adopted by Rev. J. T. Jones, who went his own food, exposed to all sorts of from Burma to found the mission in hardships, visiting the little Indian Siam in 1832. He spent the years churches and schools which he had es- 1835-49 in America, and returned to tablished, baptizing, confirming the Siam as a missionary of the American youth, and burying the dead. Baptist Missionary Union. When in 1868 it was decided to continue only Rev. H. C. DuBose, of China the Chinese department of the Siam Mission he determined to conduct a Word has been received of the death work for the Siamese on a self-supof Rev. H. C. DuBose, D.D., of the porting basis. Doctor Smith has had Presbyterian (South) Mission in a large and prominent part in the ma- China. Doctor and Mrs. DuBose were king of the new Siam. From his press located at Suchau, where they have were issued not only the Bible and rendered most valuable services to the other religious works, but Siamese cause of Christ. The death of Doctor classics in great numbers. He was a DuBose means a great loss to the mis- pioneer journalist, publishing both sion work of the Church in China, English and Siamese newspapers. His where he has labored since 1869, and monumental work was the Englishhas done much to put a stop to the Siamese dictionary issued in five voltraffic in opium that has so long umes. been a curse to the Celestial Empire. One of his latest pamphlets was en- Rev. Ernst Reichel Drowned at Sea titled, "The Passing of the Poppy." For the first time in the one hundred Rev. M. C. Marin, of Spain and seventy-eight years of its mission history the Moravian Church has lost The death of Rev. Manuel C. Marin, a member of its Mission Board at sea. of Sabadell, Spain, on January 3d, On January 21st the Prins Wilhelm II calls attention anew to the needy con- of the Royal Dutch West Indian Mail dition of the work in Spain in this day sailed from Amsterdam, bound for of open-mindedness and receptivity to Surinam (Dutch Guiana), South the claims of evangelical Christianity America, and has never been heard of on the part of the Spanish people. Mr. since. She carried a crew of 38, and Marin was educated at Colby College 14 passengers, among whom was the and Newton Theological Institution, Rev. Ernst Reichel of the Moravian graduating from the latter in 1885, and Mission Board, who was going to in the following year returned to Surinam on a visit of official inspec- Spain, his native land, as a missionary tion of this largest mission field of the of the Union. He was the colleague Moravian Church. Mr. Reichel was of Rev. Eric Lund until Mr. Lund one of the most distinguished clergywas transferred to the Philippines. men of the German province of the Moravian Church.

THE MISSIONARY

FIFTY YEARS OF NEW JAPAN. By Count Buddhism, says that the question Shigenobu Okuma. Translated by Mar- whether the new Buddhism will cus B. Buist. Map. 2 vols. 8vo, 646 progress is uncertain. Professor and 618 pages. $7.50, net. E. P. Dut- Inouye acknowledges that Confu- ton & Co., New York. 1910. cianism has perished, except in its ethical influence. Professor Kume The story of the progress of civili- who describes Shinto, declares that zation in Japan reads like a romance. Christianity has been silently gain- The transformation of land and peo- ing ground in Japanese hearts, but ple, of ideas and customs, seems like sees in it the reincarnation of J apathe work of an enchanter's wand. nese ideals. This story is told in two large volumes by men who are the highest INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN MIS·SIONS. By Japanese authorities in the various departments of politics, education Thomas Carey Johnson. Second edition. and industry. The work is most appropriate in commemoration of the 8vo, 220 pages. 60 cents. Presbyterian fifty years since the opening of Japan to Western influence; it is of Board of Publication, Richmond, Va. vast historical value; and must be 1910. . authoritative as a book of reference. Doctor Johnson's lectures show The editor opens with a summary how Christian missions are the natof the history of Japan, and the last of the "Shoguns." Then follow ural and necessary work of the Chrischapters by various authors on J apan's foreign relations, the political tian Church. He proves from the parties, the army, navy, police; the Bible and from history that the legal institutions, legislation, prisons, municipal progress, banking and Church is God's missionary society, finance, postal and railroad systems, and that the obligation to evangelize merchant marine, industries, relig- rests upon all Christians. The book ions, education, progress in science, is both an argument for and a hismedicine, arts, literature and social- tory of the "missionary movement." ism. There is scarcely a subject that is not well presented, and from a THE STORY OF THE NEGRO. By Booker T. Japanese, not a foreign point of Washington. 2 vols. 12mo, 332 and view. 457 pages. $3.00, net. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. 1910. Christianity in Japan is described by Bishop Yoichi Honda, of the The uplift of the negro from can- Japanese Methodist Church. He re- nibalism, and fetishism, through slaports native Christians as numbering very to Christianity and civilization, 280,000, including Roman and Greek is one of the most tremendous prob- Catholics. One of the most impor- lems of the ages. The conspicuous tant steps in the progress of Chris- leader in this work in Americatianity was when a number of Japa- from slavery to civilization-here nese Christians met at Hanaoka Hill, tells the story of the struggle with near Kumamoto, and took an oath reference especially to what the that they would not engage in poli- negro himself has accomplished for tics or military affairs or other pur- his own advancement. suits to attain positions of eminence, but would devote themselves to the Principal Booker T. Washington spiritual uplift of Japan. first describes the African in his na- tive continent and shows the in- Bishop Honda believes that the fluence of his ancestry on his future. Christian Church in Japan will soon He then pictures the negro as a slave become more active and powerful in and his progress in contact with the winning the land for Christ. Pro- Christianity of America. Many do fessor Takakusu, who writes on not realize the progress made in those days before freedom, but prog- ress there was, for some noble men were developed, such as Frederick Douglass, the editor, orator and anti- slavery agitator.

The second volume is devoted to the progress of the American negro population has doubled since the since slavery. Here is a veritable civil war, that they now own $300,- encyclopedia of information on the 000,000 worth of taxed property-or negro in education, industry, politics, more; 173,000 own their own farms.

religion, business, the professions, About half the blacks over ten years poetry, music, art and every other of age can read and write, and there relationship, personal, social and are many well-educated teachers, national. preachers, doctors, and lawyers. The Doctor Washington is a clear and South is now grasping the problem forceful writer, and he knows his of negro education, and there is every subject. He shows that the negro prospect that the negro will become has been intimately woven into all a helpful factor in American national phases of American life and enter- life.

prise from the very beginning, and CENTRAL AMERICA AND ITS PROBLEMS. By that at present some parts of our country could not progress without Frederick Palmer. Map and illustra- tions. 8vo. 347 pages. $2.50, net. Mofthe help of negro labor. He believes fat Yard & Co., New York. 1910.

that the negro is here to stay, and Central America is coming more that his uplift means the 'uplift of to the attention of the world since the whole social structure. "At present," he says, "the negro race is, so the Panama Canal came under the to speak, hewing its path through control of the United States, and the wilderness. In spite of its diffi- these little republics are sure to be- come even more important when the culties there is a novelty and zest, as canal is opened. Mr. Palmer has well as an inspiration in this task that given us a thoroughly readable and few who have not shared it can appreciate. . . . V!e have had prob- fairly complete account of the politilems, but instead of despairing we cal, ethnological and social condi- tions in this little-visited section of should thank God that we have a the Western hemisphere. The volproblem. . . . It is only by man- ume is valuable as a work of refer- fully facing difficult problems that ence, but more especially as a picraces, like individuals, are made ture of the present conditions, needs strong." and opportunities. The religious THE NEGRO AND THE NATION. By George failure of Romanism is clearly pic- S. Merriam. 12mo, 436 pages. $1.75, tured, and the need is shown of net. Henry Holt & Co., New York. more extended work by Christian 1910. missionaries. This volume presents a whiteman's view of the subject as Booker LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE UNDER THREE T. Washington describes negro prog- CZARS. By Robert Sloan Latimer. Map. ress as a negro sees it. Moreover, Mr. Illustrated. I2mo. 244 pp. $1.50, net. Fleming H. Revell Co.. New York.

Merriam gives the whole history of 1909.

the negro in relation to American No one who has not visited Russia history and politics. Here is a rec- or come into personal contact with ord of facts ; Washington gives the those who have suffered in their interpretation of the facts. One struggle for freedom, can understand needs to study both presentations of the tragedy that has been enacted there the subject to understand it. Mr. during the last half century. The story Merriam shows the growth of sla- should be read by every friend of misvery, its ope~ation and results, the sions, and of progress. Russia is now problems and struggle for the libera- in a most critical state. The people tion of the slaves, the final emanci- desire liberty, but know not yet how pation, the effects at reconstruction to use it. The thinking classes are un- and regeneration and the evolution settled in their religious views, but are up to date. We learn that the negro eager for light.

The Missionary Review of the World — February 1907

A CONVENTION OF YOUNG PEOPLE'S CHRISTIAN ORGANIZATIONS IN THE CENTRAL PROVINCES

This was a jOlnt convention of delegates from the Sunday-school Union (India membership 350,000), Christian Endeavor Society (India membership 20,000), and Epworth League (India membership 20,000). It met in Jubbulpore November 7 to 9, 1906. (See Signs of the Times.)

CJ'he fN[tss{onary CJ?eview

of the World VOL. XXX. No. z FEBRUARY, 1907 VOL. XX. No.2 Old Series New Series ,SIGNS OF THE TIMES GREAT CHANGES IN CHINA count it no risk to blaspheme the 300,- 000,000 deities of India and China. The Celestial Empire-printed at Shanghai (November 24)-in a strong Intensely jealotiS, however, for the e4itorial gives astounding testimony good name of their country, they do to a social and intellectual, if not not hesitate to act as iconoclasts and moral, revolution in the Flowery King- boldly attack the whole system of idol- dom. atry, especially in the press of the southern provinces. The same reform It points out how the main hin- spirit which substitutes the electric drances to China's uplift toward a light for the farthing dip, the motor level with occidental nations are offi- car for the wheelbarrow, and the most cial corruption and national idolatry. improved ordnance for the gingals, is The former demands a moral up- impelling toward the abolition of idol- heaval to remove it; but the latter is atrous and superstitious bondage, and rapidly yielding before intellectual and substitution of ideals at least for idols. educational influences. Tens arid hun- dreds of thousands of natives have VIEWS OF GRIFFITH JOHN come under the influence of lecturers and teachers, in the higher mission Dr. Griffith John-now in this coun- schools and colleges, and their faith try, resting after fifty years of mission – in images and superstitions generally work in China-said to the editor re- is demolished by the blows of weapons cently that few outsiders really appre- from the Armory of Science. Educa- ciate how deeply in earnest the Chi- tion opens their eyes, and not only do nese are as to improved national edu- they see their own previous bondage cation. By a universal consensus of to error, but the absurdity and gross- effort they are planting primary ness of the so-called religions-Bud- schools in every county, higher grade dhism and Taoism particularly-which schools in every prefecture, and col- are riveted like fetters upon hundreds leges in all the provincial capitals-the of millions in China. buildings more or less after joreign patterns and models. Doctor John One great result is that the editors characterizes the sights now to be of up to date native journals, having witnessed as amazing, Confucian and had this enlightening and emancipa- otber temples being converted into ting training, tho most of them are schools-temples of learning, and all not professing Christian believers, are these free. One of the last things decidedly unbelievers and disbelievers Doctor John saw before leaving China as to the efficacy of idol worship and

was the decree of the Empress Dow- They have also four fine lithographic ager, charging all the viceroys to es- presses. tablish schools for girls, making imperative also the unbinding of the This company began with a capital feet! What all this means it is diffi- of only $2,500-all the members being cult for the occidental mind to grasp. natives. Now the capital is multiplied Hitherto China has never had any a hundredfold, and five hundred girls' schools, but henceforth the wom- hands are employed, all being Chinese en of the nation are to be emancipated but twenty, who are Japanese. This from ignorance. Afew educated wom- press daily sends out fifty large cases en have been met with hitherto, but of books-ten of which are for Shangprivately instructed; now public and hai; the rest are for Peking, Canton, universal education is to be the heri- Hankow. etc. And-mark it-tho only tage of the native girls, who equal any about one-quarter of the employes are others in the world in capacity and Christians, all work ceases on Sunalertness of mind. They can learn days! The pamphlet, giving a list of anything, and these new schools all the issues of this press, is itself a over the land mean the transformation "sign of the times." It embraces geogof the nation through its wives and raphy, history, chemistry, biography, mothers! There is a hunger for West- psychology, arithmetic, logic, political ern knowledge among all classes which economy, commerce, etc. Eighty-four had no existence when Doctor John works are here advertised-all with left Swansea for Hankow a half cen- the imprimatur of the Chinese Educaturyago. tional Board. The demand is so in- creasing that the premises of this great Doctor John also showed us a "de- Press Company are hopelessly inadescriptive catalog and selected list of quate and are to be replaced by others educational books suitable for schools four times as spacious. It is notable and colleges," issued by the Commer- also that this firm issues no native Chicial Press in Shanghai, and having nese books, All its publications are branches in Canton and Hankow. The either translations of Western books pamphlet is both proof and illustration or compilations and adaptations from of the avidity with which the Chinese them, in Chinese, as the number of acare welcoming and publishing in the complished graduates and scholars native tongue books on Vestern sub- which the nation herself supplies is jects. This native press was originally rapidly increasing. established by native employes of the American Prespyterian Mission. An As to the causes of this national astonishing development of native in- awakening, Doctor John believes that dustry and energy has followed. Doc- quiet missionary teaching, already gotor John in a recent visit to Shanghai, ing on for over a century, lies at the calling at the Commercial Press-still bottom of this intellectual upheaval. wholly in native hands-found more Then the war with Japan, which so than twenty presses at work, doing humiliated China, also suggested the Chinese printing, and eight busy with possibility of China's development, and English books! Last year these presses the means of it. If a nation of dwarfs turned out work valued at $450,000! might achieve such marvals through Western methods, what· might not

19071 SIGNS OF THE

another nation of full grown men do trustworthy, and equal in ability any with ten times Japan's numbers! The mercantile class anywhere. suppression of the Boxer movement by The morale of all this is that for the Western nations and' the victories of Christian Church this day of China's the Russo-Japanese War, both called. awakening is the golden hour of op- China's attention anew to the power portunity. Into this intellectual and that goes with modern and improved educational movement the Christian methods. The people, as well as the element needs to be infused. Govern- rulers of China, began to be ambitious mental schools are Confucian, not to equal-nay, eclipse-Japan in prog- Christian. Many of the teachers are ress, and to become oriental leaders in Japanese, and themselves in quest of both civil and military achievement. a new faith. Doctor John strongly In fact, how was the celestial empire urges that every mission should have to avoid being sliced up at the banquet its high school and that it should be of France, Germany and Russia, and superior to the national school. Had other western nations, unless her own this been always so many thousands strength and resources are developed? would already have had a Christian training. All;>eit the government A NEW EPOCH IN ASIA schools are free, in many cases the fhere is a new epoch already be- natives would pay a hundred dollars gun in this hoary old empire of the a year to have a child taught in one Far East. The mere fact that a great of the mission schools, because they railway is built from Peking to Han- are forced to confess their higher edu- kow-eight hundred miles-i~ signifi- cational efficiency and moral tone. cant. The road was built by Belgians Even a mandarin himself lately and belongs to a Belgian company. It urgently besought admission for his . is a fine railway; nothing of a crude or own son to a school already fuJI, be- , .makeshift character about its construc- cause he was to be absent for a year tion and appearance. The trains have and dared not risk the moral influence Pullman cars and dining-saloons, and of the government school. traveling is not only comfortable but luxurious. Notwithstanding the rev- Surely the Church of Christ must olution implied in building a railway, cast off apathy. It will not do to be invading even cemeteries in order to asleep or half awake while China is run its direct course, the people so use fully awake. We must beware lest, the line as to make it a paying invest- before we get fully aroused to our .op- ment, and the effect is immense. New portunity the day of decided action and facilities of locomotion promote co;- interposition has passed by and the present open door has shut.

tact and intercourse, and a conscious- A CHINESE WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ness of solidarity. Henceforth the jeal- CONFERENCE ousy between provinces will give way to a patriotism that lives and seeks the A remarkable conference of Chris- nation's well-being. Doctor John thinks tian women met not long since in Wei that the Chinese have more real stam- Hsien, the Holy Land of China. There ina than any other oriental nation, and were three hundred women, represent- that the merchant class are unusually ing over two hundred villages, and

two hundred more came from the session because the delegates were all neighborhood. Here was a gathering engaged in personal work!"

of women, some of them over seventy, AN IMPORTANT MEETING IN JAPAN who had hobbled on their bound feet for forty miles or less, carrying bed- The students of to-day will be the ding, hymn-book and Bible. More re- leaders of to-morrow. It is therefore markable still is the fact that their of immense importance that the husbands encouraged them to go-tho schools and colleges of mission lands many had never before been more than be permeated with the spirit of Christ. two miles from home. This is the aim of the World's Stu- dent Christian Federation, under Mrs. Rays, formerly of Smith Col- whose auspices the first international lege, writes that we might not con- conference in the Far East is to be sider the meetings wholly decorous. held in Tokio, Japan, April 3-7, 1907. The "young tyrants, the babies, tired This is the seventh conference of the of sitting still, demanded a promenade Federation, which includes 1,900 seppick-a-back up and down the aisles, arate societies with a membership of and there was the freest exchange of 113,000 students and instructors. The greetings in penetrating tones between conference in Tokio will bring tofriends separated by half the a'udi- gether for the first time the leaders of ence." Moreover, when the meeting the forces of Christianity from all was thrown open, several would rise parts of Asia, and will afford to the to their feet at once, uttering an im- leaders of other Christian student perious "I speak," with its unmistaka- movements an opportunity to obtain ble implication, "Let all the earth keep in a short time a wide acquaintance silence before me." with the problems of missions.

The program included topics deci- dedly oriental: the family relation- A.YOUNG PEOPLE'S CONVENTION ships, beginning with the daughter at IN INDIA home, her betrothal, the wife, the One hundred delegates from six mother-in-law, the meaning of church missionary societies gathered in J ub- membership, personal work, Sabbath bulpore November 7-9, to hold a young observance, family worship, prayer people's missionary convention. The and personal Bible study; unbinding delegates represented the Christian En- the feet-a discussion which led two deavor, .the Epworth League, and the hundred and five of those present to Sunday-school movements in the cen- unloosen their bound feet. tral provinces. A fine spirit of unity Mrs. Roys says that the afternoon and brotherhood prevailed. Dr. T. S.

meeting of the closing Sabbath was Johnson, who has worked over forty broken up entirely by the spontaneous years in India, presided; and addresses desire of the delegates to go out for were given by Rev. H. Halliwell, gen- personal work on the street where eral secretary of the Christian En- thousands of women were wending deavor Movement of All-India, and their way to a temple to pray to the Rev. Richard Burgess of the India gods for a fruitful harvest. "What a Sunday-school Union.

hopeful sign for the future when a re- The vernacular mass-meeting in the ligious conference can not hold one station theater, presided over by a

OF THE TIMES

Hindustani padri, was a marked suc- HOPE roR REroRM IN PERSIA cess. Five hundred were present, and half the speakers were Indians. William Eleroy Curtis, the news- paper correspondent, writes that Gen- A resolution was unanimously eral Morteza Khan, the Persian minpassed that a similar convention be ister, has informed him that the poheld annually. There is need of such litical situation in his country will not conventions. The central provinces be changed and that the reforms which ar~ as large as Scotland and Ireland are now going on will not be intertogether, and out of a population of rupted by 'the death of the shah, be- 12,000,000 there are not 20,000 Indian cause his sl.!ccessor, Mohammed Ali Christians. In some parts the ratio Mirza, will. follow his father's examis one Indian Christian to every 3,000 ple and continue his policy. The new of the people. The surest and quick- incumbent of the Persian throne is est way to evangelize these millions is said, however, to be non-progressive. through the young people. He has not' favored reforms as a prince, has opposed missionary work, SLAVERY ABOLISHED IN BAROTSE- and in many ways has shown himself LAND unfriendly to the highest welfare of his people. On July 16 the proclamation was made of the abolition of slavery in all Persia, like Russia and Turkey, has the country ruled by the Marotsi. The been an absolute despotism. The shah secretary for native affairs (Mr. has been nominally, at least, an abso- Worthington) induced the king and lute ruler within his dominions and his council to make. the proclamation, master of the lives and property of all but this would not have been possible his subjects. The entire revenue of the except for the influence of the Gospel. country has been his personal income, This was evident in the preaching of altho he has been expected to pay the the missionaries on this theme; in the bills of the government. All the laws altered conditions of slaves and in the are based upon the precepts of the emancipation of many. It was per- Koran and the accepted doctrines of haps still more evident in the change Islam as laid down in the sacred book of mind of some of the king's council, of the prophet and interpreted by the and especially in Mokamba, the Chris- priests. Nevertheless, yielding to the tian prime minister. Twelve. months pressure of his ministers and other ago he promised to fight for the free- influential men, in January last year dom of the slaves, for he saw it was the shah promised his people a· share God's will. The Ngambela (prime in the government and proclaimed a minister) said that as the tribes sub- decree providing for a parliament jected by the Marotsi had taken many which will frame a constitution for the manners from their masters, so now kingdom and will meet annually herethey were all called to take the man- after for the purpose of revising old ners of the British, as they were un- laws and edicts and enacting new ones der their rule. Therefore they would as they may be required. give up slavery. This is an indication of the grea~ influence British mission- The new shah has already come into aries may exert in leading these peo- conflict with the new assembly by unple to Christ. dertaking to revise the constitution

granted by his father. He proposes alty to the French government. Protto add to the Senate forty members, estants and Hebrews suffer financially who shall be nominees of the Crown under the new law, but find no diffiand royal officials. To this body the culty in carrying on their worship and Assembly must submit all proposals work in harmony with the new confor reforms. The Assembly refuses ditions. to accept the change and thus there is a conflict between it and the Crown. The Protestants in France number It is suggested that the Regent may only 600,000 as compared with 36,000,- force the plan without the consent of 000 Roman Catholics. The former the Assembly, but the latter threatens have not, therefore, forced the separathat if he does so, they will proclaim tion of Church and State. The Prot- ? "Bast," which wiII close the bazaars estant leaders believe in the principles and the chief mosques. We can but involved and have faced the new sithope, for the sake of the peace and uation in fine spirit. They have orfuture prosperity of Persia, that the ganized associations for worship and shah wiII yield to the wishes of his peo- have thus become custodians of their ple and not attempt to nullify the con- property. cessions granted by his father. UNION OF FRENCH PROTESTANTS RELIGIOUS TROUBLES IN FRANCE One of the most important events France is in a state of ecclesiastical, if not of religious, revolution. The in the history of modern French Protnation is seeking to set itself free from the shackles of Roman Catholic estantism is the union of the Reformed control, and it is not to be wondered at that there is bitter opposition' on the churches of France as a result of the part of the church which claims to be the only organization representing the new Separation law. This will unite Kingdom of God on earth. Many of those who· favor the new church laws their forces and strengthen their hands are Christians who do nbt desire freedom from religion but freedom for for more aggressive evangelism. all religions, and with religion and politics separated. The Catholics, Protest- In response to the call, over one ants and Jews are all affected by the new_ laws, as all except the small hundred Protestant Churches sent del- "Free- Church" formerly received support from the state. Only the Roman egates to the Assembly at J arnac, and Catholics object strenuously to the new order of things, and the objections find thus showed the deep desire of a closer their impulse in Rome. The Pope, by his decree, compels the French tie_ M. Paul Monod was chosen prespriests to choose, not between the laws of man and the laws of God, but be- ident of the convocation. tween allegiance to the Pope and loy- .The first three articles of the Dec- laration of Union contain a sim, ple .

confession of faith: "In Jesus Christ, as Son of the Living God, and Savior of men; the unique religious value of the Bible, document of the progressive revelation of God; and the right and duty of churches and of believers to put into practise free investigation in harmony with the rules of the scien- tific method, and the reconciling of modern thought with the Gospe1."

The form of union adopted is the Presbyterian, and the governing body a general synod.

LIFE AND WORK OF BISHOP SCHERESCHEWSKY *

THE STORY OF A PATIENT SUFFERER. AND HIS ACHIEVEMENTS BY REV. LOUIS MEYER, 22 SOLON PLACE, CHICAGO Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschew- in public and to brave the storm of sky was born in Tauroggen, Russian persecution which was sure to follow Lithuania, on May 6, 1831, the son his baptism. Yet the young Jew felt of orthodox Jewish parents. It was that he must escape from the Jewish the hope of his parents that he should surroundings and go to a country become an honored rabbi, and his edu- where he could throw off the fetters cation was in accord with this hope. of Talmudism, which were now be- Thus he received diligent training in coming most burdensome to him. He the usual orthodox Jewish studies- decided to go to the land of liberty, the Hebrew Scriptures and the Tal- America, and reached Hamburg, mud-at first in his native town, then whence he expected to sail for New in the rabbinical school of Krazi, an York, in the summer of the year 1854. adjacent town, then in the rabbinical There he came into personal contact school of Zitomir, and finally at the with a missionary to the Jews, Jacobi, University of Breslau, in Germany. who lived in Altona, at that time be- The circumstances of his parents were longing to Denmark. Jacobi, who was moderate, and the young student was a Hebrew Christian himself, underobliged to support himself by giving stood well the difficulties of the young lessons in Hebrew, in the study of man and quickly gained his confidence, which language he had made remark- but he was not able to persuade him able progress: to surrender fully to Christ.

The First New Testament The New Home in New York It was during these years of study, When Schereschewsky finally left while still in attendance at the school Hamburg for New York he carried in Zitomir, that a copy of the New with him a letter of introduction and Testament in Hebrew reached Sche- hearty recommendation to Jacobi's reschewsky. A fellow student had ob- friend, Rev. John Neander. Neander, tained it secretly from a missionary likewise a Hebrew Christian, was a of the London Jews' Society in Ko- pastor in Brooklyn and also a missionnigsberg, had read a part of it and, ary to the Jews in N ew York for the finding nothing good in it, presented Presbyterian Church. He was a man it to Schereschewsky. He, too, read of great ability and of deep consecrait, was attracted by its contents, and tion to his work. Schereschewsky, secretly began to compare its contents who landed in N ew York in the auwith the Old Testament prophecies. tumn of 1854, went at once to Nean- Soon the young rabbinical student be- der, who received him kindly and did came convinced that Jesus is the Mes- all he could to help the stranger. siah, but alas, his faith was only in- Through him the young Russian Jew tellectual. There was therefore no became acquainted with other Hebrew inclination to acknowledge the Savior Christians, among them Rev. Julius * This sketch is chiefly based upon facts furnished by the Bishop himself some years ago. Pro· nounce the name Shereshefski.

Strauss, the associate of Neander in and became the witness of a most his missionary work, Gideon R. Led- touching scene. The meal having erer,* an independent Baptist mission- been partaken of, one after the other ary to the Jews in New York (from of these Hebrew Christians arose 1855 to 1876), and Morris J. Frank- and testified of his faith, and hope, lin (still living as M.D. in Jerusalem), and joy in Christ. The voice of who were destined to have great in- praise and prayer was heard, and the fluence upon Joseph Schereschewsky. stirring influence of the Holy Spirit They talked with him about Christ, was felt by every believer. Schereschstudied and searched the Scriptures together with him, and in every way * ewsky sat there and listened to the tried to lead him nearer to the Savior and to a profession of his faith in testimonies and the praises. Slowly Him by public baptism. But Sche- his head dropt into his hands. Then reschewsky's belief in Christ remained sobs began to shake his body, and that of the head and, while he was sep- those around him could see that a arating himself almost altogether from great battIe was being fought in his his unbelieving Jewish brethren, he heart. Then he began to get calmer felt no inclination to brave persecution and quieter, and his lips moved in and trial, which were the share of any silent prayer. At last he jumped to baptized Jew. his feet and, with the tears streaming down his cheeks, with a voice choked by emotion, he broke out into the cry, New Birth . "I will no longer deny my Lord. I will follow Him outside the camp." Thus the months rolled by and the Joseph Schereschewsky had been born time of the Passover of 1855 drew again. The intellectual faith had benear. At that time there was gath- come live faith. ered a noble band of Hebrew Chris- tians in New York, nobler in fact than Baptism and Preparation for Life-work any that has ever been gathered. in Now Schereschewsky desired to be any other city or at any other time in baptized and, persuaded by Lederer America, and the members of this that immersion was the right mode b~md, tho belonging to different de- of baptism, applied to a Baptist min- nominations, had closest spiritual fel- ister, who immersed him after a due lowship one with the other. They de- course of instruction. His most inti- cided to celebrate the Passover, as mate friends urged the young Hebrew Jews who believed in Christ, as a na- Christian to consecrate himself to the tional feast, and invited Schereschew- service of the Lord, and he finally de- sky to be present at the celebration. cided to prepare himself for greater He gladly accepted the invitation usefulness by studying theology. Thus, at the close of the year 1855, Samuel .. Bishop Schereschewsky, in his letter to the Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky entered writer, denied the truth of the statement published the Western Theological Seminary of by Franz Delitzsch in "Saat auf Hoffnung" years the Presbyterian Church in Allegheny, ago, that Lederer found him, a poor glazier, cry- Pa., where the celebrated Professor ing out the offer of his services upon the streets and. becoming thus acq~ainted with hini, took * This remarkable scene was described to the him to his home and led him to Christ. But the Bishop, at another time, frankly acknowledged that writer by an eye-witness. his first months in New York were months of great poverty and suffering.

CoUl"tesy of The Spirit of JRBBlons. •

THE LATE BISHOP SCHERESCHEWSKY AT WORK IN HIS STUDY IN JAPAN

Plumer took especial interest in him. The Life-work Revealed The great talents of the young He- The talent of the young Hebrew brew Christian were recognized by Christian for the acquirement of lanprofessors and students in spite of the guages was clear to all his colaborers peculiarly broken English which he and especiany to Bishop Boone. He yet spoke, and all were exceedingly was therefore stationed at Shanghai, kind to the homeless foreigner. -Sche- where he had the best opportunity to reschewsky was very poor, and he acquire the Mandarin and the Wen-Ii. therefore accepted gladly the liberal At Shanghai, Bishop Boone ordained aid of the Presbyterian Board of Edu- him a presbyter on October 28, 1860. cation. Quickly the years of theolog- In the same year he was stationed in ical stldy and of preparation for the Peking, where he at once engaged in ministry passed by, and Schereschew- missionary work. He had already in sky was licensed to preach the Gospel. view the translation of the Holy Scrip- He was looking forward to his grad- tures, altho he first assisted in the uation from the seminary in the spring translation of the prayer-book into of 1858, when conscientious scruples Mandarin (published in 1865) .. Durin regard to some of the tenets of the ing a visit to Shanghai in 1868, he Presbyterian Church. arose in his mind found his life companion in Miss Suand caused him to join the Protestant san M. Waring, of New York, a mis- Episcopal Church. Doctor Lyman,. sionary teacher in Shanghai. They subsequently Bishop of North Caro- were married on April 21, 1868, and lina admitted him, and he became a returned immediately to his work in candidate for orders in the Diocese of Peking. Mrs. Schereschewsky con- Maryland under Bishop Whittingham. ducted faithfully and successfully the In the autumn of 1858 he entered the day school, while her husband was General Theological Seminary in New busily occupied with the translation of York. the Bible into Mandarin, the Shang- The Call to China hai colloquial. The task was great, After prayerful consideration of his especially since he translated the Old future life and work, Schereschewsky, Testament from the original Hebrew now in his twenty-ninth year, came to and the New Testament from the the conclusion that God had called him Greek, being assisted in the latter by to preach the Gospel to the heathen in a committee of other missionaries. The China, and he applied to the Board of Old Testament was published in 1875 Missions of the Protestant Episcopal after many years of hard labor, dur- Church to be sent to China as a mis- ing which Schereschewsky had never sionary. His request was granted, failed to preach the Gospel either in and in July, 1859, he was ordained Peking or to large crowds outside the deacon in St. George's Church, New city's west gate every day.

York, by Bishop Boone, the first Rest at Home and Earthly Honors bishop of China, with whom and other Tired and weakened in strength by.

missionaries he sailed immediately for sixteen years .of arduous labor in the China. service of the Master, the now widely

LIFE AND WORK OF BISHOP SCHERESCHEWSKY 9I

known missionary asked for a well- the funds collected, and on Easter earned vacation, and in the summer Monday, 1879 (April 14), was laid of the year i875 went with his wife and the corner-stone of St. John's College, his two children to the United States. the first Protestant college founded in He was received with great honor by China.

the Church, which he had represented Commencement of the Time of Suffering so faithfully. Columbia College honored him with the title of Doctor of In the year 1881 the bishop's duties Divinity in 1875, and Kenyon College, called him to Wuchang, one of the of Gambier, Ohio, followed with the stations founded by Bishop Williams same title in 1876. At a special meet- on the Yang-tse-Kiang, and there, in ing of the House of Bishops, held in August, he had an attack of illness October, 1875, he was appointed to (either heat apoplexy or some cogthe Episcopate of Shanghai, which nate complaint) which disabled him honor he modestly and firmly declined. and induced partial paralysis. He was But when the appointment was re- removed to Shanghai and subsequently newed in 1876, he accepted the office. sent by the physicians to Europe, On October 31, 1877, Joseph Sche- where he was under treatment for reschewsky was consecrated Mission- some time. Finding himself only measary Bishop of Shanghai by the pre- urably recovered, he resigned from siding bishop, Smith, assisted by four- the Episcopate in the year 1883, and teen other bishops, in Grace Church, his resignation was reluctantly ac~ New York. cepted by the House of Bishops. Then, in 1886, Bishop Schereschewsky re- Return to China turned to the United States with his family, having recovered but partially During the two years' sojourn in the use of his hands and feet and havthe United States Bishop Schereschew- ing-still some difficulty in his speech. sky vigorously appealed for funds for a missionary college in China to Years of Patient Labor Amid Suffering. educate native teachers and ministers.

In spite of the straitened financial con- In spite of his disability the sufferer dition of the country he succeeded well, determined to translate the Scriptures and was ready to return to China for into the Wen-Ii, the literary language the building of the college in the spring of China. For a short time he did this of the year 1878. The return trip was by dictation, but being treated espe- made via England, where he attended cially in the hands in a sanatorium in the Lambeth conference of that year, Geneva, N ew York, he proceeded with and via France, where he sojourned a this work by means of a typewriter, short time on account of weakened using the Roman alphabet to write health. He reached Shanghai on Oc- out the Chinese characters. When this tober 20, 1878, and became immedi- work was nearly completed, he ap- ately engaged in arduous labor and in plied to the Board of Missions to be the preparation for the building of the sent out again to China. His request missionary college. A suitable tract was granted, and on August IS, 1895.

of land containing thirteen acres of he started with his wife and daughter fine land and located about five miles from Cambridge, Mass., for Shanghai, from Shanghai was purchased with provided with funds sufficient for the

publication of the Wen-Ii version of which it took eight years to finish.

the Bible. Then followed the easy VI en-Ii trans- A year and eight months were spent lation of the whole Bible. When this In Shanghai, in company with a num- was done, he revised and perfected ber of Chinese scribes, in the work of both versions, and after the completion transliterating the Chinese written of that laborious task, he made them words into the Chinese characters. both reference Bibles, the first in any Then the American Bible Society in- Chinese dialect. Priceless are there- vited him to go to Japan and superin- fore the results of the toil of this won- tend the printing of a revised version derful Hebrew Christian scholar, not of the Old Testament in Mandarin, of only for the new Christendom of the which he had published the first edi- Empire of China, but for all Chr1sten- tion in Peking in the year 1875. Thus dom.

Bishop Schereschewsky went to To- Bishop Schereschewsky's name is kio, Japan, where he resided until his inscribed with letters of gold upon the death on October 14, 1906. table of missionary heroes, and while He had intended to supervise the Max Muller of Oxford called him one printing of the revised version of the of the most learned Orientalists in the Old Testament in Mandarin and of world, we would gladly call him one the new version in Wen-Ii at the same of the great Christian men of the last time. But this became too complicated, hundred years. The· eloquent report and he first published a small tentative of the special committee of the House edition of the New Testament in Wen- of Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Ii and then continued the work of pre- Church in 1875 was but just when it paring the Mandarin Bible for print. said, "The Old Testament has been That being compieted, he resumed the translated by Doctor Schereschewsky preparation of the Wen-Ii version for out of the original Hebrew into a lan- the press and had the joy of seeing guage understood by a population four this great work finished in the begin- times as large as in all the United ning of the year 1903. From that . States. The work of itself is one of time on he began to work on a re- .the grandest monuments which the vised Mandarin Bible with references, human mind has ever created, and is and in spite of continuous serious ill- one of the noblest trophies of mission- ness, which finally caused him to seek ary zeal and learning. The grandest relief in the missionary hospital, he conquests of the world's mightiest he- labored diligently almost to the last roes sink into littleness beside the moment of his long life. work which our faithful missionary Bishop Schereschewsky translated has done when he made the Bible the Psalms into the Shanghai collo- speak in the Mandarin tongue and quial in 1861, and after that the P. E. herald out its salvation over nearly a Prayer-book into Mandarin. In 1865 half hemisphere. Doctor Schereschew- he began the translation of the New sky, as he comes to us from his hard- Testament into Mandarin, being as- fought field, bringing his Chinese Bible sisted in this work by five other mis- as the spolia optima of his victorious sionaries, and also the Old Testament, faith and work, presents to the Church which was wholly his own work and a sublimer spectacle than any hero

I907] PORT ARTHUR AND DALNY A YEAR AFTER THE WAR

that has ever moved over the Via pace with him. Thus engaged in the Sacra at Rome or up the steep of Lord's work, he was a Christian hero the Acropolis at Athens." and a true "example of suffering af.· But since these words were penned fliction and of patience."

the grace of Gael enabled Bishop Sche- What changes did God's grace work reschewsky to do still more heroic in this man's life! A poor Jew, grow- and faithful service to the Master's ing up in the traditions and supersti- cause. When God laid His chastening tions of the fathers, receives a He- hand upon him anel the paralyzed brew New Testament. He believes hands were no longer able to hold the that Christ is the Messiah, but his pen, he sat before the typewriter for faith is weak and of the intellect only.

eight long years, workirig eight hours Then God leads him into a new coun- each day, striking the typewriter with try and amOlJg true Christian friends.

the forefinger of each hand, the only In a strange manner he is caused to fingers he could use, until the type- surrender fu1l y to Christ, and at once writer had printed in Roman letters the Holy Spirit comes upon him. Then more than 2,500 pages of letter paper by the grace of God the young Jew in Chinese, and the Bible was translated: . who follows Christ without the camp, For almost twenty-three years Jo- becomes a blessing unto millions of seph Schereschewsky sat in the same benighted heathen, and a glorious ex- chair toiling at his translation work. ample of suffering affliction and of His bodily sufferings were almost con- patience unto the saints. Truly, truly, tinuous, yet the Lord ga:ve him grace the paths of the Lord are past finding and power to work with such vigor out, and them that honor Him, He that two scribes were required to keep will honor.

PORT ARTHUR AND DALNY A YEAR AFTER THE WAR BY REV. J. G. DUNLOP, DALNY, MANCHURIA Missionary of the American Presbyterian Church Once during the war and again a the Young Men's Christian Associayear after its close, it has been my tion is held, that at a time when Britprivilege to visit these famous Far ish military and naval officers, Amer- Eastern cities. It was a particular ican and British consuls, and merch~nt privilege, for on neither occasion were princes of the China ports were being they open to foreign residence or refused permission to visit the scenes travel. As in the old Russian days, of the history-making conflicts arounct so also under the Rising Sun flag, so Port Arthur and elsewhere in the long as war conditions continued, it Liao-tung, the request of the writer, has been by special exception that any a plain Young Men:s Christian Asso- European has been able to enter Man- ciation army secretary, to go on an churia or to move about in the coun- errand of Christian effort to the same try. It is an evidence of the place places was immediately granted, not which Christianity has won in Japan, once only but twice. and especially of the esteem in which To the mere visitor Port Arthur is

a place of thrilling interest. My first would gather some first-hand and visit was not long after Stoessel's sur- vivid impressions of what a modern render. The harbor was still littered siege means. Had you any doubts with the ruins of the splendid Port Ar- about the truth of Sherman's dictum thur squadron. Two of the ships, the about war? An afternoon on 203- Baymt and the Poltava, had been Meter Hill, where within the space raised, and visitors were allowed of two or three acres thousands of aboard the riddled and rusty hulks. men writhed in their death agony and At the signal station on Golden Hill where their bones, their skulls and you found yourself just above the scraps of their uniforms and accouterwrecks of the many ships sunk or run ments were yet to be seen,-a very on the rocks by the Japanese in their short time there would dispel all your efforts to seal the harbor. In a cave doubts. in a hillside at the back of the dock- This last year Port Arthur was con- A VIEW OF DALNY AFTER THE WAR yard you could see Stoessel's perfectly siderably changed. All the sunken protected telephone "central." Had battleships and cruisers have been you business with the Japanese com- removed from the harbor and only mandant you would meet him in the two gunboats remain–.,.the Amur, former parlor of Admiral Makaroff, knocked over in the dock with her the most luxuriously furnished room funnel resting on the masonry at the I have seen' in the East. Did you wish side, and the Giliag lying on her side to visit the famous fort-hills? A sol- on the bottom of the harbor. dier guide was easily procurable; in an hour a Russian .drosky would land The metal-strewn hills have been you anywhere within the battle-zone, cleaned up. A year ago shrapnel and and in scrambling over parapets, rifle bullets were to be picked up at through barbed wire entanglements, every step. Unexploded shells of every through or over saps and bomb-proofs, size from hand-grenades to the 500and into forty-foot deep moats, you pound monsters of the I I -inch mortars were to be seen on all sides, and even

ARTHUR AND DALNY A YEAR AFTER THE WAR

in the streets of the "New City" one been dismantled with the exception of stumbled over splinters and fragments a few which remained intact at the of shells. To-day the shells and frag- close of the siege, and the Japanese are ments are to be found only in the thus far doing nothing to refortify the junk-shops of Port Arthur, and crops place. The proud "New City," in of vegetables and millet mantle with which most of the Russian offices and living green some of the fort-hills residences stood, is a desolation, the where desolation and death reigned streets neglected and overgrown with during the five months of the siege. weeds. The Russians have not come back and are not likely to come, and The bloodstains {md the gruesome so far the Japanese have found no use di<;coloring of the soil around the SOliE OF THE RUINED FORTIFICA..TIONS AT PORT ARTHUR edges of some of the shallow, over- for most of the buildings. Some large crowded graves have disappeared. and costly new buildings, like the vast There was no trace left of the largest hotel which was to be the most luxblood blotch, a dreadful black smut urious hostelry in the Far East, stand twenty feet by four or five feet on the half completed, with many shot-holes side of 203-Meter Hill which was in through their walls and their piles of evidence for many months after the brick scattered over the ground. last fighting. God's healing rains have washed the hill clean and are filling Many of the Chinese have not rein and covering with the green of His turned, for they were a parasit!'! poplove the trenches and other scars left ulation from Chefoo, and where there by man's lust and hate. are no Russians there is nothing to live on. The few Japanese tradesmen But Port Arthur seems dead. There who have come in live in a mean way is a garrison, naval and military, of .in the old Chinese city. They are many thousands, but the forts have mostly innkeepers and provision deal-

ers who serve the garrison and the nately rainy and extremely hot, but many Japanese visitors to the fortress. seven meetings, all well attended, were These and a few civil officials and held during that time. The Sunday families of officers constitute the Jap- was the first anniversary of the open- anese community. The whole place ing of the building and it was a high is dingy and squalid and very differ- day. Between dawn and dark prob- ent from the gay city of the Russian ably 2,000 people visited the building regime. or attended one or another of the meet- The one bright, growing concern in ings. Four men and two women were Port Arthur is the Young Men's baptized, and near~y thirty of us sat Christian Association. It is still at the Lord's table. To the Sunday housed in the fanner Russian church. morning preaching service the com- a finely located and most commodious mandant of the naval garrison sent a building. This building was given to party of bluejackets on church parade, the Association when work was begun and he himself attended the Saturday in Port Arthur. It had been rather night preaching.

seriousiy wrecked by Japanese shells, This work goes on and is the one and the floors, roof, and ceilings still power for cleansing Port Arthur. The 'show the marks, but the house was place was magnificent and corrupt in put in thorough repair by the military the Russian days. It is dingy and authorities. Tables, chairs, iron beds, rotten now. Between Russian heath- blankets, samovars, lamps, and a piano enism and Japanese heathenism there were also given, and for a year and a is little choice. Unspeakable condi- half only sympathy and helpfulness tions exist in any port of the East have been experienced at the hands of where Christ is not honored and loved.

those in authority. The situation at Dalny is extremely In accepting this official assistance interesting. Here there a~e fewer'

the Association has not abated its soldiers 'than at Port Arthur-less than evangelistic zeal or otherwise compro- . 3,000 altogether-but far more civil- mised itself one jot. The two secre- ians. In July there were between taries in charge were trained at Dal- 8,000 and 10,000 Japanese civilians in ny under Doctor Fukuda, one of the Dalny, with the number constantly in- noblest of Japanese Christians, who creasing, and as the city is the termi- spent nine years as a student in Edin- nus of the Southern Manchurian Rail- burgh and is an ardent disciple of way, there is a large railway staff- Henry Drummond. As a result evan- about 2,000 altogether. The Chinese gelism has bulked larger in the Dal- population of Dalny numbers about ny and Port Arthur Associations than 30 ,000.

in any other with which I have ever In Dalny the Young Men's Chris- been acquainted. A church has been tian Association has given place to the organized in each place, and each Presbyterian Church (Japanese), or~ church has in connection with it a ganized since the close of the war.

Sunday-school, a temperance society, Work is carried on in the centrally and a women's meeting. located association building-one fur- During my five days in Port Ar- nished by the military authorities. A thur last July, the weather was alter- much better building, the Russian

PORT ARTHUR AND DALNY A YEAR AFTER THE WAR

church and school, was offered to the field among the 100,000 Japanese, civ- church, but it was claimed by the ilian and military, in the other cen- Russians on behalf of their former ters-Port Arthur, Newchwang, Liao- civilian population, and this claim had yang, Tiehling, Mukden. The writer not been adjudicated upon when I was knows from experience how impres- there. The administration offered also free land for church building or mis- H. OZ~I, A CBRISTIAN J.£PANESE OFFICER sionary residence, or both, and assist- ance at least in securing cheap build- sionable these people are, howSJ.1r- ing materials if a church or missionary prized and pleased they are ,to . h~r residence were erected. their Japanese tongue from the. lips of a European. Of course they are These kindnesses indicate the offi- used to that in Japan, but it is to them cial attitude in Dalny; I met the act- a surprize, almost a flattery, in Man- ing administrator and he assured me churia. of deep interest in the work of the church and especially in the proposi- The church at Dalny includes some tion to station an American mission- of the grandest Christians to be met ary in Dalny to work among the J ap- anywhere-such men as Colonel Hianese. A missionary was asked for by biki, surgeons Ozaki and Hoshino, the Dalny Church to act a~ pastor, the and several civilian Christians from church, tho composed entirely of J ap- Japan. One of these, Mr. Masutomi, anese, offering to pay part of the mis- has for some months carried on a ressionary's salary. Rev. T. C. Winn and cue work which has saved some scores Mrs. Winn, for nearly thirty years missionaries in Japan under the Presbyterian Board (North), have now gone to Daluy in answer to this call. The authorities, pending a better arrangement, have cleared out the Japanese lessees of the "Paradise Beer Hall," and the one-time beer hall is now th.e missionary residence, and no doube the center of many beneficent activities. The Japanese officials sent to the highest places in Manchuria are selected especially with reference to culture and experience of life and work in America and Europe-one might almost say, selected with reference to their sympathy with Christianity. Some of them are Christians and others'have Christian wives. This class, the most influential in Manchuria, will be accessible to the missionaries in a degree almost unknown in Japan. The missionaries will also have an enviable

of poor girls, many of whom had been in the morning. This is the Christian brought to Manchuria under promise officer whose task it was to receive, of respectable employment. This traf- store, and forward to their proper desfic and the shameless way in which the tinations the hundreds of millions of trade of prostitution is carried on have dollars' worth of stores required for an made Japanese womanhood a stench army of 640,000 men and 130,000 in the nostrils of even the Chinese. horses. All through the war he made The afternoon of my arrival in Dalny time for frequent preaching, and when I met Colonel Hibiki setting out to con- I found him last summer at Dalny he duct the funeral of one of the rescued had for weeks been doing most of the prostitutes. The Colonel is beyond preaching in the Dalny Church. Apart comparison the busiest man in Dalny. from his preaching, his life is the One could never talk with him for grandest witness for Christ, among the fifteen minutes, day or night, without Japanese, in all Manchuria. There being interrupted by orderlies with are other Christian officers in .the army telegrams or other papers far inspec- of occupation nearly or quite as good tion. The last night of my stay ;1t his quarters-formerly the largest hotel as Hibiki. The potentialities of Japanin Dalny-I heard him at his work in the room next mine till three 0'clock ese Christianity in the new territory may be judged from the personality of some of these men.

A RUSSIAN CHURCH AND SCHOOL AT DALNY This has been o:ffered by the Japanese authorities for usc as a Japanese Presbyterian Church

INFLUENCE OF JAPAN ON

BY B. R. BARBER, CALCUTTA, INDIA Secretary of the College Branch of the Y. M. C. A., Calcutta The people of India have been in- The men of India say, if Japan has spired by the glorious achievement achieved such greatness by her own of the victory of Japan, a heathen hand without the intervention of nation, over a Christian country. On any foreign power, nay, rather in the other hand, they have been spite of it, why can not we do the smarting under the unwise action of s'ame? If she has conquered China, Lord Curzon in pushing through the Korea, and Russia in battle, and Imperial Council, against the wish brought herself to a place of recog- of the people, the bill for partition- nition commercially and politically ing the province of Bengal, and this, among the powers of the world, together with the statement of the gaining great respect in diplomatic same ruler as to their lack of verac- circles; if she 'sends ninety-three per ity, has caused them to ask: "Vhat cent. of her boys and girls of school is the secret of Japan's greatness?" age to the institutions of learning; if in order that they might better she has done all this and more, and their own condition. still retains her ancient religions, There is no doubt whatever that why is it that we, a larger and older British rule has been of immeasur- nation, find ourselves still nursed by able benefit to this people, and while a foreign people while Japan has at- the great majority recognize' this tained the vigor of manhood? Why and are grateful for it, there is a not should we abandon our old religiou's inconsiderable number of the edu- 'principles and our ancient sacred cated classes who feel that the time institutions? Why? This is a re- is about at hand for India to have frain finding expression in many a a much greater share in the control heart in India to-day.

of her own destinies. This feeling Let us rejoice in the awakening of has been encouraged by Japan's re- . a new national spirit. India has cent successes in the Russo-Japanese never had a sense of patriotism. She war, and by "an example unparal- has no esprit de corps. In fact, she leled in history of the moral greatness has had many things against it, attainable by a nation without the help .many races, many tongues, manyre- of Christianity." Iigions. Japan is practically one i~ The consequence of this feeling race, language, and religion.

has been unrest and uneasiness, Not a few in. searching for the chafing- under restraint and prac- cause of Japan's progress have tried tical serfdom, an antipathy toward to divorce it from her acceptance of some existing institutions, however Western standards both in govern- good, and a bitter hatred of others, ment, religion, education, and com- resentment toward foreigners in merce. They have failed to see that generdl and Britishers in particular, she is abandoning the old methods and this ill feeling has extended even and forms, and is taking what is to missionaries and their work. good, without prejudice, from every

country, at the same time taking sant with the life and character of the care to assimilate it and make it Indian people, and for this reason were her own. It is said that she got her able to deal pointedly yet sympathetic- guns and warships, her naval and ally with national and individual weak- military instruction, as well as her nesses. In private intercourse or pub- educational systems, from the West. lic address, whether to Christians or By the judicious use of them she to non-Christians, these delegates conquered a Western nation. Some showed wonderful tact and insight, believe she can accept Christianity· but at the same time they were. very and make her people better Chris- frank and straightforward. They tians than those found in the West. let it qe known that they were Chris- For the purpose of setting these tians and that they believed Japan's facts in their proper relation, the na- rapid growth was due to some ex- tional councils of the Young Men's tent at least to her acceptance of Christian Association of India and the principles displayed in Christian- Japan agreed that it would be wise ity-unity, brotherhood, equality, and to send a deputation of two repre- liberty. They implied that if In- sentative Japanese to India, to speak dia wished to acquire a place among to the educated men in the principal the nations of the world, she must centers of that great empire. Ac- put asid~ caste, which has been her cordingly, as has been mentioned in greatest drawback, give woman her these pages, two months were spent rightful place, the lack of which has by Japanese Christians in visiting deprived her of true homes, and the larger cities, such as Calcutta, grant liberty of conscience to every AIlahabad, Lahore, Bombay, Mad- individual. She must be willing, as ras, Bangalore, Colombo, and Ran- Japan has been, to accept light from goon. whatever source it comes, no matter The men chosen for this impor- to what phase of national life it ap- tant mission were eminently qualified plies.

for their task. What they should The large and enthusiastic audi- say and do was to stand before the ences which greeted them every- world, and they must be ready to where attested that the time was face criticism and to vindicate their opportune for such a message as every statement. Dr. S. Motodo is Japan had to give. Every reference an eminent educationalist, and the to Japan's national spirit, to her Rev. T. Haroda is pastor of the old- wonderful progress or to a similarity est Congregational church in Japan. between the two sister nations was Both were educated according to received with applause. The speak- Western standards, both were wide- ers knew how to touch a responsive ly read and well-informed on mat- chord, and used this power over the ters pertaining to East and West. feelings and emotions to drive home They were possest with strong many a lesson even to the point of personalities, and everywhere exhibit- its hurting. , ed that ease, grace, and winsomeness Some of the subjects treated were: of manner so characteristic of the Jap- The Young Men of Japan, The East anese. They were thoroughly conver- and the West, The Progress- of Ja-

I907] THE INFLUENCE OF JAPAN ON INDIA

pan, The Growth of Christianity in Japan grants perfect religious lib- Jap'an, and The Development of the erty to all. If a man is a Buddhist, he National Church in Japan. The dep- may remain one if he chooses. If he utation emphasized Japan's recep- wishes to become a Christian, no one tivity of Christian principles as the criticizes him. The number of Chris- chief reason for h~r unprecedented tian men in high places of public trust advance. Thus the visit was of im- attests this fact. India does not grant mense value to missionaries. liberty of conscience in religious mat- ters. One dare not follow his own con- The bu~den of the message was victions and accept Christ save, in independence of tIrought and action, many cases, at the peril of his life. the brotherhood of man, and an un- What has been, must be. Custom biased attitude toward truth, no mat- forbids change. She has wandered ter what its source. In comparing far from her own early religion, and and contrasting the strength and tho that is thirty-five centuries old, weakness 'of, the two countries the the cry is raised, "Back to the Vedas !" messengers were able to point many Japan presses forward to new realms a moral. of religious truth. India is dreamy and speculative. She asks, If I probe Japan is not afflicted with caste. this question, to what depths of philo- Formerly the feudal system prevailed, sophic thought will it lead me? Japan ,but that was long ago given up, asks, What good will it do me? How and to-day all men are equal in the can I make it of practical value? sight of the law. India is caste- cursed. There is an infinite number Japan urges her women to a part of divisions of society whose mem- in social and religious life, and shares bers are not permitted to associate with her the good things to which in ·any way or to intermarry. They that nation is ialling heir. India, may not greet one another, or sit on on the other hand, has even retro- the same bench or eat together. graded. In Vedic times the woman Tho one should be starving, he can n(i)t accept food from another of shared equal privileges with the a lower caste. Servants are classed man; she might choose her own hus- with the ·animals. "Low caste ser- band, and so far as there was educa- vants and dogs are not allowed to tion, she was given it. To-day she enter here" is an inscription found is married against her will, and over the door of a temple. They treated to atrocious indignities at an that work with their hands are de- age when she should be under the spised. Education, wealth, or cul- tender care of a mother. She is ture of any kind does not remove the thought unworthy of an education, stigma of low birth. One may be as and even the animals are revered be- immoral as he pleases, but to violate fore her. She may not appear in pub- the minutest rule of caste is to sin. lic, and has little or no social life. A Caste even denies to the sudra any widow is doomed to a life of seclusion . part in religion. If he calls upon and sufTering, or if she revolts from the gods they will not hear him. this, her only choice is to sell her body There is no brotherhood here. to the passions of men. But let us be-

lieve that such an unjust fate will not was given in a kindly spirit, and was always be hers, for already a cry is received graciously. In so far as the heard in her behalf. people at large were affected, the two countries have been drawn In statecraft Japan sits at the feet closer together. The bond of symof the world, while India, with one pathy has been closer knit. It is of the greatest world powers as her not unlikely that a year hence a retutor, sits sullen and mutters her dis- turn deputation will be sent to Japan content, not striving to learn the les- to learn still further the secret of son that may make< her able at some her power and tell what Christianfuture day to grasp the reins of gov- ity has done for India. Another reernment. No racial questions di- sult of the visit was that a few Japvide the people of Japan. They are anese in the port cities were con- 'one, and in this unity is their verted to Christ. Some have sugstrength. India, on the other hand, gested that the Young Men's Chrisis not one in any respect. Even in tian Association send one of its own former days her rulers and princes, Japanese secretaries to labor among moved by petty jealousies and bick- the Japanese in India, and others erings, were quarreling and fighting have ventured the thought that Jaamong themselves continually. pan couid promote her al truistic spirit still further by opening mis- While modern missions have op- sion work among the Indians. There erated in India for more than a cen- is no doubt that India will exhibit tury, and the number of Christians a greater readiness to accept t'he very greatly exceeds that of Japan, best standards of life and conduct in matters of self-support and when she sees others have been church government Japan seems to blest by so doing. By reason of far outstrip her sister country after the words spoken of mISSIOnaries only fifty years of effort. The J ap- and of the Young Men's Christian anese have asked one missionary Association which did such excelsociety to hand over its entire lent and far-reaching service in the church and mission work, and they recent war among the Japanese will operate and control it. The troops, the Indians are sure to be Episcopal church of Japan has its influenced to a greater degree of reown prayer-books, and hopes soon to spect for missionaries. have its own bishops.

This, in brief, was the message. It

FREDERICK WILLIAM BAEDEKER *

Another of the heroes of faith, of God has a message through me for whom the world was not worthy, has you to-night," urging him to enter the departed from the arena of suffering inquiry-room. In presence of the and service to the great cloud of wit- crowd he did, and the two were soon ness bearers. On October 9, r906, Dr. on their knees. During those s~lemn Frederick W. Baedeker peacefully moments the accumulated infidelity of passed away at Weston-super-Mare, years was dissipated for ever. God England, at the age of eighty-four. was believed, the SavIor trusted, and This man was what Whitefield would the joy of salvation filled his soul. have called an "extraordinary saint," and his was an extraordinary career His wife, who survives him, was at of service. But so quietly and mod- that time also made partaker of "like estly did he do his work that few, com- precious faith" and, "as heirs together paratively, know even now that, like of the grace of life," they became one Howard, his life for forty years was in purpose to live for others, conwhat Burke called "a circumnavigation strained by the love of Christ who had of charity." given Himself for them, to make the Gospel known. He was by birth a German, but by residence an Englishman, and by ser- It is a coincidence both interesting vice a Russian. After some years of and remarkable, that Doctor Baedeker professional pursuits in the Australian gave his nrs{address in the village of colonies, his steps were directed to Kewstoke; and desiring to revisit the England. The former half of his village after long absence, on Sunday years, while not immoral, was un- evening, September 30, he gave his godly; in fact he himself called it last Gospel address there-r866-r906! "infidel." He found the ruin of men the same as forty years. before, and he knew no In r866 Lord Radstock, while hold- remedy but the same old Gospel. ing evangelistic meetings at Weston and vicinity-a guest at Earl Cavan's Lord Radstock had found God set- Lodge-came into contact with Doctor ting before him in Russia "a wide door Baedeker, who had been led to the and effectual," numbers high in rank meetings by the urgency of a military being among the fruit of his labor officer, himself a recent convert at those there. Doctor Baedeker, after a time same services. Interest was awakened of preparation in the study of God's sufficient to impel him to repeat his word, and the exercise of his gift at visit, but he made his exit before the home, felt drawn to the regions bepreacher could reach him at the clo- yond; and after heralding the good sing of the first service. But one night news in other Continental lands, he he lingered long enough for Lord Rad- responded to the call to come over into stock to reach him. Putting his hand Russia and help in the work begun on his shoulder, said he: "My man, there by Lord Radstock. As years went by frequent visits were made to * Doctor Baedeker was an intimate friend" of the Editor of this REVIEW, and while quoting from some of the noble tributes paid to him, especially by Rev. R. S. Latimer of Weston, his close friend also, we can emphatical1y endorse all that is here repeated, with the conviction that mission history furnishes few examples of more Christlike service.-A. T. P.

European countries, so that he was the fires of persecution, as well as much more abroad than at home. many abroad and at home, whose tem- Thousands on thousands of miles poral needs called forth his generous were traversed, the means of transit benefactions, have all lost a friend. often being most primitive, and the ground gone over such as would test Doctor Baedeker's conversion was the mettle of a much younger and immediate, and he thus described it: stronger man, but he made light of it, "I went into the meeting that night only remarking that it was interesting a confident German infidel; I came out to find out what a strain the human a humble penitent, and the disciple of frame could bear. Into every corner the Lord Jesus Christ." of Russia he penetrated with the Gospel message. Permits, granted by the His conversion, says the Rev. R. S. head authorities, gave him access to Latimer, was the conversion of a secall the prisons of Siberia, each permit ond Saul of Tarsus. Called of God in lasting, say, two years, and then a re- the prime of manhood, he refused the newal of it for another couple of temptation to ease and luxurious inyears, the evangelist feeling with every dolence, and laid his splendid gifts of extension of the privilege (granted to culture and of utterance upon the altar him alone) the importance of using. it of Christ with whole-souled enthusito the utmost. Journer·after journey asm, dedicating his life to arduous was undertaken, Bibles scattered evangelistic labors. There is a strithrough the prisons and elsewhere by king parallel between the experiences £he thousand, as well as the Gospel of the great apostle of the Gentiles and sounded out with the living voice. this modern apostle. Both could say, His sympathy and love for the opprest "In journeyings often, in labors more won many a heart, and the Day alone abundant; in prisons more frequent, will declare the full resliJts of his su- in perils of waters, of robbers, by mine perabundant labors where no other own countrymen, by the heathen, in evangelist's foot had yet trodden! No the city, in the wilderness." Engrossed thought of rest seemed to enter his in the interests of struggling commumind even after the eightieth milestone nities of Christians who stood iri need had been passed. He went forth with of his counsels and his aid, for him all the zest and energy of fortner days, there came no period of rest, until he and the last· year of his life made entered into the rest of the Father's four journeys to the Continent! On house. For nearly. thirty years he at least one occasion he went right has undertaken protracted journeys through Siberia, visiting Japan, China. across Europe, preaching the Gospel, and other parts en rOttte for home. distributing the Scriptures, and min- Some years ago, hearing of communi- istering to the necessities of the perties of Germans in Canada, he set out secuted and suffering flock of God. to preach the Gospel to his countrymen Lord Radstock introduced him to the there. work in Russia, thinking that he might be of great spiritual service to his Ger- The Stundists of Russia, the Arme- man fellow countrymen in that land; nians, and others who have had his but his zeal for God extended his sympathy and succor in the midst of sphere far beyond the lines -original- ly contemplated. Bohemia, Moravia,

DR. FREDERICK WILLIAM

Hungary, Galicia, Poland, Finland, and slaves of Satan, and to transform and the western and southern prov- them into children of God." inces of the vast Russian Empire have been the principal spheres of his min- In Russian Prisons istry. For nearly twenty years the Doctor Visit to Count Tolstoi enjoyed the unique privilege of free access to evt'ry prison within the do- He had a conversation with Count minions of the Czar, from Warsaw to' Tolstoi in Moscow, in which the the transportation settlements on the Count learned something about evan- Island of Saghalien on the shores of gelical religion. The prophet-novel- the Sea of Okhotsk in farthest Asia, ist, coarsely clad, received Doctor and from the fortress-prisons of Cau- Baedeker in his plain and scantily fur- casia in the south to the most north- nished apartment. "What is your er- erly desolations of icy Siberia. It is 'rand to Russia?" inquired the Count. said that he owed this rare privilege '''To preach the Gospel of Christ to the mediation on his behalf of one in the Russian prisons." "There of Royal blood, who stood high in the ought not to be any prisons!" ex- favor of the late Czar, Alexander III. claimed the novelist. "So long as It has been his privilege and joy to there is sin in the world, there will be hand a copy of the New Testament to prisons," was the quiet rejoinder of innumerable convicts, political· and the evangelist. "There ought not to other, and to accompany the gift with be sin in the world!" "What do you a few loving words of hope and help mean?" "I mean that, if people were concerning Him who is the Friend of properly taught, sin wouid not be," Sll1ners. said Tolstoi with fiery emphasis. For answer Doctor Baedeker quoted Luke Saghalien xi. 2 I, 22-"When a strong man armed keepeth his palace his goods "Why do you come to us?" exare in peace. But when a stronger claimed some of the astonished prisonthan he shall come upon him and over- ers of Saghalien to him, on the occacome him he taketh from him all his sion of one of his visits to that island armor wherein he trusteth and divi- of dark despair. "There is no hope deth his spoils." "That is a parable of for us !" We have nothing correspondthe soul of man and the devil's mas- ing to Saghalien in the compass of our tery over it," said the Doctor. "That civilization. For generatiohs the Rusaccounts for sin." "Where's that ?" sian authori~ies have sent away to that inquired the Count, greatly interested. terrible island of fog and ice, the most "In Holy Scripture," he replied. desperate criminals of the Empire. "There is a stronger than we-the Toiling in chains, and formerly Evil One-against whom our natural branded with hot irons on the forearmor of resolution and of moral codes head and on each cheek, surrounded is useless. My message to the pris- by a half-frozen sea, escape was hopeoners of Russia, and to sinners every- less and existence was a living death. where, is that there is a still stronger "Why do you come to us? There is no one who is able to deliver the captives God in Saghalien!" Tears coursed down his cheeks as he told of Him to whom of old the publicans and sinners

drew near; who was able to save to the the contents to the very bottom. Bibles very uttermost. And the sullen, hard- all-nothing besides! "Open that ened cutthroats of the most remorse- one!" he shouted. The sailor obeyed; less penal settlement of Czardom, lis- and the case was carefully examined tened wistfully to the music of the throughout. "Put the books back!" Gospel's joyful sound. "If I had many he ordered, and turned and walked lives," he said in a recent address, "I away. Presently he returned to the could not wish to spend one of them Doctor. "Who are you, sir?" he inotherwise than in carrying the good quired. The Doctor gave his name tidings of great joy to these thousands and his English address. "Qid you upon thousands of hapless, hopeless say from England?" "Yes." "And men, who sit in darkness and in the you've come to this country to give shadow of death all their days. Com- presents of Bibles to our Russian crimfortable ,English people in homes of inals?" "Yes." "You get a good sallove and luxury, secure in the enjoy- ary, no doubt?" "I receive no salary ment of civil liberties, and favored whatever." "Who pays your. exabove all nations with Gospel light penses?" "I pay all my expenses from and- privilege, must not imagine they my own purse." "Well, I call that are the only men and women· whom noble! You are a man of a million! God loves, These gangs of Russian I wish I might let you travel on this criminals have surely a share in the steamer free of charge; but at least Heavenly Father's heart, and a place you shall not pay a single kopeck for in the provisions of His infinite grace the carriag-e of your boxes !" in Christ Jesus." Many Languages "What have you got in these cases ?" inquired the surly captain of a Rus- In his addresses in England, Doctor sian river-steamer. "Bibles and Tes- Baedeker dwelt on the problem that taments," replied the Doctor. "Likely Russia presents to the itinerating evanstory that !" grunted the captain; gelist. A land of many nationalities whose suspicious mind probably imag- and many languages-leaving out of ined dynamite and infernal machines. account Asiatic Russia, which com- "What are you going to do with prises two-thirds of the Empire-there them ?" "Distribute them in the pris- are in addition to the Russians proper, ons at – – and –." "Do you mean the Tartars, Armenians, Poles, Letts, 'sell them'? Convicts have not much Finns, and many others. There are spare cash." "No, I mean to ..give also many Germans resident in the them freely. Convicts have souls," country. In preaching throughout the "Oh! you give your· goods for noth- various towns and villages the Doctor ing, do you? Another likely story! required the services of interpreters, Here-you!" calling a sailor who as he preached in his native tongue. stood near by, "Break open one of Those singular people, the Doukhothese cases and let us see what's in- bortsi-the Quakers of Russia-held side." The case was opened. The a warm place in his affections. He captain reached down and brought out had labored among them, and ada plainly bound copy of the Word of mired their fearless adhesion to their God. He dived deeper, tumbling out antimilitary principles, which occa-

sioned them much suffering and pri- religious services other than those vation. Sometimes in the largest room of the Greek Church are strictly for- in the castle of an awakened Austrian bidden ?" The Doctor was perplexed.

nobleman, who had called together his He reflected a moment or two. "Might friends and neighbors, like Cornelius, I deliver a lecture instead?" "We do to hear this latter-day Peter; at other not see any objection to that. Lectures times in the quadrangle of an Arme- are not prohibited by the laws." "Then nian orphanage in Constantinople; I wi11lecture!" said the Doctor. "Quite now, in Smyrna, among a medley of right!" said the police. The old bills· Greeks, Armenians, Turks, and Jews, were covered by new, announcing that delivering six addresses in one day on a certain evening Dr. F. W. Baed- to people feverishl.y eager to hear the eker, of England, would lecture on Word; then, in the classroom of a "Sin and salvation!" The night proved Hungarian University, to an assembly to be extremely unfavorable. Sleet and of theological students, while one of snow, and the inky darkness, sug- their own professors translated the ad- gested that but few would brave the dress; and again in Munich among the discomfort of the weather. To his German socialists-in the very hall amazement, in the vicinity of the hall ~ where Karl Marx delivered his social- the street was blocked with vehicles of istic lectures-this busy apostle of all descriptions. The people had come Christ crowded a dozen lives into one in crowds from far and wide. The in the multiplicity of his toils for souls. aristocrats were there in force, as well What interesting and even thrilling ex- as humbler folk. Barons and counts, periences he related, on his visits to with their ladies and families and at- his home, and to his Christian friends tendants, jostled with trades folk and in England! Everywhere he found toilers, all eager to hear the wonderful the harvest ripe for the reaping; the words of life, to us so familiar, to them people eagerly and with deep emotion so strange and so divine. Meetings receiving the Word. were held night after night, and the Outwitting the Police lecture on "Sin and salvation" was re- peated again and again. In one pub- The civic authorities were nearly al- lic hall, 2,000, and in another, 3,000 ways a difficulty, but his shrewdness thronged to hear the Word. A friend and tact helped him many a time when of the preacher translated the adhe found himself in a tight corner. dresses into Lettish as he proceeded, The police paid him most careful at- and many others besides the police tention, and he puzzled them. He was said, "Quite right!" quite accustomed to the sight of the police spies, lounging around .the door tinUt.nd of his hotel. They amused him greatly. In Finland the saine enthusiastic in- On ope occasion, at Riga, in the Baltic terest was always shown in Doctor provinces, he had engaged a hall and Baedeker and his message. In the issued his bills for public services. In days when Finland groaned and due course he was visited by the offi- writhed under the heel of despotism cers of the law. "You must not hold he brought home heart-moving stories services here. Do you not know that of the condition of affairs there. The

Finnish women made it a practise to freedom to serve Him here, in our own attend all meetings-his own included dear native country? We therefore ex- -drest in deep mourning for the pect that He will answer us!" Is the sorrows of the country. All the young answer to this agonized prayer of sim- men were transported to Russia for a ple faith coming on the red car of term of six years for military service, revolution?

and to learn the Russian tongue. His To Many Peoples impassioned prayer for Finland was: The Russian Armenians of the Cau- "0 God of the 72d Psalm, deliver the casus, the Turkish Armenian refugees, needy when he crieth, and the poor, and the orphan children of the vicand him that hath no helper! Spare tims of Turkish bloodthirstiness; thG. the poor and needy, redeem their souls Stundists whom he contrived to meet from violence, and break in pieces the secretly, in lonely places, in the dead oppressor !" of night, by hurried appointment, that he might convey to them the messages What letters he received from and love-gifts of their fellow believers abroad referring to facts that might in Britain; the Mennonite Baptists, dehave been woven into a library of vol- scendants of the sober, industrious columes of thrilling interest! One-a onists whom the Empress Catherine type of many-is from a Christian welcomed to her dominions a hundred wife and mother in Transcaucasia, years ago, and who, like their fathers, whose husband-a Stundist-had been delight greatly in the Word of God; in transportation eight and one-half the newly-illuminated Protestants of weary years for the crime of faithful- Austro-Hungary, whose motto is "Free ness to his Lord. What a tragedy the from Rome," and many of whom are story of that home! And yet what a so desirous in the freshness of their thrill of pride and joy in the lost hus- freedom to learn the pure Gospel band-hero breathes in the lonely wom- truth,-these, and many other peoples, an's simple narrative! Another is all most interesting, were included in from the anxious pastor of a little the diocese of this catholic and aposchurch of believers in Saxony, who tolic bishop of the Church of God. seeks guidance from his "beloved father" in a position of perplexity. A third is from a countess whose estates The Man Himself lie near the banks of the Danube, who In personal appearance Doctor Baed- says in modern language, Come over eker fulfilled the ideal of one of the into Macedonia and help us. "You great Hebrew prophets. A tall, spare must not forget us, dear Doctor Baed- figure, with long and venerable beard, eker; Austria greatly needs you. You. the old man faced his audience with must come, and come quickly." A the Divine fire in his eyes, as one illu- fourth is from one whose eyes are mined from Heaven and sent on a watching for the morning of a brighter mission that would brook no delay.

day, in Tiflis, and who replies to Doc- And yet he was one of the kindliest tor Baedeker's advice that he should and most lovable of men. He lived in emigrate to a land of wider liberties, the perpetual sunshine. His smiling "Vhy should we emigrate? Do we face and cheery greeting brought you not pray to God that He will give us into the sunshine too. If, in bidding

DR. FREDERICK WILLIAM BAEDEKER

him "Good morning," you inquired af- Christly pity imported from Europe; ter his health, his answer would be, and Europe vastly blessed-particu- with a merry laugh, "God is good!" larly Russia-by the Divine gospel of When his friends, of late years, re- faith, hope, love, and eternal life, ex- monstrated with him on his under- ported from England.

taking such long journeys at his ad- Much has been accomplished in the vanced age, he would reply, "If my emancipation and evangelization of the Heavenly Father should calI me home nations, since the ruler of Bohemia from a railway carriage, or from a emphasized his policy of the extermi- steamer, or from a hotel, why should nation of nonconforming Christians by I mind? What does it matter?" exclaiming, "I would rather be the The Doctor was a close friend of kirig of a desolate land than rule over George Miiller, of Bristol. The two a pack of heretics!" Doctor Baedeker had much in commol;1.. Both of Ger- has taken a noble part in this glorious man birth and, in the land of their advance of liberty and truth. Who adoption, near neighbors, they held can tell to what extent the awakening similar views of truth. Both looked among the Russian people of a pas- up into the face of the Heavenly sion for freedom, and justice, and Father with the artless faith of little brotherhood is due to the many years children, humbly and sincerely asking, of patient evangelizing, up and down "Lord, what wilt Thou have me to the vast realm, of this unwearied en- do ?" And each, receiving his spe- thusiast! His name is cherished in cial answer, set about the appointed many thousands of homes to-day duty, spending the last ounce of phys- throughout the Continent with ven- ical energy, and the last thought of eration; and it will be handed down to mind, in the Lord's service. Both generations yet unborn as the name of were spared to reach a ripe and beau- a great-souled saint who came from tiful old age, far beyond the three a far foreign shore, for love of souls score and ten. And both were per- and for love. of Christ, to guide many mitted to serve to the very end of life stumbling feet into the way of peace.

in the spheres they loved so well. On one occasion he brought home this George Miiller brought to England message from Finland: "Tell the peo- those methods of practical Christian ple of England to send us a hundred philanthropy he had learned in Ger- evangelists to teach us the Gospel!"

many, from the labors among needy At his funeral at Weston, Lord Rad- children of Professor Franke in Halle. stock presided. The remains were en- Doctor Baedeker took back to the Con- closed in an elm shell with an outer tinent that message of simple Evangel- coffin of oak, the breastplate bearing ical religion he had learned at the feet the following inscription: of Earl Cavan and Lord Radstock in FREDERICK WILLIAM BAEDEKER England. Thus Britain was enriched BORN, 3D AUGUST, 1823 by the magnificent object-lesson III FELL ASLEEP, 9TH OCTOBER, 1906 A NEW YEAR GREETING FROM TILE KING OF TONGA TRANSLATION.-"! praise the Lord for His goodness in sparing you to this new year. 1105t truly do I wish that your joy and happiness may be greater than in the years past. May the Lord direct your path during the coming year.

My truest love.

J. TUBou II.

OBSERVATIONS IN THE TONGA GROUP BY MISS LUCY BROAD The Tongans are perhaps the finest from serfdom, but there were still race, physically, in these delightful various gradatioris of chiefs all making island groups of the South Pacific, and exactions from their retainers. A man they appear to have generally a pretty could not really call anything his own; good opinion of themselves. But the if he had a fine litter of pigs, for exampeople are too lazy to get all they ple, he might expect to have to hand should out of their prolific natural them over to some superior. Then the surroundings. people are said to be covetous and not to be trusted with finance, and an These islands were visited by Cap- official receiving public money helped tain Cook in 1774, and he was fol- himself out of it. So that they were lowed by some teachers sent by the heavily in debt, all of which has been L. M. S. in 1796. Three of these were cleared away under the British Protec- torate, while some sort of justice is killed by the natives, and the Rev. J. secured. But general sympathy is felt for the king, who has had to put up Thomas, of the Wesleyan Mission, with various restrictions and annoywho arrived in 1826, seems to have ances arising from conflicting claims. had the honor of really planting the Gospel in Tonga, and a wonderful rev- It was apparently the Tongan tenolution followed. dency to look well after the "siller"

The late King George gave the people a constitution that liberated them

IN THE TONGA GROUP

that resulted in the present split in vice, both girls and young men in the churches; the king's, or more prop- white with sky blue waist-cloths, and erly, the Free Church, having an im- the scholarly Doctor Morton even in- posing edifice in most of the villages, flicted mortar boards on them.

unlike the modest Wesleyan building, Visitors are always greatly imprest In the early days of this disruption the with the singing, which is given by severe measures of the old dark days three choirs in rotation. The King's were used to uphold this state church, choir he trains himself in the church a lady friend of mine telling me that in his own grounds. They courteously she had seen two men tied to a tree sang us three beautiful pieces. The outside her house and severely beaten basses were fine, with rich, sweet treb- because -they went to the church that les, while a running alto delighted me.

was not orthodox. But the king dis- The sharp tap of a stick is used for approved of any such measures, and conducting in practise, and the pieces wished the people to worship as they are written on the blackboard and thought right, and as they are now memorized. This royal church has a free to do. pulpit of wood from the old tree un- The Wesleyan and Free Churches der which the kings were proclaimed.

almost make a clean sweep of the peo- Like many of the island chiefs, ple of the islands. The Free Church George Tubou is a fine man physically, has sixty churches in Tonga, class being six feet, four inches in height, meetings are held on Sunday after- and weighing tw~nty-five stone. On noons in the houses of the people, and his New Zealand tour when visiting there are nearly 1,900 members, with Rotoruahe refused ·to have the gey- forty lay preachers out of a population ser soaped for him on Sunday, with of less than 9,000. It is satisfactory the result that -the courtesy was e:x;- to note a slight increase of population. tended to him on another day, and the The Rev. I. B. Watkins (succeeding Sunday performance was not repeated his father who arrived in 1830) is a that season. He speaks English quite hard and devoted worker, striving to well, and it is generally believed that keep going all the organizations in the he has tried to govern fairly, being different islands and, I should say, moderate and good-natured.

stands in real need of a young and Vavou, nt!xt in importance of the active helper. Tongan group, is indeed "Arcady the The service at the King's Church Blest!" Here is every charming diver- Ht Nukualofa is most interesting. It sity! Isles legion, armlets, baylets, hill, is a fine building, the windows all hav- mountain, and valley; and a rich soil ing an outside row of colored glass; with great wealth of vegetation, and and having a beautiful circular ceiling grand oranges, etc., growing wild.

fitted into grooves and bound with sin- A "big blow" had swept away the net. Pews for the royal party and the churches in their principal village, so mission family occupy the upper end, the people held a "Baulotu" to prepare and the pulpit and communion are to build another, which would cost draped with conventional crimson and $6,000. There was a great -gathering gold. It is very striking to see the on the Sunday evening, when three f.tudents form and march up to ser- girls led in the singing, taking differ-

ent parts. With their shapely necks amount being called out. Thus they and shoulders they stood with hands soon secured their fine church and are straight down and eyes set in front, very proud of it. and let thei~ rich notes out without effort, the basses and tenors support- The great hindrance to the spread ing. A speaker gave his love to the of the Gospel, in these islands is the chairman, to first rank chiefs and no- bad influence of the increasing number bles, and then to second. Each must of white people. In one island a nativ·c give a dollar; it was easy to do so. Christian who had been spoken to by a white man when on his way to THE FREE CIIUROU OF TONGA One woman worked two clays and evening service, remarked that he musl gave the money; she conld wear her hasten on to church. The white man old dress another year. But some asked, "Why do you go? There is no, were no gooe! to themselves, to their God. It is bilt wasted time." Two, families or to the "bullyong" (govern- gentlemen in a yacht visited one of ment). these Eden Isles and after their fort" night's stay left their marks behind Next day Mr. Watkins, the mission- them in lowered morals and a debased ary, came and there was an offering standard of right. extraordinary. There were crowds of people sitting in and round the open Government officials also give liquor doors of the church. Two men stood to the chiefs, and the people see their at a table, each having a list of names. Sabbath desecration, for half of the One of these names was read and was day is spent by them i'n games and repeated in a loud voice by the amusements. When changes are sug.. preacher and at the doors. At this the gested to some fine old chief he says giver walked up and threw his money he will consult the missionary, but is into a tin bowl with a great rattle, the told that he should not do that, as in

THE FOUR CASTES OF INDIA 1I3

their own country preachers have give way to all standards set by the ncthing to do with such matters. chiefs.

We are thankful to say that there In the early days of mission work are many white men who both in when once heathenism had been public and private life uphold the broken down, great progress was made teaching of the gospel; but the other because there were few other conclass are more numerous and have a flicting interests; now wherever there very bad influence, undermining and is a possibility of making money, there weakening, while as yet the natives are you find white men who often bring not wise enough to discriminate. with them a serious menace to simple Especially is this the case when it Gospel teaching and may hinder the concerns the government, the native large restraining hold which it now mind being trained to honor and has on the islanders.

THE FOUR CASTES OF INDIA-THEIR TRADITIONAL ORIGIN * BY REV. W. E. HOPKINS, SECUNDERABAD, SOUTH INDIA Missionary of the American Baptist Missionary Union, 1892- When the Aryans broke camp on skinned, and with the flat features of the plains of Central Asia, one (per- the semi-Mongolian tribes. They lived haps more) of our ancestral brothers for the most part in roving bands, moved toward the southeast. He, but had numerous strongholds, or with his household, led his flocks and rude forts, distributed over the counherds through the valley of the Hindu try where they fled from attacks of Kush into Afghanistan. He left Ca- distant tribes and invading bands. bul far behind, and finally, issuing from the Khyber Pass, beheld with The Aryans at once entered upon eager gaze the fertile valley where a war of conquest and possession of Peshawar now nestles at the foot of the land. After every advance, they Himalayas' snow-crowned heights. r~sted and settled the new territory- They were a sturdy people, light of harassed ever by the guerrilla warfare color, of western physiognomy, and of these wild men of mountain and were divided into warriors, or rajahs; plain. The enraged bands would householders, or providers; and emerge from the hills and woods' unpriests, or those who looked to the der cover of night and, with fiendish worship of the gods, while the other yell, drive terror to the hearts of the classes were engaged in their respect- invaders, while they applied torch to ive occupations. the camp and attacked with bow and spear. Th€ Aborigines, on the contrary, were inferior in physique, black- The Aryans called the Aborigines Das)'us, which seems to have meant * The view of caste here given is the result of careful investigation during eight years in Indiain intimate association with Brahmans as well as other castes-and continued study of the leading authorities on the subject. If my arraignment of the system seems severe, I refer the reader to the Indian writers quoted, who are not supposed to err on the side of severity. I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness for all translations given. The writers are: Rev. Dr. J. Murdoch, Superintendt'nt Christian Literature Society, Madras; Rev. Krishna Mohun Banerjea, H. J. S. Cotton, Sir W. W.

Hunter, Rev. Dr. John Muir, W. J. Wilkins, Rev. Dr. Murray Mitchell, Rev. Dr. Wilson, Rev. M. A. Sherring, Sir Monier Williams, Prof. Max Muller.

enemies at first; 'but as the process of devouring credulity is an attribute of subjugation continued, the term was the uneducated Hindu or even one of applied to the prisoners who were the Pandit class. The greatest self- forced into slavery and is now com- contradictions, the wildest tales, do monly used in reference to servants. not awaken his common sense."

The color line was a marked distinc- The legendary origin of caste, there- tion between the white invaders and fore, is to him of vastly greater im- these black prisoners. One of the port than the historical, and at once first tribes thus subdued was the Su- commands his lifelong enslavement dras, and this name was afterward and devout worship of the Brahman given to all Aborigines as they were priest who reads it to him from the reduced to subjection. In this man- Shastras. But even here the accounts ner the terms Aryan and Sudra came are varied and contradictory. Altho the to stand respectively for the white and Inspired Vedas, the Brahmanas, the black inhabitants of Hindustan. Puranas, the Mahabharata, and Manu The very nature of their underta- all give the origin of the system, no king compelled the Aryans to draw the two fully agree and many are the arts line of service ever more closely until ·to which. Brahmans resort to explain the military, the commercial (as the away these inconsistencies. In their householders, or providers, had come confusion they forget a certain passage to .be called), and the priest classes from the Mahabharata: "Contradic- became quite distinct communities, al- tory are the Vedas; contradictory are tho of the same origin. They also the Shastras ; contradictory all the doc- appear to have ranked equally at the trines of the holy sages."

first, but during the process of. con- The following legend, however, quest and settlement the priests seem contains the commonly accepted theory to have risen in authority over the and gives to caste its religious setting rest and that, too, apparently, as their of divine sanction: "After the destruc- worship became corrupted by the sen- tion of a former world by a deluge, suality and superstition of the Aborig- Vishnu, the Preserver, called forth ines. Vhile under all and servant to from the sea a thousand-headed ser- all was the conquered Sudra-making pent and bade it coil itself into the up the four castes of the people now form of a couch. Upon this floating called the Hindus. couch he composed himself to' sle~p­ This, briefly, is the historical origin guarded ever by the extended heads of the caste system. But the average of the serpent. After a nap of !lil- Hindu has no conception of history. lions of years, there grew 6ut from Vith him superstition passes for the his body a water-lily, and from this supernatural and the familiar legend flower finally issued Brahma, the Cre- which excites his imagination wins ator. Having created the earth anew his acceptance much more readily than with many gods, he gave birth- from the best authenticated event of history. his own body to the four castes which Particularly in the realm of religion- represent the Hindus."

only tack the name of a deity to a story According to the Shastras "the body and he accepts it without question. is purest above the navel and the head As Doctor.Murdoch puts it: "An all- _is the purest part. Therefore from

19°7] THE FOUR CASTES OF INDIA

his mouth Brahma gave birth to one born irom sinful wombs." And, "Whohundred Brahmans, thus creating the soever taketh property belonging to Brahman, or priest caste; from his Brahmans, whether it was given to chest issued one hundred Kshatryas, them by himself or others, is born as the military caste; from his abdomen, a worm on a dunghill for sixty thouone hundred Vaisyas, the commercial sand years." caste; and from his legs and feet, one hundred Sudras, the servant caste. The same regard is shown in the All these representatives of the four punishments which may be inflicted castes he commanded to multiply and upon the Brahmans themselves. Book populate this new earth." VIII, Sec. 379: "Shaving the head is ordained as [the equivalent of] capi- The "Code of Manu" is the final tal punishment in the case of a Brahauthority in all' matters pertaining man, but in the case of the Lither castes to caste. The claims of the Brahmans capital punishment may be [inflicted]." are stated in Book I, Sec. 93: "Since 380: "Certainly [the king] should not he sprang from the most excellent slay a Brahman even if he be occupart, since he was the first-born, and pied in crime of every sort, but he since he holds the Vedas, the Brah- should put him out of the realm in man is, by right, the lord of all this possession of all his property, and uncreation." 95: "vVhat being is there injured [in body]." 381: "No greater superior to him, by whose mouth the wrong is found on earth than killing gods eat oblations and the Hanas of- a Brahman; therefore the king should. ferings ?" 98: "The birth of a Brah- not even mentally consider his death." man is a perpetual incarnation of dharma; for he exists for the sake On the other hand the efficacy of of dharma, and is for the existence of serving the Brahmans is most emphatthe Vedas." 100: "Thus whatever ex- ically declared. "Land given to a ists in the universe is all the property Brahman secures heaven [to the of the Brahman; for the Brahman is giver]; a red cow, a safe passage entitled to all by his superiority and across the boiling infernal river Vaieminence of birth." 101: "The Brah- tarani; a house, a heavenly place; an man eats his own alone, wears his umbrella, freedom from scorching own, and gives away his own; through heat; shoes, freedom from pain in the benevolence of the Brahman, in- walking; feasting ()f Brahmans, the deed, the other people enjoy [all they highest merit. A proper gift to a have] ." Brahman on a death-bed will secure heaven to a malefactor." It is custo- The sanctity of the Brahmans is fur- mary for the dying Hindu, when prether shown in the dire punishment in- serrtirr~ a cow to his Brahman priest, flicted upon those who in any way to cling to the animal's tail in order injure them. Book IV, Sec. 16S: "A that she may tow him across the dread/ twice-born man, having merely as- river. It was but recently that the saulted a Brahman out of desire to slay widow of the Bhonsala Rajah, when him, abides a hundred years in the hell stricken with death, called her Brah- Tamisra." 166: "Having designedly man attendants about her and spent !:truck him out of anger, even with a her last breath in presenting them with !;traw, for twenty-one births he is cows to insure a safe journey through

the dark unknown! It is customary submitted to the ever-present Brahfor some of the lower castes to drink mans, and their decision almost inva·- as a soul-deansing draught the wa- riably closed the question. The comter in which a Brahman's great toe monest affairs of st.ate as well as the has been immersed. simplest ceremonies of festivity are di- rected by this "power behind the From these quotations it will be throne." seen that the Brahman claims to be a species of deity, possessing the right The Commercial caste combined the to command humanity's worship and business of both merchant and banker, clothed with the authority to direct or money-lender. Indeed, when the that worship. And this is precisely two were not conducted by a single his claim. Brahma transmitted to him management, they were so closely his own divine nature and designated identified as to form a great trust. The him to the priestly office; made him merchant is buyer and seller without not alone an object of worship, but competition or restraint, save that of as well the priest to officiate at every the ever-dominant priest. He deteraltar. The very term "Swami," by mines the purchase price of products, which he is addrest, means god, and raw materials and manufactured artithe World's Parliament of Religions cles; he retails his goods at prices convened in Chicago did honor to agreed upon by the caste irrespective "God (Swami) Vivekanandam." The of industrial or financial conditions. Brahman was also entrusted with all In fact, the prospect of drought doubles knowledge as a part of his divine heri- his prices, and during famine we have tage, and none but his son might be known him to advance ordinary food taught. These were all secured to him stuffs to eight times ordinary rates. for ever and under laws which ensured Grain riots do not affect him, and to the perpetuity of his position. With all entreaty he is deaf. The only truth may the Hindus repeat that fa- argument that moves him is the immiliar saying: portation of grain by foreigners, and then he reduces prices only in propor- "The whole world is under the power of tion to these imports. This is the: the gods; average Hindu merchant, with but few exceptions. The gods are under the power of the mantras; His every move is watched and sec- onded by his confederate-the money- The mantras are under the power of the lender-his "other hand," and in this Brahman; case each hand knows what the other is doing. He fixes the rate of interest The Brahman is therefore our God." where he will. Thirty-seven and a half per cent. is still the average an- The Military caste included the po- nual rate where he exercises full litical rulers and their armies, and power, while double that rate is comboth were subject to the Brahman. monly collected. Missionaries and others who have visited Hindu rulers will recall the com- We must recognize the fact that all pany of Brahman priests in attendance laboring classes in India are shiftless at court. I have had numerous in- and improvident-reckless of to-rnorterviews with Hindu princes, but do not recall a single instance where the matter under consideration was not

FOUR CASTES OF INDIA II7

row. It is rare to find any who have a Sudra, even [if he] is able [to do money saved against a time of need. so], for a Sudra getting possession of Farmers, mechanics, weavers, and all wealth merely injures the Brahmans."

classes too commonly depend upon 'What is his reward for such ser- I credit or loan. Births, weddings, and vice? Book X, 125: "The leavings Shraddhas (ceremonies of ancestral of food should be given [him] and worship) are celebrated with expen- the old c1oth~s; so, too, the blighted sive feasts which, as a rule, necessi- part of the grain; so, too, the old fur- tate a visit to the money-lender. The niture."

tendency and habit of borrowing are There is nothing superficial in the universal. Debt is the birthright which punishment to be administered to the almost every Hindu father bequeaths unfortunate Sudra. Book VIII, Sec.

to his sons, and the commercial caste 270: "If a [man] of one birth assault possesses goth the disposition and the one of the twice-born castes with vir- power to perpetuate this legacy.. ulent words, he ought to have his The Sudra caste contained all the tongue cut out, for he is of the lowest rest of the race. The term Sudra origin." 27I: "If he makes mention means darkness. He was born from in an insulting manner of their name beneath. The aim of caste is to keep and caste, a re<'l-hot iron rod, ten fin- him in darkness .and servitude for the gers long, should be thrust into his profit and convenience of those above mouth." 272: "If this man through~ him. Manu assigned to him but one insolence gives instruction to the duty. Book I, Sec. 91: "One duty priests in regard to their duty, the the Lord assigned to a Sudra-service king should cause boiling hot oil to to those [before-mentioned] classes, be poured into his mouth and ear."

without grudging." 413: "But a Su- 281: "If a low-born man endeavors to dra, whether bought or not bought sit down beside a high-born man, he [the Brahman] may compel to prac- should be banished after being branded tise servitude; for that [Sudra] was on the hip, or [the king] may cause created by the self-existent merely for his back side to be cut off."

the service of the Brahman." 414: No provision is made for his spir- "Even if freed by· his master, the Su- itual welfare. This, also, depends dra is not released from servitude; for upon his service and worship of Brah- this [servitude1is innate in him; who mans. Book IV, Sec. 80: "One may then can take it from him?" not give advice to a Sudra, nor the Manu even denied- him the right to ,remaips [of food] nor [of] butter that accumulate or hold property. Book has been offered. And one may not VIII, 417: "A Brahman may take teach him the law nor enjoin upon possession of the goods of a Sudra him [religious1 observances." 81 : with perfect peace of mind; for, since "For he who tells him the law and he nothing at all belongs to this [Sudra] who enjoins upon him [religious] ob- as his own, he is one whose property servances, he indeed, together with may be taken away by his master." that [Sudra], sinks into the darkness Book X, 129: "Indeed an accumula- of the hell called Asamvrtta [Un- tion of wealth should not be made by bounded]." A PRAYER ABUNDANTLY ANSWERED BY REV. W. W. BRUERE, POONA, INDIA Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1880- In 1896 Pandita Ramabai visited in the ranks of those who look man- the Lanowlee camp-meeting with fif- ward more than Godward while work- teen of her newly-baptized high-caste ing for results.

young women. Lanowlee is in the . Her faith was in the living God, Western Chauts, eighty miles from and that which no one thought could Bombay, on the Creat Indian Penin- cease to be has ceased to be, while sular Railway. that which no one thought could be, In a beautiful grove the Methodists has come to pass. The bubonic plague from year to year since the days of broke out that year in Western India, "camp-meeting" Osborn, held their and we have not had a camp-meeting camp at Easter-tide. These meetings since, it being unsafe for the people to were never a disappointment; the con- gather in numbers from infected parts, versions were many, believers were but while man could not meet his part greatly blest, and all returned to their of the contract, God, who is faithful, homes feeling that they had met with answered her prayer by giving her God and were better equipped for that year at least two hundred and the life-struggle than ever before. fifty girls who had accepted Christ by Others beside the Methodists, learning baptism.

that the Lanowlee camp was a place How was it brought about? It was of blessing, were attracted to it. One in '96-97 that the great famine came of these was Pandita Ramabai. While to India; 60,000,000 people were af- there, whether it was due directly to fected. Multitudes were wandering what she would call prarana (inspi- from village to village begging, among ration), I can not tell, but she prayed them tens of thousands of children and that the number of her girls might be young people. These poor people doubled before the next camp-meeting were exposed to temptation of all should be held. Only one who be- kinds, and Pandita, seeing her oppor- lieves that "with God all things are tunity, with no society at her back and possible" and that "all things are pos- with but little money in hand, went sible to him that believeth," could for forth at the call of her Master, deter- a moment expect such a prayer to be mining to rescue as many of her In- answered. Her home would accom- dian sisters as possible. What has modate but a limited number, perhaps been the result? Thousands have been seventy-five. It was for high-caste rescued. In 1900 she had in her insti- women, and she had just broken with tution 1,920, and many have been re- that community and many of the girls ceived since, and large numbers of'

had been withdrawn from the home, girls and boys as well, have been sent and it would mean years of effort and to other mission homes. What about a less pronouncedly Christian attitude the support? She has received more on her part to restore confidence and than a million rupes ($333,000) from cause the leaders of the Hindu com- people all around the world in answer munity to again endorse her institu- to prayer. On one occasion when the tion. But Pandita had ceased to stand funds were low, she (as she naively

19°7] CHINA'S PRESENT RELATION. TO THE OPIUM TRAFFIC II9

puts it) sent a wire to heaven and re- bands to preach in surrounding vilceived the next morning $1,000 by lages, while others attended by lady telegraph. missionaries visit other mission cen- ters, and the above is -but an outline What is being done for these young of the wonderful story. people? All receive the elements· of an education; many are in high Was not Ramabai's prayer more school; most, if not all, are taught than answered? and is there"not here some industry; a number have married a partial fulfilment of the implied and have homes of their own; and as promise contained in that remarkable regards spiritual life, I have never doxology (Eph. iii. 20), Now unto been in an institution where the spirit- him that is able to do exceeding abunual tone was higher.. Seven hundred dantly above all that we ask or think, and fifty of the young women, filled according to the power that worketh with the Spirit, go forth by turn in in us?

CHINA'S PRESENT RELATION TO THE OPIUM TRAFFIC BY REV. D. MAC GILLIVRAY, SHANGHAI, CHINA England's relation to the opium traf- ago, essayed to pull up the growing fic, as well as China's, shows distinct crop, but in vain. Shansi to-day is signs of advance. The old controversy the most opium-cursed province in as to how the deleterious drug came China. There were other voices cryin has comparatively little interest for ing in the wilderness, but of late years the present generation. The fact is, China seemed to have quietly acquiit is here, and its evil effects are more esced in a yoke, perhaps inevitable, tho or less freely acknowledged by all peo- in some respects profitable. ple, in spite of the curiously biased report of the opium commission. The But the new national spirit which most patent and baleful fact, however, is now arising, is dealing with more is that after the Indian drug had cre- than immigration bills. It is affecting ated a widespread demand, the native China's view of the opium curse. Now cultivators of the soil eagerly em~ that England's conscience has had a barked on the planting of the new chance to pronounce on her share of and profitable opium poppy. There the trade, China's conscience has rewas more money in it than in the nu- sponded to the appeal for efforts to tritive cereals, and there was more lessen her home-grown opium. money in it for the mandarins who connived at the nominally illicit busi- The pessimist sees China waiting ness, until high and low seemed joined until natural causes-viz: her own in a covenant with hell to destroy their opium-gradually oust all Indian country. opium; meanwhile the home traffic grows, is licensed and taxed, and like But there were not wanting men the drink traffic, produces a gigantic who had not bowed the knee to the revenue. From this entrenched posiopium-Baal. H. E. Chang Chih-tung,· tion only a Christian China will ever when ,governor of Shansi, thirty years drive it.

But there are hopeful signs. H. E.

Chang Chih-tung, viceroy at Wuchang, the spread of the evil and would have has a terrific chapter against opium in headed a crusade against it. But the his book "Learn!" circulated by the Confucian conscience was asleep, un– ten thousand in China. H. E. Chou til the missionaries and the native Fu, viceroy at Nanking, recently asked Christians arose with a living Christian Dr. Hampden C. DuBose, president of conscience thundering at the door.

the Antiopium League, to prepare a Contact with this living force has petition from the missionary body aroused China's conscience, so we have which he would embody in a memorial native hospitals, native antifoot-bind- and forward to the Throne with his ing societies, native antiopium socie- own cordial imprimatur. H. E. Yuan· ties and what not, and these not nec- Shih-K'ai, viceroy of the North, and essarily dead mechanical copies, but H. E. Ts'en Ch'un-hsuan, viceroy in with some transmitted dynamic also.

the South, are both younger men, from The recent rise of a national spirit, -at whom much may be hoped. They are which all the world stands wondering, purging the army of all smokers and, is really the arousal of China's con- more important, are coming down hard science, which in the first place vividly on the vast army of civil mandarins realizes her wrongs, and in the second under them who have anything to do place proclaims that filial piety must with opium. For the older victims of be extended beyond one's parents to the vice they have some consideration, one's parent-land, and all our brothers but young aspirants for promotion re- in it. The categorical imperative is ceive no mercy if they dally with the beginning to be heard and this is the seductive pipe. Along these lines a surest ground for optimism about the cflmpaign of education, if kept up for opium traffic.

a few generations, will do much to It is truly a time of crisis for China, cleanse the ranks of the mandarins and her friends do well to pray that and raise up a new race of officials her conscience may not go to sleep eager to honestly administer antiopium again on this great question. She is laws. preparing to meet England half way; Another hopeful sign is that the she will decrease her home product scholars in the new schools and col- pari passu with a decrease in the In- -leges are to a man opposed to the vice dian export of the drug for 'a period and the traffic. The ruin of their fair of ten years, at the end of which time land is firmly believed to be at hancl the export will be nil, and the home unless this vulture preying on their growth also nil. Consummation de- vitals be driven away. The native voutly to be prayed for, impossible Press is full of it. Platform speakers, with man but possible with God. But now everywhere in evidence, often re- even if nothing effectual is done till fer to it. The Chinese all the time the setting up of the proposed consti- knew that the vice was contrary to tutional government, then, if not till the teachings of Confucius and the then, will the new China of the modern sages who, if they had livecl till mod- schools carry an antiopium bill in the ern days, would have been horrified at Parliament. DOMESTIC SLAVERY IN CHINA BY REV. THOMAS WINDSOR, TSENI-FUI, WEST CHINA Missionary of the China Inland Mission Some may be surprized to learn Gospel has entered in Kuei-yang, one that slavery of any description is of the daughters of the house has been widely practised in China. True, seen sitting with the slaves around her, there is not that wholesale bloody teaching them the Gospel. But in the slavery which has stained the soil of vast majority of cases these poor crea- Africa; nor is it the sort that existed tures become the slaves and burdenso long in some of the Southern bearers of the family, to be cuffed and States of America. In West China curst and made sport of at pleasure. slavery is purely domestic, and the Many of them live hard, miserable slaves are almost exclusively girls. lives, and are beaten and treated as if They come chiefly from the families devoid of feeling. They are poorly of the very poor, who have sold their and insufficiently clad in cold weather daughters in times of poverty and and sleep wherever they can-no bed famine, or when superfluity of female being provided for them. They are (:hildren led the parents to sell the supposed to be at the call of their girls to the rich. In many cases it is mistress at all hours of the night, and merely the love of money, or the un- then ready for work at daylight next importance with which girls are re- morning. With one family who lived garded, that has influenced the parents close to the mission house in Kueito sell their daughters into the hands yang, it was a common thing to weight of strangers. the poor girls down with heavy stones hung around their necks. The mas- The price of girl slaves varies con- ters would also brand them with hot siderably. In some places it reckons irons on the face, hands, and other at about one ounce of silver for each parts of the body. year of her age; in others two ounces, and in many places the price ranges Anothe~ family who lived close to from six ounces to thirty ounces of our evangelist some years ago used !iilver. (One dollar in gold equals frequently to bind their slave to a about one ounce sixty cents of sil- post, beat her with an iron rod, and lrer.) In times of drought and fam- then brand her body. The cries of ine, when living is hard, girls can, of this girl were sometimes most heartcourse, be purchased at a much lower rending to hear. Some have been figure. Appearance and ability usu- brought to me with hands, face, or ally count much in the transaction. legs badly swollen from the cruel treat· These girls become the absolute prop- ment they have received. Many times erty of the purchasers. we are called to attend these poor crea- tures who have attempted to end their In a very few instances the change miserable existence by poisoning. is to the girls' advantage, as they find a better home, better living, and per- It is not very surprizing, !herefore, haps receive kinder treatment than in when some of the girls run away from their own homes. One occasionally their owners. When this happens, a hears of a mistress who is kind to her "crier" is sent round the streets, who slaves and treats them more like hired beats a gong, shouts out the age, dress, f,ervants. In one family where the and appearance of the girl, and offers a reward for her capture. If this of a slave is far from being an enviashould be effected, and she be brought ble one. Absolutely in the power and back to her mistress, the punishment at the disposal of her mistress, pershe receives is not easily forgotten by haps a stranger in- a strange city, her. There are cases where the girls, known only as a "ya-toe" (slave), havby their misconduct, increase their suf- ing to bear in silence and alone all ferings and make their lives more mis- the pain and misery their unfeeling erable than they otherwise might be. owners please to inflict them with- where can a spark of pleasure or com- lt sometimes happens also that fort be found in such a life? How difwhere a slave is good-looking and in- ferent from the life of perfect liberty telligent and industrious, that she is and blessing lived by the children of taken by the master of the house as God who are the bond-slaves of our second or third wife. But from what- adorabl~ Lord Jesus! ever point it may be viewed, the life ITINERATING EXPERIENCES IN KOREA BY MISS ETHEL M. ESTEY, PYENG YANG, KOREA Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church An itinerating trip in Korea! How 0'clock comes and he still is an absent much it means to the initiated, how lit- quantity. In his own good time he will tle to others! How much enters into come meandering in, only to inform us that trip of joy and sorrow, of com- that prices have risen during the night fort and discomfort-particularly the and he can not possibly go without latter. The first thing in preparation a raise in wages. Then the specimen for the trip is sending word of our in- of horse-flesh which meets your gaze! tended visit so that the people will be You wonder what would be the sensaready to begin study on our arrival. tion if a good American horse ~ere We must take our own food, and a introduced to the Korean breed. The folding canvas cot with bedding; we animal usually brought to your door must have a horseman who will fur- is small and lame, with a back covered nish some sort of an animal of the with sores and an altogether heathenhorse species to carry our load; chair ish look in his eyes. But while you coolies must be bargained for, and survey the beast you inform the keeper many other details must be arranged. that as he had bargained to go for We need also to spend a long time in the price named yesterday you wi!) prayer, asking especially for patience, give him no more; then begins a search since we sometimes think that Korean for another horseman only to find that horsemen and coolies require even they all stand together-they have more patience than Job needed to en- struck for higher pay. In a state bordure his boils and his friends. We dering on exasperation you decide at may make the bargain with some last that even if you do have to pay meek-looking "son of the Orient" to the price demanded you will not have furnish the horse and go with us at the first man who made all the trouble, an early hour the next morning. Nine but you will take another, and so you

EXPERIENCES IN

– I907] I23 start off only to find at the first stop calmly lying down in the middle of that the horseman has disappeared and the road and neither moral suasion nor the instigator of all the trouble is the use of the club could induce him standing meekly at the head of your to rise until his load was transferred beast of burden. If you are wise you from his own back to that of the coo- will merely smile and go on. lies. By the time this procession Early one autumn the writer, with reached me the coolies decided it was a native Bible-woman as companion, too late to cross the mountain, as tigers took the advice of a gentleman of the were known to be about. Where was mission, and started on a trip, with I to" stay? In the gamblers' den they a donkey to carry the load instead of would not have me, and for awhile' it a horse. We were assured of the good looked as if my chair at the moun- qualities of this particular donkey- tain's base would be my only resting his faithfulness, sagacity and strength, place. But at last away in the dis- which had been proven by the gentle- tance the coolies saw a little light man himself before lending him to me. twinkling and hastily catching up my We left home early one morning, ex- chair they started on a dog-trot across pecting to reach a large towq, about country. We found a little Korean thirty-three miles distant, in the eve- hut, dirty, low, far from comfortable ning. I was very much pleased with in any of its appointments; we were, the patient, pathetic look of my don· however, glad of a shelter of any kind key's eyes as we started off, and dur- to keep out the cold night air, so that ing the morning's march he fulfilled Susan (my Bible-woman) and I pre- the elder's <iescl"iption to perfection. pared to rest. The old man and wom- But in the afternoon his mood changed. an, keepers of the hut, were much ad- He was most reluctant to leave the dicted to the use of tobacco, and about stall of the inn and required much every half hour during the night they persuasion to induce him to pursue would rise and take a smoke. As it the journey. As we passed him in the was cold they considered my request afternoon I noticed a revengeful look for ventilation extremely unreason- in those large eyes, but we heeded it able, and I was obliged to withdraw it.

not. When night came on it found us A more uncomfortable night could at the foot of a high mountain with "not well be imagined, for not only wail no house in sight except one filled there the vile air to contend against, with gamblers and drunkards, and but "small game" of many varieties which it was impossible for us to enter. were there in goodly numbers. "

Our town lay on the other side of the About midnight there came a knock mountain, but we thought it not wise at the door and a voice demanded to cross until the arrival of the donkey money at once. With a trembling with our loads. So the coolies set us voice Susan told me that was the way down in the middle of the road and of robbers and, if not given he would there for two hours we waited for that attack us, but the old people gave him· beast. Then as no sign of him ap- according to his demands, while Su- peared, the chair coolies started out san proceeded to lecture him on the on the search. Going back a distance exceeding sinfulness of his ways.

of three miles they found the donkey It was with .gladness that we hailed"

the sunrise the next morning, for it I looked in the faces of the little girls offered the possibility of leaving this gathered in our day school-gathered den. Our donkey had his meekest look from homes where so short a time be- on as we started out, but before we fore it would not have been even had traveled half way up the mountain dreamed of that a girl should be side I heard a forcible ejaculation taught anything-looked into their from the horseman, and looked around bright, eager little faces and saw them to see my baskets and boxes rolling unstrap their Bibles and hymn-books down the mountain side. The donkey anxious for the coming lesson, I re- had decided the load too heavy and ceived an instalment of the "hundred- so had shaken it off-bread, butter, fold" promised in this life. cans of milk, and all our other belong- ings were scattered in all directions. This township of Ham Chang is Verily we felt that horses, or donkeys, one of the strongest centers of our were poor things to trust. Picking up work in the West District of North what we could we again proceeded on Korea. Again and again has the our way, but soon found that the don- church been enlarged to meet the key was so violently lame it seemed needs of the rapidly growing congre- impossible for him to walk. There gation… A flourishing boys' school was nothing to do but for the coolies and an equally growing girls' school to unload the beast and themselves have been established, and ever there carry the pack Dver the mountain. is eagerness for study that delights us This lameness continued until the as we meet with them. mountain was passed; then it suddenly disappeared and he trotted cheerfully After a few days spent here we away. Korean vituperations, loud and passed on to another village, where deep,. were hurled at that donkey by the same eagerness for the message the exasperated coolies, but he only is seen again. One old woman-over shook his long ears and in high glee seventy-had traveled over a high trotted off to the near-by village where mountain just for the sake of listening he knew beans in plenty and a long "once more before I die to the Jesus rest awaited him. words." On every hand comes the plea, "Come to our village and teach The Christians having received us how to do the Jesus doctrine," "We word of our coming, were watching, want to become Jesus men and wom- and no sooner had they seen our party en; come teach us how." . descending the mountain than a dele- gation came out to meet us. The Never shall I forget the first coun- night before, the trip had seemed hard. try trip, made the spring after the out- but with the joy of this simple-hearted break of the Russian-Japanese War. people over the fact that the "Jesus For several months, by order of the teaching lady" had come to them, I United States Legation, we had not felt repaid and "the toils of the way" been permitted to travel in the coun- seemed nothing compared to the great try and could only comfort our people gladness that filled my soul that morn- by written messages. But early in ing at the privilege of telling the Story May active work was begun again in . to the hungry people about me. As the country, and in company with Mr. and Mrs. Morris I again visited our people. Never shall I forget the ioy

THE WORK OF REV. WILLIAM KING EDDY

of the people as they met us again was a blest service and one long to be after the months of trouble and anxi- remembered by those who partook ety-how they flocked about us, clasp- of it. ing our hands while tears rolled down their faces. "We never expected to To-day as we look out upon the see you again," was repeated over and political conditions in Korea we see over again. One Sunday during this sorrow, oppression, and injustice on trip Mr. Morris held Communion ser- every hand; but turning from that vice in Sam Wha, a large magistracy, side of the question and looking upon where there is one of our largest the readiness of this people to "hear churches. Very early in the morning and do the Jesus doctrine," their great the people began to gather and we eagerness not only for the Gospel, but soon saw that the church was not for all that the Gospel stands for-of large enough to hold the crowd, so enlightenment, education, and the upwe had mats spread on the ground in lifting along all lines-we thank God the churchyard. There the men and and take courage, praying ever that old women sat, while the young wom- the Lord God of Hosts will so touch en and girls sat in the church, where, the hearts of His children in the homesafely screened from view, they could land that they will respond in fuller hear but not be seen bv the men. It measure to the cry of these hungry millions for the Bread of Life.

THE WORK OF REV. WILLIAM KING EDDY FOR TWENTY.EIGHT YEARS A M~SSIONAItY IN SIOON. SYRIA BY REV. GEORGE C. DOOLITTLE, ZAHLEH, SYRIA The sudden and unexpected depar- edge, superb mastery of the Syrian ture of this noble missionary of the character, incisive executive genius, American Presbyterian Church has keen legal acumen, and generous, unbrought sorrow to friends and severe selfish thoughtfulness, – these .and loss to the Syria Mission. Mr. Ed- many other traits only his associates dy was born in Syria and came of have realized, because he was too modgodly and efficient missionary parents, est ever to make a display of them. so that his knowledge of the difficult It is to be regretted that Mr. Eddy Arabic language was his Syrian herit- almost never wrote for publication. age. He was one of the strongest, What he was lay concealed behind most active and capable missionaries what he did and why he did it. He in Syria,-called in the height of his truly "counted all things but loss." usefulness from the midst of work in "The love of Christ constrained" him. a wide field, in which, through divine An unobtrusive, self-effacing spirit grace, by dint of patient, unstinted ef- was his prime chara·cteristic. He had fort, he had substantially advanced the no titles, yet in many lines of knowl- Kingdom of God. His intense activ- edge and research that are commonly ity, unswerving faith and simple Chris- rewarded with honorary degrees he tian life,. his desire for souls through was amply deserving. Altho not a evangelistic effort, his varied knowl- brilliant pulpit orator, "the common

• people heard him gladly"-his O,Vll keenest mind that the mission has pos- people out in the Syrian villages, the sest for years. He had a thorough pupils in the boarding schools and the grasp of Turkish law (an excellent College. They always received some- code in itself), as well as preeminent thing practical and ennobling. At the ability to cope with official and unoffi- last gathering of the mission he pre- cial abusers of that law. The amount sented a suggestion for general evan- of legal business transacted by a mis- gelistic meetings that will doubtless sionary in Turkey is considerable, bear much good fruit. His diversified largely because every religious sect activities may be considered under two looks to its head for protection and heads-supervisory and legal. aid. And no one with a just cause As an itinerating missionary the came to Mr. Eddy in vain. But his greater part of the year was spent in efforts have not been confined to cases travel from' Sidon eastward beyond of local interest. He has dealt most Hermon, southward nearly to Acre. astutely with the problems that arc Extremes of heat and cold, drought now awaiting settlement betmen the and flood, dust and mud, wide roads Sultan and the Department of S~te and mountain paths were yearly ex- at Washington. His excelIent judg- periences. He traveled much by night ment and clear statement will be and worked by day. He lived plainly; greatly missed in these crucial months was much with the people, entering and years. His general executive abil- heartily and tactfully into all that ity was a large factor in his success.

made up. the round of their lives. His mind seemed to grasp every detail None were too humble or too rough. and probable outcome of a proposition Thieves and robbers were among his and formed an unequivocal decision converts; light and cheer were brought rapidly and unerringly,-so much so into many darkened homes. His du- that one of the ladies of the station ties were extremely various, In the once said to him, "Mr. Eddy, don't true apostolic sense Mr. Eddy became you ever make mistakes?" (He doubt- "all things to all men, that he might less promptly disavowed any claim to by all means save -some," For exam- inerrancy.) This quickness of de- ple, some years ago he gathered funds, cision, coupled with a keen knowledge invested them for their owners at a of men, enabled him to accomplish an good rate of interest in buying out- unusually large amount of work. He right a Lebanon viIlage from its un- knew well the Syrian character, and scrupulous; tyrannical Druze owners, early in his career gained the confi- and then sold it on easy terms to the dence of the better classes and the re- opprest tenant-farmers, who blest God spect of outwitted tricksters. His for thiS' wise and thoughtful deed of ability as organizer is seen in the effi- mercy. In like manner scores of peo- cient native Presbytery of the Sidon ple whom he has tided over some dis- field.

tress could gladly bear testimony to In the mission circle his position was ,his kindness. But very few of his one of unobtrusive leadership. He beneficences will be known or heard was frugal of speech, but without him of in this world. no meeting was considered fully or- In legal matters his was easily the ganized for deliberation and action.

WORK OF REV. WILLIAM KING

His opinion was highly esteemed. As case and gave him minute directions a student he took time to keep up his for breaking camp and proceeding to Greek and Latin. Altho his house was Sidon with his body. He called to his seldom free from business callers of side the old Bedawy hunter who in one kind or another, almost every years gone by had been a notorio~s morning a portion in the Greek Tes- robber, anq had been changed by Mr. tament was read, while his Arabic Bi- Eddy's life and words. To him he deble was even more familiar to him than clared his absolute trust in Christ for the English. Of general and period- this hour of death. Then the boys ical literature and religious publica- were awakened and <;alled in. Beautions he was a careful, discriminating tifully he broke to them the sad news, reader-hence an intelligent and in- weaving in affectionate remembrance teresting talker. of his lifelong associate, recently mar- ried in America. "To-day Doctor' Who would venture unbidden to Ford and his bride have sailed from open the door upon the home-life? New York on their way to Syria. And The calm, steady Influence of Mrs. to-day I am beginning my journey Eddy has been a potent factor in her from Syria to heaven." He gave husband's successful career. She has them many loving counsels and mesdone her full share in the united life- sages to dear ones, then bid them go service. Well-trained children, cheer- back to sleep (thoughtful to the end!). ful performance of daily tasks, mutual At one o'clock on Sunday morning his Christian love, unaffected hospitality, soul passed on to glory. The funeral have characterized this missionary in Sidon was a magnificent tribute to home. Mr. Eddy's heart was with his his memory, the spontaneous manifeschildren. There was always opportu- tation of love, honor and respect from nity, when at home, for reading to all classes-Christians, Moslems, and them or hearing them recite hymns, Jews. The villagers from the scene or giving them something useful from of his death and the places between his well-filled store of knowledge, came to do him reverence. Thousands walking, riding, or swimming with of the people of Sidon and vicinity them, inculcating the truths and prin- crowded into the streets and open ciples that made his life what it was spaces as the funeral line advanced to him and to others. May the God It was a solemn hour for all. Sidon of all comfort abide in the hearts of and Syria had lost a champion. wife and children. For his associates who remain there His peaceful, beautiful death seemed is the difficult problem of attempting' as the "Amen" to a noble, harmonious to meet this exigency by rearrangeanthem. With two of his boys, aged ment of forces. The Syria Mission, twelve and ten, he had gone to a dis- crippled before, is now in dire need of tant outpost, intending to hold preach- reinforcements. Let the cry resound ing and communion services; Late on in the home-land, Who will come to Saturday evening, after preparing for Syria at once to prepare for a life of these meetings, came the unmistakable service in Christ's name? "Come over death-summons of heart-failure. He and help us !" quietly informed the servant of his THE FIVE GREAT NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS * The religiol1s of the world may be from him, rather than the work of a divided into two main groups-the creator. He was the god of intellect, systematized and the unsystematized of thought, not will; a god who rep.. -':""the latter dealing with the crude resented rest, meditation, not activ..

notions of the savage tribes. Every ity, watchful care. But even this defi·, man feels the need of someone who is nition of the god of nature was too. greater than himself to whom to go indefinite. It failed to satisfy; and so for help, comfort and protection, as two other gods were gradually asso- the history of the world, as well as ciated with him-Vishnu, the pre- the experience of each individual, has server, and Siva, the destroyer. The shown. The systematized non-Christian three make the trinity of the Hindu religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, and are represented by the triangle.

Confucianism,Taoism, Mohammedan- or, more often, by three heads spring.

_ ism. With exception of Hinduism each ing from the same body.

of these in its concrete expression The ritual constantly became more originated with a man who, at the be- burdensome and the divisions of caste ginning, at least, was prompted with a more rigid, until the natural reactioll real desire to know the truth at what- occurred, exprest in the books of thl!

ever cost-a man of single purpose third period, the Upanishads, written and of pure life. In the case of one or about 600 D.C. The name mean:; two leaders personal success brought "something that lies beneath the sur.

failure to hold true to the ideals, and face" and in them and the subsequenlr.

the religion lost its power to grow philosophy that arose from them, th(!

into fuller truth. attempt is made to find out the rear 1. Perhaps HINDUISM shows more meaning of the universe and to bring clearly than the others the growth of man into harmony with the Suprem{~ a religion from its primitive to its Being. God and man are one, they more complex form, The earliest teach, but man on account of igno- sacred Hindu literature that has come rance and delusion is apparently in to us are the four Vedas, probably dualism with God. Let the soul be written about 1500 B.C. One of these, ' freed from the bondage of materia'!

the Rig-Veda, contains about 1,028 things and even of personality and hymns, all addrest to nature. In them it will recognize its oneness with GaOl we find no trace of the idea of sin. and "be reabsorbed in Him as :/'

There is no reference to idol-worship, stream in the ocean." From this con- to caste, to suttee, to enforced widow- ception arose the common Brahman," hood, to self-mutiliation. They are ica! creed, which asserts that the sou~ hymns of worship, pure, sweet, and is eternal, and as such is transmi", simple. grated through an innumerable sue,..

Gradually the conception of sin be- cession of bodies, higher or lower in gan to creep into the hearts of the form, according as the life has been people, and with it the desire to find good or evil. With tltis new philoso·· a way by which it might be atoned for. phy came a demand from the Brah- The god of nature, nameless and in- mans that it should be kept in bounds, definite, seemed too far away, and a and as a result, the law books con- more definite god must be found. This tain the "precise rules for the con- was discovered in Brahma-"that stitution of society, for the due co- which expands through all space and ordination of the different castes, and grows into everything." The uni- for the regulation of every-day life."

verse was thought to be an emanation The most celebrated of these books i:, • A summary, by Miss Alice Jackson, of the Daily Mission Study Class, at Northfield, Mass., led by Dea· coness Knapp, Dean of the.New York Training School for Deaconesses. The text-book used was" The Religions of the World," by G. M. Grant.' Condensed from the Reeo,.,J of Christian Work.

A COMPARISON OF THE FIVE HIGHEST

TOPICS I. MOHAMMEDANISM II. CONFUCIANISM III. THE RELIGION OF IV. BUDDHISM V. THE VEDANTA PHILOSOPHY JESUS CHRIST I. The central idea The existence of one God The idea of a superior To become true cbildren To live in accordance The belief in the identity and Mohammed's mis- man ofour Heavenly Father with the law of Kar- of the Individual self and sion and brother. of our man and of Brahm fellow men The main character- Theological and little Moral and of this world Religious, ethical, and Ethical and scientific Metaphysical and mys- istics moral practical tical 2. God A personal God; the Cre- A faint belief in a Su- A divine Father The impersonal law of Brahm the One Divine ator and a King premc Ruler Karman Essence; above per- Monotheistic Vaguely monotheistic Monotheistic Nat atheistic; pantheistic sonality. Monistic 3. Inspiration of scrip- Mechanical inspiration Belief in a heaven-sent Spiritual iaspiratioa No inspiration Based on a revealed book ture mission 4. Prayer Prayer a duty; formal No prayer Prayer, a voluntary but No prayer; meditation No prayer; meditation repetitions necessary communion 5. Priesthood and forms No priests; no sacrifices. Rites and ceremonies; No priests or forms No priests; no ceremo- No sacrifices, rites or forms or idolatry Mandarins officiate nies, rites or forms ceremonies: no priests 6. Life after death A materialistic and sen- Worship of the spirits of Spiritualli!e after death Nirvana, a great still- Realization of our one- sual heaven ancestors ness snuffing out of life ness with Brahm ,. Morals and ethics Imperfect moral stand- Matter of fact maxims of Perfect ethical stand- Gentleness and self-con- No ethics ards morality ards teol 8. Obedience and au- Obedience, submission Filial obedience en- Voluntary obedience Obedience not inculca- Religious freedom thority to authority enjoined joined; discipline ted; authority abhorred 9. Love No love Reciprocity Altruism; unselfish love Reflective love No love 10. Tolerance Intolerance to opponents Religious indifference Tolerance Extreme tolerance Intellectual tolerance II. War Religious wars enjoined Warfare checked Warfare condemned Unconditional opposition No thought of war to war 12. Marriage Polygamy permitted Polygamy permitted Monogamy enjoined Celibacy advocated No thought of marriage 13. Responsibility Responsibility to God: ' Responsibility to live up Responsibility to self fatalistic to light 14. Drink The use of liquor forbid- Moderation demanded. Voluntary ahstinence den abstinence advised from liquor IS. Kindness to animals Kindness to animals en- Mercy to all upheld Voluntary kindness to joined animals 16. Death Death in battle courted Death adeparture toGod Indifference to death 17. Courage Heroic enthusiasm Courage enjoined Courage to do right No courage 18. Development of the The mind stimulated but The mind disciplined Mind trained to learn mind limited God's will 19. Effect of the relig- It gives vigor but not It disciplines in earthly It inspires and empowers It makes gentle and It is metaphysical ions moral force wisdom learned 20. Religious types For earthly warriors For officials and the com- For young and old, giv- For the reflective man For the metaphysician mon man ing perennial youth and for old age

7J THE FIVE GREAT NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS

the Manu, named for Manu, said to 2. BUDDHISM was a reaction against be the son of Brahma. the overburdensome ritual and rigid In the sixth century before Christ, caste system demanded by Brahman- Buddha was born in India, and ism. Like Christianity, a universal re- through the contest of Brahmanism ligion has developed from a purely with Buddhism modern Hinduism de- local one, and is almost unknown in veloped. Buddhism began as a reac- the country in which it arose.

tion against the extravagant sacer- Buddha, or Gautama, was born in dotalism and the social prohibitions of India the sixth century before Christ.

Brahmanism. To-day it is to be Externally, he had everything to make found in India, only as some of its life happy and successful. He is de- truths have been absorbed by Hindu- scribed as distinguished for bodily ism. The effect of the struggle be- v:igor, intellectual power, and purity tween the two faiths made it impossi- of heart and life. His father was ble for the Brahmans to restore the the Rajah of a small province, and his worship of the old gods by the mass of wife, too, the daughter of a Rajah.

the people. Ritual alone ceased to sat- Their marriage was one of deep af- isfy their minds. The Veda was en- fection. Everything that earth could tirely beyond their reach. God had to give seemed to be his, and yet he was be created and the heroes of the great not happy. A deep unrest, a yearning epic poems, the Ramayana and the after a knowledge of the meaning of Maha-Bharata, became the objects of life, of existence itself, seemed to fill worship, while these books themselves his soul; and this, at the age of twenty- became the popular bibles. The nine, caused him to leave his home to Brahmans deified these heroes as .in- search after the truth. At first, he carnations of Vishnu. The moral went from one Brahman priest to teachings in the poems are chiefly another, seeking in vain to find the those of Buddha. The two gods, wor- answer to his great question. Next, shiped principally to-day, are still he spent six years in the jungle, test- Vishnu and Siva-the one representing ing the principles of Brahmanism, the principle of free grace, and the seeking to lose himself by concen- other, of human merit. The mass of trating his thoughts upon Brahma, the· people lay greater stress on the to lose his personality in that of the power of Vishnu, and send endless infinite. This, too, failed. One day, prayers to this god, and even train in despair, he sat down under a fig parrots to say these petitions for them. tree (known now by all Buddhists as The books that teach about these dei- the Bo tree, or tree of wisdom, sacred ties are the Puranas, so sacred that to them as is the Cross to us) to med- they have been called the fifth Vedas. itate, reflect and question. Here he There is much that is true and rich seemed to learn the meaning of life in this religion of India, but it is wo- and the way of freedom from sin and fully one-sided and fatally defective. selfishness. The truth, which became It takes no account of the personality the principle of his teaching, dawned of God, and contends that both good suddenly upon him-that "man had and evil are found in Him. The per- only to be true to himself in order to sonality of man, too, is ignored. Life, rise permanently superior to appetite, which is so real, to the Hindu is an desire and misery, and that, in the ex- illusion. The religion is pantheistic tinction of desires through inward cul- in the extreme. The numerous incar- ture and love to others, lay the solu- nations and emanations of gods from tion of the mystery of life." Sacri- the great deities make it possible for fices and penances were useless. Even the Brahmans to accept every god· the Veda lost its authority. Caste was with whom they come in contact. convention. God Himself was· not More than 300,000,000 gods are wor- needed. The world to everyone must shiped in India. be what he himself is.

At thi~ time, he claimed the title of silver, and at first this was obeyed.

Buddha-the enlightened one-and Later, however, the monasteries often set out to teach others the great truth became owners of great revenues and that he had learned. This he ex- properties. He preached the necessity prest in four verities: 1. There is of cultivating the virtues of resigmt- pain or sorrow because of existence. tion, of long-suffering without limit, 2. This comes from desire. 3. Pain and of the forgiveness of injuries.

and sorrow may be made to cease by Much of the early success of Bud- conquest over desire, and that con- dha undoubtedly came through his quest is equivalent to the attainment own personality. .His life is one long of Nirvana. 4. There is a way that record of unselfish devotion to others leads thither. That is, all existence and his consecration and zeal awa- must bring suffering, and hence ~t kened enthusiasm in others. Bud- would be better not to be. This pain dhism, too, was the highest form of is caused by the desire for three things a practical religion that had ever been -sensual pleasure, wealth, and exist- given to the common people in his ence. But the remedy for all this is land, and its denunciation of the rit- Nirvana, which, according to Bud- ual and of the caste system made ir dha, is the disappearance of the rest- appeal to many. To the masses it less condition of mind and heart, seemed a "protest in favor of liberty, which otherwise, according to Karma, equality, and fraternity." Then, too, he would have to be subject to renewed spoke to the people in their own lan- individual existence. By the doctrine guage, and often taught them in the of Karma, he meant that every man's form of dialogs and fables, in which condition in this life is in exact equiv- they delighted. This teaching that alence to his acts in the previous life. there ·is no God, but that man is suf- Man has no soul; hence there can be ficient unto himself, and can attain to no transmigration. In the place of the fulness of knowledge and to per- this Brahmanistic doctrine, he taught fect righteousness through his own the doctrine of Karma and that of unaided efforts, made it appeal to cause and effect. The way to reach some.

Nirvana is by following the middle But its success in India was not path. This consists in six things: permanent and, tho Buddhism has "Right belief-that is, in the Bud- spread into many countries, it is not dha's doctrine ; right resolve-that is, the faith taught by its founder. Fail- to abandon all ties that interfere with ing to recognize the necessity of a becoming a monk; right mode of live- God, unable to realize the great fad lihood, or living by alms; right ex- of sin, Buddha made it necessary for ertion, or suppression of self; right- his future disciples to create the God mindfulness-that is, of the impurities and to revive the rituals and forms and transitoriness of the body; and of sacrifice he had denounced. In right meditation. or composure of. the many countries we find the grossest mind into trance-like quietude." forms of idolatrous worship among He built also on the four verities a the Buddhists. In most cases, Bud- system of morality, much of which he dha himself is worshiped. In alm03t borrowed from Brahmanism. He every instance the priesthood is ig- added five commandments: Thou norant and the worship mechanical.

shalt not kill; Thou shalt not steal; The failure of Buddhism has come Thou shalt not commit adultery; Thou through its original atheism; through shalt not speak untruth; Thou shalt its selfishness, for man seeks Nirvana not taste intoxicating drink. The fint for himself and not because of any four belonged to Brahman teaching, help it may· bring to others; and but the fifth was his own. Among through man's dependence on himself.

other commandments was one forbid- 3. Closely allied to Buddhism, in ding his disciples to receive gold and the time of its birth, tho widely

THE FIVE GREAT NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS

different in its teachings, is CON-FU- tended also by its conservatism to CIANISM. Kung-Fu-Tse, or Tung- make the people unprogressive. It whose name the Jesuit missionaries does not satisfy yearnings for one have Latinized into Confucius-was higher than man, on whom they may born 551 B.C., about fifty years before depend. The Chinese worship Con- Buddha. Like him, he was a man 0 f fucius, but rather as a great and wongood position, his father having been derful man than as a god. The two an eminent military officer, and like books of his sayings, gathered by his him, too, early in life, he began the disciples, are memorized by every gigantic task of reforming the cor- schoolboy, and he is in every sense ruption of his country. The condition the hero of the nation. of China in his day was one of desolation, discord and almost ceaseless 4. But religious instincts must _be warfare. In despair, Confucius turned satisfied, and so other religions have to past history, and in it believed be come in, and among them TAOISM. had discovered the solution for the Its founder, Lao-Tse, was contemtroubles of the present; that the one porary with Confucius. Recognizing thing needful is a stable and peaceful the evils of the time, he bent all his society; and to establish this and to energies to finding a remedy. No bring back the golden age of the past, permanent good could come, he bewhen the kings of China loved virtue lieved, merely through introducing a and the people listened to them, be- formalism. The heart and the life of came the ruling passion of his life. the nation itself must be changed, This conclusion to which his study by cultivating Taou-a word used and meditation had brought him be- to describe "the Absolute, which is came his teaching. First, he showed beyond description." It was the eterthat, if heaven is to be worshiped at nal order or being, which the laws of all, it must be done by the Emperor, nature and the reason of man mirwho in this act shall be the representa- rored. Along it all beings and things tive of all his people. All others must walk. All originates from it and to worship their ancestors. This is fun- it returns. "Taou is also a living way damental and absolutely necessary. Secondly, he showed that man's na- for him who conforms to it and, thereture is good, and, if followed, will in- fore, should be the supreme object of variably lead him right. Five social our desire." The teachings of Laorelations must be observed in order to Tse took also a more practical side. establish this peaceful society: that Salvation can come only through livof the sovereign and subject, of hus- ing according to nature and virtue; band and wife, of parent and child, likewise the necessary changes, so of elder and younger brother, of sadly needed in the corrupt governfriend to friend. In obeying these ment. Self-abnegation must be an and in following the ru!es of the Book absolute rule for sovereign and subof Rites-an ancient document full of ject alike. "I have three precious rules for the regulation of life-he things, which I hold fast," he said, believed the ideal government would "viz: compassion, economy and hube established. He laid great stress mility. Being compassionate, I can on education, which included ethical be brave; being economical, I can be and social science, and the formation liberal; and being humble, I can be of moral character. the chief of men." Like Jesus Christ, he approved of recompensing injury Much as Confucianism has done for with kindness. But this faith, which China in raising the moral tone, it has seemed to have so much .that was failed absolutely as a religion. Ignor- beautiful at first, has degenerated into ing the need of God, except as the Em- the worst forms of idol worship. Its peror worships heaven each year, its priests are corrupt and superstitious. influence has been atheistic. It has Lao-Tse failed himself to find the Taou, or to give his disciples the mo-

tive power; which alone would make for some years, however, that he con- it possible to give up all to follow him. ceived himself to be a prophet; and 5. Another of the great religions, not until he was rejected at Mecca and and the only one that has arisen si.nce fled to Medina, on June 16, 622 A.D., the time of Christ, is MOHAMMEDAN- did the historic date of Mohammedan- ISM. Its great leader, Mohammed, ism begin. By a series of revelation!; was born in Mecca, 571 A.D. The re- that came to him, while in a trance, ligion of the Arabs of this period was he believed that God had appointed polytheistic idolatry. The real life had him to a new work, and that, as th(: died out, and the worship chiefly con- greatest of the prophets, he was to sisted in attending certain feasts on teach "the unity, spirituality, presence holy days. The god of the Arabs was and power of God, the necessity of Allah, the Supreme; but so lofty and righteousness, and the certainty of remote from man, that no personal in- retribution. If his teachings had tercourse could be had with him, but stopt here, there would have been all worship must be made to lesser hope for advance to the fuller truth·; beings who dwelt among men and but, after his rejection from Mecca, were particular deities of special and with his subsequent success, his tribes. This worship seemed so cor- teachings had a different tone. He rupt to Mohammed that he gave up began to give commands of his own" all belief in the household gods. In to rely less on the revelati9n from· various travels through Arabia and God, and in many instances failed to Syria, he came upon certain Jews and practise what he taught. He sanc- Christians trom whom he heard sto- tioned polygamy and, after teachi·ng ries of early Jewish history, of Moses that peace is a necessary element in and the prophets, and legends and religion, when his authority was questales about Jesus. He was deeply im- tioned he turned to the sword, and prest by these, and became con- thereby Mohammedanism has ever vinced of the truth in Mosaism and since achieved its greatest conquests. Christianity. This convIctIon was Success at first was largely due to greatly strengthened when an uncle of the personality of its founder, to the his wife brought him into touch with great advance that he made in recog-' a movement, quietly carried on in sev- nizing one God, and to the reform~ eral localities by men who called that he made in the corrupt moral themselves Hannifs or penitents. Re- standards of his time. That he failed jecting idol worship, they not only to comprehend the nature of Christ, acknowledged Allah as the one God, is not difficult to understand when we but made faith in him consist, not in realize ,that the Christianity with assent to mere intellectual doctrine, which he came into touch was degenbut in Islam, or submission to his will. erate and unworthy. The great de- They practised rigid asceticism, cut- fect of his teaching is its inability to ting themselves off from all the ties give God His true personality. To and pleasures of life and spending the Mohammedan, He is the great time in preparing for the day of judg- Almighty Ruler, but not the Father. ment. Their example had tremendous To Him the individual mU,st submit influence over Mohammed. He be- his whole will, not as a child, but as came convinced that there was but a slave. God is too far away for any one God. He learned from the tradi- personal intercourse. Contrary to ,the tions to which he had so eagerly lis- teachings of Mohammed, his disciples tened that there had been 124,000 think and speak of their prophet as prophets; and that five of these- still living and pleading on their be- Adam,Noah, Abraham, Moses, and half with Allah. Their prayers are Jesus-had been the bearers of new formal and a matter of routine. Their revelations. Their God and his God book, the Koran, written by Mohamhe believed to be but one. It was not med, and, as he believed, dictated

THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA

from heaven, contains the rules that yet the personal, loving Father Whom they are to follow. It allows for no they failed to find. The need of selfprogress. God has no interest in sci- culture and of righteous acts is felt ence or art; how then can man, whose by the Christian in even greater measwill must be absolutely subservient to ure than by the Buddhist, for this His? Together with this "Islam" or was the example of his Master. The absolute submission, predestination reverence and the desire for peace of was taught, which, divorced from the the true Confucianist is one of the funconception of the Fatherhood of God, damental teachings that the disciple has become fatalism. The word "Kis- of Christ must follow. The Taou, met"-"It is fate"-settles everything the way that Lao-Tse would teach, is for the Moslem, and, tho this make.. not too ideal and far away when we him dauntless in war, in peace it tends hear the words of Jesus, "I am the to apathy. He is the hardest man in way." And the absolute submission to the world to convert, for Mohammed the will of God becomes the joy of has expressly warned him against list- the man to whom God is the loving ening to the exposition of any other and tender Father. And, crowning religion. these truths, is the greatest truth of all, that "God so loved the world that Turning from these five great re- he gave his only begotten Son, that ligions to CHRISTIANITY, it embodies whosoever believeth in him should all their great truths, while it corrects not perish, but have everlasting life." their errors, and crowns the whole When this is learned by all mankind, with greater truth. The god of na- there will be but one universal religture, whom the early Hindus adored, ion, the religion of Jesus Christ. is but the God of the Universe, and THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA *.

BY REV. LOUIS BYRDE, M.A.

The following tables were prepared wives of missionaries, shows the rate with the object of presenting at a of increase; glance the progress of the Protestant Church in China. A study of them TABLE 1 will strengthen faith, and should cause thanksgiving to be rendered to the The Rate of Increase of the Missionary Staff Lord, besides encouraging the Church to redoubled efforts for the evangeliza- MISSION- NET YEARLY tion of that great empire. INCREASE ARIES 1. The Missionary Staft.-Robert 1 Morrison reached China in 1807, and In 1807………… 1 8 the centenary of Protestant missions In 1822………… 2 20 in China is to be observed this year. In 1842………… 20 57 Milne joined Morrison in 1813, but In 1860………… 160 145 died in 1822, in which same year Med- In 1876………… 473 163 hurst came out. But it was not till In 1890………… 1,296 97 1842 that China was first opened to In 1898………… 2,458 missionaries, and then only in part. In 1900………… 2,785 In 1905 ……..•… 3,270 The increase at first was slow, altho there were giants in those days-patri- In 1877 was held the first great Misarchs who have left their stamp upon Chinese Christianity. The following sionary Conference for China. From table, in which the numbers include that date a marked increase in the yearly rate is to be noticed.

In 189Q another great Conference again coincides with the beginning of a further yearly increase. This in- crease is more than kept up to 1900, when a marked drop takes place. But this is easily to be accounted for by the catastrophe of the Boxer uprising, • Condensed from the Church Missionary Intelligenccr.

when one hundred and thirty-five adult the information to hand points that wav. missionaries were slain; many were It must be noted that these figures permanently disabled and invalided; are the net gain in communicants, and take no account of the Chinese saints and many more, designated for China already "fallen on sleep." If the total number of Christians, children as well by their respective societies, were held as non-communicant adults, is needed, the above figures can certainly be back. If this total loss to China was doubled, or even trebled, but different lines of Church polity make a certainty only two hundred (and it was prob- impossible.

ably nearer four hundred) the one In drawing conclusions from these figures it inust be remembered that it hundred and forty-five yearly increase is almost impossible to compile abso- lutely correct figures where different to 1898 would have been maintained missions are concerned (and there are to 1905. . at least eighty in China), the system of statistical compilation being often If the Centenary Conference, to be different. But for a general survey they can be relied on, and the deducheld in April, is as fruitful in results tions are a grand testimony to the vi- rility of the Christian faith. as the two previous ones, what may Considering the above table, therewe not hope for? fore, we can with confidence say to the downcast, "Lift up your eyes and Taking the above figures as they look."

stand, and beginning from 1860, we III. Distribution of Christians.-It remains to consider how the Chrisnotice that the missionary force has tians resulting from the work of Prot- estant missionaries are distributed. been doubling every ten years. This is shown by the following table, II. The Native Church.-Robert for which we are indebted to China's Young.~Men for November,I905, tho Morrison baptized the first convert, we have modified it in some respects: Tsai Ako, in 1814. After that date the increase was at first slow, but since 1853 it has been following the general rule of doubling every seven years, with the exception of an abnormal jump between 1865 and 1876, when the numbers increased from 2,- 000 to 13,000. This will appear from the next table: TABLE 2 The Rate of Growth of the Native Church COMMUNI- NET YEARLY CANTS I'PIlCREASE In 1814…….. 1 In 1842…….. 6 31 In IH53…….. 350 87 208 In 1860…….. 960 1,000 TABLE 3 In 1865. __ . __ .. 2,000 1,500 The Number of Communicant Protestant Christians 3,000 In 1876 ..• _••.• 13,000 4,500 in China~ January, 1904, Arranged Accord- ing to Provinces In 1886 ..•..•.• 28,000 5,000 16,500 In 1889 .••.•..• 37,000 4,500 In 1893 … _…. 55,000 19,000 In 1898 ..•.•… 80,000 COMMUNI- POPULA- In 1900 ..•….. 113,000 TION In 1904…….. 131,000 CANTS 23,000,000 RATIO 31,750,000 In 1905 …….. 150.000 (est.) Fuh·kien …. 30,000 38.000,000 1 to 766 11,500,000 1 to 1,085 An apparent check may be noticed Kwang·tung .29,250 8,500,000 between 1900 and 1904, but this is to Shan-tung … 14.250 35,000,000 1 to 2,666 be accounted for by the sad fact that Cheh·kiang _.12,350 21,000,000 1 to 931 in 1900 about 16,000 suffered death at 14,000,000 1 to 850 the hands of the Boxers, and mission- Manchuria .. 10,000 68,750,000 1 to ary work moreover was almost at a Hu-feh ….. _10,000 26,500,000 3,500 standstill in North China for two 12,000,000 1 to Chih-Ii ." .. , 8,500 23,666,666 1 to 2,470 years. Kiang·su …. 4,750 35,333,333 2,947 If the same rate of increase, doub- 8,500,000 1 to Sz·chuan …. 3,500 1 to 19,643 ling every seven years, is maintained, Kiang·si …. 1,750 5,000,000 15,143 we may expect that there will be over 22,000,000 1 to Shan·si …… 1,500 8,000 200,000 communicants by 1907, and all An-hui … _., 1,500 30,750,000 1 to 1 to 15.777 Ho·nan ….. 1,000 1 to 35,333 Shen·si …. _ 1,000 1 to 8,500 Kwang-si …. 750 1 to Hu-nan ….. 650 6,666 33,846 Kwei-chow } Kan-su . 250 1 to 123,000 Yun-nan Total .. 131,000 415,250,000 1 to 3,1e,9

A CHINESE OFFICIAL VIEW OF MISSIONS

In the seven easily accessible mari- all, for it shows that the native church time provinces and lo~gest occupied the is increasing at a much faster rate than the increase of the missionary force: proportion is 109,IO::l to 147,750,000, or one comrimnicant to 1,354 people. TABLE 4 In the seven now easily accessible cen- The Proportion of Foreign Missionaries to Chinese tral provinces (viz., Kiang-si, An-hui, Bo-nan, Shan-si, Bu-peh, Bu-nan Communicants and Kwang-si) the proportion is 17,- MISSION- COMMUNI- 150 to 159,500,000, or one to 9,3°0; i. e., nearly seven times smaller than ARIES CANTS RATIO the maritime provinces. In the five more inaccessible western provinces 1842 ……..••••• 20 6 3 1·3 to 1 (viz., Shen-si, Kan-suh, Sz-chuan, 1860 …••…….. 160 960 1 to 6 Kwei-chow, and Yun-nan) the propor- 1876 …………. 473 13,000 1 to 28 1890 …………. 1,296 40,000 1 to 31 tion is 4,750 to 108,000,000, or one to 1900 …………. 2,785 113,00Q 1 to 40 22,736; i. e., nearly seventeen times 1 to 46 smaller than in the maritime provinces. 1905 …………. 3,270 150,000 Therefore, in Central China, which Between 1860 and 1876, when the contains two-fifths of the population, yearly missionary increase was slow we see that the. need is great indeed, (twenty), the Church forged ahead. but that in the west it is appalling. Between 1876 and 1890, when the Is not this a call to the Church to yearly increase of missionaries was alstrengthen, and that rapidly, all the most trebled (fifty-seven), the native work in the non-maritime provinces? Church rate of increase does not ap- pear so marked. But in the next dec- It should be noted also that the to- ade, 1890 to 1900, in spite of the tals for Chih-li, Shan-si, and Manchu- again almost trebled missionary rate ria would have been much higher but of increase, the native Church is again for the Boxer uprising, for it was seen forging ahead, yearly making the mainly in these three provinces that ratio between missionaries and comthe 16,000 Christians perished. municants more pronounced. As said above, the native Church is doubling IV. Proportion of Missionaries to every seven years, and the missionary Communicants.-The following table force every ten. This cheers the heart is, perhaps, the most heart-cheering of that yearns for evangelization of the world and of China in particular. For does it not show conclusively that Christianity has come to stay, and means to grow?

A CHINESE OFFICIAL VIEW OF MISSIONS * BY REV. JAMES W. INGLIS, M.A., MAN<:;HURIA Under the name of "Peace between to the family and the state, so that it is not Church and People," the educational authorities of the metropolitan prov- concerned with the miraculous or superince of China have recently issued a manual on the missionary problem, natural, but is confined to matters of daily which is interesting because it indicates the policy advocated by the new use. Christianity, on the other hand, relies school of Chinese officials, and because' it gives a view of the Christian largely on spiritual aid for its establishment, religion from outside. and condemns all who differ from it as Chapter I is entitled, "The introduc- heretics; thus its rules are too narrow. Contion of Christianity into China." The fucianism is broad and liberal, does not writer first contrasts Christianity with compel faith nor forbid doubt. It is will- Confucianism. ing to tolerate all other religions; for· ex- ample, Buddhism and Mohammedanism can The religion of China has for its gen- both be welcomed by it without stirring up eral aim the practise of morality in relation strife. Chinese history can show nothing comparable to the religious wars of Eu- rope, in which armies have taken the field for years and myriads of lives have been lost; and the first instance of religious ani- mosity was on the introduction of Chris·· tianity.

* Condensed from The Missionary Record of the United Free Church of Scotland.

The introduction of Roman Chris- when we meet missionaries or any for- tianity is then narrated, with the meas- ures of repression adopted during the eigners, we should neither treat them eighteenth century. On the latter point the writer observes that the pro- with insolence nor cringe to them. We hibition of missions was not on relig- ious grounds, but to prevent disputes may limit ourselves to the relations between converts and outsiders. He then describes the gradual repeal of fixed by law, or we may treat them as friends. the prohibitive edicts, "beginning with the opium war with.England." Chapter IV discusses the mutual Chapter II gives the clauses in the relations of converts and people, and treaties with foreign powers relating says that the Chinese "errors in deal- to missions. After quoting the trea- ties, he says that such matters as law- ing with foreign missionaries may be suits and questions of property are not involved in the "benevolent purposes" accounted for by the strangeness of spoken of; that the "protection" to be their appearance and their customs, given to missionaries is nothing more than the duty of the government to all but the strangest thing is the enmity foreigners, but can not refer to Chi- among those of one nation. When nese converts, who ought not to be in any way distinguished from other sub- any enter the Church they are pointed jects. at and eyed askance as Church folk; In 1861 the provincial authorities were all set to devise some way of injuring instructed to exempt Roman Catholic con- verts from temple and theater rates, on the them, and the converts become like ground that these were not included in the regular taxation of the Empire, and that people of another country, each party the converts were unwilling to pay them. In ISSI the United States minister secured vying with the other, till the. inhabi- the extension of this privilege to Protest- ants, the Foreign Office saying that as the tants of one locality are set against temple ritual was not of much use, out- siders also might be left to their own pleas- each other like fire and water." The ure as to payment, but that all the other taxes must be paid equally by all alike. manual continues: Further, in settling the missionary question in Chih-li and Shan-si after 1900, it was Our own Chinese religions are diverse enacted that in all litigation no question yet all are held in equal honor, and each should be asked whether the parties are follows his own sect without arousing en- . Christians or not, and that if Christians mity. In the case of missions we find that offend against the law they should not be the mutual jealousies arise from the ques- sheltered by the Church. tion of local rates. Now it is obvious that public rates should not be remitted on the Chapter III is entitled, "How to ground of conversion; for example, if a treat missionaries," and holds that the bridge or a road is constructed, do not the converts use it as well as others? But in missionary ought to be treated with the case of temple dues-if these are not courtesy, like all other foreigners, thus already diverted to other purposes, such as education-they should not be exacted from showing that China is a civilized na- converts, since Christianity regards the wortion, and saying that missionaries ship of idols as a breach of the cemmandought to be the more hopored as they ments. have come such a distance to exhort But there is one class of converts who us to morality. Regret is exprest for borrow the political influence of foreigners to oppress their fellow subj ects, and are the mistakes of Chinese in this matter, bitterly hated by the common peopie, who and in particular those parents are are ignorant that such men, apart from their condemned "who do not restrain their Church connection, were of b:td character children from cursing foreigners when- from the first, and never were law-abiding ever they see them." In conclusion, citizens. And, indeed, how could Jesus teach men to oppress others-He who said that men ought to ·love other men as them- selves, and to suffer injury without taking revenge? Therefore, in dealing with this class of converts, there should be no diffi- culty in accusing them to the local author- ity, and in informing the missionary of their misconduct; on no account should the case be associated with the mission. If the people fail to discriminate, and visit the misdeeds of one or two men on the mis- sion. the missionary in his turn will visit the deeds of one or two on the whole peo- ple. and out of a few insignificant matters will arise international complications, even

to the fol"ieiting of life and the exaction least toleration? In the main it is of indemnity, Yet the converts murdered because of the difference of customs are natives of our country equally with and ceremonies between East and their murderers whose lives are forfeited, Vvest which causes suspicion and gives while the indemnity is paid from the funds rise to wild rumors. But the fact reof our own country, Heaven and earth are mains that the riots have not arisen turned upside down, while the mission sus- out of religious controversy.'~ tains no injury; we Chinese pay down large sums all to nd purpose, and many lives are After narrating various riots, the sacrificed, while the chapels which formerly story is brought down to 1900, when were small are ever increasing in size. Can "converts and rioters were involved anyone with the least patriotism think of in the same calamity, as well as those thj: situation without shame? who belonged to neither party.; for when the foreign armies came they In Chapter V the author gives a made no distinction, but treated all sketch of the origin of Christianity alike as Chinese." and of the Reformation, Christianity is called a Western religion, since the Both parties ought, then, to lay the blame nations that profess it and the men on themselves, and all local officials with who preach it are mostly in Europe; the gentry and the whole four hundred milbut its fou'nder was of the same conti- lions of our nation should make special ef-' nent as the Chinese, for "Jesus was forts to see to it that there shall be no born in Judea, a country in the Ara- more missionary riots.

bian peninsula." Chapter VIII is entitled, "The relig- The author laments that his country- ious question in other countries." Af- ter stating that Europe and America men neglect to distinguish between the enjoy religious liberty, the writer revarious forms of Christianity, but class marks that Church connection must all foreigners together as followers depend on individual preference, for of the Western religion. if men are forced to enter into any religion they can not be sincere believ- In Chapter VI, under the heading, ers. He then shows the gradual cur- "Principles 'of Christianity," the ethical tailment of papal power, mentioning teaching of our Lord is adduced to the sanctioning of civil marriage and show the inconsistencies of Christians. the establishment of secular schools The following examples may suffice: in France. "It will thus appear that members of every religion are treated "Jesus said, 'Blessed are ye when all alike, and discharge alike the duties men revile you and persecute you'; of subjects, while the Church has it~ 'love your enemies, and bless them that definite limits, and can not interfere curse you.' Think what a spirit is with the government or with eduthat! But now Christians stir up strife cation." for small matters, and even use the name of Christian to oppress the civil It is then shown that religion in population. Are they not sinners the West does not interfere with paagainst Jesus?" The story of the triotism, as in the American Revolution young ruler is quoted against covet- and the Franco-Prussian War men of ousness. "Thus going to law on money the same faith were found on opposite matters, and even seizing land and sides. As examples of statesmen who extorting money as these men do, were both patriots and Christians, he mentions Mazzini, Cavour, and Gla.dsuch things are a degradation within stone, attributing to the latter the Catholic Emancipation Act. the Church." Chapter VV, under the heading, In conclusion it is shown that the Japa)1ese are most patriotic, while they "Mission cases," treats of the ques- are allowed to profess what religion tion of riots and calls attention to the they please, so long as they fulfill their fact that it has been already noted that duties as subjects. Buddhism, Mohammedanism, and the Christianity of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were all tolerated. "How should it be that modern Christianity alone can not be granted the

OF THE NEW ERA IN

BY REV. HENRY D. PORTER, M.D., D.D. Missionary of the American Board, 1872- How large a part Christianity in its toms taels 674,988,988, 'an increase of modern form is to take in the remodel- sixteen per cent. American trade ing of Asiatic ideas is as yet realized by stands the third in the list of compet- comparatively few. That it will prove itors. The imports of cotton, cotton the most powerful and conservative yarn, and cotton goods for the year force is the increasing assurance of show an increase of fifty-three per many wise and thoughtful observers. cent. A missionary at Canton writes An eril of Christian diplomacy, domi- of the failure of the boycott on Ameri- nated by the Golden Rule philosophy, can flbur, there being an increase of with its new force of altruism has sixteen per cent. in 1905. , been inaugurated. The late Secretary The writer referred to above main- Hay, with his sincerity and simplicity, tains the proposition that "our gov- his directness and truth, set aside the enlment is forcing upon China a sys- selfish diplomacy of the past. The tem which galls and humiliates, while mutual interests of international help- our missionaries are daily and hourly fulness began a new era. The Hague reminders of the affront." He makes court of peace is the symbol of the era. the surprizing statement that ninety- "Good will and peace, peace and nine out of a hundred cases recorded good will to all mankind." in the consular courts are "missionary The kindly spirit of such diplomacy cases," and that the missionary utilizes in'reality is the best guarantee to the his privileges and appeals to the State "open door" of commerce. Under its Department to enforce them. His shield the American citizen in China summary of criticism is: "That the finds alike his privilege and opportu- missionaries are giving pleasure to the nity. The alarm as regards the boy- Prince of Peace, in whose name cott of American goods has in large they prosecute their activities, many measure been allayed. How great that thoughtful minds are inclined to alarm was may be seen in an ill-advised doubt."

article ir: the North American Review, Such an unsympathetic attitude to- under the title "Our Missionaries and ward the benefits conferred by mis- our Commerce." The assumption is sionary effort is as ignorant as it is, that our government in its treatment narrow.

of its citizens under the principle of An intelligent reply to the first of exterritoriality directly injures all these criticisms involves the question commercial interests. The claim is os- of "exterritoriality." As regards the tensibly made that the boycott was the missionaries themselves, the answer is natural result of the missionary misad- very simple. Of the 3,200 missionaries venture. -The record of commerce for in China, 1,200 are Americans. That the year 1905 'bears directly against the American government should con- any such contention, If commerce be sider the welfare of so large a body the barometer to measure the effect of of philanthropic workers is not only mission effort, the friends of missions natural, but necessary. The American have no occasion for solicitude. The missionary is ever and always law Chinese Customs "Yellow Book" for abiding. It is true that he can not be 1905 says: "Not much injury has been arrested even for a misdemeanor, or caused the American merchant. Both tried by a Chinese official. I have North and South China have con- known but one attempt to do so, and sumed more than they have produced." that was due to the misunderstanding This statement is fully corroborated by of a telegram. Missionaries to China the vast statistics of trade forthat cur- at present live and work in every por- rent year, the total trade being in cus- tion of the empire not by any treaty or exprestright, but by the widely is- workers some recent testimonials may sued and repeatedly renewed proclama- sum up the argument. The North tions of the imperial government, giv- China Herald, in June says: "It can ing freedom of residence, of purcha~e, not be denied that Christianity has and sale of land and buildings. Protes- made a deep impression on the thought tant missionaries have full status and and life of the Chinese. The Christian cordial recognition as the guests of Church, without question, will be a the Chinese governments. They have factor of the first importance in the won the way to wide friendships, alike reshaping of China. Behind the mis- with the people and with hundreds of sionary there stands a Chinese Church native officials. 130,000 strong." The very able com- A far more important question missioner, Tuan Fang, now appointed gathers about the relation of the na- viceroy at Nanking, said in Boston: tive Christian to his government. The "The awakening of China may be early treaties with China affirmed that traced in no small measure to the the Christian religion taught men to hands of the missionary. They have be good, affirmed fre.:dom for those borne the light of Western civilization who wished to enter the Christian to every nook and corner of the em- Church, and later still secured exemp- pire." The imperial commissioners, in tion from certain small taxes paid for London, heard the address of seven- temple worship and idol processions. teen missionary societies working in The missionary teaches his adherents China. With just pride these societies the spirit of a true patriotism and full claim: "We have no desire to coerce responsibility to the powers that be. people into professing Christianity; American missionaries in China ask we seek only to persuade, and are for their Church people no exemption entirely pacific and friendly." Prof.

from the laws of the land. It may well Goldwin Smith reminds us recently be douhted if even five per cent. of the of Aristotle's maxim: "In judging of ninety-nine per cent. claimed can be a kind we are to estimate it from the assigned to missionary cases. Ameri- point of its highest attainment." Thus can missionaries rely upon the tolera- judged the succession of workers in tion now freely granted by the impe- China through a long century, have rial government. If they make any nobly gained as they have nobly lived.

appeal to the Chinese officiaa it is The influence of Western education, simply that he use justice and recti- chiefly due to the enthusiasm of tude in his judgments and decisions. American missionaries, has induced The missionary never calls in the prin- the imperial government to cast aside ciple of exterritoriality. In a case of ancestral methods and open all doors fierce persecution and religious intol- to Western science and progress.

erance, if the local official refuses an . When the intellect of a nation is won, interview, only one step is possible. He the nation is won. Duly considered, may appeal to his consul, to secure the missionary success in China is of from a higher offici.l a righteous ex- the first rank. Every intelligent Amer- amination of the affair. The Chinese ican should rejoice in our share of maintain the proposition often re- these expanding "social consequences newed : "The native Christians as of Christianity." A spiritual and ef- well as the common people are 'our fective Christian Church holds the children.' " great future of China in its civilizing Regarding the "benefits conferred" and ennobling grasp. Will the Church on China by the invasion of Christian be spiritual and effective?

EDITORIALS

THE REVOLT AGAINST DESPOTISM there are many innovations. The Perhaps the most conspicuous fea- Church is becoming institutionalture at present is the general revolt sociology has far more sway than in all lands against the rule of all theology. Every heresy trial is more kinds of despotism, social and civil, tolerant of error and more hesitating intellectual and religious. Contact in discipline than that which preceded.

with other nations has proved arous- The Church is certainly outgrowing ing and awaking in effect. There is creeds-which are being mended, and something about a high order of civ- threat~n to be ended. The emphasis ilization that is both contagious and now is upon the life-not the doctrine infectious. Men see their fetters in -tho a thoughtful mind sees that er- the light of other men's liberty and ror in belief can never beget correct- freedom of movement. They learn ness in conduct; and that, however how little they know as learning opens men decry creeds, it is only what of up new lines of research and discov- truth men embrace that can ever mold ers new facts. They begin to distrust a true character. There is danger ·of even a hoary religion, when its foun- mere sentiment, if not sentimentalism, dations are found to be laid in scien- taking the place of deep conviction, tific absurdities and geographical er- which is the spinal column of all rors and historical fictions. The more Christian or even moral manhood.

the barriers between man and man The esthetic is in danger of crowding are broken down, the more will the out the simplicity of worsh!p and advantages of the few becQme the Gospel preaching, and making trained heritage of the many. Hence the era choirs perform the service of song of world-wide exploration and com- which ought to be the spontaneous munication has proved also the new voice of praise and devotion; and epoch of world-wide assimilation. fine oratory, if not declamation, be- But this has its perils; and the su- coming a substitute for unction.

preme danger is that, in breaking There is larger giving in these days away from the anchorage of centuries than in any past time. Such gifts as there shall be a reckless and extreme those of Mr. Rockefeller, Mr. Car- reaction, a false faith abandoned for negie and others like them have no faith, and violent revolution in- reached dimensions' that make the stead of more gradual and judicious benevolence of previous centuries reformation. seem parsimony. But the giving is Into these changing conditions the philanthropic rather than distinctively Christian Church should go with Christian. While educational institu- careful and prayerful and tactful tions revel in wealth of endowment, adaptation to the upheaval of old great mission boards are facing systems, that instead of destructioh alarming deficits, and churches are only there may be reconstruction-a struggling under mortgages that are new Japan, a new China, a new Ko- crushing out efficiency.

rea, a new Uganda, not simply in the The decay of the prayer-meeting is sense of what is changed but what is a very noticeable feature. A mid- transformed. And it is the Christian week meeting with a half-hour lecture missionary with his Bible and the by the pastor, or a free conversazione, Cross of Calvary that has the "en- in which all take part as they please chanter's wand" as even Darwin -and sometimes a short service caIled it, with which to effect these which is formal and monotonous and wholesome changes. poorly attended will be found too often where an inspiring weekly CHANGES IN THE CHURCH AT HOME prayer-meeting was a constant foun- There are equally great changes in tain of refreshment a quarter century the Church at home. How far they ago.

are improvements is a question, but This last is probably the worst sign of ~a low church life. There is no facts and experiences which will be church field so barren and so hopeless of invaluable help in arousing interest that if the pastor would associate with and giving information on the sub- himself, if no more; the sacred num- ject of foreign missions. Mr. C. C.

ber "two or three" gathered in the Michiner has recently been called to name of the Lord, and put before God the general secretaryship of the move- definite requests in faith, expecting as ment and is putting all his energy and definite results, such pastor might not experience into the work.

see moral and spiritual upheavals for This movement among young peo- which there is no other lever or ful- ple has already accomplished wonders, crum. Nothing more disastrous can and partly as a result of its activity happen to any church than to have the mission boards have now twenty- the prayer spirit so far decay as that four secretaries working for the young its absence is unfelt. Believing and people of the churches. The possi- united prayer will remedy any evil bilities of this organization are tre- capable of remedy. And yet it is to mendous and the promise for its use- such prayer that in crises of church fulness is great. With the young peo- history we least resort. We trust to – pIe of our churches educated and stim- secular attractions, architectural and ulated to take an active, Christlike in- artistic innovations, and sometimes terest in home and foreign missions ecclesiastical wire-pulling and combi- the Church of the future may hope nations in church politics to bring a for more spirituality,more God-guided new era of prosperity. How long intelligence and more Christlike seIf- shall it take the church to learn anew sacrifice than the Church of to-day.

the lesson of apostolic times that, God guide the Young People's Mis- when the Holy Spirif presides in her sionary Movement!

assemblies, there is unity, harmony, Holy Ghost praying, Hofy Ghost giv- THE VERDICT AGAINST MR.· STAN- NARD ing, Holy Ghost living and Holy Ghost witnessing, which are the four This is another of the Kongo State signs of a New Testament Church and outrages, even tho perpetrated under the four foundation-stones of all mis- legal forms. Mr. Stannard wrote a sions at home and abroad. letter imputing to Lieutenant Hag- strom an active part in cruelties per- THE YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY petrated on the natives in connection MOVEMENT with the Abir Company. Subsequently This youthful organization is ma- the governor-general asked Mr. Stan- king itself felt throughout the Chris- nard for cooperation in the disclosure tian Churches of America. Under its of irregularities. Just about to leave auspices conferences have been held in for a furlough, Mr. Stannard was held Silver Bay, thousands of text-books for trial on a charge of criminal libel have been sold for use in Sunday- against Commandant Hagstrom, and schools and Young People's Mission the trial dragged out till June 25.

Study classes (75,000 of Bishop Tho- It ended adversely to Mr. Stannard burn's recent book on "The Christian and he appealed, but had to pay costs Conquest of India"); thousands of and bail. Meanwhile the accused com- reference libraries to accompany these mandant is promoted and appears to courses have been sold, and leaflets be exacting rubber in the usual fash- innumerable have been issued. A dep- ion, matters being no better than be- utation consisting of Mr.. S. Earle fore the Commission of Inquiry sat Taylor and Mr. Charles C. Vickrey and reported. Missionaries who dare are now on their way around the world to bear witness against Kongo terrors and expect to come home with stereo- and horrors thus risk persecution and sC0pic views, moving picture films, prosecution, even for privileged com- curios for missionary exhibits and munications to officials.

MISSIONARY

CHINA living on one meal a day, and often this meal is coinposed only of gruel and sweet China the Greatest Mission Field potato leaves. Tens of thousands have left their homes to beg elsewhere. Some throw China is the grandest mission field their children into the water and then comon the face of the earth. Here is the mit suicide. Many are selling their children mightiest number of homogeneous peo- for almost nothing. The farmers are sellple ever ruled by one monarch. No ing their work animals to buy food and bitter caste divides the people into ir- have no wheat to plant for next year's crop. reconcilable factions. The highest office in the land is open to the poorest Here is an opportunity to return scholar who can pass the examina- good for evil and by manifesting the tions. Christianity is tolerated by im- spirit of Christ to win many souls to perial edict, and the people who pro- I-lim. fess this religion are not, on that account, to be molested. By treaty right, A New Placard in China missionaries are permitted to reside in the interior of China, and the asser- The Nineteenth Century for Octotion recently made by a high official ber contains a translation of a long that the missionaries are China's best street placard from Hunan, Central friends, is rapidly galu"mg belief China, which illustrates the growth of among all classes. Thousands of patriotism and of enlightened views in great towns, cities, and countless vil- a province long known for its hostillages are open to Gospel effort, and ity to foreigners. Referring to .misthe church throughout the world will sionary work the placard says: rejoice in the glorious responsibility of bringing to these h.tmdreds of mil- There are people who say that foreigners lions unspeakable blessings of Chris- should not be allowed to come and preach tian civilization. their religion in China. . . . Such sen- timents betray a lack of insight and under- REV. J, R. GODDARD. standing. . . . When we want to go to foreign countries . . . if we want The Famine and Flood in China to preach their doctrines of Confucius they make no objection . . . it is only be- Recent cable dispatches and letters cause our methods of disseminating docreport that 15,000,000 people in Cen- trines are unlike foreign methods that no tral China. are suffering from flood missionaries of ours are sent abroad. and famine. The distress is greatest in the provinces of Kiang-su, Che- Boxerlsm in China kiang, and An-hui. The missionaries appeal for help. They are trying to Rev. John R. Hykes, D.D., agent save all they can, but are almost help- of the American Bible Society in less in face of the great need. A re- Shanghai, China, gives some details lief committee has been appointed with of a "Boxer" uprising in northern Rev. T. F. McCrea of the Southern Shan-si, which indicate that the "Box- Baptist Mission at Chin-kiang as er" doctrine is not wholly a thing of treasurer. The appeal of the mis- the past. Some rowdies practising sionary committee says: these arts recently surrounded the magistrate's yamen, where the few Owing to unprecedented heavy rains dur- foreign residents had been forced to take refuge, and demanded to be pering June, July, August, and a part of Sc:;p- mitted to sacrifice the foreigners to their rites. The magistrate was powertember, a large part of the nO.rthern. dIS- less, but a young German lieutenant, who was in the district, assembled atricts of Kiang-su and An-hUt provl11ces few of the loyal soldiers, inspired them was flooded. The flooded districts cover with courage, and went with them to face the "Boxers" in person. He had 40,000 square miles, supporting a popula- only eleven rifles, while the "Boxers" were a small multitude and well armed tion ogfat1h5~0r0e0d.000.AllNtohnee of the crops have with knives and spears. The German been necessities of lite ordered them to surrender, but they have already (November 1st) doubled 111 price. Thousands of houses have been de- stroyed. Thousands of people are already merely laughed and started to attack, awakening is to be found in the imupon which the German shot one, and pression that Western womanhood has in the fight that followed he and his already made upon the Chinese mind. Chinese braves killed a dozen or more Their culture, refinement, nobility of and took forty-three prisoners. It is character, their free companionship due to him that the foreigners present with the other 'sex, first appeared to were not slain. The incident shows the Chinese as a perplexing enigma, also how' ill-prepared any of the local but haye been slowly resolved into a officials are for an affair of this kind revelat ion of a new ideal of womanand how little precaution they take hood c: nd through her of a new social against it. Immediately after this in- life. Thus new institutions for the cident was over a Chinese gen~ral and education of girls and women are raptroops in plenty had arrived. idly springing up throughout the cities of China; and the Chinese woman of What to Expect in China the future, while in features and forms of politeness she shows her indebted- In an interview not long since with ness to the past, will stand on "nature's Bishop Bashford, Sir Robert Hart said f~t," will exchange the carriage of a that for the first forty-five years he servant for that of a free woman, with was in China it was like sitting in a a sense of her rights and duties as vault-not a breath of air bringing in companion of her husband and mother Western civilization; the Chinese of her children. seemed as dead to the issues of mod. ern civilization as if removed from A School fOI" Chinese Girls them by a thousand years. "But today I should say that every door and The United States consul at Nanevery window is open, and the breezes king sends the following item: "The are blowing through in every direc- viceroy of the Liang-Kiang Province, tion. We shall have thunder storms Choufu, one of the most progressive occasionally. We must expect that of the higher Chinese officials, has rewith these changed conditions. We cently founded a school .for girls in may have a typhoon that will sweep Nanking. At the opening, which was some of us out, but we shall never go largely attended, the viceroy delivered back to old conditions." The Chipese an address which imprest the people children on the streets of Nanking are that this girls' school was no ordinary heard singing a song. which says in institution. It is supported by subsubstance: First the red man went; scriptions from a number of the leadthen the black man went; now the yel- ing taotais of Nanking, who have low man's turn has come-but the yel- raised $4,296, and the viceroy has sublow man won't go ! 'Scribed $1,432 annually. The school 1s located in a quiet place, with spa- Education of Chinese Women dous buildings. Six women teach- ers have been engaged, three to teach Nothing in the new order of thought English and three Chinese. The opencomes to the foreigner with greater ing of this school is an important event surprize than the widely. awakening in Nanking, as it is really the birth of interest in the education of women. female education in that ancient city., How has it come about that a nation The interest taken in this school by which from antiquity has treated its the leading officials of Nanking indiwomen as menials, relegating them to cates the dawning of freedom for a life of ignorance and seclusion, has China's women and girls. For the suddenly awakened to the urgency o~ last few years the missionary girls' female education, has laid hold of the schools have been doing good work, fad that they constitute one-half of but this is the first school established society, that the new China lies in the under the patronage of the viceroy.. hands of the mothers of China! I be- China is awakening to realize that a lieve that the cause of this surprizing

nation's strength and prosperity lie the Christian purpose that stimulates in the education of her daughters." this desire for an education: A Plea. for Chinese Girls I feel very sorry because many of' our Chinese girls and wqmen not only do not Mrs. Andrew H. Woods, whose know about Jesus and history and litera- ture of their people, and also sometimes husband is supported by the students some of them do not know what is their of the University of Pennsylvania and is professor of the Medical Depart- country called, and do not know how to rear their children in the right way. Then ment in the Canton Christian College, how can China be strong, because all the writes that no one can be blind to the people are so stupid and the rulers are bad also. I think jf every person wish to help tremendous changes in China durillg her country, she must study hard with her the past few years. This is particu- lessons to get education to help the girls larly evident in the growing aspira- to learn to be wise and strong women, and ti'ons of Chinese boys and girls after . these girls would help more and more girls until all the people become wise and strong; what they conceive to be highest and then China will be very strong.. . . . best' that Western nations can bring You asked me would I like to help our them. Mrs. Wood says: girls to get an education if I could. Now "This is the great opportunity for I will answer you,-I like very much.

Christians in China, to-day: To meet Is it not high time that we Christhis demand for leaders in education, tians meet this need that our Chinese by developing teachers under the influ- sisters feel· so keenly ?-Woman's ence of Christianity, who will go out Work. to lead their people not only into the wisdom of books and skill in handling Greetings from Fu-chau material things but will hold, above and beyond these important factors, A postal card from Rev. George W. the education of the heart. Huiman.of Fu-chau College gives the following compact information: "In Canton there are at least five· mission schools for girls, not including Fu-chau College.' 252 students, I3 Chi- Doctor Niles' school for the blind and nese and 5 foreign teachers. Receipts from Doctor Fulton's medical school for students pay for all expenses except miswomen. The Presbyterian 'True Light sionaries' salaries. Eight years' course in Seminary' is the largest of the five English and Chinese. College mission and, in them all, a total of about five press printed four and one-half million hundred women and girls are receiv- pages past year, all for the use of the native Church or for reporting the work of the mission at home.

ing instruction. A Few Facts About Japan "At the same time we must face the facts that new demands are being Japan, with her 47,000,000 populamade to-day upon all schools in China, tion, has 4,302,623 pupils in her eleand unless we can equip ours to meet mentary schools, or 91 in every 1,000; these higher educational ideals we while Russia, with 130,000,000 populamust be prepared to see the children tion, has only 4,193,594, or 32 in every even of Christians go elsewhere for 1,000. Similar disproportion in favor education. As one of the leading of Japan applies to secondary schools Christian Chinese men said to me: and universities. 'We must improve our schools for girls; if we do not, we are going to Japan has 4,852 post-offices, equal lose our influence as Christians among to 1 post-office for each 9,700 people; the women.' What is needed is a Russia has only 6,029, or 1 for each school to train girls as teachers. These 21,500 people.

Japan had a foreign commerce in in time would take their places in 1896 of $145,000,000, while in 1903 it mission schools, and, through them, was $313,000,ooo-more than 100 per the standard of education would be cent. increase in seven years.

raised to a higher level." Japan has every kind of manufac- A letter from a Chinese girl shows turing-cotton goods, telescopes, mi-

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

croscopes, watches, knives, spoons, t? my great regret, a tendency to occaelectric machinery, matches, clocks, sIOnal despondency and to ethical decawooden goods and a host of other dence. Certain of those now in the schools lines. In 1870 manufacturing in Ja- show an inclination to luxury, or torment pan was almost nil; now she has over themselves about empty theories, or in ex- 8,000 factories of various kinds. treme cases allow their minds to become absorbed in dissipation, and, violating the Japan has railroads gridironing the precepts of virtue, lose their sense of empire, electric-light plants in nearly shame. . . . There are signs that the all the cities and telegraph lines all trend of a part of society is toward insinover the country. cerity and that the youth of both sexes are being I~d astray in increasing degree. Espe- Japan has over 3,000 miles of rail- c.lally IS thl~ the case with recent publicaway and 1,500 miles of tekgraph lines tions and pictures; for these either ventiin operation. Twenty-five years ago late extreme doctrines, or inculcate pessinot a mile of this system existed. mistic views, or depict immoral conditions.

Growth of the Y. M. C. A. in Japan Many students yield to sensuality, frivolity and indolence and there is It started about tw.enty years ago, noted an epidemic of suicide by young and is now divided into two parts- men. When these things are acknowl- 9 city associations in some of the larg- edged by the Japanese themselves can est cities, and 56 student associations anyone say that Christian education in government and other colleges and is out of place in Japan? universities. The pastors find it difficult to get the non-Christians to their Education Honored in Japan services, so their conversion depends very largely on the Christian students. The thirty-first annual report of the The Student Young Men's Christian Minister of Education in Japan is Association Union of Japan joined the quoted as a proof that, so far as the World's Student Christian Federation percentage of children under instrucsome years ago, and the Rev. K. Izuka, tion is concerned, "Japan holds the the president of a large Christian col- record for the world!" The figures lege, is now vice-chairman of the quoted in the comparative statement movement. The next federation con- embodied in the report are interesting ference meets in Japan in I907-the as showing that since 1899 the perfirst international conference ever held centage has been gradually increasing. there. The Young Women's Chris- Thus, in 1899 the male children attian Association is at present seeking tending schools registered 85 per cent. to develop work among women stu- of the total number available-that is dents in Tokio. to say, of an age to attend-and female children 59 per cent. In 1903-4 the Japan's Need of Christ figures had grown to nearly 97 per cent. in the one case and 90 per cent. Many admirers of Japan see little in the other. The total number of need in giving the Japanese the Gos- children receiving elementary instrucpel. It is true that they are active tion is said to be nearly 6,000,000. and successful and that 93 per cent. of the children are in government schools The increasing provision of higher -the highest record in the world. grade schools for girls, during the But these young people who are past ten years, has been a notable feabreaking loose from old beliefs are in ture of the educational progress of great danger of moral ruin. ] apan; for whereas in 1896 there were only IS high schools for girls through- Minister Makino of the Department out the empire, the number had grown of Education issued instructions last in 1904 to 95, and the attendance at June concerning evil habits in student these schools at the present moment circles, which contain such sentiments as the following: is said to register 130,000. Another remarkable portent is the Among the youth of both sexes I detect, growing demand for technical educa-

tion for girls. In 1903 there were as into our converts' minds; but they know many as 75,000 girls receiving tech- little and care less about the causes of our nical instruction of some sort, .as quarrels. A very grave responsibility lies against ,16,000 only in 1895.-C. M. S. at our doors, If only the episcopal basis Intelligencer. and the sacramental system could be ac- cepted, I see no reason why we should not INDIA all be one to-morrow. What a blest con- summation! And what is there in these that The Woful Case of India's Hor-des need prove such a stumbling block? We all hope to meet in a few years in The total population of the great peninsula is about 300,000,000–that Paradise; and what will be the difference between Paradise apd this earth? Surely is, about four times that of the United it will consist largely in our being able to States, or eight times that of Great see plainly there the truth of things that Britain. Of these 60,000,000 are Mo- we wrangle about so much here. Shall we hammedans, 250,000,000 are low not stand amazed at our earthly darkness and perversity, our want of charity and un- castes, 270,000,000 are illiterate, 40,- willingness to learn? If we are so soon ooo,o:n are shut up in Zenanas, and to be united in Paradise, shall we not try 25,000,000 are doomed to the woful even now to get rid of the evils of disunestate of widowhood. ion? Ate we not too apt to think of our- selves when we ought to be thinking of The First Field of the National Society Christ with His Robe rent in twain, and the Church, which is His Body, racked with The executive committee of the pain? . . . Father, forgive us, for we National Missionary Society for In- know not what we do!

dia has definitely decided to begin Methodist Achievements in India their missionary operations in the Panjab. The N ationaZ Missionary I nteZ- In Southern Asia (mostly in India) ligencer says: "This decision has not the Methodist Episcopal Church has been arrived at' merely because it is 393 missionaries and 4,729 native helpone of the needy provinces of India, ers. Church members have been but also because it has come forward gathered to the number of 41,707, beso heartily to give financial support to sides 70,765 probationers. In the 1,650 the N. M. S., and also because there schools 40,685 pupils are found. The are candidates who can, when ac- native collections amounted to $86,022 cepted, immediately enter the field. last year.

The committee is considering which A Remedy for the Plague part of the Panjab will furnish the first field. It is reported that tho this The supposed close connection besociety is only a few, months old, over tween rats and the bubonic plague 60 young men have offered themselves is considered to have been proved in for service as evangelizers among their India by the extraordinary success in countrymen. decreasing the scourge which has re- sulted from the war of extermination Reunion of Christians in India against rats that has been carried on in 60 towns in the Panjab. The work A noteworthy editorial appears in is still incomplete, but the experiment the Mission Field (India), the' official organ of the Society for the Propaga- is regarded as of immense importance, tion of the Gospel. This is a most in view of the fact that 1,000,000 perearnest appeal to missionaries for put- sons already have died of the plague ting aside differences of the West in in the Panjab alone. the Church of Christ and bringing about the reunion of Christians in Progres: of German Societies in India India. The editor says: The Leipsic Missionary Society, You know as well as I do that the na- which is successor to the old Danish tives would be one united body of Chris- Halle Mission in the Tranguebar fieid, celebrated the two hundredth annivertians if we missionaries would only let sary of Indian missions and was joined them. We have brought our divisions to this country, and perhaps we drill them

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

in this celebration by the other Lu- Heroic Moravian. in North India theran societies at work in India. A plain memorial stone was consecrated Years ago Dr. Jacob Chamberlain to the memory of Ziegehbalg and Pluts- wrote a thrilling article entitled "The chau. The Leipsic Society is able to Stick-to-It Missionary;" relating to the faith and patience of the Moravian report steady progress in itswelI es- missionary, Heyde, who in 1856 took tablished work. The large district of possession of a field high up in the Madras, which contained 3,000 native Himalayas at Leh on the borders of Christians, has been divided and a new Tibet and, with but slight encouragestation has been opened in Pandur. ment in tangible results, has held it Upon this new station an agricultural until to-day. In 1885 only 6 communischool has been opened to help the cants could be named, which in 1895 poor and degraded Christian pariahs had increased to 30, and to 63 in 1905, socially also. Another new station or to 134 if adherents be added. Howhas been opened in U damalpet, district ever, the l.anguage has been mastered, of Koimbatur. The work among the Bible has been translated into women, carried on by deaconesses of Tibetan, and .the Gospel has been the Leipsic Society, is also m<tking preached to not less than 10,000.

good progress. The Princeton Building in India The Breklum Missionary Society, The new Princeton student buildwhose work in India was thoroughly ing presented to the Allahabad Chrisinspected by pastor Bahnsen last win- tian College by the graduates and ter, shows ..signs of increased life. A friends of Princeton University, U. S. new station is·at once to be opened in A., was opened recently by Sir John Letshmipur and three other stations Stanley, the chief justice. Among will be opened in the near future. The those present were Sir James Digges remarkable progress of the work of La Touche, lieutenant-governor of the Breklum Society in the J eypur dis- U. P., Dr. C. Cuthbert Hall, the Bartrict is shown in the following facts rows-Haskell lecturer, and Dr. J. R. and figures: First n:issionari~s se~t Ewing, the principal of the Christian out in 1882; first natives baptized m College. The Christian College be- 1885; number of native Christians, gan four years ago and will eventually 274 in 1895, 1,102 in 1900, and 7,306 have a very handsome block of buildin 1905 (with 3,160 catechumens). ings. At present there are several blocks of residences for students and The Gassner Missionary Society re- professors, a laboratory, class rooms, ports continued progress among the power-house, etc. It is intended to Kols of Chota Nagpur. The number make electrical engineering and manof native Christians has increased to ual training a prominent feature of the college course. 66,045 (ten years ago, 34,86r): wh.i1e 17,831 heathen' inquirers re~elve 1l1- A New American College in India struction preparatory to baptism. We consider it great progress that at last The twenty-first day of November, the Gassner Society has decided to 1906, is a memorable date in the anemploy female missionaries. I:Iitherto nals of the American Madura Mission. the work among women and gIrls was This is the day when the corner-stone left to the otherwise already busy of the American College buildings was wives of missionaries, but now dea- laid by His Excellency Sir Arthur conesses are being employed. Already Lawiey, K.C.M.G., the Governor of five deaconesses, in connection with the Madras, on a site of the Tamkam side Oriental Woman's Association, have of Madura, in the midst of a gathercommenced work. The Gossner Mis- ing crowd of the notable gentlemen of sionary Society has also started a!l the city, official and private, a few of auxiliary for medical missions, tho It has not yet found any medical laborer.

the landed aristocrats and a host of fluence, ever on the side of just prog- students, male and female, that be- ress, is again paramount. Freedom of sieged the PandaI erected for the pur- discussion is possible as never before, pose. The presence of Her Excellency and even the Moslems recognize that Lady Lawley, an American by birth, freer institutions will mean freer added peculiar charm to the occasion. thought and the opening of Islam to A goodly group of other ladies, mis- the Christian propaganda. There will sionary and otherwise, graced the oc- be much to discourage and impede and casion with their presence. the forward road will have its back- Language Divi.ion. Among Moslem. ward turns, but even now in Persia, as in no other Moslem land, is it pos- According to Rev. N. W. Weitbrecht in the Indian Witness, some idea of sible to go about in a free evangelizathe grouping by race of the world's Moslem population may be gathered tion. One missionary writes of Persia: from these rough figures as to language (in millions) : Another impression is the great opportu- nity for work. In a Moslem land, actually Languages of India (chiefly Aryan).. 62 to be able to go daily to the bazaars and Languages of Malaysia and Eastern preach Christ openly, unhindered, is a mar- velous thing to one accustomed to the atti- Archipelago …………………… 29 tude we used to take in the Turkish Em- Chinese . ialects ………………… 30 pire, that all work for Moslems has to be Persian………………………… 9 indirect. It is remarkable how open the Languages of the Russian Empire (Sla- door is if one only appears to take it for granted that it is open. This does not mean vonic, Tartar, etc.) …………….. 13 the people are all ready to accept Chris- Turkish………………………… 8 tianity-far from it. From childhood they Hausa and Other Negro Tongues….. 37 have been taught to believe that Islam is Arabic…………………………. 45 the only truth, and proofs which seem to be entirely convincing to us slide off them Total ………………………. 233 like water from a duck. Nothing but God's Spirit can change them.

Sociologically, these races range Reforms Agitated-Oppression Rampant from the medieval or stationary ,civilization of India, China, and the Tur- inpenllt. kish Empire to the higher barbarism of Africans and Asiatics just emerging The conditions in Persia are both from a state of savagery. In the case encouraging and discouraging to the of the latter we see the adoption of extreme. Hope and hopelessness about Islam followed by a certain amount of its future are mixed together-so that moral and material progress, the abo- one dare not utter a prophecy about lition of idolatry, the prohibition of it. For the past year both in Teheran strong drink, the adoption of clothing, and Tabriz there have been talks, decencies of worship, and an increased among the ecclesiastics and merchants sense of personal dignity. and part of the noblemen, to change the government as much as possible Conditions in Persia into a parliamentary form-and for a time great disturbances were raised in The past year has seen the first both cities against the shah's govern- steps in the direction of constitutional ment. At Teheran, the reformatory government in Persia. A parliament element took refuge in the English has really been set up. It remains to embassY: Over 15,000 persons were be seen what the outcome will be. The cared for over a month under the Eng- late shah was progressive but his son, lish flag, until the shah consented and the Vali Ahd, is a man of very dif- gave promise of reforms through the ferent temper. Parliaments have been English embassador.

created and destroyed before, and the On the other side Persia is growing Moslem ecclesiastics may not provide worse daily. A state of anarchy rules the best material for a constitutional some parts of the country at least.

assembly. But the rigid absolutism of The government itself is no better than centuries has been broken. British in- a robber; the squeezing and looting of

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

the citizens is going on in a dreadful lines in Egypt, India and the Sudan way, while the Kurds and brigands are which seemed equally urgent, wer~ busy killing and robbing at midday for presented. After a careful scrutiny of themselves. The government does not the needs presented, Mr. Rockefeller even feel its responsibility for sur- has most generously responded by a pressing the Kurds and protecting gift of $100,000. The terms of the the citizens. In many places whole gift limit its application, however, to villages are desolated and many of the Egypt and the Sudan."

villagers are killed. For the past few Moslem Opposition in Egypt weeks the college grounds are full of women and children, with cattle and The North Africa Mission's work sheep, who have fled for safety. Ev- in Shebin el-Kom is passing through a ery night the roar of guns is heard all crisis, the issue of which will greatly about us. It is unsafe even in mid- affect the prosperity if it does not en- day to go about the country. Over all danger its perpetuity. A legal noti<;e these the Turks have been adding to has been served on the mission to the misery of the Persian Christian vacate its rented house on December citizens. Half a dozen Turkish sol- 31, 1906. Efforts are being made to diers have been collecting revenues induce the landlords to extend the, from the frontier villages for them- lease for a short period, but up to the selves. They have already collected present they have refused to listen to hundreds of dollars. The government any proposal.

does not even protest. Were it not The missionary, Walter T. Fairman, for fear of intervention of Russia and writes that great pressure from vari- England, Turkey could sweep Persia ous quarters has been brought to bear in a week without the firing of a gun. upon them to turn the mission out, as -The Christian Observer. the work has gained the ill will of both Copts and Moslems. The truth AFRICA probably is that the Moslem National A Great Gift to II Splendid Mislion School is working to get the premises . for their girls' school. An additional Rev. C. R. Watson, Missionary Sec- factor may be the effect of the dis- retary of the United Presbyterian turbed state of the mind and spirit of Church, reports that his Board "has the Egyptian Moslem in relation to received a gift of $100,000 from Mr. the English, a state fostered and John D. Rockefeller toward perma- fanned by notorious political agitators nent property needs in Egypt and the in the pay of Turkey, and certain par- Egyptian Sudan. The larger part of tizan and fanatical newspapers.

this gift goes to the erection of new buildings for Assiut College. The A Telegraph to Timbuctu proposed transfer of this college from William E.' Curtis, writing to the its present cramped accommodations Chicago Record-Herald, says that the to a large and beautiful site, secured French Government is building a tele- after laborious transactions extending graph line across the Desert of Sahara, over several years, created an acute and that within a year the line will be need for funds with which to erect open to Timbuctu. The wires will new buildings. The funds in hand run from the City of Algiers across being insufficient for the erection of the sandy waste down to the oasis of the buildings imperatively needed, an Touat, which is a very important point.

appeal was made to Mr. Rockefeller From there they will follow a caravan for assistance. It is proper to say, at trail that has been used for centuries this point, that the initiative for ap- south of the Ahagar Mountains, and pealing to Mr. Rockefeller is to be thence southwestward to Timbuctu, credited to the authorities of Assiut and thence follow the river bank to the College. Other needs along similar port of Dakar on the Atlantic coast,

in the province of Senegal. The work examined I,5oo catechumens who began last winter, and has been going knew the catechism, and after rigid on nearly nine months. .personal examination, discarding those who refused to keep but one wife, who The Need of Greater Uganda clung to special sins, or believed in various superstitions, they baptized Of the six great provinces which 800 converts. Think of it! Twomiscomprize the Uganda Protectorate, sionaries examining from early dawn, three have been strongly occupied by candle-light breakfast, until midnight, European missionaries, two entered, with no recess save for food, because and one is still untouched. Situated of the crowds pressing around seekas Uganda is in the very heart of the ing salvation. At one service they Continent, it commands the best pos- baptized 170 people. It almost passes sible position for carrying forward the belief, and yet the telling falls far short work of evangelization. The Baganda of the reality. The churches in Amerare well adapted to become light bear- ica can not realize the intense yearning ers to the inhabitants of the countries of many of these people after God around them, thousands of whom are without witnessing the anguish of still naked savages, utterly uncivilized. those who fall short of the mission And already to five of the six great tests. They make long journeys and pagan districts Baganda teachers have consider no demand made of them too gone and are carrying forward a no- hard. Every chief, and many persons, ble work. chose one wife and Christian mar- riage. Superstitions and charms were But Greater Uganda is menaced by abandoned, sins were confest and puntwo formidable foes. Mohammedan- ishment accepted, that peace might ism is making serious advances, and be had with God. It reminds one of it may be said that when once Moham- the experiences of the early Christian medanism has taken hold upon a peo- church in Apostolic days. ple the door is to a great extent closed to the Gospel and to all that makes Workers in the Sudan for righteousness. The railway that has brought the coast so near to the A result of Doctor and Mrs. Protectorate has brought an influx of Kumm's visit to the United States and Mohammedans in the persons of Swa- Canada is the organization of a strong hili traders and workmen, interpreters, branch of the Sudan United Mission masons, carpenters, etc., whose low with the headquarters in Philadelphia. standard of morals is a serious tempta- The first four missionaries of this tion to the Uganda people. Alas, that branch have already reached their desthe efforts of commerce have out- tination in Central Africa and within stripped those of the Christian' mis- the last five weeks five new missionsionary in the Protectorate! The aries have sailed under the auspices of Uganda Church and the Uganda mis- the S. U. M., two of them medical sionaries are not strong enough to oc- men. cupy the strategic posts that are open to them. To-day we can work among A Canadian effort of the West Cenan unprejudiced, open-minded pagan tral Sudan, which was carried on unpopulation. Why should we delay un- der the name of the Africa Evangeltil we find ourselves face to face with istic Mission, has become amalgamated that same people given over to the with the Sudan United Mission, and hardening, blinding influences of Is- forms now the Canadian branch of the lam ?-Church Missionary Gleaner. S. U. M. Nine missionaries are con- nected with this branch. Thus far I9 A Remarkable Tour in Kongo State missionaries have been sent out by the various branches of the Sudan mission Rev. Motte Martin of the Southern and these are laboring at six stations. Presbyterian Missions has recently re- The two other societies working in turned to Luebo from a tour which lasted thirty-one days. Mr. Martin

GENERAL MISSIONARY

th,: great land of, Darkness are also Light and Shade in Madagascar strengthening their forces, and it is From Madagascar, where the mishoped that this winter nearly 50 mis- sionaries and the converts have been sionaries will be at work in the vast rejoicing in a glorious revival many region between Abyssinia 'and the Sen- days, comes the news of great disegal, the Sahara, and the northern couragements as well as of continued tributaries of the Kongo. encouragements. The colonial gov- Paris Missionary Society in Africa ernment seems to be restraining the liberty of preaching the Gospel, to Most encouraging news comes from close the higher schools to the scholars the field in Barotsiland, Rhodesia, of the missionary institutions, to pro- north of the Zambesi river, where the hibit the building of houses of worship missionaries of this great society have and the organization of congregations been laboring many years. King by native Christians. In the Betsileo Lewanika has commanded that sla- districts the gracious revival contin- very be abolished and all slaves be set ues and has now reached the district free in his domain. This action be- of Ambatolampy, hitherto one of the comes the more important if we re- most unpromising fields. Prayer- member that only two months before meetings and consecration-meetings this edict was published the king him- are most frequently held and well at- self had ordered the taking of small tended. The missionaries who de- children of both sexes in all his vil- scribe these meetings call especial at- lages' that he might replenish his tention to the spiritual agony of many stock of young slaves. The officers of the native Christians present. Many of the British South Africa Company, of the students of the missionary whose territory is Rhodesia, assisted 5chool at Ambatomanga have made the French missionaries in gaining the deeply moving confessions of past abolishment of slavery. The Paris sins and have asked for the forgive- Society has opened a new station at ness of God's people in addition to Livingstone, near the grand Victoria that of the Lord Himself. One of the Falls. native preachers made a touching pro- fession of past remissness and negli- Chinese Labor in South Africa gence and saw in his sins the reason Vice has been said to exist in the for past unfruitfulness. The women, compounds where Chinese were ap- too, are wonderfully affected, and prenticed for the purposes of labor in many of the lowest of the low, for- the South African mines. The gov- saking immorality and vice, have come ernment has had an investigation, and to Christ. "It is wonderful," says one the most hideous forms of human cor- of the eye-witnesses, "to hear how ruption are found to prevail. The re- these poor. fallen women, coming to port was not made public as too loath- the Savior with a public profession of some, and the evidence was under the sin and shame and of faith in His seal of secrecy. However, there has blood, are received with open arms by been a leakage of its contents and ex- their Christian sisters who did not tracts have been used which have fall under the temptations by the grace roused a proper public opinion that, if of God." The spirit of the Master, these things are so, the "heathen Chi- . seems to have come upon the native nee" must go back home; that it is Christian women, who once kept coldly plainly the duty of the government to aloof from their fallen sisters. The begin at once to reduce the number of consecration of those who are made the coolies. There are now 52,000 of partakers of this glorious revival is them, and more than ever before. A complete, and it can be well said that system of regular and expeditious de- the wilderness is glad and the desert portation should be set on foot at once, of Madagascar rejoices and blossoms and carried on with vigor. as the rose.

EUROPE educational institutions in China which Evangelical Alliance Diamond Jubilee shaH offer Christian facilities to the This event is announced to take students o.f .the Flowery Kingdom. place in King's Hall, Holbom, London, July 3d to 8th, 1907. Sixty years The AssoClation of the Christian Stuhave passed since 800 brethren from many lands, representing nearly all dents of Germany and the Students' branches of the Reformed Church, gathered in London (1846) for the Association for Missions have been formation of the Evangelical Alliance. The years that have elapsed since that asked to aid the object, but from sevmemorable meeting have been marked by important progress, both in the his- eral German missionary workers seritory of the Christian Church and the work of the Evangelical Alliance. ous objections against the project are The main object for which the Al- raised, and especially Professor .Warliance was founded was to manifest the unity of the One Church, which is neck, the great Professor of Missions the Body of Christ, and to promote Christian love and fellowship. To-day, in the University at Halle, declares his to some extent, and notwithstanding many deplorable divisions, we see a strong opposition to the program of longing after closer unity. among Christians of all Churches, which may the Society. We give his three reasons bring nearer the time when the perfect unity for which our Lord prayed shall briefly: (I) The expenses of founding be manifested. universities-for it is manife:;t1y the plan of the new society to found sev- eral-would be very great. (2) The missionary societies now at work in China are doing all they can to provide Christian educational facilities. (3) The associations of German nsetwudesonctis~ upon whose cooperation the ety seems to rely chiefly, are too weak.

for such an undertaking.

A Commendable Act of German Officials Fruit.gathering by One Society Some time ago the German Parlia- ment decided to send out two special The London Missionary Society observation committees, one to the (Independent or Congregational), the German possessions in China, the other oldest except one in England, reports to German East Africa. According a total of 83,906 church members in to the reports of the missionaries of its foreign fields, adherents to the the Berlin Missionary Society in number of 292,945, and 89,106 pupils Hongkong and Canton, in China and in its schools. Of the church members in Dar es Salam, in German East Af- 31,707 are found in Madagascar, 19,- rica, these committees have treated the 606 in Polynesia, 14,386 in China, and missionaries whose stations they 12,923 in India, North and South. touched, very kindly. A number. of the members of these observation com- Periodicals of One Society mittees visited the stations, attended the schools, and showed great interest The Church Missionary Society (the in the whole work. After their relargest missionary organization in the turn to Germany these influential world) publishes no less than six members of Parliament failed not to periodicals: The Chltrch Missionary ~ive 'public exp:essi~m to their grat- Review (taking the place of the In- Ification by wntmg m the daily press telligencer), the Gleaner, the Round of their visits to the missions in China World, the Gazette, Mercy and Truth and East Africa. Thus the mission- (medical), and Awake, a pictorial pa- aries in the field were encouraged to per for working people. further labor by the visits and the people at home were moved to larger German Universities for China contributions by the reports.

In the German university city, Freiburg i. Br., a society has been founded for the purpose of opening The Spanish Evangelical Church meets in council in the very city where for hundreds of years anathe- The Spanish Evangelical <;:hurch mas were hurled against the Vandois was formed in 1899 by the commg to- like thunderbolts. gether of a number of congregations supported by different nationalities, A Cry from Albania but clrried on to a large extent by Spanish laborers. It represented 20 It is a remarkable fact that AlbacongregatioflS with 30 stations. In nians at home as well as Albanians 1905 a church in Cadiz, ha,:ing be~n who have emigrated to America are given up on account of finanCial straits importuning the missionaries of the by the Scottish society which .wa~ sup- American Board in Macedonia as well porting it, undertook to mamtam It- as the officers of the Board here (in self. In Santander, Bilbao and Al- the States) to open Christian schools meria the evangelicals have been in- in various parts of their country. Not vited to official functions, and more long since an Albanian "bey," or recently the Minister of Worship in- prince, crossed the ocean and came divited the students of the Protestant rectly from the wharf in Boston to the gymnasium in Madrid to !in annive~­ office of the American Board with a sary celebration of Don QUixote. This most importunate plea that the Board gymnasium-where Spanish teach~rs send help to them in Albania. He deand preachers are taught–occuples clared that the way was open, and one of the highest sites in Madrid, that the people would welcome Chrisand is visible from a far distance. tian schools, tho he admitted that nom- There is a theological seminary in inally he was a Mosler:t. He dec~are~ Andalusia which was established by that Albania needed Just such mstIthe Scotch; and the American girls' tutions as the Board has established in school in Madrid is attended by chil- neighboring provinces of Macedo~ia dren of the higher circles. Evangeli- and Bulgaria. The eager presentatlon cal literature constitutes an important of this need by this prince was most feature in the Protestant work. Ten pathetic. Is not some way to be found evangelical periodicals are pu.blished for responding to this importunate cry in Spain. It has not been poSSible, on from Albania ?-Missionary Herald account of the prevailing intolerance, (U. S. A.). to ascertain exactly the number of evangelical Spaniards, but. past~r Ru.nan. Sell Daughter. Theodore Fliedner, of Madnd, estImates it at between 10,000 and 12,000. Reports from the famine districts -New York Christian Advocate. of Russia show that the distress is steadily growing acute and that the The Vandois Church peasantry in the government of Ka- zan have been driven to desperation The Waldenses have for centuries and are selling their daughters into been both the martyrs and apostles of slavery to the Mohammedans of the Italy. The Autumnal Synod at Torre Cauca!i'.1s. The ages of girls sold PelIici, the stronghold of the perse- range from twelve to seventeen, and cuted church, when every synod has the prices realized are from $50 to met, found the delegates coming from $75. A form of typhus fever, known even so far as Rome, indicating that, as "hunger typhus," resulting from aft~r so long a time the faith of this starvation, has broken out in Kazan primitive church is spreading. The and is raging epidemically. question is arising wheth~r Torre ~eI­ lici shall be the exclUSive synodical RUina Opening to the Gospel. place of assembly; and it may be that the next meeting is held in the very Rev. Isaac M. Yonan, a Persian shadow of the Vatican! and the mar- Christian, writes that since Russia has given even a partial liberty of tyr church of the high Alps actually worship, calls have been coming re- peatedly to send a preacher or even t.wo, . to help over 3,000 Syrians who For. t~e encouragement in connection with hve III and about Tillis; who hitherto the. VISIts among the schools and colleges could not have any religious instruc- of South Africa. tion save in the "Orthodox Russian" Church. For still further increase in the number of ~tudents engaging in the study of the Scnptures.

After the discussion of the whole Intercession.-That the Federation Con- ference to be held in Tokio, Japan,' April subject, the synod unanimously voted 3-7, 1~7! may be representative, harmoni- ous, spmtual, and fruitful. that its moderator be sent over for That the remarkable opportunity now pre- ,sgiaxnimzeonathcshtuorcehxaimf intheethweafyielbd~ to or- clear, sell:ted by the presence in Japan of 16,000 Chinese students may be adequately imand to help those Christians hungry proved by the student movements of China for evangelical truth as much as it is and Japan.

possible. Th~t more men of God's appointment may Russia is opened for the preaching be raIsed up to serve as leaders in the stu- dent movements. of the Gospel. Tillis is properly called t~e Chicago of Russia-a growing That all .student movel?ents may give City, full of all nationalities. The more attentIOn .t<;> prol?otlng among their members the .Splflt of Intercession.

churches in America should begin at once to consider the needs of such Foreign Miasionary Convention for Men an enormous territory with its teem- A great intersynodical convention ing millions. for men from the 15 central synods of AMERICA the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., A D83' of Prayer for Students and the men of the Cumberland syn- The General Committee of the ods, t?gether with 100 special repre- World's Student Christian Federation sent~bves from .the other synods and has appointed February 10, 19°7, as foreign fields, IS called to meet in the Universal Day of Prayer for Stu- Omaha, Neb., February 19-21, 190 7. The purpose of this convention is to dents, and invites friends of students consider the distinct missionarv rein all lands to unite in its observance. sp~nsibility of the men of the P;esby- The Committee issuing this Call is tenan Church for the unevangelized composed of the authorized represen- heathen world..

tatives of the Christian student move- This year the foreign boards of the va~ious denominations are preparing ments of. Great SBwriittazien;lanGdermScaanny~ estimates of the distinct foreign mis- France, Holland, sionary responsibility of each denom- ination. Our own Presbyterian Board dinavia, North America, Australasia has reached conclusions on this sub- ject sufficiently definite to make it ob- South Africa, Japan, China, India: ligatory and mandatory upon the Ceylon, and of countries without national student organizations. These Ch.urch. to undertake, immediately, to adJ?st Itself to a foreign missionary movements embrace two thousand poltcy far more stupendous and heroic than the Church has ever before faced. Christian student unions or associa- Omaha will not only furnish the tions, with a membership of II3,ooO place of meeting, but give all neces- sary attention to the local details and stu?ents a!Id professors. Year by year needs of the convention. The regisan lllcreasmg number of student com- tration will be limited to 1,600 menmunities unite in observing this Day the seating capacity of the auditorium of Prayer for Students. to be useJ. This will allow an aver- The committee suggests the following objects for Thanksgiving and In-'

tercesslon : . Thanksgiving.-For the successful beginning of work among the students of Latin America.

For larger access afforded to the 40000 age of about 100 men from each of the 15 synods. The probability is that students of Russia. ' some of the synods adjacent to Oma- ha will demand a larger number than For .signs of progress among the stu- dents vIenryItdailfyfi,cuFltrafnieclde~. Switzerland and other '

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

the above average, but no synod should ing in the large cities and student cen- be ambitious to send less than 100 men ters of 1 I countries. The associa- to this convention, which has for its tions for which they care, directly or purpose no less an aim than to fur- indirectly, number over 300, and have ther the organization of the kingdom a membership of more than 15,000.

of God among the IOO,OOO,ooo human A Changed Outlook for Millsion. beings which belong to the Presbyte- , rian Church, U. S. A" as her portion At the recent "Haystack" celebra- of the race to gospelize and baptize tion, in replying to the address of wel- in this generation. The Texas synods come, Dr. S. B. Capen, President of are talking of sending 100 men from the Board, said: their state.-Herald and Presbyter. "Like all great things, the beginning Y. M. C. A. Ameng the Sioux of the foreign missionary movement seemed insignificant. It started when No less than 13 associations are to the religious conditions of our nation be found upon the various Sioux res- were almost at their worst. Religion ervations, with a total membership of was a subject of ridicule. The student 817. Most of these organizations have life at Yale, Prince~n and Williams .buildings. Bible classes are held reg- was permeated with skepticism. When ularly, open-air meetings and conven- the 'Society of Brethren' was formed tions, with cQnversions not uncommon. in 1808, in order to prevent sneer and Pine Ridge has a prayer-meeting ridicule, the constitution and records room, a reading room and a game were written in cipher." .

room. A hundred years have gone by and MiIIsionlU7 Acti~ of the Y. M. C. A. what a change! Jeremiah Everts de- clared about 80 years ago that "Some Within a few weeks the Interna- of us may live to see the time when tional Y. M. C. A. has sent out five the receipts of the Board shall be $IO,- men, of proved ability in the home 000 a month!" 'How little did the field, to reinforce its foreign depart- leaders of his day realize what the ment. Dwight W. Edwards goes to growth was to be! At the semicenten- Peking to aid R. R. Gailey in the new nial in 1856, heldat Williamstown, Mr.

work undertaken in that city, and Rufus Anderson, secretary, stated that which is supported by the students of the Board had at that time 420 mis- Princeton University. G. A. Gregg sionaries and about 300 native help- goes to become educational director ers, and that the receipts for the first of the Association at Seoul, Korea; 50 years had been $6,800,000. On this Mr. A. A. Ward will probably be sta- centennial year we have 565 mission- tioned at Bangalore, India; Charles aries, over 4,000 helpers, and the re- L. Boynton is to become office secre- ceipts for the past 50 years have been tary of the National Committee of over $30,000,000.

China, Korea and Hongkong, at A Laymen's Conference Shanghai; and Mr. W. A. Tener goes to Manila to direct the association Business men are waking up. There work there. Mr. W. B. Pettus, whose came together in New York City on life has touched so many of the stu- Saturday, November 17, 1906, thirty- dents of our American colleges, has eight laymen, representative of act- gone to China to become the national ive Protestant Episcopal church work students' secretary. The expanding in Boston, Providence, Springfield, educational life of that empire offers Brooklyn, Orange, Philadelphia, Pitts- an almost unlimited field for his work. burg, Albany, Troy and New York.

When these secretaries reach their Some of these laymen belong to the fields there will be 69. men in the for- Laymen's Missionary League of Pitts- eign department of the Young Men's burg, the Seabury Society of New Christian Association. They are ~ork- York, the Seabury Society of Spring-

field, the Seabury Society of Brooklyn, ~pirit, had wrought a complete change and the Men's Club. of Troy. There m these people. One of them, Malai were present also the Rev. G. M. had been an inquirer many years and Murray, Chaplain of the Laymen's had applied for baptism in 1901. But Missionary League of Baltimore; the the power of his heathen associations Rev. George Huntington, speaking fina~ly kept. him back from following for the Laymen's Missionary League Chnst outSide the camp at that time. of Buffalo; the Archdeacon of New Now he has followed his Savior, and York; the Archdeacon of Brooklyn; he took the lead of all in burning the the Archdeacon of Queens and Nas- instruments used by the heathen Pap- sau; the Archdeacon of Pittsburg,. and uas. in their mysterious rites. He even many prominent laymen. dared to cut down a "divine tree," from which the surrounding villages The laymen of this General Confer- picked the leaves for the performance ence, with the. counsel of the clergy of sorcery. The examination of the p~esent, adopted the following as their candidates for baptism was very thor- aim: ough and lasted two hours. After it the baptism was performed in the pres- To enlist and instruct laymen to do spe- ence of a large concourse of heathen. cific work, outside,p£ business hours, to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ. It is a peculiar phenomenon that these first baptisms in German New To do laymen's share to strengthen the Guinea have not caused renewed per- Church, to the end that it may be better secutions, but have rather led to nu- able to take the Gospel to all America, and merous requests for instruction and to all the world. baptism. Thus 13 Papuas have come forward at Ragetta, 7 at Siar, 2 in It was the judgment of 1:hese lay- the island of Seg. Does it not seem men, concurred in by the archdeacons as if the harvest is commencing after and other clergy, that autonomous or- nineteen years of seed-sowing and ganizations, calling themselves by prayer? whatever name they choose, raising their own funds, and selecting such Christianity and Savagery in Australia lines of work as seem locally to be most pressing in their demand, ought Last Spring the Church Missionary to federate for common strength, com-. Society station at Yarrabah, a prom- mon inspiration, and the carrying out ising field of well directed activity, of such general plans as can be best was almost devastated by a cyclone. prosecuted by common effort. A sec- Brother Hey of the Moravian Mis- ond General Conference was ordered sion brought the case to the attention to be called by the Committee for Feb- of the Christians at Mapoon, and as ruary 16, 1907, to meet in New York. a result of his appeal the sum of $10 -a fortune to the black fellows of ISLANDS OF THE SEA those parts-was transmitted as their gift. We do not wonder tha.t the The Onward March in New Guinea native Christians at Yarrabah are re- ported to have received the contribu- Glad news of the victorious spread tion "with shouts of delight." Not of the Gospel comes from that part of many years ago in both these regions New Guinea where the faithful mis- a black never felt safe beyond the nar- sionaries of the Rhenish Missionary row limits of his tribal home, for ev- Society have been laboring and preach- ery man kept his spears at hand and ing many years. At Ragetta, Kaiser ready for use, Ishmaelite that he was. Wilhelm's Land, 20 Papuas-14 adults Indeed, the absence of weapons at and 6 children-have been baptized, public gatherings of any ,sort is com- the first-fruits of the coming harvest. mented upon by Brother Hey as a All these converts had undergone a proof that the Gospel really has power long and very thorough time of prep- . aration, until it became apparent to the most skeptical of>server that the Word of God, by the help of the Holy

GENERAL MISSIONARY' INTELLIGENCE

with the former savages. He reports ministration, has no spiritual basis.

with satisfaction, that some time ago -REV. GEORGE ROBSON, D.D., of the at a largely attended funeral not a United Free Church of Scotland.

weapon was to be seen. Mission Work Tested Under what conditions of awful barbarity these people still live, where the A prominent leader in the British missionaries have not yet reached them Parliament, R. W. Perks, said resavingly, may be inferred from a pas- cently that in order to test the effisage in a letter of Brother Arthur cacy of foreign mission work he Richter of Aurukun, written on Aug- placed a report of twenty years ago ust IS. He tells that in March of this side by side with one of the present year at a spot about twelve miles from time and compared the figures. As a the station a young black was slain result of his study he increased his and eaten by his own father. Under annual gift for this work from $50 what circumstances this brave mis- to $2,soo.-The Star, Montreal.

sionary couple live, may be further in- An Acknowledgment ferred from their complete isolation. The paragraph from Rev. A. C. Not a white man near, and, under Clayton, printed in our November most favorable circumstances, three number, should have been credited weeks distant from the nearest post- to The Mission Field, 'the excellent office. At times it may take a messen- magazine of the Wesleyan Methodist ger four to six weeks to deliver a let- Missionary Society of England. ter to a postmaster. Shall anyone say that the need of intercession for Donations Received our missionaries has become less?- The Moravian. No. 349. Industrial Mission, India … $5.00 No. 350. Pandita Ramabai, India…. 5.00 No. 351. Industrial Mission, India … 16.00 MISCELLANEOUS No. 352. Industrial Mission, India … 5.00 No. 353. Copies of THE MISSIONARY The Scope of Missions REVIEW to Missionaries . . . 10.00 No. 354. Copies of THE MISSIONARY The scope of the missionary enterprise is conterminous with mankind. REVIEW to Missionaries ..• 3.00 The Christ is to be made known to all OBITUARY men everywhere. For this reason, Dr, Benedix Ben-Zion, of Baltimore among others, our Lord ascended to Dr. Benedix Ben-Zion, a converted the right hand of the Father, that the Jew, a world-wide traveler, mission- revelation of Him might no longer be ary and linguist, died at Johns Hop- conditioned by connection with a par- kins Hospital, Baltimore, in Decem- ticular locality or nation, but that he ber, from a tumor. His writings and might place himself in equal relations translations gained for him a great to all men everywhere. And, corre- name among Hebrews, notwithstand- spondingly, the coming of the Holy ing his apostasy from their faith.

Spirit, whose office it is to glorify When he landed in New York five Christ, is not affected by race or by years ago he had a magnificent li- color, but is free as the wind which brary with many curious, rare and bends alike the northern pine and the ancient volumes, but the choice col- southern palm. Most emphatically lection has largely been scattered.

does the Book of Acts of the Apostles For two years past he has been con- teach that nationality, climate, terri- nected with Mr. Sidersky in Emman- tory have no place among the founda- uel Mission, Baltimore. He was also tions of the city of God. Geographical a medical practitioner. He was a na- considerations may order the proce- tive of Russia, and for a decade of dure of the enterprise, but they are years practised medicine at Odessa, in forbidden to limit its scope. And so mission work among the Jews. He the distinction between home and for- has labored also in Egypt and Syria, eign missions, while convenient in ad- and was master of nine languages.-

THE MISSIONARY

THE MISSIONARY AND HIS CRITICS. By pictures and character-sketches Miss James L. Barton, D.D. I2mo. 235 pp. Carmichael has proved that she sees $1.00 net. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1906. them and is not deprest, but hopeful. The "Overweights of Joy" is also real This book. is an argumentum ad and stirring. The author writes with hominem and a reductio ad absurdum, both at once, as a logician would say. the same beauty of style, the same spir- The author fairly and impartially rep- itual vision, the same touch of human, resents the critics of the missionary womanly sympathy that characterized and then shows how unfair they are "Things as They Are." The women and how the same objections, applied and children live before us with all in other directions, would arrest even their winning ways, their ignorance, the foreign commercial enterprises of their interests, their misery, and their the day. Ten chapters reproduce the joy when the Gospel light breaks in plausible arguments against missions, on their hearts. as impertinent, uncalled for and in- The first "overweight of joy" detrusive-as an attempt at proselytism, scribed is a little child named "Star," as an attack on the religious systems who was brought to know the Chrisof other peoples, as introducing civil tians' God as the living God. Against confusion and conflict, as attended all human expectations the child was with luxurious living and as compara- allowed to remain with the Christians, tively fruitless in good, etc. tho her father came again and again Each complaint is amply answered to remove her from their influellce.

with both argument and facts, and not They could do nothing to prevent him the least valuable feature is verbatim but pray for the child, and "once as quotations from over two hundred he went away he was heard to mutter, writers from every rank and station "What is the matter with me? My of life who bear witness to the high hands are strong to take her! It is character, honorable conduct and in- as if I were bound and held from valuable services of the missionary touching her.' "

band. We have seldom seen a book of An interesting feature of the book this sort so calm, courteous, judicial, is the description of the evangelistic and satisfactory. It ought to satisfy tours. The besetting sin of evangelis- every candid mind and silence every tic work is described as slackness. Ed- objector. After its perusal one feels ucational work contains certain incen- that all current objections to missions tives which evangelistic missionaries'

must be due either to malice or preju- have not. "The punishment for slov- dice, ignoranc~, misinformation or enly work is sure and swift jn the misconception. medical as in the educational. Only the thorough succeeds. In evangelis- OVERWEIGHTS OF J oy.By Amy Wilson tic work it is somewhat different. The Carmichael. Preface by Rev. T. Wal- result of a slack hour does not show ker' of Tinnevelly. 320 pp. 8vo. 34 at once. The stain it leaves on the full page illustrations. Cloth. 4S. 6d. net. Morgan & Scott, London. 1906. conscience, the absence of something that might have been wrought in Miss Carmichael's previous book another soul,-these are symptoms of has been widely read and has made decline often invisible to our eyes."

a deep impression in America and in The closing chapters deal with the England. Many were deprest by work for the rescue of little girls ded- the realistic and pathetic pictures of icated to temple service', and the sto- "Things as They Are" in Southern In- ries are such as to arouse in the heart dia. The shadows were deep but they. of every man, woman and child a did not represent half the misery and desire to stamp out these crimes. The sin that exist in a small corner of. that volume is handsomely illustrated and great empire. There is, however, a the words "He must reign" are printed brighter side, and in her present pen- in Tari1il on the cover. ON THE TRAIL OF THE IMMIGRANT. By Ed- Grose gives us a logical, systematic, ward A. Steiner. Illustrated. 8vo, and clear presentation of this import- 375 pp. $1.50 net. Fleming H. Revell ant study. Our young people will find Co., New York. 1906. it a theme of absorbing interest.

,The author of this interesting study INCOMING MILLIONS. By Howard B. Grose. speaks from experience. Twenty-five Illustrated. I2mo. 2I2 pp. 50 cents net. years ago he came to America as an Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 1906. immigrant. To-day he is a professor in Iowa College. He has recently re- Mr. Grose, in this volume, also shows traced his steps and gives a vivid de- thorough study and marshals his facts scription of the antecedents, experi- in a forceful manner. The invading ences and Americanization ·of these army comes at the rate of 2,000,000 a incoming millions. The fortunates and year; in 1905 the illiterates alone numunfortunates are traced from their bered 230,886. This mass of humanity European homes, through the gateway must be assimilated, educated, imbued of hope in the American port, into with the spirit of American institutheir struggles and trials, their vic- tions, and if they are not to be a mentories and defeats until they become ace to our nation they must be brought f11ll-fledged Americans, a credit or to Christ and trained in His Church. a disgrace to their fatherland and their The problems connected with this task step-fatherland.• Humor and pathos, are well-nigh staggering, but the oplove and adventure are mingled in the portunity is sublime. Some must be narrative. The book is exceptionally excluded and their hope killed; others readable and full of information. It must be welcomed and given the helpcan scarcely fail to make friends and ing hand of brotherhood, the land and helpers fot our incoming brothers and homes, the school and church facilisisters. Doctor Steiner has some val- ties for making them Christian citiuable things to sayan the solution of zens. No other country has the opporthis problem. • tunity to receive and transform men and women that is presented to Amer- ALIENS OR AMERICANS. By Howard B. ica. Mr. Grose states the facts and Grose. Illustrated. I2mo. 50 cents net. gives the attempts being made to solve The Young People's Missionary Move- the problems. His volume is one of ment, New York. 1906. the Home Mission study courses.

For use in the Young People's Mis- SELECTED LIST OF BEST MISSIONARY BOOKS. sion Study Courses Mr. Grose has pre- By T. Tatlow. Student Volunteer Mispared this little volume. He shows sionary Union, London. 1906. who these immigrants are, whence they come, and what they are likely This is the best and most up to date to become. Dr. Josiah Strong epito- list of missionary books. It is demizes the message as follows: signed for students, and as it was com- piled by an English secretary there A million immigrants! are various omissions and inclusions A million opportunities! that an American editor would ques- A million obligations! tion. Some are leaflets and pamph- At present our schools are doing lets. The old edition of the Encyclomore for them than our churches. We pedia of Missions is referred to, but have not yet been aroused to the need not the new edition, edited by Doctor of these foreign-speaking, foreign- Dwight. A system of asterisks indithinking people. They are willing to cates the most valuable volumes and make great sacrifices if only they can the arrangement is easy for reference. make progress. They begin as ditch Books, authors, publishers and prices diggers and end by being aldermen or are given, but not dates, addresses of professors or millionaires. They are publishers or any facts relating to the sure to improve materially. They will contents. drag down American ideals unless they are transformed spiritually. Mr. MICRONESIA. The American Board in the MORMON PAMPHLETS. Published by the Island World. By Mrs. Theodora Bureau of Information, Box 772, Salt Crosby Bliss. 12mo. 167 pp. 'Cloth, Lake City, Utah.

SO cents; paper, 30 cents. American If anyone desires the facts in re- Board C. F. M., Boston. IgOO. gard to Mormonism in theory and practise, he should read these pamph- The Island World is a world of ro- lets. The testimony of President Smith before ·.he Senate Committee mance and the story of missions in is enough to condemn the system re- ligiously, socially and politically. Other the Pacific is overflowing with fasci- pamphlets deal with the real facts in regard to the Book of Mormon, the nating incidents. Mrs. Bliss knows Temple, present aspects, Mormon mis-' sionaries, etc. Many Mormons are the conditions from personal observa- berter than their religion, but their creed is pernicious. tion and knows the history from long study. She has gathered the most im- portant facts and most interesting de- tails connected with the field in which the American Board labors, and has woven them into a history which is worth reading and entertaining. Her statistics show the following progress NEW BOOKS in the work in Micronesia by double SAUL OF TARSUS. By Elizabeth Miller. 12n !l.

decades: 442 pp. Illustrated. $1.50. Bobbs-Mer- 1851-1862 18'73-1882 1893-1902 11105 rill ACMoE.,RIICnAdNianBaOpAoRliDs'aAL1M9OAON. AC. THE Station………………. . , 4 4 4 Pamph- Outstations …………. .. o « 68 75 let. Maps. Illustration~. 44 pp. 10 cents.

Missionaries…………. . 19 24 25 Boston. 1907. – HawaUans ……………• 4 18 109 119 PROTESTANT WORK IN THE PHILIPPINES.

Native Help…………. .. 2 75 Pamphlet. Illustrations. 28 pp. Evan- Cburches .•……•••…… 4 41 57 45 gelical Union, Manila. October, 1906.

Members……………… 8S 8.'1S &,958 7,184. TELUGU BIBLE DICTIONARY. By Jacob Cham- School………… …….. 4 4S 92 ?

Scholar…………. ……. 48S l,i1l0 3,502 8,517 berlain. 8vo. 200 pp. Religious Tract Ot/erlngs……………… $158 ? $7,194 $2,124 and Book Society, ¥adras. 19OO. PROTESTANT MISSIONARY DIRECTORY, India. Cost of MI.slons ……… ,82,623 ,184,511 $227.103 ,60,018 It is interesting to contrast the cost Compiled by John Husband. I rupee. of the mission with -its success in 1862 and in 1905. Then nine missionaries Scottish Mission Industries, Agmere. were maintained at a cost of $82,623, and they had received 83 m~mbers; 1906. now there are 25 missionaries at a cost of $65,013, and there are 7,184 com- ODDS A~D ENDS FROM PAGODA LAND. By municant members. There is progress. Mrs. Bliss fills in this skeleton with Wrr·, C. Griggs, M.D. 12mo. 274 pp. Ilflesh and blood and life. lusnated. 90 cents net. American Bap- tist Publication Society, Philadelphia. I gOO. .

SHINTO, THE WAY OF THE GODS. By W. G. Aston. I2mo. 390 pp. 6s. Longmans, Green & Co. 1905.

SAVAGE CHILDHOOD; A STUDY OF KAFIR CHIL- THE WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERA- c. DREN. By Dudley Kidd. I2mo. 314 pp. TION .and THE STUDENT CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT IN 1905. By John R. Mott. 7S. 6d. net. A. & Black, Edinburgh. Pamphlets. World's Student Christian 19OO. Federation, New York. 19OO. PADRE ELLIOTT OF FAIZABAD. 8vo. Illus- These two pamphlets are most im- trated. 3$. 6d. Charles H. Kelley, Lonpressive. They show the progress made in the past ten years among the don. Ig06. students of the world. This movement has united over 100,000 students MASTER MISSIONARIES. By Alexander H. and professors of nearly 40 nations, of all races and many creed~. It now in- Japp, LL.D. 3$. 6d. T. Fisher Unwin, cludes 1,825 Christian Associations, which employ 86 national and 122 local London. 19OO. secretaries. This has been manifestly THE WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERa. work of God. ATION-a Decennial Review-and THE STUDENT CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT IN 1905. By John R. Mott. Pamphlets. World's Student Christian Federation, New York.

19OO. ISRAEL'S . INALIENABLE POSSESSIONS. By David Baron. 16mo. 93 pp. IS. Morgan & Scott, London. Ig06.

LAKE MOHONK CoNFERENCE OF FRIENDS OF THE INDIANS AND OTHERS. 8vo. Pamph- let. 1906.

The Missionary Review of the World — July 1904

REV. WILTON MERLE SMITH , D.D

Pastor of a church that supports two mission stations (See page 498) Missionary Review of the World Old Series t JULY j New Series VOL. XXVII. No.7 f 1 VOL. XVII. No. 7 THE CALL TO A NEW MISSIONARY CRUSADE * BY THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF There is great danger, in the enthusiasm of public mIssIOnary gatherings with their encouraging reports, of patting ourselves upon the back, and going home with a profound self-complacency, when we ought to be humiliated before God in penitence and shame. The Christian Church, at"its best, has net'er yet done its utmost to help on the cause of missions)' and in the name of God, and with profoundest solemnity of conviction, I would press upon the readers the necessity of beginning at the foundations and building the structure of Church cooperation with the mis8ionary work upon a very much more solid basis.

Christ said: The first commandment is: "Hear, 0 Israel! the Lord our God is one Lord: And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength; and thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" (Mark xii: 30). He taught, in those words, one of the grandest lessons in mental philosophy and moral philosophy and the philosophy of spiritual life, to be found in any part of the Word of God. '1'he ripest results of the study of the human constitution have been found in the formula that man consists of intellect, affections, sensibilities, and will; and we have never been able to get beyond that fourfold aspect of man's nature. Is not that exactly what the great Master teacher taught, nearly two thousand years ago? It seems very plain that in this remarkable command, which is the Divine resume of the first table of the law, Christ has taught us that true love to God must be the joint product of the intellect or mind, the affections or heart, the sensibilities or soul, and the will or strength. That is to say, the intellect should furnish the intelligeuce and the conviction; the affections should supply the sympathy and the love; the sensibilities should stimulate the conscientious sense of duty and obligation; and the wiH should add the necessary element of resolution and energy of action. If the work of missions is ever to rise to its true level, and to . be prosecuted with a true, aggressive spirit, we, in the Ohurch at home, * Substance of an address before the Baptist Missionary Society in London, April 26, 1004.

must make an entirely new beginning. The ignorance that prevails, even among the more intelligent class of disciples, concerning the cause and progress of missions is a shame to them. We have observed, in society, that ignorance and indolence are the handmaids of vice, as intelligence and'industry are the handmaids of virtue.. Just so, in all church life and church work, intelligence is the invariable companion of all true zeal, and ignorance, of all apathy and lethargy. Intelligence must awaken and nourish conviction, or there is no true starting-point in any self-denying and aggressive service for God or men. How few, even in the more intelligent gatherings, are familiar with the history of missions, or even of their own denominational missions! There is not one in ten, perhaps, who could answer twenty primary and fundamental questions as to the history of missions. I was myself early led as a minister of Jesus Christ to take a deep interest in missions by the fact that the church of which I was then pastor wa.1 a. most active and aggressive church in the department of missions, having its own missionary in the foreign field, and keeping up a living contact with him and his work by correspondence, gifts, and prayer. I felt thus constrained either to resign my pastorate or to lead my people in the matter of missions; and my education in foreign missions began in a church far ahead of myself both in intelligence and in enthusiasm about the work of God.

Let us all, then, ask ourselves the question," What do I know about the great campaign of God throughout the world for its evangelization?" Most of us, I venture to affirm, know mOre about the late South African war, or the present Russo-Japanese contest, than we know about the history of God's world·wide war against the tremendous foes that are massed in front of the Christian Church. Those who carefully study the whole history of modern missions find it to be God's great" milky way," which floats its starry banner across the firmament of history. There is no land where Christianity has gone, where the Gospel has had a fair chance, where it has had a fair fight in the field, where missionary operations have been properly supported by the Ohurch at home; where Christianity has planted the truth, and the native Ohurch, and the Word of God in the vernacular language; where God also has not wrought, over and OVer again, the miracles and wonders of the apostolic days! Let any deTout disciple read the story of William Johnson in his" Seven Years in Sierra Leone," or of the Neronian persecution in Madagascar for a quarter of a century; or of William Carey's forty-three years of grand and glorious work in India, giving to two hundred millions of people the Bible in forty languages and dialects; or of Titus Ooan's three years' camp-meeting in Hilo and Puna, or of William Duncan's Metlakahtla among the North American Indians, or of Robert W. McAll's work among the French Papists, or Joseph Neesima's Doshisha, the" Single-

THE CALL TO A NEW MISSIONARY CRUSADE

Eyed" Institution, in Japan, or of Judson's great career in Burma, or the history of the Lone Star Mission among the Telugns. The largest church of the world is not in the metropolis of the world, or in the great Oity of New York in America, but in that same Lone Star Mis- sion; for, belonging to that church to-day, there are from forty thou- sand to fifty thousand Ohristians! Let any child of God go system- atically through the great fields of missions; read the story of James Ohalmers in New Guinea, or that remarkable book of Amy Carmichael Wilson, "Things as They Are in India," or Mrs. Howard Taylor's "Pastor Hsi," or" The Wonderful Story of Uganda "-books which are more fascinating than any fiction-and, when the readers have got . intelligence and conviction, both as to the need of these peoples and as to the willingness of God to bless the work of missions when prose- cuted in His name, then they will be prepared to respond with their whole heart to the call of God.

Our Gifts to Missions And how about the giving of which we have all heard? We are doing comparatively nothing! It is only, relatively, a mere pittance that we bestow upon this grand world-wide work for God and humanity.

George Muller estimated that there were perhaps fifty millions of Protestant Ohristians-or communicants- in America, Great Britain, and the continent of Europe. By this time there may be, perhaps, sixty millions of actual communicants. Now what were the average contributions of the last year towards the direct work of foreign missions? Abou t three millions of pounds sterling, or about sixty millions of shillings sterling, an average of only one shilling per year for every one of those sixty millions of Protestant Christians-a shilling a year, or a penny a month (2 cents)! I think they could afford that! they might even dottble it; they might, under great self-denial, even treble it! Of course, we all know that comparatively few of these sixty millions are habitual givers; but ii only ten millions of them are contributors, it is still a yearly average of but six shillings, or sixpence a month (twelve cents)! This is contemptible dealing with God! I do not myself believe in the "healthiness of a debtJ." at any rate, I have preserved my own health best without any. But while I deprecate debt, I can understand that where there is a growing work for God there may often be a temporary deficit. When I was a boy I grew so fast that it was all my mother could do to keep me in clothes! But that was the fault not of weakness but of vigor. It was the penalty of growth and health. Let us not, then, be surprised or find fault if there is a temporary deficiency. Only let the temporary deficiency not become an embarrassing debt, but at once let it be met, and give the growing wo, rk a new suit!

If any are inclined to find occasion for fault-finding in the fact that the work of our missionary societies expands so as to exceed its income, I could take such to see a mother, whose boy, tho twenty years old, is still an infant, and can wear the same garments as ten years since! But what mother would not gladly exchange such a poor cripple, half-idiotic, for a heal.thy, roystering boy that it is impossible to keep in trousers and shoes 1 Never let us com plain because God's work perpetually demands larger supplies: that is the grand evidence of its Divine progress and success. We must read the newspapers less, and the literature of Ohrist more; we must interest ourselves in the biographies of heroic men and women that have gone to the field in the name of Jesus Ohrist, and in the whole history of this great world-. wide campaign. 'rhen our intelligence and conviction, stimulating sympathy and affection, will reach down to the conscience and awaken a new sense of obligation and duty, unloosing our purse-strings and stimulating greater self-sacrifice and far larger gifts-gifts that cost us something, and are the expression of self-denial, before Almighty God. We must do, also, mighty praying as well as self-denying giving, and thus keep up the line of communication between our friends who go abroad and the Church that stays at home. Let us not forget that that same great work, among the Telugus, owed its grand impulse to the prayers of five disciples-a missionary and his wife and three natives, who, on January 1, 1865, ascended the hill overlooking Ongole, and earnestly prayed God to make it the center of a great light to the whole country-a prayer so gloriously fulfilled twelve years later.

What would be thought of a nation that should let a general lead an army into the heart of an enemy's territory and lose his line of communication with the people that sent him forth, so as to prevent his having supplies of men and thc material of war! and what would become of such a general and his army, when he was thus in the heart of an enemy's country, if those at home should fail to keep up this line of communication upon which depend all these new supplies of men and money? So must we who stay by the stuff share the work with those at the front; and when the Ohurch, intelligent in her conviction, warm in her sympathetic affection, generous and self-denying in her giving, mighty aud prevailing in her praying, shall thus keep in true and constant communication with God's missionaries in "the field, we shall find there is no lack of response of men 01' of means to carry the Gospel to the ends of the earth! Let us all seek to inform ourselves of the whole history and progress of God's mission campaign; then intelligent information wiII incite us to sympathetic praying and self-denying giving; and, when God calls, to the surrender of ourselves, going as well as giving and praying, or sending those who can go I

PAST AND PRESENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

PAST AND PRESENT IN THE PHILIPPINES BY REV. HOMER C. STUNTZ D.D., lIANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Author of " The Philippine Islands and the Far East"

The most striking difference between the past and the present in the Philippines lies in the fact that the rule of tlte friars is broken. The Philippines were nominally Christianized by the efforts of the friars. The work began under the leadership of one Andres de Urdaneta, an Augustinian friar, who was sent from Mexico in 1564 with the expedition of conquest under Legaspi. These Spanish mem- bers of religious orders were chosen as evangelizing agents because of their inexpensiveness, and their pledged obedience to any command of their order. They worked for nothing, and hesitated at nothing which was set for them to do. Within fifty years practically all the idolatrous Filipinos-fishermen, pirates, agriculturists, and mechanicshad accepted Ohristianity, tho the Mohammedans, or Moros, were unaffected. Their conversion was accomplished by the substitution of beautiful images of the Virgin and saints for the rude idols of the Filipino tribes. Seen in the blaze of dozens of candles, and through drifting wreaths of incense, the gaudily dressed images of Rome seemed almost Divine" to eyes unfed by splendor." When the worship was further enriched by the booming of sweet-toned bells, and the rich harmonies of European church music, the conquest was complete.

For religious instruction the" converts" were given Spanish catechisms to learn by rote, understanding no whit of the truths or errors contained in them. Catechisms in the vernaculars came later, but learning them by rote was still the demand, and no Oatholic was taught " to give a reason for the hope that was in him."

Over a people so "converted" and so "taught," the rule of the educated foreign priest was certain to be well-nigh absolute. Add to this power which he had (1) as a foreigner, (2) as an educated man, and (3) as priest, the power which the priesthood claims to possess, and the fact that he was a member of an order and was bound by the most solemn of oaths to carry out without reservation the will of its superiors, and you have a man who is as certain to lord it over God's heritage as that human nature in priest and people is what it is. Then add the appointment of this man as the representative of a tyrannical government, and his power becomes such as should never be committed to the hands of a mortal.

The rule of the friar became complete as generations passed. Governors crossed the path of archbishops at their peril. The friar in the village ruled the village. If he were a good man, as was sometimes the case, the village was blessed. If he were a bad man, as, alas! was too often the case, the lot of the people was a hard one.

When the insurrection of 1896 broke out, there were eleven hun-

dred and eight Spanish frian; in the Philippines. After the awful punishment wreaked upon them during 1896-7, and by withdrawals to Spain and South America, that number was reduced by December I, ] 901, to four hundred and fifty-six. On December 1, L903, there were but two hundred and forty-six friars left in the Philippines, and of these about eighty were to leave soon, and thirty-two were aged men, too infirm to endure the raw winters of their native land. With American bishops at the head of every diocese, and an American archbishop over them all, the number of Spanish friars is certain to grow less and less. Their power is broken.

"They used this power in three ways most oppressive to the people. They were savagely intolerant. All the furious bigotry which made the Inquisition a bloody possibility, and ordered Te Deurns over the awful work of the Duke of Alva, was instinctive to them. Section 226 of the Philippine Penal Code gave statutory form to this implacable hostility" to every form of heresy. That section makes it a crime against the government to perform any act of propaganda of any doctrine contrary to, or different from, that established by the state. Whether it was a lad in school or a professional man in the privacy of his own home, no one must hold any opinions not sanctioned by the Holy Roman Apostolic Church. Deportations, imprisonments, death by poison, or by mixing pounded glass with the food of the hereticthese were commonplace means taken by friars to stamp out heresy.

In] 889 Sefior Lallare, an ex-friar, and a Spanish companion, Sefior Castells, came to Manila to distribute the Scriptures for the British and Foreign Bible Society. Their books were held up in the customhouse. Their lives were threatened. Sefior Lallare was poisoned at his hotel (the Oriente) within a weRk from the day he landed, and his body lies buried in the English cemetery, while Sefior Castells was thrown into prison, and only liberated on his giving a pledge to leave the islands and never return. Pages could be filled with the names of men who were deported for the crime of having a Bible in their possession. Rome boasts that all Filipinos are loyal Catholics. It is not true, as witness the tens of thousands daily attending Protestant services; but if it were true it wou ld only mean that "by forcfl and cruelty" a whole people had been dragooned into slavish submission to Rome. The element of loyalty is lacking where liberty is not allowed.

This friar rule was poUtically oppressive. The friar was the chief civil functionary in the city in which he served as parish priest. Election returns were valueless without his vise. No man could remove to another town without his consent. He was ex·officio at the head of half a dozen boards, and had the welfare of every family in his hands. If there was a man in his parish whose conduct gave the government uneasiness, the friar made a secret report to the Manila

0:1' THE AIIlERICAN SCHOOLS IN THE PBILlPPU<E8

authorities on his character and conduct. He struck in the dark. He used this power to wreak his petty vengeance on fathers, husbands; brothers, and property owners who stood in the way of his desires. No man knew what moment he might be stricken down, and only by a fawning attitude toward the friar could he ever hope for immunity from persecution.

This absolute rule over the people was used to extort money. Rivalry between the orders put every friar under whip and spur to secure the last copper for his particular treasury. Marriages yielded immense sums. Tens of thousands could not marry because the fees were so high. Funerals gave rich pickings. Every stroke of the tolling bell cost a peso (fifty cents). Prayers at the house ran from three pesos to a hundred, according to the wealth of the family. If the body were taken half-way np the aisle toward the altar i~ was half as expensive as to have it placed at the front. If the friends wanted a "very solemn" service read, the charge was in proportion to the prayers used and the robes worn, etc. Masses, shrivings, the sale of candles, indulgences, relics, and domiciliary visits of toy images of saints at a fixed rate per hour spent in the home-these and a hundred other means were used to extort money from the people. But that was in the past. In the present this absolute rule is broken. Protestant clergymen are authorized to solemnize matrimony (our own mission has married over two thousand five hundred couples within three years), and their gratuitous services are freely sought hy the poor for the reverent interment of their dead; while the Treaty of Paris guarantees, and the constabulary and new American courts secure, religious liberty from one end of the islands to the other. The friars rage, and the religious orders imagine vain things as to a fut.ure resumption of the powers they so grossly abused, but the people rejoice, and the wheel-!H:>f God's new order for the Philippines will not turn backward. Liberty of conscience is so great a boon that the poorer and more ignorant classes find it hard to believe that they may freely enjoy it. An old man drew one of our missionaries aside after a service a few months ago, and pulled a copy of the Gospel of St. John in rragalog out from under his garments, and, after assuring himself that no one saw them, he eagerly explained that he had been reading in that book just such words as the missionary had preached about. He had worn the binding out, and had rebound it with bark sewed with thin threads of rattan, but he feared arrest every hour, and carried it under his outer garment, suspended from his neck by a bit of bark. Poor old soul! With what inexpressible gladness he heard that he could read it openly, and that while the Stars and Stripes waved over his head he would not be molested.

When one sees how the friars ruled these poor people, the words of Ezekiel to "the shepherds of Israel" come with singular force: "Ye

PAST AND PRESENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

eat the fat, and ye clothe you with the wool, ye kill them that are fed, but ye feed not the flock. The diseased have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed that which was sick, neither have ye bound up that which was broken, neither have ye brought again that which was driven away, neither have ye sought that which was lost; but with force and with cruelty have ye ruled them" (Ezekiel xxxiv: 3, 4).

Spanish and American Officials Contrasted In the past the Philippines were ruled by a set of short-term officials, who looked upon public office as a source of private profit. Bribery was almost universal. Offices were filled with "favorites." Taxes were "farmed out," or the right to collect sold by auction to the highest bidder, who proceeded to cover his bid by shameless extortions. The governor-general who did not "clean up" a million or so ill his two or three year term was deemed "slow." Provincial funds raised for road-making, bridge-building, staying the ravages of epidemics, or fumishing police protection to the people, went into the pockets of a horde of officials and clerks, while diseases swept the people off by thousands, and officials, already enriched by plundering the funds raised for police protection, connived at thievery and protected it for a share of the gains. The judiciary was, with a few notable exceptions, utterly corrupt. It was either the tool of the friar administration, prostituting its functions to the petty ends of the religious orders, or a means of gain to those who sat on the bench. There was a public-school system (dince 1863), but it was a farce. Friars controlled the system, and in.so far as it was carried out at all, it was for ends and in ways subservient to friar ambitions.

Now all this is changed. A civil service board sits in Manila, and no one can be employed under the government until he has run the gauntlet of a severe examination and proven his fitness for the desired post; and while such a system has its vulnerable points, it is unspeakably better than the old spoils system which it has displaced, both here and in the United States.• No more perfect accounting system can be found in America than that which the auditor and treasurer of the Philippines have devised. Every check and safeguard which is thrown about the custody and administration of the public money of the ntttion is also provided here. Not only the accounts of the insular government, but the smallest detail of provincial and even of municipal expenditure, are scrutiuized by expert auditors sent to each provincial capital once a quarter, and then the entire account so audited passed in review in central auditor's office in Manila. More than a dozen American officials, in various positions of trust, have been tried and sentenced to from one to twenty-six years' imprisonment within the last two years on evidence brought to light in such auditing of accounts. Every centavo

raised for road-making must be spent in making roads! Every peso raised for police expenses must be used to fight ladrones. Our gov- ernors are above the faintest suspicion of corruption; the very idea of it in connection with the names of William H. Taft and Luke E. Wright is repugnant to anyone who has the smallest acquaintance with the men themselves. The judiciary has been recreated. At least a dozen judges have been brought from the United States, and the administration of justice in the Philippines is as honest and efficient as it is in Maine or Wisconsin. Over eight hundred American teach- ers, assisted by three thousand one hundred Filipinos,1tll of whom have been raised up within three years, are now giving free educa- tional advantages to two hundred and forty thousand native children and youths, and all this in the English language!

Manila harbor is being fitted for the immense shipping business of a near future at an expense of over $5,000,000. A sewer system that will cut the Manila death-rate in two a second time since American occupation is being installed at an expense of $7,000,000. A thirty- six mile electric ·street-car line is being laid in Manila streets by an American firm. A six-hundred mile system of railways on the Island of Luzon is planned for, roads are being opened, bridges built, and the system of postal and telegraph communication perfected. Improvement is the order of the day, and that in all departments. Of course, criti- cisms can be made upon some of the projects. Much cheap criticism is being expended upon the establishment of a summer capital by gov- ernment in mountains north of Manila. But such wit is ignorant. It – is not acquainted with the tropics. It does not reckon that dollars should never weigh against life or even against working efficiency on the foreigner who comes to the Philippines to help solve the great problems of the Far East.

Christian Work in the Islands Seven churches, two Bible societies, and the Army and Navy Branch of the Y. M. O. A. are engaged in Ohristian work here. It can not but be a mistake that so many denominations have rushed in. Four or five well-manned missions would cover all this field, and do it easily. The four principal missions are well manned, and seriously grappling with their work. Two of the missions have one missionary. each, and one only three workers. But thus it must be, I fear, until some comprehensive plan of church federation is wrought out and accepted. Named in the order of their missionary occupation, the churches at work in the Philippines are: Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, United Brethren, Disciple, Protestant Episcopal, and Oongregationalist. All these are at work at the task of evangelizing the Filipinos, properly so-called, except the Protestant Episcopal and Congregationalist. They have gone past the Oatholic Filipino, and be-

Qf Fuming II. Ewell

AUDIENCE A'l' .A PROTESTANT SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

gun the task of evangelizing the aboriginal races, the former in North- ern Luzon and the latter in Southern Mindanao. At the last meeting ofthe Evangeligal Union, January, 1904, the number of ordained mis- sionaries and of Filipino converts were as given below. Thilil gives very little idea of the work which is being done. It entirely overlooks the work carried on among Americans in Manila and Iloilo, and the work of the two Bible societies, both of which are doing splendid foundation-work in translating and distributing the Scriptures.

Church Missionaries Filipino Members 6,842 Methodist Episcopal……………………………….. 10 1,000 Presbyterian ………………………………………. 14 527 (No report) Episcopalian .. …………………………….. ~ . . . . . . .. 7 (No report) Baptists …………………………………………… 5 Disciple …………………………………………… 3 United Brethren. . … .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . …. . .. .. .. 1 Congregationalist………………… ……………….. 1 Beside these workers, both the Baptist and Methodist Episcopal missions have opened work for women by women, with good results so far as the work has been tried.

Such ripeness for evangelism has never been seen in any Roman Oatholic field. The deep hatred of the friars, the natural curiosity to hear for themselves what Protestantism really is, and the real hunger for a better spiritual life, combine to make the people eager to hear the message. It is not exactly a thirst for the Gospel. It is simply thirst! 'rhey are restless, discontented, and ready to listen to the story of a satisfying religious life begotten in the soul by the Holy Spirit.

In our own mission we have about twenty-five thousand hearers every week. This total could easily be ten times as great if we had the speakers. Many hear and go away as soon as they find that they must put away their mistresses, cut off their cock-fighting, and "put away lying" if they come with us. But the earnest souls cut off the right hand indulgences, and pluck out the right eye vices, and enter into the peace which passes all und~rstanding.

A most gratifying feature of the work is its spontaneity. We have never begun work in a city until we had been invited there. We always find a little band of men and women who have been commun- ing together and praying together for more spiritual light. In Malolos, the provincial capital of Bulacan, we had prayed for months for an opening. At last our Mr. Goodell heard of an old lady who was ready to have Protestant services in her house. When he called at her humble home, she received him" as an angel of God." Ser- vices were opened at once, and within five months a membership of one hundred and eighty-five had been gathered, and a church seating two hundred had been built with only $50 help from Ohurch Exten- sion funds. Before this place was opened people who lived eight miles away were converted ill the house-to-house services, and by the

PAST AND PRESENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

time the missionary visited them several had accepted the new faith, and in less than three months a larger membership and an equally large church grew up in this new place. Within one year this second church" swarmed off" and the most flourishing church of all has grown up with little help from the missionary in charge.

Sacrifices are cheerfully undergone for their new-found faith. A month ago I addressed an audience in North- ern Luzon, and over twenty of those present had walked t wen ty miles across rice-fields, coming past six large s ton e churches (of Rome) to hear the Gospel in a poorly lighted bamboo-and- thatch building.

One of Our members near Manila gave ·up his cock – pits, which GIVING BIBLES TO FILIPINO PRISONERS were yielding about $50 net income monthly, and is now cheerfully preaching for nothing but the love of the work.

The eagerness of the people to read the Word of God and pure literature is pathetic. A fail' percentage are literate, and we are using Ollr best endeavor to create a literature for them.

It is truly a great contrast that presents itself when one thinks that our lives would have been forfeited if we had attempted such work in the Philippines seven years ago. God has a great work for governments to do. Iniquitous laws must be repealed; right- eous legislation must be enacted; abuses gray with age and fenced about with custom must be broken up, and all police power exhausted, if need be, to break up the robber bands which have terrorized the provinces for a century. .

God has a great work for the churches to do. They must give the people the Living Word. They must train converts in rational piety. For both government and the churches let all readers of the REVIEW make their prayer unto God, that they fail not.

DOROTHY, THE COMANCHE MAIDEN BY REV. FRANK H. WRIGHT, OKLAHOMA Choctaw Missionary Evangelist of the Reformed Church in America Dorothy was an Indian girl, the niece of Nahwats, a Mexican Comanche. At the time this story begins she was about sixteen years of age, and was a pupil in the government school three miles south of Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Through the influence of the Sunday-school which she attended and the religious services held by various clergymen she was led to the Savior. When I asked her how she came to accept Ohrist, she simply said, "Through another girl."

The Comanches are a most picturesque and attractive tribe, but until recently seemed to be indifferent to the claims of the Gospel.* Among the pure-blooded Oomanches there were at that time but few Christians-probably not over one hundred in the whole tribe of from thirteen to sixteen hundred members. I had the privilege of holding a series of services with these Oomanche children at the government school, and Dorothy wanted to be baptized, so I appointed a day to receive her with two other girls, Leora and Taweta.

In order to make the ceremony impressive and permit other Indians to attend, we built an arbor-as an impromptu church-out in the open prairie, between the school and the agency. Rev. and Mrs Walter O. Roe came to assist in the service. When the Indians had gathered, Rev. Roe rose to explain the ordinance of baptism. After he had finished, Nahwats, the uncle of Dorothy, rose and desired to speak a few words. This old Indian chief presented a most striking figure. He was dressed in true Indian style, with leggings of white muslin with wide flaps running down the outside seam. He wore also moccasins and a shirt, while his long, black hair was parted in the middle and braided in two braids which fell across his shoulders and over his breast. One braid was wrapped in red flannel, with charms attached at the end. His face was painted, part a bright red and part a sickly green, while a dark line of India ink was drawn diagonally across each cheek, with a circle of ink on one side and a cross on the other. A handsome red blanket was drawn around him and an aigret was inserted in his hair attachec. near the scalp-lock. After a moment of silence he said, with an expressive gesture: "Dorothy is going one road and I another. It is not good. I go with Dorothy."

Ooming forward, he presented himself as a candidate for baptism. Then the annt, who is a full-blooded Indian, seeing her husband take his stand, arose and joined them.

Nahwats had been a gambler, a leader in the Indian religion, and • Rev. Carithers, of the Reformed Preshyterlan Church, has heen one of the most success· ful missionaries among them. Also the Methodists had a good work among the little Wa.shita Oomanches, where there are a number of Mexican Comanches.

DOROTHY, THE COMANCHE MAIDEN

a mescal eater. The mescal bean is brought from Mexico, and, accord- ing to tests by scientists, intoxicates the imagination. It is a deadly poison if taken in sufficient quantities, but the Indians gradually ac- custom themselves to its use. The mescal eating is accompanied by the beating of the tom-tom, which can be heard for miles. Their worship generally begins on Sat- urday afternoon, about an hour before sunset, and lasts the live- long night, closing about ten o'clock Sunday morning. Nah- wats has told me since that he had determined never to accept Chris- tianity, but, as he says, "he was in the dark pit until the mission- aries lifted him out and planted his feet upon the solid ground."

'rhe step which he took that. Sab- bath morning was a difficult one.

It cut him off from the past and DOROTHY AT THE TIME 01.' BElt DEATH isolated him from his friends.

After the baptism of Dorothy and three other Comanches we went to Nahwats' house, where we talked with the other members of the household. These were Dorothy'S stepfather, her own mother, her two little sisters, and her three grandmothers. We found them all ready to accept Christ. It seemed like a sudden decision, but we found the secret was that Dorothy had been reading the Bible to them.

A Mexican servant said that" far into the night her voice could be heard as she read the Bible aloud to the family." In her quaint Eng- lish she said to me: "I do not know much, but what I know I try to tell them." Only a little Indian girl, recently converted, and yet she was doing what she could to bring others to the Savior! As I baptized the old grandmothers I could not help wondering if they understood the meaning of the step, but their subsequent lives have been a great rebuke to my lack of faith. Two have passed away to be with their Lord, while the other one still remains. She is a little, old, wrinkled woman who speaks only Comanche, but claims to be white and was probably captured when a child. Whenever she hears of my arrival in the neighborhood she borrows a pony and rides six miles to the mis- sion, She makes a little shelter of poles, throws over it a sheet, strews long grasses on the ground for her carpet and bed, and her home is complete. On Sabbath she attends service, and generally says to me: • "I heard you were coming and I wlliuted to come. I pray to Pabbi (Brother) JeSllS. I love him."

One day when we were holding a testimony meeting at Nahwats' house, Dorothy said that she had many sore temptations which she was trying to overcome and asked our prayers. Some time later I saw Dorothy and her aunt driving the big wagon going to the woods for fuel. Dorothy seemed very sad and downcast, and I said to her: "I want you to know that we are your friends, and if you need help, come to us." Not long afterward, ope Sabbath morning when there was no opportunity to preach, I had gathered my Bible and books about me preparing to refresh my own soul, when my former helper rode up to the tent and said in his Western way: "Dorothy is about to make a die of it. Come at once." So I dispatched my helper for a physician, and drove to the post for "!Iiss Adkisson, a trained nurse. When we arrived where the sick girl was we found the family gathered around her. She was very ill, and Miss Adkisson had little hope, but we did what we could to relieve her agony. The doctor soon arrived, and after working for an hour or two over her, he gave up the struggle, saying that it was of no avail. She suffered intensely with pains in her side.

After the physician had given up the fight, Nahwats said: "Mr. Wright, has the doctor done all he can?" When I answered in the affirmative, he requested us to retire and let the Indian medicine men try their skill. I loathed to have them practise their miserable acts on the poor girl, but as protests were useless, and they could not hurt her, we reluctantly retired.

The medicine man took her in hand. He applied his mouth to the sore spot, and by suction and expectorating-crying like some wild beast-he pretended to extract the cause of the pain. It was more than I could bear, and we left for the mission grounds.

But Nahwats sent for me again, and I came the next day. I hastened in to find her gasping for breath. The medicine man sat at her head kindly folding her hands, closing her eyes, and altogether dealing very gently with her. The mother and aunt gathered her things, and as they came across some cherished article they broke out into uncontrollable fits of wailing. I asked her if she still trusted in Jesus, and I can hear the plaintive answer still, as she gasped, with a half sob, "Ye-e-e-s !" We prayed, and soon, with a gentle breath, she passed away. Then the Indians broke out into the most terrible wailing I ever heard.

A rude wooden coffin was made which we upholstered as best we could. The Indians prepared Dorothy for burial-first a white dress, then an Indian suit. When all was ready, Nahwats kneeled beside the coffin, and, bowing down, spoke a few endearing words, and gently kissed the cold cheeks of his beloved niece. Calling the little sisters, Jocksi and Sanookooay, he bade them kiss her, and then, amid heart-breaking scenes, we covered the coffin, and, forming a procession, wended our way

POROTHY, THE COMANCHE MAIPEN

across the valley to the hill that rises on the coast. The Indians who were hostile to Christianity claimed that baptism was a bad medicine, and had brought death. Would Nahwats now turn back? This was • I a questlOn. At the grave I spoke of the resurrection hope, and we sang ono verse of "In the Sweet Bye and Bye." Then the coffin was lowered, and all her belong- ings were cast iuto the grave, except her Bible and watch.

When all was over I stood looking westward across the darkening valley, so desolate now. Nahwats approached me, and said, in Co- manche and the sign language: "Mr. Wright, Dorothy is dead and I am blind. Dorothy is dead, but I will not throw Jesus -away; I will hold on to Him." Pointing to his house and lands and cattle, and with one all-embracing sweep of his hand, he said: "All this is nothing to me ; Jesus only."

Now t.he sequel. Through his sins and failures Nahwats is" com- ing up," as the Indians say. He is growing in grace-praying Rnd laboring for his people. It is now NAIIWATS AS HE WAS 13A.PTIZ!CD about seven years since Dorothy confessed Christ and four years since her death. During this past year we have baptized some thirty-two Comanches. All this I attrib- ute to the influence of this one life. I have long prayed and sought an entrance to the Comanches, but thus suddenly the work is growing, others are thinking, and what the Lord has still b(,lfore we can not fore- see. Those, once so hard, now seem to be awakening as from a deep sleep.

Remarkable answers to prayer and the continued spirit of prayer char- acterizes the work. Those who are saved are now praying and work· ing for the others. Those who were converted last summer are stand- ing firm and are anxions to serve, others are coming, and what seemed so hard to accomplish before now seems easy becanse God is working. All the missions must feel the impetus of this work, and I pray and hope this is the beginning of a work of grace that will extend throughout the tribe. Back of this work is the humble effort of one of God's little one's. What wonders might be accomplished the coming year if we all had the spirit of Dorothy, who said; "1 do not know much, but what I know I try to tell them."

A CHURCH THAT SUPPORTS TWO STATIONS THE STORY OF THE CENTRAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. NEW YORK. AND ITS MISSIONARY WORK BY BELLE M. BRAIN, SPRINGFIELD, OHIO Author of "Holding the Ropes," etc.

On Sunday, April 29, 1900, while the Ecumenical Oonference was in session in New York, it was the privilege of the writer to attend morning worship at the Central Presbyterian Ohurch, on Fifty-seventh Street. The preacher was the Rev. J. Hudson Taylor, founder of the China Inland Mission, the sermon a never-to-be-forgotten one; yet neither preacher nor sermon made a deeper impression than the offering made at the close-the annual offering of the church for the two mission stations it supports: one in China, the other in Kentucky. In the pews were printed statements with detachable subscription blanks, giving the requirements for both fields during the coming year, the whole aggregating $5,200. After a brief word of explanation by the pastor, the Rev. Wilton Merle Smith, D.D., the collectors passed down the aisles. When they returned the great basins they carried were filled to overflowing with subscription papers and crisp new bank-bills. It was a goodly sight, one of the most inspiring witnessed during the conference. Wllen a count was made, it was found that the basins contained $4,400 in pledges and money, and during the day additional subscriptions brought the sum up to the required amount. A few belated gifts afterward raised it to $5,444.72.

Since that day, which marked an epoch in the missionary history in the church, the work at both stations has grown so rapidly that no less than $10,000 will be needed for the coming year. Fortunately, the growth of interest in the church has so nearly kept pace with the expallsion on the field that it wiII not be much more difficult to secure $10,000 now than $5,200 four years ago.

Ten years have now passed since Central Church began the experiment of maintaining its own stations and supporting its own missionaries under the auspices of the Presbyterian Boards of Home and Foreign Missions, yet entirely without cost to them for salaries or running expenses. The total amount expended during the ten years aggregates $45,000, and the experiment has proved eminently successful. At Hyden, in Leslie County, Kentucky, two men, one an ordained minister, and five women, are at work among the mountaineers, and at H wai Yuen, China, three ordained men, one physician, and four women are breaking. the Bread of I-,ife to the unsaved miIIions in the province of Anhni.

Meanwhile the church has not been unmindful of the heathen at its doors. 'frue to the Divine program of missions laid down by the Master in Acts i : 8, it began at Jerusalem, endeavoring first of all

A CHURCH THAT SUPPORTS TWO STATIONS

to give the Gospel to the uusaved masses in its own home city. The mother church on Fifty-seventh Street not only reaches out to those in its own vicinity who have no church home, but conducts missions at two points in the city where the need is great and the opportunity wide. One of these, Mizpah Ohapel, the oldest child of the church, works among self-supporting, self-respecting bread-winners.; the other, Wilson Memorial Mission, begun about twelve years ago, is a Gospel rescue mission with a service every night in the year on West Fortysecond Street, near" Hell's Kitchen." The former is maintained at a cost to the church of from $3,000 to $3,500 a year, while the annual expenditure for the latter amounts to from $4,000 to $4,500.

Notwithstanding the great interest in the special work on the home and foreign field, nothing connected with the mother church has been allowed to suffer. The regular benevolent contributions, including the annual offerings of from $2,500 to $3,000 each for the general treasuries of the Home and Foreign Mission Boards, have steadily increased, and there has been no lack of money for running expenses. Not long ago, when it became necessary to make alterations in the church edifice, the amount required for the pnrpose-$28,000-was secured without difficulty. Thus, Central Ohurch is conclusively proving that "religion is a commodity of which the more we export the more we have remaining."

The Inception of the Special Work The forward movement for home and foreign missions which has been so blessed in Oentral Ohurch had its inception in the Ohristian Endeavor Society, and owes its success in large measure to the indefatigable work of Mr. W. L. Amerman, widely known in Ohristian Endeavor circles as the originator of the Tenth Legion and many other novel schemes for advancing the cause of missions.

During the first four years of its existence the Ohristian Endeavor Society did nothing for missions because the work of the women's, young women's, and children's organizations, together with the Sundayschool, Waf! supposed to cover the ground. In the autumn of 1891, however, a missionary committee was appointed, with Mr. Amerman as chairman. The first work attempted was the raising of funds by the "five-times-two-is-ten" plan, in which each one who participates agrees to give two cents a week himself, and collect two cents from each of fourfriends, making a total of ten cents a week. During the first year nearly $500 was raised in this way, .and a great deal of interest in missions resulted.

On April 29, 1892, at a missionary rally conducted by the committee and addrcssed by several notable speakers, Miss Margaret W. Leitch, of Oeylon, suggested that the society support its own missionary. This ",rollsed great enthusiasm, and in the alltumn, when pledge-

cards were distributed, monthly payments for the su pport of "our own missionaries" were promised, aggregating more than $400. This fund was popularly known from its object as the "0. O. M." (Our Own Missionaries) Fund.

Shortly after this the idea was conceived of asking the entire congregation to join in the work. The plan met with the approval of many, and in the summer of 1893 Mr. Amerman began to push for definite action on the part of the church. Members of the session were visited, one by one, and the facts laid before them. Finally, in November of the same year, the session took formal action sanctioning the plan of the church supporting its own missionaries under the auspices of the mission boards, and authorizing the appointment of a general missionary committee representing all sides of the church life to take charge of the work.

Here for a time the matter rested. 'The needs of other work were so pressing that it seemed impossible to find an opportunity for launching the new project. At length, however, the way opened, and at the midweek prayer-service on March 14, 1894, a circular letter signed by the pastor having previously been sent out, the whole matter was thoroughly discussed by the congregation. Tho the plan had assumed far larger proportions than at first, and now included the sending out of missionaries to a definite center in both the' home and foreign fields, for which the church should ultimately become wholly responsible, it met with hearty and enthusiastic support. Before the, meeting closed the sum of $866 had been subscribed. This was subsequently raised, without solicitation, to $1,500, which, with the O. O. M. Fund of the young people, made a total of $2,000 available for the first year's work.

The Home Mission Station in Kentucky The selection of a home missionary field, adapted to the development of a new work distinctively their own, proved at first a difficult matter. But God, who had planted the purpose in the hearts of his children, was preparing a field for them, and by and by the call came to enter it.

In 1894, while the committee of Central Church were earnestly seeking for guidance, the Rev. Donald McDonald, D.D., Presbyterian Synodical Superintendent for Kentucky, visited Hyden, a little mountain town sixty miles from any rai.lroad, in the southeastern part of the State, neal' HeU-for-Sartin Creek. For ten years the locality had been the storm-center of one of the bitterest of Kentucky feuds, and malice and revenge burned in the hearts of the people. Neither life nor property were safe, and the prospects were that there would be bitter strife for years to come.

With indomitable courage and rare tact Dr. McDonald began at once to preach to these people. So greatly were his efforts bless'cd of

A CHURCH THAT SUPPORTS TWO STATIONS

God that nearly the whole town came to hear him, and many signified a desire to lead a better life. Ere long a little chnrch was organized with twenty-five members, and there began to be a desire for a church building and a school. At the end of a few weeks Dr. McDonald left them with a promise of assistance, but, alas! the Board·of Home Missions was heavily burdened with debt and could undertake no new work whatever. But not long was the little mountain flock to be left without a shepherd. In the good providence of God, Central Church heard of the need and came forward with offers of assistance, which were at once accepted.

At first it seemed impossible to find anyone willing to go to so difficult and isolated a field, but at length the services of the Rev.

THE MOUNTAIN MISSION FIELD IN HYDEN, KENTUCKY Alexander Lindsay, a young Scotchman about to complete his course in Danville Theological Seminary, were secured. Early in January, after a wedding journey of twelve hours' duration over rough mountain roads in a mule wagon, he and his bride arrived in Hyden and entered ponu the work with vigor. Preaching services were at once begun, a Sunday-school and Christian Endeavor Society organized, and a little day-school opened by Mrs. Lindsay, who was an experienced teacher. Ere long the battle waged against violence and crime by the Bible and the spelling-book was on in earnest, and as the months went by evidences were not wanting that the forces that make for righteousness would ultimately triumph.

By 1896 the work had progressed so favorably that Central Church undertook the erection, on ground furnished by the people of Hyden, of a commodious cha-pel-school containing a large audience-room and two good-sized classrooms. In October, Dr. Smith, pastor of the

New York church, made the long and tedious journey to Kentucky to dedicate the new building and conduct special services in it. The erection of the chapel marked a new era, not only in Hyden, but in Central Church as well. The visit of the pastor resulted in a sympa- thetic knowledge of the needs of the field that greatly strengthened the tie between the church and its mountain station. When Dr.

Smith gave his report on his re- turn it created great enthusiasm, and the bell, organ, . books, and furniture required for the com- plete equipment of the building were quickly promised.

On October 13, 1896, two days after the dedication of the chapel, TaE caAPEL.SCHOOLHOUSE AT aYDEN, KY. another step was taken in advance by the opening of a school in one of the new classrooms, and the employment of a competent lady teacher to take charge of it. At first there were many hindrances to success, bnt at length the work came to be regarded with such favor that in Beptember, 1897, the local 8chool trustees asked Mr. Walton, he the missionary then in charge of the station, to assume the care of the public school. This agreed to do, and since that time two school~ have been held, the free school from August to January, the church school from January to May.

The latter, known as .Hyden Academy, is a pay school, a small t u it ion fee being c h a r g e d for each pupil. Both schools an often crowded to their utmost capacity, and are deserv- edly popular. In SENIOR S1'UDENTS IN TaE HYDEN ACADEMY 1900, to meet the growing demands for education, Central Church found it n€.Jessary to enlarge the chapel by the addition of a wing, providing extra class room. It has been neces-

A CHURCH THAT SUPPORTS TWO STATIONS

sary, too, to increase the teaching force, so that instead of one lady assistant there are now three busily at work, besides the principal.

One sad incident connected with the school work was the death of Miss Anna C. Giddings, a devoted member of the Christian Endeavor Society of Central Church, who volunteered for work at Hyden. Tho in perfect health at the time of her departure from New York, she was stricken down with typhoid fever and died after three months' service in the field. Her work, however, has not been in vain. So keen was her interest in the neglected mountain girls that next Augnst a boarding-school for training them in domestic matters will be opened in Hyden, bearing the name" Anna C. Giddings Memorial Home."

Another important work undertaken by Central Church in connection with their mountain station is that of itinerating in the districts surrounding Hyden. Since February, 1901, a special missionary has been employed for this purpose. During the week he devotes his time to carrying the Gospel to the people in their mountain homes, and on the Sabbath to conducting services at thtllittle hamlets around Hyden-Wooten, Flacey, Dry Ridge, Cut Shin, Hell-for-Sartin, and Bull Creek.

The ten years' work carried on at Hyden by the devoted workers of Central Church has literally transformed the little mountain town. 'l'hrough the influence of church and school a great change ,has been wrought in the tone of public opinion, and the once lawless community has gained the reputation of being "one of the qnietest towns in the mountains." There have been marked changes, too, in a material way. A long-needed bridge across the creek, built during the first year at the suggestion of the missionary, new board walks put down soon after, the advent of steam-power, the manufacture of bricks, the issuing of a weekly paper, Thousand Sticks, and the erection of a substantial new court-house are all indications of material prosperity. Hyden is proving that the" Gospel has a promise for the life that now is, as well as for that which is to come."

The Foreign Station in China Less than a y'ear after the work was inaugurated at Hyden under the Board of Home Missions, Central Church entered upon a similar work in China under the Board of Foreign Missions. The neld cqosen was Peking and the Rev. Charles Otis Gill and bride werecommissoned as the church's representatives. A solemn farewell service which deeply stirred all hearts was held on September 29, 1895, after which the young ~issionaries, followed by the prayers of the church, set sail for their distant field. On November 22d, just as the gates of the city were closing for the night, they entered China's capital, to assist in the stupendous task of evangelizing China's millions. Little did they guess that one year later, .to the very day, they would again pass

through the gates of the city, this time to begin the long journey of ten thousand miles toward home.

On their arrival at Peking they entered zealously upon the study of the language, and endeavored to assist the missionaries there in many ways. All went well with them until the summer of 1896, when Mrs. Gill contracted typhoid fever. Her life was spared, but her nervous system so completely shattered that recovery on the field was impossible, aud there was nothing to do but return to America.

It was a great blow to the church at home, this sudden reversal of their plans, and many friends of missions who were watching the experiment wondered anxiously whether the interest was strong enough to stand the strain. But the hand of God was in it all. There was a great work to be done by his servants in Central Ohurch, but before they could be entrusted with it, the stability of their pur- pose must be fully tested. It was necessary for them to learn, thus early, that in every mission station there are times when God says " Stand still" as well as when He says" Go forward," and that mis- sionary money must frequently be CENTRAL CHt'kCH MISSIONARIES IN CHINA used in caring for broken-down Rev. and ?-'Irs. J ames B. Cochran, Rev. E. C. . Lobenstln e, Mt ss LobensUne. Hev. Du Bois Morris, Dr. and !vIrs. "omuel Cochran . missionaries in the home land as . well as for supporting active workers on the field.

Most nobly did the church abide the test. Tho their missionaries had been retlll'lled to them, and the future of their foreign enterprise was completely hidden, they felt that the great commission had neither been modified nor withdrawn, and patiently waited for the guiding hand of God. Ere long their faith received a rich reward.

At the end of six months, Mrs. Gill being still too ill to return to Ohina, and Mr. Gill being unwilling to have their furlough extended, ' these two devoted workers severed their connection with Central Church and the Board of Foreign Missions, and took up home missionary work in Vermont, where eventually Mrs. Gill was almost completely restored to health.

Meanwhile continuous prayer was ascending to God from earnest hearts in Central Ohurch concerning the future of their foreign work. At length, early in 1898, the pillar began again to move forward, and certain providential indications led to the· selection of two young men

A CHURCH THAT SUPPORTS TWO STATIONS

to represent the church in China-the Rev. Edwin C. Lobenstine and the Rev. DuBois S. Morris, who purposed to go out unmarried, and agreed to place themselves in the field if the church would sustain them there. Owing to political complications, it was thought best to send the llew missionaries to Nanking, a station of the Presbyterian Board in Southern China, rather than to Peking in the north, the idea being to have them remain in Nanking until they had mastered the THE CENTRAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF HWAI YUEN language, and then push on to Hwai Yuen, an unoccupied field in the province of Anhui, where the foreign station of the church could be established.

On September 12, 1898, Messrs. Lobenstinc and Morris, accompanied by Miss Rose Lobenstine, a sister of the former, who went out at her own charges, set sail for China, and were soon busily at work acquiring the language at Nanking. As the months passed by, and the time approached for opening the station at Hwai Yuen, the church began to feel that for the safety of the missionaries and the good of the work, a competent physician should be added to the force. For this purpose an additional $1,200 was raised, and the services of Dr. Samut:ll Cochran, a gifted and godly young physician, were secured. Through the liberality of Mr. William C. Lobenstine, father of two of the missionaries already in China, Rev. James B. Cochran, a brother of Dr. Samuel Cl)chran, who also desired to go to the foreign field, was added to the little band.

On August 19.• 1899, the two young brothers and their brides set sail for China. In October, shortly after their arrival at Nanking, Messrs. Lobenstine and Morris made their initial visit to Hwai Yuen, where a beginning was made by leasing a chapel in which services could be held. After their return, native helpers were sent out from time to time to preach in this chapel and prepare the way for its per- manent occupancy by the foreigners.

Early in the year 1900 a most notable event occurred-the baptism of Mr. Liu, the first convert from Hwai Yuen. This man, who was It leading apothecary of the place, had asked for baptism when the missionaries were there some months before, but knowing how disastrous it would be for the first convert to prove unworthy, it had been deemed best to defer it for awhile. At length, however, when he came to Nanking and passed a search- .ing examination before the native church, they decided to grant his request, and on April 29, MR. LIU 1900, the memorable Sabbath during the Ecumen- First Hwal Yuan convert ical Conference, while the church at home was dedicating itl'l offering for the work, Mr. Morris was receiving the first-fruits of the mission at Nanking. Accepting it as the seal of Divine approval, the little group upon the field and the godly workers in the church at home, with glad hearts thanked God and took courage.

It was hoped that by the autumn of 1900 Messrs. Lobenstine and Morris, accompanied by Dr. Cochran, might make au extended stay in Hwai Yu.en, but, alas! once more the faith of the church was to be tested. The summer of 1900 brought the siege of Peking and peril to the life of every missionary in China. Fortunately no harm came to the representatives of Central Church, tho, in company with many others, they were obliged to withdraw for a time to Japan. The anxiety at home concerning them was very great, however, and the church was moved to pray as never before, learning lessons that it could have been taught, perhaps, in no other way. Toward the close of the year the entire party returned to Nanking, and settled down again to a season of work and study.

From this time on the work has progressed most favorably. In October, 1901, the opening of the new station having been authorized both by the Central China Mission and the Board in New York, Messrs. Lobenstine and Morris arrived at Hwai Yuen, and took up their permanent residence there. Not long after they were joined by the Cochran brothers.

In the autum of 1902, under the escort of Dr. Cochran, the Coch- ran ladies and their three little children, who had remained in Nan- king until the work was fully established, embarked on two house-

A CHURCH THAT SUPPORTS TWO STATIONS

boats for Hwai Yuen. A sad incident of the long and tedious journey was the death of little Harry, son of Rev. and Mrs. James B. Cochran, who was stricken with dysentery as a result of the drinking-water becoming infected while their boat was caught in a jam on the Grand Canal. Outside the city of Ching-kiang Pu, in a small bamboo-fenced plot, already hallowed by thfl burial of the little daughter of another missionary, the body of the beloved child was laid to rest, there to await the resurrection dawn. Sore as the sorrow was, it served to form another liuk binding the home church more closely to the workers in the field. The lonely little grave in inland China has preempted the territory for God and given a new incentive to effort.

At the present time the work of the station is in a most prosperous condition. From the very beginning there have been many evidences of Divine favor resting upon it. In February, 1903, the medical work, which has been most successfully carried on by Dr. Cochran, received a valuable reinforcement by the arrival of Miss Rose Hoffman, a member of the Christian Endeavor Society of Central Church, who resigned her position as head nurse in charge of the operating pavilion of the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City to take up work in Ohina.

The greatest needs of the station at the present time are a permanent building for the hospital, and comfortable, hygienic houses, within a walled enclosure, for the missionary families. The entire cost of the hospital-land;building, and outfit-has been promised by Mr. William C. Lobenstine, and Central Church has been slowly accumulating money for the missionary houses, but owing to the great difficulty of purchasing real estate in China but little has as yet been accomplished along this line. One piece of land has, however, at length been acquired, and during the coming year the flrst residence will be erected on it.

How the Interest is Maintained at Home In the church at home, information has been the key to interest; "prayer and pains through faith in Jesus Christ," the secret of success. The details of the work at both stations are kept constantly before the people, and every item of interest at once reported to them. This is largely accomplished through the monthly missionary concerts, where letters are read from the missionaries, and stereopticon views shown, illustrating the work both at Hyden and Hwai Yuen. In additiou to this, an annual report, most beautifully illustrated, has been issued in April each year since the beginning, telling of the work at both stations in detail. During the summer months, when the congregation is scattered, interest is kept up by the sending out of It bulletin supplementing the annual report, and taking the place of the monthly concert.

As far as practical, the church is brought into direct personal contact with the workers in the field. With this end in view, Messrs. Lobenstine and Morris spent six months with the church before.going to China in 1898, and three at least of the missionaries at Hyden have been brought to New York by the missionary committee of the church, to tell the people about their work. 'l'wice, also, representatives of Central Church have gone to Hyden-Dr. Smith in 1896, and two delegates returning from the Nashville Christian Endeavor Convention in 1898.

Great stress has been laid upon prayer. In every report sent out the church is urged to be instant in prayer, and the people are constantly reminded that the success of the work largely depends on their faithfulness in the ministry of intercession. Prayer cycles are issued from time to time, specifying definite objects for which to pray each week, and small cards containing prayer topics for daily use are given to the supporters of the "Our Own Mi&sionaries'" enterprise, with the request that they be kept in the Bibles and used daily" when thou hast shut thy door."

The remarkable financial results have been attained largely through constant emphasis laid upon the matter of systematic beneficence. Money has been raised by the methods already referred tothe monthly pledge system (" O. O. M. Fund") and annual subscriptions. As a result of systematic effort to secure something from every one, the giving has not been confined to the wealthy few, but almost every family has had a part in it. This is one of the secrets of successful missionary finance.

THE MISSIONARY OUTLOOK IN NORTH JAPAN BY REV. CHRISTOPHER NOSS, SENDAI, JAPAN Missionary of the Reformed Church in the United States Tohoku, as the northeastern part of the main island of Japan is called, has been little visited by tourists, being too far away from the ordinary route of travel through the Far East. To reach Sendai, the principal city of the north, reqnires a tiresome journey of twelve hours by rail from Tokyo, and there is really little to attract visitors, unless it be Matsushima, a group of beautiful, pine-covered islets in a quiet corner of the Bay of Sendai. The comparative seclusion of Tohoku and its consequent inaccessibility to the reader of missionary literature may justify the appearance of this sketch.

Going north from the capital, the "Japan Railway," at a distance of [~bout one hundred miles, crosses a watershed, and brings one into the first of the six prefectures which constitute Tohoku; a hundred miles farther it approaches the east coast and passes through the metropolitan city of Sendai, whence it goes on still two hundred miles farther to reach its terminal at Aomori, the port at the northern end of the island. North Japan is, accordingly, three hundred miles long, or about as long as Pennsylvania. It is rather more than half as broad, and its population, about five million, is about as dense as in the southern part of that State.

The climate is damp and chilly. In the interior snow falls to an extraordinary depth in winter, so that the peasants, both men and women, have to wear trousers over their kimono. In summer there is more rain than sunshine, and if the rice crop fails, as it did in 1902, it is for lack of warmth, not for lack of moisture. Silk is a great staple, and where the silkworm thrives best there the people are most prosperous, and the church makes most rapid progress. The fisher- men along the coast are a degraded class, and very difficult to reach.

As compared with the south, the economic development of this region lags behind. Politically, too, North Japan has suffered for its obstinate loyalty to the old regime in the revolution of 1867. The northerners speak a wretched dia- lect, hardly understood by the brilliant southerners, who have made new Japan. They seem slow and dull, but are character- ized by remarkable constancy and perseverance. 'l'here is reason to believe that the north may yet produce the finest type of Japa- nese character.

A resideuce of eight years in this regiou has convinced the writer that in some important respects the Japanese govemment has surpassed its models. It is not necessary here to speak of its diplomatic and military successes abroad. But at home, in sanita- tion, in education, and in postal organization it has been no less .. THE KING OF OSHU" successful. The black plague, which even in British India A statue of Lord Date, of Bendai, who sent an claims half a milliou of victims envoy to Pope Paul V. in 1615. The Image was made from life in a year, has been stamped out more than once in the heart of Japanese cities, and other preventible epidemics, which even in Amer- ica cause us such immense loss, are effectively quarantined. 'l'he postal system, including universal free delivery, all telegraphs and telephones, and the express business, serves the public better than we are served by our limited postal facilities and our warring corporations. In

Japan the government has the best of everything and attracts the ablest men to its service. But too few capable men engage in productive business. The peasants, artisans, and tradesmen, working, as they do, seven days a week, are, as a class, stupid and shortsighted, despite all the schooling the goverument provides. They have no spiritual resources, except the effete idolatry and superstition to which their Buddhist guides have abandoned them. The Japanese themselves have noted that where Buddhism is most flourishing immorality is most rife. The only thing that holds the nation together at this time is its intense patriotism, which prompts a desire to win the respect of the most advanced Western nations.

In the last few years a great wave of ethical discontent has passed over the country. The revival of moral feeling has been helped by the educational scandal. When it was -discovered, two years ago, that high officials had been systematically bribed by the publishers of textbooks used in the public schools, the government proved its efficiency by punishing them without fear or favor, while the public, taught to regard educators as the guardians of the national code of morals, and influenced by the traditional contempt for money, was profoundly shocked. It happened that many educators who had insisted on the sufficiency of the nationalistic principle and conspicuously opposed Christianity were disgraced, while Christian officials and those who had shown sympathy with the Christian cause stood unscathed. This has deepeued the impression, produced by the conduct of missionaries and converts, that Christianity is the greatest of all moral forces. It is not necessary to tell the people that Buddhism and Nationalism have been found wanting. The positive preaching of the Gospel brings out more responses than the Christian worker can properly attend to.

The first Christian missionary movement to reach the north in the present era was that of the Greek Church, which is now stronger in the vicinity of Sendai than anywhere else in the empire. The Russian missionary, Nicolai, has not sought the assistance of other foreigners, but has chosen to work entire.ly through his native clergy. The result is that the spiritual tone of his flock is low. The war with Russia naturally involves distrust of the Greek Christians, but Bishop Nicolai's sagacity has minimized the loss. He has instructed the believers to pray for Japanese victory, but told them frankly that during the 'war he would not attend services in the Tokyo cathedral, because as a loyal su bject of the Czar he could not joiu in their prayers. The Japanese are chivalrous enough to admire him all the more for this. We are all indebted to him for the object-lesson he has given. The government, in an order issued on February 19th, warns the [Buddhist] priests that while it is at war with a foreign government it is not at war with fortligners as individuals, -or with their religion. Thl,l

THE MI~':;IONARY OUTLOOK IN NORTH JAPAN

implication is that they must refrain from agitation against the Greek Christians.

French priests are well distributed among the principal towns, and their self-denial wins the admiration of many; but the traditional suspicion so persists that the French mission has not been as successful as the Russian. A few nuns conduct an excellent school for girls at SendaL The Protestants are divided among eight or nine missions. Of these by far the strongest is that of the [German] Reformed Church in the United States, which denomination concentrates the greater part of its foreign missionary effort on North Japan. Since this is the writer's own mission, in regard to many points he will make 3, A GRO('P OF WORKERS OF THE REFORMED CHURCH OF' NORTH JAPAN brief description of its work and. prospects do for all. This does not ,mean disparagement of the very similar work being done by the foreign and native "evangelists of other missions, or of the very valuable services of the Methodist and Baptist ladies in the education of girls.

The prefecture nearest Tokyo, that of Fukushima, seems ripest fol' the Gospel. The provinces on the west side, fronting the Sea of Japan, have been most inaccessible, and, partly on account of the missionaries' neglect, partly on account of the people's conservatism, remain up to this time practically unevangelized. But the city of Sendai, on the east side, is probably more under Christian influence than any other city in Japan.

This city, which is not much older than Boston, has had Christian associations from the start. It was founded about three hundred years ago, on the edge of the great plain of Miyagi, by a famous chieftain named Date, who, as "King of Oshu," had diplomatic correspondence with his contemporary, Pope Paul V. That was just before Ieyasu put an end to the intrigues of the Romanists and sealed up the coun-

try. Among Sendai's treasures are found a beautiful oil portrait of Pope Paul V., an illuminated document giving the freedom of the city of Rome to Date's representative, crucifixes, etc.

The city now has a population of about eighty thousand, not including the suburbs, a garrison of many thousands of conscripts, and thousands of studentI' in public and private institutions of all kinds.

The missionaries and three or four teachers employed by the government are the on~y foreign residents. When, in 1899, the. treaties granting foreigners the right of residence in any part of the country went into effect, the people expected a great inrush. The fact that not one foreigner came to do business convinced them that their country was not coveted as much as they had imagined. It may be more than a mere coincidence that the revision of the treaties was so soon followed by a Christian revival. Anything that diminishes the dread of being overwhelmed by foreigners and so disposes the Japanese to consider Christianity on its own merits is an aid to our cause. The fact that the American missionaries in Sendai are the only representatives of their country there has given them great social influence, for America is highly respected as a nation. Opportunities thus afforded have been wisely utilized under the leadership of Dr. DeForest, of the American Board, and one of our Japanese Christians who served for some time as assistant to the mayor. 'I'he general desire for social fellowship with us has had the result that Sendai society pretty definitely puts its ban on concubinage and on certain convivial customs. Visits of distinguished Americans, such as Minister Buck, of the legation at Tokyo; President Jordan, of Stanford University, and Professor Wright, of Oberlin College, prepared the way for the magilificent reception given by the city to Dr. Oharles Cuthbert Hall last year, whereby he was enabled to preach the Gospel to many of the most intelligent citizens.

Another encouraging feature is the spirit of harmonious cooperation that characterizes the missionary community. Seven missions are represented in the city. With the exception of the Episcopalians, all the missionaries and native Christians unite heartily in regular meetings for prayer, and, since last fall, all use bu t one hymn-book. Special evangelistic movements are conducted in common. The missionary community owns a tent, in which meetings for the crowds that gather on various festival occasions are held. The missionaries also own a house, in which the most pitiable cases of poverty that are discovflred in the city are cared for. In these enterprises Rev. E. H. Jones, of the Baptist Missionary Union, has been the leader. Where such cvidences of unity exist, division into denominations is not so great an evil as some people imagine.

The oldest church was founded by Japanese evangelists several

THE lUSSIONARY OUTLOOK IN NORTH JAPAN

years before the first missionaries arrived. Just twenty-five years ago two young men connected with the Nihon Krista Kyo7cwai (Reformed and Presbyterian Ohurch) visited the city for the first time. Two years later the Nibancho Ohurch was organized. In 1885 the church asked the mission of the [German] Reformed Church to come to its assistance. Early in its history it had bought out a defunct Buddhist temple in a back street. This has now become a principal thoroughfare, and the site is one of the most valuable in the city. With the aid of the mission, a brick church was recently erected on it at a. cost of *8,000. It is the central rallying-place for the Protestants of the city, and is often used for interdenominational meetings. The total attendance at various meetings on a Lord's Day sometimes exceeds sixteen hundred. 'rhe local congregation has been financially independent for years.

Altogether there are ten congregations in Sendai. Next to · the public offices, the Christian churches aud schools are the most prominent buildings. About one-fourth of the children of the .city are reached by the Sunday-schools.

The Reformed Church Mission has here two of the largest Christian educational institutions in Japan. North Japan College, or '1'0ho7cu Ga7cuin, will soon be enlarged, so as to have a capacity of four hundred students. Miyagi Girls' School has room for two hundred pupils. Two other girls' schools, Baptist and Methodist, are doing invaluable work, each of a distinctive character.

North Japan College is the only Ohristian school for young men north of 'rokyo. The management is in the hands of a self-perpetu- THE BIBLE WOMEN'S HOUSE AT ~ENDAr) JAPAN

ating board of directors, composed half of Americans and half of Japanese. This arrangement has proved very satisfactory. It may well be added in this connection that the Japanese who held property for the mission until a corporation could be chartered were entirely honorable. The affair of the Doshisha has bulked too largely in America's eyes if it has given the impression that the Japanese gener- ally are characterized by a light regard for the obligations of a trust.

The president of the college, Missionary Schneder, enjoys the con- fidence of the Japanese to an extraordinary degree, and has gathered about him a brilliant and devoted company of native pr?fessors. The dean of the faculty is a Japanese evangelist's son, who took his doc- tor's degree at the University of Bonn. Four others have studied in America. Nine, including these five, are zealous and acceptable preachers.

Young men whose relatives are nnable to pay their expenses at the college, or unwilling to do so because it is a Christian institution, are aided by an industrial home, which furnishes cheap, wholesome boarding, and pays regular wages for three hours' work a day. The chief industries are printing, newspaper delivery, dairy, and truckfarm~ng. Spiritually and morally the home has been a decided success.

In the general or academical course, which takes five years, the English language is thoroughly taught. It is made a specialty in the literary or collegiate course, of three years, which prepares the student for the regular theological course. The aim of the institution is to develop Christian leaders, and no man is intellectually fit to be a spiritual leader in Japan to-day who thinks only in Japanese. It is also a fact that our most forceful men in North .Japan are those who have supplemented their training by travel abroad. It is accordingly a part of the mission's policy to send promising teachers or evangelists, who have been tried and found faithful, to America for postgraduate work or observation. It is of course true that scholarly evangelists must live and work under the pressure of a strong temptation to enter the service of the government. As professors, most of them could at least double their salaries. It is doubtful if average American ministers in similar circumstances would show a devotion equal to that of our evangelists in North Japan. And it is debatable if the policy of giving evangelists barely living salaries is the best way to hasten the financial independence of the native Church. At any rate, our experience proves that the English-trained evangelists average highest in practical efficiency.

It is at once the strength and the weakness of the Japanese Church that it is composed so largely of the classes that move about from place to place. It is so hard to reach the old residents who live by the graveyards of their ancestors. Iu many a place the local congregation consists entirely of people who have moved in from other provinces. This is the strength of the Church, because, as in the apostolic age, the seed is widely sown. It is a weakness, because it is difficult to build' up permanent churches with such impermanent materia1. In this may be found the explanation of the fact that the Church is so strong among the Japanese officials and merchants in Formosa, and so weak among the peasants and shopkeepers of North Japan.

In America pastors study how to get the young men. In a church in Sendai we have to be on our guard lest the students come in so fast as to swamp the congregation. Let it not be supposed that it is English that the students want. They want religion. In the spring THE FIRST CHRISTIAN CONVERTS IN A COUNTY WITH 60,000 POPUI.ATION A farmer, his wife, mother, daughter, and four sons. The young man standIng, first became a Christian in Sendal vacation last year the Student's Young Men's Christian Association of Sendai arranged, after the manner of a summer-school, a course of lectures on Christian themes, occupying three hours daily for a whole week. Two hundred and forty students, most of whom came from the public schools, attended these lectures faithfully, and paid for the privilege.

Another straw that shows which way the wind blows is this: there are three daily newspapers in Sendai. The one owned and edited by Christians is now the best and most influential. The Buddhist organ, noted for its readiness to print calumnies about the missionaries, has lost ground, and is now the weakest of the three.

Such evidences of a trend in the direction of Christianity are

cheering, but the stubborn fact remains that the nnmber of self- supporting churches is not increasing rapidly. The seed has been sown and the harvest is ripening. The Christian religion has won the confidence of the best people in the land. But the work of establish- ing churches has scarcely been begun. A more determined effort must be made to reach the permanent popu lation.

In this work we depend mainly on the local evangelist, but he needs to be supported from the base of operations. Frequent visits by missionaries aud professors have the effect of helping to sustain his faith, and strengthen"his hold on the people. His work may need to be supplemented by a traveling evangelist having the special gift of moving people to a decision. Last fall our mission engaged Mr. Kimura, a former student of the college, and afterward a student at Moody's Bible Institute at Chicago, to do this kind of work. In a little over two months he visited forty-seven stations and secured the names of eight hundred and fifty-eight new seekers. 'rhe work is not accomplished by anyone man or through anyone method. Success depends on combining different kinds of agencies. There are at least two country districts in the prefecture of Fukushima in which Christianity has become the dominant religion.

The following incident is instructive. Just a year ago a farmer from West Okitama County, on the west side of the island, came over to Sendai and asked me for baptism. I was amazed, because I had long grieved over the fact that, so far as I knew, there was not a single Christian in his county, the population of which is sixty thousand. He is an earnest, conscientious man, the father of a large family of boys. The oldest, whom he sent to a government college, was ruined and finally put into Lhe penitentiary. The second came to Sendai as a student, and was baptized by me at our East Sendai chapel. It was the admirable conduct of this Christian son that moved the father to wish that all his sons might become Christians. Then it occurred to him that if he wished them to be Ohristians he ought first to become one himself. I found him thoroughly prepared for baptism, and baptized him, warning him at the same time of the difficulty of maintaining Christian faith without the support of other Christians. He and his son have since worked among their neighbors with such zeal that a little congregation of fourteen has been formed. Twenty joined in the celebration of Christmas; there might have been more if there had not been five feet of snow on the ground. This I believe to be a typical case. It is significant that I was advised not to visit , the place until the movement was well under way, because the appear- ance of a foreigner would arouse a strong prejudice against it. But .the missionary, too, has his part in direct evangelistic work. The farmer came to me, not to a Japanese minister, because he wanted the most direct testimony he could get. Without the support of a mis- sionary an evangelist in some instances can not win the full confidence of the people as a reliable exponent of the Christian religion.

A RUSSIAN MISSIONARY AT WORK IN JAPAN' 51'1

A RUSSIAN MISSIONARY AT WORK IN JAPAN* AN ACCOUNT OF BISHOP NICOLAI AND THE PRESENT CRISIS BY REV. J. T. GRACEY, D.D., ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Bishop Nicolai, of Japan, has attracted considerable attention as representative of the Greek Church. As this is the State Church, he receives his support in part, at least, from benevolent societies in Russia. He claims, however, to be of the Greek Church which has its headquarters in Athens and not in St. Petersburg.

Bishop Nicolai is a unique personality. t He is a bachelor nearly seventy years of age, who has been in Japan many years. He came to Japan in 1861, forty-three years ago this June, then being twentyfour years old. He occupies a small house, tho in Russia his rank would be that of the nobility. In this small eight-room house he has his dining-room and study, containing one bed, two chairs, one table, one small chest of drawers, and a few book-shelves. He rises at six o'clock; at half-past seven he begins his day's work, and spends the forenoon in translating. At two o'clock he receives men ou business. From six to nine o'clock he writes letters or translates. 'rhe bishop remains at his duties the year through, never taking a vacation. The Greek Church in Japan was founded by Bishop Nicolai.

A writer in the periodical of the Greek Church says that the mission guards against intruding foreign customs; that they aim to have their work of a purely Japanese type, and carried on by Japanese only, and that Bishop Nicolai is the only foreigner connected with it.

A writer in the Japan Mail enters his strictures on Bishop Nicolai and his methods. He thinks it would be well if all the missionaries had Bishop Nicolai's power of endurance, but they have not, and any attempt on their part to imitate him in this respect, would prove disastrous, and that the lack of sociability and asceticism would be only deleterious, showing abnormal ways which could never become a pattern to the ordinary Japanese. This is an argument which the writer in the Fukuin SMrnpo is in nowise responsible for, so long as he narrates the facts of Bishop Nicolai's personal habits. "His devotion, his self-denial, his untiring industry are ever before us as a model and a stimulus. However poor any of us may be, there is no one poorer than he; however industrious some of us may be, there is no one so industrious as he." It is when the writer compares some other Protestant missionaries with Bishop Nicolai and the results of their course that his special pleading is manifested. Then he lays himself open to the criticism that the social helps of the other missionarie.s * This review of the pOSition of Bishop Nicolai in Japan is of special interest, since the same situation might arise in case the American government:should be at war with a nation were American missionaries are working.-EDITORS.

t We are indebted to Ishi-Kawa Kisamburo, in the Fukuin Shimpo, for the following facts about Bishop Nicolai.-J. T. G.

tJuiy

largely bring home to people's minds and hearts the great truths which they need to teach. There is more than one side to the Greek and Roman churches' view of the necessity of confining church work to the semi-private house-to-house visitation.

The organ of the Protestant Episcopal mission gives Bishop Nicolai's views on the attitude of the Greek Ohurch in the war between Japan and Russia. The less the Japanese converts have to do with politics the better, war or no war, is the bishop's opinion. They have nothing to do with mode of settlement of the issue or of the issue itself, but he thinks the Japanese have but one course open to them: that of manfully taking the side of Japan, nolens volens. Tho many of the Japanese have received their Ohristianity at the hands of the Russians, Russia has become their political enemy, and war is carried on without hatred because they wish to vindicate some principal on which the State insists to save their country from being oppressed by some other State. Personal feeling should not be allowed to influence the combatants. The bishop was, in the early days, suspected of owing allegience to the Russia established church, and therefore in the control of vast sums of money; he had at his back a Ohurch which was ready to spend any amount in ot:der that the Greek Church might be established in Japan. This did the bishop a great wrong, as what money he received was donated not by the government as by a small Russian missionary society, the chief object of which was to evangelize Siberia, a small sum of money being granted to Japan, which has never been increased since.

Under these circumstances Bishop Nicolai was led to give his entire salary to the good of the work. The mission has thus the advantage of $70,000 spent directly on the work. To be sure, the mission has two hundred centers. '1'he money was, according to Mr. Kisaburo, devoted to erecting buildings, publishing books, and salaries of evangelists, all of which are receiving aid from this central fund. The converts now number about twenty-eight thousand. About one-third of the money is spent on schools of various grades. Thus, tho the mission has but one foreign missionary-Bishop Nicolai-he wields more influence than "a hundred ordinary men."

The Russian branch of the Greeek Church in Japan has, with consideral unanimity. decided that Bishop Nicolai should remain in Japan, notwithstanding the open rupture between Russia and that country. 'fhe extreme ethical situation has been solved. The question arose in the minds of some whether the bishop should take Russian money. It was maintained that this was in no sense given by the government,. and it was only the governments that were at war. The people were not giving the money to the mission as Russians. Bishop Nicolai, altho a Russian, has no relation with the government, and is in Japan with the express object of helping to advance the propagandism of

lloW THE GOSPEL CAME TO PANG YENG

Christianity, and the Gospel as its exponent. The Greek Church in Japan is not necessarily the" Orthodox" Russian form, for the Russian Church is only a branch of the Greek Church, and the Czar is not necessarily the head of the Greek Church. .Japanese Greek Church Christians have, therefore, no direct connection with the Russian government.

Such being the case, the bishop need not leave Japan, nor refuse to take money voluntarily given to the work of the Greek Church in Japan. Accordingly, the bishop remains in Japan. He has no concern about being protected by the Japanese government. He prefers to attend to the one business of preaching the Gospel and fostering the growth of the Greek Ohurch.

ON AN EVANGELISTIC TOUII AT KOREA HOW THE GOSPEL CAME TO PANG YENG* BY REV. H. G. UNDERWOOD, D.D., SEOUL, KOREA Some few years ago, during one of the many political upheavels and turmoils in Korea, where the patriot of to-day is the rebel of tomorrow, and in ~urn is apt to be the patriot of the day after, a number of officials were sentenced to banishment for life to various islands on the coast of Korea. Among these was an official who belonged neither to the highest nor lowest ranks, but at the same time one who had not sufficient influence at court to cause his sentence to be commuted. His son-in-law had some time before become a Christian, and had often spoken to his father-in-law of God, of Ohrist, of sin, and of • TIlustrations with this article are from" Fifteen Years Among the Top·knots," by Mrs. Underwood. Amerlcan Tract Society.

salvation. The old gentleman had politely listened to what had been said, but it had really had no effect. On his sentence to banishment, his son-in-law inserted a copy of the Scriptures in his baggage, and the official went down to what was likely to be his lifelong island home. The island to which he was banished is called" Pang Yeng," or "White Wing," and is on the west coast of Korea, about thirty miles from the mainland. It is opposite the well-known county of Chang Yun, where there are several large and flourishing, self-supporting Presbyterian churches, centering round the Presbyterion church of Sorai. After arriving at the island, the official was led to read his Bible, for the sake of passing away the time. It was not long before he became convinced of the truth of what the Bible said, and anxious that this new truth should be known to his new neighbors and to the people of the island. He began to tell them, as fully as he could, of the new religion, of the new faith, of the new hope that he found in the Bible, and he told them that if they wanted to know the truth they would better cross over by boat to the village of Sorai and inquire further from an elder in the church there, named Saw Kyeng Jo. He also told them that they had a number of books that would throw light upon the subject. So, taking money for the purchase of books, some islanders crossed over to the mainland and paid a visit to the church at Sorai. '1'he people of the congregation gladly received them, entertained them as long as they Wflre willing to stay, and, having providud them with books, sent them home. Most earnest were the requests for a teacher. Pressure of work, however, prevented Jo or any of the leaders from going over to the island, but frequent visits to the mainland were made by the islanders in search of more light. GradutOlly a number of believers were gathered together, with the official as their leader.

About two years after the first visit, Elder Saw, with one or two others, was enabled to visit the island. It was the fall of 1899, and a large Ilum ber of the islanders had completed preparatioIls for the annual offerings to the deity that the people believed presided over their destinies. A large amount of food had been gathered together, beer had been brewed, stronger liquor distilled, and a large number of pigs brought together for the sacrifices. All was ready at the time when Jo landed. The few Christians had done their best to oppose the preparations, and they hailed the coming of Elder Saw as of one sent from God. Taking him to the conconrse of people that had assembled for the sacrifices, they besought for him a hearing. This was willingly given by the islanders, and, after a few words of prayer, Elder Saw addressed them in his strong, forceful Korean manner, pointed out the uselessness of what they were doing, and gradually led them to Bee the real sin which they were about to commit. The

HOW THE GOSPEL CAME TO PANG YENG

presence of the Holy Spirit was so manifested that they at once said: "What must we do to be saved?" The beer and liquor was speedily poured into the sea; the pigs that had been proposed as a sacrifice for heathen deities were sold for food, and the money was handed over to the company of Christians as the first funds toward the erection of a church for the worship of the true God. A large proportion at once destroyed every vestige of heathen worship, and asked for instruction as to how they should worship God.

Brother Saw spent a number of days in their midst, instructing them in the truth, and when he returned to the mainland he had seen the beginning of the preparations for the foundation for a Chris- EL)n;R S A.W AND HIS FAMILY, OF SORAI, KOREA tian church, the building committee accompanying him in the boat to make the necessary purchases. It must not be thought that all these people are earnest Ohristians (many of them still are in heathen darkness), but they are feeling for the light. Some have seen a little light and are firmly trusting in the Lord Jesus Ohrist as their Savior, and we believe that He who has begun a good work in them wiII also complete it.

All up and down the coast of Korea there are a large number of islands on which there is a large opportunity for work among the primitive inhabitants. '1'here is a wide door through the length and breadth of Korea to-day, and the Koreans are realizing more and more the uselessness of their old heathen worship; they are feeling after the true God, and it is the privilege of the Church of Ohrist to-day to give this Gospel to them.

THE MISSIONAiW kEV1EW oF' THll: WOkLn

PERSECUTED, YET REJOICING, IN CHINA * BY WILLIAlI COOPER Some years ago I went to a village called Nap.-ts'uen, three days' journey overland from Gank'ing, to visit a few Christians who had been gathered out of heathen darkness through the instrumentality of a Mr. Li, otherwise known as Pelt-fult (Hundredfold-happiness). This man, when engaged in conducting a law-suit in the Prefectural City, heard the Gospel in our hall from Mr. John Reid, and became a follower of Jesus. He abandoned the case in the courts, and returned to his home to preach the Gospel to his relatives and neighbors. God blessed his labora, and a little church was formed there which met in his house for worship.

Another brother and I arrived at his house tired and weary with the long tramp over the mountains, and while partaking of a cup of tea heard from him of the progress of the work and of the sore persecutions which some of the Christians were suffering. At this point a man came running into the house in great excitement, his faee bleeding and tears flowing, and, without noticing us, began to tell Mr. Li his story.

He lived in a village about four miles away, and cultivated a little land on the hillside. He had been attending the meetings for some time, and, altho very poor and ignorant, seemed to be quite sincere in his abandonment of idolatry and in his desire to follow Christ. A well-to-do farmer who lived near by set himself to persecute this man, with the avowed object of making him give up attending the meetings at Mr. Li's house. On coming down from his little plot on the mountain side that day, the Christian had occasion to pass the farmer's house, when the latter came out and reviled him, charging him with having stolen some Food. The Christian denied this charge, and then the lUan struck him. The Christian having learned that Jesus taught his disciples, when they were struck on the right cheek, to turn the other also, followed the injunction, and the man then struck him much harder and cut his face.

Mr. Li tried to quiet him and to make him forget his trouble, but altho he had obeyed the letter of the Word, he was far from obeying the spirit of it, for he was so filled with anger and bitterness at the persecutor that his only thought was revenge. He had run over to Man-ts'uen to urge Mr. Li to gather the few Christian,S together, that they might go back with him in a body and beat the man, so that he would not dare hurt him again. I saw that argument would have but little effect upon him while in that temper, and when praying for guidance the Lord seemed to say to me: "Take him to the Word."

• This paper was written by Mr. Cooper some time before he sealed his testimony with his lliood at the hands of the Boxers in 1900.-EDITORS. Opening a New Testament at Matthew v: 11, 12, !said to him: "You believe this Book, do you not?" " Yes," he said. " Well, then, read what Jesus says in these verses." He read them, and I said: "Does that man revile you?" "Yes, he calls me all sorts of bad names." "Does. he persecute you?" "Yes, every day.'" "Does he say all manner of evil against you? " " Yes; he said I was a thief and stole his wood, and I did not do any such thing." " Then the evil things he charges you with are false?" " Yes." " You are quite sure of that?" "Quite sure." "Then why does he do it?" "Because I am a Christian." "Then it is for Christ's sake?" " Yes." " Well, now, Jesus says when they do these things to you for His sake you are blessed." " But he has no right to do these things to me."· "No, he certainly has no right to do it, but that does not alter the fact that Jesus says when he does those things to you, you are blessed. Now, see the next verse as to your duty in the matter. 'Rejoice and be exceeding glad, for great is your reward in heaven.''' "What!" he said," does Jesus say I am blessed in suffering for His sake, and does He say I am to rejoice? " " Yes," I replied; "Jesus does say you are blessed, and He tells you to rejoice and be exceeding glad."

I never saw such a transformation come over-a man's face as came over his as this trnth seemed to take hold of him; the anger died away, and a sort of heavenly smile appeared, as he again said: "Does Jesus say I am to rejoice? Then I 1vill rejoice," and he gave a jump to express his joy. He went away and washed the blood off his face, and came and sat down quietly for further teaching from the Word.

I said to him: "Well, do you want to beat the man now?" "Oh, no," he replied, "I have no need to do that; I am blessed and i am happy, and all he can do to me will only increase my blessedness." Surely this was the work of the Spirit of God applying His own Word, for it is not a natural thing for it human nature to rejoice in tribulation; but there is power in the wqrd of truth to comfort, and God is able to strengthen us with all might according to His glorious power, unto all patience and long suffering with joyfulness (Col. i: 11).

MISSIONARY EXPERIENCES IN ALASKA BY REV. S. HALL YOUNG, D.D., ALASKA Missionary of the Presbyterian Church In 1879, John Muir, the California naturalist, and myself made our first of several long voyages together. We entered Glacier Bay, where the Muir Glacier is situated, and camped at Taylor Glacier. It is a mile and a half across its front-large enough to hold seven hun- . dred or eight hundred of the mer de glace. Unlike most glaciers, it is advancing more rapidly than it melts. On its way it has inserted its solid plowshare of ice under a granite mountain, and is cracking it into a million pieces, and carrying the mountain bodily to the sea. It has swallowed up a salmon stream, at the foot of which an old Hoona . chief had pitched his camp. He thought that we had some mysteri- ous connection with the strange and powerful god who was near him. He came and asked me to pray to my God to make the mountain of ice stop moving. He said; "Do you see how that great ice mountain is coming down every year like a live thing, and how it is spoiling my salmon stream? Right there used to be a fall in the river, where I would catch my large red salmon, but now my stream is almost spoiled. Last summer I prayed to my god, and sacrificed two of my slaves-an old man and woman-to the spirit of that glacier, but it will not stop. Now I want you to pray to your God and see if He can make that ice mountain go back." He thought no more of mur- dering that old man and wife to appease the spirit of that glacier than an old Jew thought of sacrificing a speep. Four years later we bap- tized that old man into the Presbyterian Church at J unean, and lalgely through his influence Fred Moore, his grandson, has become one of our most efficient native teachers and helpers. When snch results can be obtained, it is worth while to expend money and teachers and missionaries upon those natives. The result of our work in this comparatively short time is this: You can scarcely find a young man or WOluan who has grown up in that Archipelago within the last twenty or twenty-five years who can not read and write and talk the English language. Almost all of them nave made somr urogress in civiljzation, and are at least nominally adherents of the Christian religion.

At Point Barrow, the northernmost point of the continent, four missionaries have been labtp'ing for several years among the ignorant, uncivilized, ill-smelling Eskimos. At Nome, five years ago last autumn, I was seated in my tent on that treeless shore. Nearly eight thousand gold-seekers were camped there; about four thousand of them remained over winter. While we were camped there in the mnd a band of these heathen Eskimos appeared. 'fhose natives of the far northwest are perhaps the most unprepossessing of any of OUr natives of North America, and this was one of the worst of the bands who had never been tanght the first principles of Christianity or of civilization. l'heir presence could be detected when they were half a mile away if they were to the windward. Men and women dressed alike, and were all indescribably filthy, looking and smelling as if they never washed. As their custom was, they lifted up the flap of my tent and stared at me. While I was wondering how I could get rid of those people and the atmosphere they brought with them, two miners came along and stopped to look at them. I heard one say to another; « Jim, look there; do you t4ink them things has souls?"

MISSIONARY EXPERIENCES IN ALASKA

"Well," said Jim, '" I suppose so, tho they don't look it, and if they have, they will have to go to Heaven, sure, for the devil wouldn't have them around."

Three years later I was appointed a commissioner to the General Assembly from the newly organized Presbytery of Yukon, Alaska, and my associate commissioner was Kumia, an Eskimo elder from Point Barrow. Five years ago he was a heathen, living on an invariable diet of seal oil, and knowing nothing of the true God or of the ways of civilization; now he can read and write and speak English, and has made such progress in Christianity that we considered him fit to represent us before the General Assembly. When such results can be obtained in so short a time, it is worth while, even tho preaching to the Eskimo involves the very extreme of self-sacrifice.

Soul-seeking among Gold-seekers But I wish to speak especially of the work among the miners in the camps along the Yukon. In 1897, when the marvelous discoveries of gold became generally known, multitudes of men from all walks of life and from all· parts of the globe hastened to the Klondike. 'rhe peculiarity of that crowd was that not one in ten had ever mined before. They were largely from the cities, plenty of lawyers and doctors and merchants and railroad men and clerks, as well as farmers' boys. It is only thirty miles from Skaguay to the navigable headquarters of the Yukon. But what a thirty miles! Granite mountains crushed into sharp fragments and heaped up, narrow gorges with precipitous faces of solid rock;. glaciers hanging on momltain breasts; threatening avalanches, and above sheer cliffs with glaciers at their base. Half that crowd turned back before they got across the Chilkut Pass.

I landed the last of August, and, after two months of struggle, and by sacrificing more than half of my goods in order to get the other half across the mountain, I reached Dawson.. It was on the 9th of October, 1897, in the midst of a jam of ice floating down on the Yukon for two hundred and fifty miles in zero weather, with a foot of snow on the ground, and in the midst of four or five thousand houseless and homeless men. What a camp that was! What confusion! What ignorance of conditions! Hardly any of those men knew where they would get their gold, or how, but they expected to get it. We could not buy a pound of any kind of provisions for less than a dollar a pound.

Conditions were not very favorable to holding religious !lleetings, but the devil was at work and I could not be idle. I went to every gambling hall, every dance hall, every saloon, every large building in Dawson, asking the privilege of preaching the Gospel there. I was refused everywhere, not because they were enemies, for many had

been my friends years before at Fort Wrangel, but they said that they could not olear out the crowd or keep them quiet. .At last llound an unfinished log house capable of holding about a hundred men, and I paid $850 in cash for it. Two men were touched by the first sermon in that building, and confessed Ohrist at our first prayermeeting. They joined our church at its organization as charter members on confession of their faith.

I will never forget that first Sunday. .At night we had a still larger congregation than in the morning-men not able to find even standing-room. I saw we were going to have great difficulty in lighting that building. Oandles were a dollar apiece and very scarce; kerosene was $20 a gallon. I said to the men: "Now, you will have to help me out in this. Blowout the candle you would have used in your cabin to-night, and light it here." In that way they lighted our buiJding all that winter at a good deal of sacrifice to themselves.

Under those circumstances we commenced our service, but after a winter of work our building burned down, with a loss of a thousand dollars, for which I was responsible. We organized on Easter Day, 1898, the first Presbyterian Ohurch of Dawson, with fifty-nine charter members. To our great pride and joy, seven of those charter members were women, for good Ohristian women were very scarce in the Klondike. The first thing those good ladies did was to organize a Ladies' Aid Society; they gave a supper to payoff the debt, charging the prevailing price, $3.50 a meal. When the rush came in we paid off the debt. We made that church self-supporting, and it has continued a strong, self-supportIng church ever since. We built a church at the cost of $3,000, paying for it; built a hospital at the cost of some $5,000. Then I turned over the mission to the Oanadian Presbyterians, and started the Presbytery of the Yukon. I organized another mission at Oouncil, and that has been in charge of a theological student. At Teller we opened a mission in charge of a good Presbyterian elder until we could get a minister to carryon the work.

But you cau not always measure the effect of preaching the Gospel in Ala,ska or elsewhere by church organizations or even by professions of Ohristianity. There is no people in the world that needs the safe-guarding of precious Iives from all manner of loose morals as in those camps. When the saloon is the only place to congregate, when there is no restraint of law or order, and no restraint of Christianity, men will drift with the tide. How often in our prayer-meeting have men said, with tears in their eyes: "If it was not for this church or this mission, I would be just drifting with the crowd." The Gospel is the only thing that can correct the evils of society and the only thing that can safeguard those precious lives.

We do not need sympathy for physical hardships, but there are trials much greater. All manner of vice marched with that company.

I heard the mine"rs say: "God does not exist here in the Klondike." And by the oaths that sounded from lips unused to them before; by the vast moral loss that many men met with; by the sad fall of many a professing Ohristian into all sorts of vice-by those falls you gauge th.e moral stamina of a man. The saddest part is to see the wickedness of those who have been trained in ways of Ohristianity.

We have many vices there-all the vices and lusts; but of all, I believe the most universal, deadly, dangerous, and soul-killing is that mad lust of gold. I know nearly all the men who "struck it rich" at Bonanza and Eldorado and other rich creeks in the Klondike, and A. HISSIONARY MAKING PASTOlU..L CALLS IN A..LA8XA..

to nine out of ten of those men their gold-dnst has brought nothing but trouble and misery, for they knew not how to get any real good out of it. I knew one young man who was brought up in a Ohristian home, aud who came there a big, stalwart, lovable fellow. 'rhree months later he sold a claim that he had staked for $25,000. In two weeks he had not a cent of it left; one wild spree, and it was gone. A cr~wd of those gambling and confidence men flocked around him, and kept him giving and treating the town, and having, as he thought, "a big time." The outcome of it was attempted suicide as he went back to work for wages on the claim that he had sold.

One thing that impressed me was the futility of a mere secular edncation to safeguard a life from moral failure and ruin. I knew many * Courtesy of Home MiS8ion Monthly.

college-bred men, some of them educated in Oxford and Cambridge, in England, or in Yale, Harvard, Princeton, who are now saloon-keepers, barkeepers, superintendents of a faro table, or the mere hangers-on and stokers for saloons and gambling halls. '1'he worst savages I have ever known-the most filthy, hopeless, irreclaimable savages-were educated, college-bred men from Christian communities. But if the ~an is strong in character, and especially if he has that strength that is from above, he becomes tenfold stronger and more noble in the face of such temptations. No more lovable and admirable men exist any where than the men of those camps in the NOl'th. The hard rubbing that destroys clay, polishes the diamond.

In the rough logging camps, and away up in dark little cabins up those creeks, I have met men ready to discuss any question. The brightest congregation I have ever ministered to and the hungriest for the Gospel was in Alaska. Some of those men come regularly every Sunday from fifteen to twenty miles to hear the sermon. Many of them had not heard a sermon in months, and thousands of men scattered in the wild camps of Alaska have not a chance all winter to hear the Gospel. One old timer, whom I had known seventeen or eighteen years before at Fort Wrangel, said he had not been to church since he saw me last. He came merely for music, but presently he began to be touched; he began to study the Bible; he joined the Bible class; and at last that old" forty-nineI''' got up to give his testimony in the rough language and slang of the camp. He said: "You all know me. I've lived the life of the camps, and I had no thought of what was going to come hereafter. I've been in every camp on the coast, from Oalifornia to the Arctic, and I've had all sorts of luck; but, partners, this is the first time that I've ever struck it real rich." I never knew the joy of service until I experienced the service of preaching the Gospel to those miners of the North.

BENIN. "THE CITY OF BLOOD"

TURNING FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION BY REV. JAMES JOHNSTON, A.T.S., DARWEN, ENGLAND The Oity of Benin, the capital whose government, customs, and superstions were previously identified with those of Ashanti, is seventythree miles inland from the mouth of the Benin River, and has a population of about twenty"thousand souls. In former times the kingdom of Benin, in western Africa, lying between the lower Niger and Dahomey, was one of the many powerful dynasties in West Africa, but is now broken into smaller states of minor importance, while all the coast-line is British, included either in the colony of Lagos or in the Niger Protectorate, which are separated by the Benin River.

BENIN, "THE CITY OF BLOOD"

So recently as the year 1896 the city groaned nnder the most cruel system of barbarism and oppression that the world has probably ever known. Human sacrifices were of daily occurrence, no man's life or property being secure. The favorite form of sacrifice was a horrible one, called" Crucifixion," too loathsome for description. In 1898 the ex-King of Benin, who had just then been taken prisoner, told a British officer that he had always been in the habit of sacrificing his people, even when he wished for rain or dry weather. Happily, these sacrifices and fetish outrages are to-day a thing of the past, the natives enjoying as much immunity from danger as the dwellers in American or British cities.

The present deputy commissioner of southern Nigeria has stated that recently, on it tour of inspection, he was sitting with a numher of chiefs considering assessment cases, and found them willing to unite cordially with the British in everything most conducive to the welfare of their people. This was a picture in striking contrast to that of five or six years ago, when the same swarthy rulers were engaged in committing the most diabolical crimes, and ready to massa')re any white man rather than receive him as a friend. In the government schools-largely supported by the chiefs-the commissioner was much impressed with the aptitude shown by the young native children, their work, on examination. favorably comparing with th/tt done by school children in civilized lands. The natives are evidently contented and prosperous, and had not the crushed, fear-haunted e:xpressson which their countenances bore under the old savage regime.

Trade, according to civilized methods, is developing, and numerous government buildings are visible, erected from bricks made in the locality. In other directions there are signs of immense benefits accruing from British control, especial1y in the shape of order, protection, and liberty, severally evolved from savagery and oppression.

Some extraordinary works of art, which were taken from Benin at the time of the British expedition in 1897, are of unusual ethnological interest, and may be seen in the British Museum. These include three hundred artistically moulded bronze tablets, some two feet in height, dating from the sixteenth century, products of native African skill, yet bearing traces of the presence of Europeans in western Africa three centuries ago. Other relics consist of mammoth ivory tusks, strangely carved, probably two hundred years old, together with bronze vases and curious armlets.

A brighter day has dawned in that densely populated region, where the advantages of civilized rule will increasingly be appreciated among races whose representatives congregate in vast numbers in Benin for purposes of barter and commerce. Missionaries have already begun work here, and much is expected from thair influence.

MISSIONARY MARTYRDOM IN PERSIA * THE MURDER OF REV: BENJAMIN W. LABAREE AND ITS RESULTS [Some brief notes have already appeared in our pages in regard to the murder of the Rev. Benjamin W. Labaree by a fanatical Moslem bandit, Sayid Kafiar, and his band. For two years this" descendant of Mohammed," as sayid implies, has been plundering Christian villages near Urumia. Dr. Cochran and others appealed to the governor last year, on behalf of the poor villagers, and as a result the sayid was put in prison, but was released on demand of his friends. Last fall he murdered Rev. M. G. Daniels, a Syrian who had been eleven years in America and had become a Canadian subject. The British Ambassador took up the case of this murder, and so pressed the governor that he tried to arrest the sayid; but he fled, and his father and brother were imprisoned in his stead. The sayid has been going up and down threatening to kill Christians, and consorting with the wild Kurds in Tergawar. There is said to be another party who shares the responsibility for the murder of these innocent men; this is a Moslem ecclesiastic, who protects the sayid and emboldens the Kurds. The victims are respectively an American citizen, a British, and a Persian subject.

Mrs. Labaree has elected to remain in Persia to work for the salvation of Persian women and girls. Rev. Robert M. Labaree has also come forward to take the place of his martyred brother. Thus, father, wife, and brother will be giving their lives, as Mr. Labaree gave up his life, for those who so greatly need the Gospel in Persia.-EDITORB.] LETTERS FROM MRS. MARY SCHAUFFLER LABAREE * How can I ever write this letter, and where can I begin the story of these awful days? It is only at odd moments that I can write a few words between the calls of our sympathizing friends and the demands of the home, which are greater than ever just now. Thank God that He is fulfilling His promise, "As thy days so shall thy strength be," and is giving Father Labaree and me the needed physical strength for the awful strain that is on us every moment.

The last mail took my letter, telling how Ben had started Friday, March 4, for Khoi, a city three days' journey away, taking as his servant Israil, a good Christian fellow who has bfen in our service for some years, and who was delighted at the idea of this trip.

Monday they reached Khoi, and Ben stayed thereuntil Wednesday, when he started back, as planned. That evening some travelers brought word to Kasha Y ohannan and one of our young doctors that they had seen a body near the road which looked like a foreigner. Kasha started out as early as possible next morning with Dr. Shlemon and government ser- vants. In the road on the pass they found the body of IsraH. They had to search a long time before they came upon Ben in a little valley about two miles away, killed with daggers thrusts, and stripped of his outer clothing. They took the bodies to Ula, and telegraphed to Dr. Cochran.

He happened to be here in the city, and had seen us a few minutes before, and father was most surprised to have him come up to his room. Then they both came down to me, while I was singing with the children, and father told me. Can you imagine how absolutely stunned we were, and how we had to be assured over and over that there was absolutely no mistake in the telegram? . It was only on our knees before God as a stricken family that we could begin to think at all calmly. The *Written to ber family from Urumia, Persia, March 12 and 14, 1904, and rublished by vermission of her father, Rev. H. A. Schaumer, in Wom~n'8 'Work for Wom~n.

MISSIONARY MARTYRDOM IN PERSIA

poor little children-how shall I tell of their grief and their beautiful child-faith? Leonard said, as I kissed him good night, "Mamma, do you remember that verse I found last Sunday, 'I will not leave you com- fortless, I will come to you'? That is good for us now, isn't it?" And little Clara, during a restless night, kept whispering words of comfort, and one time awoke from her troubled sleep with the words, "God knows best, mamma, doesn't He ? "

The news spread like wildfire that night, and when the death-bell tolled from the seminary, people were out on their roofs, lining the streets and filling our yards, all sobbing and mourning. In the nearly seventy years of this mission no foreign-born person has ever been killed in this part of Persia, and all who hear of it are stunned. Yesterday and to-day we have had two hundred and fifty-four calls of sympathy, and this is only the beginning. Hard as it is to see the people, it is a great comfort to feel this universal and heartfelt sympathy. They are all brothers and sisters in this awful sorrow. Conditions in our mission of late years have been such that it seemed as if there were a gulf between missionaries and the people, no matter how they strove against having it so. We have worked and prayed and wept over this, and begged God to show us if we could in any way remedy it. It seems as if He were using this awful affliction to accomplish this end, and for this reason, and others, we would not if we could avoid the strain that these calls involve. Moslems, Armenians, Syrians, Englishmen, French, Russians, and GermtulS vie with each other in expressing their sympathy. The Russian Consul called yesterday to express both privately and officially his deep feeling in the matter. There are no wOl:'ds in the lan- guage to tell the anguish and terribleness of it all, and if there were it would not be right to afflict you with them. I had hoped to be able to have Ben bro.ught to our own dear home once more, but in Persia there is an unwritten law against bringing dead bodies into a city.

When I found how it would probably aggravate the feeling of Moslems against Christians, J felt it was only right to give up our wishes in the matter, and Father Labaree fuUy agreed with me. So they will be taken immediately to the college.

March 14.-We have been laying away the form of our dear one, and you can imagine the strain and fatigue have been very great. .

When we had to send the :Moslem general a full description of the horses and wearing apparel which were stolen, father and I were moved to send word also, begging him not to make this a personal matteI:', or of revenge for a private wrong, but only to do what is necessary for the safety of the community-foreigners and Christians.

Yestel:'day came word that Mr. Shedd would be in, in the afte!'noon.

The Christian population wenitout to meet and do honor to the dead.

Dr. Cochran and Mr. Blackburn went about six miles, and met them at the very spot where they had bidden Ben and his party good-by just ten days befme. All the road was lined with thousands of mourning Chris- tians, one company of Moslem women beating their breasts, another company of Moslem men of this quarter respectfully saluting the cart which bore the two boxes. At the college gate Father Labaree and others met them.

This morning, before eight, we started out to the college. Our Eng- lish servir:e was held in Dr. Cochran's parlor, where so many have been beld in joy and sorrow. Some of the younger Syrian pastorlj

bore the casket up to the college chapel, whither Israil's had already~ been taken.· The chapel could not begin to accommodate those who came; there were benches outside and the yards were full. There were between one and two thousand people present. Ben's modest soul would never have dreamed of such universal mourning for him and such honors paid him. The Syriac service 'Vas conducted by Mr. Shedd, who from the time they were little boys here together, and again fellow students in college, has been to him like a brother. A number of Syrian pastors had been invited to take part, and did so acceptably and beautifully, and the college boys sang, sweetly, "Must Jesus Bear the Cross Alone?" . . .

Israil's brother had begged that the faithful servant be laid by his master in our mission cemetery at Seir, and all the station agreed to this most cordially, and no difference was made between the two in all mat- ters. We had made the one proviso that, if we had the funeral together, his relatives should try to control themselves, and they did so beauti- fully. The old widowed mother sat with head bowed on the coffin all through the service, and the brother crouched by her side, but they were perfectly quiet. As the coffins were being carried out, I sat down on the step by the mother, with my arms around her, and others of the family near, sobbing quietly, till it was time to leave. . The crowds were something tremendous, escorting us down to the river, weeping but quiet, lovingly respecting our efforts at self-control. Many went the whole six miles on foot, and could not be persuaded to turn back.

Crowds from the Moslem village of Heiderloo, below Seir, gathered to greet us as we passed, and many fell in with the procession. The whole village of Seir was gathered at the brow of the hill, and the bell tolled as we came near. The scene at the grave was· very impressive. So we laid them away, till the resurrection day, in that beautiful spot, which I have alwayo considered the most sacred in Persia, overlooking the rich plain of Urumia, the blue lake and the snowy mountains beyond-the land for which my dear one gave his life. As one of the speakers said: "We have many times come to this spot to layaway the faithful workers from a foreign land, but this is the first martyr." And he added, touch- ingly: "Our nation has also given one to be a martyr with him in this service of Christ. " .

God is very close to us, and His help is real and wonderful. As I realize more and more what He is to me, it makes my whole heart yearn to teach these people of this poor, wicked land to know Him.

Miss G. Y. Holliday, of Tabriz, was in Khoi during the visit of Rev.

B. W. Labaree, and two days later went to Salmas, over the same road he traveled. She wrote on March 31: It seems to me that the crucifixion of Jesus was not for six hours only, but that it has been going on for six thousand years from the blood of righteous Abel to this last martyr who has suffered because his deeds were righteous and his brothers' were evil. We can pray for his murderers, "Father forgive them, for they know not what they do."

We know that there are fOUl men on whose brain is photographed a dying scene, on whose ears fell his last words, and we desire that God may revenge his death on them as He did Stephen's on Saul of Tarsusby bringing them to repentance and snatching from the hand of Satan those souls for whom Jesus has died; Tho justice requires their temporal punishment. let it not be an eternal death. I know this is what he would wish, and so we are praying for those murderers. What a loud call this is to the Church to evangelize the Moslems!

1904J EXCITING TIMES IN KOREA

EXCITING TIMES IN KOREA * BY REV. K. E. KEARNS, SUN-CHUN, KOREA Missionary of the Presbyterian Board The town of Sun-chun is in North Pyeng-an Province, one hundred and ten miles north and west of Pyeng-yang city and fifty-five miles southeast of Eui-ju (Vi-jul. The missionaries of the Presbyterian mis- _sion, nine adults and five little children, were the only foreigners north of Pyeng-yang, except the American settlement at the gold-mines of Unsan (Wonsan), ninety miles away, on the east side of the province. The little mission station, established in 1901, rapidly developed work among the Koreans, until at the outbreak of the war there were about five thousand adherents, grouped in over sixty churches scattered throughout the province; Nearly two thousand of these were in the populous magistracy of Eui-ju, which lies along the east bank of the Yalu HiveI'. The people were eager to learn, and the Christian community soon won the respect and tolerance of the heathen population.

About a year ago Russia first began to encroach upon Korea, using the timber concession in the Yalu valley as an excuse. Yongampo, near the mouth of the Yalu, was selected as an advantageous site for a port, and substantial brick buildings were erected.

Being so far from the world and with a very slow mail service, the rumors of approaching war did not effect the little missionary community at Sun-chun seriously. There was always the hope that the question betwen .Japan and Russi,a might be settled without war, and if not, that the fighting would be done in Manchuria and not in Korea. But certain precautions were taken, Orders were left with a larger missionary station at Pyeng-yang for the stoppage of Sun-chun mail and its forwarding by private courier at the first sign of disorganization of the Korean post. If it became necessary to remove the ladies and children, the only means of transportation was by chairs carried by coolies, and the order was left for twenty-four chair-bearers to be sent from Pyengyang to bring down the ladies and children at the first indication of fighting or an uprising near Sun-chun. These precautions taken, all work went on as usual. The Koreans were quiet but somewhat anxious, anda few of the wealthy men began to buy horses in the back country, away from the main road, and get their possessions ready to move out suddenly.

Early in February we heard of the threatened riots in Seoul, and of the coming of the foreign legation guards, and the lawlessness of the Korean soldiers in Pyeng-yang, and the great activity of the Tonghaks in South Pyeng An and 'Vhang Hai provinces. Russian scouts also began to be seen to the west of us, and about February lUth twenty of them passed through Sun-chun and went down the main road toward Pyeng-yang. Many Koreans began to be frightened, and a few moved out. We received a telegram, saying that the United States ~Iinister was alarmed by movements toward the Yalu, and wished American citizens to stop-traveling in the interior, keep together, and be ready to come to a place of safety should war break out. Three days lat.er twenty more Russian scouts went down the road, and the Koreans began to flee to the country. All the roads leading out of Sun-chun were filled with • Condensed from The Korea Review.

the household goods of the people who were hurrying to get their families as far from the main road as possible.

The Ohristian population still held firm, and looked to the missionaries to tell them when it should be necessary to leave. The great event of the year, the annual Bible class, had been scheduled to begin on the 18th. This is a sort of Ohautauqua assembly that brings hundreds of Ohristians from all over the province together for a fortnight of Bible study and conference. In accordance with the policy of going on wi6b all work and doing everything possible to prevent a panic, this class was allowed to convene, in the hope that the war might hold off at least until the conference was over. In spite of the anxious times, a larger number appeared for the opening day than ever before, many coming even from the towns near the Yalu River, on the opposite bank of which a large Russian force was lying, which rumor said would soon cross into Korea. The 18th and 19th were very busy days registering and organizing into divisions the hundreds who had come at their own expense, many from distances of from one hundred to two hundred and fifty miles, all eager to study, and forgetful of the overhanging danger.

Saturday, February 20th, a telegram came, saying that chair coolies had already been sent from Pyeng-yang, and urging that the ladies and children be sent immediately to Pyeng-yang. Hasty preparations were begun, but were stopped in a few hours by the arrival of four hundred Oossacks, who seized houses and prepared to camp for the night. The Koreans were in a panic and fleeing from their homes by scores. The main road was fast becoming deserted. An American woman traveling in Korea requires at the minimum about eight coolies, four to carry her and four to carry her baggage. To move the five women and five children of Sun-chun station to Pyeng-yang would take at least fifty Korean coolies, and if the houses along the road were deserted, how was such a force to be fed? To take food enough for fifty men for a four or five days' march was impossible. And would the Russians let us pass through their lines when we overtook them on the road? And if we succeeded in getting through the Russian lines we were likely to meet the Japanese advance from Pyeng-yang, and a road filled by a marching army would hardly be the route for women and children who wanted to go in the opposite direction. Last and worst of all, with the panic at its height, how could men be bribed or argued into going as coolies? The twentyfoul' professional chair-bearers from Pyeng-yang, if they came through all right, could be 1elied on to go back when the route was toward their own home; but could the rest of the force possibly be recruited in Sunchun for any sum?

The chair coolies arrived on Sunday morning, bearing urgent messages from missionaries in Pyeng-yang. After consultation a narrow mountain path parallel to the main road was selected as a possible route. This side road was longer than the main road and much more difficult, but it was far enough from the beaten track to insure the possibility of getting in to Pyeng-yang without meeting either Japanese or Russian troops in any large numbers, and it was also probable that the people along such a narrow by-way would consider themselves safe and not desert their homes. Ohristian coolies were final!} 'lecured, after much effort. The only condition on which they would go ras that the missionaries who remained behind should attend immedIately to sending their families out iuto the mountains. This was faithfully promised.

EXCITING TIMES IN KOREA

and Monday morning three ladies and one child, escorted by one of the men, started on the difficult trip with ten professional chair coolies, one horse, and a few Ohristian men from Sun-chuan to carry the very small amount of baggage which it was possible to take. This amount was decreased on the journey as coolies gave out or deserted, and their loads bad to be abandoned. By the end of the second day this force had diminished to nine men, two of whom acted for the rest of the trip as chair-bearers, leaving seven men and the horse to carry what was left of the baggage. The missionary walked, and his riding donkey was pressed into service as a baggage carrier.

A second party, consisting of another missionary with his wife and two small children, left at noon on Monday, taking the same road. Notes were left by the first party at all stopping-places for the guidance of this second party. The narrow winding mountain path was made doubly difficult by a heavy fall of snow that lay on the ground. On the third day a Japanese disguised as a Korean, and speaking Korean perfectly, made himself known to us, and told us that the first body offour hundred Oossacks, which we had seen pass through Sun-chun, was then at the very village where we had planned to make our noonday stop. This caused a change of route, by which we passed some distance to the northward of the troops. The change of plan brought us that night to a Tong-hak vil. lage, the inhabitants of which were very hostile to foreigners. Scarcely were the loads off and everybody comfortably disposed, when there was a great uproar outside, and we learned that we would not be allowed to stop. There seemed nothing to do but go on if we wished to avoid tronble. Fortunately there was a moon, but there was no other inn for thirteen miles. The next day we crossed the river half way between Pyeng-yang and Sun-chun, and passed within seven miles of Anju, where the telegraph office had been seized by two hundred Oossacks. For the next two days we traveled parallel with a party of scouts, who were going down the main road on the other side of a mountain range. By traveling late on Friday night we reached Pyeng-yang about nine o'clock.

Saturday night eight Oossacks slept in a village only an hour's ride from the city walls on the main road, and Sunday morning several of them came in sight and exchanged shots with the Japanese sentinels. There was momentary expectation of a battle, and the Japanese Oonsul sent a note to the mission compound to say that he would be glad to receive the ladies within the walls if they felt disposed to go inside the city. There was considerable anxiety about the second party from San· chun, but they arrived safely about noon, having seen nothing of the skirmish, which seems to have been the first exchange of compliments on land, and was reported as quite a battle at the time.

The station physician and family with one other man remained at Sun-chun, in spite of the arguments of their culleagues, who felt that the wife and children ought not to remain. They have been able to help the Koreans greatly in this crisis, and so far have been unmolested by the Russians. They have trusted servants at hand, and a place of refuge prepared should it be necessary to flee suddenly because of a battle at Sun-chun. They are in constant touch by couriers with their brethren in Pyeng-yang, and the departure of most of the station leaves them supplies enough to stand quite a siege. It was originally intended that the two men after seeing the ladies saf@ in Pyeng-yang, should return to Sun-chun to help look after the mission property, but the skirmishing

between and the peremptory prohibition of the Japanese military authorities prevented that.

The first bodies of Russian cavalry were followed soon by a couple of full regiments of cavalry and a small field battery. The general in command rode in a carriage, which caused great amusement to the Koreans. They also brought heavy baggage-wagons. The commissary department bought provisions of the Koreans, but did the buying through their interpreter and the local magistrates, which means that most of the _money lined the pockets of those worthies. The officers took great care to restrain their men and to permit no depredations, but of course there were isolated cases of theft by the Cossacks. When the Koreans understood that the foraging soldiers were unarmed, quite a numbel' of fights occurred, in which the offending soldiers were handled pretty roughly.

The Russians on Korean soil are badly handicapped by their ignorance of the language. Their interpreters take advantage of the people, and the Russians are hated for it. Even their spies, who are paid fancy wages, bring them false reports to alarm them and get out ofthe country. There is very good reason to believe that the first retreat of the Russians was due to lying reports from Korean spies of overwhelming Japanese forces in front. While they held Anju, the telegraph line was kept in repair. As soon as they retreated from Anju, the line was destroyed all the way back to the Yalu River.

SOME LIGHTS AND SHADOWS IN MICRONESIA * REPORT OF A TOUR IN THE MORTLOCK ISLANDS BY MISS ELIZABETH BALDWIN, RUK, CAROLINE ISLANDS Missionary of the American Board The reports which had come to us from the Mortlocks since the Ger- man man-of-war carried four of our Christian young men to Ponape as prisoners had been very distressing, and we were glad of an opportunity to visit them, to carry them anew the precious Gospel message, and to dispel from their minds, as far as possible, the false impressions they ,had received.t Namaluk was made our first stopping-place. It was a sad story there, for almost all of the professed Christians had gone back to the painting of their bodies and the heathen dance, in the hope of attaining favor with the government, and only a very small company were able to sit down with us at our Lord's table. Those who had yielded to the temptation to deny their Lord were very desirous of still being counted Christians and of partaking with us·the emblems of his broken body and shed blood; but we were all of one mind in telling them that this could • Condensed from The Missionary Herald. t Last October, Mr. Stimson. Mr. Jagnow, Miss Elizabeth Baldwin, and the native preacher, Moses, with six native teachers and their wives, embarked on The Vine for the tour of the Mortlock group. The hearts of the missionaries had been greatly burdened with reports of defections on the part of teachers and church-members. Word had been diligently passed among the islanders that the German authorities were opposed to our missionaries, and desired that the heathen practises in which they had indulged should be resumed. These reports were easily believed, because they,were in the line of the depraved tastes of a large nuinber of the natives.

SOME LIGHTS AND SHADowS IN MICRONESIA

not be allowed until there was evidence of repentance and the putting away of former things that they might be the true children of God.

We anchored off Satoan, October 13. Pilli, the teacher here, was accused of having fallen into sin, and had gone to his home at Lukunor. So far as we could learn, the people had not relapsed into heathenism, as at Namaluk, and but three church-members were disciplined. Action was deferred in reference to a teacher for this station until we had opportunity to see Pilli. Shortly after dinner the following day the vessel anchored at Rutu, and we went on shore iQ.lmediately. There was a large number of people gathered to greet us, and we were delighted to find the work here in so good condition. The other islands had urged these people to join them in returning to the old ways, but they had replied that they would" stand by the Book." At the communion service the next morning thirteen children were baptized, a new deacon was elected and set apart to fill the place of the one who had died during the year, and seven were received into church-membership. Of the seventynine children baptized' at this station last year, only one had died, and the Christians had been, as a rule, faithful.

There was a very hearty welcome awaiting us at MatI' when anchor was cast there. The following day, Sunday, communion was administered in the morning, a large number partaking. Eight children were baptized and two new deacons were set apart to assist in the work, as two of the deacons are invalids. In the afternoon Mr. Stimson introduced Puenan to the people, and spoke to him from Paul's words of advice to Timothy.

From Motr we returned to Satoan, as Pilli the teacher had come on board the vessel at Rutu. The woman who accused him was called, and before the chief, deacons, and ourselves told her story, which we all believed to be true, altho Pilli denied it. The people were very desirous of having a teacher with them, so Amon and his wife Alis were brought from the ship and presented to them at a public service.

Ta was the next station visited, and many discouraging features were found in the work there. Three of the teacher's sons, young men, had all gone astray during the year, and so had m~ny of the other churchmembers.

Lukunor was reached at noon the following day, and we had a very cordial reception. We had heard some very unfavorable reports of the teacher and the work here, but almost all of these were denied as false in our presence, and for lack of sufficient proof to the contrary we accepted their word. A similar experience awaited us at Oniop, the other station in the Lukunor lagoon; a very fair face was made before us, and few church-members were disciplined at either place. Some days later we learned that these two teachers had deliberately planned to deceive us and escape the discipline exercised at the stations first visited. They called the people together and made them promise not to reveal the true state of things, and to deny all charges brought against them. The chiefs at Lukunor had urged that the truth be told, but the others prevailed. A letter was sent back to these teachers, reproving them for leading their people into sin, urging them to full repentance and confession of their guilt, and warning them to beware lest while teaching others they themselves be cast away.

On Tuesday morning Pis was reached, and we were glad to find that Ezra and Beulah, the young teacher and wife who were left in charge of

this station last year, had been faithful in their work, and the people had not relapsed into heathenism, as at other places. Fourteen were received into church-membership. At Losap also the work was in very good condition, considering the fact that they were left without a teacher shortly after our visit last year. and the services had been kept up by one or two of the Christian young men of the place. Three men here united with the church.

But what shan we say of Nama, the last station visited? Formerly one of the most promising, it is now almost utterly given over to spirit worship and the deeds of darkness that accompany it. Even Allik, the teacher, who was faithful for so many years, has yielded to temptation, and not only left his people without reproof for their sin, but entered with them into it. His wife has become since our visit last year a raving lunatic, or a demoniac, and it seemed to us that the latter statement most clearly fits her case. One deacon, who had been faithful, met us as we landed and greeted us. He was soon fonowed by Charlie and Maria, formerly teachers at one of the stations at Ruk, who had also stood firm in the terrible tide of temptation which has swept over these islands. While service was being held in the church the mutterings of the people engaged in spirit worship in houses near by could be heard. Yet even here there was the little company who could sit down with us to celebrate our Savior's dying love in giving Himself for us. The teacher, Allik, was dismissed, and the church left in the care of the deacons and the Christians, as we had no suitable teacher with us for that station.

I hope that these reports may in no way lead to discouragement, but rather to more earnest and prevailing prayer. One needs to have lived among these people to understand how great the temptation has been to return to those former heathenish practises which unprincipled men have taught them to believe would give them favor in the eyes of "the powers that be."

A .. MISSING LINK"-" THE LIVING LINK"

BY DAVID M'CONAUGHY Forward Movement Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions In dealing with the question of the relative advantage Or disadvan- tage of assigning "specific objects" to churches, societies, and indi- viduals contributing to the support of the work of missions, an ounce of actual experience is worth more than many pounds of mere theory. With a view to getting the benefit of such experience, the pastors of one hun- dred Presbyterian churches where the Specific Object plan has been in operation for periods ranging from two to thirty years, were recently asked for "a frank opinion as to the advantage or disadvantage of the plan." The letter included a series of questions as to the methods em- ployed and the effect. Of eighty-two detailed replies received, an over- whelming majority pronounce emphatically in favor of the plan. Only six speak with any uncertainty as to the effect, altho in everyone of these instances, as in the others, contributions have been very substantially in- -creased in consequence. Careful consideration of each of these situations shows that whatever f.ault there is, lies not so much in the plan as in the working of it. One pastor replied: "Our church supports a missionary in China, but I really can not recall his name." No. 1 has no committee

A "MISSING LINKB-"THE LIVING LINK"

and has helU'd from the missionary only .. occasionally, but could wish that these letters were more frequent." No.2 has no committee, no monthly missionary meeting, no correspondence with the field (except between the women and their special representative); lit.tle wonder the effect is said to be .. comparatively small one way or the other, except in cuse of the women." No.3 has no committee, no meeting, and correspond- ence is weak; "in the pressure of other work, have not made as much of the relation as we might, and still hope to do." No. 4 leaves the matter to the Session, and maintains but a very intermittent correspondence; believes in the Specific Object, "but it does not create as much enthusiasm as expected, altho it has by no means failed." No.5 says nothing of a committee, or a meeting, or of any correspondence, but the pastor ad- mits that the arrangement has been too much his own and "amounted to little because the church as a whole had but little interest in the mat- ter" ; $1,000 goes to the board annually, besides $1,000 from one indi- vidual, but there has been no general plan of individual, systematic con- tributions for the purpose; think .. the idea a good one, but it must be brought home to the hearts of the congregation, and this rests with the pastor." No.6 has no committee, no meeting, and infrequent correspond- ence; believes that .. all our missionaries do noble, self-denying work, and most of them successful work, but very few of them either by per- sonal address or by correspondence can tell of their work in a way to interest the uninterested."

Of fifty-seven emphatic testimonies to the advantages of the plan, space will admit of only a few: Washington, D. C. (Metropolitan).' "Weare very decidedly of the opinion that it has been an excellent step for our church; it has undoubtedly stimulated interest in the church and in the cause of Foreign Missions, has almost doubled the gifts made to this object, and at the same time has increased, rather than diminished, the gifts to other objects. It is also a stimulus to our missionary to know that a body of praying and giving Christians in this country are directly and specially interested in him and his work."

Oakland, Cal. (Union Street): .. Our substitutes are a constant inspiration. Our Foreign Missionary gifts have increased one hundred fold -from $12 to $1,226. At the same time, the gifts of our Woman's Society (in addition to the above) have· steadily increased from $250 to $400 a year."

Monte Vista, Col. (contributing $1,080 a year): "It has made a missionary church of what was before an indifferent church. The reflex effect is great, and, what is best of all, we obey our Lord's last command-' Go ye.' "

St. Louis, Mo. (Washington and Compton Avenues): "Our entire Bible-school is organized into a missionary society, and each class selects a special missionary each year to pray for and to write a letter to. It is done with great pleasure, and the letters are read to the class and to the society. We raised $3,300 for these missionaries last year, and we hope to do more."

Clearfield, Pa. .' "When the plan was first taken up, many feared that gifts to other objects would be diminished, but the effect has been quite the reverse: all gifts have been more than doubled, and we have now our Home missionary, as well as Foreign."

New York City (Rutgers): "The effect of the Specific Object plan is most stimulating, the people feel the personal element, missions are less abstract in their minds, they feel specific responsibility for one field, while at the same time their sympathies are quickened for all fields. Our aim is to raise as much as we need for the Specific Object, and at least as

much more for the general field. We are and will continue emphasizing the general field, our own Special Object being only a more luminous point on the field."

It is interesting to note that of these eighty-two churches, twentysix have definitely entrusted their missionary enterprise to a committee appointed by the Session, in most cases consisting of members of the Session; fifty-four maintain a monthly ulissionary meeting; sixty-seven are in constant correspondence with their representatives abroad, the letters from the field, in most cases, being read from the pulpit, and in nine instances published either in the church bulletin, or year-book, or in local newspapers.

Cumulative experience extending through year, in churches of all sorts and sizes, in city and country, serves to show beyond reasonable room for doubt: (1) That there is throughout the Church a wide-spread lack of interest in Foreign Missions, especially among the men, to the great majority of whom" Foreign Missions" are foreign indeed.

(2) That one of the reasons for the lamentable lack of interest is the lack of information.

(3) That the lack of information is due in a large measure to a lack of definiteness-both as to the purpose I1nd expectation of accomplishing what has been undertaken, and also in the plans for awakening and maintaining interest. The subject of "Foreign Missions" is so broad that most people are either too busy or not sufficiently intelligent to take in a generalization so broad as to embrace all sorts of work among all kinds and conditions of people throughout the greater part of the inhabited earth. Only here and there can be found those of such breadth of both intellect and sympathy as to grasp "the world "-to begin with, at least. And if so large a demand is made upon them; in nine cases out of ten they will give it up without even attempting to take it in. Until the subject is brought down out of the clouds and reduced to the feasible proportions of a concrete proposition, it will inevitably continue to be a vague abstraction to the great majority of church-members.

(4) The lack of definiteness can be obviated by the adoption of a consistent and well-concerted plan, which will afford a point of contact with the field-a" Living Link" between the work at the front and the constituency at home.

Is there need of argument to prove: (a) That it is of the very nature of knowledge to grow from the known to the unknown.

(b) That the natural order is, inductively, from particulars to generals, and from generals to the yet broader generalization, rather than conversely.

Then why not proceed in accordance with these well-established principles in order to develop interest in missions: (1) Concentrate interest, to begin with, at a given point, always of course with a view to diffusion.

(2) By a process ofeducation, carefully planned and steadily sustained, intensify the interest, until it hecomes intelligent and hence permanent; then gradually extend it out to the" uttermost parts? "

EDITORIALS

EDITORIALS Christian Work at the St. Louis Ex- visit the slums to save girls from position ruin. There is a training-school for unfallen girls, and a rescue There are always innumerable home for the unfortunates to whom dangers to body and soul in con- help has not come soon enough. nection with a great concourse of Shall the zeal of evil men and wo- Qj30ple bent on pleasure-seeking, men in their hellish business out- such as is gathering at St. Louis strip the zeal of God's children in this summer. Thousands of human lions are going about seeking whom doing the work of .Jesus Christ? * they may devour, and spare neither toil nor money in their effort to Missionary Work at St. Louis make their traps attractive and sure of success. Some statements Various other agencies are enhave been made through the press concerning a ,. Vice Trust" to lure gaged in more or less active propayoung girls and men to their ruin. ganda in connection with the differ- While this is denied, it, is neverthe- ent classes of people at the Expoless true that many hidden dangers lurk in the path of young people sition. A missionary from North who are unguided by parents or Africa has been delegated to spend guardians. his furlough in work among the The Christian public has not been unmindful of these conditions, but the Mohammedans who are ema more widespread interest should ployed on the Pike and elsewhere. be taken in the work which a few are doing to counteract the allure- .Jewish missionaries and others will ments of the devil and his friende. also devote time to work for the Among the agencies seeking to special classes whose salvation they overcome these evils are the seek. The Baptist churches of St. Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Ass 0 c iat io n s, Louis are prepared to hear the exwhich stand ready to direct appli- penses of an evangelistic campaign cants to suitable hotels and board- among the .Japanese for four ing-houses. They have a great opportunity to do effective work, both months. in prevention and redemption. These are movements of the An organized rescue work for greatest importance, and call for women and girls is carried on under the supervision of Mrs. E. M. Otto earnest prayer that many souls (2813 Lucas Avenue, St. Louis), the may be saved and permanent im- Purity Superintendent of the District W qman's Christian Temper- pressions made on the thousands of ance Union. Mrs. Otto writes that there is great activity among keep- visitors from heathen lands. There ers of disorderly houses, and that are Indians, Eskimos, Ohinese. Filishe and her trained workers, connected with" The Hephzibah Res- pinos, and others, including from cue Home," are greatly hampered by lack of funds. Besides the phy- 2,000 to 4,000 .Japanese, whose sicians and other work;ers at the Central Home, there are six who spiritual needs should receive Christian care. * Home Missions and the Exposition It was a happy thought-an in- spiration-which has led to the call for a great Christian celebra- tion in St. Louis, October 29th, 30th, and 31st. The Louisiana Pur- chase doubled the national area and gave us our great field for home missionary work. Millions of dollars have been spent, and thousands of lives have been given

to establish God's Kingdom in this the editor-in-chief of this REVIEW. great territory. The country can So intense was the interest exhib- never repay what it owes to the ited that over 2,000 people were pioneer home missionaries, whether turned away, unable even to gain they be famous for great feats, like entrance into the hall. It was this that of Marcus Whitman, or ob- association that organized the two scure laborers who have merely courses of lectures delivered in the lived in poverty, doing faithful winters of 1903 and 19()4. by t~ work among farmers, cowboys, editor. These lectures were lumbermen, and miners. As a re- crowded out of the lower hall after sult of their labors more than 30.- the first of the course, and the great 000 Protestant churches, with over upper hall has been well filled every 2,000,0000 communicants, have been Friday night with an audience apestablished at the cost of $70,000,000, proximating 3,000. schools and colleges have also been erected, and some of our finest The Outlook for the Papacy citizens come from the West. A splendid program is being arranged The recent conflict between for the Home Mission celebration. France and the Vatican, due to the Dr. Charles L. Thompson is the visit of President Loubet to the chairman and Dr. Joseph B. Clark King of Italy and the arrogant pretensions of the Pope, call to the secretary of the committee. * mind various facts which tend to alarm many Protestants in this Sixty Years of the Y. M. C. A. and other countries. For example, the advances of the papacy in On April 29th, at Exeter Hall, in Great Britain are proceeding with London, the Central Young Mens' amazing rapidity, and the public Christian Association, which was indifference to this is equally formed in London in 1844, cele- amazing. The increase of conbrated its sixtieth anniversary, or vents and monasteries is said to be Diamond Jubilee. It was a great tenfold within comparatively a occasion, and Sir George Williams, few years, and the boldness of the founder of the association, these Romanists, or Romanizers, in presided. It is very unusual for a their advance is astonishing. man to be permitted to see 60 years of the progress in an organi- Meanwhile, however, papal zation begun by himself. countries are more active in oppo- sition to papal measures than pro- This association started with 12 fessedly Protestant countries like members, with themodestexpendi- Great Britain. The Italian govture of 2 shillings and 6 pence (30 ernment recently gave notice that cents) weekly for rent. The work the laws for the suppression of respread, first of all, to Montreal, ligious congregations would be Boston, ~.rew York, the Continent rigorously applied. This, of course, of Europe, aIid elsewhere, until refers to the expUlsion from now there are over 7,5(10 branches }<'rance, and the possible invasion in every part of the world. The of Italy, of exiled monks and nuns. total value of buildings is reckoned But, strange to say, the whole of at £6,000,000 ($30,000,000). and the England is open to them, and they membership is over 650,000. are not slow to enter the open door. The jubilee meeting was addressed by th(l president, th(l gen- Great changes have taken place eral secretary, Mr. J. H. Putterill, in the power and extent of the the Archbishop of Canterbury, and papacy. Once all Europe was

19041 EDITORIALS

papal, except tha,t which held to viduals to indicate the placing of the Greek Church. Now in the their gifts, for any general adop· west, the center, and the north tion of this plan might mean the are governments opposed to the failure to keep the machinery run· pope. No Protestant country has ning, and the neglect of less pictur· become papal, a~d there is a great esque and encouraging fields and change relatively. features of the work. Some also Now, France, once so powerful argue that, in obedience to Christ, an ally to the Pope, seems about to we should give as largely as pos- become Protestant; Spain and Por- sible to the general work, and tugal, formerly the great defenders should not wait for particular ap- of Romish faith, are in their decad- peals to untie the purse-strings.

ence; Italy, the citadel of the pap- But who shall say that the desire acy, is becoming more and more to help an individual whose need is free from papal dominion; Austria known is less noble and Christlike is shorn of her strength, and Po- than the response to a general ap- land, once expected to win back peal, where the gifts can not be Sweden and subdue Russia, is no traced to their destination r The more a separate nation. matter of special-object giving may England, Prussia, Russia domi- easily be overdone, and has its dis- nate Europe, and Rome is the capi- advantages, but, to our mind, it has tal of united and free Italy! The been a great blessing in bringing temporal power of the Pope has Christians in the home churches long been a fiction, and his eccle· into more vital touch with the siastic power is on the wane. workers in foreign fields. Hun- drE'ds of churches have increased Special Objects and Special Interest their missionary offerings tenfold We give. this month, the story of in making a change from gE'neral another of those churches which is an example of what may be done to special-object giving. This indiby a band of Christians who are aroused to a sense of their personal cates not less loyalty to the cause obligation to obey our Lord's Great Commission. The Central Presby· in general, but more knowledge of terian Church is only one of a number of churches that have ex· some field in particular. To secure perienced the blessed results at home from taking a definite, act- generous gifts we must add to the ive, and large interest in the extension of Christ's Kingdom abroad. spirit of Christ a definite knowl- The larger giving in these churches is almost always the result of spe. edge of need. It is our belief that cialization in the support of a par· ticular missionary pastor or sta· if our missionaries and our secretion. taries would tell more definitely of Some secretaries of mISSIOn boards and others are convinced the special needs on the field, and that this extensive special-object giving is a mistake, and that the depend less on general statements boards should be trusted with the distribution of the money contrib- and cries of ., debt," there would uted. There are certainly some disadvantages in permitting indio never be a deficit.

In our May number we published the picture of pariah villagers in India coming to plead for a Chris- tian teacher. Immediately there came offers for assistance in send- ing and supporting a teacher. We are thankful to say that these vil- lagers have now a teacher; but their case is typical of multitudes who are Fsking for instruction in the Christian faith, and whose need can not be supplied because of overdrawn treasuries and over- worked missionaries. Let us give systematically and generously, and then follow up our gifts with our prayers and a definite study of the needs of particular fields and indi- viduals. ..

BOOKS FOR THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY THIRTY YEARS IN MADAGASCAR. By Rev. T. eral treatise on conditions in the T. Matthews. Illustrated. 8vo, 384 pp. 68. Religious Tract Society, London. West and Southwest, Dr. Morris' 1004. book is one of the best. Altho he The story of Madagascar is one of the most thrilling and romantic is secretary for Home Missions in in the annals of missions. The main facts are familiar to many, the Presbyterian Church (south). but the specific details which show the darkness of heathenism, the he has considered the subject fidelity of missionaries, and the heroism of early Christians are too broadly, so as to include city mislittle known. Mr. Matthews, of the London Missionary Society, sions. mountaineers, negroes, Mextells this fascinating story most graphically, having gathered much icans, Indians, frontier missions, of his informa,tion from ea,rly native accounts. No fiction could etc. There is not much definite hold the reader more spellbound than this sitnple, straightforward information as to the work already narration of facts. When the missionaries came, they found no word accomplished (except where the for moral purity in the language, and the king was in the habit of Southern Church is concerned), but proclaiming days for the unrestrained practise of licentiousness; much is said as to the character of some of the early Christians were burned at the stake, buried alive, the fields and the problems inrolled over the precipice, stoned or speared to death. The Bible was volved. The negro question is translated, however, before the missionaries were expelled, and thoughtfully treated from a this was a means of keeping the Church alive. French rule has not Southern point of view. and the been favorable to Protestant missions, but the Jesuits are not, ap- first great need is rightly held to parently, growing ih power, and the outlook is full of promise. It be spiritual regeneration. * is well for Christians to read this book, that they may realize more THE REDEMPTION OF THE RED MAN. By Belle fully how much they owe to Christ M. Brain. 16mo, 146 pp. 35 cents. and how little they are called upon to suffer for Him. OUR MEXICANS. By Rev. Robert M Craig. 16mo, 102 pp. 35 cents. Board of Home AT OUR OWN DOORS. By Rev. S. L. Morris, D.D. 12mo. 268 pp. $1.00, net. Fleming Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. H. Revell Co. 1904. S..A., New York. 1904.

Books on home missions are be- These two little volumes supply coming more numerous, and while no successor has yet been found to compact and useful information on take the place of "Our Country," several recently published are of two important phases of honie real value and interest. For a gen- mission work.

Miss Brain, who writes on the red man, is already well known for her timely contributions to mis- sionary literature. She gives here an account of Presbyterian mis- sions to the Indians of to-day. with many incidents and facts connected with this work of God. The story of the Nez Perces is one of the romances of missions, and the Pen- tecost among the Pirnas is less known, but not less inspiring.

Many of the chapters are so brief as to make the additional refer- ences indispensible.

Mr. Craig is a synodical mission- ary in the Southwest, and writes with a first-hand knowledge of work among the Mexicans. He tells many interesting facts about them and the results of Christian missions. *

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE AMERICA Aldin Grout and Josiah Tyler, of World-wide The Ohristian En- South Africa; Joseph Hardy Nee- Christian deavor Society has Endeavor in the United States sima and Otis Oary, of Japan. The 44,360 societies and class of 1870 furnished 7 mission- 2,661;600 members. It has societies in Alaska, Oanada, Mexico, the aries. The largest number (35) W est Indies, Oentral America, South America, Hawaii, the South have labored in Turkey, but 18 Seas, Australia, Japan, Ohina, Korea, India, Siam, Bur m a h , fields have received light from the Persia, Turkey, Madagascar, and throughout European countries. It sons of Amherst. * is organized in the church, home, army, navy, prisons, factories, A School of The New York Forschools, business houses, and wher- Practise for eigners' Mis s ion, ever there are young people to re- Missionaries which works among spond to its methods and purposes. various races in World-work Rev. Louis Meyer, lower New York, proposes to util- for the Jews one of the editors ize its field to give experience to students who are preparing for the of the Jewish Era, mission work at home or abroad. publishes in the May number of The plan of this Missionaries' Exthat magazine "A Review of the perience School offers a course in Whole Jewish Field," and in a table the actual work on the field, varygives these figures: ing from class work in the missions through all the forms of evangel- ~t istic work on the street and in the COU}I.'"TRIES .~ ~ neighborhood. The course pro- posed is to be supplementary to o~ other well-known missionary and ———-1– —- Bible training-schools, and yet 1. Great Britain ……….. . 38 628 139 open to persons of fair education 2. Germany …………… . 17 19 9 and considerable knowledge of the 3. Switzerland ………… . 2 3 3 Bible who may not have taken a 4. France … , ………….. . 1 4 3 missionary COurse elsewhere. Some 5. The Netherlands ……. . 3 5 3 special courses, not taught else- 6. Scandinavia ………… . 5 15 9 where, will, however, be covered, 7. Austria-Hungary……. . 1 1 1 such as a kindergarten course, vocal 8. Russia ………………. . 3 8 2 and instrumental music, physical 9. Africa ………………. . 3 3 3 culture, etc. The lines of work 10. Asia ………………… . 7 15 7 proposed will include street preach- ing, courtyard work, colportage, 11. Australia ………….. .. 1 ……….. . tract distribution through streets 12. America……………. .. 37 140 88 and tenements, Sunday-schools, Gospel meetings, inquiry meetings. Totals…………….. 118 836 217 and Bible classes; also teaching of the English language in night- Missionaries We have received a schools for adults, teaching in sew- from Amherst list of 139 graduates ing, physical culture, carpentry, etc., such as may be needed ill in- College of Amherst Oollege, stitutional church work.* who have served as * Students wishing to prepare for the mismissionaries in the foreign field since 1823. Among them are such sion field are invited to correspond with th~ men as Elias Riggs, Henry J. Van Lennep, and George Washburn, of New York Foreigners' MiSSion. 21 MottStreet, Turkey; Daniel Bliss. of Beirut; New York City, N. Y.

Work of the The Christian and by both races, and is for the good Missionary Missionary A I I i – Alliance ance reports an in- of each. come of $219, 642 last 3. The political power of this sec- year, which was better than ever tion will remain in present hands. before by near $10,000. The income Here, as elsewhere, intelligence from the foreign field was $34,032. and wealth will and should control Over 800 were baptized, making a total of about 3,200. The number the administration of governof new missionaries sent out was mental affairs. 27. 4. The great body of the negroes Southern The Southern Bap- Baptist Success tist Convention has are here to stay. Their coerced colonization would be a crime, and work inC h ina, their deportation a physicalimpos- Japan, Africa, Italy, Mexico, Bra- sibility. And the white people are zil, and Argentina, carried on by less anxious for them to go than 6:3 men and 75 women from America, in cooperation with 68 ordained they are to leave. They are natives and 147 unordained natives. Last and not intruders. year 2,076 were baptized, 1,255 in papal and 821 in pagan realms. The Methodists An exchange says: income (as well as the ingathering) was the highest ever secured, reach- Refuse a " The Board of Foring $247,630. Bequest eign Missions of the A Methodist At a recent educa- Methodist Episco- Bishop on tional convention pal Church has declined the be- the Negro Bishop Galloway, quest of $80,000 made in the will of of the Methodist the late W. W. Cooper, of Ken- Church, South, said the fact could osha, who lost his life in the Ironot be disguised that in his State the negroes, even the most intelli- quois Theater disaster. It is undergent and conservative, were becoming disheartened at the increasing stood that the reason for this hostility of the whites toward action was 'because Mr. Cooper them, and that those holding prop- met his death in a place of amuseerty felt that their values were in- ment not countenanced by the secure. He declared that a crisis Church.' In his letter to the was at hand, and if the negroes should be driven away industrial county clerk at Kenosha, declining disaster would follow. The first the gift, Dr. A. B. Leonard, secreduty of every Southern patriot is to remove these strained relations. taryof the board, gives no reason These things, he said, may be con- for the action, but says that the sidered as finally settled: decision was unanimous. The re- 1. In the South there will never fusal has caused a sensation in be any social mingling of the races. Methodist circles. Mr. Cooper was Whether it be prejudice 0,' pride of a leader in the church, and was one race, there is a middle wall of par- of the founders of the Epworth tition which will not be broken League," down. .. 2. They will worship in separate A Baais for President William churches and be educat~d in separate schools. This is alike desired Agreement on De Witt Hyde, of the Negro Bowdoin College, Question – Maine, offers the following platform as a basis for an agreement between the N.orth and SO,uth on the negro questIOn: The differoncfls between the races are deeper than the skin, and must find expression in the relations be- tween the races.

The identities between the races are even deeper than the differ- ences, and must be recognized in the enactment and execution of law.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

The treatment of the negro that appreciation of Southern conditions is possible and desirable in sections which ar~ represented by the Gen· eral Education Board. of the country where negroes are Federal aid to education in the few and exceptional, differs from South must wait until local taxa- the treatment that is necessarv and inevitable where all sorts o"f tion prepares the way for it, and negroes are present in l&,rge num- until the sentiment of the South bers. asks for it and guarantees its equi- Suffrage is not the right of any table division between the races. race as a race, but of those indio Then it must come, not as an im· viduals of any race who are able to position or a charity, but as an act exercise it with intelligence and of justice, by which the nation as a responsibility. whole bears its part of a national Granting the suffrage to thrift- burden which otherwise would fall less and illiterate negroes was the disproportionately upon a single gigantic blunder of the North; section.-The Outlook.

withholding the suffrage from in- The New The new mission- telligent and responsible negroes " Morning ary vessel for Miwould be an even greater blnnder, if generally adopted by the South. Star" cronesia, which has Punishment of brutal crimes com- been purchased by mitted by members of one race the American Board, is to be caled against members of another race must be swift, sure, and severe; by the time honored name: Morn- but the protection of white and ing Star. Her length is 140 feet, black alike demands that such punishment be by due process of law. over all, and 30 feet beam; her Segregation in school, church, draft is 9Yz feet, and her tonnage is and society, wherever the negroes 403, net. She has 2 masts, and can are numerous, is in the interest of racial integrity and racial progress. readily steam 10 knots an hour.

Industrial opportunity must be Hundreds of Sunday-schools have open to the negro of trained and approved efficiency. sent pledges, but there are liter- Wherever adjustment between ally thousands of Congregational the races is difficult, and relations schools still to be heard from. A are liable to be strained. there must be the greatest practicable restric- school in Arizona, numbering 80 tion of the sale and use of intoxi- pupils, has taken 350 shares. A cating liquors. large American flag has been fur- Outspoken condemnation of il- nished by the school in Newton licit intercourse between the. races as the lowest depth of degradation Center, Mass. The students of must be visited upon guilty white Wellesley College have furnished a men and negro women by all decent fine collection of books for the people of both races. White and black alike must have library. The vessel is still in want thorough elementary education, of a small safe, a set of carpenter's with industrial or normal education for such as can profit by it, tools, a marine glass, a compass, and academic and collegiate educa- and a flat-top desk. * tion for those who are to be leaders Jewish The report of the of their respective races. Mission in year1903,thetenth The North must appreciate the Toronto year of the life of tremendous burden such education. this mission, has involving as it does a double school just been published. It shows that in spite of small meanG-only $931 system, lays upon the resources of was the total income-excellent work has been done. he number the South, and honor the splendid of Jews in Toronto is 3,000, accordefforts that the leaders of educa- ing to the Jewish Year-Book, many tion in the South are making to of whom are igilOrant and very poor. As in all other Jewish misbear it. sions, the help which educational Northern philanthropy, in its aid to Southern education, must subordinate all abstract and senti- mental considerations to that ac- curate knowledge and sympathetic

work gives to the real mission months of closest fellowship with Livingstone on Lake Tanganyika, work is acknowledged. The whole he caught the missionary spirit and never lost it. As the allreport is hopeful, and records the sufficient and most impressive evi- dence of this fact, his days of resicontinued willingness of the Jews dence with King Mtesa, of Uganda, are to be recalled., and his talk on to hear the glad tidings of salva- Christian themes which led to a request for Christian teachers to be tion in Jesus Christ. M. sent. At once also Stanley wrote his famous letter addressed to the The Greek On the Tundra we British churches, and containing a Church have come in con- ringing appeal, and which led with- in a few days to an offer from each Mission in tact with the Greek of two men of £5,000 to the Church Alaska Church. The Greek Missionary Societ,y to assist in es- priest from the tablishing a mission, soon increased to £24,000 ($120,000); as well as to Yukon has baptized all the people the offer of B men to go as founders in one village, and appointed one to East Africa, with Alexander man helper. The people are con- Mackay among them, and with the fused by his actions. The priest now famous Uganda Mission as the baptizes everyone, whether they result. know what it means or not, and then declares them to be his people. A Picture One of the Labor Some of the people do not care, Most Woful! Members of Parliawhile others think that they have really been made members of the ment has recently Greek Church, and are then afraid said that in London alone there are to go to another church. 900,000 people" whose lives are a funeral procession from the cradle In one village the people asked us onward." The problem of the unwhat the difference between the employed is being forced upon Greek and the Moravian Church thoughtful minds in a very pathetic was. We could only reply that way from Lancashire and many our rule and practise is determined other parts of the country, where solely by the Word of God; that there is an appalling amount of we do not t.rust in any forms or that "able· bodied helplessness, ceremonies, but only in Christ; and with able-bodied starvation." And as everyone must search for salva- W. Bramwell Booth declares in the tion for his own soul, they must London Times that an investigadetermine which way brings real tion made by a committee of the peace of soul to them. If the London City Council developed the people are Greeks, we do not visit fact that on one of the coldest them unless they ask us. It is un- nights last winter more than 2,000 pleasant to be obliged to almost al- persons, incluing women, young together ignore another Church, boys and girls, were found in the but the Greek Church does hardly northern half of London with no anything for its people, and does shelter other than the streets. The not teach them at all.-Periodical regulations fol' maintaining order Accounts of Moravian Missions. in the streets are so stringent that such homeless ones are not allowed t to sleep on stairs, under arches or EUROP·E H. M. Stanley This famous ex- as a plorer, so recently Missionary deceased, is seldom thought of as de- serving a high rank among heralds of the Cross. But there can be no doubt that during his

GENERAl. MISSlONAltY INT:E1t.t.IGENCE

such places. Hundreds have to of not being in possession of the seek a sleeping·place in open places, final figures of the past financial such as drain-pipes and railway year. We do know, however, that trucks. Mr. Booth makes an ap- receipts exceeding those of la.st year by over £53,000 have been paid peal to the London public to fur- into the society's treasury, and that nish $500,000 to provide and main- the total is the largest ever received, even in the years which were tain permanent shelter for such' swollen by centenary gifts. For people, where a night's shelter can this we render praise and we call be had in return for some sort of upon our readers to render praise work. to our prayer-hearing God.

Salvation Army Next summer be- A Scottish The Rev. Andrew Missionary to Moody has retired World tween 5,000 and the Jews from active service Conference 6,000 S a I vat ion under the Jewish Army officers Mission of the United Free Church. More than forty years he served (white, brown, and black), from all the cause of Christ among the Jews faithfully, a few years at Prague parts of the world, will meet in and all the rest at Budapest. In accepting his resignation, the com- London, England, for a great inter- mittee said of him: "He has had under his hand for instruction national congress, to last four thousands of the youth of Hungary; as a preacher and evangelist, his weeks. Two previous congresses voice has sounded forth the Gospel in persuasive tones; he has done -in 1883 and 1893-have been held, much, directly and indirectly, to promote the preparation of Chrisbut on a much smaller scale than tian literature and the translation of the Scriptures, and to place these the coming one. The most im- in the hands of the people; and he has had the joy of leading many pOI·tant feature will, it is expected, into the fold of the Good Shep- herd." We wish the tired, faithful be the statement of General Booth's laborer a joyful time of rest. M.

plans for the army's future. A How Lapland One of the m 0 s t Babies Attend curious customs of large temporary building, in a cen- Church the Laplanders is tral position, will be erected for the manner of tak- the meetings and conferences, and ing the babies to church, described in the Ram's H01'n. The mothers meetings will also be held in vari- go regularly, even when they have wee, tiny babies. Sometimes they ous halls and, if possible, in all the ride ten or fifteen miles in a sleigh drawn by a reindeer. They all principal suburban theaters. July have warm clothes on, the baby in particular. Often it is wrapped in 5th will be a gala day, and 100,000 bearskins. As soon as the family arrives at the little church and the people are expected to be present. reindeel' is secured, Father Lapp shovels out a bed of snow and A Note of In view of the fact Mother Lapp wraps baby snugly in Thanksgiving that some days be- fore the society's year closed, the C. M. S. had re- ceived almost £400,050 ($2,000,000), the Gleaner for May contains this fitting outburst of gratitude: " The Lord hath done great things for us, whereof we are glad." These words and the whole Psalm (the 126th) in which they are found were most appropriately read by the Hon. Clerical Secretary in the course of the committee meeting of April 12th, before we knelt to pour out our grateful thanksgivings to God for His goodness in answering our prayers. It is true we did not know the full tale of the Lord's goodness, and these notes are written under the disadvantage

skins and lays it down there. Then Armenians within her borders, Father Lapp piles the snow all striking them in their tenderest around it and the parents go into spot-their religious organization. the church. Over 20 or 30 of these The American missionaries have babies lie out there in the snow. been wise enough to avoid making The little ones are not strong converts, confining their work to enough to knock the snow aside schools and helpful advice, and to and get away, so they just lie still the great example of their own and go to sleep. When church is ha r d – w 0 l' kin g, simple lives. out the father goes to the spot, puts Neither Turks nor Russians can his hands down into the snow, and complain that our missions place pulls the baby out and shakes off religious dogmas before humanity. the snow; then the reindeer trots If that lesson could only be learned off and takes them all home again. by Russians, Turks, and Persians, the desolate wastes of Armenia Pius X. From some recent might become the home of millions Not a Luther indications, it is of contented people.

much to be feared Somehow the Armenians seem to that the present incumbent of the be always maintaining an attitude – papal chair is not much better than of self-sacrifice. They are ready to his predecessors. Take this as the be massacred, and their anticipalast and worst of his doings. It is tions are not unrealized. It is offinearly fifty years since Pius IX. cially announced at Constantinople forced the dogma of the immacu- that in the Sassun district there late conception of Mary upon the has been serious fighting between Roman Catholic body. The present Turkish troops and Armenian" inpope, having learned nothing from surgents," who are said to have history, takes the opportunity of numbered 2,000. There are 10,000 this jubilee to enforce that dogma troops in the district, and the Kurds once again. In his encyclical he are active fishers in these troubled says, among other things: waters, as usual. Twelve or four- teen villages are said to have been There is no surer or more direct destroyed. This Sassun district road than by Mary for uniting all was the scene of a series of massamankind in Christ, and obtaining cres ten years ago, in which the through Him the perfect adoption Kurds played the chief part.- of sons… , Through Mary we Christian Work. attain to the knowledge of Christ; through Mary also we most easily A Mission to The Christian and obtain that life of which Christ is the Jews in Missionary A 11 ithe source and origin. Jerusalem ance is endeavor- The whole encyclical extols Mary ing to minister to as mediator, and emphasizes the the Hebrews resident in the Holy value of Mary's intercession. City, and the following is taken from a private letter of the super- ASIA intendent, Rev. A. E. Thompson: More of the The Turks have taken The Lord has graciously an- Armenians advantage of the Rus- swered the prayers of years for a Massacred sian situation to en- simple place of worship in Jerusa- lem. It is a very humble huilding, gage in another mas- finished inside in wood, and outside sacre of Armenians. According to in corrugated iron. It will accomthe dispatches, the Turks in a recent modate about 200 people. The conflict lost 700 men and killed 900 ground is leased, but we can re- Armenians. Russia has lost her position as the protector of Christian Armenia by persecuting the

19041 GENEltAL MISSIONAltY INTELLIGENCE

move the building if necessary. We missionary's work is finished in continue to pray for money to pur- India, but that some churches are chase a building here. Our Sunday- ready for self-support and self- sphool is very encouraging. We government. The foreign mission- have an average attendance of more than 80. This and our other meet- ary will hold the same position in ings, except the English meeting the alliance as he has already, only on Sunday afternoon, are held in under another name. He will Arabic. Most of those who attend probably be in the majority, and are either Protestants or devotees of the Eastern churches, but we will be able to do more than if he have a sprinkling of Jews and Mos- were ilOl direct authority over the lems. In Hebron the work is largely Indian churches. * among Moslems and Jews. It goes on against many obstacles and much opposition. M. One Woman'. Bishop War l' e n The Outlook Much interest cen- Work in India writes in the West- for Union tel'S in the meeting ern Christian Ad- in India of the Presbyterian Alliance, to be held vocate: "I met a native Indian woman to-day whose work among on December 15th at Alla,habad, to her sisters here gave me so much organize a General Assembly to pleasure that I determined to have jurisdiction over all the pres- share it among my sisters a,t home. byteries in India. The missionary She is an unusually quiet woman, societies that are expected to coop- but with a strong personality that erate in this Indian General Assem- tells on any work that is underbly are the following: taken. She was the first member received in full into our church in Board of the General Synod of the Re- Madras. In 1885 the presiding elformed Presbyterian Church in North Amer- der, A. W.Rudisill, received a gift of ica, with fields in the United Provinces and $250 from his old church in Eutaw the Punjab_ Place, Baltimore, and at once determined to begin zenana work. Board of the Presbyterian Church of He put a woman in charge. At U.S.A. that time access to the homes of the people was exceedingly difficult Board of the United Presbyterian Church to obtain, especially to those of the of North America, with its field in the Punjab. higher classes. Both pride and diffidence kept the stranger, espe- Missionary Society of the Calvinistic Meth- cially if a foreigner, far away. But odist Church of America, with its field in she was no stranger to all the ways Assam. fie9~~:'h~~t!ii1':,~~~rian !lIission, with its Presbyterian Church of England. United Free Church of Scotland Missions. Established Chnrch of Scotland Missions. Missions in the Central Provinces of the united Original Session, Synod of Scotland. Presbyterian Church in Ireland. Jungle Tribes Mission of the Irish Presbyterian Chnrch, with its field in Gujarat.

The alliance will probably in- and feelings of her own sisters.

clude also some of the Congrega- There are now 500 zenana homes tional churches. The American which she and her 7 helpers visit Madura and Arcot missions have regularly every month, some every agreed to join the alliance, and week, with 1,400 pupils and 800 the London missions are being ap- more listeners. Besides these proached. homes where there are regular This marks a significant step in pupils, 24,151 non-Christian families the progress of the Kingdom of In- have been visited in the year, with dia. The great ad vantage of the an average of 11,507 listeners a union lies in the fact that the fed- month. Of course, such work, like erated churches will not be under Christ's, must extend to adjacent foreign ecclesiastical control, but villages. She visits 17, and in one will be thoroughly Indian. This the elder said he had often seen does not mean that the foreign 1,000 people listening to her and

her assistants at once, while she rible mark on the land. What the unfolded to them the abundant results would have been a few gen., grace of God. erations ago one shrinks from im- agining. In the famine of 1896-7 This woman has an orphanage in the area affected was 300,000 square which over 100 girls are being train- miles, with a population of 63,000,- ed for more workers in the field, or 000; in 1899-1900 the area was 400,- for the heads of Christian families. 000, and the population 60,000,000; She also has 10 day-schools, with and a large part of the country fell 1,000 pupils, and 10 Sunday-schools, under the scourge of both these with 1,073 pupils. For these there famines. Four million people were are other teachers than the 7 assist- on relief in the height of the first ants already alluded to." famine, and 6,000,000 in the second. Cholera swept away 4,000,000 dur- Mrs. Besant Sattihiavarthamani, ing the decade, and plague nearly on Idolatry apparently a Hindu 1,000,000 during the six years of its visitation. periodical, writes as follows respecting Mrs. Besant and her defense of Hinduism: 'rhere is not a shadow of doubt in The Invasion We do not believe in our mind that her power in.India of TIbet that the British ex- lies chiefly in her method of appeal pedition agai n st and approach. She devotes her- Tibet is justified. It was under- self almost entirely to the work of catering to the national, supersti- taken merely for commercial rea- tious prejudices of the people. The sons, and has turned out a bloody evil which she is doing India to-day affair.· The Tibetans have proved by her efforts to rehabilitate old themselves brave soldieI's, tho their and decadent superstitions and worn-out customs is incalculable. fight is hopeless. The advance of In her lecture the other day she the British may open the way to made an elabQrate and absurd the missionary, but will not be endeavor to support idolatry, or likely to open the hearts of the image-worship, on the ground of magnetic influence imparted to people to the Gospel which the the idol which renders it potent as missionary brings. The road to an object of worship. In like man- Lhassa will be blood-stained. It ner she defended the ignorant use of will take long years of self-sacri- Sanskrit on a certain application of a so-called scientific theory of ficing labor to lead the Tibetans to sound. Now what charms the Hin- the Cross of Christ. Let us pray du is to hear this Western woman that this expedition may be over- (even tho in her life she violates ruled for the good of these benight- every Hindu principle of domestic and womanly propriety) giving a ed Butldhists, and that the Gospel specious defense of those practises may gain free entrance into the of his religion which he had already " Forbidden Land." * abandoned as untenable. And she does all this in the name of science! King of Siam's The King of Siam Tribute to introduced an im- But a more ridiculous abuse and American portant change, last Missionaries year, by the apperversion of scientific data we pointment of an never heard before, nor do we ex- American citizen to the position of "Foreign Adviser in Chief to His pect to hear again.-The Harvest Majesty." This post of honor has t always, hitherto, been filled by a Field. European. The man selected is Edward Henry Strobel. professor Ten Years of The last decade will of international law at Harvard Plague and long he remem- Famine bered as one of the most disastrous in the history of India. Two great famines and many visitations of plague and cholera have left a ter-

1904J GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENOE

University. It wa,s the king's own Society for the Diffusion of Ohriswish to have an American, and no tian and General Knowledge better evidence of royal apprecia- Among the Ohinese (a truly impraction of our missions in Siam could ticable name, which, only for the be asked for. Nearly all the Amer- society's remarkable vitality, must icans with whom the king has have strangled it at its very birth) been acquainted were missionaries. is before us, and among its interest- They have been in his kingdom for ing contents are a number of quesmore than two generations. Their tions culled from those set at the lives and influence, their schools, simultaneous provincial examinahospitals, and books are under his tions of the empire. Instead of majesty's own observation.. questions dealing exclusively with academic and mostly puerile ques- Chulalangkom Dr. Eugene P. Dun- tions relating to the Ohinese classics, candidates for the Ohu Jen Gives to lap, of Siam, writes degree, which may be compared with our M.A., are now asked a Hospital that a new hospital about foreign agriculture and com- merce, about the regulations of the is to be erected at press, post-office, railways, banks, schools, and taxation in foreign Nakawn. Siamese officials and countries, about free trade and protection. They are asked the nobles and American friends in bearing of the Oongress of Vienna, the Treaty of Berlin, and the Mon- Siam were asked to contribute, and roe Doctrine on the Far East, and that of the Siberian Railway and all responded so readily that in Nicaraguan Oanal on Ohina; where- in lies the naval supremacy of Great about three weeks donations were Britain; what is Herbert Spencer's philosophy of Sociology; how received amounting to about 12,000 could the workhouse system be started throughout Ohina; how to Hcals (a lical is equal to 60 cents promote Ohinese international commerce, new industries, and silver). The cause was then pre- savings-banks, versus the gam- bling-houses of Ohina; and they are sented to the King of Siam, who asked to trace the educational sys- tems of Sparta and Athens, and the has in the past made so many lib. origin of Egyptian, Babylonian, and Ohinese writings I-C. M. S. eral donations to the Presbyterian Intelligencer.

mission. He responded with a do- Sir Robert Hart The London Chris- on Missions tian remarks: nation of 4,000 licals ($2,400), the "Very trivial ap- largest gift that his majesty has pear the miserable little attacks upon the objects and the methever made td the Siam mission, ods of the Bible Society, in view of the recent tribute from Sir Robert thus showing his appreciation and Hart. As a civil servant of the crown, occupying the high position abiding interest in the work that of Inspector-General of Oustoms the American missionaries are do- ing for his people. These gifts will erect a good hospital, in keeping with the taste and progress of New Siam, and will also be sufficient for the growing medical mission work in Nakawn. * China Facing There is no ques- a Grave Crisis tion that the pres- ent is a highly critical time in the history-and again we say it is not in the sphere of politics that our thoughts reo volve-of Ohina. There are unmistakable signs that the long mental torpor of ages has received a shock. A yeast has got into the mass and a fermentation is manifestly at work. The annual report of the

and Ports in Ohina, Sir Robert has net gain of more than 60 during the a wide knowledge of Eastern life, last fo~r years. When the troubles and is familiar with much of the of 1000 and the subsequent Boxer missionary effort both in Ohina unrest is remembered, it will be and the neighboring countries. His seen that there is much cause for testimony, which is a very prac- thanksgiving. The first Protestant tical one (for he enclosed a check mission station was opened in 1877 for 100 guineas toward the so- by Mr. J. McOarthy. Eighteen ciety's centenary fund), has, there- years ago there were only 2 cities fore, special value when he says: occupied by Protestant mission- "It is an honor and a privilege aries in the whole of the province. to have even the smallest share in Now there are 32 centers where your magnificent work; and I wish missionaries reside; and the lists show about 90 walled cities and 130 your appeal the fullest success."

Vicissitudes Not many fields smaller places where Ohristian in Manchurian have been called to worship is observed.

Missions pass through more Why It is important ups and downs in so brief a period as those located in Christians Hope that the Japanese for people s h 0 u I d Manchuria, as the Chinese Recorde1' suggests. Not much longer ago Japan'. Success realize why so many in Ohristhan the opening of this decade the beginnings were made by the Pres- tian lands are praying for the sucbyterians of Great Britain, next in cess of Japan rather than for that of 1894-5 came the excitements of the a great Ohristian (?) power. They Ohina-Japan war. then within a …need to realize that, that in spite few years the number of Ohristians of all that is said in support of the rose to 30,000, with the Boxer out- phrase, "Blood is thicker than break following, which "swept water," in these days the ethical away everything material," and bond between nations is stronger now the Russo-Japanese conflict than the racial, and that so long as they adhere firmly to those princihas Manchuria for its theater. pals of civil and religious liberty Missions in In the January is- which characterize their national West China sue of the West life, the sympathies of all who be- China Missionary lieve in free institutions will in the News is given a list of Protestant long run rest with Japan.

missionaries in West Ohina at the " It is unhappily true that some close of 1903, together with a list of lovers of freedom, especially in the stations and outstations occu- Oontinental Europe, seem for the pied by the various societies. From time being to give their moral sup- these lists it appears that, in the 3 port to Russia; but it is because of provinces, Si-chuen, Kuei-chau, their doubt, terribly unjust we be- and Yun-nan, there were in all lieve, whether the new life of free- some 265 missionaries, including dom is really accepted by the Jap'

those on furlough. The total given anese nation at large, and whether four years ago was 177, besides the really genuine tendencies of the Bible Society agents, so that there people are not rather to be judged has been a gain, beyond the filling by the life in prerestoration days of vacancies caused by death and than by that of Meiji Era. How- removal, of over 80 workers. Si- ever, the truth will eventually pre- chuen, with a total of 207 mission- vail. If the party leaders, by their aries at the close of 1903, shows a moderation and self-restraint, and

i904j

the government, by its stern sup- to send six Japanese and six foreign pression of bureaucratism, will ad- men forward with the troops. Four here loyally to the imperial consti- of the Japanese are members of the tution, the days of such strongly National Committee of the Asso- mistaken jUdgments will soon be ciations of Japan, one of the men numbered."-Mission News (A. B. is an American Association Secre- C. F. M.) Yokohama. t tary, and five are missionaries.

The Golden The oldest news- The associations establish tents, Rulein Japan paper in Japan, ex- containing correopondence mate- horting the people to regard Russian captives kindly rials, reading matter, musical inand to harbor generous feelings toward their enemy, says: struments, games, and such fea- "Revenge is a sin; it isa barbarous act! An eye for an eye, and a tooth tures as may be provided for social for a tooth belongs to an old law which is obsolete. We are living and relief purposes, at the principal under a new law of universal brotherhood and love. " We may camps in Korea as far north as the call Japan a heathen and Russia a Christian nation, but we can not Yalu River, in which section over deny that these sensiments represent the spirit of Christ. And 100,000 men are concentrated. Be- Christians may feel safe in wishing victory to any people with whom tween 300,000 and 400,000 men have these sentiments are supreme. This is not saying, either, that Russians been mobilized and will go to the do not cherish similar sentiments. -Congregationalist. front, passing largely through the camps where the Association will operate. * Y.M.C.A. Galen M. Fisher, Japan The Japanese gov- with the one of the American Forbid. ernment in For- Foot.binding mosa has decreed Japanese Army Secretaries of the National Young the abolition of foot-binding in the island. A fine Men's Christian Association of of $100 will be imposed for every Japan, is in America to raise funds breach of the law, and Chinese girls to enable the Association to keep under six years of age whose feet its representatives in the field with have been bound must now have the Japanese Army. their feet unbound. After that age the feet are hopelessly deformed, Early in January, before trouble but young children's feet, even tho came to a climax between Russia already bound, may still return to and Japan, the Young Men's Chris- their natural shape if the cruel tian AS30ciation undertook to do bandages are unwound. Chinese for the soldiers of the Japanese mothers are making a great lament Army what the American International Committee did for the en- over the enactment, but in a. few listed men in the Spanish-American war. After months of delay, and years the enforcing of the law will through pressure brought to bear be acknowledged to be wise and by eminent Japanese and by sev- beneficial. eral of the foreign Ministers in their personal capacity, orders Japanese Not long ago the were given permitting associations Christians editor of a daily Taking Prizes paper in Tokio, Japan, offered val- uable prizes for original poems. Tho the author was allowed to choose his own subject, when the manuscripts were examined it was found that everyone of the 600 represented voiced Christian senti- ments; while the 8 prize-winners were professing' Christians.

AFRICA and Y. W. C. A., and Christian Endeavor workers, is legion. Even Conditions The kidnapping of with all these there are thousands in Morocco the American mil- who are not touched with the Gos- pel in London. Suppose, instead lionaire Perdicaris of this multitude of Christian for a ransom by the bandit Raisuli, workers, there were only 69 minis- ters and less than 50 converts!- in Morocco, has drawn attention North Africa. to that ill-governed country in ff Christians " The atmosphere of North Africa. Our correspondent Making Trouble Africa seems to from Fez writes, under date of in Africa have a damaging May 16th: effect upon the The treaty recently concluded be- morals of European officers who tween Great Britain and France are, by their residence among the will doubtless have an important natives, removed from observation effect upon the future of Morocco, and restraint. Following closely for it puts an end to the jealousy on the publication of the atrocities which ha" hitherto prevented either in the Belgian colony of the Kongo, power from a vigorous policy here. comes news of a rebellion in Ger- The wishes of the Moors, of course, man Southwest Africa. The Gerhave not been consulted. It is not man possessions on the west coast likely that France will undertake of the Dark Continent cover an a policy of force in getting control area half as large again as that of of her long-covetedprize, but rather the German Empire. These posa more pacific, if not less vigorous sessions are valuable on account of and effective, policy of intrigue their agric~ltural and mineral reand bribery. Judging from the re- sources. The southern plirt is the sult of French influence in other home of Hottentots, and the oremission fields, the friends of the bearing northern mountains are Lord's work have every reason to the native soil of the Hereros. fear that the increase of that in- These people have broken their fluence in Morocco will be also un- agreement with the Germans, befavorable to the work of the Gospel. cause, as they affirm, the German traders have persistently robbed * them and been guilty of outrageous cruelties to their women and chil- The Laborers To preach the Gos- dren. Few in pel and to evan- Dearth of A vast new world, North Africa gelize among this Toilers in almost untouched the Sudan by Christian mis- 6,000,000 of human sions, is waiting to beings, there are at present 69 mis- be won for Christ. The Sudan is as large as the whole of Europe, sionaries. Twenty-five of these minus Russia, and has 80,000,000 working in 5 cities, belong to the people. There are 10 great king- doms in the Sudan as large as ours N. A. M" while 44 belong to other in Europe, but scarcely any missocieties, or work independently, sion work is being done in them. Besides these there are about 100 and thus 8 other towns also are distinct free heathen tribes in the Sudan with not a missionary occupied. In order to institute a rough.comparison (without vouching for exactitude in any of the figures), let us take the population of Morocco as 6,000,000; this is then about the same as that of Greater London. The number of preachers of all denominations in London amounts to 2,189 in the metro- politan area, and probably a largl:r number still in the suburbs. And the number of lay-workers, unor- dained preachers, mission workers, Sunday-school teachers, Y. M. C. A.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

among them. The 4 mission sta- to all misunderstanding, and that tions in the Sudan (Khartum, in the future peace, love, and Dolaib Hill, Gierko, and Patagi) unanimity shall prevail among all are about as far apart as if in Churches, and especially between Europe we had 2 stations in Nor- us, who were of old, and are yet, way and 2 in Spain, with no preach- so closely knit together in doctrine, ers of the Gospel in England, none discipline, and worship." in Scotland, none in Ireland, none in France, none in Germany, none English Names The native names in Austria, none in Italy, Turkey, for African are too long and too or Switzerland, Denmark, Holland, Servants difficult of pronun- or Belgium.-London Christian. ·ciation for the General The first gathering white man, and hence he bestows Conference of of this kind, repre- upon those with whom hehastodo Missionaries in senting all the so- not only such as John, Jim, Charles, South Africa cieties at work in etc., but also such as these: July, August, Brandy, Whiskey, Sta- that portion of the tion-lliJaster, Napoleon, English, Dark Continent, is set for July 13- Sixpence, Shilling, etc. 20, and is to be held in J ohannesburg. All manner of pertinent Protestant The paragraph unthemes will be discussed in con- Missions in der this heading in nection with carefully prepared Madagascar the March number papers, and the opportunities afforded for making acquaintance of this REVIEW and for Christian fellowship can may give a mistaken impression, not but be of the greatest value. unless supplemented by something more. The. writer, lVI. Guerlac, is Brotherhood in We have a beauti- evidently unacquainted with all the South Africa ful example of the facts of the case. It would be cer- tainly supposed, from what he says, spirit of Christian that the work of English and Norbrotherhood among the Dutch Re- wegian missionaries had been alformed Churches of South Africa. most entirely taken over by the The General Assemblies of the Es- Paris Missionary Society; but this tablished and the United Free is far from being the case. Soon Churches of Scotland sent a depu- after the French conquest of the tation to South Africa to visit and island in 1895 and 1896, the encourage the English-speaking' French Protestants came to the churches there, and to hold out;the aid of the English missionaries, hand of fellowship to the brethren and for two or three years took of the various Reformed churches. over all the Protestant church They were cordially received by all schools, both in Imerina and Betparties. The Supreme Courts of siles (the two central provinces). the Dutoh Reformed Chm ches were But this was too heavy a burden not in session, but the people gave upon the Paris Society, and in 1001 them a hearty welcome, and at a the L. M. S. and the Friends' Mislater time the Synod of the Re- sions resumed the superintendence formed Church of the Orange River of the schools connected with the sent a reply to the communication churches under their care. Before left for it by the deputies, in which this time, however, the L. M. S. the language and spirit were of the had handed over to the Paris Sobest brotherly cast. Referring to ciety about half of the districts the war, it says: "We hope and which, up to that time, had been pray that an end has now come

under their guidance, and in 1002 Price has organized a Oongregathese were the statistics: tional church, with 31 membertl.

Churches under care of the L. M. S……• 650 Thirty other applicants formem- Churches under care of the Paris Soc. . .• 521 Churches under care of the Norwegian M. 515 bership were organized into a Churches under care of the Friends' Mis. 184 Churches under care of the S. P. G. (about) 60 Ohristian Endeavor Society as pro- bationers. Schools have been opened, and young men from these Malagay Protestantism certainly schools go on evangelizing tours owes a great deal to the efforts of through the villages on the island, the Paris Society and of French whose area is about 300 square Protestants for the great work miles. The missionary work in they are doing here, and we shall Guam includes day and boarding never forget the help given by the schools for boys and girls, equip- visits of Messrs. Lauga, Kriiger, ped for practical training in in- Escande, Boegner, and- Bianquis, dustrial arts. The present popu- the last of whom has just returned lation of Guam is about 10,000.

to France. But it is certainly a The people are sturdier but less mistake to say that the Paris Mis- spirited than their Filipino kins- sion "had to provide 500 schools men, and their island may yet be- and 500 churches with teachers and come a center of light for the missionaries." The great majority Pacific. * of these had already teachers and Papuan This is the name of Industries a society designed evangelists trained by the L. M. S. Limited for the betterment The Oollege of the London Society of the aboriginal in- for the last 20 years has trained habitants of New Guinea, which is to have a capital of $250,000, and is some 550 students. and a number of to push the cultivation of market- able products and other industrial these are still working in the dis- pursuits, with attention first paid in particular to the cocoanut. Rev. tricts now under the charge of the F. W . Walker is the prime mover in the enterprise, who has had Paris Society. "The new college fourteen years' experience in that island as a missionary, and six in Antananarivo," of which M. years as a trader. A large number of prominent business men are to Guerlac speaks, was a small supe- share in the undertaking, whose attempts will be watched with deep rior school, conducted by M. Ohazel, interest and good wishes.

meeting in a hired house, but the French government objects to its continuance, as not needed, in view of the official schools they have es- tablished. The Theological Oollege of the Paris Mission is not at An- tananarivo, but at Ambitomanga, about 15 miles east of the capital, and here M. Ie Pasteur Vernier, re- cently returned from his furlough, A Good " We held our An- New Guinea nual ' May' Meetwill, I have no doubt, train many Collection ings for the Islands good and useful Malagay for the of Badu, Mabuiag, and Mua on November6th," writes service of the Protestant churches the Rev. E. B. Riley from Daru, New Guinea, "and we had over in Madagascar. J. S. 1,000 people present. There was a strong spirit of rivalry between the ISLANDS OF THE SEA islands, and I was afraid there would be heartbreaking over the A Christian The missio.naries of collections. I thought the p~ople Church in the American Guam Board have been doing good work in Guam, and as a result Rev. F. M.

190<1] GENERAL MISSiONARY INTELLIGENCE

were never going to stop bringing ers, certain" Pacific Island Labor- their money up to the table. First ers," domiciled in that portion of came Mabuiag (population 300), with £207 lOs.; then Badu (165), your Majesty's Dominions known with £112 2S., and Mua (82), with as the State of Queensland, in the £22 2s. I shall never forget the look on. their faces when I stood up Commonwealth of Australia, preto announce the totals. I had to sent their humble duty to your choose my words carefully, lest I Majesty, and beg to submit to your should utter some word of praise about one island that would give Majesty this their humble petition, offense to another! So I simply which showeth that, baid that all had done their best, and we would thank God for their 1. They were engaged in their offerings. After a short prayer I islands and brought to Queensland announced the amounts. When I under the pro visions of the Queenscame to Mabuiag there was a scene land Act of 1880. of wild enthusiasm. People stood up in their seats and cheered again 2. If they wished to return to and again. It was a great meet- their islands at the end of their ing, and I am thankful everything term of service, they were to be passed off so happily." provided by their employers with Samoan There is a society of return passages. Christian Ohristian Endeavor 3. They could not be sent back to Endeavor in the Samoan Isl- their islands unless they desired to ands, out of which return, but on the termination of have gone 250 members, with whom it still keeps in correspondence, an agreement they could claim their and through them it has established 16 other societies. Best of free return passage if they so willed. all, it has sent out from its own 40. By a Queensland Act of 1892, membership more than 100 earnest missionaries, most of them to the the protection and rights of Islanddeadly climate of New Guinea. ers who had not desired to return A Petition from A petition has been to their islands at the expiration of Islanders in extensively signed Australia by natives of the the first term of service were fur- various South Sea ther assured to them.

islands now resident in Queensland. 5. Many of us have learned to It is addressed to King Edward, read and write, and have long since and entreats his Majesty to take action in order to secure that jus- ceased to work in service, and have tice may be done to the natives acquired leasehold land which we who are about to be expelled from Queensland, despite the fact that have improved and built upon, and in many cases they have spent a are now engaged in gardening. great part of their life in Queensland, and came there with a guar- fruit growing, fishing, boat buildantee that they would be allowed ing, rough carpentry, net making to remain. The petition reads in part as follows: or mending, shop-keeping, hawk- ing, and such-like occupations. Your Majesty's humble petition- 6. Many of us have been contin- uously resident in Queensland for upwards of twenty years, and dur- ing these years our parents and brothers in the islands have died, and we are forgotten there; villages have disappeared, and some of our tribe have been exterminated; we love the land in which we live, and all our friends are here. 7. Many of.s have been married in Queensland churches to women belonging to islands and tribes with whom our tribal law would n)t permit us to marry. If we took our wives to our old homes they would be killed, as also would we if went to theirs. 8. Many of us are Ohristians, and yet some of our islands are entirely heathen and cannibal. If we are sent back to such, we shall be killed or have to deny our religion.

9. Many of us have children who have for years attended the State schools of Queensland and the Sun- day-schools. They are free-born,

and we thought that we had at- zation of her duty to the world is most imperfect and inadequate. tained at least such freedom as is The perennial temptation of the Church at home is to be satisfied enjoyed by other colored aliens with her local prosperity and to be immersed in her local interests. who came to Australia. Her world-view is deficient. Too few of her members consider what 10. In our deep distress we ap- the stewardship of the Gospel means as the Church has received proach your Majesty in the only that Gospel from the pierced hands of her Lord and Master. Too few way we know of mercifully pro- of her ministers have made it their business so to study the world and vided by the Constitution for all its neens as to acquire a world-wide view and to be stirred with the those who have become domiciled passion for world-evangelization." * under the flag.

Progress in Rev. Dr. William the New Gunn writes from Hebrides Futuna: "Cun- sumption continues its ravages among the heathen, and they are dying out, whereas among the worshiping people the general health was good, and there are so many children among them that within the past few years A Cure for A writer in the there has been an increase of population. Indeed, the improvement Crime North American Review asserts that brought about by Christianity is manual training is almost as good wonderful, and so far from Chrfstianity being the cause of decrease, a preventative of crime as vaccinait preserves the natives, whereas heathenism everywhere is destroy- tion is of smallpox.

" What per Clint. of the prisoners under your care have received any ing the natives. manual training beyond some ac- " The teachers visited the quaintance with farming?" a Norheathen every Sunday, and conducted services in their premises, thern man asked the warden of a Southern penitentiary.

which they, in almost all cases, " Not one per cent.," replied the attend; but many of them are still warden.

afraid to enter church, and it is, as "Have you no mechanics in yet, only a small fraction of the population of the heathen district prison? " "Only one mechanic; that is, one that may be called 'worshiping.' The people there, however, have man who claims to be a housegiven up the practise of heathen ceremonies, which, in the earlier painter." "Have you any shoemakers?" days, many of the church-going people did not. There appears to asked the visitor. be a general improvement among "Never had a shoemaker."

the population, tho some of the " Have you any tailors?" "Never had a tailor." worshipers are inconsistent, and a " Any printers?" number of helpful young men are "Never had a printer."

" Any carpenters?" "Nevel' had a man in this prison that could draw a straight line."

rising among them." * OBITUARY MISCELLANEOUS Pastor We are sorry to A Passion for Says Dr. Cuthbert Grove.Rasmussen learn of the death of the honored World- Hall: ,. As from the editor of the Dunsk and Mission- Evangelization midst of suffering, Blad, Pastor Grove-Rasmussen.

error-stricken In- He has held the editorship since dia I look back at the Church at 1882. Pastor Rasmussen, in his time, has also labored among his home, it seems to me as if the reali- countrymen in America.

The Missionary Review of the World — June 1904

WEST AFHICAN NATIVES AT

A WEST AFRICAN RELIGIOUS CEREMONY-THE EOUN This is a man dressed in animal skins. H e is said to be risen from t he dead, and no woman dare say it is a man, on pain of death. The people worship him as a god, tho they know it is all a fraud .

PICTURES OF WEST AFRICAN HEATHENISM Missionary Review of the World Old Series t JUNE j New Series VOL. XXVII. No.6 f 1 VOL. XVII. No.6 HEATHENISM AS IT IS IN WEST AFRICA* BY REV. ROBERT H. MUJ,LIGAN, LIBREVILLE, GABOON, WEST AFRICA Missionary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions In West Africa there appeared, not long ago, an extract from a recent book criticizing Belgian misrule and cruelty on the Kongo, in which the writer (I do not know his name, and have to confess that I never heard of his bO'Jk before) classes the missionary with the ' nnspeakable Belgian, and asks: "What rel~ious furies, with unholy rage, have demolished those weird gods, and disturbed fervent but unobtruding piety in the exercise of its duties?" It is needless t!) remark upon the unusual literary quality of this luminous passage. If it seems to some to be the utterance of a frenzied mind, we may insist that frenzy is akin to poetic genius. One wonders, however, at finding such passages as the above quoted in West Africa from time to time, with apparent appreciation. For that journal is at present making an earnest appeal to the world against the atrocities of the Belgian on the Kongo, and the classifying of Christian missionaries with Belgians is not unlikely to render that appeal ineffectual with the public. For the dull public, notwithstanding that light is come (in such anti-missionary inspiration as the above), is still so unenlightened and uncomprehending that they believe in the missionary; and they will even believe in the Belgian if they find him regularly classified with the missionary. Knowing something of the Kongo, and having many intimate friends among its missionaries, I need scarcely say that I wish the Kongo might be taken from the Belgians, and I deplore the public apathy and indifference to what seems to me to be one of the plague-spots of the world. But I need only appeal to the columns of West Africa for witness that the evidence against the Belgians depends upon the testimony of missionaries more than upon anything else, inasmuch as, living in close contact with the people and speaking their language, they have the best opportnnity for knowing the real conditions, and, besides, having no trade interests at stake, their testimony is trusted by the public.

It may not be in good taste to apply to the language of sublime emotion the commonplace test of facts, nor to suggest that even genius .The illustration accompanying this article was not supplied by the author, and relates to another district of West Africa. It has an interest, however, connected with this subject.

is nnder moral obligation to tell the truth. Yet it is convenient to take the words quoted above as a mere point of departure in saying what I was going to say anyhow. The writer speaks of the" weird gods" of the natives, and their" fervent but unobtruding piety." I would submit (respectfully) the following exceptions: that the gods of the natives are not "wierd," and are not" gods"; and that native piety is not ,i fervent," not "unobtruding," and is not "piety." It would be interesting to discuss the native religion in each of these particulars and put it beyond doubt, but space permits me only to offer a few suggestions to thoughtful minds.

The natives of the Kongo State belong to the Bantu tribes, of which the largest division is probably the Fang, among whom I labor at Gaboon and in the adjacent interior. The religious beliefs and practises of all the Bantu tribes are so nearly uniform that to describe those of one tribe is to describe those of all. The most fundamental of the beliefs that affect man's character and conduct is his belief regarding tlie character of God and God's relation to man. This can not fail to influence his character and life. The Bantu natives conceive of God as a personal being who made the heavens and the earth, and created man. But they do not fear, love, reverence, or worship Him. In certain of their fables He figures as a being whose deeds are foolish, wanton, and wicked; it would be shocking profanity to repeat some of these fables. God takes no interest in the world which He has made. He looks down with indifference upon all its cruelty, its sorrow, and its sin. If He interferes at all in human affairs it is, perhaps, to make mischief, or to confuse and distress men and women for His amusement. Such a god is not" wierd," but wicked. The most that the natives desire of their god is that he behave and let them alone; and to this end they let him alone. We missionaries, in what the critic calls" unholy rage," have gone into their towns far and near, and, sitting down quietly among them, have told them that God always" behaves"; that He loves righteousness and hates iniquity; that He loves them as a father loves his children; that their sins grieve Him, and that He will surely punish their atrocious cruelties. We have succeeded in changing their idea of God so far that we have divested His character of all that is filthy and wicked; and, presenting thfl life and character of Jesus, have taught them that God is such a one as Jesus was while on earth. In this it would seem that we have outraged the holy feelings of our critic and his friends.

West African Fetish Worship But I wish to speak not so much of God the Creator whom they do not worship as of those so-called gods whom they actually worship, and whom, according to our critic, we missionaries have" demolished." We note, by the way, that most of our critics Bay that we ha.ve demol-

HEATHENISM AS IT IS IN WEST AFRICA

ished nothing and have accomplished nothing. The writer unwittingly pays us a. distinct compliment, and directly contradicts his fellows.

A few weeks ago, in a certain town which I was visiting for the '

first time, an old man came and laid at my feet his most sacred fetish.

It was in a small cylindrical box of bark, made for the purpose of hold- ing this kind of fetish. The women, when they saw the box, turned and fled for their lives, first putting their hands over their ears lest they hear the old man's words and die. They are not supposed to know the contents of the box, and tho they do know they aTe ready at any moment to take Ii solemn oath that they do not. This box contained, first and chiefly, the brains of the old man's father, who had gained eminence and success according to Fang ideals. Immediately after this man's death his son had split his head open with an ax, had scooped out the brains, and had then mixed them with dry white clay.

To this he had added one of the old man's teeth, and a bit of his hair and finger- TWO UGUMBA IDOLS OF WEST AFRICA nails; also a strip of flesh cut from the dead man's arm and dried over the fire. When the owner of such a fetish is about to engage in any considerable enterprise he ru bs a portion of these brains upon his forehead, and thereby possesses himself of all the serviceable qualities of the original-his adroitness in lying, his skill in cheating, his cleverness in stealing goods, captur- ing other men's wives and killing his enemies. If he is going to talk a big" palaver" he places the strip of dried flesh in his mouth, between his teeth and his cheek, and keeps it thel'e all the time he is talking, that he may be eloquent and successful.

This is a specimen of the" gods" that we "religious furies" have demolished. ,That the influence of this particular god so morally elevating nO man would suggest. It must be, then, because of its esthetic vahie that the critic bewails its fall I If, however, he could

only smell it I am sure that his esthetic regrets would be dispelled forever. '1'he man who gave me this fetish, if asked the reason for his action, would reply that a neighboring chief (one whom I had instructed) had come to them, not to make war and kill, as formerly, but in spirit of peace, and had stayed with them many days, in order to tell them the things which he had recently learned. The chief had said that he and they must stop making wltr with each other, that one God was Father of all, who also loved them all; that they must throw away their fetishes, entrust themselves to God's care, believe in His Son, and do right; that even if they suffered for it in this world, there was a life to come in which their faith and righteousness would be fully rewarded.

But the most common fetish of this order is simply the skull of the father, which the son keeps in a box and worships. The father occasionally speaks to the son in dreams, and frequently communicates with him by omens. Those who have these skulls form a secret society, the members of which, by the aid of the departed fathers, have success in all their enterprises, good and evil, and tyrannize over others with the utmost cruelty. They believe that the skull, after receiving professional treatment by the head of the society, becomes the residence of the dead father, who wanders about at will, but returns to the skull as to his home. The son, in order to avoid the wrath of the departed father and to obtain his help, will. keep the skull comfortably warm and dry, occasionally rubbing it with oil and redwood powder, and will feed it bountifully.

The process of feeding it is interesting. Before going on a hunting expedition the son will open the box, and, addressing his father audibly, 'will ask his help, and promise that if he is successful he will give him a goodly portion of the game. If he neglect this duty for a length of time he finds that when he meets an animal in the forest his gun will not fire, and he may even be helpless before his enemies. If you knew the kind of gun he uses you would not think it necessary to go so far for an explanation of the fact that it often fails him in a critical moment. When the son returns with game he again opens the box and places the meat before the skull. Then he closes the house against all possibility of intrusion, and goes away while the father eats. After a while he comes back, and altho he finds the meat exactly as he left it, he imagines that in some mysterious way his father has eaten it and yet left it-an ancient mystery. He then eats it himself, or shares it with the men of the society. Since it has been offered to the dead father it is now sacred, and he can not allow his wife or children to taste it under any circumstances. You may be sure that the men offer up to the father all the game that they procure, and if the women and children are left hungry they can at least admire" fervent but unobtruding piety in the exercise of its duties."

The women have no part in this religion. They are not supposed to know what the sacred thing is which the men keep in those boxes; and if they become curious or talk too much about it, they must expect to become sick and die, as the result of the wrath of the departed spirit. In such cases the truth probably is that they are poisoned by the society.

A man frequently invokes the aid of this fetish to prevent secret immorality on the part of his wife; not that he objects to the immo- rality, but he wants to know about it that he can collect pay. It is only on this latter score that he deems himself wronged. He there- fore compounds a certain "medicine," the ingredients of which include a lock of his wife's hair, her saliva, cuttings of her finger- nails and toe-nails, dirt rubbed from her arms, and other things which it would be indecent to describe. This medicine he puts into the box with the father's skull, and now, it is believed, if his wife keeps immorality a secret from him, she will surely die. Sometimes she no dou bt does die, as a psychological consequence of her belief in this fetish. Fear frequently drives a woman to a tardy confession, which, however, affords her but small relief; for everybody will tell her that she is going to die "sure." " You're a corpse," says one. "You are failing every day," says another. So the woman is morally compelled to die, and she yields to the inevitable.

The initiation of the boys and young men into this society lasts several days, sometimes a week. In some tribes it is accompanied by humiliating, degrading, and unspeakably filthy performances. Only a few days ago one of my former schoolboys died as the result of this initiation. But what are we to think when we find a class of men working themselves into a frenzy of indignation over the loss of these and similar exercises of "piety" that missionaries must not describe because of their indecency?

If those tearful friends of fetishism desire these particular fetishes, they can easily procure them, for the natives are giving them up wherever the light of the Gospel has penetrated. There are around me many young men and boys to whom all these things are almost as repulsive as they are to me. I can also testify that ~hey are as far removed from the heathen natives in morals and character as in their beliefs.

Accused of Killing Her Husband Not long ago Mba Obam, the elder of the Fang .Ohurch of Ayol, ~ which is under my care, died. For many years he and his wife had lived a pure and exemplary life in the midst of the darkest heathenism. When he died they accused his wife of having made "medicine" to kill him. This medicine is not any native poison; it is supposed to act supernaturally. It is such a mixture as that already described with which a man would kill his wife for secret immorality.

As a rule, it does not even come in actual contact with the victim. Mba died of a lingering sickness well known to them; but they have become so unbalanced mentally by belief in magic and witchcraft, and the consequent habit of relating everything to the supernatural, that they have no real comprehension of the natural law of cause and effect. Every death among them is attributed to magic or witchcraft, and if they are not diligent iu punishing it, they believe that the spirit of the dead will inflict disaster and even death. Mba had completely broken with all these beliefs, had defended the victims of cruelty, and had uharged the people, in case of his own death, not to touch his wife. ~ut tho they had regarded him with respect and reverence during his life, yet at his death custom and belief asserted tyrannous authority, and they charged his Ohristian wife Sarah with having killed him. She had to bear this charge and its punishment, together with the burden of her sorrow for the death of her husband, whom she truly loved. The chief man of the town, having stripped her almost naked, placed her on her hands and knees in the middle of the street, and bound upon her back a heavy load of plantain stocks; then two men sat on top of the load 6n her back, and thus all the men of the town, in their "fervent but unobtruding piety," drove the woman up and down the street on her hands and knees until they nearly killed her. 'rhis inhuman performance was repeated at regular intervals until Sarah, from her town, thirty miles from here, managed to send a message to me. I went in all haste, and" disturbed" this exercise with a strong stick. When. I had "demolished" it there was a mark of blood on the stick.

It may not be altogeter aside from my purpose if I relate the sequel of this story. The chief, Esona, who had inflicted all this cruelty upon Sarah, announced a few days later that he was going to marry her. He already had eight wives, and the thought of such a marriage was most repugnant to Sarah; but she was compelled to marry him. Polygamy is not always a happy iustitution, even in Africa. The eight former wives were augry and jealous, and, being powerless to injure Esona, they revenged themselves upon Sarah. One day, shortly after the marriage, as she was walking along the street, they suddenly made an attack upon her with knives, and might have killed her, but she was rescued by some men after receiving several wounds. Then the wiv.es tried another expedient. Four women from different towns came to Esona and solemllly told him that they had had a dream regarding him, all four of them exactly the same dream, on the same night. They had seen Mba, Sarah's dead husband, and he was very angry that Esona had married her, and said that he would trouble him and even kill him if he did not put her away. A few days later this word was confirmed when five houses in Esona's town were burned to the ground. They knew perfectly well that the fire had been started a.cci-

HEATHENISM AT IT IS IN WEST AFRICA

dentally by a young man who threw live coals on some dried thatch. Nevertheless, with one voice the people attributed the fire to Mba, and Esona, in fear, set Sarah free.

If it be supposed that in this brief sketch I have presented the lowest beliefs of the natives, and the exceptional rather than the ordinary effects of these beliefs, I may say that I have begun with the highest, their belief regarding God, and have taken the next in order, the worship of their ancestors, with its ordinary and invariable accompaniments. After this one would naturally consider the great mass of their more common fetishes, which are little or nothing more than charms or amulets to inflict and to protect against evil. The African does not conceive that a spirit resides in these fetishes, as is commonly supposed, nor that they act intelligently. In their regard for them one might compare these fetishes to the horseshoe which the negro in America hangs over his door for luck, but the effect is much more serious. Tho not so fundamental in the native religion as the ancestor-worship, yet they occupy the attention of the native more, and their influence is more constant. They are used also by women.

This form of fetishism is lower, more degrading mentally and morally, and far more cruel, on the whole, than that which I have described. It is don btful whether these fetishes, or even the ancestors' skulls, ought to be called "gods," and it is certain that their attitude toward them can not be called" piety." These fetishes are called" medicines," and are used for eyery conceivable purpose.

Still lower than this form of fetishism is the native belief in witchcraft, which in abject fear and diabolical cruelty has never had a rival in the world. The story of the power which a remnant belief in witchcraft has exercised in civilized and even Christian communities is one of the darkest pages in their history. Imagine all the restraints of civilization and the light of Christianity withdrawn from those communities, and you may form an idea of witchcraft in Africa.,.

No moral man can defend the native religion of Africa or bewail its loss except through ignorance, and such ignorance is most culpable in men who profess to know, who also undertake to inform the public, and who indulge offensive criticism of all who differ from them. Those who would drive out the Belgian without giving the native the knowledge of religious truth would leave him subject to a slavery more abject and a bondage more cruel than that of any human taskmaster. They would throw open his prison doors, but leave him bound to the ground in chains. They would give him the vision of a freedom which is not for him until he knows the truth revealed in Christ, which alone can make him free.

TlIll: MISSIONARY REVIEW 0," TltE WOltLD

A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN MISSIONS SALARIES AND THE INCREASED COST OF LIVING IN ASIA BY THE REV. ARTHUR JUDSON BROWN, D.D., NEW YORK CITY Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions So far as this problem affects the Christians of Asia and the parents of pupils in mission schools, neither boards nor missions can give adequate relief. Abroad as well as at home, it must remain the inexorable rule that a Christian man should live within his income and buy new things only as he can pay for them. Any other policy would mean utter ruin. Here also men must" work out their own salvation," and the missionary, while trying to lift men out of barbarous social conditions on the one hand, should, on the other hand, resolutely oppose the improvident eagerness which leads a blanketed Sioux Indian to buy on credit a rubber-tired surrey.

But what is to be done about the native ministers, teachers, evangelists, and Bible women who find it ntterly impossible to live on the salaries which they received a decade ago. The problem of the ordinary minister and helper is not so difficult. Springing from the common people, accustomed from their childhood to a meager scale of living, the small salaries which the people can pay either in full or in large part are usually equal to the income which they would have had if they had not become Ohristians. But some n&.tive ministers come from a higher social grade. They are men of education and refinement. They can not live in a mud hut, go barefooted, wear only a loin-cloth, and subsist on a few cents worth of rice a day. They must not only have better houses and food and clothing, but they must have books and periodicals ilnd the other apparatus of educated men. These things are not only necessary to their own maintenance, but they are essential to the work, for these men are our main reliance for influencing the upper classes for Ohrist. It is not a question of luxury or self-indulgence-nobody thinks of that-but of bare respectability, of the simple decencies of life which are enjoyed by an American mechanic as distinguished from the poverty which falls below the level of self-respect for a cultivated family. But this requires a salary which, save in a very few places, can not at present be paid by the churches. "Our pastors," says Dr. Lucas, of India, "are supposed to live as the middle class of their people do, but of late years, with the great rise in prices, they are living below the middle class."

The consequences are not only pinching poverty, but sometimes a feeling of wrong, and, in some cases, a yielding to temptation. One Chinese pastor, for example, who was trying ·to support a wife and five children on $10 Mex. ($5) a mouth, shipwrecked his influence by trying to supplement his scanty income by helping in lawsuits. Oan we wonder that he felt obliged to do something-almost anything?

A stnRlous· PROBLEM: iN MlSSIONS 409

But who is to pay the higher salaries which are now so necessary?

The first impulse is to look to the mission boards in the United States, and accordingly all over Asia missions are importunately calling for increased appropriations. But whatever temporary and sporadic relief may be given in this way, as a permanent remedy it is plainly impossible. If the conditions were simply sporadic and local, the case might be different. But they are universal, or are fast becoming so, and they will be permanent. It is quite visionary to suppose that the income of the mission boards will permit them to meet the whole or even the larger part of the increased cost of Ii ving among the myriads of ministers, teachers, and helpers in the growing churches of Asia.

There are now seventy-seven thousand three hundred and thirty-eight of such native pastors and agents, and every year swells the number.

American Christians can not reasonably be expected to add such an er..ormous burden to the already large responsibilities which they are carrying in their varied forms of home work and the present sCILIe of foreign missionary expenditurQ. Even if they could and would, it would be at the expense of all further enlargement of the work, and at the same time it would still further weaken an already we~k sense of self-reliance among the native ministers and helpers of Asia.

Moreover, the average Christian worker and giver in America is feeling the same strain himself. The so-called" era of prosperity"

has given more steady employment to the mechanic and unskilled laborer, has given better markets to the producer, and has enormously increased the wealth of many who were already rich. But the men on fixed salaries, who form the bulk of our church membership, find that "prosperity" has greatly increased the cost of living without prol'or- tionately increasing salaries. Consequently, hundreds of thousands of American church-members are worse off than they were in "hard times." Tables presented to the arbitration committee which investigated the grievances of the employees of the Union Trac- tion Committee in Chicago in 1902, showed that the pricc of thirty- seven necessary articles had gone up and fifteen had decreased, while the street-car employees had worked for the same wages for sixteen years. The average advance in the cost of living was given at forty per cent. in five years.* In such circumstances it is clearly out of the question for the Ohristians of the United States to meet these enlarged – demands for the support of their .own families, and in addition meet them for multitudes of Christians in Asia.

If, then, the problem of the increased cost of living in Asia can not be solved by increased gifts from America, what other solutions are possible? As an experienced missionary says: "To ask for more from • Percentages vary in ditl'erent localities. but nfter making all reasonable allowances, the general and IncontestablE' fact remain, that the expeuse of living in America has seriously Increased.

America seems like a step backward; but to leave matters as they are is to see our churches seriously crippled."

Four Possible Solutions First. Stop all expansion of the work, and use any increase in receipts to raise salaries. This is undoubtedly worthy of thoughtful consideration. To what extent is it right to open new fields and enlarge old ones when the workers now employed are inadequately paid? Plainly, the mission boards should carefully consider this aspect of the question. As a matter of fact, many of them have already considered it. The Presbyterian Board has repeatedly declined urgent requests to establish new stations, on the ground that it could not do so in justice to its existing work. But as a practical solution this method is open to serious difficulties. A living work must gro)V, and the living forces which govern that growth are more or less beyond the control of the boards. The boards are amenable to their constituencies, and those constituencies sometimes imperatively demand the occupation of a new field, as, for example, they did in the case of the Philippine Islands, some boards which at first decided not to enter the Philippines being afterward actually forced into them by a pressure of denominational opinion which they could not ignore. Moreover, the missionaries themselves are equally insistent in their demands for for enlargement. Some boards are literally deluged with such appeals. The missionaries who have most strenuously insisted on the policy of no further expansion till the existing work is better sustained have sometimes been the very ones who have strongly urged that an exception should be made in their particular fields, without realizing that the argument from" exceptions" is so often pressed that it is really the rule and not the exception at all. And the churches and missionaries are usually right. The argument that new work should not be undertaken until the existing work is adequately supported, would have made Paul and Barnabas disobey the call of the Holy Ghost to leave the little church in needy Antioch to preach in other regions, would have prevented the extension of Christianity into England and Germany and America, and would now strangle all foreign missionary effort, for we are repeatedly told that our land is not yet Christianized. God is calling His people to go forward. His voice is frequently very plain, and the boards, with all their care and conservatism, are then obliged to expand.

Second. Diminish the number of native pastors, helpers, and teachers, and increase their work. In some places this might be done by grouping congregations and fields. But the places where this could be wisely effected are so few that the relief to the situation, as a whole, would not be appreciable, especially as the native Christians would not give so liberally under such an arrangement. Their sense of responsi-

A SERIOUS PROBLJl:M IN MISSIONS

bility would be weakened if they had only a half or a quarter of a pastor's time instead of the whole of it. Besides, the native force is far too small now. Instead of being diminished, it should be largely increased. The great work of the future must be done by native ministers. If Asia is ever to be evangelized, the work will oe largely done by Asiatic evangelists. To deliberately adopt the policy of restricting the number of such evangelists and teachers would be suicidal. As a solution, therefore, this method is quite impracticable, as it would be a relief at the expense of efficiency.

Third. Expect native leaders to earn their own living, eithklr wholly or in part. There is Pauline example for this method. Some of the Presbyterian missionaries in Laos have adopted it by inducing the members of a given congregation to secure a rice-field and a humble house for their minister. The Koreamissionaries have very successfully worked this method by insisting that the leaders of groups shall continue in their former occupations, and give their services to Christian work without pay, in some such way as Sunday-school superintendents and other unpaid workers do in America. This method is deserving of wider adoption. It would give considerable relief in many other fields. It was probably the way that the early church grew. "Two opinions," says Dr. J. J. Lucas, "have been held in regard to the basis on which the salaries of native agents should be fixed. One is that such a salary should be paid as would remove all excuse for engaging in secular work, demanding all the time of the pastor for spiritual work; another is, that acknowledging the salary to be insufficient, the pastors be expected to supplement it by what they can get from field and vineyard. If self-support is to be aimed at, at all cost, then the Jatter plan is the only feasible one, with the dangers of its abuse. There is no doubt, however, that a man who loves the Gospel ministry, and is devoted to it can, without the neglect of spiritual affairs, do enough outside to materially lessen the burden that would fall on the Ohurch in his support." But this method of itself would hardly solve the problem. However well adapted to the beginnings of mission work, it fails to provide a properly qualified native leadership. To do efficient work, a native pastor must giv.e his whole time to it, and to that end he must have a salary which will make him" free from worldly cares and avocations." We insist on this in the United States, and the reasons for such a policy are as strong on the foreign field. The minister in Asia as well as the minister in America must have a salary. The laborer is worthy of his hire.

Fourth. Insist upon a larger measure of self-support. The native churches must be led to a fuller responsibility in this matter. Grave as are the temporary embarrassments which the increased cost of living is forcing upon them, and trying as is the permanent distress of

some of them, yet as a whole the economic revolution will undoubtedly enlarge the earning capacity of the native Ohristians. Indeed, the new principles of life which the Gospel bring!'! should make them among the first to profit by the changed conditions, and as their wealth increases, their spirit of giving should, and under the wise leadership of the missionaries undoubtedly will, increase. For these reasons, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions took the following action July 2, 1900: As having reference to the question of self-support of the native churches on the mission field, and in view of the fact that some of its missions are proposing to increase the salaries of native preachers and helpers on account of the increased cost of living, the board is constrained to look with no little apprehension upon the prospe~t of continuing and increasing demands of foreign aid in proportion to the contributions made by the churches themsel ves. Increased intercourse of Eastern nations with those of the West has led and will still further lead to a gradual assimilation to Western ways and Western prices, and unless the self-reliant spirit of the churches can be stimulated to a proportionate advance, there is a sure prospect that the drafts upon mission funds will be larger and larger in proportion to the amount of work accomplished. In view of these considerations, it was resolved that the missions in which such increase is proposed be earnestly requested to arouse the churches to the purpose and the endeavor to meet this increased expenditure, instead of laying still larger burdens upon the resources of foreign funds. The board deems this necessary not merely to the interest of its expanding work, but to the self-reliant character, the future stability and self-propagating power of the churches themselves.

There appears to be no alternative. And yet this policy, while adhered to, should be enforced with reasonable discretion and due regard to" this present distress." How can Christians, who can barely live themselves and pay a half or two-thirds of their pastor's present support, suddenly meet this call for enlarged salaries? For reasons I have already given, it is harder for them to make ends meet now than it was in the old days of primitive simplicity, while in many places, notably in India, and some parts of China, a profession of Ohristianity is followed by a business and social ostracism, so that the Christian is impoverished by the loss of employment which he already had. In these circumstances, both board and missions must simply do the best they can, and neither allow the emergency to sweep them into a mistaken charity which would be fatal to the ultimate interests of the cause, nor allow a valuable native worker to suffer for the necessaries of life.

It is idle, however, to urge as a reason for increasing the salaries of native Ohristian pastors, teachers, and helpers, that a qualified Asiatic can earn more in commercial life than in the ministry. Such a.rguments often come to mission boards. But Christian work can not

A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN MISSIONS

compete with business in financial inducements either at home or abroad. It is notorious that iu America ministers and church workers generally do not receive the compensation which they could command in secular employments or professions. The qualitie! which bring success in the ministry are, as a rule, far more liberally remunerated in secular life. The preacher who can command $6,000 or $8,000 in the pulpit could probably command three or four times that amount in the law or in business. Men who are as eminent in other professions and in the commercial world as the most eminent clergymen are in the ministry usually have incomes ranging from $20,000 to $100,000 a year, and have no "dead line" of age either. As for other ministers, the Rev. Dr. B. L. Agnew, Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Ministerial Relief, is authority for t~e statement that the average salary of ministers in the United States does not equal the wages of a mechanic. A missionary writes: "Practically all our native pastors are underpaid." The same thing might be said of all the home missionaries and of two-thirds of the pastors of the other churches at home.

The churches of America can not, or at any ra.te will not, do for the native ministers of Asia what they are ,not doing for their own ministers. The world over the rewards of Christ's service are not financial. rrhose who seek that service must be content with modest. support, sometimes even with sore poverty. This is not a reason for the home churches to be content with their present scale of missionary gi ving, nor doe!! it mean that mission boards are disposed to refuse requests for appropriations. The boards are straining every nerve to secure a more generous support, and they will gladly send all they can to the missions on the field. But it is a reason for impressing more strongly upon the young men in the churches of Asia that they should consecrate themselves to the Master's service from a higher motive than financial support, and that while the boards will continue to giva all the assistance that is in their power, still the permanent dependence of the ministers of Asia must be in increasing measure upon the Christians of Asia, and not upon the Christians of America. Hundreds of native pastors are already realizing this, and are manifesting a self-sacrificing courage and devotion which are beyond all prailie. Said Mr. Fitch, of Ningpo, to a Chinese youth of fine education and exceptional ability: "Suppose a business man should offer you $100 a month, and at the same time you had the way opened to you to study for the ministry, and, lifter entering it, to get from $20 to $30a month, which would you take?" And the youth answered: .. I would enter the ministry." He is now teaching in a mission school for $12 a. month, tho he could easily command $30 a month in a business position. The hope of the churches of Asia is in such men.

THE WORD "ISLAM"

BY CANON EDWARD SELL, OF MADRAS, INDIA, 1865 The Honorable Mr. Justice Syed Amir Ali, commenting on the word Islam, says: "The word does not imply, as is commonly supposed, absolute submission to God's will, but means, on the contrary, striving after righteousness." There seems to be some ground for this statement in the text: "There are some among us who have gone astray. And whoso is a Moslem he seeketh after the right way." The word aslama (became Moslem) is interpreted by the commentators to mean" those who placed the neck under the order of God," "those who came under the order,"" those who sincerely accept the dogma of the Unity of God." The word Islam is not found in the early Meccan Suras. It occurs twice in late Meccan ones: "That man's breast will be open to Islam" ; "Shall he, then, whose breast God has opened to Islam? " It occurs four times in Madina Suras: "The true religion with God as Islam"; "Whoso desireth any other religion than Islam, that religion shall not be accepted from him "; " It is my pleasure that Islam be your religion," and "Who more impious than he who, when called to Islam, deviseth a falsehood concerning God?"

A contrast between iman, or faith, and Islam is shown in the text: "The Arabs say, ' We believe.' Say thou, • Ye believe not'; therefore say rather, 'We profess Islam,' for the faith (iman) hath not yet found its way into your hearts." There are various forms of the verb in the sense of embracing Islam, and the noun Moslem is also used, but they are found for the most part in late Suras. The meaning assigned in Persian commentaries to Moslem is munqad and hukmbardar, both of which words mean submissive or obedient to orders given.

There is a verse which seems to be on the side of resignation: ., They who set their faces with resignation Godward and do that which is right, their reward is with their Lord." Again in the same Sura we have" I resign myself to the Lord of the Worlds." Islam is defined to be outward obedience, and when sincerity is joined to it, as shown by a belief in God, angels, Divine books, prophets, the last day, and the predestination to good or evil, it makes a man a true believer.

Sharastani, in the Milal wa Mithal, draws a distinction between Islam, Iman (faith), and Ishan (devotion, benevolence) in the following tradition: "Gabriel one day came in the form of an Arab and sat near the prophet and said: '0 messenger of God, what is Islam?' The prophet replied: 'Islam is to believe in God and His propbet, to say the prescribed prayers, to give alms, to observe the fast of Ramadhanl and to make the pilgrimage to Mecca.' Gabriel replied that

THE WORD, "ISLAM"

he had spoken the truth, and then asked the prophet what Iman was.

Re replied that it was to believe in God, angels, books, prophets, the last day, predestination. Again Gabriel admitted the correctness of the definition, and inquirec what Ihsan meant. The prophet replied, 'To worship God as if thou seest Him, for if thou seest Him not He seest thee.'"

Thus a Moslem, one who keeps the {>utward works of the law, may be a saved man, or one under or about to come under condemnation; but when he sets his face Godward and doeth that which is right, he adds Ihsan to Islmn, and is a Muhsin-that is, one who, in addition to performing the outward duties of the law, shows active benevolence; and when to all this is added tasdiq, or sincerity of heltrt, leading on to Iman, or firm belief in the articles of the creed, the man is a Mumin, or a true believer, which seems to be the highest state of all.

"The true believers (Al Mllminum) are only those who believe in Allah and his apostle, and afterward doubt not." Dr. Hirschfield considers that" Syed Amir's definition of Islam as a 'striving after righteousness' only reflects the theoretical and moral side of the ques- tion, which is limited to the initial stage of Islam." The meaning which has obtained favor in the Moslem body at large seems to be the one I have described-viz., the formal performance of certain outward duties. The fact that the term is not found in the earlier Suras supports this view, for it was only as the system grew into shape that the Arkan-i-din, or five obligatory duties of Islam, came to be fixed as those which he would be a Moslem must perform. If there ever was an ethical meaning attached to the term Islam, it seems to have been lost in very early days, for it is difficult to fix a period in which it was not used in the mechanical sense now universally accepted by Moslem commentators. The very term Islam thus emphasizes that side of religion which St. Paul so earnestly contended against in the .Judaism of his day, and which he defines as "works of the law by which no flesh shall be satisfied."

'rhe Mohammedan idea of the term Islam is quite in accordance with Jewish thought, to which Mohammed owes so much, for Hirschfield quotes a Rabbinic precept to the effect that "it is not the study of the law which is most important, but the practise thereof."

Tho this takes away from Islam the name of religion, and from Moslem the name of the man who professes Islam, much of the beauty which has gathered round the ethical idea of complete submission to the will of God, and lowers both terms to the idea of submission to a code of outward observances, one at least of which is compounded largely of old pagan rites; yet it must be borne in mind that Moslems have in the term Mum'in a word of higher meaning, which includes a sincere faith in what they believe to be the fundamental truths of their creed. Still, much of the praise European writers have bestowed on the words Islam and Moslem is out of place, for these terms do not connote a humble submission to God's will, but the attaining of righteousness by submission to the preformance of certain outward religious acts, which in Islam, as in other religions, tends to foster self·· righteousness.

INTERIOR OF A. KENTUCKY MOUNTA.lN EER'S CABIN BEREA COLLEGE AND ITS MISSION BY DELAVAN L. PIERSON The recent legislation aimed against Berea College by the Kentucky lawmakers recalls the thrilling history of the early days of Berea, and the powerful influence which it has exerted on both the colored and white races of Kentucky and the neighboring States. This college is nnique in being the only Sou thel'll college where any considerable number of the two races have been educated together on equal terms. It has been and is an important factor in the struggle to solve the great "negro problem" of the South.

No problem can he said to be solved until it is solved rightly. There may be many difficulties in the way, and good men may differ in their opinion as to what the true solution is, but no unworthy compromise and no mistaken method will stand the test of time. Moreover, Christians will agree that in problems involving moml and spiritual principles no solution is correct which is out of harmony with the spirit and teachings of Jesus Uhrist. It is on this belief that Be~ea was founded, and on this basis it has continued for nearly half · a century; for this belief her friends have been called upon to f.mffer reproach, contumely, o£tracism, and sometimes even bodily injury. In this little town in Madison County, Kentucky, there has been waging for fifty years the noble battle of principle against prejudice, the spirit of Christian brotherhood against physical, mental, and spiritual bondage.

Berea was founded by Kentuckians who had bec.ome convinced of

BEREA COLLEGE AND ITS MISSION

the sinfulness of slavery, and Rev. John G. Fee was called to be the pastor of their anti-slavery church. Mr. Fee was himself an inheritor of slaves, but he set them free for conscience'sake, and, in conse- quence, he was disowned and disinherited by his parents. When he came to Berea he found it a wilderness, but a settlement gradually grew up which stood for free speech and loyalty to the Union govern- . ment. In 1855 a school was founded on the same principles, with Rev. J. A. R. Rogers as principal and two young graduates of Oberlin Oollege as teachers.

Mr. Fee stood boldly for freedom of mind and body for black and white alike. His opponents resorted to mob violence-the usual weapon of ignorance and error-to silence him, but they failed. Mr. Fee's daughter says that in her childhood she thought no more of a mob than of a thunder-storm-she supposed that "everybody had mobs." But tho the fearless preacher was waylaid and threatened, dragged from his pulpit to be hung, stoned, and on various occasions seemed in imminent danger of being shot or drowned, he nevertheless refused to flee or keep silence. The opposition finally culminated in 1859, when an organized mob, said to be composed of the" wealthiest and most respectable" citizens of the county, marched to the homes of Mr. Rogers and nine other families, and demanded that they leave the county within ten days. After much thought and prayer, and a fruitIest'! appeal to the governor, the demand was complied with: the school was closed and the ten families left, confi- dently. declaring that they would return again. This expectation was fulfilled after the close of the Civil War, for in 1865 Professor Rogers reopened the school, reorganized the board of trustees, and obtained a charter for a college. It was a dramatic and signifi- cant event when a few years ago Hon. John D. Harris, one of the mob, publicly shook hands with Prin- cipal Rogers, and told him that he was very glad indeed that he had returned to the State.

Berea and the Colored Students The school had been founded to "promote the cause of Christ" and to "furnish facilities for education to all persons of good moral character." Since this did not exclude colored persons, three trustees resigned when that clause was adopted. Now the question took practical shape, for three young colored men, who had served in the Union Army and wore the blue, asked to be admitted as students. They were not turned away, tho it was evident that serious consequences might follow. The morning when those three young men entered, half of the students walked out. Oonsiderable excitement prevailed for a time, and a state superintendent of public schools expressed the enlightened sentiment that Berea was a "stench in the nostrils of all

true Kentuckians." The storm blew over, however (as most storms will), many of the disgruntled ones returned, and the number on roll steadily increased. Oolored young men and young women began to take advantage of the opportunities afforded at Berea, and at times they comprised two-thirds the total number attending. Since the opening of the State Normal School for Colored People, howeyer, the proportion has decreased, until now they only number one hundred and seventy-four out of a total enrolment of nearly one thousand.

Thus for nearly forty years colored students have been received in Berea unchallenged by the State authorities. Now, after all this period of successful operation, the bill has been passed by the legislature prohibiting the coeducation of the races. This bill is an evidence of the negrophobia which is sweeping Qver the South. It was introduced by Oarl Day, of the "bloody Breathitt" County, and is evidently a political moye to win the favor of those who desire to keep the colored people in subjection, and also of those Democrats who dislike Berea's work for the education of mountain Republicans. It is interesting to note that the college students voted practically unanimously in favor of the present system, and four-fifths of the white voters of the town signed a testimonial and remonstrance to the legislature against the passage of this bill.

Many evils were predicted as the inevitable result of disregarding the color-line in Berea, but not one of these fears have been realized. There has never been any compulsion as to social intercourse. The students of the two races do not room together, but when the two races must live and work side by side in the South, it is dificult to see what disastrous results should be feared from their working together in the field or in the classroom. The prejudice naturally brought by the white students is usually soon overcome. Perhaps the most serious trouble which has arisp.n between the races occurred years ago, when au uncultured white girl called a fellow-student "nigger" and was designated in return" poor white trash."

All the influence of the college is against intermarriage, and no scandal has ever been a blot on Berea's escutcheon; in fact, the Christian enlightenment of the two races is the surest way to prevent any such thing. A Kentucky mother who wanted her son to go through Berea, but feared lest he might lllarry a colored girl, admitted that he was in greater danger of forming an illicit connection with negresses in her own home city. Mulattos do not come from educated Ohristian parents. When Southerners are filled with forebodings lest their children take dark-skinned partners, it does not speak well for their home influence or for the strength of character developed in their otl'spring.

Right here it may be well to state briefly just what is Berea's attitude on this question of race coeducation. The college authorities do

BEREA COLLEGE AND ITS MISSION

not favor this in pn blic schools, but claim that there may be excep- tiuns to a general rule. It is well that some colored men and women should have an opportunity to measure themselves by the standards of the more favored race. We quote the following from Tlte Oitizen, a weekly newspaper published iu Berea: 1. The first colored students were admitted in 1865. There has never been any occasion for lowering the standard of scholarship to adapt it to them.

2. Berea is not in any way peculiar in this matter. On the con- trary, allY college of high grade which excludes the negro is peculiar. Harvard, Yale, Ohicago University, Oolumbia, and all great State universities admit negroes.

3. It is a matter of Ohristian principal with all these great institu- tions to treat a colored man exactly as they would treat a white man of the same character. If he is dirty or immoral-white or blackhe is to be condemned; if he has made himself honorable and respectable, he should be respected. We should not despise or discourage a man because he is lame, or because he is black.

4. In fact, a true Ohristian will take pains to help and encourage any man who is lame or black, or who has any other misfortune for which he is not to blame. Jesus Ohrist taught us that He cares for all unfortunates.

5. The negro has abundantly earned recognitiou as a man. His mind develops under education, and even untrained often shows large ability.

6. This does not mean that we should favor intermarriage. We do stand for moral purity and virtue, and there have been fewer mulatto children born in the region which Berea inflnences than in any other part of the South.

7. The course which Berea has pursued for so many years has greatly benefited the whole commonwealth. The school has been of a strictly high grade. Negroes have been encouraged to improve themselves, and taught self-respect. White people have been emancipated from unreasonable prejudice. Peace and prosperity have been promoted. None of the bad results which were predicted have come to pass.

8. While these are the principles held by all the teachers at Berea, we do not require every student to see things exactly in this way. Each student is perfectly free to select his own company and to hold his own ideas.

Berea's way is sensible and Ohristian, and it is the way approved by the great majority of the best people in the world.

In what striking contrast to this is the spirit breathed in the remarks of Governor Vardaman, of Mississippi, in vetoing a bill to appropriate $10,000 to aid a colored normal school in his State. He said in part: Literary education, the knowledge of books, does not sllem to produce any good, substantial results with the negro, but serves rather to sharpen his cunning, breeds bopes that can not be fulfilled, inspires aspirations that can not be gratified, creates an inclination to avoid bonest labor, promotes indolence, and? in tllrlll le~ds to crim(l."

These statements can not be substantiated by facts. They have been refuted again- and again. The colored educators all over the South are a standing proof of what the negro can become when given even a small opportunity. Kentucky has been glad to take every colored student Berea could even partially train and set them up as models and leaders for the freedmen. When the State sought for teachers fqr their colored normal school they went to Berea for them. The leadership of Governor Vardaman will tend to make the negro a beast; that of Berea will develop him into an intelligent, loyal Ohristian citizens. The college is a mighty force in helping to solve the great Southern problem-first, because it gives the negro an opportunity to "find himself," and, aecond, hecause it enables the white man to understand and sympathize with his dark-skinned brother.

Berea and the Mountaineers But Berea's greatest field is among the mountaineers, who come from the Appalachian range, stretching over. the "backyards of nine States." There are 3,000,000 of these hardy Americans-" our con- Mountain Region temporary ancestors," as they have been called; for tho the best of Anglo-Saxon blood $ orlh~~ flows in their veins, the ideas of two centuries ago course through ·their brains. It is a case South of arrested development due to isolation. No J whistle of the locomotive re-echoes in their hills, and their wagon-roads are, in many cases, the beds of streams. They date events from" the year the bear went through," or, more recently, from "the year the bicycle went through." In large districts tongues are the only news-organs, and papers and periodicals are chiefly useful to paper their cabin walls or stop the chinks between the logs. Even their preachers are lamentably uninformed and have very circumscribed horizons. Some who are too lazy to work and too ignorant to teach school, will undertake to "tend some churches." Is it any wonder that when President Frost, on one of his mountain tours, asked a bright young hunter whom he met if he could write numbers, he received the guarded reply: "Reckon I can write some numbers."

On a piece of bark the questioner drew the nine digits. The young man read them all. Next came the combination of figures, including 1897.

" I don't guess I can tell that thar."

Dr. Frost explained it, and then asked: "Do you know whitt 18!)7 Illeltns f"

BEREA COLLEGE AND ITS MISSION

" Hit's the year, hain't it ?"

"But why is the year called 1897? It is 1897 years since what?"

" I never heard tell."

Bu~ these people are made of sturdy stuff.

If they can only be res- cued from the limitations of their environment, and can be given the advan- tages of a modern Ohris- tian education, they -may yet help to solve the present problems of our country as they once helped to save the Union. ONE OF KENTUCKY'S MOUNTAIN SCHOOLS-LUNCH TIME This is what Berea is seek- ing to enable them to do, and with marvelous success. The moun- taineers are awakening to the advantages of "book larning_" 'fhey are no longer content with scratching a scanty substance from the soil, or with maintaining a precarious existence by means of a "mOOll- shiner's still." They have discovered that mind is worth more than muscle, and that to be quick at figures is better than to be quick at triggers. Teaching and other professions loom up before them as possibilities, and one lad recently walked one hundred and fifty miles to enroll as a student. Girls frequently ride many miles on horseback to Berea, 'and then by the modern alchemy of trade will transmute the horseflesh into cash and the cash into brains. They manage to com- A HANIHLlOM IN A ItENTI1CXY MOUNTAIN HOKE

plete their college course amid many hardships and often after much privation, but these trials only develop more fully the sterling qualities of character which fit them for responsible positions in business, State, and Ohurch.

Some of Berea', Methods The peculiarities of Berea are those which best fit the college to fulfil its mission. The courses must be adapted to the needs of those who have had few, if any, early advantages, and at the same time must enable those capable of leadership to obtain a liberal education. Much attention is given to normal work, and a large nnmber go out each A MOUNT.AI~ SCHOLAR .AND HIS H UPRIGHT FARM"

year to teach in the district schools, and thus spread the blessings of Berea in many an intellectual wilderness.

Industrial training is also a prominent feature of the curriculum, so that this college is beginning to do for the mountaineers what Hampton and Tuskegee are doing for the Indians and negroes. This department serves the fmufold purpose of developing character,. enabling the students to pay a part of their way, increasing the college equipment by student labor, and preparing them for the life that awaits them in their mountain homes. For the young women, domestic sciences, nursing, and dairying are taught by competent and practical instructors. The young men learn the science as well as the practical' part of farming and forestry, blacksmithing, carpentry, and other-

1904J BEREA COLLEGE AND ITS MISSION

MANUAL WORK IN THE MEN'S INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT BEREA trades equally important for pioneers of civilization. The new men's industrial building, when fully equipped, will offer rare opportunities for them to learn the most practical of modern mechanical trades. The brick-yard produces about Jwenty-five thousand bricks a day.

Perhaps a clearer idea of what Berea is undertaking may be had from a tabulated statement of the cQurses: For those who can not come to school: I. Extension Work-Traveling Libraries, Lectures, Leaflets, Stereopticon-a work that touches five States.

For those NOT sufficiently advanced to get a teacher"s certificate: II. Trade Schools, Carpentry, Housework, Printing, Brickmaking, etc.-two years.

III. Model Schools-preparing for Normal and advanced courses.

For those sUfficiently advanced to get a teacher's certificate: .

IV. Farming-Gardening, Stock-raising, Forestry, etc.-two years. .

V. Domestic Science-Sewing, Cooking, etc.-two years. VI. Normal Course for teachers-three years, with practise teaching.

VII. Academy Course-four years, fitting for college and for life.

For those more advanced: VIII. College Course-Classical, Philosophical, and Literary.

Adjunct dfJpartment: IX. Music-Reed Organ, Choral (free), Vocal, Piano, Theory.

X. Berea General Hospital …..care of the sick-two years.

One unique feature of Berea is the number of small cottages rented out at a nominal sum to families who wish to enjoy these privileges. The younger children may attend the model school, the older ones

the college, and even the parents are enlightened by the public lectures, and stimulated by the atmosphere of the place. A father who, twenty years ago, had been dissuaded from coming to Berea, recently brought his whole family and settled under the shadows of the college. They support them- selves by teaming and keeping boarders. One after another the nine children will be sent back to teach in the mountains.

The system of university ex- tension, or ." a Ohautauqua on wheels," which is carried on from Berea, is another very important and infiuencial part of its work. Not only are libraries of useful books loaned out to families of mountaineers wherever a reader can be found, but each year a number of professors from the college make long tours into the mountains, holding institutes, conducting religious meetings, and in general awakening the people to a sense of their need and the" glories of the possible" which are theirs. Oue result is seen in the inoreasing number of applications for admission to the college. In a recent letter Presi- dent Frost says: These are exciting days in Berea, as we have "overdone"

the work of kindling a desire for education, and can not turn back A 8AJ[I>LJJ: BEREA )[OUNTAINEER boys who come in on foot one He 18 6 t eet 2 Incbes tall, and atter 7 terms In hundred and fifty miles! .Last Berea taugbt two scbools of low grade. Tben night twelve young men lodged he returneil to the college to ftt blmself for ~ in my house. I have just bought blgber grade of teacblng the largest dwelling-house in Berea, and shall turn it at once into a men's dormitory. A party of three young men and two young women arrived yesterday whose journey was interesting. They started from Letcher County, Ky., riding thirty miles on horseback to Stonega.

There they found that a washout had cut off the train they had expected to take. They walked ten miles along the railroad track to Big Stone Gap, carrying their baggage, From that point to Berea

BEREA COLLEGE AND ITS MISSION"

they came by rail-about one hundred and forty miles. Two of them had never seen the cars before, and only one had ever ridden upon them before!

The President and His Coworkers It is, after all, the" men behind the guns" at Berea who have made the college effective in its campaign against ignorance and evil. No one can visit the institution and come into personal touch with them without being impressed with the high caliber of the men and women who are devoting their lives to this noble work. It has involved much self-sacrifice and faith for them to accept such a call to undertake large THE BEREA STUDENTS AT MORNING CHAPEL responsibilities with meager salaries in an institution which has often been misrepresented and misunderstood. But they are Christians of high ideals and attainments, who delight to lay their talents at the feet of their Master in the same spirit that they would accept a Godgiven call to any other mission field.

When President Frost and his wife came to Berea from Oberlin twelve years ago they found the college burdened with debt and difficulties. He brought to his task rare ability as a teacher and organizer, and high talent as an orator and writer; she brought her peculiar graces and gifts, which have made her an ideal hostess to visitors and a true friend to the students. Both of them entered upon their work with self-sacrificing devotion and zeal which characterizes the other members of the faculty. The result has been a wiping out of debt, a broadening of scope, a deepening of impressions, and a widening circle of friends who have established the enterprise on firm and lasting foundations.

Some Results and the Outlook As might be expected, the effects of such devoted and intelligent endeavors can scarcely be overestimated. Leaders of the colored race have been trained to bring their people out of the bondage of indolence and ignorance and sin into the liberty of industry, knowledge, and love. Multitudes of the mountaineers are beginning to take great strides in the seven-league boots of knowledge out of the seventeeth century into the twentieth. Better still, boys who went to Berea PRESIDENT WILLIAM G. FROST AND PROF. J. A. R. ROGERS with revolvers have come home with Testaments, for t.he religious influence of the college, while non-sectarian, is strong and deep. The graduates are noted for their intelligence, friendliness, thrift, and honesty, and the sections into which they return are steadily improving in industrial achievements, educational facilities, social purity, and the safety of life and property.

Another result, of tremendous import to the nation, has already been mentioned-namely, the better understanding and closer sympathy which has been developed between the two races. The one has learned that a white skin may not necessarily indicate a domineering prejudice. The other discovers that man made in the image of God

ltElt:EA COLLEGE AND ITS MISSION

includes the colored race, and that education and fair dealing makes him not more dangerous but more useful. 'rhis is another case where "mixin' lams both parties."

The outcome of Kentucky's hostile legislation is still uncertain. The trustees of the college have resolved to have their legal and constitutional rights defined by the courts. A law which interferes with academic freedom seems a dangerous invasion of personal liberty and A MOUNTAIN SCHOOL vested rights. The question is not a negro question, but one of tae liberty of all men to use their talents and their property as they please so long as they do not interfere with the rights of others. Whatever may be the outcome, the trustees declare that they will not move the college, and will in some way provide for continuing their good work for both mountaineers and colored students. It is a time for the friends of Berea to rally round her with'moral and financial support,* so that the present crisis may be turned to her advantage and to that of the hopeful but neglected classes, to whom the college has a God-given mission.

• We earnestly hope that this may be a time when all wiII show their practical sympathy by helping to supply Berea's pressing needs. Among these are scholarships ($40.00 a year), better industrial equipment, and money for general expenses. Donations may be sent to the REVIEW or to President William G. Frost.

AN EXPERIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION BY REV. H. F. LAFLAMME, COCANADA, INDIA Missionary of the Canadian Baptist Church, 1887- The conditions that prevail throughout India in necessitating a more general industrial education were the conditions that led us as a mission, some nine years ago, to undertake the industrial training of as many of our Christian boys and young men as offered for the purpose. We found the community with which we had to deal lacked elasticity and self-help. Except in one direction, and that the very lowest, the people lacked any knowledge of how to do things. They had no handicrafts, no indnstries, no enterprize, and no invention. The utter absence of this last inspiring faculty from the minds of the peo- ple of India is one of the most amazing and lamentable drawbacks to their material prosperity. The faculty of imitation is most highly developed, but the faculty of original invention has altogether died out, if it were ever one of their possessions, as it surely must have been. 'l'he causes for this undesirable state of affairs are not far to seek, but the remedy lies in the direction of putting them in the way of doing, of stirring within them the impulse to accomplish and the power to do so, and with this will come the long-lost faculty of inventing the ways and devising the means.

This sameness of occupation and the strict limitations of what occupations there are already leaves such a narrow margin that if the fruit of that occupation fail then there is nothing but starvation before the people. All India's eggs are in one basket, and that the agricultural basket; and if a series of bad seasons upset that, then the whole land is undone, for her people have no knowledge or capacity, excep~ in a very small way, for any other calling. With these convic- 'tions in our minds as to the ueeds of India, we opened a school for carpentry which is now running in this place. Into this school we admit boys of over twelve and under twenty-five years of age. The former limit is set because a preliminary education is a sine qua non of the highest success in the lowest possible calling, and the latter age limit was fixed to prevent the school from becoming the dumping- ground for a lot of men who had failed in other callings, and by desiring to enter this at a time in life when they were not capable of learning to advantage what the school might be able to teach, would thus stand in the way of other younger and more promising material. A number of the older men are married, and when a lad reaches the age of eighteen or twenty he is encouraged to marry a girl of his own age and standing. But the single men have their sleeping-apartments removed from the quarters of the married. All are accommodated in about ten rooms, the married men being under the head carpenter, and the single men under the oversight of the compound school-

AN EXPERIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

teacher. 'rhese rooms are provided free of charge. An old woman does the cooking for the single men, who pay her once a fortnight, when their own pay ~omes. This amounts in the case of the single meu to 2, 2t, and 3 annas, and for the married men Lo 3t, 4, and 4t annas for the first, second, and third years, respectively, and for only SIX days in the week, Sunday being given as a rest day.

Each boy on entering is supplied with an adz, a chisel, a plane, and some bits. These tools are increased as hi's capacity to use them increases, and when, after three or more years in the SChool, the man graduates regularly, he is presented with all those tools, and, in addi- tion, a saw, a square, a brace, a hammer, a screw-driver, and a number of planes with the irons. Many of the tools he learns to make him- self, and is made as self-contained as possible, so that when he goes out to face his village world he will be independent alike of his fellow craftsman and the town hard ware merchant.

'['he benches, lathe, saws, drills, taps, and dies, and other tools, are supplied out of the annual grant from mission funds, which has for some time come to $250. This also includes the erection of good tiled roof-sheds and the supply of timber that is inevitably spoiled by so many who come in without any knowledge of the work at all.

The work done comprises chairs, tables, boxes, doors, windows, house-roofing, bookcases, all kinds of household furniture, country carts, plows, wooden shoes, foot-stools, and repairs of all kinds, including carriages. They work chiefly in te~k, egesu, kamba, rosewood, and mangoe. There is never any lack of work, and the order-book is always away in advance of the delivery·book.

The attendance numbers about twenty-five, over whom there are two master carpenters, one drawing a monthly wage of $5.35 and free quarters, and the other a day coolie of about fourteen cents and no quarters. '['he work hours are from six to twelve and from two to six each day of the week except Saturday, when they get an hour off in the evening for sea-bathing. One hour of each evening, from eight to nine, is spent in study under the schoolmaster for five nights in the week. All of them know how to read, and some have studied as high as the second form.

Of the thirteen men who have taken a somewhat extended course in the school d111'ing its short history of eight years, eleven are following the trades there more or less fully mastered. One who spent four years in the school has become a noted plow-maker, and is now engaged in building a bungalow, and is said to be making about $6.35 a month. One after eighteen and another after only nine months in the school now have steady employment, and are making good livings at sawing. Three others, with three years each at school, are now making from twelve to sixteen cents a day. Most of them have steady employment~ and &re in demand.

The school has been established to meet the needs of a small com- munity, and its sphere of operations has been necessarily limited to that community. During the eight and a half years of the school's existence, mission funds to the amount of $1,546 have been invested in it. Of this amount about $546 represent the value of the school's helongings, of which $217 are tools, $133 buildings, and $196 stock, and the increase of value in mission property. The remaining $1,000 may be set down as the cost of producing twelve masters, or $83 for each man. Is that man worth it? He has been raised by that sum from a wage-earning capacity of say six cents a day to that of twelve, which, in the working-days of a year, represent a total of about $20. This sum, on an investment of $83, represents interest at the rate of about 24 per cent., which, from a commercial standpoint alone, is a very good showing indeed. But then there is much more than just these twelve graduates of the school to be credited to that $1,000. There are, besides, a large number of boys and young men who have taken a par- .. tial course, and tho not now following the calling for which the school is designed t,o fit them, have been immensely improved by the educa- tion they have there taken on-an education in regular habits and hours, in discipline and control, in handicraft and observation, that has altogether widened and helped them, and made them of much greater value than they ever could have been without it to the com- munities to which they return and to the mission which has thus helped them.

SIGNS OF PROMISE IN INDIA THE MISSIONARY SPIRIT IN THE NATIVE CHURCH BY GEORGE SHERWOOD EDDY Secretary of the Indian National Y. M. C. A.

The object of our foreign missionary enterprise is to establish a Ohurch self-governing, self-supporting, and self-propagating, so that we have ground for thanksgiving and for hope in the rise of the missionary spirit in the native Ohurch of India and Oeylon. This spirit is certainly growing. In the older missions especially the demand for a larger share in the government of the Ohurch, and the deepening sense of obligation for self-support has been accompanied by the growing consciousne~s of responsibility for the evangelization of the unsaved. Among the scattered peoples of India, divided by languages and customs more than the nations of Europe, there is at last beginning to appear a national consciousness, a sense of patriotism. Among the Ohristians this shows itself in a zeal for evangelization.

Almost all the older and stronger missions of South India have organized missionary societies in the native churches. In South Travancore, iu the LQudou Mi§sionary Society, the native Ohristians therq-

AN EXPER'ENUE IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

selves support three workers for the evangelization of the heathen, in addition to their efforts to approach self-support. In the Arcot Mis- sion of the Dutch Reformed Church the" Gospel Extension Society"

raises annually over $300, and sup- ports three evangelists and three colporteurs. In the Madura Mis- sion of the American Board the native" Evangelical Society," now in its fiftieth year, raises annu- ally some $4-71), with which they help several weaker churches and take part in the support of ell vcn evangelists. A similar society iu the Lutheran Mission at Guntnr has been the means of estab- lishing a number of Christian among the heathen. "The Indian Christian Workers Union," of Bengal, is an attempt at an indi- genous interdenominational move- ment among the young men for the evangelization of their own land. Tho small in numbers, their work is voluntary, independ- ent, patriotic, Christian. In the South, "The Malabar Syrian Christian Evangelistic Associa- tion," without conuection with any missionary or mission, raises annually over $300 for the evan- gelization of Travancore, and last year over $1,500 was raised by special collection. They sustain some forty workers as evangelists SECRETARY OF THE INDIA MISSIONARY SOClETY and teachers among the Hindus, OF TUNNEVELLY Roman Catholics, and others, carryon a high-school 'of their own, and urge voluntary work upon all their Christians.

Of still greater significance is the formation of missionary societies that have a wider horizon than their own local fields, and that feel the burden of evangelization for India as a whole. Among these might be mentioned the "Jafi'na Student Missionary Society," established in 1901, which is supported and controlled by the Christians of Jaffna themselves. Its object is "to send the Gospel to Tamil-speaking peo- ples in neglected districts of other lands." It is distinctively a

jore£gn mission. The 2,000 members of the sixteen self-supporting churches in the American Mission of Jaffna, after raising $3,400 (nearly $2.00 per capita) among their own members in 1902, and having already an "Evangelical Society" which has for fifty years been controlled exclusively by the native Christians, and has given $300 annually to the support of three workers in the neighboring islands, have now also established a distinctively foreign mjssionary society to send missionaries to India and other lands. This society grew out of the Student Volunteer Band of Jaffna College, and was formed among the present and past students of that institution. Their first missionary was a young native teacher in the college, a graduate of the Calcutta University, who declined more than one large offer asa teacher in order to go to Tondi, a neglected part of the Madura district, for $10 a month. '1'he work has now been carried on for several years, and four workers are supported by the society.

A Woman's Missionary Society has also been organized in Jaifna as an auxiliary to this mission, with its branches in all the churches, . each woman taking a missionary box and contributing" a coin a day· and a prayer." At the end of last year the women had some $270 in their treasury, after supporting their workers in Tondi. The native women control the affairs of the society, and almost put the men to shame by their devotion and ability.

Of yet larger possibilities is the new "Indian Missionary Society of Tinnevelly." Among the fifty-four thousand Christians in the Church Missionary Society Mission of Tinnevelly, many churches are not only self-supporting, but pay the salaries of all the catechists and teachers working in their district. In addition to this there has long been a mission conducted by the Native Church Council, raising some $270 a year for the support of a pastor, two evangelists, and eight teachers, some of whom have gone to the hill tribes in other parts of India. But in addition to all these, the new Indian Missionary Society, which has been organized by the young men of Tinnevelly, "seeks to develop," as their constitution reads," by an indigenous organization, the missionary spirit of the native Church, in order to spread the Gospel in India and other lands." All Indian Christians of 'rinnevelly contributing to the support of the society are considered members. Other contributors may become honorary members. The society is conducted by the officers and a committee of ten, composed exclusively ()f Indian Christians. The fact that the society is indigenous and independent has appealed powerfully to the native Christians, who have eagerly contributed to its support. One of the first to contribute is giving over $3 monthly to the society, in addition to large gifts to the Church itself. Some of the strongest young men have volunteered for service, and are willing to go out into new districts, to learn a new language, and to leave all for Christ. They are to begin operations

AN EXPERIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

soon in an unoccupied part of the Telugu field. If these men can successfully wDrk in language areas other than their own, think of the possibilities of the evangelization of India by Indian Christians themselves!

A still bolder undertaking is that of the "Home Missionary Society" of the American Baptist churches in the Telugu country.

This was started in 1898, and has already become a foreign mission- ary society. After supporting two workers among the unevan- gelized jungle tribes in their own district, sending a third to the hill tribes of the Kurnool district, and yet a fourth to learn another lan- guage and work among the hill tribes of the Nilgiris, this society has now undertaken the splendid projec~ of sending one of their choicest men to South Africa to work among the thousands of rrelugu and Tamil people in Natal. This young man felt the call to go in one of their mission- ary meetings, and after praying and struggling for some years, and at last obtaining the consent of his wife to make the sacrifice, he consecrated all to Christ and sailed for Africa, sent out by his Indian Christian brethren.

These are only a few of many missionary movements in the native Church of India. What these societies can do others will do. The missionary horizon is bright with hope in India. :Let us not despise the day of small JOHN RANGRAH things. The great Baptist socie- An India missionary to Africa ties following Carey began with only a few shillings and fewer men. The beginning of the missionary movement in America seemed insignificant at the time. It doth not yet appear what these native movements may become. In their reflex action upon the native Church, and in their bearing upon the future evangelization of India and other lands, they must be reckoned with.

Has not the time come to entrust more responsibility to the native Ohurch? May not an advance in this direction be made all along the missionarv line? The Ohurch in foreign lands will rise to its responsi- bility awl fulfil its high calling. Let us thank God and take courage!

THE ETHIOPIAN MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA BY REv. FREDERICK B. BRIDGMAN, DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA Missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions To the question, "What are you doing?" missionaries in Africa are familiar with the native answer: "Oh, I am just staying, just sitting." This reply characterizes the physical and intellectual attitude of the African during untold ages. Three successive generations of missionaries found the native still satisfied with his favorite occupation of "just sitting." That this condition should continue forever in the face of the Gospel faithfully preached and lived was impossible. But a pronounced change has come only in the last ten or twelve years, and it has come with such suddenness and force as to surprise even those most responsible for the transformation. Instead of the don't-care, let-the-missionary-do-it-all spirit, there is now the disposition to say to the white brother: "Hands off; let us plan and do for ourselves." The result has been the formation of native churches independent of missionary control. 'rhe first of these named itself the "Church of Ethiopia"; hence the term "Ethiopianism," as popularly applied to all independent religious bodies under native management.

While the importance of this movement as affecting the religious, social, and political future of Africa is admitted on every side, of the inner working of these independent churches very little is known. The facts in hand relate almost entirely to externals, such as churches, congregations, ordinations, and schools-things not easily hidden.

The Original Ethiopian Church The original Ethiopian Church was organized in Pretoria during 1892. Its founder, Rev. M. M. Makone, had been a native minister ot the Wesleyan Ohurch, and in doctrine and form of worship the new organization continued to be Wesleyan. Its distinguishing feature was that it is a racial Ohurch, composed of and controlled by Africans. Several years later a man named Dwane also left the Wesleyans and joined the Ethiopian Church. This man soon came to the front as a leader. The movement did not attract much more than local attention until 1896, when the Ethiopians held a conference in Pretoria, where the question of seeking affiliation with the Afrl'1an Methodist Episcopal Church in America was raised. The outceme was the appointment of three delegates to visit the United States, in order to confer with the authorities of that Church, and, if possible, to bring about a union. Only Dwane went to America, but he was so far successful that early in 1897 he returned under appointment as General Superintendent in South Africa of the African M. E. Church. He immediately set about the task of bringing the Ethiopian constituency into the fold of this American negro denomination. The following

THE ETHIOPIAN MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

year the colored American bishop, H. M. Turner, visited South Africa, and toured the country from Oape Town to Pretoria. The seal of approval freely given by the bishop did much to remove the stigma of irregularity that had hitherto attached to the new movement. This gave great impetus to the cause, and before returning to America the bishop declared the union of the Ethiopian and African M. E. Ohurches to be complete.

But this union was more apparent than real. For scarcely had a year elapsed when, in August, 1899, Dwane made overtures to the archbishop of Oape Town, with a view to the reception of himself and following into the Anglican Ohurch. 'l'his action, according to the Anglicans, was prompted by Dwane's discovery that the episcopate of the African M. E. Ohurch was not valid. Perhaps a more likely reason is that Dwane's personal ambitions failed of the rapid realization for which he had hoped. Dwane stipulated that, tho received into the English Ohurch, they should exist as a distinct order, with the right to hold property, with power to ordain pri~sts and deacons for native work, and that they should keep the title" Ethiopian Ohurch." The outcome was that in August, 1900, Dwane was received into the Anglican Ohurch, and was appointed Provincial of the Order of Ethiopia. It had beeu agreed that the rank a,nd file of the African M. E. Ohurch should not be received en masse, but only as individuals should give proof of real conviction and apprehension of the truth.

Upon this issue of joining the Anglican Ohurch, the African M. E. Ohurch now divided-one section, reported to number 10,000, following Dwane, and the other section, numbering several thous and, remaining true to its adopted mother.

The African Methodist Episcopal Church The origin of this Ohurch is significant. In the preface of its Discipline we read: "In November, 1787, the colored people belonging to the Methodist Society of Philadelphia convened together, in order to take into consideration the evils under which they labored, arising from the unkind treatment of their white brethren, who considered them a nuisance in the house of worship, and even pulled them off their knees while in the act of prayer, and ordered them to the back seats." Several pages follow, narrating the hardships endured, the opposition encountered, and the litigation necessary before the persecuted secured their own house of worship and minister. This body assumed organic form in 1816. It soon began missionary work in Liberia and Sierra Leone, which is still continued. The Ohurch in the United States has 5,000 ministers, 700.000 communicants, and holds property, church and school, to the value of over $50,000,000.

This colored American Ohurch was invited to South Africa to espouse the Ethiopian cause, and under the representations of the ill-

treatment of native Ohristians by missionary bodies, glowing accounts of the great missionary opportunity, it is not strange that the African M. E. Ohurch should have given the matter serious consideration. But certainly the course pursued by that leading bishop who investigated the situation on the ground was not complimentary to either his sagacity or thoroughness. To go to a distant land, and in a six weeks' tour receive members into the Ohurch by the thousand, ordain sixty ministers and deacons on their face value, and then to welcome into fellowship at a few hours' notice congregations and pastors seceding from societies long in the field, all savors of the grossly superficial. The general conference at Oolumbus, Ohio, May, 1900, to which the South African branch sent four delegates, endorsed all that had been done b! Bishop 'l'urner, constituted South Africa the Fourteenth Episcopal District, appointed Rev. Dr. Levi J. Ooppin, of Philadelphia, its first resident bishop, and voted $10,000 to aid in the establishment of a South African college. To-day this Ohurch has eighty ministers and missionaries devoting themselves entirely to the work. The communicants number over 6,000. Their stations are scattered over all the Oape Colony, and many districts of the Orange River and Transvaal colonies.

From many quarters come bitter complaints that the African M. E. Ohurch, like the Ethiopians, is building only upon foundations laid by others. Their houses of worship are often erected in close proximity to churches long established. Their" converts" are too often drawn from disciplined or disappointed applicants for admission to other churches, or from those who are ready for selfish reasons to forsake their first love. Bishop Coppin says: "In opening new work we prefer, very much prefer, to go to entirely unoccupied fields; but occasionally we are called to places where other churches are at work." Among such occasional places are: Oape Town, Worcester, Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, Grahamstown, Graaf Reinet, and other centers long prominent for missionary activity. It is to be feared that the preference of the African Methodist Ohurch for" entirely unoccupied fields" can not be very strong. When the missionary organ of this Ohurch declares that it "sees no reason why in the next three years 50,000 members should not be added to it in Africa," it is evident that these numbers are not to be won from heathen£sm, but from the churches who, by lavish expenditure of life and treasure, have brought the natives to a knowledge of the truth.

The aspirations of the A. M. E. Ohurch are only surpassed by its presumption. This same paper, The Voice of ).lfissions, published in New York, and upon whose editorial staff are five bishops, advocates the holding of a conference of all mission boards, with a view to the transference of all their African work to the A. M. E. Ohurch. It proposes this course on the ground of the acknowledged failure of

these boards to prosecute work in Africa. Moreover, it states that the founding of its South African college means the" solution of the great problem that has baffled the most astute missionary boards of the world."

Not so laughable or harmless were some articles in the Voice which touched on the South African race question. These spoke of the time when Africans would" whip" the British back to the Thames, as the Afro-Haitians whipped the French; of the time when the whites in Africa would be "bassed " by the Kaffirs, and of the founding of an African republic. Such sentiments, published during the war and widely quoted by the colonial press, not only intensified feeling against the independent native movement, but increased local prejudice against missions generally. In contradiction of the above statements, the African Methodists at the Cape publicly avowed their loyalty to the Crown, and the South African Conference passed reso· lutions begging the editors of the Voice to cease dealing with local, social, and political questions until after the restoration of peace.

While granting the African M. E. Church credit for pure motives, yet the course pursued since coming to South Africa in 1898 has not been such as to inspire confidence. Allying itself with a schismatic movement of dOll btful character, exhibiting culpable ignorance with regard to all missionary endeavor in this land, and guilty of the folly of fostering race prejudice and disloyalty, the African M. E. Church must answer to a grave indictment against its boasted fitness for work in South Africa.

The colored Baptists of the United States alBo seem to contemplate beginning work in our midst-indeed, there is already work here that claims to be under these auspices. Several years ago their advance agent, Rev. Charles S. Morris, visited these parts, and in his speech at the great Ecumenical Missionary Conference mentioned that he received into the Baptist Church here one thousand two hundred members, representing seventeen different congregations. This statement carries its own condemnation. Mr. Morris might also have told his New York audience that he ordained to the ministry several questionable characters. Let the colored Baptists take up mission work in Africa and welcome, but let them strike for .virgin soil. There is abundant room in one of those pestilential regions where Mr. Morris asserts the American negro is alone practically immune. But so far as we know, this gentleman himself carefully avoided the fever districts.

The African Presbyterian Church A third movement, having headquarters in Cape Colony, is led by Rev. P. J. Mzimba, who was ordained to the ministry by the Free Church of Scotland at Lovedale. For twenty-two years he rendered faithful service as pastor of the Lovedaie church, but resigned, with-

out warning, early in 1898. His ordination vow to "maintain the unity and peace of the church against error and schism" was deliberately broken, and he planned the disruption of the church while still its minister. He persisted in retaining properties with whose custody he had been entrusted, including buildings, title-deeds to land, £1,361, together with the records and documents of the church. Only by legal action were these restored to their owners.

Mzimba issued circulars, calling upon all members of the Free Church in South Africa to join his standard. Two-thirds of the Lovedale congregation followed him, and many other congregations also divided, so that promising schools were ruined., A year ago Mzimba claimed 6,500 communicants for the" African Presbyterian Church," a membership not gathered out of heathenism, but gained from a pioneer missionary church.

Joseph Booth in Natal Let 'us now turn our attention to Natal, where Ethiopianism received an impetus from a most unexpected source. In 1896 Joseph Booth, an English missionary from Central Africa, appeared as the promotor of a scheme called the "African Christian Union." His prospectus was remarkable for its visionary proposals, coupled with consecrated ignorance. Mr. Booth's idea was to induce all of African extraction the world over to unite in the organization of a semi-benevolent joint stock company for the commercial occupation of Africa. Commercial power, he predicted, would eventually mean political control also. He estimated that if one-sixth of the civilized blacks of Africa and America gave one penny a day, there would be available £3,000,000 annually. 'fhis sum, invested yearly for ten years, was to purchase and work great plantations of sugar, coffee, and cotton; it was to buy and operate steamers not only on the African lakes and rivers, but also oceanic lines to England and America. Mr. Booth said: "Let the African be his own employer, develop his own country, establish his own manufactures, run his own ships, work his own mines, and conserve the wealth from his labor and his God-given land for the uplifting of the people and the glory of God. Let the call b~.long and loud and clear to everyone with African blood coursing in his veins." The heading of the appeal was: "Africa for the Africans." Mission stations, schools, farms, and all industries were to be manned by Africans only. The one illustrious exception was to be-Joseph Booth!

Such was the astounding proposition with which an Englishman, in the name of Christ, sought to infatuate the native mind, and this, too, in that crucial year of South African missions-1896. It was in vain that missionaries warned and remonstrated. It mattered not to Mr. Booth that repeated attempts to establish even a sugar-mill run

THE ETllIOPIAN MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

by natives had all failed. In Durban he succeeded in gathering one hundred educated natives from all parts of Natal. At an all-night meeting these natives listened to Mr. Booth's proposals, and then proceeded to apply his principle, " Africa for the Africans," by demanding that he, too, should be excluded. Mr. Booth argued that without him the scheme would fail,. and finally, at about dawn, most of the natives left the room. The disappointed visionary then resorted to the United States.

Tho this scheme was itself foredoomed, it can not be doubted that the attendant agitation acted as a powerful stimulus on the schismatic spirit. It was a wind fanning the flame. We would not unduly emphasize Mr. Booth's propaganda, for restlessness and discontent were already widespread. Nevertheless, previous to this date (1896) there had been in Natal no really serious disaffection. To-day there are some nine independent bodies whose boast is that in religion, at least, they are no longer" under the boot of Europeans."

The Zulu Congregational Church One of the first and most prominent of these factions was that connected with the mission of the American Board. The stormcenters were Table Mountain (near Moritzburg) and Johannesburg. At the former the main point at issue was the refusal of the preacher to remove to another place at the request of the mission; at the latter the difficulties related principally to the holding of property to the purchase of which the people had contributed, and to the ambition of the congregation that the preacher rather than the missionary be their recognized head. The whole question was simply that of control.

Two years of prayerful effort looking toward adjustment seemed to show only a greater misunderstanding and an ever-widening breech between the native churches and the mission. During this period the Conference of Foreign Mission Boards in America issued a circular letter to the churches of various fields, urging them to undertake more fully self-support. The Zulu churches interpreted this appeal to mean not only self-support but self-control, with emphasis on the latter. They seemed to take the letter to be official notification from the board that the missionaries were no longer needed. These misconceptions naturally complicated the situation. Matters went from bad to worse until, in the latter part of 1897, the preachers at both Table Mountain and Johannesburg withdrew from the mission, taking with them fully half of both membership and constituency of their congregations. The seceders promptly organized the "Zulu Congregational Ohurch."

In the questions at issue the seceders had the full sympathy and moral support of practically our entire constituency, and it is prob-

able that the secession was not undertaken without the sanction of the American mission churches. The peril of complete rupture be_ tween the mission and its churches which had been built up during sixty years was imminent. To avert this disaster God used at least three agencies: (1) He gave the missionaries grace and patience, tho slandered and abused almost beyond belief, to discuss for days at a time the points of difference.

(2) The fact of so large a proportion of the people being dependent npon mission lands for a place to live, undoubtedly exercised a restraining influence.

(3) Perhaps more than all, an ill-advised move on the part of the two leaders of the Zulu Congregational Church thwarted their confi- dent expectation that all the churches would soon join them. Early in 1898 these two seceders sought ordination, and obtained it in an irregular way. The Zulu has an inborn respect, amounting almost to reverence, for precedent, for law. The ordinations in question displayed so manifest a disregard for regularity in ecclesiastical procednre that our native leaders drew back. The secessionists then accused the pastors and churches of broken faith in thus forsaking them in midstream. Estrangement followed, and the time thus gained saved the day.

The Zulu Congregational Church had gone so far that there seemed no possibility of reconciliation. But at the earnest request of its native pastors, the mission appointed a committee to cooperate with the churches in a final effort to bring about reunion. After some hesitation the Zulu Congregational Church met this proposal half way, -and the negotiations resulted in the reunion of the mission churches and the Johannesburg wing of the Zulu church. We regret that the less influential 'l'able Mountain section held aloof, and still continues under the old name.

The immediate occasion of this movement in questions of property and discipline, the inabilit.y of our best native Christians to comprehend the alms and motives of the missionaries, the deliberate secession, the irregular ordinations, and the utter disregard of the principles of Christian comity, are all typical of the various Ethiopian bodies. The notable exception in the case of the Zulu Congregational Church was the reconciliation, :tnd this was not attained without grave but inevitable concessions by the mission. From the native standpoint the agreement then reached may be well considered the Zulu Magna Charter in matters ecclesiastical. That agreement, with but slight limitation, conceded the right to autonomy in accordance with Congregational polity. It was the beginning of a new order in the history of the American Znlu Mission.

THE ETHIOf>tAN' MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Other Ethiopian Bodies In northern Natal the Free Ohurch of Scotland has experienced serious trouble. The purchase by natives of tbousands of acres in open competition witb Europeans (thus perhaps giving a sense of superiority), the exemption, of mauy from native law, tribal politics, questions of discipline and consequent friction with missionaries, were all contributing causes to the. schism. This ({ Uhlanga Ohurch" (the National Ohurch) is charged with preacbing political independence and with abetting the Boers during the war; some of its leaders are described as drunken and immoral, and quarreling and internal dis- sensions are rife.

In neighboring districts the Gordon Memorial Mission and the Wesleyans have also suffered by split-off parties.

In the Noodsberg region the followers of 'Mbiyana, an ordained man who left the American Mission in the early eighties, are still in evidence. But they make little headway. Their morals are so low that the heathen remark that such" Ohristians" in no way differ from themselves.

In the coast belt there is a body calling themselves "Ethiopians," who have their headquarters in Durban. Near the southern border may be found the " Amakusha" (Oushites), who are under the auspices of the colored Baptists of America. These Oushites have themselves divided, a number having left to form a Bect whose distinctive tenet is the practise of foot-washing.

The Meaning and Influence of the Movement What mean these phenomena in their relation to the Kingdom of God? Let us first recognize the ground for hope underlying the rest- lessness of which Ethiopianism is but the manifestation. This hope is that born of life, a life not superimposed but imbued by Him who came that they might have life and have it abundantly. The primary expression of this life may be crude. It is shown in the desire to be . somebody, to do something, to initiate, to enjoy the sense of proprie- torship in homestead, business, school and church, a desire which has seized Zulu, Xosa, Basuto, Bechuana, and Bamangwato-in fact, all such tribes south of the Zambesi as may be termed evangelized. Rip Van Winkle in Africa is awaking from the slumber not of decades but of centuries; he is feeling ~bout for his bearings. The African blind man has only recovered his sight so far as to see "men as trees walking." Shall we not trust Him who has begun the cure to com- plete it? Tho this new life is to-day marred by excrescent growth, tho the distorted vision occasions many blunders, yet let us recognize that there is growth, there is vision. A great race hitherto content to grovel has at last begun to aspire. We emphasize this self-evident truth because the lamentable phases of Ethiopianism well-nigh con- strain us to overlook it. Had mIssionaries been quicker to grasp its

'l'Hl1l MissiONARY Rl1lV1l1lW oP TltE WORLD

real significance some of the evils might have been averted or at least mitigated.

A conspicous lack in the whole movement is the absence of a genuine missionary purpose. Primarily the aim seems to be not to take the Gospel to the unevaugelized, but to form new churches in the very fields long occupied by mission societies. Paul's ambition "not to build upon another man's foundation" is just reversed by all Ethiopian bodies. 'rhe very hope of existence is based on the expectation of reaping where others have sown. It is difficult to conceive what good can possibly come from the disorder, division, and destruction wrought by these independent movements. Yet there can be little doubt that henceforth Ethiopianism is to be one of the problems of missionary endeavor in all Africa, whether on old or virgin soil. In future, work begun in the remotest wilderness will not require two and three generations for the outcropping of independency. Tho slow to lead, Ethiopianism is not slow to follow; witness its disquiefing presenoe in the Barotsi mission, north of the Zambesi. This new ism threatens to be the parasite of African missions. The orying pity is that just as the Native Ohurch has reached the position where it could be mightily used in pioneer evangelism, it should instead direct its new-born energies to the discomfo:t of those institutions to which its own light and power are due.

Ethiopianism must also answer to the charge that its influence is on the side of low morals. While the secession faotions profess loyalty to the standards of the Ohurch from which they withdrew, yet testimony invariably shows that there is little adherence to those standards in practise. Generally speaking, native churohes have not yet that backbone which would enable them to perseveringly enforce high standards of discipline. To the native Ohristian weakness in discipline soon means license. Again, the leaders of secession in establishing their new cause have naturally been eager to secure as many adherents as possible. Strict discipline would mean the alienation of many coveted Suppol'ters, and would entail such financial loss as to threaten ruin. The result has been a compromise with heathenism. That profession and not repentance is the requirement [or membership is somewhat indicated by the large numbers rapidly reoruited under the Ethiopian banner. As nearly as can be determined, in the seven years since the movement became prominent it has gained a membership of about twenty-five thousand. Oompared with the slow, laborious growth of mission churches in South Africa, this large number is a doubtful compliment to the Ethiopian type of Ohristianity. Remembering the scaroity of natives prepared for Ohristian service, it would be interesting also to know the intellectual and spiritual fitness of the more than seventy natives whom the African Methodist Ohurch has within five years set apart to the ministry.

1904J THE ETHlOP1AN MOVEMENTS iN SOUTH Ail'RIOA

In the face of these facts, what shall be the attitude of mission churches to the Ethiopian? Shall they fellowship with him? Shall Ethiopian baptism be reckoned valid? Shall he be received by let- ter? What shall be the reply to those schismatic bodies which ask to be taken en masse into the fold of mission churches?

Ethiopianism and South Africa's Race Problem The elements of this problem are three-religious, social, and political. The prominence given to the occasional seditious act or utterance is not merited as compared with the gravity of certain other considerations, as: (1) The most unhappy emphasis given to the color line, for Ethiopianism is nothing if it is not anti-white. In one aspect, it is the reply of the native to the unfriendly attitude of the colonist. Furthermore, the appearance of the American negro from the bitter scenes enacted in the Southern States will hardly help to allay the racial antagonism. (2) Then mark the aptitude of the native for politics. During untold generations his training has been in the line of turning every circumstance to political advantage. His life depended upon ability for intrigue. On the other hand, religion is with him a new graft. The characteristics of the old tree still predominate. Too often, trusted converts wofully confuse the things of Oresar and the things of God. The oldest churches are rent by tribal politics. It is feared that the native, possessed of this genius and already estranged from the European in religion, is butastep removed from organized resistance in matters social and political.

When, in addition to these considerations, we recall the striking disparity in the populations of South Africa (in round numbers, colored, 4,000,000; white, 800,000) we need not wonder at the apprehellsion of the pnblic on account of the spread of Ethiopianism. The effect on the colonial governments has been to look with still less favor upon mission work. In Natal this opposition was manifested, first, by an abortive attempt to prevent all native ministers from acting in the capacity of marriage officers. With snch a restriction imposed upon the irresponsible and irregularly ordained preachers we wonld, of course, sympathize. In the second place, the government has definitely refused to allow the placing of native workers on the locations, and is disposed to close work already established on locations. This policy of the government not only seriously limits the field for mission work, but it defeats itself. Instead of acting as a check on Ethiopian spirit, the injustice of the ruling gives thoroughly loyal natives good ground for feeling aggrieved.

The fear of a native uprising is largely mitigated by a well-known defect in native character-i.e., his inability to cooperate, to hang together. Even Ethiopianism, the native's most successful attempt in extended cooperative effort, has itself been repeatedly the victim of schism. The danger is that circumstances may arise which shall drive

the native populations to stand together in self-defense. The anti-black tirades in press and on platform on the one hand, and the anti-white agitation on the other, may some day be the furnace, the .vacillating, blundering policies of governments may provide the hammer, and the struggle for racial supremacy may be the forge upon which the aborigin~l tribes shall be welded. Repression of life is hazardous. Let the colonies withhold from the native the education and the opportunity for self-improvement and advancement in civilization which he craves and which are his right, let them try to suppreils legitimate religious activity, and it will be not "Oom Paul" but John Bull who (f sits on the safety valve" of South Africa's destiny.

The Future Policy of South African Missions What light does the racial Church movement throw upon tho future policy of missions in South Africa? Does it mean that they have so far reached their goal in establishing self-supporting, self- governing, self-propagating native churches that they can now wisely transfer their force to other fields? Has the appearance of the self- assertive, independent spirit hastened or retarded the day of the voluntary withdrawal of the missionary?

With all the manifestation of a new life, with its ambitions and aspirations, the native is,with noble exceptions, seeking for privileges while he shirks the accompanying responsibilities. He is grasping for the glory of achievement while he shuns the drudgery by which success can alone be won. He talks of building colleges and universities, yet neglects the repair of his district schoolhouse. He dreams of native doctors and lawyers, but has not the stamina to go through the grammar-school. He undertakes to buy a farm, tho he is not ashamed of an unweeded mealie patch. He has not yet learned to be faithful in a few things, but he confidently expects to be ruler over many things. If a youth going out to battle with the world still needs the tender but firm control of a wise father, what shall be said of the native Church in its present development? Is it not true of the native Ohristian, as of the headstrong lad, that the disposition to throw off all restraint only emphasizes his need of parental guidance?

Remembering the absence of a genuine missionary purpose, the influence for lax morals, the impulse given to the racial proclivities for schism and political intrigue, and it is evident that Ethiopianism already add§ its current to the terrible undertow that makes for a carnal Christianity. Such are the forces active within; without, the vices of both civilization and heathenism are rampant. Left to itself, has the native Church enough vital Christianity to inspire it with that self-sacrifice which shall make it a life-giving fountain? Or will it not rather succumb to that self-centeredness which will make it as a death-dealing whirlpool r

1904J THE APOSTLE TO THE BAROTSIS

The three years' war has cleared the way for the settlement of the feud between Boer and Briton. But wo to Africa if the far greater problem of white and black is ever settled by other agency than the Gospel pf Peace and Good Will. The outlook for such. an adjustment is not reassuriug. Neither race is prepared or even disposed to seek a solution based upon the teaching of the Sermon on the Mount. On the native side, who is to lead the way in the application of the prin- ciples of Jesus to social conditions unless it be the missionary?

Such considerations seem to force upon us the question-not, How soon may we go? but, rather, How long can we stay? How long will the churches accept of our cooperation? Let mission extension be pushed to the utmost; but to relax our hold upon the present work would be not only to leave the churches to an uncertain fate, but it would also involve the loss to the advance movement of its base of campaign. That the churches still need missionary supervision will hardly be disputed. But it must be a supervision that is sympathetic, tactful, firm, ever considerate of the sensibilities of pastor and people, blind to slight, callous to rebuff, divested of self-importance, and infused with the spirit of the prophet when· saying: "He must increase, but I must decrease." The Baptist spoke of Him whom he recognized as his infinite superior, but the missionary must exercise this spirit toward those who are beginners in the school of grace. A more difficult and deeply spiritual service never has the missionary in this field been called upon to render. For the helpfulness of such service the native Ohristian is ready and sometimes anxious. Despite the differences of the past and the independent spirit still prevailing, brotherly conference ana Ohristian forbearance are in some quarters already resulting in the restoration of mutual confidence between mission bodies and the native churches. Once it was a blind following of the missionary, now there is something akin to intelligent loyalty to him as a friend and counselor. No doubt the posts of privilege are on the picket-line of the advance to the interior, but Ethiopianism has emphasized the importance of the rear-guard, which has a part to play quite as essential to the full coming of the Kingdom of God.

THE APOSTLE TO THE BAROTSIS FRANCOIS COILLARD. THE FRENCH MISSIONARY OF THE ZAMBESI BY REV. JAMES I. GOOD, D.D. Professor of Church History in the Ursinus School of Theology of the Reformed Church In the United States One of the greatest of living missionaries, and probably the greatest missionary ever sent out by the Paris Missionary Society, is Franyois Ooillard. He is now seventy years old, having been born at Asnieres des Bourges, in France, July 17, 1834. After being prepared

at Paris, in the mission house of the Paris Society, he was ordained and sent to South Africa in 1857.

Coillard began to labor at Leribe, among the Basutos in South- eastern Africa, where for about a quarter of a century he was greatly , assisted by his wife, one of the missionary heroines of the nineteenth cen- tury. Mrs. OoiIlard was a Miss Ohristina McIntosh, of Scotland, and her brave self-sacrifice was as notable as that of her husband. Most nobly she carried out her expressed purpose never to stand between her husband and his duty. "Whereve(you have to go, be it to the end of the world," she said, " I shall follow you."

But altho M. OoiIIard was successful among the Basutos, yet his greatest success has been in the mission to which he went ~ – A~""-'~'~ ; h.- ~ _ §. _ ~ . _. farther north, beyond the Zambesi River. The Basutos heard that there was a tribe farther north, speaking their language, who were still heathen. The question arose: Was it not their duty to give them the Gospel? At first several evangelists were sent on a prospecting expe- dition. Among these was a prominent native Christian named Asher, who came back with a most eloquent plea for the sending of mission- aries to the new field. "Ah!" he exclaimed, "why could I not cut off my arms and legs, and make every limb of mine a missionary to the Banyai ?" His address was electric in its effect. The Basuto congre- gations began at once to collect money to found this new mission, and finally $2,500 was raised. The council of the mission then decided to send a missionary, and a recent arrival named Dieterlen was set apart for the work. He started, but was arrested by the Boers and thrown in prison, so that the mission was broken up. Ooillard's hopes, however, rose with the dangel'. "The Gospel entered Europe by a prison. Forward!" he &aid. Altho he and his wife had been expect- ing to take Il much-needed rest in Europe, after an absence of about nineteen 1ear~ yet when the m.ission asked him to go on an exploring

THE APOSTLE TO THE BAROTSIS

journey to the Banyai, he gave up his furlough and started (April, 1877) on a perilous journey into the jungles, amOlig wild beasts and even wilder men.

The first chief of the Banyai whom they met plotted to throw Coillard and his wife over a precipice. Coillard snatched his wife from danger, and with great difficulty they finally (;scaped. Another chief would have murdered Coillard had not one of the faithful evangelists thrown himself between the mission- ary and the knife. Then a king of the Matebele tribe carried them off and kept them prisoners for four months. He treated them with kindness, but forbade them to locate a mission in his territory. Thus, having been driven away from the Banyai and the MatabeJes, Coillard went on to the Barotsi tribe. They received him ki1':dly, since Livingstone had left the name of missionary in good odor among them. Coil- lard tells how he often felt not CHRISTINJjl HCINTOSH COILLARD a little humiliated at being continually called" Doctor" by them, as they had done to Livingstone.

"Thus," he says, "the first missionary that comes along is invested with the boots of this giant." He did evangelistic work among them at Sheheke, but his evangelists died one after the other, and when they were about to penetrate into the Barotsi tribe, north of the Zambesi, the wet season came on, and so he and his wife returned to the Basutos, after an absence of two years.

The Paris Missionary Society felt itself unable at that time to undertake the great work which invited them beyond the Zambesi, so the ~oble missionary and his wife returnedto Europe, and for two years traveled everywhere, pleading for money and men to found this new mission. With great eloquence, yet with great humbleness, he spoke to multitudes, while his frail body (apparently almost burned up by the terrible Zambesi fever) added force to his appeals. In 1882 Coillard and his wife returned to South Africa, and after spending some time in reviving his old mission at Leribe (during his absence devastated -by a war) finally started for the north, and in October, 1884, al'riv'ed at Leshoma, south of the Zambesi. FrOJt! this point he made a

visit to the King of the Barotsis, Lewanika. The following year they they went farther north to Shesheke, and again visited the king, whc hau hitherto met only white traders, whom he had fleeced at hi~ pleasure. He asked Coillard for all sorts of things, such as candles.

coffee, medicine, etc. Eighteen months later they -penetrated three hundred miles farther into the Barotsi country, and located a perma- nent mission station at Sefula, not far from the king's court at Lealuyi.

Coillard at once began preaching, and opened a school under a tree.

The first lessons in penmanship consisted of writing in the sand. The school began with twenty scholars, two of them sons of the king, and five of them his nephews. After the school had continued nearly a year, it was broken up by the pupils leaving to go out on warlike expe- uitions with the king. So great had been its effect, however, that the king, tho still a heathen, held religious services while on his expedi- tion. Two of the first converts, however, who were forced to join the king fell again into heathen immorality. After a brief interval the school was again opened with forty-eight pupils, one of them, Litia, the son of the king. A girls' school was also started. Litia gradually lost his faith in heathenism, and showed great interest in his studies and in the Christian religion, but did not become a Christian until after he had gone to school in Basutoland. He was evidently influenced thereby the example of the converted heathen, Chief Khama.

His baptism (May 25, 18!l1) was a source of great joy, especially to Mrs. Coillard, whose health had been undermined by the severe suffer- ings through which she had passed in her travels and work. When Litia made his public confession at his baptism, another young man of the royal family burst into tears, and Mrs. Coillard said: "A Barotsi weeping, and weeping about his sins! I thought they had no tears to shed. It is a sight that I wonld have traveled three hundred miles to see." Before another Sabbath had come she had passed to her reward with the words: "I have at last arri ved."

Mrs. Coillard's courage, endurance, self-denial, constant labors, buoyant faith, and cheering hopefulness combined to make her a noble wife and a great missionary. After her death, dark days came to her husband. Litia, alas! went back to the practise of polygamy, altho he was no longer a heathen in belief. The king grew hostile in spirit, and said, "What have I to do with a Gospel that gives me neither guns, nor powder, coffee, nor tea, nor suga_r, nor artisans to work for me?"

He also induced the first convert to leave the mission. Nevertheless, in spite of these difficulties, the mission grew, and after seven years of labor a church was dedicated. Six months later Litia surprised every one by publicly rising in worship and saying: "Henceforth I have broken the bonds of Satan to become a child of God; I have sent away my second wife, so as to obey God." He then made an earnest appeal, which resulted in one hundred and twenty conversions. Since that •

A SUNDAy IN INLAND CHINA

time he has been a regular attendant at the mission services, and is its strongest supporter. His father, Lewaniki, still remains a heathen, but has introduced a number of reforms, having become a total abstainer, and of his own accord has forbidden the manufacture or use of beer. Ohristian nations might well learn a lesson from him in this respect. He has also attempted to put a stop to slavery and infanticide, and has become a comparatively enlightened king. His visit to England at the recent coronation of Edward VIII. awakened great interest. He wrote from Edinburgh to the Paris Missionary Society that he ,desired his country to be covered with a network of mission stations.

Ooillard's continued ill-health led the Paris Society to urge his return to Europe, but he gave as a characteristic reply, "Send us first ten workers, and then I will come and help you find ten others." He was :finally obliged to return in 1896, and again in 1899, but now, altho nearly seventy years of age, he is working without ceasing in this remarkable mhsion.

Many years ago a black minister had invited Ooillard to attend the festival of his church at Kimberley. As he was about to leave, after a very enjoyable season, the minister put into his hand a number of small diamonds, saying, "These represent a day's work of my men; choose which you like." Ooillard turned them over a long time (there were yellow, black, and white), and at last chose a black one.' "Oh, but that is the least valuable," said the minister. "Perhaps so," replied Ooillard, "but I like black diamonds; they are the jewels I am seeking for my Savior's crown."

A SUNDAY IN INLAND CHINA BY MR. WILLIAM TAYLOR, KI-AN, KIANG-SI PROVINCE, CHINA Missionary of the China Inland Mission, 1888- Many an Occidental who has lived in the" Far East" may feel like saying, "There is no Sunday in Ohina"; and it is true, especially of interior Ohina. With the exception of the three great yearly feasts in February, June, and September, respectively, business and labor go on, day after day, without intermission. In most of the trades there is a tacit understanding that workmen may, if they desire, absent themselves from the workshop for three to five days a month, but there is no common day of rest. To the foreigner coming from a< Sundayobserving locality at home, this unceasing toil and noise is tiring and oppressive. Many never get used to it. Ohina as a nation has yet to learn that" lesson in Divine arithmetic," that seven makes more than six, and nine more than ten–a lesson, by the way, that some Western nations and communities, even with the historical proof before their eyes, seem forgetting.

Protellta.nt mi~llion~riEls in Ohina are practically one in seeking to •

lead the Ohinese believers to abstain from labor on this day. In many of our churches, reception into membership is conditioned on the person concerned arranging to "rest from labor" on the Sunday. In others the rules are less strict, and the matter, while urged and com- mended, is not; compulsory.

Olocks and watches are not in general use in inland Ohina. Many of the wealthier class who have such use them more as ornaments than timepieces. As a result, the time of the Sunday services varies with the season of year and the condition of the weather. In June. and July we begin the services about 10 to 10.30 A.M. In December and January often as late as 11.30 A.M. to noon. On a bright day the people come proportionately earlier than on a dull one. Few churches have bells, gongs are occasionally used, and in one instance known to the writer a gun was fired off ten or fifteen minutes before the services began.

The men and women assemble in different halls, and sit about in groups drinking U unsweetened, milkless tea," learning catechism, Scripture, or hymns, or conversing socially, until the time for the first service. Some seven or eight members of the" Scripture Union" meet together before the general meeting for review of the daily portions read during the week, and for prayer on behalf of the members of the Union throughout the world. When the time arrives for the first service, a hand-bell is rung in the courtyard, and all sit down, the men in the church proper a,nd the women in their own hall, adjoining the church. Then during the singing of another hymn the hand-bell is rung again, and the women, who have been led by the missionary's wife, or other lady worker, in a similar, tho still simpler meeting, file into the church-some of them, tho these are principally the non- Ohristians, " hobbling on their tiny feet."

The men sit on the left and the women on the right side of the church, a11 facing the platform, and between them is a railing some three or four feet high. This latter is in deference to Ohinese custom which may take one or two generations to change. 'l'his united meeting is generally called the Ta li-pai (Big Worship Service), and lasts about one hour or a little more.

~ box hangs in front of the pulpit, into which the Ohristians drop their mon.ey offerings. It is divided into three compartments, marked respectively, " Evangelistic Work," " The Poor,"" The Local Ohurch." Over all, in large prominent characters, are the words: "Give Oheerfully."

After about half an hour's intermission the afternoon meeting begins, the men and women together, as in the previous service. The intermission is purposely short, that those coming from a distance (some come five miles) and desiring to remain to the afternoon service may do· so, and yet get away in good time.

A BUNDAY IN INLAND CHINA

The afternoon meeting, which lasts about one hour, is divided into two parts-prayer_and then praise. About thirty minutes are given to definite prayer for specific objects. Such subjects as " The Ecumeni- cal Conference in New York," "The Indian Famine," "The Transvaal and Philippine Wars," or other world subjects, are briefly referred to. News or statistics are also discussed. Special prayer has been continually made during the last few months for a world-wide revival, accord- ing to the Keswick Prayer Circle suggestion. Our general plan, to "pray indefinitely for everything or nothing," reminds us that our Chinese brethren are as human as Christians in other countries. There are often nine or ten short prayers offered. Following the season of prayer comes half an hour of praise in singing.

What often strikes a foreign visitor in these services, is what appears to be a lack of reverence. I say "appears to be," for the Chinese are utter strangers to the form of public meeting in which one person does the talking' and the others sit quietly and listen, and this fact needs to be kept in mind when judging their conduct.

After the afternoon meeting there are generally some Christians or inquirers waiting for private conversation and advice about some home matter or business difficulty. There are also, probably, some applicants for medicine, for whom a few simple drugs are kept. Some non-Ohristians present may also be willing to converse regarding the Gospel, and have a cup of tea with the Ohinese helper or the missionary.

In the evening, shortly after sundown, at "the time of the light… ing of lamps" (as the Chinese put it), a meeting is held for non- Ohristians~men only (respectable women do not come out after dusk). The church is well-lighted, and, after a short prayer, one or two hymns are snng, and the men begin to come in. Some sit only for a short time, and then retire. Interruptions snch as our Lord had (Luke xii: 13) are not uncommon. A pause to call the meeting to order and explain" church decorum" is sometimes necessary. Some may begin to smoke; some to parade listlessly up and down the aisles; some, on a warm evening, may" stretch out" on an empty seat for a doze. But a word or two is often all that is needed to assist the ushers to quietly right matters. Two or three speakers-one or two of which are Ohinese-address the meeting for fifteen or twenty minutes each, emphasizing simply the main points of the Gospel-" God: His greatness, goodness, and nearness"; "the Lord Jesus: His deity, death, resurrection, and power 'to save to the uttermost' (Chinese translation is: 'S(WC down to the very bottom ')," and other topics.

Thus ends the work of a Sunday. The workers often retire tirecl out, but rejoicing in the privilege of being Ohrist's messengers to those who know Him not, eVE}Il WnE}u discQura~emE}nt ~Ild sorrQw pres~ bard upon the spirit,

A NEW EGYPT* BY REV. CHARLES R. WATSON, D.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Secretary of the United Presbyterian Board of Missions Coming back to Egypt after an absence of fourteen years, I find so many changes that I am compelled to recognize the existence of a .. New Egypt" which was not known fourteen years ago.

Superficial and material changes are always those first to be noticed. English is spoken now quite generally, especially along the main highways of travel. where before French was the passe partout and English was but slightly used. The plain and unassuming little white caps, formerly worn by the street arabs and poorer boys, have quite given way to the mOl'e pl'etentious tarboosh, or head-cloth. The oriental dress is much rarel' in the cities, and European races are a more familiar sight, even in out-of-the-way places, than they were fourteen years ago. Cairo has been so built up that entire sections of the city are literally new creations, and where "Old Cairo" was both a household word and a technical phrase, "New Cairo" has hecome a familiar idea and a literal fact. Cairo is no longer oriental, or is so only when it poses for the benefit of travelers in love with the romantic East.

Back of such superficial changes are deeper changes. Education has increased. An inspection of missionary work alone would lead to this discovery, for the mission school which would have taken the educationallead in a town or village fourteen years ago would to-day scarcely command a general patronage. The mission school has felt the influence of this educational movement, and has had to strengthen its course in order to hold its place. Thereby it has also been compelled to increase the cost of its educational operations.

The government schools, both by their increase in number and in efficiency, have contl'ibuted to this change, but the keenest competition of the mission school is not so much with these as with the private school. The youth of Egypt has become the prize for which rival organizations and faiths are competing. There has been at least a semblance of a revival of learning in the old Coptic Church, and this Church, seeing the inroads made upon its membership by the mission schools, has established schools of its own. The same is true of the Moslems, and there has been a great influx of Roman Catholic schools. The battle for the youth, and thus the future of Egypt, is keen as never before. A concrete illustration will give some idea of the forces which have entered the field. The city of Tanta has in it the following schools: Government school of 500 boys (Moslems). Coptic school of 600 boys. Coptic school of 150 girls. St. Louis school of 150 boys (Jesuit). St. George free school of 250 (Jesuit). St. Mary school of 200 girls (Jesuit). Greek Church school of 50 boys; same of 40 girls. Moslem school of 120 boys. Sayydain school of 80 boys and 50 girls (Moslem). Union school of 96 boys and 70 giNs (Moslem). Jewish school of 40 boys. Twenk school of 40 boys. Many Moslem primary· schools. The great Mosque school of 4,,,00 (Moslem). Presbyterian Mission boys' school. Xresbyterian Mission girls' school.

A NEW EGYPT

I think I am safe in estimating that more than half of these schools do not date back to 1889 or even to 1893. This estimate is more than borne out by the fact that throughout Egypt during the last ten years the candidates for the government primary examination, coming from private schools, have increased from 242 to 1,266, while those from gov- ernment schools have only increased from 693 to 1,079.

The question may suggest itself, "Why not abandon the school as a missionary agency. in view of the increase in the cost of maintaining schools?" The reply is twofold. In the first place, so long as these other educational institutions are surrounded by strong hostile religious influ- ences (as they are), and are not purely secular, the mission is compelled in self-defence to maintain Christian schools for the children of its Prot- estant community. The missionaries also regard the mission school, in spite of the increased cost of its maintenance, as still the cheapest and the most effective method of reaching the life of the non-Christian com- munity for the purpose of evangelizing it. Street or bazaar preaching is not allowed in Egypt. Meetings in a rented hall are not attended to any extent by oon-Christians. Personal work through colporteurs and visit- ing evangelists seems to afford very slight and slow access to the life of a community. and requires, in order to be effective, a tact and a training which can not be found in any great number of the workers now available for Christian service. The chief method left for coming into actual touch with non-Christian lives for purposes of evangelization would still seem to be the mission school.

The most startling change which the past decade and a half has wrought in Egypt is along the line of the increase of wealth and cost of living. Indeed, it would be difficult to find a parallel to this anywhere in our own country. A few figures, secured from an Egyptian land-owner and verified elsewhere, illustrate the new conditions.

Ten years ago you could buy 12 to 16 eggs for' a piaster (5 cents); now you can get only six. Ten years ago, native butter was 2 to 3 piasters a pound; now it is five. Ten years ago meat was 1 to 2 piasters a pound; now it is three and three and a half. A cook's wages, a decade ago, were 1 to 2 L. E. (five to ten dqJlars) a month; now you pay just double. A common servant received ten years ago 40 to 70 piasters a month; now you must give him upward of 120 piasters.

The greatest rise, however, is in land. In the Delta good farm land sold a decade ago at about $325 an acre. The same land sells readily today at $600 to $700 an acre. Nor is the reason hard to see. In 1897 a cantar of cotton sold for $7.25. In 1003 the cantar sold at $18 and the yield of an acre of land is ten cantars. The cotton demand of the world exceeds the supply, but, apart from this, the Egyptian cotton has no superior because of its silky texture aud its long fiber. Other things have also contributed to the increase in price of land. In Egypt the middle class have become well-to-do, and the well-to-do have become wealthy. They have not yet learned to invest in foreign stocks; they wish to have their money invested in something visible and something within reach. Land is their preference, and because everybody wants land, the price goes up. If farming land has risen in price, building land in cities, towns, and even villages has risen still more. Where cost of living and price of land have increased, wages have necessarily increased also.

I have thought it worth while to emphasize these changes which

have taken place in Egypt in the past decade and a half, because it will be seen at a glance that these changes affect vitally our missionary enterpri~e. They increase the difficulty of our task, and they make it unreasonable for us to argue against enlarging estimates on the ground that at least the same amount of missionary work can be carried on from year to year upon the same amount of money.

Changing conditions, however, operate in another direction also. They increase the opportunity, and hence the need for missionat'y effort. Egypt is rapidly waking from her sleep of centuries. Intellectually and commet'cially a great revival is under way. Religious thought is undet'- going great change. It is an opportunity to present anew the evermodern and the all-sufficient Christ to this people.

THE BRIGHTER SIDE OF DARKEST AFRICA * BY REV. MELVIN FRASER, ELAT, WEST AFRICA Missionary of the Presbyterian Board, 1895- Africa has a bad name. The country is spoken of as the abode of ills, forbidding, without a future as without a past. Notwithstanding the scramble of ancient Phamicians, Chaldeans, and all modern Europe for some coveted gold fields and other favored spots of. material resources, the land is relegated to the rear. It is said to be subjectively out of the race that nations run-the tag-end of the world, inhabited by the tag-end of humanity. "I would not go to Afdca for $10,000," said an Illinois lawyer to the missionary. By common' consent, the contents of the country is lumped, and labelled Darkest Africa-a large sign, that he who reads may run, and pass by on the other side.

The time may not be yet to pull down the sign, for this evil repute of long standing doubtless has some stubborn facts behind it; but we are bound to discriminate, for not all parts of Africa are alike, neither have the attractive, redeeming features always received due emphasis. It isa pity for our missionary interests to suffer thr~ugh misapprehension.

Africa gets the credit of being torrid. When the writer was preparing to sail the first time for Africa, a lady in one of the cities said: " What are you going to that hot hole for?" As a matter of fact, this part of Africa (the Kamerun interior) is as unlike a:hole as a mountain is, neither hot nor cold, but rather lukewarm, but deserves not to be spued out. The humid low coast is uncomfortable enough, and often at midday in the interior the sun is trying, and one would better keep out of it or wear a helmet to shield from the subtle power of the rays whic4 seem to affect the brain more than the body. But at our interior elevations of about two thousand feet there is not excessive heat. The writer helped to keep a registedng thermometer three consecutive years in the shade" ,nd the highest point the mercury reached was 88° Fahr. Nights are always comfortably cool, sometimes uncomfortably so. The missionary on furlough in New York has been heard to say, "I never felt the heat like this in Africa." Ohicago, not Africa, is the hot hole in summer. The missionary whose heart is at all warm toward Jesus Christ, and who remembers that He was warm and weary when He sat by the well at • Condensed from The Assembly Herald.

THE BRIGHTER SIDE OF DARKEST AFRICA

midday, and that He sweat drops of blood that night, pas not been heard to complaiB seriously of heat even in exceptional places and times in this region of Africa.

Men tell us, too, that there are no possibilities for the black man, that miSSionary work in Africa is a waste of time, money, and life. So cer- tain disciples spoke of waste when the alabaster box was broken and the precious ointment poured out. True, the Africa heathen are very far down in the horrible pit and the miry clay-there have been centuries of sinking. Pen can not tell the sin and the ignorance of them. Even the inspired penman in the first chapter of Romans did not overstate the sit- uation for the Bulu. The native life by itself is shocking. The native_ unwritten law is eye for eye and tooth for tooth; at the death of any man of repute, the custom has been to require atonement for the occur- rence by human sacrifices, especially of women charged with the crime of witchcraft; women and little girls are bought and sold as goats or gambled away. Aside from local restraints, governmental or Gospel, it is in the main true: every man is a liar, thief, murderer, adulterer, and every woman a slave and harlot by compulsion of circumstances and custom. Oh, the pity of this seething mass 01" helpless depravity I But can these people be made anything of? Yes, if history can be repeated, and if first-fruits are any prophecy, and if the Gospel is the power of God unto salvation. The native is not a bunch of avoirdupois without brains or backbone in his intellectual and moral anatomy. Under the dirt and nakedness of these black skins there is much to appeal to and develop.

Observation of how the natives, shut entirely off from the world for centuries, and groping in the dim light of nature, meet some ofthenecessHies of life, this begets hope for them. A man cuts down a plantain, extracts the fiber, dries it, and twists a strong neat cord; then he is potter, forming a symmetrical clay pot for water, food, oil; with a jackknife he carves a cane of ebony or new gun-stock; without nail or saw, he builds a house with parts fitly joined together. He is blacksmith, constructing his bellows and making his charcoal and sometimes digging his ore, and produces an ax, a hoe, knife, pin, or spear. He sings a senseless ditty, and has made the instrument, less or more musical, on which he plays the accompaniment. The native woman weaves her fishing-net, and is at home cooking the many products of ber garden. The children in the streets build playhouses, and throw the spear skilfully; they draw pictures upon the bark walls of the houses, or upon their own bodies, of all sorts of beasts, birds, reptiles, and have a keen sense of the ludicrous. The missionary who examines these products of the natives' hand and mind is probably amused, but impressed with the practical and artistic sense which they represent. If the natives can do so many things so well without training, what might they not do with instruction, with higher ideals and nobler motives and a broader field placed before them?

The average native is nobody's fool. Tbe European learns, by humiliating experience, to look out for him in bargaining. He is a keen observer, has a good memory, and is not lacking in imagination, tho probably more imitative and mechanical-than constructive and original. He loses his head in an emergency, and being of excitable temperament, quickly flies of on a tangent. He is full of surprises that delight or puzzle, and of disappointments that distress or amuse. But he can be taught,

and wants to be. He admits his ignorance, and is a docile learner and willing follower into new fields of thought and enterprise.

The native children in school learn quickly an,d retain well. Boys have been reading the Gospels within a year from the time of knowing that there is an alphabet. Many a boy can tell in his own words, with accuracy and fulness, many of the sayings of Christ, His miracles and parables, circumstances and purpose of birth, crucifixion and resurrec- tion, as well as rehearse teachings and doings of the apostles. The boys and girls, in capacity and progress, compare well with children of similar opportunities in the home land. Many are diamonds in the rough, pearls in the mud-but they absorb like sponges.

The children have a desire to learn. Hungry people do not reach out for food with more eagerness than that with which the boys have been seen to scramble for a scrap of paper or fragment of book printed in their own speech. They are glad to work thirty-seven hours to buy a Primer. In this interior work the time is passed when pupils needed to be begged or bought to come to school, and thought they were doing the missionaries a favor by coming. The advantages of knowing how to read and write, and of decorum and manly character, have become advertised and recognized, so that a kind of love of learning has set in, and there is competition for a place in the ranks. By mere advertising, a school of four hundred came together at Elat the first term this year, and the records show an average attendance of two hundred and fifty-eight for the year, an average of two hundred and three boarders cheerfully paying in work for food and other necessary supplies. Boys came, and, finding the dormitories full, said, "Have mercy on us; let us stay; we will sleep in the sawpit and under the house, and live on sweet potatoes," and more than a score did so. This desire and ability to learn, on the part of the youth, gives wings to the school work and promise for the new generation.

The possibilities to be counted upon, and test of the value of the work appear, perhaps, to best advantage in the religious life. The native has a broad, susceptible religious nature ready to respond to the ideals within his reach. He interprets whatsoever comes to pass in life as the expression of an invisible something. To him, nothing either. good or bad occurs but by the intervention of a mysterious unseen power residing in witches, amulets, concocted" medicine." The native is constructively religious, and, knowing nothing else, worships fetish, with all its inconsistencies and hideous cruelties. When the ideals of the Gospel are plainly presented they appeal to his understanding and judgment, ~nd take hold of-his heart, and begin to command his obedience.

Since the opening up of the Kamerun interior work ten years ago. hundreds of people have come to tell of their desire to be Christians. By no means have all these proved steadfast or realized what they were doing. There has been a deal of chaff in the wheat. But out of these numbers, two churches have been organized, one at Efulan, one at Elat, and material is in sight for organizing at Lolodorf. Hundreds of others are in classes on probation and in course of instruction f('r membership. When the Kingdom of Heaven has been preached faithfully, many have pressed into it.

What kind of Christians do the natives make? The act of making a public profession of faith in Christ and of entering upon the new life involves an heroic break. A tremendous tide is to be stemmed of temp· tation-often of persecution and ostracism. Not a little of these has beeI1

LETTER FROM AN EX-LAMA OF TIBET

endured for Christ's sake. Women have been flogged by their male masters for attending meetings, and confined days without food for guarding virtue, and charged with murder by the occult power of a Christian witch. A young man recently put away two of his three wives, and received a brutal beating by his tribesmen because he would not add his little sister to the other's plurality of wives. Many a Bulu house is today divided against itself, rent asunder on the Rock Christ Jesus. There are those who have in them the stuff martyrs are made of, who know whom they have believed, and would die rather than yield under coercion and forsake their new-found Lord.

There are boys and young men and women whose records of years show that they will not lie or steal or break the seventh commandment, and this is saying not a little in recognition of the power of God's grace to keep that which is committed to Him in the slums of Africa. With this rising generation the groundwork of polygamy, with all its litter of vices, and which gives occasion to nine-tenths of Bulu troubles and sorrows, is beginning to crumble, and many a young fellow, tired of sin and its wages, is stepping right out of the ranks of heathen society, marrying one wife, and walking honestly in the marvelous light and liberty of the truth that has made him free indeed and happy.

How anyone, while counting the cost, yet seeing the output, the quantity and the quality of it, can say that missions to Africa do not pay, is past understanding. If coming to Africa and being used for the production of such sturdy, intelligent, useful Christian lives as so many of them are, if this is being buried alive, then blessed be the burial.

We have not :;laid that Africa is not dark; she is dark, and for the natives her unwritten history has been one long black night. But much of the darkness is of a kind that light will drive away, and the servant of God who brings that light can live here with all the comfort and safety he needs, and discovers a Kingdom to live for. Come over and help us. The missionary who comes with his lamp t,rimmed and burning in faith, hope, and love meets not a dismal task. Bearers of the torch of Divine Truth find that, in personal experience and actual outlook, even in Darkest Africa there is not more night than day.

LETTER FROM AN EX-LAMA OF TIBET * Our readers will be interested in the translation of a Tibetan letter from the former Buddhist lama, Chompel. It is addressed to the mem- bers of the Moravian Congregation at Indianapolis, who support him as their Bible-reader, or Christian evangelist, to his Tibetan countrymen in Ladak. Owing to the breakdown in health of so many of the Moravian missionaries in the Himalayan field, Kalatse, where Chompel was work- ing under Missionary Francke, has had to be left unoccupied during this winter, so Chompel writes-in pltrt-as follows from Leh: LEH, via KASHMIR, IJecembe'l' 15, 1903. My DEAR BROTHERS AND SISTERS,-I am sending you a greeting of . peace. By the mercy of God, I am in good health. I can not compre- hend the guidance of the Lord in calling me from the interior of Tibet to preach His Word here. As it is very cold just now, it is really difficult to .. From At the Threshold.

go upon this errand. The river is frozen over, and the sheep and goats cross it on the ice. But our Lord suffered even to giving His life for us all, and I am pleased to suffer for my Tibetan friends.

Many of the people understand what the Gospel means, but they answer me like this: "We like your tidings about salvation in Jesus, but we also like the religion of our forefathers." I reply that a man can not ride on two horses. If he tried, one leg would be carried off in one direc· tion and the other leg in the other direction. You can not side with the devil and serve the true God. Your gods are idols and they can not do anything. I am a Christian, and therefore I do not trust in them, nor in the Grand Lama, who professes to be an incarnation of Buddha. I believe in the Son of God, who dwells in heaven. God is not in need of riches or goods; what He wants is our hearts. If we love Him with all our hearts, we shall live in accordance with His Word, and then we shall love the poor, the widows, the sick, and also our parents. The greatest sin is to bow down before idols. You say you believe in God, but tho you may declare that you are clean, yet if you have not been cleam,ed by God from your sins, then you are like a dirty hand. You know that the hands will not keep clean; we have to wash them again and again. Just so is it with ourselves; we have to pray God again and aga.in to forgive us our sins.

Now, my brothers and sisters, if I were alone in this work I could do nothing. But our Lord God has given you to me as my helpers in it, so I go and preach without fear. Altho I have neither home nor house, you are my friends-yea, my father and mother. Therefore I will gladly go out as an evangelist to tell the people the Gospel of our Lord.

Brother Stobgyes has been much abused by his father and mother. They said: "If you become a Christian, neither the field nor the house will be given to. you. There are nine other men in the family to do the work, and they have to eat and drink. We can do without you." Altho they have treated him like that, he has not fallen away. Please pray to God "for the new brethren in this country. This letter is offered to all my dear brothers and sisters (in America) with my greetings.

When Chompel writes that the love of God in our hearts will beget a true love to our neighbor, he enumerates not only the poor and the sick, but also the widows, who are greatly despised and neglected by his heathen countrymen. It is not many years since he himself lay, deserted, poor and sick, beside the road to a famous place of pilgrimage. There he was found by one of his countrymen, who was a Christian, and who became in every respect a "good Samaritan" to him: It will be noted that he adds that if we love God we shall love our parents also. Nobody in that Tibetan land would have more reason to thank God if a great wave of love to Jesus Christ came over the country, than the aged fathers and mothers, whose lot is only too often to be turned out of house and home when their children grow up. He has learned that God is not like the idols to be seen in those lamaseries, always demanding offerings and gifts, but that He is the great Giver, who spared not His own Son, but'

will with Him freely give us all things, The man whom he names Brother Stobgyes is one of the candidates for baptism. Nowhere are our Lord's words more true than in Tibet, about the effect of His Gospel in dividing families until all are united in Himself, Stobgyes, being the eldest son of his parents, ought to inherit the house and the fields, or little terraces on the mountain side, which belong to it. But because he wishes to be a Christian his parents. will disinherit him, and the other members of the family will be only too glad to get rid of him, so that they may have the more. No, it is no easy matter for a Tibetan to become a Christian.

AN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY IN CHINA

AN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY IN CHINA * BY REV. WILLIAM DEANS, IOHANG, HUPEH, CHINA Missionary of the Chnrch of Scotland In connection with the "Appeal" to the home churches for an increase of missionaries, formulated at Kuling, it may not be unwise to draw attention to many districts in China which might be called" unoccupied territory." If such an "appeal" be answered, the new missionaries should not concentrate in present occupied territory. Why not push out into new regions-some practically untouched, some very inadequately wrolght?

The settling of missionaries in a district may be overdone. For example, when a few years ago Hunan was opened to missionary work, the cry was "To Hunan!" Existing missionary societies sent men into the province, and new societies determined to oceupy the place also. Many important places were thus neglected, and Hunan possibly in danger of being overdone.

We would draw attention to three districts radiating from Ichangsouthwest, northwest, and northeast. These three dirtricts are unoccupied by any resident missionary, and are only partially reached by native evangelistic agency.

1. The Southwest District.-A glance at the map of Hupeh will show a triangular stretch of country with the Yangtse as base and ghi-nanfu as apex, with Sz-chuan and Hunan boundaries as lines of the triangle.

This triangular district is unoccupied by any missionary society, and to a large e~tent has no evangelizing agency. Protestant missions are only touching its borders, tho in some parts of it the Roman Catholics are strong. The district is mountainous and not very densely populated. Passing through it is It very important trade route between Szchuan and Hunan and Shasi. This route touches the city of Shi-nan, but does not come near·Ichang. The imperial road from Ichang to Wanhsien and the west is through this part of the country.

A missionary settlement in Shi-nan would reach a hitherto unoccupied and unworked country, and would be well worth the consideration of societies seeking a new field.

The following are the principal places in the district, with stages from Ichang: Shi-nanfu, nine days from Ichang and seven days to Wan-hsien, a large town on the Yangtse in Sz-chuan. Wan-hsien is to be opened as a treaty port at an early date, so either it or Ichang could he made the headquarters and line of communication for the district.

Li-chuan, twelve days from Ichang and three days from Shi-nan. The following hsiens are under jurisdiction of Shi-nan: En-shih, incorporated in Shi-nanfu. Kien-shih, one hundred and twenty li; Han-feng, two hundred and forty li frClm Shi-nan. Hsien-en, ninety li; Lai-feng, three hundred and sixty li from Shi-nan.

Besides these places there are Chang-yang, two days distant by road from Ichang. It can be reached in one day, going partly by water and partly by road. Chang-Io, another town, is distant two days south from Chang-yan'g, and Ho-feng five days from Chang-Io.

… Condensed from The Ohinese Recorder.

It will be seen the district is of large extent, with abundant opportu- nities for work of all kinds. It is really virgin soil for any missionary society that cares to enter in. Supplies could be had from Ichang. The letter-carriers from Ichang to Chungking p~ss within sight of the walls of Shi-nan.

2. The Northeast District.-This district stretches from the Yangste to the Han River. The northerly part is hilly, the easterly a plain, with many villages highly cultivated. Considerable evangelistic work is done here by the Church of Scotland Mission and the Swedish Mission.

A very extensive district with abundant opportunities stretches from Shasi on the Yangste through a vast plain to the hills near <the Han. There are large villages and towns in this part, such as Ho-yung, Tan-yang, Yuan-an, Kin-men, Yii-ki-ho, Kuan-wing-shih. Ideal places for residences and more permanent work under foreigners would be Tan- yang or Kin-men. Tan-yang is forty-five miles from Ichang, and can be reached by road in two days. It has also water commnnication with Shasi. Kin-men is two days farther on, and only one day from the Han River. It.is a beautiful spot, surrounded by hills and with a supply of the finest spring water. The telegraph passes through Kin-men en route for Hsiang-yang and the north. We understand the Imperial Post is soon to be established in the district.

The Sw~dish Mission occupies, with native agents, Ho-yung, Tan-yang, Yuan-an. The Church of Scotland Mission crosses the line of Swedish stations and works a district by Yu-ki-ho. which connects with the Wes- leyan Mission's outstations around Kin-men and toward An-lofu.

In our opinion, this large, well-populated district should have some resident foreign missionary, and if none of these societies intend settling foreigners, it is an opportunity for some new society to enter in and develop the field. Beyond Yuan-an and stretching northward to Hsiang- yang, on the Han, is a district literally unoccupied and untouched.

3. The Northwest District.-From Ichangto KW'ui-fu, in Sz-chuan, is a stretch of the Yangtse, reckoned about two hundred miles, with towns and villages on the banks. This part is almost direct west from Ichang. No evangelistic work is being done over this area. Beyond the – river to the northwest is an inland district, mountainous and sparsely populated, unvisited by any missionary. The China Inland Mission occupied Kwui-fu and Wan-hsien, and work the surrounding places, but from Ichang to Kwui-fu is a field open to any new agency. As usual, the Roman Catholics are progressive and Protestant converts are few.

A station could be opened at Pa-tung or Kwui-chow, both in Hupeh, and from these centers a good work could be done up and down the river and inland from the river. With the opening of new treaty ports beyond Ichang and a possible steamer traffic, the population in the river towns and villages will increase. It seems a pity that such a stretch of river is unworked by any mission. Present missions in Ichang can not under- take further extension for lack of workers.

It would be well if new societies hoping to send workers to China could have attention drawn to vacant, unoccupied districts, and thus, instead of overpopulating one district, and consequently overlapping in work, could occupy an unrestricted field.

1904J EDlTORIALS

EDITORIALS HEDLEY VICARS read I. John 1: 7. vately qualified himself to take oband, profoundly meditating on it, servations, etc.; and then as he he said: ., His blood cleanseth me moved inward he carefully kept from all sin. Then I will hence- notes of his journey and route and forth live as becomes a blood- the places visited, so that his notes washed man." have been found exceedingly valu- able scientifically, and the society Mr. F. S. Arnot gave him $300 for a scientific outfit of the necessary instruments for At Bristol, England, March 10th, further scientific purposes. there was held a series of farewell meetings, in view of the return of After some months spent in hold- Fred S. Arnot to West Afdca, al- ing meetings on the continent, Mr. ready referred to in the March Arnot is to take leave of his wife at issue. The exercises were of deep Lisbon, and will go to Africa to interest, but all else paled beside look after the work on which his Mr. Arnot's simple, unpretent,ious heart is set. He will not return to narrative of his former experience his wife and family under two in J arenganze and West Africa. He years. Let much prayer follow told especially of his visit January him. 1, 1882, to the Bakuba tribe on the Kushibe River, never before visited The Effect of Russian Rule. by any missionary. They came together in thousands, and the Many wonder that Christians chief, after hearing Arnot, declared who pray and work for the coming he was ready to take the new Feti of God's Kingdom in Asia should as his own, and burn all his own be so strongly opposed to the spread fetishes; and actually a large num- of Russian dominion. Perhaps they ber of fetishes were destroyed. Yet will understand this more clearly this tribe has not yet one mission- when they read the following artiary! And there are fifty more in cle from the treaty recently conthe vicinity, between the Kongo cluded between Russia and Tibet: and Zambesi rivers, in the same destitution. There are 1,500,000 Art. 3.-Entire liberty in what square miles inviting-laborers, and concerns Russian Orthodox as well no means of supplying them. as Lamaist worship will be intro- duced in Tibet; but all other relig- When King Lewanika was in ious doctrines will be absolutely Great Britain and met Mr. Arnot, prohibited. For this purpose the he introduced to him his prime Grand Lama and the superintendminister, and he proved to be one ent of the Orthodox Peking Misof Arnot's converts! Another in- sion are bound to proceed amicably stance of the fact that it is not the and by mutual consent, so as to number but the character and in- guarantee the free propagation of fluence of converts that tells on the both religions and take all necesheathen and the work of God. sary measures for avoiding relig- ious disputes. It will interest readers to know that on the maps of the Royal Geo- In plain words, Russia proposes graphical Society, "Arnot's Route" to exclude all religions except her is the only traveler's course offi- own and that of the country in cially marked, and for the reason question. She no doubt does this that, before he went out, he pri- in the interests of unity, but not of liberty. Russia is intolerant, and acts on the principle that the State should control the livel! and con-

sciences of the people. The result island in the northern seas; and of her policy is seen in the igno- because this is in accordance with rance of her common people, the Christ's will so far as we can know dissatisfaction of her intelligent it. I may add that in this promise classes, and the wretched lot of her of power from on high, I seem to political prisoners. hear an encouraging echo of that Another Noble Testimony to Missions other saying of His, "Fear not There is force in testimony which little flock "-despite weakness and comes incidentally. Many a noble mistakes-" for it is the Father's British officer in India has certified good pleasure to give you the King- ** within his knowledge to the excel- dom–for Me."

lence of missionaries and their Work for Educated Spaniards work. An accidental, so to speak, Mrs. Charlotte Fenn, wi'dow of word of endorsement of them Albert Fenn, a well-known mis- came in October last from Sir An- sionary in Madrid, has been drew Frazer, R.C.S.I., the present prompted to seek to reach the up- Lieut.-Governor of Bombay, on per and educated classes in Spain. The essentials of her plan are the board a steamer in the Gulf of preparation and sending by post of a series of well-adapted and neatly Aden. He had consented to pre- prepared booklets, fitted to awaken the interest of the reader in eternal side at an extemporized social mis- things, and lead to a clear under- standing of the way of salvation. sionary gathering, and in his intro- The manuscripts are first to be submitted to an educated Christian duction to the occasion said, as re- Spaniard for sugge"tions, both as to matter and style, and the bookported in the Bombay Guardian: l~ts will be printed in Spain, and Circulated from various centers, I do not attach much weight- accompanied by slips printed in not to use stronger language-to England, inviting confidential corthe unfavorable reports of mission respondence. Dr. Robert Fenn work brought to us by those who will be associated with his mother have no sympathy with it, who in the work. The booklets will never have known a missionary, follow one another at intervals, who have never visited a mission addressed to tbe same persons. college 01' mission church, who have made no effort to understand Tbe classes sought in this effort those who have come under mis- have been but little reached by tbe sionary influence. We Englishmen ordinary means. Portions of are not accustomed to listen with Scripture are being already circurespect to jUdgments based on such lated by post, and this will open want of knowledge and want of the way for other efforts. As the sympathy. For myself, I have had postage rate on printed matter is ex.ceptional opportunities of seeing especially cheap in Spain, the exmiSSiOnary work and of testing its pense of such work will be proporvalue, and I honor the missionary tionately lessened. body as a whole, not only for their purely "eligious work, but also for Mrs. Fenn has the entire confitheir medical and educational work dence of the editors of this REVIEW, and their cooperation in social im- and tbe body of referees in Engprovement. land whose names are attached to bel' circular is quite sufficient to I also desire to confess my faith inspire the firmest assurance that in the Lord Jesus Christ, in the everything will be done according Christian religion, and in that Holy to the will of God and the 'Vord of Book from which an extract has God. There will be no trifling just been read in our hearing. . . • with the Truth, and no lack of I sympathize with mission work frugality in the use of the funds. * because of the need that exists; people whom one learns to love, • Those who feel led of God to assist in this lack the consolations of Ohrist; be- work might send donations directly to Mrs caus,e we should pass on to them Charlotte Fenn, 44 Scarisbrick New Road' the blessings which missionaries So?thp,?rt, England. The editors of this mag: brought centuries ago to our own azme Will be glad to act as mediators trans- ferring funds without expense, '

BOOKS FOR THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY

BOOKS FOR THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY A MANUAL ON MOHAMMEDAN OBJECTIONS TO silence our opponent, nor to gain THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. By Rev. W. a mere logical victory, but to win souls for Christ. The object that St. Clair Tisdall, D.D. London, 1903. we have in view in controversy is merely to remove stumbling-blocks; At the request of the C. M. S. we must not expect it to convert a Committee, Dr. Tisdall has pre- soul; that is the work of the Holy pared this admirable, practical, and Spirit." No one can get a better concise manual for missionaries. idea of the reai nature of the Mos- The author is eminently fitted for lem problem than from this book. the task. He is facile princeps Every worker among Moslems among missionary students of Is- needs it; by mastering it the ·nov- lam in its literature, and has had a ice will become almost a veteran. large practical experience of the Moslem attitude toward the Gos- z. pel in Persia and India. Such a band-book of apologetics fills a SIEGE DAYS. By Ada IIaven Mateer. 12mo, long· felt want not supplied by the 408 pp. ,1.25. Fleming II. ReveU Co. history of Mohammedan contro- 1004. versy, as given by Muir and Wherry, nor by the controversial This comely and fascinating vol- works in Arabic and other lan- ume relates to the nine memorable guages which deal with special weeks of siege and semi-siege enphases of the vast subject. This dured in Pekin in 1900 by 71 men, book covers the whole ground fairly women, and children. The plan of well, and is interestingly written the work is quite novel and original. in the form of a dialogue. In the It is a book by, of, and (in many Introduction the author shows the respects at least) for women, and is need, purpose, limitations, and composed of a multitude of exabuse of controversy, and then fol- tracts from diaries, letters, and low eight chapters on the subject recollections, varying in length proper. The general objections of from two or three lines to several Moslems are first considered; then pages, largely taken from articles their contentions regarding the published in various religious genuineness of Scripture, the Trin- papers and missionary magazines. ity, the Atonement, etc., follow in The happenings of those days, passorder. Even those miscellaneous. ed in sore trial and peril, are given objections hurled at· the bazaar- often by several witnesses, and so preacher by ignorance or fanati- are seen from divers points of view. cism find a place and a reply. The Tho the reader can not but realize treatment is always succinct and what horrors unspeakable were ento the point, but especially worthy dured, yet even more he is made of praise is the argnment for the acquainted with the abundant genuineness of the Bible. No place solace and comfort vouchsafed by is given to destructive criticism, the assurance that the great Friend and the authority of the Word of and Father was continually pres- God vindicated. The Appendix ent. Certain of the Psalms took gives a useful list of weapons in on a new meaning, and the promthe battle for the truth, and indi- ises possessed a pertinence and cates further lines of study. The power never before so fully tested. spirit of the book is not polemic It is more than doubtful if the nor dogmatic, but irenic and sym- average reader can find a volume pathetic. "Our aim is not to upon this theme which will im- press him more deeply than thi!;l

one, or will picture more vividly DR. BARNARDO. By J. H. Babb. S. W. Part- the thrilling scenes attending this ridge & Co., London.

memorable passage in missionary This is the life story of the great friend of orphans and waifs, who history. *** never turns away a needy case. He began in a most humble way, THg WONDERFUL STORY OF UGANDA. By J. already set forth in these pages. D. Mullins. Illustrated. 12mo. 224 pp. He, by a sort of accident. came to 28. Church Missionary Society, Lonnon, know that poor boys were sleeping 1904. out in the streets, in winter weather, without a covering. This The story of Uganda is indeed led him to undertake to provide wonderful, but this account of it is shelter and food-at first for a somewhat disappointing. It is too few, then more and more, until he brief, and omits too many interest- has cared now for over 52,000 boys ing facts and incidents which help and girls, established over 100 septo make the story marvelous. We arate homes, sent out 15,000 emibelieve that there is a great oppor- grants to Canada, and is maintaintunity for a larger history of ing and fitting for service over Uganda missions which will com- 7,000 daily. His greltt resort is bine the best features of the many prayer, and his life story abounds books that have been written on in singular answers and providenthe country, its people, and tial interpositions. missions. THg LIFJ< OF JAMES CHALMERS. By Richard "The Story of Ham Mukasa, Lovett. 8vo. Religious Tract Society, Told by Himself," is appended, London. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1903. and furnishes a concrete account of how one man found the light. but This is one of the most inspiring even his story does not prove es- of all modern missionary books. It pecially unique or remarkable. It is full of a strong, sensible, virile gives, however, the picture. of piety. He was fully absorbed in native life, and the transformation his work. His courage was excepof one character which is always tional and contagious. It emboldinstructive and encouraging. * ened disciples while it made cow- ards of foes. We have seldom met CHILD-LIFII: IN MISSION LANDS. Edited by any narrative so full of exposures Ralph E. Dlffendorfer. 16mo, 180 pp. 5Oc. and signal deliverances. He im- Jennings & Pyr, Cincinnati. 1904. pressed even cannibal savages as a prince among men, and strange These stories of children of other chiefs obeyed him like slaves. We lands are ex:cellent, and the book recommend the perusal of this is valuable from a missionary book to all who love missions. standpoint. It was prepared by several writers as a text-book for THE HYMNAL. Prepared by a Union Commit the Forward Mission Study Course, tee, Tokyo, Japan. 1903. and while all the fields are not covered, enough are presented for the This large Japanese hymnal of purpose. Two of the children whose stories are presented are Chinese, nearly 500 hymns marks a decided one is Mexican, one African, two live in India, one in Italy, one in step in advance in the work in Ja- Korea, and one in Japan. These delightful pictures of child-life also pan. It was published by a comshow how much is lacking in their surroundings and training which is mittee through the cooperation of essential to right development and the Protestant missionaries of vaa preparation for eternal life, * riOllS denominations, and can not fail to impress the Japanese with the essential unity of the Christian Ohurch, ,

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE AMERICA Confederate Veterans, of Grenada, Beneficant In the Review of Giving for Reviews for April, Miss. The following significant Eleven Years G. J. Hagar gives resolutions were unanimously this table of American benefactions since 1893: adopted at a recent and largely 1893 …•.•…….••••• OVer $~9,000,000 attended meeting of the camp: 1894. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . " 1895 …….. , .. . . … .. " 32,000,000 1. That we are unalterably op- 1896 …………..•… " 32,800,000 posed to the lynching of a human 1897. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .." 27,000,000 being, save perhaps for the one un- 1898……………… " 45,000,000 mentionable crime. 1899 ……………… " 38,000,000 1900 ……•.•……… " 62,750,000 2. That as Confederate veterans 47,500,000 and law-abiding citizens of Missis- 1901… ..•. .. … . ….." sippi and of the United States, we 1902 …•..•.•..•…•.. " 107,360,000 are violently, vehemently, and 1903 …..•.•••••…… " 94,000,000 eternally opposed to the practise 95,000,000 of burning a human being for any crime whatsoever. Total.. .••.•.. …" $610,410,000 3. That we appeal in thundering If the omitted items could be tones to all Confederates, their gathered accurately. it would be wives, and daughters, and to that quite reasonable to assume that great and glorious organization, this aggregate for eleven years the Daughters of the Confederacy, would be swelled by at leas't $250.- one and all, to arise in their might, 000.000; but the known amounts, and by precept and example, voice while doubtless far short of the and pen, moral force and influence, real total, are monumental. The help put a stop to this diabolical, annual average of givers was not barbarous, unlawful, inhuman, and far from 400. ungodly crime of burning human beings. Railroads Ten railroad com- Fostering the panies, centering at The Gospel Not thousands but Y. M. C. A. St. Paul and Min- of Cleanliness millions of colored neapolis, have united in aiding in the establishment for Negroes people are waiting of a Railroad Young Men's Chris- for the outstretched tian Association for their employees at Midway Yards, between the hand of Christianity, the touch of two cities. A $30,000 building, erected for a stock exchange and Jesus, the contact with intelligent, never used, has been turned over by the railroad companies to the sympathetic helpfulness. Where association and opened recently. The General Manager of the Great can this touch be given and where Northern Railway, in a speech at the opening, said: "I look for the felt as in the home? A missionary rapid extension in the northwest of railroad associations." The among the colored people, when building was furnished from a fund raised by railroad men and citizens. asked, .. What are you doing?"

Anti-L)'llcbing It is exceedingly replied, " Caring for immortal Crusade in pleasant to be able the South to record that an souls in ebony houses." Y.'es, and anti-lynching cru- they are also caring for the houses sade has been inaugurated by the W. R. Barksdale Camp, United of these souls, for multitudes sin and suffer because they know so little about their bodies. The teach- ing of some of the missionaries was characteristically emphasized by the woman who exclaimed: "I will, honey, I will look up to God and clean up my ho-qse." She had the right conception of the order, Godliness, th",n cleanliness; as in- separable as faith and works. The influence of a growing plant helped to get one home in better condition;

the introduction of a pretty pic- the Oumberland Presbyterians; , ture wrought a change in another. while the two great branches of the In view of such facts, how numer- 1,Iethodist Episcopal Ohurch seem ous are the opportunities of South- more than likely soon to adopt a ern Baptist women to extend a common order of worship, a comhelping hand, and to influence for mon hymnal, and common cate- good those who are at our doors, chism. looking to us for help!-Foreign Mission Journal. How One The Rev. J. B. Law- Pastor Took rence, pastor of the A Fund to The John O. Martin His Offering Baptist Ohurch at Educate Educational Fund Brownsville, Tenn" had printed and distributed among Colored was established to his members the following card, in order to help him in his foreign Preachers help colored preach- mission collection. The result was a pleasing surprise to his members, ers, teachers, and The church went up from $85.32, their contribution in 1903, to $210. Ohristian workers in the South. Others to hear from makes the church fairly sure of $250. This is This is done by means of Bible con- another illustration of what can be done when there is "a definite aim ferences and lectures at central and a live pastor" : points. Mr. Martin hopes by this It takes $600.00 to pay the salary of a for- eign missionary. This divided into months, means to train true leaders by I weeks, and days, is as follows: drawing them from politics to One year …… $600 00 Two weeks ….. $2500 church work. Six months …. 300 00 One week …… 1250 Three months. 150 00 One day……. 1 78 From June 1,1900, to November One month…. 50 00 One hour…… 17 1, 1003, the following excellent re- How much of his time do you WiS'l to pay for? suIts have been achieved: 00 Sun- How many days do you wish to work in the day-schools and young people's foreign field?

societies have been organized, dis- I will pay $ … _…….. , which employs a worker in the foreign field for_ ……… ;days, tributed as follows: Texas, 6; Louis- _……….. weeks, ………… months.

iana, 16; South Oarolina, 36; Geor- Four Years' The total member- Growth in ship in the foreign gia, 28; Arkansas, 4; 77 lectureships Methodist conferences of the have been maintained, 19 in Texas, Missions M. E. Ohurch (in- cluding probation- 8 in Louisiana, 37 in South Oaro- ers) has grown from 182,104 in lina, 9 in Georgia, and 4 in Arkan- 1899 to 216,476 in 1903-an increase of 34,372, or 17 per cent.. The resas: 659 lectures and sermons have gions most fruitful in accessions to membership have been: Korea, been delivered; 1,639 preachers, from 3,897 to 6,915; the Philippines, from a handful to 7,842; Northwest 1,742 teachers, and 24,550 other peo- India, from 34,469 to 42,672; Gujarat district, Bombay Oonference, from ple have attended the meetings; 11 3,443 to 10,985. Th~ number of Sunday-school pupils has grown libraries, 1,029 Bibles, and 549 other from 191,917 to 230,l58-a gain of 38,241, or 19 per cent. religious books have been sold.

Nearly 300,000 tracts were distrib- uted. Twelve libraries were sold in other States. * The Approach The numerous di- to visions of the Ohris- Christian Unity tian Ohurch are steadily and rapidly approaching unity and federation.

Not to name other similar move- ments, the Oongregationalists are earnestly canvassing the question of organic union with the United Brethren and the Methodist Prot- estants; and the Presbyterians with

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

An Alaskan In the latter eigh- to walk back again, discouraged Evangelist ties, Edward Mars- because the school was too full to den, a Tsimpshean, was brought to the Sitka school, admit more and with no funds to where he forged ahead of all his companions in all his studies. enlarge. * From Sitka he went to Carlisle, Pa., where he tarried only a Brazil's Writing in the short time, passing thence to Mari- etta College, Ohio, then under the Christian Herald and Pres- presidency of the Hon. John Eaton, former United States Commissioner Army byter, Rev. E. Vanof Education. Passing through the college, he wfnt to the theological orden states that seminary itt Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, and while taking a theologi- there are 10,000 native Christians cal course, in order that he might be more useful to his own country, belonging to the Presbyterian he studied law. In the same season he was both ordained to the Church, divided into 6 presbytework of the Gospel ministry, and, I believe, admitted to the bar. Re- ries fully equipped for the work, orturning to his own people under a commission. from the board of ganized after patterns of the home missions of the Presbyterian Church, he secured, through the mother churches, and having their contributions of friends, a small steam-launch, of which he is cap- boards of home and foreign mistain, pilot, and engineer, and with which he is visiting 18 villages sions, church erection, education, along the coast of Alaska, teaching and preaching the Gospel of the and publication. And there is an- Lord Jesus Christ. other powerful army corps of 5,000 Walked One Two young men Thousand Miles from the northern Methodists, and perhaps another to School part of the State of divi"lion of similar strength of Bap- Sinaloa, Mex i co, tists, Episcopalians, and smaller walked more than 1,000 miles, between their home and Guadalajara, sects. In Rio de Janeiro and Nichin order to join the mission training-school. One of these is a full- teroy, across the bay, there are 3 blooded Indian of the Mayo tribe, and is now in preparation for Presbyterian churches which sup- Christian work among his own people. Ten other students have port their whole work and need no come from the State of Sonora, most of them walking over the help from abroad. The pastor of mountains for several hundred miles to reach the railroad. At the the First Presbyterian Church pubbeginning of the present year two boys, who had walked 100 miles to lishes a weekly religious paper, and come to .the school, were compelled is the author of several pamphlets.

The Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation has a building of its own and does good work.

EUROPE A Histol')" of William Canton, of a Hundred London, has put Years the world underob- ligation by writing the marvelous history of the Brit- ish and Foreign Bible Society in two large volumes. Concerning this volume, the British Weekly makes this suggestive comment: Most salient is the impression produced from the beginning to the end of the providential nature of the long high labor. The Bible Society was not a mere human con- ception, but a divine inspiration. Like the wall of Jerusalem, it was built in troublous times. In the vivid and graphic introduction Mr. Canton reminds us that when the Bible Society was started in 1804

there was dire need for a protagon- Upper Canada Bible Society, March ist who should cope with the fury 8, sent £2,000 by its president, Dr. of the revolution and shatter the Hoyles, as "a special birthday present to the mother society from colossal power of Napoleonic her biggest daughter." March 12 a tyranny. In November, 1793, when woman sent £1,000 to be acknowl- edged under the heading .. The the Goddess of Reason. garlanded Word of the Living God." The inwith oak leaves, was being en- mate of a home for reduced gentlethroned on the High Altar of Notre women sent lOs. A gold bracelet and a gold scarf-pin were sent Dame, William Carey was sailing anonymously. A boy sent 3d., his within sight of the coast of Bengal. "lunch money." Mr. R. A. Gorell, of Norwich, who was born in the In the following year, when Robes- same year as ihe society, sent a pierre was giving legal sanction to chequ~ for £100, while 100 farth- ings were received March 7 from the " existence of the Supreme " an elderly and poor woman, as a Being," Samuel Marsden, the thankoffering for the blessed apostle of New Zealand, had begun Bible."

his labors among the convicts of New Medical In a recent issue, Botany Bay. Just at the time Missionary Medical Missions at when Christian missions on a large Problems Home and Abroad says: The progress scale were being established. there of evangelization in Eastern lands sprang up the auxiliary that they is raising, of necessity, ever new needed. Yet nothing could have questions and problems. for the Church of Christ. All these are been more appal'ently uncontrived provided for in the infiniteness of than the commencement. – the wisdom and power of the Church's Head. It is for the Church The Recent Not many events in to recognize from step to step her Anglo-French l'ecent years mean Lord's will, and to lay herself along- side of the new conditions and Treaty more for peace and claims. Recently, within a few the general prog- days of eacb other. two papersca,me to us, one bearing on the education ress of the Kingdom than the sign- in medicine of the Chinese-shall it ing, a few days since, of a treaty be, in any sense or measure, in Chiby these two gl'eat world powers, nese hands? The other on the whose projects and interests have future of medical missions in the hitherto so often come into collision. The mutual concessions re- East-shall the native Christian late to Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Church in due time take over the Western Sudan, Madagascar, Siam, mission hospitals and work them and the New Hebrides, as well as as a permanent Christian agency 1 the Newfoundland fisheries. There In either case, of course, the alterwas just and generous yielding on native is secularization; that mediboth sides, and as a result divers cal education, and that the divine bitter disputes, some of them exist- gift of healing shall be wholly secuingfor centuries, have been brought larized. to an end. More Anti- The struggle be- Some During the week Clerical Action tween the govern- Centenary ending March 12 Donations over 2,000 remit- in France ment and the tances were re- Church of Rome ceivedat the Bible House, and when reached a further stage a few weeks the April Reporter went to press the payments and pledges to the since. when, after the entire sup- Centenary Fund exceeded $500,000, witb tbese incidents attending: A gentleman called at the Bible House March 4, and left a Bank of England note for £1,000 from liis wife and himself, declining, however to give their address. A vice- president March 7 sent £2,000. The

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENOE

pression of teaching by the religious dox Church, and numbers 25,000 orders, it was further ordered by converts. Work is carried on the Chamber of Deputies that from in many parts of Siberia and the every court-room all religious pic- adjacent countries, in Alaska, tures, crosses, symbols, etc., should Kamtchatka, Astrakhan, Kazan, be removed. It remains to be seen etc., and in China, Korea, and whether these radical revolutions Japan. The number of Chinese will make for the advance of Prot- converts before the Boxer troubles estantism, or merely for the fur- was only 700, and of these 400 per- therence of secularism and infi- ished. In Japan, where the work delity. was begun about 1860, there are Church Rev. Paul de now 34 Russian missionaries, with Fellowship and Schweinitz has re- 152 catechists, and more than 25,000 converts. The latest financial Cooperation cently given us an statement available is that for 1899, in German" account of the plan in which year the expenditure on the missions was $141,980. established by 14 German missionary societies for practical cooperation in mission Y. M. C. A. According to the work. The movement started in 1895, and has now attained to a in Springfield Repubstanding and influence which are of great value in avoiding friction St. Petersburg lican, the cordial at home and abroad, and in promoting harmony and fraternity. It feeling which many has also enabled the societies to act as a unit in all negotiations with Americans hold for Russia as the the government in the German colonies in establishing the rights traditional friend of the United of missionaries. An executive committee of 5 constitute the working States is expressed in an. offer of force of the organization. $50,000, which James Stokes has forwarded the society for the moral improvement of young men in St.

Petersburg. One of the conditions named by Mr. Stokes is that $100,- 000 more be raised in Russia for this building. There is little doubt Russian The history of mod- but that this will be done, as many Foreign ern missions in of the leading men or" Russia are Missiolls Russia may be said backing the organization. The head of the society is Prince Olden- to date from about bourg, who is closely related to the the year 1825. Much had been done Czar. Prince Hilkoff, minister of before this time among the Siberian the Russian railroads, is a deeply tribes and others, and as early as interested member, and proposes 1714 a mission had been sent to to organize railroad associations at Peking (without permanent re- the division points on the Russian sults); but the eighteenth century, railways. The Chamber of Comas in England, had been a period of merce and banking institutions of stagnation, and it was not till the St. Petersburg subscribe liberally end of the first quarter of last cen- each year to the association's suptury that a revival took place. port. About that time the Archiman- drite Macarius founded a mission Conference of Last January 22-4 to Altai, in Western Siberia, and Christian the first conference by his literary and educational Students of Christian stu- labors built a strong foundation for in Italy dents was held in his successors. This mission is now Rome, and both in the largest of the Russian Ortho- the number in attendance and in

THE MISStONAkY REVIEW OF THE WOltLD [.Tune

the enthusiasm it surpassed all ex- ASIA pectations. There were in attendance about 200 professors, students, Concerning President C. C. pastors, and. Christian leaders from all parts of Italy and Sicily, making One Turkish Tracy, of Anatolia it unquestionably the most representative assembly of Christian Mission ColI e g e, reports young men that has ever been held in this country. Among the dele- that the original 4 gates were students from 14 of the 17 government universities, and churches of Asiatic Turkey have from as many more of the state lyceums, technical institutes, normal increased to 120, with a memberschools, and theological colleges. The universities of Rome, Naples, ship of 13,409. They contributed Florence, Pisa, Genoa, Bologna, Turin, and Milan were represented $93,000 last year, in proportion to by students, as well as those at Palermo and Messina in Sicily. incomes equivalent to at least Steps will be taken to secure a strong man, to be selected from the $500,000 contributed in America. Italian students, who will serve as a national secretary. The colleges and the lesser schools Pray for The condition in of the missions are the controlling Bulgaria and Bulgaria and Mace- Macedonia donia remains most influence of-the region. There has unsettled. Sam 0 – been a great revival in the central kov and several border cities in Bulgaria are under martial law, mission, and 871 have been added and Bulgarian guards are placed along the frontier to prevent in- to the churches on confession. The surgent bands from passing from Bulgaria into Macedonia. In the hospitals are another gl'eat source meantime the Turks are gathering troops on the Turkish side of the of influence and helpfulness. Four line. It is not yet evident whether the two countries, Bulgaria and thousand children orphaned by the Turkey, will use their best efforts to prevent a clash of arms. In the massacres are cared for by Amerimeantime relief work has been carried on by the missionaries and can, English, German, and Swiss their associates, funds for the same having been supplied from both missionaries. There is a total of England and America. While the people are disturbed by the polit- 424 schools, 7 of them colleges, 3 of ical situation~ opportunities have been many for the missionaries to them theological seminaries, havput themselves into close, sympathetic touch with the people in both ing a total of more than 20,000 countries, proving by their lives and work their desire to be a real pupils. help to them in times of peril. * The Release of A dispatch from the Professor United States Lega- Tenekejian tion at Constanti- nople reports the termination of the trial of Prof. Nicholos Tenekejian, of Euphrates ,College, at Harpoot, followed by his release. This professor was thrown into prison last May, upon a charge that he was an active member of a revolutionary organi- zation. The trial was greatly de- layed, and in the meantime effort was made by force to compel him to confess to the crime. Some thirty others were arrestea at the same time. As he was an employee in an American college, our gov- ernment requested that an early trial be had, and that a representa- tive from the United States consu- late be present to see that justice was done. The English consulate at Harpoot was also represented at the trial. No condemning or even

1904J Gl!lN:IlIltAL MtsstoNAlty tN'l'E:t.t.IGl!lNCE

compromising testimony was pre- Labaree and her aged father-in- sented, while it was clearly shown law, Dr. Benjamin Labaree, had that the professor on trial had been more than 250 calls of sympathy. among the foremost to discoun- The day of the funeral was one of tenance any revolutionary ideas almost universal mourning in the among students in the college and city. Nearly 2,000 people sought elsewhere.-Missionary Herald. to attend the services in the college chapel, and as the bodies were car- R. M. Labaree Rev. Robert M. ried six miles to the place of burial, Offers to go Labaree, a success- they were accompanied by many as a Substitute ful pastor of Doyles- all the way on foot, while crowds from the villages en route fell in ton, Pa., comes for- with the procession. This genuward to take the place of his ine outpouring of grief can not fail brother, Rev. B. W. Labaree, the to bring the mission workers and young missionary murdered in the populace closet' together, and Persia a few weeks ago. Particu- especially to cement the bonds belars of the cruel death are just tween the native Christians and coming to hand. Rev. Mr. Labarre the foreigners.-Congregationalist. in his ability and consecration resembled Horace Pitkin, the hero The Number By a typographical of Paotingfu, and tho the former's of Missionaries error in our April death was not due to an outbreak of heathendom against Christian in India number, the nummissions, it was practically a mar- ber of missionaries tyrdom, and he will have an honored place in missionary annals. in India was stated to be 18,000. The government is following up According to Rev. H. P. Beach the murderers vigorously, and the the number of male missionaries is officials seem to share in the gen- nearly 1,800, and the total foreign eral sympathy and indignation of missionary force is about 3,700, and the community. Mrs. Labaree native helpers number nearly 2,500. writes afil only a true Christian In Dr. J. P. Jones' recent volume on woman could. She says; " India," the statistics given for India, Burma, and Ceylon are: God is very close to us, and, oh! Foreign ordained, 1,113; lay, 201; His help is so real and so wonder- women, 1,373; and natives, ordainful, and, as I realize more and more ed, 1,089; lay, 17,433; women, 6,555. what He is to me, it makes my whole heart yearn to teach these * people of this poor, wicked land to know Him. Do not mourn and The Christian Increased appreciagrieve too much for us, but play that we may be able to bear it, Women of tion of the moral and that this overwhelming sorrow may be to the glory of God. India blessings of Chris- Mrs. Labaree reports a won- tianityand the ethderful and widespread sympathy not only in the Christian com- ical excellence of its devoted mismunity, but among Moslems, Armenians, Syrians, Englishmen, sionaries is a great andever-widen- French, Russians, and Germans. In the nearly seventy years of this ing fact. Take, for instance, this mission no foreign-born person has ever been killed in that part of description of the Indian Christian Persia, and many who heard of it were stunned. In two days Mrs. women, culled from a non-Christian paper: ,. She has been the evangel- ist of education to hundreds and thousands of Hindu homes. Simple, neat, and kindly, she has won her way to the recesses of orthodoxy, overcoming a strength and bitter- ness of prejudice of which few out-

siders can have an adequate con- Geographical Society, he visited ception. As these sentences are Lhassa, and, strange to say, rebeing written there rises before the turned to Russia unharmed. He mind's eye the pictures of scores of was struck by the lowness of tidy, gentle girls, trudging hot and wages. An ordinary laborer redusty streets, barefooted, under a ceives three halfpence a day; an scorching sun, to carry the light of expert spinner, 3%d.; and a Lama, knowledge to homes where they 5d. for a whole day's praying. If will not be admitted beyond the well-to-do, a Tibetan invalid enante-chamber, and where they can gages a Lama to read litanies to not get a glass of water without him; if poor, he gets along with a humiliation, yet never complain- grain of barley which a lama has ing, ever patient. To these brave blessed-he has more faith in it and devoted women, wherever they than in medicine. On account of are, friends of education all over the immense number of celJbate the country will heartily wish priests in Tibet, women play a 'God-speed.' " greater part in business than in any other country of the world. A School for In February was "I can recall no occupation that the Blind held the annual ex- is carried on in the country in hibition of Miss which women are not actively en- gaged, and they often conduct Millard's Blind School at its home, great undertakings quite independ- Love Lane, Magazon, Bombay. ently of men." This school was established by the American Mission in October, 1000, The First Bishop La Trobe to provide for children made blind Newspaper writes, in Moravian from the prevailing famiue. It opened with a boy and 2 girls; the in Tibet Missi ons: "The number has now grown to 26 boys fi l' s t newspaper and 19 girls, ranging from two to thirteen years of age, and from one ever published in Tibetan lies beroom to the present accommoda- fore me. It is a little quarto sheet tions of two bungalows, one for of four 'pages with double columns. boys and the other for girls. In- The title at the head-The Tibetan dustrial work has an important Newspaper-stands out in bold place in the course of instruction, Tibetan characters, such as are em basket-making and the caning of ployed in religious books, both chairs being taught both boys and Buddhist and Ohristian, as also on girls. The exercises included songs the stones inscribed by the lamas in English and Marathi meters by with the sacred formula: Om mani the children, and an exhibition of padme hum, and bought by the their skill in reading and solving peasantry to lay on their mani mathematical problems. The walls near every village. The lithoschool band played on native in- graphed matter of the eight colstruments, to the delight of the umns of this paper is written in audience. Many of the children cursive characters, such as are used have been received into church in Tibetan letters. On the first membership.-Oongregationalist. first page, the editor, our mission- ary Francke, tells his Ladaki read- Concerning Interesting things ers what is the purpose of this Things in Tibet about Tibet are told paper, and what it designs to bring them: 1. News of other lands in The Strand and peoples;. 2. Short, instructive Magazine by M. Tsybiko. Oommissioned by the Russian Imperial tales; 3. Specimen letters, as a.

GENERA.L MISSIONARY INTELLIGENOB

guide to letter-writing; 4. Passages slightly, or, rather, less hideous, of Holy Scripture, important for than most Chinese cities. It is on this life and for the life of the soul the Min River, about 25 miles from beyond the grave. Explanations the sea. The mission now has are added." more than 100 churches and chapels, Union in The American Pres- with a membership of 3,082, and 7,000 more attendants. There are Educational byterian and the 11 native pastors, 150 assistants. WOl'k Eng lis h Baptist and 100 teachers. Eight churches missbns in Shantung Province have agreed to unite are self-supporting. A Ohristian in organizing three colleges: an Endeavor Society, a Young Men's arts college at Weihsien, a theo- Christian Association, a theologilogical college at Chingchou fu, cal school, colleges for boys and and a medical college. The follow- girls, 4 boarding-schools, a training- school for Bible women, kindering provisions are agreed upon: garten, women's classes,OO schools, The aim of the United Oolleges shall be first and foremost the furtherance of the caUSe of 5 hospitals and dispensaries, all Christ in China. within this mission, show how mis- The purpose of the arts college shall be to give a liberal education of a distinctively sions grow and the great work they Christian character to young men chiefly from Christian famllies. are doing. There are 36 American The purpose of the theological college shall missionaries in this mission. be to provide theological training for pastors and evangelists. The instruction shall be in accordanee with evangelical truth as commonly taught in the Presbyterian and the The Future Dr. William Ash- Baptist churches. of China and more s u g g est s : Denominational instruction on the subjects of church government and baptism shall be Korea What the fi n a I sepa!"ately provided for by the respective map of NortheastllllSSlOns. The colleges shall be under the mana~e­ ment of one board of directors, who shall be ern Asia is to be is yet undecided.

elected by the two misSions, and responsible What Russia's position is to be in to them. All the acts of the board ot directors shall relation to the governments of be subject to the review and control of the China and Korea is now under fu- Baptist Missionary Society In London, and of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presby- rious consideration. A smaller naterian Church inthe United States of America. The two missions shall be, as far as pos- tion has suddenly risen up to chal- sible, equally represented on the teaching lenge Russia's presumption, and staff of each college. The college plant at Weihsien shall remain has thrown itself across her path the property of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the with a navy superior to her own, United States of America. and with an army of 200,000 men, The college plant at Chingchou fu shall remain the property of the Baptist Missionary and more to follow. It is almost a Society in London. Any endowment shall be vested in the certainty that China will rise up Board of Foreign Missions raising it, and the income thereof shall be applied to the ex- to save her own Manchuria. And penses or equipment, for which that board is now alL the world is looking on responsible. In the event of either mission desiring to . wondering how it will turn out, and withdraw from the union, notice of not less holding in abeyance movements of than two years shall be given to the oth*er their own till they see how it is mission.

What One The ·first missions likely to end. Meanwhile, Japan is Mission Has established by the fighting not only her own battle Wl'ought American Board in but the battle of Korea and the China was at Can- battle of China, and the battle of ton in 1830; but the oldest mission England. and, to some extent, the now in operation is at Foochow, battle of America, and the battle of opened by Rev. Stephen Johnson civil and religious liberty in Asia, and Rev. and Mrs. L. B. Peat in and indeed the battle of mankind 1847. Foochow is estimated to hold outside of Russia and France-and 1,000,000 people, and is more possibly Germany.

THE MlSSlO'NAtt"' RlllvlitW OF TB~ WORLD [Jun~

Bibles in The Bibie Society ask myself how many modern Japanese Anny obtained per m is· Buddhists there are that have relig- ious life in their souls, I answer, sion before war was None! "-Illustrated Missionary declared to distribute Scriptures News. among the Japanese troops who were likely to be sent on active ser- AFRICA vice, and 50,000 Japanese Gospels and 5,000 Testaments are now in A Recent Tangier has been possession of soldiers at the front. Revival in worked for twenty A similar work is being done in the Russian army. The society makes Tangier years as a station no distinction between friend and of the North Africa foe; in the Crimean War 204,569 copies of the Scriptures were circu- Mission, but has proved hard soil lated among both the Russians and and yielded few convel.'sions. For the Allies; over 1,000,000 copies, years no native convert has been costing ovel.' $100,000, went to baptized, and there has not been French and German soldiers in the even the smallest gathering of war of 1870; and during the South native Christians. Moslem con- African war over 133,000 Bibles, verts thus far have not had courage Testaments, etc., were given to to confess Christ openly, or have British and Boers at the front, in been scattered to other parts of the concentration camps, and on Morocco. The number of converthe troopships. sions has been small, tho the num- ber of people dealt with both Japanese Baron Maejima, an physically and spiritually bas Statesman on ex-Cabinet minister numbered not a few thousands . Christianity of Japan, says of every year.

Christianity: "No During Ramadhan, last year, matter how large an army or navy the missionary band in Tangier, we may have, unless we have right- having a little more leisure in the eousness at the foundation of our mornings, arranged for a daily national existence we shall fall prayer-meeting, at which several short of SUCCess. I do not hesitate converts were remembered by to say that we must rely up!>n re- name. 'Vithin a few days some ligion for our highest welfare. And remarkable cases of conversion when I look about me to see upon occurred. what religion we may best rely, I am convinced that the religion of One Sunday evening a Moor, Christ is the one most full of dressed in European clothes, came strength and promise for the up after the service and said tbat nation." Viscount Watanabe, a he wanted to become a Christian. prominent statesman and a Budd- He knelt in confession of sin and hist, warns Christians against the profession of faith in Christ. He idea that Christianity must be went home, and baving told the modified to meet the needs of Japan. message of life for the first time to One reason for the deterioration of the man with whom he was living- Buddhism, he says, has been its a Berber from the Sus country-he modification to suit Japanese ideas. brought. him to the missionary, His conclusion is a striking t.esti- and had the joy of seeinghim enter mony to the religious decay of his the Kingdom. Next day these t~o own faith: "I do not say that Budd· ex-Moslems brought a Jew, who hism is not a religion, but when I had heard a good deal of Christian teaching before and had been ini· pressed. Jew and Moslem forgot their bitter hatred, and became " one in Christ Jesus."

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLtGENCE

Four Algerian women living in case under the energetic, aggressive Tangier and able to read have been Sir Edward Lugard. But it was converted, aiso three men who were accomplished through the divisions known to be murderers, several of the natives. Nigeria is a coun- who had been for years under try of large potentialities, accord- Christian teaching, and others to ing to reports, and, if Great Brit- whom the Gospel was a new story. ain's hands were not so fully oc- In all about twenty-five Moslems cupied in other fields, we might have professed faith in Christ dur- expect to see a rapid development ing the past three months. The of this new estate.-Presbyterian same number of Jews and Span- Banner. * iards have also accepted the Gospel DarkPlace.in A mission ary message. West Africa laborer connected On January 20, 1904, a little com- with the English pany of missionaries and natives Church Missionary Society in the wended their way on donkey-back Niger· Mission writes from Onitsha, or on foot to a tank a few miles an important center of missionary from the town, and five Moorish work on the west coast, as follows: men and one Jew confessed Christ Even within sight of our mission house at Onitsha on a clear day are by baptism. Such is .. the begin- towns which are in a very real sense .. dark places of the earth, ning of harvest" in Tangier. Let full of the habitations of cruelty." At one, Ozobelu, scarcely 10 miles all who have prayed for the con- from us as the crow fiies, I have heard from a reliable source that version of the Moslem continue to more than 30 persons have been caught and killed, and in many pray with new vigor and with new cases eaten, during the past few months. At another town, Nnewu faith for still greater blessing in Otolo. some 7 miles to the east, of Ozobelu, I myself had to sleep this most difficult but by no means some months under a circlet of 43 human skulls, strung together impossible work I * and hanging from the roof above my head, and the chief would only Nigeria and A band, calling appear to greet me surounded by the Briti.h themselves .. The som~ 150 young men all well armed.

Silent Ones," has The Kongo We have referred been making trouble in the south- Horrors Proved to the grave charges ern part of this British protectorate. The native Christians, be- brought against the cause suspected of sympathy with administration of the Kongo State. foreigners, have suffered somewhat These charges appear to be So well and some mission property has been substantiated that the Britishgovdestroyed, but the missionaries ernment communicated with the made their escape. It is the inten- Belgian government on the subject, tion of the authorities to make the but only received a general denial insurgents rebuild the properties of any ground for interference. Bethey have destroyed. Nigeria con- fore taking any further -steps, the tains about 500,000 square miles, British government directed Mr. and its ijopulation is esti:mated at Casement, the British Consul in the 20,000,000. Over this vast area and Kongo State, to' make a tour population there are btlt-170white through the State, and ascertain men, and this number includes nGn- from personal observation the concommissioned officers arid civilian dition of the natives in the Upper administrators. The British troops are natives under white leaders. Perhaps the British Empire never made so great a conquest with such small means as was done in this

Kongo. The tour was to have lasted months, compelled her to return to six months, but a two months' tour rendered further investigation un- England for treatment. She was necessary, as it supplied ·conclusive evidence of the most horrible out- for two years a patient in the Hosrages, and the maintenance of slavery in its most revolting forms pital for Tropical Diseases, Lonunder the present regime. It wiII rest with the Powers who consti- don. The microbe of the sleeping tuted the Kongo State under the government of King Leopold to sickness was found in her blood. say whether a trust which has been criminally abused is to be suf- Sir Patrick Manson and his culfered to continue.-The Chronicle. leagues did all they could to extir- Fruit in Rich The Presbyterian Abundance Church, Sou th, pate it, but in vain. In spite of bac- continues to receive teriological skill the attacks of the most encouraging and inspiring reports from the Upper Kongo. The fever persisted till languishing lethreport of the year at Luebo states that there have been more than 500 argic attacks ended in heart-failure additions to the Church, that several new outstations have been and death. Tho Mrs. Stonelake .opened up, with great increase also in church and day-school attend- was withdrawn by this disaster ance. Besides, Mrs. Sheppard writes from Ibanj: from a work on which she had set I wish the friends of the home- her whole heart, she felt that a wise land could realize the vastness of the work out here. If they could and good heavenly Father had aronly have looked into Lapsley Memorial last Sabbath morning to ranged it all, and hoped that her see the 1,200 people that crowded and jammed the church, it would case, thus submit-:;ed for a long time have been an inspiring sight. The Bakuba people are taking great in- to the highest medical skill, armed terest going regularly to the catechumen class and church. Last with the best appara,tus known, month 150 were received into the church, 120 on one Sabbath, besides might be the means of leading to baptizing 30 children. Of the 120, many of them were elderly men such discoveries as would alleviand women. If I had been a shouting Methodist, I am sure I would ate or even obviate the disease so have startled the congregation with a loud" Praise the Lord! " prevalent and pernicious on the The Cause of The Tse-tse fly has Kongo. ** Sleeping been discovered to Sickness be a cause of the Chinese We can not think mysterious sleeping Coolies in the that the members of sickness of Africa. Mrs. H. T. Transvaal the House of Com- Stonelake, of Monsembi, Upper mons who voted for Kongo, was bitten by one of these flies three weeks ago. A recurrent the introduction of Chinese labor into the Transvaal really expressed fever resulted which, after four theirdeep convictions upon the mat- ter. If they did, so much tbeworse for them. The voting looks like a party matter, with no conscience behind it. White labor, under hu- mane conditions, is now definitely rejected, and the Chinaman is to be imported under regulations which resemble slavery as nearly as any- thing can. The conditions of his work in South Africa are specifi- cally fixed. They provide that he must serve the master who imports him, or the master "into whose hands he is lawfully '~assigned." He can not trade or hold any license whatever, or have any economic rights. He is bound to reside on his master's premises, and he must not leave them without a special

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

permit. If he wanders away frDm complices Dr the imitatDrs Df their these premises any Po.liceman can arrest him witho.ut a warrant. It vices. is humiliating to. think that a Brit- M. T. Iselin, in the Gazette de ish Parliament has sanctio.ned this Drder. New Zealand has vehement- Lausanne, rejDins: ly prDtested against it, and has been snubbed fDr making the prDtest. Have YDU nDt heard that the re- We jo.in Dur vo.ice to. the cho.rus o.f indignatio.n which has been aro.used vDlt was prDvDked by the explDitao.ver this matter. It is a stain uPo.n British ho.nDr.-London Christian. tiDn Df the natives by the settlers?

Has not a high German functio.n- ary lately been fDund guilty Df grDss cruelty tDward the blacks?

Is it nDt CDmmDn to. impute these excesses Df EurDpeans to. a pretend- ed "trDpical rage" Dr "African- itis ?" Has this strange disease Self-support Rev. E. H. Ricb- ever been Dbserved amDng the Basel in ards, o.f the No.rth- missiDnaries? . . .

South Africa ern MethDdist SD- Has nDt the internatiDnal Brus- sels cDnference declared against the ciety, says that 22 impDrtatiDn Df spirits and firearms years ago. he spent his first Sunday into. Africa, and against the sale Df at a missiDn statiDn in Natal, So.uth them to. the blacks? Is it the mis- Africa, and that at that time every siDnaries Dr the settlers that are hit by this actiDn ?

Dne o.f the native pasto.rs was draw- Did YDU not knDw that long be- ing his salary frDm an American fDre the Brussels cDnference the treasury. Three years ago. he vis- Basel MissiDnary SDciety had Dpen- ited the same church and fDund ed, Dn the West African cDast, es- tablishments where the sale Df every pastDr suppDrted by the na- spirits and firearms were vigDrDus- tives themselves. "Little Dutsta- ly fDrbidden, but where the blacks are taught various trade.., so. that tiDns begun here and there by SDme it is, in this regiDn, mainly to. Dur untutDred but energetic and Chris- missiDn statiDns that YDU IDDk fDr tian YDuth had nDW becDme a hun- blacksmiths, jDiners, carpenters, dred strDng-." Other Dutstatio.ns and masDns-fDr artisans who knDw were multiplying indefinitely, and their business?

natives by the thDusands were Were YDU ignDrant that the mis- siDnaries have been the first, and eager to. learn Df GDd. In his Dwn thus far the Dnly Dnes, to. study the missiDn statiDn Df Inhambane, the native languages to. the bDttom, entire missio.n field has do.ubled 6 and. to. fix them in writing, so. that times within the past 5 years. they have made pDssible the intel- lectual culture Df the blacks? That Criticism of A Basel newspaper a number Df Basel missiDnaries have, Dn accDunt Df thDse labDrs, Missionaries in has availed itself o.f received academic hDnDrs frDm va- Africa the rising o.f the riDus universities? HDW shall we HererDS in German recDncile with these facts the CDn- SDuthwest Africa to. fall furio.usly temptuDus estimates which YDU have reprDduced teaching the civ- uPo.n missiDns and missio.naries. ilizing and educating wDrk Df the t All the evil came fro.m them, say missiDnaries ?

these equally charitable and en- The Testimony LesDthDli, the lightened publicists. The missiDn- of a Heathen King Df the Basu- aries had no.t the least nDtiDn Df Chief tDB, lately attended what to. teach savage in Drder to. a Ohristian service, civilize them; they do. no.t kno.w held by M. Ramseyer, and after the sermDn spDke as fDIIDWS: hDW to. teach them either decency Dr neatness Dr Drderliness. This All which the mi!lsiDnary has means they have the audacity nDt spDken is true. All these threat- enings Df GDd apply also. to meto. make Df them the dDcile servants yea, I have deserved that they of the white settlers, and the ac-

should be fulfilled on me. I am cieties should bear all the cost of your chief, and yet a heathen still ! I have heard the word of God, but what, after all, is secular teaching, have not received it. I am on the false way. Perhaps you will say I and advances the material interests had no right to talk with you of God's word. And so it is indeed. of the colony, But the educational But just because I am a heathen, I can and must say to you that this department has lately notified the is the false way. When I was going I might have become a servant various missions that after this of God, but I would not; aud you see me here as a dead man, year all such grants will cease, nor wretched and sick. Therefore, I say to you all: I rue it, do not as I will any more help be given to have done. From my heart I wish that you all to-day might so think school-teachers who have obtained as I, for I see my wr9ng, and would gladly become another man. I. beg the government brevet, It is openall Christians to pray for me. Oh, that Jesus would have compassion ly avowed that the authorities do on me, forgive me, and convert me! I hav..e lingered too long; I can no not look favorably upou the large longer convert myself. Oh, pray for me !-Calver lWissionsblatt. number of scholars now le'l,rning He has asked our prayers. Let in high schools, and that they do us not refuse them to him. His not see the need for a widely spread fellow-chief Mofoka has lately been system of education among the baptized, and he is a centenarian! mass of the Malagasy. J, s. t French The mi s Ii! i onary Madagascar The attack of the Protestant work of F r e n c h Work in Protestantism in and French hom e government Madagascar Madagascar is the Education of France on the most interesting, and, perhaps, the most wonderful Rom a n Catholic one undertaken by the Paris Mis- sionary Society, When in 1897 "Congregations" and monastic or- France came into complete control of the island, the 700,000 French ders is now affecting this colony of Protestants inherited a great part of the work of the powerful Engthe republic. The various Protes- lish and Norwegian mlSSlOns. They had to provide 500 schools tant missions laboring in the island and 500 churches with teachers and missionaries, to prevent the loss to have made great efforts to comply Protestantism of that immense field that the Jesuits were coveting with the government requirements and seemed near getting, The Protestants have succeeded thus with regard to highereducation,and far in holding their own, but they need all the help they can get, not at considerable expense have fitted merely from home, but from such Christians who are interested in up workshops with complete appli- the triumph of the Protestant Christianity over Romanism', ances for teaching carpentry and ISLANDS OF THE SEA cabinet-making, and also laid out Heard the A Sikh, a retired jardins d'essai for instructing the Gospel in Jail arm y and pol ice scholars in agriculture and horti- man, a weal thy man, got into jail w:Qile on the culture. This has been done so police force in Singapore. There he heard the Gospel. On coming to that large high schools may be Penang he borrowed a Bible from maintained, where religious in- struction may be imparted and Ohristian influence be exerted. For two or three years the government has given grants in aid of such schools, where their educational standards are observed, as it is evi- dently unfair tha.t missionary so-

1904J GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

a student in the Anglo-Chinese of the thatched house which we at school and studied it. He sought present occupy. I have just organ- out the presiding elder and received ized a quarterly conference, with instruction, and was baptized by 4 local preachers, 2 exhorters, class- Bishop Warne. He has now gone leaders, and stewards."

to the Punjab, India, his native Episcopalians J. B. Devins has land, and there he is to visit our in the these e x cell e n t churches, and he hopes to bring things to say in the back two teachers whom he will . Philippines Observer about support, to teach his own countrymen, of whom there are greatnum- Bishop Brent, and his doings: bers here. This is a noble example of a man recently converted from Soon after reaching Manila in heathenism making a sacrifice for August, 1902, on looking over the Christ. He has met with some persecution, but being a wealthy man field. the bishop decided that the he is not inconvenienced much by first thing to do was to secure a it. He is very enthusiastic in building site for a cathedral not spreading the Gospel among his ()wn people. With his knowledge far from the Luneta. Here three of English he has acquired a great and one-half acres have been pur deal of information, and in debate he can answer arguments with chased, and it was expected to lay ease, as he knows the principles of the corner-stone early last fall. Christianity well and the teachings of Sikhism even better than most The cathedral, exclusive of the of the priests. organ and other furnishings, is to REV. J. E. PYKETT. cost $100,000, and the organ is to A Missionary Rev. H. L. E. Leu- be one of the best that the bishop can procure. When this structure as a Colonizing ring, of the Perak is dedicated it will not be possible Agent district, writes in for natives to speak of the 'Five- c~nt Ohurch.' The bishop went, World-wide ltIis- a few months ago, into the central portion of Northern Luzon, scores sions: "In May, 1003, I was asked of miles from civilization, and hun- by the Perak government to proceed dreds of miles from the regular lines of communication. Here he to China at government expense found thousands of people, whose to introduce a colony of Fuchau- outward appearance suggested a speaking agriculturists into Perak. washing as much as he knew their inward condition needed regenera- The government promised to pay tion. As soon as he reached mailthe steamer passages and to give ing facilities he wrote to a soap free grants of land to the cultivat- firm in America, telling what he had seen, and asking for a ton of soap. As quickly as steamers and express trains could cross the ocean and the continent, the bishop had an order for the soap. He wants the outward cleansing a5 well as the inward change of heart and habi ts. "

ors. With the permission of Bishop Fiji Islands Official announce· Warne I undertook this mission, Christian and ment is made that and as the outcome of the voyage Self.supporting the Fiji Islands are we now have the Sitiawan Agricul- no longer to be tural Colony, with 2,500 acres of cared for by the Wesleyan Mission- excellent land, which is ready for ary Society, since they have be- the occupation of the colonists. Of come nominally Christianized and the 363 colonists 50 are church mem- civilized, education, commerce, and bers. Our church has a beautiful worship being carried on according plot of land (10 acres), centrally lo- to Christian ideals. They con- cated, and I hope to be enabled to tributed for missionary purposes build a suitable church in place last year $25,000, and are doing

very much to carry the Gospel to that is sincere and Christlike, but the other islands of the South Seas. not before. "

MISCELLAN, EOUS NOTICE Distribution According to a of the Jews rough census made A Missionary Under the auspices Summer School of the Interdenom- by Professor Haman, there are 19,000,000 .Tews in for Women inational Conferthe world. Of these, he figures ence of Woman's that the United States has 1,000,000; Europe, Il,OOO,OOO, and countries Boards of Foreign Missions for the outside of Europe, 8,000,000. He United States and Canada, a sumgives this distribution of .Tews in mer school.for women's missionary Europe: Russia, 5,000,000; Austria- societies will be held at Northfield, Hungary, 1,860,000; Germany, 568,- Mass., July 11th to 19th. Each day 000 ; Roumania, 300,000 ; Great at {) A.M. students will have the Britain, 200,000; Turkey, 120,ono; privilege of attending in the audi- Holland, 97,000; France, 77,000; torium the Bible study class of Italy, 50,000; Bulgaria, 31,000; Rev. G. Campbell Morgan, D.D. Switzerland, 12,000; Greece, 6,000; The Committee on United Study, Servia, 5,000; Denmark, 4,000 ; who have issued 4 of the contem- Sweden, 3,500; Belgium, 3,000; plated 7 courses of study, will have Spain, 2,500, and Portugal only 300. charge of an hour each day in Stone Hall, where "Via Christi," Chaplain Some one wrote to "Lux Christi," and "Dux Chris- McCabe as a Chaplain McCabe tus," will be presented as far as Mine Owner and asked him to possible by the several authors of these studies. The study of "Dux take stock in a sil- Christus "-subject for the coming ver mine of astonishin6" richness. year-will be presented by chap- As a reason the writer said: "Much ters under the direction of inspirof the profits will be consecrated to ing leaders. the cause of missions." The chaplain said: •• I am working two good An hour will also be devoted to mines now. One of them is the a training class for leaders of mismine of self-denial, far over in the sionary meetings. The subjects will valley of Humiliation. The other include: duties of officers, prois the mine of consecration, en- grams, Bible readings for the year, tered over on the heavenly side of place of prayer, literature, current the brook Peniel. There are riches events, Christian stewardship, sysenough in these two mines to con- tematic giving, proportionate givvert the world." ing. thank offerings, memorials, legacies, and self-denial. One morn- Revival Dr. W. A. Bartlett, ing there will be a model session Needed for of the }<'irst Con- of an interdenominational mission- the " Saints" gregational Church, ary meeting with "Rex Christus" for the subject.. Chicago, says: "Let us have a revival among church An· hour will be given to the members who love clubs more than study of methods, including work church; who make Sunday a holi- with the girls' organizations, their day and not a holy day; who never talents and how to use them; work come to the meeting of prayer; with the children, through the who have plenty of money for thein- cradle roll, primary classes, junior selves, but little for the Lord. societies, bands, and circles; and Then will sinners come to a church one period a model junior mission- ary meeting.