The Missionary Review of the World — November 1915

A ViEW OF MUSCAT- ONE OF THE D001{S TO

MISSIONA~Y fIRES 1. The worst massacre of Christians that has taken place in the last thou- sand years is now going on in Asiatic Turkey. Who is responsible? The American Government has protested. What next? (See page 841.) 2. There are hundreds of thousands of Indians in South America to whom the message of Christ has never been presented in any form. These constitute an appealing field for missionary effort. (See page 809.) 3. The Christian workers at the Panama-Pacific Exposition are conducting a night-school and using other means to prepare the 1,500 young women employees for work when the Exposition closes. (See page 831.) 4. The Armenians are people whose history goes back 4,000 years. They occupied Asia Minor long before the Turk. Their church dates back to apostolic times. Why are they being exterminated? (See page 845.) :J. Over one hundred Latin-American students were entertained at the sum- mer conferences of the North American Student Movement last June, and many went away with new Christian life-purposes that promise much for their respective countries. (See page 817.) 6. A Christian professor in a government normal college in Japan has been asked to give a course of 30 lectures on Christianity. (See page 851.) 7. Mr. Sherwood Eddy has started for India to conduct student evangelistic meetings in India, similar to those among Chinese students which have been productive of such great results. (See page 808.) 8. A worker in Buenos Aires asked the first twenty men whom he met on the street what they knew of the Bible. They represented six nation- alities, and fifteen of them knew nothing whatever about the Bible, while only three had read any portion of it. (See page 864.) 9. The Protestant Episcopal Church Board of Missions has not only secured its desired Emergency Fund of $375,000 by the "one day's income" plan, but has obtained $20,000 more than the usual gifts on the regular apportionment. (See page 866.) 10. The faith of many of the younger Mormons in their religion and its founder has been shaken by the statement of Egyptologists that certain documents which they had reverenced as the writings of Abraham are among the most common of Egyptian antiquities.

11. The Bible is being used as a text-book in several Chinese government schools, and in India is considered by many British officials the most valuable ally of the Government in carrying out their high aims for the people. (See page 872.) 12. The Buddhist scandals in Japan, involving the misappropriation by the priests of hundreds of thousands of dollars, are leading many thoughtful Japanese to renounce Buddhism and to study and accept Christianity. :Muscat is on the Penian (~111f and is one of the stations of the Arabian 1Iission of th e Ue formed Church in Arabia MI "IIlIII-RY E IE OF THE WORLD Vol. XXXVIII, No. 11 NOVEMBER, 1915 Vol. XXVIII, No. 11 Old Series New Series 111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111 111111 'I~ 11 ,SIGNS·OFvTHEvTIMES mJ~ 11111111111111111111111111111 N CAlLS TO PRAYER In Mexico, tho there is talk of EVER have there been more ur- recognizing General Carranza, there gent and incessant calls to sac- still seems small hope for permanent rificial prayer, service, and giving peace through any of the contending than there are to-day. forces. All of the leaders are in- efficient and self-seeking. The coun- In Europe, Asia, and Africa there try is being desolated, and the outare the millions of struggling, dying look for good government is dark. men giving their lives fan what they It is time to pray that God's solution believe to be the call of duty and hu- of the problem may be discovered and manity-some of them believe they followed. are answering the caIl of God. There are the physicians and nurses caring In China, the hoped-for reforms for the wounded, and the chaplains under the republic have been only and other Christian workers distribu- slightly successful. A new conventing Testaments and booklets to those tion is to be called early next year to in trenches, hospitals, arid prison- decide the question as to whether camps. These are unusual oppor- China' shall or shall not return to .a tunities which are bringing rich re- monarchy. sults in conversions. :There are the appeals from Persia and Turkey for In India there is native unrest, and the intervention of God and for hu- German missions are almost at a man help to relieve the distress of standstilI through the internment of widows, orphans,. and other destitute those in charge of the work. Africa thousands. is, in many parts, a battle ground, when~ the natives see their white The editors seek to preserve accuracy and to manifest the spiri,t of Christ in th~ pages of this REVIEW, but do not acknowledge responsibility for opinions exprest, nor for positions taken by contributors of signed articles in these pages.-EDITOIlS.

masters engaged in deadly combat. even where the Church, as in Chile Pray also for Africa. and Argentina, is still subsidized in a measure by the State. The mixing of North America is entering on its the Church in politics is increasingly. winter campaigns-commercial, poli- resented. In Uruguay there is practical, religious. The Laymen's Mis- tical separation of Church and State. sionary Movement has recently opened its national campaign in Chi- 3. The distribution of the Bible is increasing in spite of the keen oppocago and is to hold meetings in 75 sition of the Catholic Church lead- ers. Penzotti was imprisoned in Peru centers to arouse the men of the for its sale. When told he would be church to their responsibility in the released if he ceased to sell and world-wide work of Christ. Their preach the Word, he said that his call to prayer is for the guidance and bones would rot first in prison. In power of the Holy Spirit, for the some places in South America, where Mission Boards and their officers, for the opposition was formerly strongthe speakers and other workers, for est, the Catholic Church is now even the delegates and the churches, for a encouraging the sale of the Book. In deepening of spiritual life and a more Brazil Protestant missions are called earnest spirit of prayer at home and Bible churches. In Bolivia, as in abroad. "The neglect of prayer by some places in the interior of Brazil, the church at home means defeat at the Roman Church, and officials unthe front of battle," says Robert E. der its influence, still seriously ham- Speer. per the circulation of Scriptures by Bible Society colporteurs. In 1914 RELIGIOUS ADVANCE IN SOUTH the two Bible Societies circulated 388,807 Scriptures. AMERICA 4. A growing democracy. South AFTER the long night of four hun- America for years has been ruled by an oligarchy, a professional class dred years of misrule and re- which has fattened off. political conligious intolerance and superstition in trol, while the mass of the people South America there is the flush of have suffered. Argentina is leading the dawn of a new day. the way to better things by a law re- quiring all citizens to exercise voting 1. Substantial religious freedom is privileges, and by a large Socialistic nearly continent-wide. While in Peru party which is demanding accounta- Protestant worship can not be ad- bility of office-holders to the people. vertised, services are not disturbed. A Socialist demonstration of 15,000 In the interior towns of some of occurred last March at Buenos Aires. these countries there are still some evidences of opposition and persecu- 5. The upper classes are being tion. In Bolivia, while there is a statutory grant of religious liberty, reached for Christ. Evangelical misthe enforcement of the law is lack- sions began among the poor, and until ing, and Christians suffer boycott and opposition, both open and secret. recently no statesmanlike effort ha5 been made to reach the waiting edu- 2. There is a growing 0IJPosition cated and wealthy class, in which the to union of Church and State in nearly every South American country; this growth of opposition is evident

OF THE

men are indifferent to the dominant Protestant Church, young people are Church. In Chile and Uruguay some meeting for games and social purnotable men have been reached, and poses under wholesome conditions. with better church-buildings and Physical exercise has been recently more educated native preachers, this introduced for the first time at Rio movement will become more pro- de Janeiro by the joint effort of Rev. nounced. The educated men are H. C. Tucker, of the Brazil Sundayawaiting a leader to crystallize this School Union, and the American growing sentiment toward a Protes- Bible Society, and the Y. M. C. A. tant form of worship. In Brazil The new public-school plans at Rio Rev. Alvaro Reis is such a leader. call for gymnasium and playgrounds. In Buenos Aires, during the last 6. New ideals for social service year, the first set of Spaulding apare being developed. The educa- paratus has been introduced for tional aim for boys has been profes- school exercises. sional and political life; for girls, preparation for marriage. Education 8. The literature is being purified. for useful service to the community At the source of much of South and State has been neglected. In Ar- America's impurity will be found a gentina, for the first time, the social vile literature from French and Spanpurposes of education are now being ish sources. This is publicly vended. emphasized by Dr. Nelson, Super- and vilely illustrated and open to intendent of Secondary Education view, and purchased by boys and for the State. His book on this sub- young men in all the South American ject is the first native contribution to cItIes. Quite recently, La N acional, this theme, and is to be followed by at Buenos Aires introduced a cheap others. library in Spanish, composed of best literature from all sources, and this In Mr. Morris's philanthropic is being vigorously pushed into cirschools at Buenos Aires an educa- culation. American publishers are tional example has been set in the aiso circulating reprints in Spanish remarkable results of industrial edu- of choice literature. Such books as cation of the poor and in the spirit Smikys' "Self-Help" are having a of service to the home, community, good sale. and state. Over five thousand are gathered in these schools. Several 9. Christian education is developing sets of clothing are given annually to sympathy. Gradually the results of the children who are too poor to be education through Christian Protesadmitted to the public schools. It is tant institutions is being manifest in clear salvage work of the most im- the conversion of parents, in a new pressive kind. sympathy for Protestant work, and in the gradual preparation of a lead- 7. The new emphasis on social ership. The quality of the native and physical recreation. Spanish so- leadership needs toning, and plans cial standards have practically shut are being pushed with increasing sucout young people from social ac- cess by the Y. M. C. A. to enlist quaintance excepting as chaperoned, young men in the university life. and from physical exercise. Gradu- Such Christian institutions as the ally, through the influence of the

.Anglo-American colleges in Bolivia win a continent.-FR,ANK L. BROWN, are having marked influence through Secretary of the World's Sundaythe high-grade character output of school Association. the graduates. The Mackenzie College at Sao Paulo, Brazil, the Meth- RENEWED INTEREST IN MISSIONS odist Girls' Schools at Rosario, Ar- TO MOSLEMS gentine, and Santiago, Chile, are instances of institutions having a MASSACRES and other efforts to strong influence. As moral educa- blot out the Christian races of tion receives a higher rating in South America, Christian institutions will Persia and Asia Minor have aroused assume positions of leadership. corresponding truly Christian inter- est in the welfare of these peoples 10. Evangelistic preaching meets and in the need for the conversion of with marked success. This is notable Mohammedans to Jesus Christ, the in the Methodist and Presbyterian Savior from sin, and the Prince of work of the West Coast, also in the Peace. A remarkable meeting was mission work in such places as Ro- held in New York on October 1st in sario •in Argentine, and under the the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian preaching of Rev. Alvaro Reis in Church under the auspices of the Rio, Brazil. The Latin temperament American Christian Literature Somakes this a fruitful line of ap- ciety for Moslems (Interdenominaproach, and mass movements may tional). In spite of a downpour of easily result from the Gospel appeal rain that ~ould have dampened the by consecrated men. ardor of most congregations, two thousand people gathered to listen to I I. The Sunday-school opportu- an address by Dr. Samuel M. Zwenity. The welcome given in all the mer of Cairo, on "The Present Crisis native churches in the recent Sunday- in the Moslem World." This masschool tour of South America was terful address, which will appear submarked by large gatherings, a friend- sequently in the REVIEW, set forth ly spirit and an eagerness for help in the need of. Mohammedans for the making the Sunday-school efficient Gospel revealed by Jesus Christ, the as an educational and evangelis- natural products of Islam as seen in tic instrument. Rev. George P. the present massacres, the great pr.es- Howard, born in South America, an ent opportunity of reaching these educated Sunday-school enthusiast millions of Arabic-speaking peoples and a fine Spanish linguist, has been with the truth through the printed appointed the Sunday-school secre- page. The close of the present war tary fot South America by the will almost certainly mean the open- World's Sunday-school Association, ing of the Mohammedan world to to act under a committee of the Mis- Christian influence as never before. sions doing work in South America. This seems to be the last st~uggle of He is preparing himself to lead a a dying religion which appeals to continent-wide Sunday-school move- force of arms and edicts for support ment, to develop a better literature, rather than to the truth of its creed and to utilize the Sunday-school as and the character of its adherents. the most widely effective agency to The Dardanelles have not yet been

OF THE TIMES

forced; and Bulgaria's entrance into west. After the breaking-out of the the affray may delay the final out- war the Armenian revolutionists of come of the struggle. Constantinople Van joined the Russians, and those has not yet fallen. Some of the mis- at the Mediterranean Sea conspired sionaries have thought it best to also against the government. The send away wives and children from consequence of this is slaughter in the scene of turmoil, but the large the north and deportation by force majority of this advance guard of from the southwest and, of course, Christianity remain at their posts to great misery of the innocent. To help render what aid they can to those in this, the mission (the German ,Aid dire distress, and to prove by their Society) is doing its best. The guilt sacrificial lives the reality of the love of the one and the misfortune of the and power of Christ. other <;loes not make, it very easy for oTHE PLIGHT OF THE ARMENIANS the German Mission. And yet it is N another page will be found the her work to be the peacemaker among the nations of the Turkish story of the wholesale massacre government wherever possible. It is and deportation of Armenians by also reported that Germany has pro- order of the Turkish government. tested against the massacres.

Whoever is responsible for this das- The article on another page also tardly deed must expect to pay a tells the main facts about the Ar-'

heavy penalty when God's time of menian people-their long history, reckoning comes. It is said, on good their racial characteristics, and their authority, that when the American religious beliefs. Their church dates Ambassador, Mr. Morgenthau, asked back to apostolic days, and while, the German Ambassador to use his like most of the ancient historic influence to stop the wholesale mur- churches, its early beliefs have be- der, the latter replied: "I can not; come mixed with error and its life these people should have been elimi- has become formal and lax, still this nated long ago." In any. case, it is church has kept alive a belief in God useless to deny the established fact and is sympathetic toward Christ and of the massacres, and Germany must the Bible. It is among them that bear a heavy responsibility for not most of the work of the American intervening to stop such butcheries missions has been carried on for al- by her Moslem ally. most a century.

The German viewpoint is given in It is reported that 800,000, or one- the August number of Sonnenauf- half of the Armenians in Eastern gang (Frankfort, Germany), which Turkey, have been killed, deport- says: "After the constitution of rgo8 ed, kidnapped, or have died as a re- hope arose in the hearts of the Arme- sult of the Turkish cruelty. Those nians. Therefore the slaughter of destroyed and deported include the I909 made the despair the worse. most able and intelligent leaders in Russia incites the Armenians and the Protestant and Gregorian church- Kurds in the province of Van; Eng- es; the pastors and teachers, the land and France arouse hopes lawyers and merchants. Whole mis- among the Armenians of the south- sion-schools and colleges have been

almost or' quite depopulated; churches day extreme urgency that the cam- have been burned and villages laid paign be earnestly pushed to win the '

waste. Some of the Armenians in coming generation to Christ. Dr.

the Van district have escaped to Rus- Samuel M. Zwemer gave a convinc- sia; some 5,000 or more others in ing appeal for the eighty millions of Southern Asia Minor have found Moslem children, who have no mod- refuge in Egypt. Rev. Stephen Van ern schools, no uplifting home train- R. Trowbridge, formerly a mission- ing, no pure literature, and no right ary in Aintab, Turkey, and now a idea of God. Mohammed could not representative of the World's Sun- have said: "Suffer the little ~hildren day··School Association in Cairo, has to come unto me for of such is the appealed for immediate help for these kingdom of Islam," for Mohammed's destitute sufferers. life, his home, his heaven were such It is gratifying that the American as would blight the purity of child- Government, that failed to protest hood.

against the invasion and despolia- It is to reach the millions of neg- tion of Belgium, has protested against lected children in Moslem lands, in this unprovoked and inexcusable India, in Africa, in China, in South murder of innocents. Americans America, and in Japan, that the have sent money for Belgian relief, World's Sunday-school Association for Persian relief, and are now for- is working to-day. Mr. Frank L.

warding funds for the Armenian suf- Brown is the secretary in N ew York ferers. If steps are not taken soon and Rev. Carey Bonner in London.

to end these atrocities there will be no Armenians left to relieve. Tho A CHANGE OF TACTICS IN INDIA many of them may not be Chris- HITHERTO the missionary work tians of an evangelical type, they are, in India has almost necessarily nevertheless, suffering because they are Christians in name and not Mos- been confined largely to the lower lems. castes and outcastes. These people have been more ready to accept WOR,LD.WIDE WORK FOR CHIL· Christianity and have come in such DREN numbers that the time and strength of the missionaries has been over- THE World's Sunday-school As- taxed to instruct them. Now, 11OW- sociation, which includes the ever, more systematic effort is being world in its field and all Protestant made to reach the higher castes and Christian denominations in its mem- educated classes, and from them to bership, is made up of over 24,000 recruit leaders.

Sunday-schools with 27,000,000 pu- Mr. Sherwood Eddy, whose work pils. It was founded in London in among the students and higher I 88g, and has since spread to all classes in China has been so greatly parts of the world. At a dinner in blest, sailed last August for India New York, given by Mr. H. J. to conduct there a series of union Heinz, chairman of the Executive evangelistic services. First, he is Committee, Dr. John R. Matt ex- holding training conferences for pas- prest his conviction that there is to- tors, catechists, teachers, and other

Christian workers in South India. RECRUITS FOR THE FRONT These conferences are in preparation for the effort to win the middle I N spite of the unrest in the world, and upper classes to Christ's standard. The Church has been prepared and the danger of travel on the for this work in a remarkable way, sea; in spite of the financial depresand there is, in India, a great spirit sion that has curtailed the income of of prayer and expectation. All the many Christian givers; in spite of Presbyterian and Reformed churches the uncertainty as to the outcome of in South India are uniting in the the great war, missionaries continue movement. to leave England and America to carry the Gospel to those in non- A second part of Mr. Eddy's pro- Christian lands. gram is to break through the serried ranks of caste in the colleges of In- In London recently, the Church dia. Few of the Brahmins and high- Missionary Society held a farewell caste students have been touched by meeting to bid Godspeed to 148 misthe Christian message. The mass sionaries, 40 of whom were going movements have been wholly among out for the first time. the lower and outcaste classes. But the Gospel of Christ is the power of God A remarkable report of the largest unto Salvation unto every one-in- party of missionaries that ever sailed cluding the Brahmin-that believeth. for their field on one steamer, comes Has not the time come to prove from Mr. Mason Olcott, a Princeton this true? Mr. Eddy is holding honor-man, who recently left his meetings for thousands of these high- home of culture in New York to' caste Hindus who are attending the serve in Veliore, India. Mr. Olcott Christian colleges-and others in the writes of 140 mISSIOnaries who large cities. Only God can achieve sailed from San Francisco on the the desired results-but He can and S.s. Mongolia on August 25th. Of will, in response to believing prayer these, 84 were bound for China, 23 and faithful witnessing. The dates for Japan, 14 for India, 8 for Korea, are as follows: South India, Con- 5 for Siam, I for Burma, and I for ferences-September 16th to 30th; the Philippines. They were going South India, evangelistic campaigns out to engage in many lines of ser- (Bangalore, Vellore, Madura, Pala- vice-Evangelistic, educational, medimacottah)-November 1st to 18th; cal, nursing, executive, orphanages, North India, evangelistic campaigns Y. W. C. A. and Y. M. C. A.-under (Ahmednagar, Delhi, Agra, Luck- r6 different denominations and other now,' Calcutta, and special colleges) religious organizations. The return- -November 22d to December 25th. ing missionaries had already served a total of 739 years. Who can foretell Mr. Eddy expects to arrive back in what sacrifice and joyful service may America on February I, 1916. He be in store for the 80 new missionasks for prayers of Christians at anes. home, as he engages in the work which is the most difficult. he has The difficulty and danger of presever attempted. ent-day travel is indicated by the re- cent experience of a party of 32 mis- sionaries who sailed from America for Egypt and the East on the Greek

steamer Athinai. The vessel took The United States Government fire in mid-ocean and burned fiercely. has submitted the following ten-year A wireless call brought help, and the program to the new Haitian Presipassengers were safely transferred to dent, General Dartiguenave, with the the Tuscania, which brought them request that he sign it promptly: back to New York. Nothing daunted, the missionaries, in spite of the "1. A Haitian receivership of cusloss of their goods, were soon headed toms shall be established, under Ameriagain for their fields of service. can control. ' They were not, like Jonah, fleeing from the Lord's work, but, like the "2. A native Haitian rural and civic apostle Paul, were not to be hin- constabulary is to be established under dered by adversaries and obstacles. the command of American officers.

CHANGES IN HAITI "3. Through its customs-control the United States shall govern absolutely all LIBERTY is not synonymous with expenditure of public moneys to the ex- independence. Small, weak na- tent necessary to prevent speculation and safeguard the interests of the tions that are unable to preserve sta- American people. ble governments or to protect life and property seem destined to come "4. Haiti shall cede no portion of" under the control of stronger na- her territory to any nation other than tions. A friendly power may con- the United States of America. trol a smaller nation to the great advantage of the latter. Already Porto "5. All revolutionary forces are to Rico is reaping the benefits of be disarmed. American 'administration, and Hawaii and the" Philippines are in much Secretary Lansing refers to the armore prosperous and enlightened rangement as a "protectorate," and conditio~ than they would be if self- says: government were attempted. "We have only one purpose-that is, After years of turmoil and pere- to help the Haitian people and prevent nial revolutions in Haiti the Ameri- them from being exploited by irresponcan Government has found it neces- sible revolutionists. These are not propsary to establish, for a time at least, erly revolutions; they are unorganized a protectorate over the "Black Re- enterprises which invoke no question of public" of the West Indies. There principle, and they are ruining the is no doubt that the little republic country. While they are in progress needs the strong hand of a big people are starving in the streets of Port brother to put an end to the internal au "Prince because they call not secure conflicts, the graft, and political tur- the supplies of food which abound in the moil. The small boy may not relish country. Things have been going from the discipline and restraint, but the bad to worse, and something must be friends and neighbors will appre- done. The United States Government ciate it. Mexico would profit by a has no purpose of aggression and is ensimilar arrangement, but is so large tirely disinterested in promoting this that she should be expected to govern protectorate." herself. The only Protestant missions in Haiti are those of the Protestant Episcopal Church and of the colored branches of the Methodists and Bap- tists.

EVENTS

Novemher 2d to 5th-Medical Missionary Conference, Battle Creek, Mich. 3d to 5th, 7th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Wichita, Kan. 3d to 5th, 7th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Baltimore, Md. 7th to lOth-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Philadelphia, Pa. 7th to 10th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Mitchell, S. Dak. 10th to 12th, 14th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Milwaukee, Wis. 10th to 12th, 14th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Portland, Me. 14th to 17th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Boston, Mass. 14th to 17th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Cincinnati, O. 16th-Provincial Synod Protestant Episcopal Church, Richmond, Va. 16th to 19th-Conference in Behalf of Israel, Chicago Hebrew Mission. 21st to 28th-Home Mission Week. 28th to Dec. Ist-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Wheeling, W. Va. 28th to Dec. 1st-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Waterbury, Conn. 29th-The 40th anniversary of the opening of Doshisha, Japan, 1875.

December 1st to 3d, 5th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Manchester, N. H. 1st to 3d, 5th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, St. Louis, Mo. 5th to 8th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Cleveland, O. 5th to 8th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Albany, N. Y. 6th to 11th-Meeting of the Council of Women for Home Miss., Atlanta, Ga. 8th-The 75th anniversary. of the sailing of Livingstone for Africa, 1840. 9th to 12th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Toledo, O. 25th-Tenth anniversary of the National Missionary Society of India, 1905.

January The one hundredth anniversary of the American Bible Society. 2d to 9th-World's Week of Prayer. 12th to 14th-Foreign lIissions Conference, Garden City, L. 1. 17th-Fifteenth anniversary of the death of Elias Riggs of Turkey, 1901. 19th to 21st-23d Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Houston, Tex. 19th to 21st, 23d-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Duluth, Minn. 23d to 26th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, New Orleans, La. 23d to 26th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, St. Paul, Minn. 23d to 26th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Minneapolis, Minn. 23d to 26th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Convention, Rochester, N. Y. 26th to 28th, 30th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Jackson, Minn. 26th to 28th, 30th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Fargo, N. Dak. 26th to 28th, 30th-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Reading, Pa. 29th-Fiftieth anniversary of sailing of James Chalmers for South Seas, 1866. 30th to Feb. 2d-Laymen's Missionary Movement Conv., Wilmington, Del.

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Tribes, Bolivia,S.A. -1 df.M Hi ~ ,…

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". E yo ARGENTI N[ A NEGLECTED AREA OF THE NEGLECTED CONTINENT Drawn by Rev. Gerhard J. Schilling, D.D.

HO:fE OF SOME OF THE NEGLECTED AHIARA INDIANS, IN

U nevangelized South America THE CALL OF TEN MILLION NEGLECTED INDIANS BY REV. GERHARD J. SCHILLING, D.D., BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINE Missionary of the M.,thodist Episcopal Church (North) mD ~ URING my stay in the get that there are millions of souls United States I have in that continent who have never often been asked: yet heard of the Christian faith, and What is the use of other millions who have a very sending missionaries to wrong idea of it. Surely these be- South America, when nighted souls constitute a legitimate all the Southern republics are Chris- field for missionary labor. tian of the Roman Catholic type? Few American Christians have any An experience born of many definite idea of the number and conyears' residence in Argentine, Chile, dition of these unevangelized multiand Bolivia has taught me that every tudes. Their number is not known. reason which makes it necessary to In the United States it is estimated preach the Gospel in North America that there are 260,000 Indians and is equally applicable to South Amer- many mission boards in North Ica. Besides this, we must not for- America which carryon work among

the various tribes. Contrast the condi- the Gran Chaco of Argentine. There tions in the Southern continent. In are the Patagonians of the South Ecquador, for instance, out of a and the Araucanians of Chile. One population of 1,250,000 the Indians could fill pages with only an enunumber 870,000. These are very meration of their. tribal names and a low in the scale of civilization, and guess at their numbers. the majority of them are absolutely Indian Life and Character unevangelized. Moreover, 200,000 of The manJIer of living among these the Indians in that republic, have Indians is as varied as the area in which they dwell. Begin with the never as yet been politically subdued. southernmost, the Onas of Tierra del They still roam in the forests, kill- Fuego. Altho they are exposed for ing game with their poisoned arrows months during the rains to frost and and bringing down birds with their snow, they go about almost naked long blowpipes. Any approach to and entirely so in their poor habitathem is unsafe, and no one seems tions, which take often the form of willing to expose his life in an effort caves dug into the side of a hill. to win them to Christ. Many of them are polygamists and all show very little respect for the Look at Peru. The last census government. Not long ago a Chilian reveals the fact that 57.6 per cent. Army officer stationed among them, of its population of 2,592,000 are In- was found pierced by twenty-five ardians. Some of these have heard of rows pointed with splinters of glass. the Christian faith, and some will even salute a church when they pass, A much sturdier race are the Araubut two millions of them could not canians. Among all the aborigines give a reason for the faith that is of the region now called Chile, they within them. only have never been conquered, neither by the Incas who extended In Bolivia we find 50.9 per cent. once their empire as far as Maule, of the people Indians, or 920,864; of or by the Spaniards who had to withthe 486,018 of "mixed population" draw from them. It has been my returned in the last census, almost all privilege to preach to them in 1907, have little Spanish and much Indian and I found among the family of blood in their veins. So we can Mapuches, near Carahue, a very safely add one million Indians as kind reception. They live in large the Bolivian contingent. huts, called, rucas, the sides of which are made of branches, straw and oc- No man living can tell how many casionally of hides. Some of these Indians live in Brazil. Baron de rucas are large enough to shelter all Santa-Anna Nery, authority on the the members of one of the smaller question of Indians in the Amazon tribes. valley, actually gives the names of 373 tribes in that region. I venture The Indians in Southern Argento say that there are. from seven to tine, south of the Rio Negro, have eight millions of Indians in Brazil. wonderful physical endurance, es- pecially where pain is concerned. Dr. In addition to these millions there are the unnumbered Guaranies and Lenguas, 25,000, as Rev. W. B. Grubb estimates, in Paraguay and

1 51 UNEVANGELIZED SOUTH AMERICA 8u

F. Corbin of Mendoza, who lived a This was ten hours after an operalong time among them in the neigh- tion involving a large flesh wound. borhood of Viedma, told me the following incident of his medical prac- The Indians of the Gran Chaco, tise among them. Two Indians had the northwestern reserves of Argenbeen fighting with knives. One had tine, . and the Guaranies are first been severely cut in the abdomen. cousins. The Rev. W. B. Grubb, He managed to reach the doctor's who knows most about them, says: house, simply closing the wound, "Altho cannibalism is not practised holding the sides together with his in the Chaco, the people have many stories about it, which may be only . MASKED SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN DANCERS COMING FROM THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH bare hands. Dr. Corbin sewed up a invented. But it 'is . quite, possible large flesh wo~nd and left the man that they are the result of a longin one of his outhouses. When he forgotten habit. These cal1nibals are' came to visit the man the next supposed to be located. in. the far morning, he found the Indian's squaw West, and in that direction among a sitting by the door of the hut, people of Guarani descent, such smoking a cigaret. She fell down practises were evidently in vogue. at the doctor's 'feet, imploring him not to be angry. with her husband. The most pr.evalent crime She said that necessary business had among the Lengua-Mascoy (one of taken Lim to his home, "But," added the Paraguay tribes) is that of inshe, "he will be all right, doctor, he fanticide, which they do not .rank in did not go on foot but on horseback." the same category as the murder of a grown child or adult, aott this

evil is so general, that the very ex- are the Quetchuas and the Aimaraes. istence of the race is endangered. Having lived several years in Bo- There are many reasons for infanti- livia, it was my joy to establish cide. The strongest incentive to the preaching services among the Aim- crime is the difficulty of nurturing araes. The Quetchuas belonged to and bringing up a young family the four original tribes which unitedly under the most unfavorable condi- composed the Inca empire. tions, especially the shortage of food. It is for this reason that an Indian Much of the history of these pre- mother nourishes her child up to historic people is shrouded in mys- even four and sometimes five years tery. But we know that there was of age, and she feels that in her at the end of the twelfth century an hard, exposed, and trying life, it Inca Empire. This was composed of would be absolutely impossible for the Incas proper, the Quechuas, her to maintain and suckle a numer- Canas, and the Cauchis. At about ous family. There is no doubt that the middle of the twelfth century infanticide owes its origin to stress these men of the highlands built the of circumstances, and that sanction famous city of Cuzco. They made was sought for it on religious it the capital of the em?ire. From grounds, in order to obviate the in- that city expeditions of the neighbor- stinctive repugnance to such a crime. ing tribes were conducted. It was the Inca-for the word Inca origin- Another feature of heathenism, ally is a title, such as Emperor- found among the Lengua-Mascoy In- Viracocha, who, in the territory now dians, which is apt t~ strike one at called Bolivia, attacked the Aima- first sight as extremely cruel, and in- raes and conquered them. In their dicative of a total lack of natural midst he built upon the ruins of an affection, is the habit of hastening the old city, Taipacala, the magnificent death of the aged and the victims of temple-city and palace of justice of a serious accident or sickness. So Tiahuanaco. Its name implies "The long as there is any probable hope of Desired One on the border of thl! recovery, the patient is kindly treated lake." Lake Titicaca has receded and attended to, but their attitude some ten kilometers since then. The to these unfortunates at once changes mighty city is a heap of ruins and when they realize that their efforts jackals live now where grave judges are in vain. Then they hasten death once decided questions that involved .by starvation and neglect, sometimes the life or death of the accused. even by violence, and wilful, prema- The proud Aimara, then considering ture burial is by no means an un- himself the lord of the eternal moun- common occurrence. tains, is now a shy and crusht ser- vant. He evades the white man Some Bolivian Tribes who so treacherously treated his fore- bears in the days of Atanualpa. the In Bolivia there are even to-day a Crcesus of his time. With the great number of distinct tribes of Spanish political yoke the religion of Indians. From the map which ac- the conquerors was enforced upon companies this sketch, it will be seen all natives. Many of them little that the two most prominent families

UNEVANGELIZED SOUTH AMERICA 81

cared whether one image, that of powerful mission will begin its work the sun or moon, or another, that of of evangelizing these descendents of the cross or of the "mother of the lordly Incas, to bring them to heaven," adorned their temples or know the King of Kings, Christ, surmounted the hills. The symbol their Savior? was to them of but little value. And so in his heart to-day, as then, both From the map it will be seen also the Aimara of the mountain or the that there are twenty-five more Indian of the plain, worship the sun, major tribes of Indians in Bolivia. the one imploring the giver of heat On the official maps used in the and light to shed his benign rays Bolivian schools, drawn by Dr. Dan. Bustamante, all these are called "sal- ONE OF THE MASKED SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN DANCERS AT A CHURCH FESTIVAL upon the cold, gray, misty mountain vajes" or savages. Some of these, abode; the other pleading with the as the Guanas who are bordering on shining sun, lest he burn his body, Paraguay, or the Chacaros of the dry up the fountains, and consume East Andes, are still cannibals. No his growing crops with his fire. one knows their language, and they There is at present a society for the hide in the marshes or climb into the protection of the Aimara Indian in trees at the approach of the white La-Paz, but its members simply man. Lucky, indeed, the foreigner thlnk of helping them against the who, having been saved from their sharper, brown or white, who tries poisoned arrows, has been permitted to swindle the poor native out of his to reach the outer border of their land and inheritance. When will the domains. day come in which a great and I little wonder at the wild heathen

rites and orgies after having seen dians who have pierced the lobes of several of the festivities and pagan their ears, and, by inserting coils of dances performed by the so-caIled bamboo bark, have created holes that Christian Indians in Bolivia. These are from two to four inches long.

dances took place during one of their Almost all of these Indians are mere church festivals. savages, living from hunting, fishing, Wild Indian Dances or on the wild fruits they fin~.

Cross over to the Guianas n, ow, I saw them gather for the dance, and you will find even in territory sewed into the skins of the alpacca, belonging to European nations wild imitating bears, or wearing masks re- Indians who worship the Ceiba tree presenting lions or rats. This consist- and place food at the root of such ed of stepping slowly.to the weird trees nightly. Ghastlier still is the sound of bamboo fiutes, meanwhile occupation of the Jivaro Indians of describing large circles. Suddenly Ecuador. They know how to ex- they stop at the sign of their leader, tract from the heads of the enemies turn about and retrace in dancing -which, like the Dyaks of Borneo, step the circle just marked. At an- they carry away as trophies-the other signal they stop altogether, skull. Somehow, I imagine, they when their squaws regale them with must break the skull into fragments.

small tin cups filled with diluted raw They do this, however, without desalcohol, manufactured from sugar- troying the overlying flesh. This cane. In a few minutes dancing is they shrink by some process, leaving resumed, amI some of the men kept all hair on the head, until the whole this up for forty or forty-eight hours, has contracted to the size of a man's when they fell in death-like stupor to fist. During this process they know the ground. They never took off how to mold the flesh in such a their masks or fancy dresses during all manner that it retains the general this time and even slept out their semblance of the former being, redebauch in the attire of their orgies. duced only in size to a diameter of This was in honor of the feast of the about four inches. Ghastly, indeed, Immaculate Conception of the Virgin appear these trophies of an unbridled Mary. Can the pagan Indians have hatred against their enemies.

more horrible or degrading feasts Missions to the Indians than these?

From the Bolivian border of the Efforts to reach the South Ameri- Pilcomayo district we come into the can Indians with the Gospel have almost unknown regions of the been few and very far between. The Amazon Indians. Somewhere there scattered location of the tribes would are the Uginas, of whom even seri- not have been so detrimental if the ous white men affirm that the tribe efforts had been directed by re- has short tails. There are the Mojas sponsible boards and in a systematic of the Beni, who beat the bark of way promising continuance. But the some tree until they can make of the majority of these missions are of a fiber smocks to cover their naked- spasmodic character. Two' of the ness. Again, there are the Napo In- stations I know are exceptions. I

UNEVANGELIZED SOUTH AMERtCA 8I S

refer to the work of Rev. Grubb in not want to buy. But the colpor- Paraguay and the successful mission teur prest his wares and, really so of Rev. Mr. Sadlier among the as to get rid of the man, Chiriotti Araucanians in· Chol-Chol. These bought a copy. "So, now you can are under the direction of the So- go on," said he to the colporteur, ciety for the Propagation of the when, to his surprize, that man said: Gospel. "N0, sir, now my real work begins. You have no idea how to handle the A Remarkable Conversion Bible, nor how to get the best out of her." So he took a copy and made But some others, conducted by Chiriotti open with him at the same men and women of deep piety and WORTH SAVING- TWO PUMA INDIANS OF BOLIVIA unquestioned consecration, are of a passage. .He turned to a prophecy and very doubtful value because of their then to its fulfilment. Chiriotti told lack of backing. One had a very me that the colporteur remained . remarkable beginning. Antonio Chir- three hours at this first visit. A dive iotti, an Italian, lived in California of three hours into "The Book and owned a flour mill. He was a Charming" will set any man to know widower and childless, a prosperous more about it, and so our Italian man and, of course, held to the friend began to study for himself Roman Catholic faith. One day a and, finally, was soundly and scrip- Danish Bible colporteur offered him turally converted. Naturally, he a copy of the Scriptures. He did wanted to do something evangelical

for others and finally decided to go independently work for the evangeli- to the Argentine Republic and start zation of the Indians. They often a mission among the unevangelized live in abject poverty, and while Indians in the Gran Chaco. When they are most Christlike, healing the he reached Buenos Aires he was al- sick and helping the needy, no con- ready advanced in age and rather a stitution can stand the strain they sick man. He deposited some $40,- put on theirs, and with their disap- 000 in two of the banks and then pearance from the field the work is wanted to make his will, giving all likely to come to an end. The same this money to the work he had may be true of some workers who planned. How great was his sur- have come to establish themselves prize when he learned that under among the Indians of San-Pedro, Argentine law he could not make Bolivia. They are connected with such disposition of his money. Then some "Faith Mission" in Australia.

his attention was called by a godly It seems to me very apparent that physician who had practised some the heavy drain upon the finances in years in Bolivia to that country, and Australia caused by the present war, in 191 I old Chiriotti actually arrived will greatly diminish, if not stop al- in La-Paz where I was one of the together, for some years, these special witnesses to his will, giving all his gifts for independent mission work.

money for the evangelization of the The world is paying attention to Aimara Indians. Then he died. The the great continent of the South as four executors of his will bought a never before. The war in Europe, large tract of land on the border of the completion of the Panama Canal Lake Titicaca, and with the land and, to the Christian worker, the were taken over some thirty families notices of a great Latin America of Indians. The interest of the resi- Christian Vorkers' Congress during due of the capital is just large enough the month of February of 1916 in to pay for the salary of one married Panama, are some of the factors mIssIOnary. The work is excellent, which produce this interest.

but I doubt the wisdom ·and the per- We hope that the movement south- manency of such isolated efforts. ward will not only result in com- Past history has shown that somehow mercial profits to all concerned, and they come to grief. How much not simply strike an international better had Chiriotti left his money and an intercollegiate note, but we to some constituted board of mis- hope that definite plans will be dis- sions who would continue the work cust and adopted, whose sole and and enlarge it even if something had persistent aim will be to bring the happened to the original gift. truth as it is in Christ Jesus to these In Puno, Peru, an excellent Chris- millions of unevangelized Indians of tian couple, Mr. and Mrs. A. Stahl, South America.

It is a fearful sin to be going through the world with a light kindled by the Holy Spirit to guide sinners to Jesus, and yet to carry this as a dark lantern, which can give no benefit to anyone. But how vain is it, on the other hand, to hold up a lamp when the light is almost out.-WM. C. BURNS.

Students of I.Jatin

BY CHARLES IJlllllllS IHJRREY, NEW YORK General Secretary of the Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students ~~~~~HY are the students which the teachings of the Author of of Latin America a the Sermon on the Mount are dis- supremely important seminated and obeyed among the factor in causing the educated leaders of Latin America. will of Jesus Christ to The spreading of knowledge of the be respected and obey- sublime truths of the New Testament, and obedience thereto, constitutes a ed in their nations? Certainly not solemn obligation and inspiring opbecause they are numerically strong: portunity facing the Christian people it is doubtful whether one in a thou- of North America. The same fundasand of the total population is a mental factors essential in building student of university grade; surely and fortifying character among colnot on account of financial power: lege men of the United States and many will inherit and acquire vast Canada are indispensable in the conwealth, but as undergraduates they struction of South American manare not taxpayers; their impetuous hood. radical speeches and writings do not vitally influence political life. Not During the past year forty thouwhat they are, but who they are, and sand North American college men what they are becoming, require that were enrolled in devotional Biblethey be reckoned with in any enter- study groups, and other thousands prise affecting the future of their read and studied the Scriptures pripeople. vately. Nearly as many followed regular courses in an investigation Within ten years Latin students of the needs of the nations for the who are now pursuing their studies Christian religion. Ten thousand enin Mexico, South and Central Ameri- listed voluntarily in definite altruistic ca, and abroad, will be making the service to fellow students and others. laws, directing the industries, editing The study and practise of prayer are the journals, and determining in widespread in college circles; three large measure the policies of a score thousand selected student leaders deof republics. Will the laws be voted ten days to study ·and training framed and executed for the welfare in summer conferences. Every Sunof the people? Will industry rec- day finds over one-half of North ognize and respect the rights of the America's student popUlation astoiler? Can the press be reckoned sembled in the churches for worship as a powerful ally of righteousness, and communion. and will national policies be such as will advance the cause of internation- Scarcely a Bible-study group can al good-will? be found in all of the student centers of Latin America. Mission and An affirmative answer to these inquiries will depend on the extent to

8IS THE MISSION ARY R~VmW OF tHE WORLb

social-study courses are practically of his own nation, and in abstaining unknown; here and there one dis- absolutely fr0111 attacks upon any covers examples of social service, form of religion. but the majority of university students are allowed to live in selfish- Those Anglo-Saxon people who ness. N at five per cent. of the stu- have been most suocessful in winning dents attend church, and the practise the confidence of Latin American of prayer is practically abandoned. students have quickly established One student conference enrolled one points of contact in the study of hundred students representing a half- English, athletics, social life and love dozen institutions of higher learning. of country; participation jointly in these exercises and in discussion of These facts are not stated with a the claims of patriotism has opened view to making odious comparisons, the way naturally for reading the but rather in order to reveal to Bible, the abandonment of practises Christian people in North America the that cripple physical efficiency, and wonderful opportunity they have for for heart to heart talks about the sharing and cooperating with Latin life and mission of our Lord. America in applying approved methods of character-building to the needs That there are obstacles in the of student life in the Latin American way of making Latin American republics. Successful cooperation universities truly Christian no one will depend largely upon the attitude can deny. That the obstacles are of North Americans. One who insuperable no one dare affirm. The would awaken interest in the Bible response of students and professors as a guide to true living, and inspire to a sympathetic approach is most confidence in the Church as God's encouraging; the generous backing organized plan for extending right- offered by individuals and governeousness, must not move among ments to efforts for the moral and Latin students with an air of super- religious welfare of students chaliority and racial pride; let him rather lenges our admiration. Thousands recognize his own personal short- of thoughtful students and professors comings and the mistakes of his are waiting for friends who will nation; let him appreciate the show them that belief in God and achievements of Latin American immortaJity is rational, that religion civilization and the noble qualities is to be incorporated in daily life, of her citizens, and let him fully and to manifest its power in transidentify himself with their interests formed lives and communities. and aspirations. He will not go far afield if, in this spirit, he emphasizes The people of North America the supreme importance of high should not overlook the opportunity moral character among the youth to interpret the best in their civiliof a nation, and the indispensable zation to the two thousand students contribution of the religion of Jesus in the United States from all parts Christ in achieving such character. of Latin America. They are study- He will be wise in refraining from ing here for a few years, and will references to the glory and greatness soon return to positions of influence an-lOng their people. They should have no occasion for feeling that the

STUDENTS OF LATIN

"Yankee" is selfish and provincial. sented the Philippine Islands, Porto- Every facility should be placed at Rico, Cuba, Mexico, San Salvador, their disposal which will acquaint Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil, Para- them with the best homes, with agen- guay, Argentina and Spain. Many cies and organizations seeking the came for the good time they would welfare and uplift of the people, and have, resolved to skip all they could above all, they should come into per- of Bible study, etc. Several rebelled sonal touch with the ablest students at the start, and I believe were only and professors who are earnest held to the system of the Conference Christian men, disposed to share their religious convictions. by their sense of the duty of a guest. One started a theosophist and a dis- Over one hundred Latin American torter of .the Bible and ended a students enjoyed the hospitality of Christian, eager to learn all that the the North American Christian Stu- Bible contains. One man, caught in dent Movement as guests at the sum- the grip of a habit that meant the mer conferences last June. The pos- destruction of his mind and eventusibilities of such fellowship are thus ally of his life, found most joyous stated by one of the wisest leaders release. in Christian work in Latin America: "At Northfield, church difference, "I am just finishing twenty days international jealousy, and personal of work in the Latin American sec- aversion to piety, threatened to distion of the student conferences. In rupt the Conference. Within two the eleven years of my residence in days of the end of the Conference, Latin America I have never expe- in a discussion class, a dispute arose rienced anything that has brought me which threat~ned to lead to intersuch certainty as to the ultimate suc- national complications at every point cess of the task we have in hand in and delayed the session an hour. This these Latin republics. I have always seemed to be the final explosion of been confident; now I am sure. I the pent-up feelings of men who had have seen in the last three weeks been fighting for self-control for a young men from the best classes, the week: The very next evening was leaders of their peoples, yielding marked by a deeply spiritual disthemselves not only to the influences cussion on "What Does It Mean to of friendship, but to the highest work be a Christian?" The decision meetof the Holy Spirit. I have seen men ing held on Sunday was the most transformed from agnostics to fer- moving I have ever attended. Every vent disciples, from relentless parti- man present voluntarily signed a conzans to apostles of aNew Brother- tract to follow and serve Jesus Christ hood, from careless seekers of selfish as Master and Lord, and to read the pleasure to resolute warriors for hon- Bible and pray. Those who had esty, purity, and kindliness. I at- been open and flagrant in opposition tended the conferences for the full frankly confest their sin and begged time at Eagles Mere and at North- forgiveness. field. At these two conferences a total of thirty-four men, exclusive of "The results are far-reaching. One the leaders, attended. They repre- representative of a splendid family said he was going home to be a

Christian engineer and a promoter of K3 LOIJ1Il1Creiai congresses and Christian work for young men. An- trade commissions dre desirable and other, a brilliant graduate in engi- necessary, but Christian people of neering, offered a month's salary all nations should hail with great joy whenever Christian work can be the approaching congress on Chrisopened in his city, one of the un- tian work in Latin America to be opened student ~enters of South held in Panama in February. May America. Otic, a brother oi the presi- it mark the beginning of genuine dent of a republic where the Chri~­ cooperation of the Americas in great tian Association has never had a 1110r:,: 2nd religious ente:prises! It welcome, declares it as his intention will certainly recognize the important to use his influence to introduce the relation of the universities to the Association there." spread of Christianity, and will adopt plans which will result in the centers In the past, selfish motives and the of learning becoming sources of desire for gain have too largely de- moral and spiritual enrichment for termined the attitude of North all the people. American people toward La:::1 Amer- Shall We Send Missionaries to Argentina?

BY REV. ERNEST N. BAUMAN, JlUENOS AIRES Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church BOUT twelve years ago year, and in a short time it was very evident that it would soon be mA a Methodist local much too small for the ever-growing preacher began to hold congregation. The best feature of occasional services in the year has been the prevailing a private house in this spirit of conviction. Sunday after suburb of Buenos Sunday sinners followed the Gospel Aires, known as Flores. For years call, young and old became convicted the work was carried on by lay- of sin, repented and surrendered to workers in private houses or rented Jesus Christ. One night we were halls, finally a regular pastor was deeply stirred by the conversion of appointed, and the work flourished a young man, whose wife was a so well that it was decided to build faithful member of our church. We a chapel. Almost everybody was knew that she and her parents were ready to make sacrifices so that this earnestly praying for her husband, chapel might become a reality, aed and· were overjoyed to see their finally the prayers and good works prayers answered in this way. Some of this congregation bore fruitage. time afterward another young man came under conviction as a result A chapel, measuring forty-five feet by twenty-seven, was erected last

WE SEND MISSIONARIES TO ARGENTINA?

of the prayers of his sweetheart. were held and the matter was prayer- His family is still indifferent to vita"l fully brought before them; hence we Christianity, but the young man has believe that what was done was not experienced a wonderful change and merely a result of a momentary im· does not fear to do personal work pulse but rather a deliberate choice for the Master. About the same inspired and invigorated by the time a woman, on whom I had called, prayers and personal talks of parents was happily converted. Her life had and teachers. The children have been 2. peculiarly sad one, her hus- since been organized into a probationband had been a confirmed drugkard ers' Bible-class so that their early for upwards of thirty years. One decision of childhood may be A GROUP OF MISSION – SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ANENDOGA son, who for several years had fol- grounded and built up on the word lawen the evil example of his father of God. One of the most helpful was converted three years ago, and features of the work in this congreit was due largely to his influence gation is the fact that the parents that the mother took the same step. are so deeply concerned about the Now both mother and son are anx- spiritual well-being of their children. iously praying for the speedy conversion of the drunken father. From these and other similar re- sults, we must conclude that the In our Sunday-school we have had Protestant Church has a right to the privilege of seeing about twenty work in this land. But there is anchildren decide for Christ. Parents other reason. Argentina, Uruguay and teachers had been praying and and Paraguay have together 8,000,000 working for this for a long time, inhabitants, and about three hundred special meetings for the teachers thousand immigrants land on these

shores annually. Italy and Spain The city of Rosario, with 170,000 in- furnish almost all of these .tho there is also some sprinkling of Germans, habitants, has but seventeen priests. English, Russian, etc. Ve priests are hated, reviled, and Buenos Aires, the second Latin city of the world, has 1,300,000 in- despised. We can not even take a habitants. It is by far the largest and most cosmopolitan city of all religious census in our own parish South America. It is noted for its splendid avenues and parks. It is without being molested. It is conjust as busy and modern as any other city in the world. It has a most sidered bad luck to meet one of us modern electric light system, and its street-railways are a great improve- on the street. We American priests ment on those of New York. An extensive subway system is under have petitioned the Pope to allow us construction at present, in order to relieve the very much congested to wear ordinary clothes and to put downtown district. aside· our priest's dress when we go In New York City there are but forty Roman Catholic churches, about out, so that we may be better able the same number as in Philadelphia, where there are also 500 Protestant to reach the people. Should Proteschurches, while Buenos Aires has but twenty. Is it fair that New York tants have missions here? Why not?

should have about 900 Protestant The two churches get along very churches; Philadelphia 500, and well side by side in the United States, Buenos Aires only twenty? why not here?" . A Roman Catholic priest from North America, who has a parish in The above statement was made to this city, throws light on the subject, when he says: "We have no Robert E. Speer and to Rev. S. D. such liberty, power, or influence in Argentina as we have in the United Daugherty, a Lutheran missionary States. Both native and foreign elements are entirely irreligious. In still resident here. The prevalent our own parish only 8 per cent. attend church, and when they do immorality all through these repubattend they are so noisy that no one would ever dream that they are in lics is a fact that can hardly be a church service. All our work is fearfully undermanned; there are exaggerated. Not long ago a promonly 1,000 priests in all Argentina, and I know one parish of 130,000 inent citizen of Buenos Aires assured souls here in Buenos Aires which has only one priest and two assistants. me that not one man out of ten in this city is true to his wife.

There are scores of towns which are not yet occupied by any Protes- tant Christian missionary. The large cities are being touched only slightly by the preaching of the Gospel, and there are still some of the capitals of provinces which have no regular Gospel preaching.

What greater argument does the Christian need than this: South America is still groping in moral and spiritual darkness. South America does not know the saving power of the Lord Jesus Christ. This is the Macedonian cry from South Amer- ica. We Christians have the Gospel to-day because St. Paul said: "I was not disobedient to the heavenly vis- ion." Are we disobedient?

Latin-American Congress*

BY REV. CHARLES L. THOMPSON, D.D., LL.D., NEW YORK · .Chairman of the Commission on Unity and Cooperation of the Congress on Christian Work in Latin America HE events of the last, was explored and conquered in a fTl few years have made a new American map. lust for gold and glory. Its people in large measure have failed of the The finishing of the impulse for noble living which comes by a noble inheritance. If we have , greatest engineering achievement in all our inherited high moral ideals it is not history has reconstructed our geo- to our praise, but it constitutes a graphy. reason why we should share them North and South America, united with others less fortunate.

ge"ologically by continuous mountain It is this appeal which may be ranges, are now bound by the living confidently made and which will be ties of commerce, and social and a mighty leverage in the endeavor to educational interest as well as by lift to higher levels and purer forms common political ideals. It is there- of Christian truth people who have fore important that they should been made cold or indifferent by t~e understand each other religiously, formalities of religion without its and that by both of them common spirit.

standards of Christian thought and It is to be hoped, therefore, that life should be accepted. For such is the mind open to recognize elements going to be their unity in all other of truth and goodness in any form respects that for their common wel- of faith will characterize the Panama fare the same ethical and Christian Conference. While from the pre- ideals should be acknowledged and vailing religion of Latin America as made effective among all the people. an institution we may not expect It is in no spirit of superiority that much welcome or cooperation, yet we own the fact that to North doubtless there are many individuals, America there came a type of life, nominally or by inheritance attached and an inheritance of reformation to that faith, who will give us wel- truth, denied to South America. It come in our program and help at all is no reflection upon South America least along some lines of Christian for them and us to own the advance. Even as in the United fact that, whereas the upper half of States such help is given in matters the continent was settled and occu- of temperance and social reform, so pied by men of sturdy religious con- it is believed it will be in Latin victions, who sought only a home America. Indeed, we have been as- where they and their descendants sured by men high in civic authority might enjoy civil and religious free- in South America that an approach dom, the lower half of the continent to those republics-not in a way of • From the tenth to the twentieth of February next there will be held in the City of Panama a Congress of all missionary societies working in Latin America. It is the purpose of this paper briefly to state tbe reasons for such a gathering-its scope and the ends it is hoped it may serve.

condescension, but of helpfulness to isters of religion the people would better enable people to carry burdens get little help, because their lives so which they realize are too great for definitely contradict their preaching. them-will be welcomed. Let us The same spirit which sends us as then manifest an eager readiness to missionaries to barbarians across cooperate with any who will unite oceans should impel our steps to the with us on any plane of the great he'lpless and hopeless savages of Christian enterprise. Let us not South America. demand cooperation in the entire program as a condition of accepting This much as to the mission field allies for any part of that program. of Latin America as a reason for calling the Congress. Two further There are two other important reasons pertain to what is called the reasons for considering our Chris- home base. In the first place, the tian duty to Latin America. First: Christian Church of North America There are probably forty thousand has not seriously considered her students in her various universities- great opportunity in the southern of most of whom it may truly be half of the continent. Here are said that the doctrines and cere- seventy millions of people-our monies of religion to which they neighbors, our allies in repUblican have been accustomed no longer principles, inheritors with us of make any strong appeal to them. many of the fundamental principles But they are to be the leaders of of Christianity-to whom our conthought and action for all those re- tribution of educational and religious publics. The future of those re- forces has been almost negligible. publics will be determined largely And yet, they with us must deterby them. If they become skeptics, mine the destiny of the new world. or totally indifferent to all religious They, without us, can not shape that questions, it will bode no good for destiny. It is equally true we withthe future of those lands. If we out them can not worthily shape that have a message that will appeal to destiny. Especially now-when the inquiring minds, and if we can open civilization of the old world seems up to them possibilities of a higher to be going bankrupt-now is the life than any that now seems open, time for America to manifest a we will be doing much for the sta- solidarity of peace and Christian bility and permanence of Latin- brotherhood which may be this dark American institutions. world's final hope.

Again, there are eight million In- Again – even the little that has dians in Latin America for whose been done for the spiritual uplift of spiritual life almost nothing is lOW Latin America has lacked the statesbeing done. We do not forget that man's view and program. More than there was a time when Jesuit and a score of missionary societies have Franciscan priests did heroic service carried on work but often feebly in their behalf and lifted many of ll1anned and supported and without them out of their age-long bar- coordination with each other. There barism. But those priests have few have been many soldiers-but not an successors now. From many mm- army. The spirit of cooperation be-

LATIN-AMERICAN

tween denominations has been largely is hampered, if not imperilled, by absent. Nor has there been any such the low average of intelligence.

general and united consideration of Illiteracy ranges from 40 to 80 per the vast field and its many problems cent. Of course there are many edu- as alone would supply the knowl- cated and cultured people. There edge and the program necessary for are circles in their great cities which effective advance. In the hope of will compare well with like circles such consideration and such action anywhere. But the safety of a re- following as will write a new day of public depends on the diffusion of progress in Latin America this Con- intelligence. For lack of it there gress is called. have been many small revolutions in Now, as to its scope.-As in Edin- South America. They who would burgh, eight commissions have been best help Latin America to a surer appointed to consider the main sub- progressive civic life must inspire a j ects pertaining to missionary work. deeper desire for general education These commissions, appointed last and must lead the way in securing it.

winter by a general committee repre- The matter of popular education senting alI the societies doing work should, therefore, have large atten- in Latin America, have given diligent tion at Panama. And in this the consideration to the themes CO'11- Congress wiII have cordial welcome mitted to them. They have con- and hearty support from the leaders ducted most extensive correspond- of national life in all the republics.

ence with missionaries and others in Moral character is, of course, an- all the republics, and have studied other foundation stone of the life as carefully as they could the social, of a republic. In many parts of educational, moral and religious con- Latin America the morals of the ditions. They have also had confer- people are at low ebb. It does not ences with leaders in the politicallife indeed become us to cast stones.

of some of the republics. From We have too many sins of our own.

these wide surveys they are making A prominent South American said· up their findings, which will be re- to the writer, "The social life I wit- ported first to the workers in the nessed in some of the N ew York various fields for criticism and cor- hotels would not be tolerated in rection, and finally in printed vol- Buenos Aires." That is the call for umes will be presented to the Con- home mission work in the United gress at Panama in February. States, and it is loud and urgent.

While Latin America is behind In But so is the calI in Latin America.

the march of American progress, That the types of sin are somewhat even the steps it is taking are handi- different (and each nation seems to capped by serious failures in some furnish its own brand) does not directions. Thus, all the govern- make the national peril less. South ments are republican; some of them America needs what North America of an advanced type. Those farthest needs-the Gospel of Christ. Only from North America have made the that can finally lift the moral level.

greater progress-as Chile, Argen- If a facing of moral conditions as tina, and Brazil. But their future they exist in many parts of Latin

America shall stimulate the Chris- columns. Missions among nontian Church here and there to more Christian people have given us a united and persistent efforts, there lesson we may well learn and apply will be fewer revolutions in Latin in Latin America. If in China and America and surer national progress. Japan bodies differing in doctrine and polity can get together as a One of the most important ques- united Church, surely on this contions the Panama Congress will have tinent we should be able to do the to face is why, after fifty years of same. Latin America furnishes a Protestant mission work in Latin fine field for such an experiment. America, the fruit of it is so incon- Its languages are few, its people spicuous. Separate denominations, homogeneous, its ecclesiastical hisoperating each in its little corner, have been more or less content with tory, tho sad, is suggestive. It is to what they have done, and have had no just conception of how little im- be hoped, therefore, that a spirit of press Protestant Christianity has the utmost cooperation will rule the really made on the life of Latin America. When in more statesman- proceedings wt Panama. It is our like fashion they get together to survey the whole vast field, they will only hope for impressing ourselves be forced to see that their small or our message on peoples accusgains are scarcely visible among the tomed to a united Christian front. seventy millions of the population. Doubtless a consideration of edu- Along with that fact will come the cational problems, for example, will further conviction that some new make it plain that in all grades a methods not only must be adopted combination of different denominabut an entire new alignment of tions can do far more creditable and Christian forces must be had. Then appealing work. A few great instithey wilI see that their science of the tutions in each republic will be far mISSIOnary propaganda has been better than a score of feebly supradically wrong in this respect-that ported schools. Even union theothey are in the presence of a unified logical education is not beyond an Church, while their own forces are easy possibility, as Porto Rico and hopelessly divided and often at vari- Japan and China have revealed. ance with each other. Instead of antagonizing a unified Church, The time has come on every misbecause associated In our minds sion field at home and abroad when with teachings we can not ac- denominations must get together and cept, it were far wiser to see in it work together, or be at a hopeless an ideal that may be worth striving disadvantage in comparison w~th the for. Instead of combating such an world's great enterprises in all other ideal, were it not far better to make realms. Christ's prayer "That they of it an appeal for a reorganization all may be one" is coming to its of Protestant forces? We have answer. May the Panama Congress failed to conquer wi,th our divided be bold to accept the fact and head lines. T,et us try the effect of united alI its program for Latin America toward that divine ideal. Then it will mark the mightiest advance that the Kingdom of Christ on this con- tinent has ever known.

BEFORE SUNDAY AFTERNOON SERVICE IN FRONT OF THE YOUNG WOMEN'S

CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING At the San Francisco Exposition AN IMPRESSIVE GLIMPSE OF THE RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL WORK BY E. M. PAGE, NEW YORK [There are two sides to every phase of human life-the good and the evil. The Panama Exposition at San Francisco, which is so beautiful and so uplifting in many respects has also been severely criticized for the immorality that characterizes some of its features and its patrons. Long before the Exposition opened, the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America took measures to induce the authorities of the Exposition and the city of San Francisco to maintain a high moral tone within and without the grounds.

Fortunately, there is at the Exposition the counteracting work of such organizations as the Committee of One Hundred of the Federal Council, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the California Social Hygiene Association, the Young Men's Christian Association, and the Young Women's Christian Association. Some of this work is described in the following interesting article.-EDITOR.] S this the only religious "If you have grasped the true thought of its originators the whole I exhibit on the Exposition has a religious signifi- grounds?" I asked one cance," he replied.

I . Q of the men in charge When the tourist enters the grounds and, passing around the •.. ~ at the. Palace of Edu- Fountain of Energy with its joyous exuberance, walks under the Tower . cation.

He turned anel looked at me 11- tently.

of Jewels and pauses in the arched tion there. This is threefold. There recess to face the fountain group of are ( I ) the religious conferences El Dorado, he meets the first and congresses; there is (2) a large phrasing of the message of the Ex- religious exhibit; and there is (3) position. actual religious work carried on.

A line of struggling human figures All this has been arranged by the push and jostle their way up each Young Men's and the Young Wo- side to the magic portals of the men's Christian Associations, and the Land of Gold. Some are stagger- Committee of One Hundred. The ing to a fall, some are already down. Committee is an' organization of rep- Here .and there one stoops to lift an resentatives from twenty-seven de- unfortunate, but the main rout rushes' nominations united for Christian on unheeding, their arms out- work in San Francisco and to ar- stretched, their faces frenzied by de- range for the exhibit in the Educa- sire. Guarding the gate stand the tional Building.

heroic figures of an Aztec man and In the southwest corner of the woman, holding the great doors in- Palace of Education, over forty de- exorably shut. With a high pity nominations and religious organiza- they watch the impotent pygmies at tions have considerable space for their feet. their striking exhibit. Booths built "Behold the emptiness of the against the walls have been allotted search for gold, its horror and its to separate organizations, such as the cruelty!" their calm detachm€llt Girls' Friendly. Society,. the, Wo- seems to say. men's Christian Temperance Union, Beyond, in the Court of the Uni- the Salvation Army, and others.

verse, is another step. Theinscrip- Here' are dainty models of buiidings tions speak of Truth, the couns-ellor that never fail to attract a crowd, and guide; the groups on the arches here are easy-chairs to tempt the to right and left march forward in footsore and weary. Out on the search of an ideal, the "adventurous main floor is a large space divided by archer" stands fearless at the end of screens into narrow lanes containing a world and directs his arrow still the denominational exhibits of photo- out and up, while the figure on the graphs.

column of the Rising Sun leaps from A moving-picture theater is set up its pedestal with outspread wings, in the corner where one may rest the day all before it and a universe and watch scenes from mission fields to conquer. at home 'and' abroad enacted before Not once but many times is the his eyes with illuminating comments theme repeated; the material is not by an enthusiastic lecturer.

everything, the material alo'ne IS Once as we were passing through empty, spirit transcends all else. the building we were attracted by the But the visitor at the Exposition sound of singing.' I'n the open space is not" left for religious inspiration at the center of the religious exhibit to the chance of his interpreting the we came on a pretty sight. A young sculpture' aright. Religion has an- Japanese minister from the city had other and more definite representa- brought out a portion of his SUll-

THE SAN FRANCISCO

day-school and was proudly putting a collegiate reunion to the congress them through their paces as a prac- of the American Sweet Pea Society. tical demonstration of mission-work. One by one the chubby slant-eyed The reason given by the Exposilittle beings were lifted to a com- tion authorities for the calling of manding position on a chair, where congresses was that the aim of the each child bravely recited his bit of latest vVorld's Fair is "the meeting Scripture. The tiny ones began with of the needs of the world by social, brief quotations such as Christ's sum- educational, and industrial service." mary of the law, or the twenty-third An Exposition auditorium has been Psalm, the older aspiring to the built in the Civic center of San Francisco with halls to accommodate THE CAFETERIA IN THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATWN BUILDING As many as 3,560 have eaten here in one day lengthy achievements of the com- twenty-one meetings at one time. A mandments and the thirteenth chap- Festival Hall and a Congress Hall on ter of First Corinthians. the grounds are also available.

The second type of religious work Active Religious Service at the San Francisco Exposition has been the holding of religious con- Even more definite religious work ferences. The mere number of is being done. In San Francisco these is significant. Over eight under the committee of. One Hunhundred are listed in the official announcement and one out of every dred, a lot has been rented in' a twelve of these has a religious aim. This is a remarkable showing when central spot where a large tent has one considers that this list includes been set up. Here, week by week, every meeting held at the Fair, from come popular preachers and noted evangelists, Billy Sunday among the number, and a vigorous campaign

SUNDAY AT THE BIBLE DAY CEREMONIES OF THE WORLD'S BIBLE CONGRESS (AUGUST 2, 1915), AT THE

FRANCISCO EXPOSITION

THE SAN FRANCISCO

has been carried on for San l'ran- a kitchen and bathroom at one side cisco as well as for the stranger and the charge for all this is twentywithin her gates. five cents a day.

The problems of the Exposition it- Every Sunday afternoon a brief self have been handled largely by service is held on the porch before the the Young Men's and Young Wo- building, one of the most prominent men's Christian Associations. The spots on the grounds. This service service of tourists has been taken is listed by the Exposition along over by the Young Women's organ- with band-concerts and balloon asization, its building being the first to censions as one of the "attractions" the left of the main entrance. There of the daily program. is a wide shady porch with inviting rocking-chairs and with a view across Cornet solos and a trio of cornet, the pools and flowers of the South violin, and piano, attract the crowd, Gardens to the Tower of Jewels. and selections are sung by the choir. Within is a large reception-hall with When the shifting audience seems !nore easy-chairs, writing-desks, and largest the preacher gives his tent;>bles. Behind a curving counter a minute talk. Unexpected diversions group of workers are ready to direct sometimes tax the adaptability of the the tourist to hotels, eating-places, leader. One man was about to speak exhibit palaces, the best band-con- when the whirr of an aeroplane ancert, or the funniest laugh-producer nounced the approach of Art Smith ('11 the zone. Behind is the cafeteria, for one of his spectacular flights. All so inexpensive and deservedly popu- proceedings were suspended while aular that at meal times the line of dience, choir, and even the minister, hungry ones waIting to be fed watched the graceful dipping and stretches through the reception-room turning of the winged machi1}e. When and far along the walk outside. Up- the spectators turned back to,>;:iew the stairs is an emergency hospital on a discomfiture of the interrupted speakdllninutive scale where over five er, they were greeted with the text: hundred first aid treatments were given in the first four months. Here "And when the living creatures are rest-rooms with comfortable went the wheels went beside them; couches for tired women. At one and when the living creatures were side is a day-nursery with a kinder- lifted up from the earth the wheels garten teacher and a trained nurse were lifted up. . and . in charge of the thirty or more I heard the noise of their wings like babies. A fenced enclosure with see- the noise of great waters." sa·w, sand-pile, and swings affords a playground for the older children, Not a man moved away during the and a cool, dark room with a row of stirring and timely talk that followed. tiny white cribs is the sleeping-place of the littlest ones. The big, airy For the employees and those who playroom is fitted out with low tables are adding to the pleasure of the Exand ridiculously small chairs, while position visitors much is being done playthings are everywhere. There is by both organizations at work. The Young Men's Christian Association has put its building in the form of a large club-house by the Presidio, or United States Military reserve, where

it deals primarily with the needs of food, some energetic county adverthe Army and Navy men, who are on tisers had supplied two fascinating the grounds in large numbers. films of Californian country and ranch life to amuse and instruct, and The girls emp·loyed in all the Exhi- prizes were given to the girls from bition palaces are organized by the the county and state which had the Young Women's Christian Associa- largest delegations among the worktion in groups. Each leader has one ing force. One of the girls said on or more buildings under her direct leaving that it was her first party in supervision. A committee of volun- five years. teer workers from outside cooperate with leaders among the girls in such Out on the zone, tucked in behind a way that there are practically no the gaudy houses of Mirth is a club THE GIRLS' CLUB HOUSE IN THE (lZONE'" Conducted by the Young Women's Christian Association for the dancers and other performers during their leisure hours women employed who are not known house for the workers there. It is to the working force. Parties have a low, brown house with broad eaves been given for the various groups, the and nasturtiums running up over the girls from California acting as host- windows. In a large but cosy room esses. are little tables for eating, large com- fortable chairs, a book-case filled with In the Food Products Building one books and magazil~es, and a few good evening, . the doors were closed as pictures hanging on its walls. A usual at six o'clock, and by six-thirty smal1 window, like a pantry-slide, in a space in the center had been cleared, one corner, opening into the kitchen, tables were set with white linen, silver is a lunch counter, where a hungry and flowers, and two hundred and girl may get a square meal for fifteen thirty girls sat down. The exhibitors cents. On one side is a rest-room, in that department had provided the

THE SAN FRANCISCO

and a large bath-room equipped with and to employ those who make good. the only bath-tubs on the Zone. If an international exposition is a Three visits at the club-house constitutes a girl a member with the free- reflection of the spirit and thought dom of the house and a card of per- of the world, then these are indeed sonal introduction to the nearest times after the Master's own heart. Association when she leaves the Ex- The world is awake to the preemiposition. nence of spiritual things, and it con~ siders the ideal of service large The problem of unemployment enough to be taken as the central after the Exposition is one which the thought of its latest World's Fair. workers are trying to solve. A night- There is a yearning and a striving A BANQUET GIVEN BY THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE GIRLS EMPLOYED IN THE FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING WHICH THEY HAVE TERMED "PALACE OF NIBBLING ARTS"

school has been opened to give the toward what the Church can give, and fifteen hundred employees a lift the Church is alive to its opportunities toward the top. Classes meet in the in San Francisco as never before. Association Building, and teachers Let us take courage from this lesson from a standard commercial college of the Exposition and lay hold on give their services three nights a the great task before us in something week, and on alternate nights one of of the spirit shown in Weinman's the largest department stores offers statue of the Rising Sun, knowing a course in salesmanship. This store that the time is at hand, the day is has promised to give preference to indeed before us, and the world to these students at the holiday season, conquer.

the Dominican

THE MISSIONARY WORK OF THE FREE METHODIST CHURCH lC:;~~~~ HE Dominican Republic February, 1915. This occasion occupies a part of the brought together the largest and most island of Santo Do- representative gathering of Protes- mingo, which it shares tants ever held in the interior of the with the Haitian Re- Dominican Republic, about forty new public. The people of converts came forward and as many the Dominican Republic speak Span- more were received into the mission ish, while the Haitians generally use and church as members and pro- the French language. Recurring re- bationers.

volutions from its early history until Last February evangelistic meet- the present time have kept the island ings were held at Jababa, Santiago, in a: constant state of turmoil. The Maca, Palmar, Salcedo, Barbaro, and unsettled conditions of governments Sanchez, and were very fruitful, for have prevented most of the mission about ninety persons were received boards ·from sending missionaries to as members or probationers. At these fields, so they have not been Moca, where there are two large so well cared for as have Cuba and Roman Catholic churches, the Prot- Porto Rico. The nominal religion estant workers before mentioned, of the island is Roman Catholicism. marched through the streets singing About twenty-four years ago, Rev. and giving short addresses in the S. E. Mills, a minister of the Free parks and on the corners of the Methodist Church, went to the Do- streets, and at evenings held their minican Republic, taking his family services in a building. At the first with him, and commenced work in evening services, while the mission- the interior on the north side. Later ary secretary was speaking stones other missionaries of the same church began to come against and on the joined him, but the. frequent revo- iron roof of the building. The Chief lutions have hindered the work, and of Police, however, later gave ade- some of the workers have been quate protection.

obliged to return home. The only other Protestant mission Some of the converts have been in Santa Domingo is carried on by organized into a Free Methodist the Women's Board of the African class at San Francisco de Macoris, Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, where a commodious church has been who have a station at San Pedro de built, a school building and mission- Macoris. In Haiti, the Seventh Day ary residences. This first Protestant Adventists are at Cape Haitien and church ever built in the interior of the southern Baptists and Protestant the island, was dedicated by the Rev. Episcopal societies have workers in B. Winget, Missionary Secretary, in Jacmel and Porto au Prince.

A Visit to a ] ungle Station

Siam* BY ROBERT E. SPEER Secretary of the Board of Foreign 1-Iissions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.

AP TEANG is one of The Tap Teang station equip- ment consists at present of a resimT the newest stations of dencecompound for Dr. Dunlap and the Pre s b y t e ria n Mr. Snyder, a hospital compound for Church, in the prov- the hospital and residence (the gift ince of Trang on the Bay of Bengal side of of the Siamese high Commissoner), the lower Siam Peninsula. The station and a church compound on which it is the outgrowth of twenty-five years is desired to erect also a school for of itinerating work by Dr. and Mrs. boys and girls and a residence for Eugene P. Dunlap, who traveled up the unmarried women of the station.

and down these provinces when there The little mission school is the only were only jungle paths through the Christian school in the whole state forests and crazy little sailboats of Puket with its seven provinces along the coast. On one of Dr. belonging to the Tap Teang field.

Dunlap's first visits to Tap Teang Twenty or thirty children have al- village through a Christian Chinese ready gathered in the school and who had emigrated to the peninsula are delighted at the prospect which from Hong Kong, he met an old it has opened to them. There is a Siamese gentleman who, by his re- chance here not only to train Chris- flections upon natural religion and tian men and women for intelligent especially upon the wonder of the service as they go about their own structure of the human hand, had lives, but also to prepare teachers come to believe in a beneficent and for the Christian schools which fatherly creator. When he first should be scattered up and down heard the Gospel, he welcomed it as these provinces. The only schools the full revelation of the truth which available for the people now are the he had already dimly grasped. Forty unorganized, inefficient schools in the of this old man's descendants have Buddhist wats or temples. For sev- since come into the Christian Church eral years Dr. Dunlap, who is be- and now in the villages north and loved and honored by the Siam south there are scattered three hun- officials from the royal family down, dred baptized believers connected was superintendent of schools for with the central church in Tap the government in the Trang prov- Teang. Far and wide through a re- ince and was building up an efficient gion untouched by any other agencies system.

of Christianity, Dr. Dunlap and his As the little Christian school is companions are sowing the seed of the only center of such enlighten- the Gospel on fruitful soil. ment in these provinces. so the hos- • A Letter from Nakon Stritamarat, Siam, June 3, 1915.

pital is the only place of real succor and they would end by climbing up and relief to the sick and needy and on the platform. Forgetting all other its influence has gone out far and errands, they learned all they could wide. As we came away from of this new story to take back with Trang one of the passengers in our them to their villages. We saw the coach was an old priest from the seed of the 'Kingdom sown on abso- Chinese temple in Penang, conduct- lutely new soil and realized that each ing. a cocoanut grove now in the one of these old men would be the province of Trang for the benefit of beginning of a new work of evanhis temple. Robbers had pounded gelization. him up not long before, and only Miss Christianson's skilful care at This is mission work in its truest the hospital had brought him through. and purest and most Christ-like He and we had no common language form. It is the heroic pioneering in except our common appreciation of which men do not build 0'n other the Christ-like spirit and the skill 111¥n's foundations, but go out into of Miss Christianson, and our com- the heart of the jungles and lay rnon gratitude to the great Love t11ere the first stones of the walls which had brought her to Siam to of the city of God. The men and conditions vastly different from those women who are doing this w0'rk she had known at home. In Dr. have no borrowed glory, indeed, they Bulkley's absence there has been no do not know that they have any medical missionary in the station glory at all, but every hour there we since January a year ago, and for all saw the glory as of the messengers this time Miss Christianson has car- of God who forget themselves and ried the full responsibility, doing in whom the grace and truth of the critical surgical work at times simply heavenly spirit shine forth. This is because it had to be done, and there 110t the sort o:f missionary work was no one else to do it, and, singie- which exploits itself or is clever in handed, doing work which half a its aqvertising and appeal, but if dozen workers at home would not there is any work regarding which have undertaken. the Lord Jesus must be pleased and in which He must recognize to-day The morning of our last day in the very likeness of the work which Tap Teang we spent in the corner He did while He was here on earth, of the market, where the evangelists it is work like this at Tap Teang. preached to the people. It was fascinating to watch especially the old 'Vhat makes work like this possible men from the country drift by in the is love and faith in the hearts of throng and stop to listen. Then as men and women. Neither the slow they were caught by some word of toil of the years nor the wet miseries truth we would see them sit down of the jungle, nor the isolation and on the edge of the platform from loneliness could quench that love or which the evangelists spoke. As the quell that faith and now at last the truth was opened out these old men rich fruitage of peace and joy is would begin to nod assent, to ex- being gathered in. What greater press their delight, to ask questions, privilege could we have than to share yet more fully in this fruitage?

BLA.CK. gUSSIA «

lU SEA Vl eTABRI2. ~ RUMIA ~) ~ -J<A'2..B/N 0 't-'

HAMADANe ~ ~ y PROTESTANT MISSIONS ARABIA. INTHE TURKISH EMPIRE AND SURROUNDING COUNTRIES SHADED TERRITORY INDICATES ARMENIA. TOWNS WHERE MASSACRES AND DEPORT" ATIONS OFARMENIANS HAVe BeEN RE- POR.TEO-ARE UNDERLINED. • M I 551 ON STATIONS- – R.AI L ~OR OS

MISSIONS IN EUROPEAN AND ASIATIC TURKEY BEFORE THE

– I STATIONS , i I FOREIGN STAFF I I I NATIVE AGENCY CONGREGATIONS SCHOOLS MEDICAL MISSIONS .~ …; I .!2 .", ~" III ~ .o.-..l …. .~.~, ….. …. ~ :: :: ~ :: .e~.. . . .a .!2 .~ :: ·1 ~ ·..t i ….~.. ~" SOCIETIES ,/:, .·"S… .~ f! ~ .~ .j".. ~ ~" ~… 'i. :x": ~ -"l ~ II .0.. i 0 t; til 0 ~ "~ "'! It ~ ~ * Cl ~ ~ ~ ~ -.; ~" i ~ .~ ~ ….~.. ~~ ~ .~ R.

2: I .. .. .. .. . American Board ……………………………

Kaiserwerth Deaconesses' Homes ………………. 308 ! 55 14 65 ! 75 209 102 1015 192 15,748) 55,240 i13 1,865 437 24,146 9 11 134,357 .,. .. .. 32 , .. …. ·1 …….. …. 3 490 1 1 1,430 Lohmann's Armenian Aid Association …………… 5 10 9 j1 33 SO 6 71 108 …. .. . . . 1 . . . . . 1 .. 21 1,900 2 3 4,856 Dr. Lepsius' Germau Orient Mission …………….. 4 2 I, 1 2,848 2 . .. 1 7 1 5 … ….. ….. ,' .. . … 2 300 1 Friends' Armenian Mission ………………….. 1 ." 1 .. .. .. 2 , '" … … ….. ….. I .. …. 1 400 .. .. ……

98 100 .. …. 5 308 1 ….. ….. .. …. … ….. .. . American Reformed Presbyterians (Cililia and Cyprus) 3 " 321 2 .. 8 … 23 '" 1 7,888 British & Foreign Bible Society ……………….. 1 … 1 .. .. … 1 … … … …… .. American … Bible Society ·····················t···· 1 26 1 I .. .. … '" 26 … ….. . …. .. …. -'" ….. .. . ….. – – — — — – -'- – – – — – — — – – — TotaL ……………………………… 39 334 74 18 73 146 275 109 1140 300 15,846 55,340 113 1,865 469 27,534 14 17 151,379 Proteaiant Societies W orkinc in Turkey Mission Stations, or Places Where Mis- and Syria Before the War sionaries Reside 1. American Board of Commissioners (The figures refer to the Societies occupy- for Foreign Missions. ing each) 2. American Bible Society. Acre, 17. Jerusalem, 4, 17, 22, 3. Asia Minor Apostolic Institute.. Abeih, 7. 23, 32, 36. 4. Christian and Missionary Alliance. Adabazar, 1. 5. Friends' Foreign Missions Associa- Adana, 1. Kefr Yasif, 17. Adrianople, 15. Kessab, 1. tion of New England. Ain Karim, 4. Kochanes, 11. 6. Mennonite Church. Aintab,1. Konia,3. 7. Presbyterian Church, North. Alexandretta, 29. Kortcha, 1. 8. Reformed (Dutch) Church in Ameri- Aleppo, 27. Larnaca, 9, 22. Antioch, 29. Latakia, 9. ca. Baakleen, 28. Marash, I, 33. 9. Reformed Presbyterian Church. Baalbek, 18. Mardin, 1. 10. Seventh-day Adventists. Bagdad, 17. Marsovan, 1. 11. Archbishop's Mission to Assyrian Bardizag, 1, 10. Mersina,9. Busrah (Bassora), Monastir, 1. Christians. Mosul, 17. 12. Baptist Missionary Society. 8. Moush,33. 13. Beirut Orphanage. Beersheba, 4. Mt. of Olives, 17. 14. British and Foreign Bible Society. Beit Marl, ZO. Nablous, 12, 17. 15. British Jews' Society in Adrianople. Bethlehem, 17, 24. Nazareth, 17, 19. 16. British Syrian Mission Schools. Beirut, 7, 13, 14, 18, Nicosia, 9, 22. 17. Church Missionary Society. Oorfa, 1. 18. Church of Scotland Mission to Jews. 22,32. Ramallah, 5, 17. 19. Edinburgh Medical Mission Society. Bir Zeit, 17. Ramleh,17. 20. Friends' Foreign Mission Association Bitlis, 1. Ras el Meth, 20. Brousa, 1. Safed, 23, 31. of London. Brummana, 20. Salonica, 1. 21. Jaffa Medical Mission and Hospital. Cesarea, 1. She farner, 17. 22. Jerusalem and the East Mission. Constantinople, I, 2, Shemlan, 17. 23. London Society for the Propagation Shweifat, 25. 14, 18, 20, 23, 31, Sidon, 7. of Christianity Among Jews. 32. Sivas, 1. 24. Miss Dunn's Home. Damascus, 18, 19, Smyrna, I, 18, 23,32. 25. Miss Proctor's Mission and Schools. 23, 310. Suk el Ghurb, 7. 26. North African Mission. El Mouktareh, 18. Tarsus, 1. 27. Presbyterian Church of England. Erzerum, 1. Tiberias, 31. 28. Palestine and Lebanon Nurses' Mis- Es Salt, 17. Tirana, 1. Famagusta, 22. Trebizond, 1. sion. Gaza,17. Tripoli (Africa), 26- 29. Reformed Presbyterian Church of Hadjin, 1,6. Tripoli (Syria), 7. Haifa, 17, 22, 23, 35. Tyre,18. Ireland and Scotland. Harput, I, 33. Van, I, 11,33. 30. Tabeetha Mission Schools. Hasbeiya, 18. Zahleh,7. 31. United Free Church of Scotland. Hebron, 4, 31. 310. Presbyterian Church of Ireland. Jaffa, 4, 17, 2f, 23, 32. Deaconesses of Kaiserwerth. 30,35. 33. German Hiilfsbund. 34. German Orient Society. 35. J udischer Verein. 36. Moravian Church.

Assassination of

THE TURKISH PROGRAM OF ANNIHILATION DESCRIBED BY GOVERN- MENT REPRESENTATIVES, TEACHERS, MISSIONARIES, AND OTHER EYEWITNESSES ~T HE most brutal, the~ sible for the systematic program of most ruthless, the most extermination. Is not Germany also ~ inexcusable, and the responsible-if not for inciting the most widespread mas- outrage, at least for failure to de- sacres of Christians in mand that Turkey, her ally, imme- the last one thousand diately put an end to these butcher- ies. Turkey would not dare to conyears are deluging Armenia with the tinue a course that would involve the loss of German military and financial blood of men, women, and children. support.

Whole villages are wiped out by fire, The following is the text of the government order covering the case. sword, and deportation. It seems Art. 2d. "The commanders of the army, of independent army corps, evident that this movement against and of divisions may, in case of mili- tary necessity, and in case they susthe Armenians is part of a concerted pect espionage or treason, send away, singly or in mass, the inhabitants of scheme against all non-Turkish and villages or town, and install them in other places." Christian inhabitants of Turkey. It The original orders to commanders is estimated that already 800,000 have may have been reasonably humane; but the execution of them has been for perished at the hands of the Turks the most part cruelly harsh, and in many cases accompanied by horrible and Kurds in their fiendish "Holy brutality to women and children, to the sick and the aged. Whole vil- War." In the massacres of 1895-6 lages were deported at an hour's no- tice, with no opportunity to prepare under the Sultan Abdul-Hamid II., for the journey, not even, in some cases, to gather together the scattered according to carefully prepared sta- members of the family, so that little children were left behind. tistics, 88,243 Armenians, of whom The accounts of the sorrows of Arabout IO,OOO were Protestants, were menia are harrowing reading. -Many of -the facts have already been pubmurdered; more than 500,000 robbed lished. VIle gather many of them here that the readers of the REVIEW may of all they possest; 2,493 villages make them a subject of sympathetic and towns were plundered; 568 churches, of which 50 were Protes- tant, were pillaged and destroyed, and 282 others were turned into mosques.

In many places the victims were of- fered the choice between death and Islam and unhesitatingly chose to die rather than to give up even the little light that most of them possest. In 1909, soon after the Young Turks came into power, there were 5,000 or more who died in the Adana onslaught for which the government disclaimed responsibility. To-day, however, the Young Turk government is respon-

prayer, and that some may be led to people was manifestly a part of a campaign of extermination. give financial help toward the relief of the surviving widows and July ro. Persecution of Arme- nians assuming unprecedented proorphans.* portions. Reports from widely scat- tered regions indicate systematic at- For obvious reasons the names of tempt to uproot peaceful Armenian populations, and through arbitrary arthe various writers can not be given rests, terrible tortures, wholesale exat this time. These are known to pulsions and deportations from one end of the empire to the other, acthe American Committee, who vouch companied by frequent instances of rape, pillage, and murder, turning for them and their statements. In into massacre, to bring destitution and destruction upon them. This is most cases it is necessary to conceal not in response to fanatical .or popu- lar demand, but is purely arbitrary, the place from which the statements and directed from Constantinople. Untold misery, disease, starvation and were written, and even the name of loss of life will go on unchecked. _ .

the cities and towns referred to, in July 16. "Deportation of and ex- cesses against peaceful Armenians are order that the writer or his inter- increasing, and from harrowing re- ports of eye-witnesses it appears ests may not suffer irreparable that a campaign of race exterminaharm. tion is in progress." Protests and threats are unavailing and probably Documentary Evidence incite the Ottoman government to more drastic measures, as they are VVe quote from a few of the docu- determined to disclaim responsibility for their absolute disregard of capituments which are in the possession of lations, and I believe nothing short of actual force, which obviously the Unithe American Committee: ted States is not in a position to ex- ert, would adequately meet the situa- The reports of persecution, plun- tion.

der, and massacre of Armenians in July 31. "Armenians, mostly wo- men and children, deported from the the interior parts of the country be- Erzroom district, have been massa- cred near Kemakh, between Erzroom gan to come in April, when the scat- and Harpoot." Similar reports from other sources, that probably few of tering of large numbers of innocent these refugees wilI reach their des- tination. . . . * A special American Committee of eminent In many cases the men were (those Americans has investigated the reports, and while of military age were nearly all in the the sources of information must be withheld for the present. the committee vouches for the truth of the statements. This committee includes the Right Rev. David H. Greer, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of N ew York; Oscar S. Straus, former Secretary of Commerce and Labor, and ex· Ambassador to Turkey; Cleveland H. Dodge, of Phelps, Dodge & Co.; the Rev. Dr. Stephen S. Wise, Rabbi of the Free Synagog, New York; Charles R. Crane. of Chicago. Vice·Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Democratic National Committee during the last campaign; Arthur Curtiss James. Director of many railroads and of the Hanover National Bank, the United States Trust Company, and of Phelps, Dodge & Co.; the Rev. Dr. Prank Mason North, of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church; /ohn R. Mott, of the International Committee 0 the Young Men's Christian Association; William W. Rockhill former Ambassador to Turkey and former Ambassador to Russia; William Sloane, Presi· dent of W. & J. Sloane, 575 Fifth Avenue; the Rev. 'Dr. Edward Lincoln Smith, of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; the Rev. Dr. Frederick Lynch, of the New York Peace Society; George A. PlImpton, of Ginn & Co., a trustee of Constantinople College; the Rev. Dr. James L. Barton, for many years a missionary in Turkey, and now the Secretary of the American Board of Commissjoners for Foreign Missions; the Rev. Dr. William J. Haven. one of tl)e fou'!.

ders of the Epworth League; Stanley White, Sec· retary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions; Professor Samuel P. Dutton, an authority on Balkan affairs.

Gifts for the relief of survivors may be sent to Chas. R. Crane, Treasurer, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York.

ASSASSINATION OF

army) bound tightly together with places added to this feeling. The ropes or chains. Women with little special Armenian troubles began in children in their arms, or in the last the beginning of May. In the middle days of pregnancy, were driven along of the night about 20 of the leadunder the whip like cattle. Three ing men of the national Armenian different cases came under my knowl- political parties were gathered up edge where the woman was delivered and sent to where they have been on the road, and because her brutal imprisoned ever since. In June the driver hurried her along she died of government began looking for weaphemorrhage. I also know of one case ons. Some of the Armenians were where the gendarme in charge was a seized, and, by torture, the confession humane man, and allowed the poor was extracted that a large number of woman several hours' rest, and then arms were in the hands of different procured a wagon for her to ride in. Armenians. A second inquisition be- Some women became so completely gan. The bastinado was used freworn out and hopeless that they left quently, as well as fire torture (in their infants beside the road. Many some cases eyes are said to have been women and girls have been outraged. put out). Many guns were delivered, At one place the commander of gen- but not all. The people were afraid darmerie openly told the men to that if they gave up their arms, they whom he consigned a large company would be massacred as in 1895. Arms that they were at liberty to do what had been brought in after the declarathey chose with the women and tion of the constitution with the pergirls. . . . mission of the government, and were for self-defense only. The torture The Use of Torture continued, and under its influence one fact after another leaked out. The trouble for the Armenians be- Under the nervous strain and physical gan, as for all other nationalities, suffering many things were said with the collection of soldiers. The which had no foundation in fact. government swept off all men possible Those inflicting the torture would for military service. Hundreds of tell the victim what they expected him the bread-winners marched away, to confess, and then beat him until leaving their wives and children with- he did it. The college mechanic had out means of support. In many cases constructed an iron "shot" for the the last bit of money was given to athletic games, and was beaten terfit out the departing soldier, leaving ribly in an effort to fasten the making the family in a pitifully destitute con- of bombs on the college. Some bombs dition. A number of Armenians were discovered in the Armenian were quite well off and paid their cemetery, which aroused the fury of military exemption fee. A much the Turks to white heat. It should larger number escaped in one way be said that it is very probable that and another, so there were more Ar- these bombs had been buried there in menians than Turks left in the city the clays of Abdul Hamid. . . . after the soldiers had gone. This made the government suspicious and Through the intervention of a fearful. The discovery of Armenian Turk, the college was able to free plots against the government in other

those of its teachers already taken, with people petitioning to become and obtain a stay of proceedings Mohammedans. Many did it for the against all of its teachers and employ- sake of their women and children, ees, by the payment of the sum of 275 feeling that it would be a matter of Turkish liras. Later this same Turk only a few weeks before relief would said that he believed that he could come.

obtain the permanent exemption of This deportation continued at in- the entire college by the payment of tervals for about two weeks. It is a further sum of 300 liras. The estimated that out of about 12,000 money was promised, but after some Armenians in – – – , only a few hun- negotiations, which shewed that no dred were left. Even those who definite assurance of exemption offered to accept Islam were sent would be forthcoming, the matter was away. . .

dropt. Dragged to Exile Panic and Outrage June 28, 19I5.

The panic in the city was terrible. I ,vish to inform you of conditions The people felt that the government here. They are very bad and daily was determined to extermi:1ate the getting worse. I suppose —- told Armenian race, and they were power- you of the horrible things taking less to resist. The people were sure place in – – – . Just such a reign that the men were being killed and of terror has begun in this city also.

the women kidnapped. Many of the Daily the police are searching the convicts in the prison had been re- houses of the Armenians for weap- leased, and the mountains around ons, and not finding any, they are – – – were full of bands of outlaws. taking the best and most honorable It was feared that the women and men and imprisoning them; some of children were taken some distance them they are exiling, and others from the city and left to the mercy they are torturing with red hot irons of these men. However that may be, to make them reveai the supposedly there are provable cases of the kid- concealed weapons. Four weeks ago napping of attractive young girls by they exiled IS men and their families, the Turkish officials of – – – . One sending them to the desert city of Moslem reported that a gendarme had —, three days' journey south of offered to sell him two girls for a here.

mejidieh. The women believed that The Gendarmerie Department seems they were going to worse than death, to have full control of affairs and and many carried poison in their pock- the Mutessarif upholds them. They ets to use if necessary. Some car- are now holding about 100 of the ried picks and shovels to bury those best citizens of the city in prison, and they knew would die by the wayside. to-day the gendarmerie chief called During this reign of terror notice was the Armenian Bishop and told him given that escape was easy; that any that unless the Armenians deliver one who accepted Islam would be their arms and the revolutionists allowed to remain safely at home. among them, that he has orders to The offices of the lawyers who re- exile the entire Armenian population corded applications were crowded of – – – ~.S they did the people of

ASSASSINATION OF

We know how the latter been brutally deported, deprived of were treated, for hundreds of them all their possessions, to the deserts of have been dragged through – – – Mesopotamia. A great number of on their way to the desert whither families have embraced Mohammed- they have been exiled. These poor anism to escape a certain death.

exiles were mostly women, children A Widow'. Story and old men, and they were clubbed and beaten and lashed along as tho A week before anything was done they had been wild animals, and their to – – – , the villages all around had women and girls were daily crimin- been emptied and their inhabitants had ally outraged, both by their guards become victims of the gendarmes and and the ruffians of every village marauding bands. Three days before through which they passed, as the the starting of the Armenians from former allowed the ,latter to enter – – – , after a week's imprisonment, the camp of the exiles at night, and Bishop – – – had been hanged, with even distributed the girls among the seven other notables. After these villagers for the night. These poor hangings, seven or eight other no- victims of their oppressors' lust and tables were killed in their own houses hate might better have died by the for refusing to go out of the tity.

bullet in their mountain home than Seventy or eighty other Armenians, be dragged about the country iu this after being beaten in prison, were way. About 2,000 of them have taken to the woods and killed. The passed through – – – , all more dead Armenian population of – – – was than alive; many hundreds have died sent off in three batches; I was from starvation and abuse along the among the third batch. My husband roadside, and nearly all are dying of died eight years ago, leaving me and starvation, thirst, or being kidnapped my eight-year-old daughter and my by the Anaza Arabs in the desert mother extensive possessions, so that where they have been taken. We we were living in comfort. Since know how they are being treated be- mobilization began, the – – – com- cause our – – – exiles are in the mandant has been living in my house same place, and one young Armenian free of rent. He told me not to go, doctor, who was there making medi- but I felt I must share the fate of cal examinations of soldiers for the my people. I took three horses with government, has returned and told me, loaded with provisions. My us. . . . daughter had some five-lira pieces The Young Turk government pur- around her neck, and I carried some sues unceasingly, and every day with twenty liras and four diamond rings added violence, the war to the finish on my person. All else that we had that it has declared against its Ar- was left behind. Our party left menian SUbjects. The provinces in- June 1st (old style), fifteen gen- habited by Armenians, which were darmes going with us. The party already under the reign of inde- numbered four or five hundred per- scribable terror, have been evacuated sons. We had got only two hours by force. Thus the Armenian com- away from home, when bands of munities, – – – and – – – , have villagers and brigands in large num-

bers, with rifles, guns, axes, etc., she would not be separated from me. surrounded us on the road, and Finally we were both taken into their robbed us of all we had. The gen- wagons on our promising to become darmes took my three horses and Moslems. As soon as we entered the sold them to Turkish mouhadjirs, araba, they began to teach us how to pocketing the money. They took my be Moslems, and changed our names, money and that from my daughter's calling me – – – and her – – – . neck, also all our food. After this they separated the men, one by one, **** and shot them all within six or seven days-every male over IS years of The Plight of the Exiles age. By my side were killed two priests, one of them over 90 years If it were simply a matter of being of age. These bandsmen took all the obliged to leave here to go somegood-lookin~ women and carried where else, it would not be so bad, them off on their horses. Very many but everybody knows it is a case of women and girls were thus carried going to one's death. If there was off to the mountains, among them my any doubt about it, it has been resister, whose one-year-old baby they moved by the arrival of a number threw away; a Turk picked it up and of parties, aggregating several thoucarried it off, I know not where. My sand people, from Erzroom and Ermother walked till she could walk no zinggan. I have visited their enfarther, and dropt by the roadside on campment a number of times and a mountain-top. We found on the talked with some of the people. A road many of those who had been in more pitiable sight can not be imagthe previous sections carried from ined. They are, almost without ex- – – – ; some women were among the ception, ragged, filthy, hungry, and killed, with their husbands and sons. sick. That is not surprizing, in view We also came across some old peo- of the fact that they have been on ple and little infants still alive but the road for nearly two months, with in a pitiful ,condition, having shouted no change of clothing, no chance to their voices away. We were not al- wash, no shelter, and little to eat. lowed to sleep at night in the vil- The government has been giving lages, but lay down outside. Under them some scanty rations here. I cover of the night indescribable deeds watched them one time when their were committed by the gendarmes, food was brought. Wild animals bandsmen, and villagers. Many of could not be worse. They rushed us died from hunger and strokes of upon the guards who carried the food apoplexy. Others were left by the and the guards beat them back with roadside, too feeble to go on. clubs, hitting hard enough to kill them sometimes. To watch them one One morning we saw fifty to sixty could hardly believe that these peawagons with about thirty Turkish pIe were human beings. widows, whose husbands had been killed in the war; and these were go- As one walks through the camp, ing to Constantinople. These women mothers offer their children and beg wanted to take my daughter, too, but one to take them. In fact, the Turks have been taking their choice of these children and girls for slaves, or

5] THE ASSASSINATION OF

worse. In fact, they have even had Lord Bryce's statements are contheir doctors there to examine the firmed by reports which come direct more likely girls and thus secure the from those who have firsthand best ones. knowledge.

There are very few men among Of the Armenian people as a whole them, as most of them have been one third or more are gone, and this killed on the road. All tell the same third includes the leaders in every story of having been attacked and walk of life, merchants, professional robbed by the Kurds. Most of them men, preachers, bishops, and Governwere attacked over and over again, ment officials. There is no certainty and a great number of them, especial- for those who are just now free. It ly the men, were killed. Women and is only temporary measures, such children were also killed. Many died, as bribes or special favors, that' have of course, from sickness and exhaus- secured postponement. tion on the way, and there have been deaths each day that they have been "It seems possible that something here. Several different parties have can be done to save those few who are arrived and, after remaining a day left. Permission has recently been obor two, have been pushed on with no tained through the German Embassy apparent destination. Those who for those connected with the German have reached here are only a small Mission, teachers and their families, portion, however, of those who orphans and servants, a circle of sevstarted. By continuing to drive these eral hundred, to remain. It is time people on in this way it will be pos- that America take whatever steps are sible to dispose of all of them in a possible to secure permission through comparatively short time. the American Ambassador for the remnant of the Armenians to remain A Plea for Intervention in their homes or to escape unharmed to more hospitable territory.

Viscount Bryce, formerly British American Missionary Interests * Ambassador to the United States, has made, through the Associated America has more interest in Tur- Press, a powerful plea that America key than any other country, or posshould try to stop the Armenian sibly than all Europe together. This slaughter. Lord Bryce is not one to interest is not political, but huma.nimisstate or exaggerate facts. Among tarian. In r8r9 the American Board other things, he says: "In Trebizond of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- City, where the Armenians numbered sions began work in the Ottoman over ten thousand, orders came from Empire, and has now for nearly a Constantinople to seize all Arme- century prosecuted that work with nians. Troops hunted them, drove vigor and statesman-like foresight and them to the shore, took them to sea, breadth. The missionaries have threw them overboard, and drowned introduced into the country the printthem all-men, women, and children. ing,press and a periodical literature, This was seen and described by the modern medicine and sanitation, the Italian Consul." • Paragraph quoted from The Outlook.

modern hospital, new industries and night and was severely beaten several commercial enterprises, and western times. About June 20th he was taken education, culminating in the well-or- out toward Diarbekir and murdered ganized colleges and graduate schools. in a general massacre on the road.

Some of these institutions are: the "Professor Nahigian, who had stud- Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, ied at Ann Arbor, was arrested about with its graduate schools; Robert Col- June 5th and shared Professor Tene- lege at Constantinople; and the Con- kejian's fate on the road.

stantinople College for Girls, each one "Professor Vorperian a Princeton of these incorporated in the United man, was taken to see a man beaten States and possessing a plant worth almost to death. He started into exile more than a million dollars. Besides under guard with his family, about these institutions of international re- July 5th, and was murdered beyond pute there are others, like the Inter- Malatia.

national College at Smyrna, Anatolia "Professor Boojicanian, an Edin- College at Marsovan, Teachers' Col- burgh graduate, was arrested with lege at Sivas, Euphrates College at Professor Tenekejian, suffered the Harput, Van College at Van, Aintab same tortures, and in addition had College at Aintab, Central Turkey three finger-nails pulled out by the College for Women at Marash, the roots, and was killed in the same American Collegiate Institute for massacre.

Girls at Smyrna, St. Paul's College "Of the female instructors one is re- at Tarsus, and, in addition, three ported killed in Chunkoosh, one re- times that number of high schools ported taken' to a Turkish harem; and academies with their intermediate three have not been heard from; four and preparatory schools dotting the others started out into exile, and ten country from Smyrna to Persia, and are free.

{rom the Black Sea to Arabia. The Armenians as a people have Among the many institutions to suf- been the most responsive to the ap- fer is the American Mission College peals of modern education. The ma- at Harput. One of the reliable in- jority of the 25,000 students in the formants writes: "Approximately schools north of Syria have been two-thirds of the girl pupils, and six- from this historic and virile race.

sevenths of the boys have been taken Thousands have taken graduate away to death, exile, or Moslem courses in the United States. It can homes. Of our professors four are be said that America discovered the gone and three are left. Armenian race and introduced it to "Professor Tenekejian, who was the Western World. It is, therefore, the Protestant representative of the eminently fitting that at this time of Americans with the Government, was death-struggle America should be the arrested on May I st. No charge was first to lift its voice in protest, and the made against him, but the hair of his 1110st ready to offer its help to save head, mustache and beard was pulled this nation from annihilation.

out in a vain effort to secure damag- There are some four hundred ing confessions. He was starved and Americans now in Turkey connected hung by the arms for a day and a with the various boards and institu-

ASSASSINATION OF

tions. With these are associated fully believe (and among these are the ten times that number of trained na- missionaries in large numbers, as well tives, mostly Armenians, Greeks, and as others) that Enver Pasha is under Syrians, all engaged in conducting a the pay of the Kaiser.

work that aims at bringing to that Who are the Armenians?· country the blessings of a Christian civilization. These Americans are In the strict use of the term, there remaining at their posts, endeavoring is no Armenia at the present day.

in every way in their power to re- The name is not used either politi- lieve and save their people. cally or geographically with refer- Upon the Armenian!> and the ence to a definite territory. When Greeks the blow is falling, but there used, the name refers in general to have been intimations that the Jews' a region centering about Lake Van turn will soon come. There are many in Asiatic Turkey, and extending indications that the Turks as a whole thence north and southwest. Ancient entertain no hostile feelings toward Armenia was a country whose bounds the Armenians and the Greeks, continually changed with the fortunes and would not carry out these drastic of war. The greater part of the remeasures of extermination were they gion now lies within the Turkish not forced to do so. Some have de- Empire, and is also called Kurdisclared that the measures are un-Mo- tan. This region contains only a hammedan, and so contrary to the fraction of the Armenian race. It is teachings of their religion. inhabited by Turks, Armenians, Rus- sians,' Persians, 'Kurds Circassians, In many places the local Turkish ;reeks, Nestorians, Yezidees, Syrauthorities have emphatically pro- ians, and Jews. tested. The Governor of – – – was called to Constantinople to answer to The early history of the Armethe charge of not obeying orders in nians is so mixed with myth and legcarrying out the drastic measures of end that the truth is difficult to find. the central government. Others have During the Assyrian and Median petold the missionaries that the meas- riods there was evidently a great orures were most cruel and unneces- ganized monarchy, with a strong milisary and even disastrous to the coun- tary power, in the Lake Van basin. try, but they were finally forced to At times they were formidable eneobey. Lenient and unwilling gover- mies of the Medes. This country was 10rs were transferred, like the one well known to the Assyrians as early at – – – , in whose place was in- as the ninth century B.C. It was in- habited by four races-the Mairi, the stalled the Governor of –, who U rarda, Minni, and the Hittites.

had already carried out with vigor These races appear to have main- the order of massacre and exter- tained the;r independence until the mination. time of Assur-bani-pal, about 640 So far as can be ascertained, the n.c., when the last king of this se- two Turkish officers, Enver Pasha ries succumbed to the Assyrian yoke.

and Talaat Bey, are the source of these measures. There are many who • Information gathered from the 'Encyclopedia of Missions.

But, at the time of Herodotus, every- It was the constant effort of Persia thing seems to indicate that a strange to subvert Armenian Christianity and people had entered the land, bringing establish Magianism in its stead. To with them a new language, new this end, cruel persecutions were un- names and customs, and a new re- dertaken, and frequent incursions ligion. The source from which they were made. From 632 to 859 A.D.

came is doubtful. Herodotus and Armenia was the scene of almost in- Stephen believe they came from cessant struggle between the Eastern Phrygia, while their language and Empire and the Mohammedans, and religion would indicate Media. One it became by turn subject to each.

thing is certain: the old Turanians It maintained its independence until had ceased to rule, and the Armenian 1375, when the last Armenian king, race had been formed, which is un- Leo VI., was captured by the Egyp- doubtedly a mixture of the ruling tians and banished.

Aryan tribes with the primitive Tu- From this time Armenia lost its ranian populations. (The word "Ar- separate national existence. The menia," used in Isaiah 37 : 38 greater part of the country was an- and 2 Kings I9: 37, is an incorrect nexed to Turkey, while the eastern translation for "the land of Ara- section remained subject to Persia, rat.") Armenian histories describe and the northeast to Russia. Russia the events of some sixteen centuries took another large section of Ar- respecting which contemporary evi- menia in 1878.

dence has not yet been found. Ac- In moral traits the Armenian com- cording to them, the first ruler of Ar- pares favorably with the other races menia was Haik, the son of Togar- of the East. The Armenians are . mah, the son of Gomar, the son of cultivators of the soil, artizans, mer- Japheth, the son of Noah. The Ar- chants, and bankers. They are per- menian histories also narrate that at severing, and shrewd in financial the time of the captivity of Israel a dealings. In Asiatic Turkey the certain number of the Hebrews es- Greeks alone can compare with them caped to the mountains of Armenia in trades, professions, business abil- and intermarriages took place. Later ity, and general intelligence. In .spite the· Armenian king, Kikran (Ti- of the general increase of poverty granes), was the friend and ally of throughout Turkey, the Armenians, Cyrus. His successor was Vahakn, up to the period of massacres of celebrated in song and story for his I895-96, held their own better than great victories, and deified after the other races. The number of Ar- death. menians in the world is estimated at In 67 B.C. Armenia became an ally from 2,000,000 to 3,000,000, two- of Rome, but rebelling, their king, thirds of whom reside in Turkey.

Ardavaz, was captured by Pompey The remainder are in Russia, Persia, and beheaded in Alexandria by Cleo- India, China, Africa, Europe, North patra, 30 B.C., and the country became and South America, and other coun- tributary to Rome. The country was tries. Up to the present time the na- in turmoil for two and a half cen- tion has preserved its individuality to turies thereafter. a remarkable degree, resembling in

ASSASSINATION OF

this respect, as in others, the Jews. of the Armenian beliefs are the fol- With their dispersal throughout the lowing: world, however, the Armenians intermarry with other races, and a dis- I. They believe the Spirit protinct tendency to race disintegration ceeds from the Father only. has appeared. 2. They accept seven sacraments, The Armeni'an Church and Beliefs altho in practise, baptism, confirma- tion, and unction are intermingled. Armenian writers claim that the Armenian Church goes back to the 3. They baptize infants eight days time of Christ. One Abgar or Ab- old or less by threefold immersion, garus, King of Edessa, is said by immediately offering them the com- Moses of Khorene, the Armenian munion. historian, to have been converted by hearing of the wonderful works of 4. They accept transubstantia- Jesus, and to have been baptized by tion, and worship the consecrated ele- Thaddeus, one of the seventy disci- ments as God. ples first sent out as missionaries. This Abgar is held by the Arme- S. They use unleavened bread, nians to have been their king, altho which is dipt in the wine and given Tacitus caJJs him King of the Arabs. to the people, who receive it into the It was not, however, until the mouth from the hand of the priest. fourth century that the Armenian nation as a whole accepted Christianity. 6. They pray for the dead, but At the beginning of that century Gre- deny Purgatory. gory the Illuminator preached at the Court of Armenia with such effect 7. They practise auricular conthat from that day to this Chris- fession to the priest, who imposes tianity has been the national religion penance and grants absolution, but of the Armenians. For this reason gives no indulgences. the Armenian Church is often called "The Gregorian Church." The Ar- 8. They pray to the Virgin and menians themselves, however, call it to the saints, and have great faith "The Church of the Illuminator (Lu- in their mediation. With the Greeks, savorchagan) ." they reject images and accept pic- tures. Persecution, as usual, only served to endear the Church to the people, 9. They believe in the perpetual and from that time it has been iden- virginity of Mary, "the Mother of tified with their nationality. Under God." Turkish rule each religious body is also a political organism. The Arme- 10. They regard baptism and renian Chur,ch is little more than that generation as the same thing, and at present. It is, therefore, insep- have no practical conception of a new arably identified with the race, and is birth. All are saved who partake of pervaded by much of the corruption the sacraments, do proper penance, of Oriental Christianity. observe the fasts of the Church, and perform good works. Among the leading characteristics I!. Original sin is believed to be removed by baptism, actual sin by confession and penance.

Services are held in the churches every morning at sunrise and each evening at sunset throughout the year.. The altar is invariably toward the

east. The sacrament of the Lord's sive with the Armenian race, so that Supper is observed twice a week, but one who withdraws from the Church the people partake usually only twice rej ects his nationality. (2) The a year. Mass is observed as one of Church is already nominally Christhe formal rites of the Church. Con- tian, but Christian life has little relafession to the priest is a necessary tion to the Christian profession. (3) preparation for participation. The poverty and oppression suffered by Armenians, and Oriental penuri- Originally the Church was under ousness. (4) The turning of young one spiritual head, the Catholicos, men to the Western world, as a refwho was the general bishop. He re- uge from oppression and massacre, sided at first at Sivas, but later con- and the consequent emigration of tentions arose, and with them divi- large numbers of the best youth. sions, until now there are three who hold his office. The Catholicos alone There have, however, been special can ordain bishops and consecrate the encouragements to the work among sacred oil which is used in the vari- Armenians. These include: (I) The ous ceremonies of the Church. religious nature of the race, and the fact that they accept the Bible as the Besides the Catholicos, there are in Word of God. (2) The general de- Turkey two patriarchs, one of whom sire for education. (3) The peculiar resides at Constantinople and one at relation of the Armenians to the Jerusalem. These offices were estab- 14,000,000 of other races among lished by Mohammedan authority for whom they dwell, and who must be political purposes alone. The patriarch reached largely through the evanmust have a bishop's office eccle- gelized Armenian Church. (4) Since siastically, but to this is added con- mission work began among the Arsiderable influence with the govern- menians, there has been a gradual rement and over all Gregorian Arme- jection of their superstitions and of nians in civil matters. The Patriarch their reliance upon rites, and a of Constantinople is, by virtue of his marked awakening in the line of office, the recognized civil head of the education. (5) Of late years, owing Armenian Church in Turkey. The to the urgent demands of the people priests are married, and must have a for the Gospel preaching, the bishops wife at the time of ordination, but and sometimes the priests and teachcan never remarry. The priest can ers, preach, and their sermons are not become a bishop unless· his wife often evangelical in tone and full of dies. wholesome advice. Some twenty thousand Armenians in Turkey are Evangelical Missions in Armenia members of Evangelical Christian churches and many others have be- There have been many obstacles to come enlightened through the work evangelical missionary work among of Protestant missionaries. Armenians. Among these are: ( I ) The idea that the church is co-cxten-

Christ's Conditions of

BY THE REV. JOHN HENRY JOWETT, D.D. Pastor of the Fifth Avenue P,-esbyte,-jan CllUrcD, New York NE hundred years ago the shall we begin the Christianizing of our thoughts? I JO American and British people signed the famons Our God treaty which ushered in the century of peace. First, we must Christianize our con- Difficulties have been ception of God. "He that hath seen Me met in good sense and self-restraint, and hath seen the Father." Our conception as Mr. Bryce has said, "Whenever there of God must begin and end in Christ our were mad manners in London there was good temper at Washington, and when Lord. Our conception must not be n. there was a storm on the Potomac, there was calm on the Thames." c. or A. D., but C. What shall we think Now at the end of the hundred years about God? Just what Jesus Christ ,ethere is a spectacle unprecedented in the veals. Lately we have been using the word history of the world, four thousand miles "God" without its Christian content. We of frontier line, invisible, undefended, have been going back to the Old Testawithout fortresses, without cannon, with- ment for our conception of God, and out military patrols; but marked hy even back to the early records of the Old happy homesteads and prosperous farms, Testament, back to the twilight of reveand stretching through almost endless lation, back to the God revealed in the leagues of waving grain. That U11- world's childhood, back to the e)emenguarded line is the most significant line tary standards, back to the time of the on the surface of the earth to-day, and first syllable, before the fuller Word had its profound significance lies in the won- yet been spoken. derful fact that it can not be seen. We have been opprest by the way What about the next hundred years? in which the name of God has been How is the shy, delicate genius of peace, used in the course of the present war. which is so easily offended and driven But what has been the value of the into exile, to be strongly and intimately name? By no chance have I seen him settled among us, and not only among called "the Father" in the invocations of the English-speaking peoples, but among kings or Kaiser. By no chance have I all the peoples of the globe? seen him addrest as Christ. No, it is the name of "God" robbed and emptied What is the guiding Word of God? of its Christ significance. It is the early "He that hath seen Me hath seen the Old Testament God, the God of battles, Father." We are tragically forgetting the Lord of Hosts. It is God, minLIS this word, and erasing it from our Christ! theories, and ignoring it in our practise. The significance is this: Christ is the The Old Testament is the wonderful ultimate expression of eternal realities. record of the slow education of a par- In Christ we see things as they really ticular people. The revelation begins in are. All our thinking must begin with the dawn, in the mist and dull haze d what He has revealed. If we would passing night, and the day brightens and secure lasting peace our thought-molds broadens until the full sun rises in Jesus must be Christianized. Where, then, Christ our Lord. Here is one of the things of the early twilight: "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burning for burning, wound for

wound, stripe for stripe." That is where "Ye are all the children of God by * we are to-day; but that is not one of the faith in Jesus Christ.* * There is things revealed to us in Christ. Listen neither Jew nor Greek."

to our Lord: "But I say unto you, love "There is no difference between the your enemies." We have gone back co Jew and the Greek, for the same Lord the twilight for standards for the noon. over all is rich unto all that call upon This is one of the most deadly prac- him."

tical heresies of our time. We have un- "Where there is neither Greek nor christianized the name of God, and the Jew, Barbarian nor Scythian."

first and paramount necessity, if we arc How vast is the contrast between this ever to establish a lasting peace, is to conception and the one which I have restore that name to its Christian value. just named! But does the Christ-con- When we use the word "God" it must be ception wipe out the element of nation· Jesus whom we see. "He that hath seen ality and disregard it? By no means. It Me hath seen the Father." We shall disregards nationality as an ultimate, it never have peace until the God we wor- honors nationality as a mediate; it mag- ship, and to whom we offer our prayer, nifies nationality as a means; it rejects is the Lord and Father of us all, re- nationality as an end. Christianity con- vealed to us in the word and life and ceives national differences as the in- death of our Lord and Savior Jesus tended ministers of a richer union.

Christ. Nationality is not an orchestra, it is'only Our Nationality an instrument. Nationality is not a com- Another conception which needs to he plete picture, it is only a tint in the Christianized if an abiding peace is to making of a picture. In Christian teachmake her home among the children of ing endowments are specialized for the sake of a larger and general service. men is our conception of nationality. The nation is the servant of the race. Here again we can choose to live in the dim, hazy twilight, or in the fuller noon. Christianity, therefore, seeks to create We can choose to live in the early Old and nourish "the international mind." It Testament with Moses and Joshua, or is the mind which escapes from its own in the New Testament with Jesus Christ. national emphasis and moves sympa- We can do our thinking about nation- thetically over the universal field. That ality among the primitive standards, or is not a conception which disparages the we can go into the high school of Christ. unique endowments of a nation. Chris- tianity says: Cultivate your national Now where shall we get our thought gifts to the last degree of strength and molds of race and nationality? Shall refinement. Practise the mastery of we get them from Samson or from your own instrument to the last degree Christ? It is my deep conviction that of power, but always hold in view as the much of our evil practises have arisen aim of the mastery the enrichment of the from our unchristian thinking about racial orchestra of which you form a these things. We have wiped out the vital part. It is this Christianized con- Christian revelations and standards. We ception of nationality which is imperhave ignored Christ, and we pursue our atively needed in the world to-day if we thinking as tho He had never been. The are to enjoy the purposed relations of consequence is, our conception of nation. universal peace. ality is too often tribal and exclusive.

That is Old Testament thinking. It is Our Politics not the Christianized thought of the Another conception which needs to be New. Christianized, if human affairs are to lie Turn to the Christian revelation. in the bosom of peace, is our conception

of politics. Politics has become a de- ception of life. This is too often matebased word. It originally meant the rial and barbaric. It moves on the plane science and art of government. It meant where envy and jealousy breed, where the regulation of man in all his relations misunderstandings multiply, where strife as the member of a nation and a state. is engendered, and where fiery war springs to sudden birth. rt was a science and an art with large What, then, is life? Is it a collection ideals, and with correspondingly noble of things, or is it a set of relations? Is endeavor and achievement. To-day, pol- it a realm of having or a realm of being? itics too often means self-seeking, wire- If life is constituted of things, then in pulling, secret maneuvring, the pursuit the scramble for things we shall have of personal advantage, sectional cam- envy, and strife, and war, as long as the paigns, the magnifying of party interests world endures. But if life is determined above the welfare of the Nation and the by noble relations then the pursuit of State. It is too often a low scramble and true life will make war impossible. "To not a lofty crusade. And, therefore, be carnally minded is death, but to be there is urgent and immediate need that spiritually minded is life and peace." we Christianize our conception of politics. We must get back to Christ. What is this Christian conception of life? Here it is. "This is life, to know What is the aim and end of govern- Thee, and Jesus Christ whom Thou hast ment in the life and teachings of Christ? sent." Real life is to be intimate with It is this: "Thy kingdom come." And God, to be the friend of God, to find what is the kingdom? It is the kingdom delight in the pleasures of God. That is of "righteousness, and peace, and joy." life. From that august spiritual relation Therefore, the Christianized conception come all manner of spiritual fruits; love, of politics is such an intelligent direction purity, fidelity, sympathy, sacrifice. To of human government as will make all live unto God is to live God unto men. that is crooked straight, and appoint such relations in righteousness as will This is the word of the Christ. And provide a nest for the holy dove of peace, this must be the Church's contribution to and for all the singing birds of sacred the establishment of peace among men. joy. Christianized politics are human She must call men, by all the constraints regulations in the sphere of government of love and fear, out of the sultry for answering the prayer of our Lord, swamps of materialism, where fever "Thy kingdom come." breeds, and strife brews, up to the heights of the spirit, the hill of the Lord, When the politics of all nations be- the heavenly places in Christ Jesus. come the strenuous wrestlings of noble men and women, intent upon noble Chris- Once get that ideal enthroned in the tian ends, the fair spirit of holy peace minds of men and war shall be no more. will come and settle in the earth as a Life will have an altitude where war joyful and abiding guest. germs can not thrive. When life rings with the song of "Glory to God in the Our Life highest," there will be peace among men Again, if permanent peace is to be in whom He is well pleased.

secured we must Christianize our con- "If a wren can cling to a spray a-swing, In a mad May wind and sing and sing, As if she'd burst for joy, Vhy can not I contented lie, In His quiet arms, beneath His' sky, Unmoved by earth's annoy?"

"Tiger Year" In ]apan*

BY MISS GRACE NOTT ~~~,..a,;~IROBABLY no nation, say that this may largely be traced to either in the eastern or the Christian influence and Christian western hemisphere, is ideals which are quietly but surely per- without its own peculiar meating the. country. Then, again, the superstitions, Japan is non-Christian community had a won- no ex~eption to this rule. derful object-lesson in the self-sacrifice and the eager desire to help shown by 1914 was, according to Japanese reckon- the little band of Christians, who truly ing, the "Tiger Year," and as such was out of their poverty made others rich. greatly dreaded by a large proportion of the Japanese people, who felt that it 2. Death. of Prominent Persona must inevitably bring in its wake calami- Japan's losses by death in 1914 were ties of all sorts and kinds, and who were also very great. Among those who consequently only too thankful when it passed away are many whose lives had run its course and they were fairly seemed essential to the welfare of the launchoo on the "Rabbit Year," which nation. First among these stands the might spell monotony, but which would Empress Dowager. A quiet, retiring, assuredly mean less stress and strain. essentially womanly woman, she was still an ardent and wise reformer, and 1. Public Calamities in her the nation lost a representative of the best type of Japanese woman- The year 1914, so the superstitious hood, one who was loved by Old and say, lived up to its reputation! Early New Tapan alike. Out of the long list in January the Hokkaido was visited by a terribly severe famine, as a result of of other nam~s I will only mention which large numbers were starved to death, whole families subsisted on leaves three: Prince Arisugawa, the founder and roots, and parents were forced to of the Japanese Navy, who died in July; sell their daughters into virtual slavery Prince Katsura, one of the greatest in order to keep soul and body together. statesmen of modern times, and to whom we owe the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Hot on the heels of this disaster came who died in October; and Count Aoki, another, for on the 12th of the same one of the few prominent Christian month the southern island of Japan, Japanese statesmen. Kiu-Shiu, was visited by an earthquake so severe that the whole of Sakurajima 3. Outbreak of War (an island in Kagoshima Bay) was des- In August came the outbreak of the troyed, and 20,000 people were left war. What Japan's navy did at Tsingtau homeless and without means of susten- is well known, and a recent letter to the ance. Times from one of our Admirals who was on the spot emphasizes once more A wful as these visitations were, they the valor as well as the humanity of had their bright side. For one thing, her officers and men. Her splendidly the Government came to the aid of the organized Red Cross Society is helping sufferers with a promptitude and in the countries of the Allies. A conhumanity hitherto unknown; and surely tingent of some twenty nurses is in we are not assuming too much when we * From the Church Missionary Review, July. 1915. England; about the same number are in he is in his seventy-seventh year, and, Russia nursing their former enemies; according to custom in the Sunrise Land, while others may be found in France. anyone who has reached the age of What effects the war will have 011 sixty is "Go Inkyo" (honorably retired) Christian Missions in Japan it is difficult and has no further say in either public to say. It was at first greatly feared or private affairs; but Count Okuma is a by some that the sight of Christian glorious exception. He is a liberal and nations at war would inevitably hinder all on the side of reform, an ardent the preaching, or at any rate the accept· patriot, and loved by Old and New ance, of the Gospel of Christ, but so Japan alike. It is reported that lately, far we can thankfully record it is not when speaking of his age, he said that so. Japan's sympathy is entirely with a man was only as old as his heart, and Great Britain. Letters from the front that he felt sure he would be spared to say that Young Japan is more eager work for Japan till he was 120 if his than formerly for the teaching of Christ. beloved country needed him. He has One of the British missionaries writes already suffered somewhat on his under date of December, 1914: country's behalf, an attempt having been "I have found no difficulties, but, on made on his life, which, tho happily the contrary, daily new openings on ac- frnstrated, resulted in the loss of one count of the war. The conduct of leg. He is not an avowed Christian, British troops and the line taken by the but his influence is all on the side of Government henceforth will be of tre- <::hristianity, as he has shown time and mendous importance. The East is again during his long public life.

watching keenly, and any moral failure Markedly was this the case some years on our part will do infinite harm." ago when addressing a mass meeting of 4. Relations with Americ"a students in Tokyo. He was not speak- ing to a Christian audience, or from a The Californian land question is one Christian standpoint, and yet he reiterof the most burning, and alas! it still ated his belief that if Japan were to 'seems as far from settlement as ever. keep her place in the forefront of the It is not so much that the Japanese wish nations, it was Christianity alone which to buy land and settle in California, but would enable her to do so. their plea is that they have a right to the same treatment as Italian and other To his influence may be traced the immigrants, and the solution seems to greater leniency of the Educational Delie, to quote Count Okuma, not so much partment toward Christian Missions, in diplomacy, law, and statesmanship, as and perhaps also the continuance of the in the power of the Christian conscience present Emperor's favorable attitude to· in America and in the teaching of human ward Christianity, as evinced by the gift brotherhood. of $50,000 to St. Luke's Hospital, and possibly also in a minor degree by his 5. Home Politics use of one of our mission schools in The baneful influence of the "Tiger Osaka as a rest-house during the mili· year," so say the superstitious, is trace- tary maneuvers.

able also in the stormy atmosphere of At this time, when Red Cross and home politics. Conditions have been hospital nurses are so much in our terribly strained, but the situation was minds, it may be interesting to note that saved, at any rate for the time, by the the Emperor was greatly imprest with return to office of the veteran states- the beauty and power of Christianity by man, Count Okuma. From a Japanese the faithful witness of a Christian nurse standpoint he is indeed a veteran, for who, at his own request, nursed him

through a severe illness when he was to revivify herself some years ago, and, Crown Prince. finding that Christian methods had so much success, started a campaign on 6. Social Questions the sa.me lines, even going so far as to print "Bibles" in which the only differ- If we turn to social questions in Japan ence from our own was that Buddha's we find that the national conscience is name was substitnted for our Lord's! at last awakening to the terrible indus- Such efforts were naturally doomed to trial and social conditions, and that the failure. Now the nation is faced by Government now, for the first time, is the Hongwanji Buddhist scandals. The working side by side with the Christian priests are accused of living in luxury churches for their amelioration. Plans and extravagance on the offerings of the are being made and carried on for the faithful. The misappropriated money is relief of sufferers from insanity, con- put at the enormous figure of two milsumption, and leprosy, as well as for lion yen, and the whole matter is being the improvement of the condition of investigated by the Government. factory workers. Of the heart-rending condition of the 200,000 lepers in Japan, Sad as all this is, we can surely see who are truly without hope, either for that here also "God is working His purthis world or the world to come, I can pose out." These scandals have helped only say that the Government is at last to plunge the nation into a mood of in some degree recognizing its respon- introspection and self-questioning, and sibility toward these sufferers, and is there is a general holding out of the holding out a hand of fellowship toward people's hands to God. As one result, the four well-known Christian leper several well-known men and women hospitals, two Protestant and two Roman have become Christians; others are Catholic, which have for so long been studying the New Testament and buycarrying on their Christian work, and is ing Bibles in an unprecedented way. In also making plans of its own for the one of the Government colleges alone relief of those suffering from this ter- the students bought one thousand copie!! rible scourge. of the Scriptures, and in another six hundred; while in the normal colleges a Of the condition of the 471,877 wo- Christian professor has been asked to men and children employed in factories give thirty lectures on Christianity. The it has been weI! said that "there is but searching of the nation after God has one life in Japan worse than that of the been emphasized again most strongly by factory slave." Twelve per cent. of the the holding of the second Conference of workers are under fourteen, and most Religions, called together by the eduare working fifteen hours a day, under cational authorities, who invited Shinconditions which are utterly demoral- toists, Buddhists, and Christians to take Izmg. Some of our missionaries have part.. If measured by actual results in long been working among them as far as the shape of formal actions its value is, the conditions would permit, while the perhaps, small, but in so far as it places elder girls from Miss Tristram's school Christianity among the recognized rein Osaka have also had the joy of tell- ligions of Japan its worth is enormous, ing them the Gospel story-which in and we may indeed take courage and go some cases has been eagerly accepted. forward. The Christians proved their moral power in this conference by the 7. Religious Conditions very practical questions which they On turning to the spiritual condition forced the authorities to consider, and of the country, we find that the old re- the general result has been to prove to ligious foundations have long been tottering. Buddhism made a great effort

1 5] THE "TIGER YEAR" IN JAPAN

the Japanese in authority that Chris- 10. The Japanese Language School tianity is a very practical religion and is far more fitted to meet the moral The Japanese Language School is an needs of the nation than any other. accomplished fact, and has received the recognition of the Educational Depart- S. Evangelistic Campaign ment; by this means experienced J apan- ese teachers are now available for all That the Christians themselves are desirous of learning the language. What alive to their responsibilities and to the this will mean to missionaries can great field which lies before them is again best be realized by those who have evinced by the three years' Evangelistic had to learn Japanese as best they Campaign of which the moving spirit is could from teachers who knew no word Dr. Mott, and which has now entered of English. on its second year. It is the direct outcome of the Japan Continuation Com- Even a brief survey of the chief mittee. Foreigners and Japanese of all events of the past year must make us sections of the Christian Church are realize afresh the tremendous opporworking side by side, and it is note- tunities that lie before us in the Sunrise worthy that the leadership of the Cam- Land. Probably there has never been paign is in the hands of the Japanese, a greater conviction on the part of the and that half the needed money is being nation at large as to their need and as raised by them. to the inadequacy of their moral stand- ards, or such constant public utterances Letters from' friends at the front tell by those in authority as to the value of of many encouraging results and of a Christianity for meeting that need. widespread spirit of inquiry, but they emphasize the lack of workers who are To quote from the address of the sadly needed to prepare the soil before- chairman of the Conference of Federhand and to gather in the harvest. The ated Missions held in 1914: Japanese themselves also are still prone perhaps to fall into their old temptation "There is no nation in the East better of speaking above the heads of their prepared for a religious awakening than audience, and using the occasion rather Japan, or one that realizes so well the as an opportunity for showing their value of the Christian character. Japan's powers of oratory than of preaching the recent humiliation over the naval scansimple Gospel. Still, the gigantic effort dals and other national lapses and weakis being owned of God and used to win nesses have served to turn the mind of many souls to Christ, while those who the people toward God." are taking part in it need much prayer and encouragement. The opportunity is tremendous, and our missionaries far too few for the work. 9. Christian Education Spirit-filled men and women are needed as never before to teach, yes, ,but above Christian education in Japan is still a all-in the language of that oft-quoted burning question, and the establishment address of Count Okuma's–Itto live of united Christian Universities for both Christ" before the eyes of the nation; men and women is under discussion. to prove to them that the divine life The Church Missionary Society has al- can be lived by men in purity, sywready decided to cooperate in the Cen- pathy, self-sacrifice, and love; to prov~ tral Theological School in Tokyo which that those who live this life have someincludes representatives of the Society thing which it is worth the while of the for the Propagation of the Gospel, the Japanese to seek, something which will Missionary Society of the Canadian crown all their best ideals and be the Church, and the American Episcopal only answer to all their struggles and Mission. unrest.

Missions In Haiti *

BY THE RT. REV. CHARLES B. COLMORE, D.D. Bishop in Charge of the Work of the Protestant Episcopal Church [In view of the fact that the United States Government has temporarily established a ten-year protectorate over Haiti, "Vest Indies, the following account of work in the island is of special interest.-EDITOR.] 1A-~""""""'''''liil1!J AITI is a black republic, worship allowed by those in authority. and as such presents pe- In the cities, as in most Latin-American culiar difficulties. Whites countries, there is more indifference to there are living in Haiti, religious matters than in the country. but that there are ex- The Church in Port-au-Prince has had tremely few will be read- other difficulties to contend with as well. Three times the city has been burned, ily understood from the fact that the laws and each time our church building has forbid any foreigner to hold property in been destroyed. A temporary structure of wood has been erected in such a way the land. . that when the permanent church is erected they can build over this one and In 1861 the Rev. J. T. Holly went to so not be deprived of a place of wor- ship. There is a great opportunity to Haiti to investigate the conditions there, establish a model missionary work in and he was so enthusiastic about the Port-au-Prince with the threefold accountry that he took his family and tivities of evangelical, educational, and practically the whole of a well-estab- medical work. Two schools have been lished school from New Haven, Conn., begun in the city, which, with proper to cast in their fortunes with those of equipment and supervision, can be helpthe repUblic. This was the beginning of ful. The Protestants say that they have the Protestant episcopal work, which to send their children to the Roman has been fostered by the American Catholic schools as these are the only Church. In 1874, the Rev. Mr. Holly ones which are sufficiently equipped and was chosen Bishop and received his con- organized. secration at the hands of the American Bishops. The Church was now organ- The material at hand may be undeized as an independent body in com- veloped and ignorant, but they are humunion with the Church in the United man beings with souls which are pre- States and was called "The Orthodox cious in the sight of our Heavenly Father. The vision may not be the Apostolic Church in Haiti."t brightest, but it is such as to inspire The country is nominally Roman one to effort for God. After all, it is mission work we are endeavoring to do, Catholic, but altho practically every child and that is to help others to a plane of is baptized, there is still much adherence life higher and nobler and more God-like to the African cults. The people, gener- than that which they know at the presally speaking, are kindly disposed to ent. Is there not a great opportunity other forms of religion, and there has to do God's work right here at our own always been a remarkable liberty of doors, among these less fortunate breth- ren of the Republic of Haiti? t In 1911 Bishop Holly died, and later the Can· vocation of the Orthodox Apostoltc Church voted to request the ChlfTCh ip.. the Un~te~ States. to ,re- ceive the Church In Haltt as a m1sstonary dlstrlct, and at their request Bishop Knight was placed. in charge until such time as the General Convenhon should determine the matter. In 1913 General Convention accepted the cession of territ,ory and placed it under the jurisdiction of the Blshop of Porto Rico.

* From The Living Ch«rch. ~ DEDADTMENT ~ , , OF . '" t;). / ' ……………. ".~…/ / BEST METHODS J CONDUCTED BY BELLE M. BRAIN, COLLEGE HILL, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK MISSIONARY SUGGESTIONS FOR CHRISTMAS ~C ~, HRISTMAS is coming. presents to one another on His birthday Already the shops are than we give in a whole year to win for gorgeous in holiday dress Him as a crown the world He died to save."-WrLLIS R. HOTCHKISS. … and rich in displays that ~ tempt the eye and fire We have made more of Christmas " the imagination. There than we have of Christ.

is the penny mechanical toy for the child We have made Christmas gifts to many people, but few direct to Him.- of the tenement and the costly electrical MRS. MAUD JUNKIN BALDWIN. affair for the child of the avenue. There Christianizing Christmas are make-believe automobiles that cost a "The tendency of late years to make few cents, and really truly ones that cost Christmas a mere holiday, a festival of lavish exchange of presents and of thousands of dollars. There is cheap, material ostentation, has so wrought upon interested church-members that there tawdry jewelry for rough, toil-worn has been a widespread reaction which assumes larger proportions each year," hands and wonderful gems for dainty, wrote William T. Ellis (The Religious Rambler), in his weekly contribution to toil-free fingers. In a few days the streets a syndicate of daily papers shortly be- fore Christmas last year. will be crowded with shoppers spending "The restoration of Christmas as priincredible sums. marily a day of religious significance is being wrought more definitely by the "Through it all I see the pinched faces Sunday-school than by any other agency. Their vast potency enables them to touch of the poor; I hear the sob of the suffer- practically an entire generation at once. So they are introducing the idea of a ing. Over against the gorgeous trap- 'giving Christmas' among the children. The Sunday-school celebrations, with pings of the day is the pathetic spectacle their 'treats' for the children, have been so common that even the joke-makers of a world, two-thirds of which is still know about them.

unreached by the message of a Savior. "All this is being boldly assailed in the ranks of the Sunday-school itself. In Up through the sounds of festivity in an increasing number of schools the chil- honor of the advent of His Son there comes to the ear of God the discordant noises of a world out of harmony with Him.

"A thousand millions have never heard the name of Christ, and yet the placid surface of our indifference is hardly ruffled by the fact. We write sweet nothings and talk sweet platitudes about the Babe of Bethlehem, shutting our eyes to the sight of myriads of children in heathen lands who have never had a chance to hear the story that has glad- dened our lives and gladdens the lives of our children. And we spend more on

dren are being trained to bring gifts to the holidays we have all been longing the Christmas celebration instead of for." taking them away. Mr. Riis proved a true prophet. The To associate Christmas with the un- idea met with such immediate response selfish idea of sacrifice and of service to that now many communities have their others is the goal which has been set. Christmas-trees with people of every In this connection it has become the nationality and every walk of life gatherusage in many denominations to make ing '!round them to sing the much-loved a Christmas offering for home and for- hymns of the Nativity. eign missions. The day is primarily the incarnation of the missionary idea, and But not every community is making the growth of gifts at this season for full use of the opportunity the tree afcarrying the Gospel into lands afar has fords to bind together the various nationbeen very marked in recent years." alities included in its population. Every- where it serves to rally the people to a As we are succeeding in a nation-wide new recognition of the fact that Christ- effort to crowd out the insane celebra- mas is the birthday of the Christ, but tion of the Fourth of July, let the missionary workers especially should see churches and Sunday-schools take cour- to it that it also preaches a winsome ser- age and begin at once a united move- mon on inter-racial brotherhood and fur- ment in every town to have an unselfish nishes a place where Italians and Poles, and joyous Christian celebration of the Swedes and Lithuanians may mingle "holidays" which many have forgotten with one another and with Americans, means "holy days !"-WILBUR F. CRAFTS, and, for the time at least, forget race- D.D. prejudice in the common homage they offer to the Christ. THE COMMUNITY CHRISTMAS TREE Some of the smaller communities, no- No nation ever had a more wonderful tably in Massachusetts, have taken the opportunity than America at the present lead in this. At Fitchburg each nationtime. The whole world has come to us ality was invited to sing national airs and we can, if we will, preach the Gos- and Christmas hymns around the tree, pel to the whole world from our own each in its own language. And at Southdoorstep. Christmas affords many op- wick an important feature of the proportunities for doing this if only we will gram was as follows: make use of them. Christmas Exercises in Many Tongues: The Community Christmas-tree is one 1. In English by School-children. of these. From the day, three years ago, 2. In Polish by Polish-Americans. when a wonderful 60-foot tree in Madi- 3. In Swedish by Swedish-Americans. son Square, with blazing star, gave all 4. In Italian by Italian-Americans. New York a sense of brotherhood, a new note has been sounded in the country at On the front cover of Southwick's at- Christmas time. tractive program this bit of rime was printed which served as the motto of the "Doubtless this tree in Madison Square day: was the first of a great many such THE FIRST TOWN TREE Christmas-trees in America," wrote Ja- "Tho differing in ways and speech, cob Riis, from whom it is said the seed- 'vVe gather round our Christmas tree, thought originally came. "Indeed, it was Our Christmas thought this day shal1 born a twin-its sister grew the same be, night on Boston Common. But it was more than the first tree. It was a mile- Each one for all and all for each." stone marking the new appreciation of

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On the back cover a Christmas mes- United States, because she had been in- sage was printed in the varied speech of vited to spend her Christmas vacation the town-English, Swedish, Italian, and in a fellow student's home. Polish.* "For the sake of the great plastic YOUR CHRISTMAS GUESTS nations they represent, the future of which they will so deeply influence, I be- Inviting a foreign student to spend speak for the Oriental students in this the Christmas holidays in a Christian country the friendship of Christian home, or even to spend an evening or people who will put them in touch with partake of a single meal, is a beautiful the people and influences most helpful service to a lonely soul which may, with to them."

the blessing of God, result in great Last Christmas Mrs. Henry W. Pea- things for foreign missions. body invited six of the young Chinese "Especially would I bespeak for the girls, who had recently come to New Oriental students in this country the hos- York as students under the Indemnity pitality of Christian homes," said Miss Fund, to spend Christmas with her in Margaret Burton, Foreign Secretary of her beautiful country home in Beverly, the Young Women's Christian Associa- Mass. There was a trip to Boston on tion, in an address at the Student Volun- Christmas Eve with dinner in town, the teer Movement at Kansas City last year. great Christmas tree on Boston Com- "One of the first Orientals that studied mon, the carols on Beacon Hill, and the in the United States said, many years stores with their Christmas goods and after his return to his native land, in gay decorations. Returning home, stock- looking back on his years here, that the ings were hung by the fireplace and early greatest blessing of his life in America Christmas morning, before it was light, was the opportunity it gave him to know Mrs. Peabody was awakened by a chorus the home life of our people. of joyous Chinese voices which sang "It would be ideal if all Oriental stu- just outside her door, first, "Holy Night"

dents could live in American homes while in their native Chinese, then, "0, Come here; but where this is not possible it All Ye Faithful," in English..

means much to them to be welcomed into Other beautiful homes in and around American households at vacation times, Boston had also been opened to this first for week-ends, or even for single meals. company of women Indemnity Students, Few experiences are so highly appre- so that each of the young women was ciated by them. One young girl who able to spend her first American Christ- has been in the United States almost two mas in a real Christian home. There years told me that so far she had had were many festivities during the week, almost no opportunity to know what our the crowning of which was a reception homes are like, and that she was most on New Year's Day at Mrs. Peabody's eager to know American family life. home to which all the officers of the Judging from a letter I received from ,,vomen's Foreign Missionary Boards in her just before the Christmas holidays, Boston and vicinity were invited.

that time would probably be the hap- To the girls it was not only a time of piest she has known since coming to the great enjoyment but of very great privi- lege. "The best time I ever had," said * Excellent articles on "The Community Christ· one of the most homesick ones to Miss mas Tree," with many suggestions, will be found Burton. "But the things we loved bes(" in The Survey, December 5, 1914, pages 258-260: wrote another after recounting all the The Craftsman, February, 1913, pages 497-500: and good times, "were the morning prayers Overland. December. 1914. pages 561-2. As these and the quiet talks with Mrs. Peabody." magazines are on file in most public libraries they can easily be consulted. See also HThe Christmas Spirit," by Irene Mason, Missionary Education Movement, price 10 cents.

The hostesses, too, had their reward. of them of such general interest as to Most of the young women are products be acceptable to persons who have little of Christian Mission Schools in or near or no interest in missions. The follow- Shanghai and Canton, and by their quiet, ing belong to this class: modest demeanor and sweet Christian characters, made a most favorable im- "Love Story of a Maiden of Cathay." pression. "It may be a pleasure to the (Revell.) . 50 cents. Chinese girls to be in our homes," said a charming hostess to Miss Burton, "but "Love Stories of Great Missionaries." I can assure you that it means more to (Revell.) 50 cents. us to have them than it can mean to them to come." "The Little Green God." (Revell.) 7S cents. The Oriental students are by no means the only foreign students in colleges and Grenfell's books, "Harvest of the Sea" preparatory schools. There are thou- (Revell, $1.00) and "Off the Rocks" (Sunsands of them from Mexico, South day-School Times Company, $1.00). America, and indeed almost every missionary land. What a joy it would be Steiner's "The Broken Wall." (Revell.) and how much it might mean to the $1.00. Kingdom of God if each of them should this year share in the festivities in honor For the dog-lover, be he man or boy, of the Christ Child in a Christian Amer- Egerton R. Young's stories of his misican home! sionary dogs, "My Dogs in the North- land," would be especially good. (Revell, YOUR CHRISTMAS GIFTS $1.25. ) By selecting things missionary in 3. Games. The game, "Who's Who character Christmas gifts may be made in Missions" (Sunday-School Times to do double duty. They may not only Company, 50 cents), would be approserve as reminders of love and friend- priate for children and adults who wish ship but will perhaps be the means to become familiar with the faces and of awakening an interest in the great task the Savior of the world has placed mprl.iSn.ScliOpanlane.evse.nts in the lives of fifty great in the hands of His Church. Here are a few suggestions: 4. Pins and badges. For members of women's missionary societies, the pretty 1. A subscription to a missionary mag- little "Coronation Pin" adopted by the azine, denominational or interdenomi- Federation of Women's Foreign Misnational. THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF sionary Societies as their official badge, THE WORLD, with its broad view of world would be a pleasing gift. These may conditions, its wealth of fine pictures and be ordered from any woman's board at its practical helps, makes an ideal gift. 35 cents for composit metal and $1.75 The same is true of Everyland for the for solid gold. There are also denomichildren and Men and Missions for the national pins especially in young women. The publishers of almost all mis- men's and children's societies, that would sionary magazines are prepared to send make pretty gifts. attractive gift certificates bearing the name of the donor so as to reach the 5. Curios. For Sunday-school classes recipient on Christmas Day. there is nothing better than some little 2. A missionary book. There are curio from a missionary land. In small many inexpensive missionary books that cities where there is no oriental store it would make ideal Christmas gifts, some is not always possible to get them, but by searching through the ten-cent stores they may sometimes be found. A pair of chopsticks would be a great novelty to many children, and boys especially would be pleased with the little cowrie shell stick-pins which may be obtained

15] DEPARTMENT OF BEST METHODS 86~

in lots of ten or more at the rate of 2 members of the Sunday-school and cents each from the David C. Cook Pub- church, or shall we impress anew the lishing Company, Elgin, Ill. Cowrie real significance of Christmas Day and shells formerly took the place of money give expression to the Christmas spirit in many parts of Africa, and it will add by gifts to those who are less fortunate? to the value of the pins if something is told of the use of the shells. For this The great danger in many Christmas see "Eighteen Years in Uganda," by celebrations is to forget the tidings of Bishop Tucker, page 339, vo!. 2. great joy and let the Christmas season lose its real meaning to the hearts of The following novelties put out by the men. More emphasis needs to be placed Beacon Hill Farm Association, Fu- upon the fact that it is Christ's birthday, chau, China, would also make good and that through His coming, His life, His death and His resurrection, we now gifts: (1) Little leaden boxes of Jas- have the Christmas cheer and the spirit of peace and good-will toward men.- mine Flower Scented Tea, which has a JANE B. SMITH, Hartford School of Redelicate and most unusual flavor. Price ligious Pedagogy, in The Sunday School 25 cents a box, postage 4 cents extra. Times. (2) Packages of Chinese Lang-gang, containing four, five, or five and a half If Christ Had Not Come yards, according to the grade. This is a narrow, hand-woven ribbon in attrac- Some months ago a little story was tive designs and gay colors, used in published in The Epworth Herald that trimming women's dresses and shoes, can be made the basis of a very effective and is fine for tying Christmas pack- object lesson for a Christmas program. ages. Price 25 cents a package, 5 pack- Nothing better could be found to give ages for $1.00 to one address. (3) children some idea of the social value of Christmas and New Year's Rainbow foreign missions. Flag Book-mark souvenirs in Chinese envelops ready for mailing. Price 7 A little girl had been given a very cents each, 4 for 25 cents, 20 for $1.00 to complete model of a village, which she one address. All these may be obtained liked to play with very much. from Miss Emily S. Hartwell, Fuchau, China. The tea may also be had (usu- "What kind of a town is it?" her father ally without delay) from Miss Flora asked one morning when she had set it Starr, 718 Simpson Street, Evanston, up. II!., and the Lang-gang and souvenirs from Miss Sarah Avery, 14 King Street, "Oh. a Christian town," the child Worcester, Mass. All profits go to the answered. support of children in China who would otherwise either starve or be sold. "Suppose we make it a heathen town," the father suggested. "What must we THE CHRISTMAS PROGRAM'" take out?"

The Chief Aim.-In planning for a "The church," promptly answered the Christmas program thoughtful Sunday- little girl, taking it out. school workers must seriously consider the purpose of the program. Shall we "Is that all?" the father asked. aim only to amuse and entertain the "I guess so," the child answered. "No, indeed," her father said. Then * The Best Methods Department of THE M,S· he took out the public school and the library. ~IONARY REVIEW for December, 1913, and Novem- "Anything else?" asked the child. ber, 1914, contained a large number of suggestions "Isn't that a hospital over there?" for Christmas missionary programs. Others may "Yes; but, father, they have hospitals, be found in "The Christmas Spirit," by Irene don't they?" Mason, Missionary Education Movement, price 10 "Not in heathen countries," he excents.

plained. "It was Christ who taught us continuous impulse by which the original to care for the sick and feeble ones." light of Christ's revelation has been spread over all the world. Taking a large The little girl looked soberly around candle to symbolize this original light of the little town and presently took away Christ's truth, the Apostles, Evangelists, also the Old Ladies' Home, the Orphans' and St. Paul are lighted directly from Home, and the Insane Asylum. this. It is the Christ-light burning in another life, fed by that life's experience. "Why, father," she exclaimed, "there's From St. Paul the light is given to St. not one good thing left. I wouldn't live Luke and the Churches of Asia Minor, in such a town for anything." Rome and Greece. From Rome it is given to Europe, from Europe to England, and In using this as a Christmas object- thence by the way of our Church and lesson the model of a little village such others, on and on. The transmission and as is described in the story should be multiplication of the original light must provided. This can either be purchased go on until the whole world shines with or made from cardboard. The patterns Christ. The candle-flames may be so and directions for making a Japanese arranged that at the end they will form house given in "Missionary Helps for a cross of light, stretching out its arms Junior Leaders,"* pages 11 and 13, to infinite need. would help in this. The liquid glue now obtainable in tubes will he found of great "For equipment use a short step-ladassistance. der, draped, and the requisite number of candles (29 in this case), of which one, The subject matter may be given either to represent Christ, should be very large. by two persons-an adult and a childwho impersonate the father and daughter, or by some one person who takes the part of the father and calls forth the child's part from the school. The latter plan would probably make the most lasting impression.

If greater length is desired, the dialog can· easily be elaborated by having the father add brief statements concerning the .animal hospitals of India and the treatment of the sick and insane in lands where Christ is not known.

Christ the Light of the World Order of the Candle-LighlillY The following object-lesson on mis- 1. Christ. sionary history devised by the Rev. P . .R. Osgood of the Protestant Episcopal 2. St. Matthew } From Christ Church and printed in The Spirit of 3. St. Mark 111issions, is especially appropriate for the Christmas program. Care should be 4. St. John taken to guard against fire. Do not place the candles too close together, as the heat 'of so many lighted at once will tend to soften them and make them bend over.

'The missionary enthusiasm of the Church," says Mr. Osgood, "has been a * "Missionary Helps for Junior Leaders," by Margaret Tyson Applegarth , and. Nellie Prescott. . Central' C01Dmittee on Unite<!Study' of . Foreign Missions, West Medford, Mass. Price, 25 cents.

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j516 oTtheenr having a getting Christmas we have a 7 Apostles giving Christmas and help them out." ~ tak~~h~ ~lace 10 of Judas From Christ This met with an enthusiastic response and mite-boxes were at once distributed. 11 Two Evan- Every Sunday items of information were 12 gelists presented to keep up the interest, and each class was asked to keep its gifts 13 were secret. When at last Christmas Eve 14 Apostles) came, when the gifts were to be brought in, the church was beautifully decorated. (15) St. Paul- From Christ Miracu- "Never was there a more gorgeous tree, lously nor a more crowded audience," says one of the members. 16. St. Luke-From St. Paul After the opening exercises the pastor 17. Asia MinOr} From St. Paul called the classes, the superintendent and 18. Rome assistant standing by with pad and pen- cil. When Class 1 was called, a tiny 19. Greece girl came through the crowded aisles carrying the gift of the primary class. 20. Europe-From Rome "Nine dollars," she whispered as she 2l. England-From Europe. handed the money to the treasurer. "Nine dollars," announced the superintendent 22. U. S.-From England. of the school. "Class 2" brought a small 23. Canada-From England. boy of six, who announced "Seven dol- 1 So far as our lars and seventy-six cents," as he proud- 24. JCahpianna ly handed it in. 25. 26. Africa As class after class responded, the in- Church is con- terest became intense. The room was 27. South America cerned, from the very still, the children hardly daring to 28. Alaska I United States breathe lest they lose some announce- 29. Philippines J ment. $28 from one class was greeted by a chorus of supprest A Christmas Gift to the Laurel Country "Oh's" from all over the room, and $32 from another capped the climax. The A few years ago, when a Presbyterian last gift was $5, from a member of Sunday-school in Cadillac, Michigan, the school who has since gone to China. was asked to help send a missionary When the sum total, $235.00, was anteacher to the mountaineers in the Laurel nounced, a hush fell upon the school, Country, South Carolina, the superin- which was broken by the superintendent tendent resolved to make it a special ob- saying, "The Laurel Mountain children ject at the coming Christmas. The Home will have their teacher. Let us sing, Mission Monthly tells of his success. 'Fraise God, from whom all blessings The first thing he did was to tell the flow.' " children something about these people isolated in the Southern Mountains. N ext he read a letter asking for a teacher for them, and at the close made his appeal. "We can not have those boys and men come over the hard trail for news of what we will do for them," he said, "and then go home to the girls and women with the word that Cadillac Sunday-school will not send them a missionary teacher. I move that instead of He knows, and loves, and cares- Nothing this truth can dim- And does the very best for those Who leave the choice with Him.

WODLD-W1DE

MISSI AnY NEWS LATIN AMERICA the theory of Christianity without this service. Why has not the Church seen Protestants in the Mexican Crisis this wonderful opportunity here in Mexico as well as in the remote corners A WRITER in The Missionary Sur- of the earth. The best hospitals and vey says that the Protestant Church sanitary cars of the country are mere in Mexico is wielding a tremendous in- makeshifts. The wounded are not atfluence-not as a Church, but through tended to, principally because they have the individual members now associated an inadequate corps of doctors and in the various armies. It is said that helpers-inadequate in numbers and igthe wife of Carranza, the first chief of norant of the first principles of sanitathe Constitutional army, is a Protestant, tion and first aid; also for lack of inand he himself, tho not actually a mem- terest and a lack of funds and of heads. ber of the Protestant Church, is openly It is the way the average Mexican does friendly. Many of the native ministers the average thing. Fortunately, I have hold positions of importance in the had Protestant Mexicans to help· me and various armies, and the story goes that they are always different. in all of the armies there is not a single Protestant who was enrolled as a pri- AA Mixed Multitude in Argentina vate. Whether that statement be strict- VIVID glimpse of the cosmopolitan ly accurate or not, it certainly indicates immigration into Argentina-where the part that Protestants are playing in more than 300,000 newcomers arrive the hour of the nation's crisis. A mis- each year-is given in a letter from sionary who has spent years in Mexico Mr. W. C. K. Torre. The following says that he has not heard the word paragraphs are of special interest: "Protestante" used in contempt since the We have in this city of Buenos Ayres opening of the revolution. 1,500,000 souls, and the population in- creases. With the natural growth and Medical Opportunities in Mexico the inflowing tide of immigrants from Europe, the need seems to me to be in- E VEN in the midst of revolution and creasing. The other day I asked a turmoil in Mexico there is still a call brother who has been visiting the imfor missionaty work. Miss Mary migrants on arrival, distributing Gospels Turner of the Presbyterian Mission among them and seeking to help them, writes from the hospital in Aguas if he would go out into the street, Calientes: If Christian doctors and speak to the first 20 men he met, and • nurses could know how great the needs see what they knew of the Bible. He are here for efficient help and money, did so, and the result is most instructhere would certainly be a few who tive. These twenty men represented would volunteer to come and a few of 6 different nationalities-Spanish, Ital~ the rich who would send them. The ian, Servian, Uruguayan, Portuguese, evangelical Church could gain more and Rumanian. The Uruguayan said within a few months of practical service he had read portions of the Bible. One in the army of wounded and ill, than with years of preaching and teaching

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

Spaniard knew something about the special interests as Bible study with all Bible, but he had never read it. A departments-city, college, railroad, etc. Portuguese said he had read the Bible. An Italian had read the Bible and Mr. Mott is to have two associate seemed to have faith in the Lord Jesus. general secretaries, Frederick B. Shipp, Another Spaniard said he had studied who will give special attention to the at a Jesuit College in Spain, but he had business concerns of the committee, and never had a Bible in his hands. And Fletcher S. Brockman, who is called what about the other 15? N one of home from service in China to at- them had ever seen a Bible, and by tend to the foreign department and to their replies they knew nothing about serve as lieutenant to Mr. Mott in special it.-Bible in the World. tasks within the home department as well. Charles D. Hurrey, who has been Brazilians Publicly Accept Christianity the executive of the college department, succeeds in the foreign student's de- D URING the past month we have had partment Willard D. Lyon, who has gone the joy of reaping some of the re- out to Shanghai, while David R. Porter sults of our sowing. At Pirassununga is promoted from high school work to fill we received fifteen on profession of Mr. Hurrey's position among American faith, and seven at Santa Rita, leaving college men. Mr. Mott will continue on the roll of candidates several who had without cessation his work on the Conapplied for membership in the Church. tinuation Committee of the vVorld's Mis- In the last week several, the majority of sionary Conference and on the World's them men, have publicly accepted Christ. Christian Federation. At Dourado where we opened work in January, I preached three nights in suc- A A Baptist Five-Year Program cession, using the stereopticon for the T its meeting in Los Angeles in May, first time at that point. My congrega- the Northern Baptist Convention tions varied from one hundred and adopted the following five-year program ninety the first night to almost five hun- of aggressive spiritual activity, which dred the last night, and many were takes as its obj ective the development of turned away. At the close of the last every church into an evangelistic and service I gave the people an opportunity social force in its community. The defito accept Christ, and thirty-three re- nite goals set before the denomination sponded.-W. G. BORCHERS, Santa Rita, by this program are: A million addi- Brazil. tions to the churches by baptism; a mis- sionary force of 5,000 men and women NORTH AMERICA in America and the non-Christian world; two million dollars of endowment for John R. Matt's New Work the Ministers and Missionaries Benefit Board; six million dollars for additional JOHN R. Mott has accepted the posi- educational endowment and equipment tion of general secretary of the Inter- at home and abroad; an annual income national Committee of Young Men's of six million dollars for missions and Christian Associations as successor to benevolence. The methods recom- Richard C. Morse, who has been the mended for the accomplishment of this official leader of American Young Men's high aim are: A persistent, pervasive Christian Associations since his election Evangelism-personal, pastoral and voas general secretary in 1869. cational; the systematic and propor- tionate giving of not less than one-tenth The entrance of Mr. Mott upon this of the income, with larger giving by new service involves a complete re- those of larger resources; the Annual organization of the International Committee staff, and efficiency has further been promoted by a plan relating such

Every-Member Canvass for weekly the closed door of a church. The text giving and spiritual efficiency; an in- has a militant note reading; "Men creasing emphasis on education-Bib- wanted, National Missionary Campaign, lical, missionary and scholastic; the de- 1915-1916. Enlist for World Service. velopment of every Church in social Conventions in 75 cities." service; prevailing prayer-personal, public and social. As a reminder of the aims of this National Campaign it may be well to The Episcopal Emergency Fund quote from the call issued by the movement at its Lake Geneva con- W ITH the $375,000 contributed to vention; To the end of making oc- the Emergency Fund of the Prot- casion for such deep and grave inquiry estant Episcopal Church Board of Mis- and such lofty resolution as the great sions, the emergency has been met, even day in which we live requires of us all, tho the fund was not completed on Sep- the movement has provided-as it trusts tember 1St. In other words, the mis- under inspiration of the Spirit of God sionary treasury is practically out of -for holding great rallies for men of debt for the first time in eight years! the Church in seventy-five distributed The church has not only given the Emer- and accessible centers of American popugency Fund of $375,000, but has also ex- lation from October of the present year ceeded by $20,000 its gifts on the regular to April of the next. To each of these apportionment; so that about $400,000 there will come chosen leaders of over and above the giving of last year thought and action, to lay before such has come into the treasury. as are desirous to meet and confer there- upon the great charge of God to His con- One feature worth noting is that the temporary Church, the measureless fund has not been padded or inflated in resources with which He has enriched any way. There have been no com- His people for the doing of His will, and mittees of two waiting upon wealthy the means which will fairly put to test churchmen, and no whirlwind canvass the primary question of the agesmethods; neither were any large sums whether the followers of Christ are inheld back to be announced at the last deed able to take the world for Him. moment. The largest gift was $5,000 and there have been about 8,000 con- A New Inter-Church Commission tributions. The giving was real, spontaneous and personal; it represents de- INCREASED Christian efficiency in sire rather than pressure. dealing with community problems which concern the Church is the task set National Missionary Campaign for the new commission of the Federal Council of the churches of Christ in A POSTER in· four colors is to be America. Last June a conference of displayed in front of thousands of representatives from Christian organizachurches to announce the National Mis- tions doing cooperative work on a nasionary Campaign, the opening feature tional scale, was held at Atlantic City. of which is a great interdenominational Strong delegations were present from convention for men in Chicago, begin- such organizations as the Laymen's ning October 14th and closing next April Missionary Movement, the International in Washington, D. C. Sunday School Association, the Inter- national Committee of Y. M. C. A., the The poster is symbolical of both home National Board of the Y. W. C. A., the and foreign missions, the non-Christian Home Missions Council and other simiworld being typified by a great idol with lar organizations. This conference a group of worshipers before it, and mission work at home by a man standing bewildered in a city street before

asked the Federal Council to form a worship, and the Archbishop pointed out commission to make a careful survey of that England on her knees at home can all federated work now being carried on accomplish more perhaps than England throughout the country, to help federa- fighting in or out of trenches abroad. tions already formed, and to cooperate It is reported that a national movement in forming new ones where conditions has sprung up in the churches of Engwere favorable. land and Scotland in favor of family prayers in the home. It is said that This commission has been organized Free and Established church people are The membership in a large measure re- interested in about equal numbers, and presents unofficially the movement which that speakers are setting out to the protook part in the Atlantic City confer- vinces to talk in its fayor.-The Churchence. It is thus practically a federation man. of federated movements, and Rev. Roy B. Guild was elected Executive Secre- Jewish "Endeavor" Movement tary. AN interesting development is in prog- EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN ress in connection with the Kil- burn and Brondesbury Hebrew and British Charity Religion Classes. In order to provide a "Jewish atmosphere" for young THE world-war has produced world- people who might otherwise suffer from charity on a scale hitherto unknown. religious neglect, juvenile services have The total value of British contributions been arranged in the local synagog, last year is estimated at $125,000,000. If whereat young Israelites have been engifts from the British possessions are couraged to read the liturgy and to added, the amount will be nearer $175,- carry through the general proceedings 000,000. Australian contributions in of public worship. In short, there has money alone exceeded $15,000,000. The arisen in the midst of Jewry an ana- Prince of Wales Fund for the year log of the world-wide Christian Enreached a total of $27,500,000, and local deavor movement, and impartial obcontributions brought this up to $40,000,- servers declare that it promises to pro- 000. The Belgian Relief Commission mote reverence and an intelligent incollected nearly $10,000,000 and the terest in the services of the synagog. Times Red Cross Fund brought in Letters in the Jewish papers show that $8,000,000. the movement has not yet passed the stage of opposition. . A Revival of Family Prayer THE CONTINENT THREE marked tendencies in the re- ligious life of England and Scotland A War Prison Y. M. C. A. to-day are by many observers attributed to the war. One is a popular wave of THE bringing together of great enthusiasm for family prayer. Another bodies of young men in military hosis better observance of Sunday as a day pitals and in camps as prisoners of war of rest. And the third is such measure offers an almost unprecedented opporof cooperation between the Anglican tunity for Christian work, and the Inand Free Churches as was not dreamed ternational Y. M. C. A. has not been possible one year ago. A great meeting slow in recognizing this. In response has recently been held in London, at- to a formal inquiry, the German War tended by Free and Established church- Ministry stated that they would welmen in about equal numbers, and having come the cooperation of the Young for chairman a Free Church layman and Men's Christian Association in the work for principal speaker the Archbishop of Canterbury. The subject was family

for the prisoners of war, and in con- and love among differing races. I ex- sequence there has been erected near perience this fact every year at the GOttingen the first war prison Y. M. C. Eastern Conference at Teschen in Aus- A. building in the world. It contains a trian Silesia. German and Polish large hall, which will be used for wor- brethren sing the same hymns at the ship by pastors, priests, and rabbi; for same time in their respective" tongues. concerts and lectures, and as a reading One prays in Polish and is immediately room; a small hall as a quiet room for followed by another in German. I prayer, also for choir and orchestra prac- rejoice greatly to be a connecting link tises, and three small rooms for edu- in all Austria for these little groups- cational work. The equipment consists Bohemian, Polish, Hungarian, German, of a library of English, French, and Slovak, and Ruthenian. It is gratify- Russian books, piano, harmonium, ing to see how the Gospel is beginning tables, benches, blackboards, maps, and to gain entry among the Slovaks. pictures. Brother Chraska, a member of the Free Reformed Church, has just completed "In front of the building, which is a translation of the Bible into Slovenbeautifully situated, the Commandant ish and along with him a young, fiery has had laid out a formal garden. The Slovene believer, Brother Chlastan, has building was put up by the men them- started to spread the Bible among his selves, and they are also making the people. He has done this without legal equipment." authority and has had, consequently, to suffer fine and imprisonment repeat- The extension of similar work in the edly. The Society of Christian Enmilitary camps of Germany is under the deavor in Agram, under the active direction of a committee appointed by leadership of Mr. Schumacher, a school the National Committee of the German principal, proposes to engage a mis- Y. M. C. A. sionary for the Croats.-Recard of Christian Work. The Bible in Ireland Indian Troops in Europe T HE annual report of the Bible and Colportage Society for Ireland rec- THE Y. M. C. A. of India has been ords a welcome increase in sales for the making a record in its service to year. In Ireland, as a rule, the colporteur confines his attention to scat- the native troop contingents sent to tered country districts, where the people Europe. All the money for this extra live far from book-shops, and where the work has been raised in India. Beginmeans of getting literature is difficult. nings were made by the Bombay Asso- It is here the agent does some of his best ciation as the native troops came pourwork as a missionary and evangelist, as ing into the city for embarkation. Last well as "the man with the Book." Dur- October, twelve secretaries sailed from ing the year 5,500 copies of the Scrip- Bombay to be with the troops in tures were disposed of, and nearly 20,000 France, among them being Dr. S. K. tracts and booklets distributed. Datta, one of the young leaders in the Indian church to-day. They organize Sure Cure for Race Hatred literary, athletic, and social events, pASTOR MONSKY, Secretary of the provide post-office facilities, write let- ters for the natives by the ten thou- Evangelical Society of Austria, sand, issue a little paper in Urdu to affirms that the unhappy racial ani- furnish them with war and home news, mosities of that land cease within the run barber shops, sell mustard oil, circles of the Gemeinschaft (evangelical Christians) . "Where Jesus is really in men's hearts there are peace

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carry stuffs, soap, matches, etc., and countries as gifts of American Sunday- actually hold French classes for the school scholars, is trying hard to meet Hindu officers, having issued 25,000 the great demands that are being made copies of a booklet of French-Urdu upon it. Rev. A. C. Harte, working in phrases. The secretaries are both In- prison-camps in Germany writes: "I dians and Englishmen. am beginning to distribute the Testa- REV.Russian Protestants in War-Time ments, and long before this reaches you, I will have used up the 40,000. WILLIAM FETLER, the Rus- . It will be good if you can get another sian Baptist preacher, who, as the 40,000 or 80,000 for us." REVIEW has already stated, is now in A worker in Austria writes: "Thou- New York, is far from enthusiastic sands of soldiers and prisoners of war over the prospects of real and general :n this way get their own New Testareligious liberty being soon established ment or a copy of the Gospels which in that country. Many signs since the most of them never possest before. outbreak of the war, such as a new That the men in the trenches prize the spirit toward the Jews and the Poles, gift is evident from extracts from solhave encouraged English observers to diers' letters, such as these; . predict an era of liberalization, but "A book in the trenches is better Mr. Fetler is inclined to quite the op- than the knapsack full of provisions. posite forecast. At least, the Protes- Anyone who has spiritual food for us tants of Russia have experienced more is welcome." trouble since war began than for a long "We are hungry after spiritual food. time before it. My library consists of Faust, Lillien- Immediately after Russia plunged cron's Selected Poems, and the New into the great European struggle, Testament which one has learned again officious government agents recalled to read." that the Stundists-the original Rus- sian Protestants-were mostly non- MOSLEM LANDS resistants, and on principle opposed to The Future of Armenia war. Also, it was remembered that the Stundists arose originally in a German A CORRESPONDENT in the Mancolony within Russian bounds. On cheJ:ter Guardian, referring to Art. these grounds it was assumed that Rus- 61 of the Berlin Treaty, writes: sian Protestants were likely to be sympathetic with the enemies of the nation, "When the general settlement takes or at least indifferent to the progress place at the close of the war, the Powers of the war. Shortly after Mr. FetIer's should not forget the interests of the arrest and exile, already described, Armenians, and that not for the sake of eleven other Protestant preachers were the Armenians alone, but also for the sake banished, ten of them being sent to of Turkey and of the maintenance of Siberia. It seems plain that the most peace in Europe. Because if Armenia bigoted party of the Russian orthodox is allowed to remain in her present church has employed the war situation wretched condition she will surely convery skilfully to its own advantage. tinue to appeal to Europe and to Eng- land for help, and Europe, being moved, will seek to interfere, and thus the East- Testaments Wanted in Germany ern question will still remain open.

THE "Million Testament" Movement, "It is evident that the geographical inaugurated by the World's Sunday- and ethnological conditions of Armenia school Association to send Testaments do not permit of her being constituted and Gospels to soldiers in the warring an autonomous unit. Being a commer-

cial people in the towns, and agricultural elements of arithmetic and science. The in the rural districts, what they demand boy must drone away aloud at the is the possibility of carrying on their bus- strange rhythmic sentences without a iness, commerce and agriculture, with- word of interpretation from the teacher, out being molested by the lawless. There until he has memorized the Koran from is no need of elaborate schemes or drafts cover to cover! The Koran has some of new laws. It is quite sufficient that exalted portions, approaching in style a governor-general be appointed with and power the Book of Psalms and the consent of the Ambassadors of the Job; but as a whole it has had a degrad- Powers for a number of years. The ing and retarding influence both on the jurisdiction of this governor would ex- personal and social life. It is after all tend over the six vilayets mostly popu- a reflection of the tragedy of Mohamlated by the Armenians. This governor, med's Iife-a character gifted with rare endowed with judicial and executive spiritual powers, but under the stress of powers, would be responsible for the temptation yielding to lust, revenge, depeace and tranquility of the country ceit and the fire of fanaticism.-REv. and for the carrying out of the laws. STEPHEN V AN R. TROWBRIDGE. The governor should organize and have at his disposal a local force of militia INDIA recruited from the inhabitants, and in the case of need the military forces of German Missionaries in India the country would also be at his command. Such a governor would be quite THE British government of India capable of pacifying the country and in- has decided that all enemy aliens troducing good government, happiness in that country must be either interned and contentment in those lawless prov- or deported. The decision wiII chiefly Inces. affect the German missionaries, of whom there are a large number in A A Need of Moslem Children India. At the beginning of July, a NEED which characterizes the child considerable number of these mission- life of Moslem lands is for a Holy aries had' been removed from Assam, Book that can be understood and that is Behar and Orissa, but a fair number in the common language of the country. still remained, especially in the dis- I have often looked in upon a room full triCts of Chota Nagpur, where a Luof Turkish school boys seated cross- theran mission long has been establegged on the floor, each with his Koran lished. At the beginning of April in front of him, memorizing each line there were 442 alien enemy missionin that strange Arabic language of which aries in the whole of India, of whom he knows nothing save the alphabet. The 115 had been interned or paroled. Only Koran is a little longer than the New a few Germans and Austrians were Testament and contains a confusion of pt:rmitted to remain at large in Upper ecstatic poetry, historic legends, cere- India, and those now have been sent monial laws, and personal adventures of to the detention camp at Dagshai in the Prophet. All this is in a language the Simla district. and style as unintelligible to a Turkish or a Persian boy as Virgil's "JEneid" The work of the Schleswig-Holwould be to a boy in one of our grammar stein Mission in India has been comschools. He is under the sharp eye and pelled to stop because of the war. At threatening rod of the schoolmaster, the beginning of the war Superintenwhose whole training has been in schol- dent Timmke dismissed 200 boarding astic Moslem theology, instead of in the pupils and 78 seminarists and 194 teacher helpers who were laboring in baptismal instruction, etc. ; teachers were placed on half pay and the gov-

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ernment was successfully petitioned to these ten years. Everywhere we went take over the expense of the upkeep we could hear the people talking of of the seminary, three high schools and "The Jesus Church." Great crowds two hospitals. The male missionaries came for all the services. Except for were all placed in concentration camps two or three times when it was raining at Ahmednagar near Bombay, while the hard, the tent, seating about one thou- women and children were taken to sand, was full and most of the time more Waltair. Two sisters were allowed to than full. Fully 2,500 people attended return to Europe. The imprisoned the services each day for twelve days.

missionaries are compelled by the sub- All classes cam~. Some 1,200 portions ordinate officers to do hard labor daily. of the Scripture were sold, and 4,000 Superintendent Timmke is only allowed tracts distributed. Over 200 proba- to write once a month to the mission tioners were enlisted.

stations where there are 17,000 Chris- tians and 7,000 catechumen without an Modern Methods in Chuchow ordained native pastor. Missionary THE report of the missionaries in N eudorffer of the General Council of Chuchow, China, brings together a the Lutheran Church of North America was able to visit the field twice and striking group of facts which illustrate was of great help and benefit.-All- both the wonderful transition in China gemeine Missions Nachrichten, August, and the marvelous openings for the 1915. Gospel there now. In a small $3,000 hospital the medical missionary treated CHINA over 1,600 cases during the month and, Thirty Thousand Hear the Gospel with his Chinese helpers, vaccinated 346. The missionaries are directing L ATE in the year 1914 the two de- famine relief for 800 people by build- nominations (Southern Presby- terian and Southern Methodist) doing ing a macadam street, the money all work in this city, met to discuss the furnished by Chinese, and Christian advisability of having some sort of a services for these people are held gathering to celebrate the tenth anni- weekly in the Confucian temple! The versary of the coming of Protestantism adult Bible class in this interior Chi- to Changchow. To be sure many mis- nese city has had seventy in attendsionaries and Chinese workers had been ance, and these non-Christian officials here before and some of them left and business men have been studying faster than they came, and that to the the Gospel of Luke to find out the tune of stones and the then usual title basis of Christianity. This Chinese given to the foreigner; but it was in city is not only being led to do the the year 1904 that the first house was unheard of, construct a macadam rented and the first Protestant preach- street, but the missionaries have pushed er moved into the city. It was decided them along toward Christian ideals for to have the celebration in April, 1915. child life until they actually have a We had such a meeting as this people city playground, and gymnastic ap- had never seen. All former pastors paratus has been provided for it. And were invited and some came. The finally, China has a Boy Scout move- Suchow District tent was used, as no ment, led by the missionaries.

church was large enough to accom- A Chinese Children's Magazine modate the crowds. This we pitched on the lot formerly occupied by the. HAPPY CHILDHOOD, the new jail in the center of the city. Chang- magazine for Chinese children, is chow has never been so stirred in all meeting with unexpected success. Mrs.

MacGillivray, its devoted editor, says they considered a more acceptable in a recent letter: dress, in order to acquaint the literary class with its contents and remove the "I know you will be delighted to hear prejudice against Christianity. The that so far the magazine has met a Bible has also been introduced into very warm welcome from all parts of some Government schools as a text- China. For instance there is a mis- book. To its influence Dr. Hykes atsion to rickshaw coolies here in Shan- tributes not only such reforms as the ghai. The founder and director is a abolition of torture, the decrease of business man, and the mission take in infanticide, the going out of fashion forty copies per month and say they have of footbinding, the tendency to subnever had anything that has helped stitute monogamy for polygamy, but them so much. Miss Bonnell of the also reforms in the administration of Door of Hope says the girls have never justice, the abolition of opium-smoking, had anything to read in which they the adoption of a national scheme of have taken such interest as this mag- education, and the growing recognition azine. I also have had letters of ap- of the right of free thought, free preciation from Manchuria, Shantung, speech, and free conscience. Foochow, Canton, and many other places. General Chang in Peking of German Mission in China the Chinese army subscribes for eleven copies, ten of which he sends to an THE Missionary Magazine of the orphanage and one for his own family. In writing he said, 'This paper is truly Allegemeine Evangelische Missionsa light for the children of China.' verein reports: Since' March 1, 1915, The children's competition page is also our Seminary in Tsingtau has again a great success. Children from all been opened; about 50 pupils are now over China are sending in answers, and instructed. In March one of our Chinthis month we sent little prizes to ese was baptized. Our Chinese lady Foochow, Shantung, Manchuria, Ki- teacher, Mrs. Dschang, returned to angsi, and one to Shanghai. The sub- Tsingtau. The girls are awaiting anxscription list now stands at over six- iously the opening of our girls' school. teen hundred, and we hope for an in- Missionary Voskamp, of the Berlin Miscrease in the autumn." sion, is again allowed to preach and has opened one schoo!. The Chinese The Bible and Chinese Civilization Christians and helpers were a credit to themselves, not one of them back- MANY of the radical changes for slid. They all pray for Germany and for a speedy peace.-Calwer Missions- . the better in Chinese life, char- blatt. acter, customs and government can be directly traced to the influence of the On the China-Burmese Border Bible. The Rev. John R. Hykes of THIRTEEN thousand converts have China reported facts to prove this at the World's Bible Congress in San been baptized on the Kengtung field Francisco. Besides the various trans- in the extreme east of Burma. About lations made by missionaries, the Bible 4,500 of them are on the Chinese side was translated into Chinese by Chou- of the line. With the exception of fu, Provincial Treasurer of Shantung, eight churches near the border, these in conjunction with Li Hung-chang. converts have not been organized. They copied out the entire Bible in the When the first ingathering took place literary language, their object being to on this field eleven years ago, within produce an independent version in what a month groups came from across the China border, both of the Wa and

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

Lahu tribes, begging the missionaries on John 14: 6. The prominent ladies of to come to them at once with the the city attend this class, and some of Gospel. This same appeal has been them were baptized this year. I think sounding ever since. Native workers many preachers in America would envy who have toured the section regularly me, if they could see the enquirers' report many villages where the entire class on Saturday nights. This year population has exprest a desire to be we have had about 30 in attendance, baptized. In one of these, Ho Hko, most of them young people, and the whose 130 families all desire baptism, time is devoted only to study of the the teacht;rs stayed a few days, and Word. Ve have nine out-stations in eighteen villages from the surrounding the province, where workers are living. country sent in representatives saying There are one hundred and forty their entire villages desired baptism at towns with an average population of once. Rev. W. M. Young, in writing 5,000. Our work will be finished when of this situation, says: we shall have built up a self-supporting church in all these towns." "If we open this work on a proper basis and give them the Gospel I have Good and Evil in ConRict no doubt we will soon have more converts on this field to the north than we INa recent Church Missionary Review have in all Burma to-day." Grace Nott says: "Buddhism mad( a great effort to revivify herself some JAPAN-KOREA years ago, and, finding that Christian methods had so much success, started REV. Work in One City a campaign on the same lines, even CHARLES A. LOGAN writes going .so far as to print 'Bibles' in home: "Our work in the city of which the only difference from our own Tokushima (population 70,000) lS was that Buddha's name was substigrowing. The self-supporting church is tuted for our Lord's! Such efforts making steady progress, and gradually were naturally doomed to failure. Now reaching the more influential people of the nation is faced by the Hongwanji the city. There are two other mission Buddhist scandals; the priests are acchurches where evangelists are working, cused of living in luxury and extravaand one preaching place in the center gance on the offerings of the faithful. of the city, where I preach twice a The misappropriated money is put at week, and conduct a night-school. We the enormous figure of 2,000,000 yen, are now planning for a union evangelis- and the whole matter is being investitic campaign for this fall. About gated by the government. Sad as all eight promil1ent speakers will come, and this is, we can surely see that here also speak' in the churches, theaters, public 'God is working His purpose out.' As hall, government schools, railroad sta- one result, several well-known men and tion, and other companies' offices. Some women have become Christians; others of our most interesting meetings are are studying the New Testament and held in our home. English Bible classes buying Bibles in an unprecedented way." for students on Tuesdays, the ladies' cooking class on Wednesdays, Christian Tokyo Sunday-School Convention Poatwomen's meeting on Fridays, and the poned children's meeting and Bible study for enquirers on Saturdays. The ladies' ANOTHER result of the war has cooking class met here to-day. Mrs. been the postponement of the Logan taught them how to make ice World's Sunday-School Conventioh, so cream, and then their Bible lesson waS long announced as to be held in Tokyo in October, 1916. 58 n<l,tions wen:

represented at the Zurich Convention cation in Korea. The Korean Sundayin 1913, and it had been confidently school Association during the present expected that the holding of the next year has by the adoption of Sundaygathering in Tokyo would do much to school standards and the energetic prostrengthen the bonds which unite Chris- motion of Sunday-school· work been tians throughout the world. The Ex- fitting the Sunday-school for the greatly ecutive Committee of the World's Sun- increased responsibility it must bear for day-School Association, however, real- the Christian education of Korean ized that the belligerent nations would youth in the near future. not send delegates, and therefore decided at their meeting in September to AFRICA postpone the convention to a date soon after the close of the war, the date A New Y. M. C. A. Building in Egypt to be suggested by the Japanese Committee, of which Count Okuma, Prime REV. STEPHEN VAN R. TROW- Minister of Japan, is Chairman. An- BRIDGE sends an account of the other reason for this decision, also due opening of the new Y. M. C. A. building to the war, was that difficulties have in Alexandria on September lIth. The been encountered in the matter of building, which adjoins the Regina Palproper transportation facilities for ace Hotel, is to be used especially for the American delegates because of the scar- benefit of British soldiers and sailors. city of desirable ships. More than 3,000 The cost was met jointly by the British Americans have asked for information Y. M. C. A., the British and Australian in view of possible attendance at the Red Cross Societies, and by the Y. M. convention, a full year before the date C. A., in America. In opening the new set. building Sir Henry MacMahon, the High Commissioner, paid a high tribute to the When conditions permit, the eighth work of the Y. M. C. A. in Egypt. Mr. convention of the world's Sunday-school Jessop and his helpers have done releaders will be held in Tokyo with all markable service-both social and spiritthe features originally planned. ual-among the troops in Egypt. Not only have reading and writing tents been The Sunday-School Opportunity in established for their comfort but many have been converted in the Bible classes Korea and Evangelistic Meetings.

IN view of the Japanese ordinance Mr. Trowbridge also writes of the great opportunities presented for Chris- against religious education in mis- tian work among the wounded soldiers sion schools (already referred to in from Gallipoli who are filli,.-g the hosthe REVIEW) the Sunday-schools will have an added responsibility. While pitals of Alexandria. ~fa~y of. them the regulation is technically no more hostile to Christianity than to other having faced death are now beginning religions, and simply separates religion a new life that will never end. from education in regular schools, whether public or private, it does de- European Bishops on the West Coast prive Christian missions of one of their most valuable agencies of religious FOR a European an episcopate of education. The fact that there is yet twenty-one years in West Africa is 10 years before the full operation of the regulations gives ample time for unique, and Bishop Oluwole in his adthe organization of the 8unday-school dress to the Synod said: as a serious agency of Christian edu- We have so far had 13 European bishops of the Anglican Church on the West Coast: 9 of Sierra Leone, 2 of Accra, and 2 of Western Equatorial Africa. The first 3 bishops of Sierra

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

Leone died within 7 years-an average Ifon, and Imeri, in the Owo district, of two and one-third years. Two re- besides passing through some of the tired, each at the end of ten years. One Akure stations on the way here. At retired after 14 years, and his successor I fan and Imeri several candidates were after 4. The next died after 8 years. baptized. During the year six new The present bishop succeeded in 1910. churches have been built, and three new Bishop Hill died about six months after houses for teachers, two of these hav- his consecration. Bishop Hamlyn had ing been built in anticipation of having to retire after six years, and was suc- teachers to occupy them soon."

ceeded by Bishop O'Rorke, in 1913.

Thus you see that the episcopate of Remarkable Progress our bishop is far and away the longest NEARLY 11,000 people (7,627 of European episcopate on this coast. Nor whom were adults) were baptized should we forget that he had previously in the diocese of Western Equatorial served as a missionary among us for Africa last year-the highest number four years, so that this year also marks ever reported in one year in any Church his semi-jubilee in the country. Only Missionary Society mission. Of the six other European male missionaries adults the men numbered 5,752 and the had a longer record in West Africa: women 1,875. There are 21,399 catechu- Townsend and Wood, of 40 years each; mens on the registers, and of these Mann and Maser, of 32 each; Hinderer 14,179 are men and 7,220 women. Comof 28; and Harding of 29. menting on these figures at the first session of the fourth synod, held at The following statistics are of in- Lagos, Bishop Oluwole said: "These terest as indicating the growth of the statistics constitute a loud call to the Church in Western Equatorial Africa clergy and to all church workers to during Bishop Tugwell's episcopate: 1894. 1914. labor to instruct these multitudes in the Native Clergy ……… 17 66 things of God. . . . Let us not aim at Communicants ……… 4,000 15,600 large annual returns, but let us labor in Baptized members ….. 7,500 52,470 teaching and prayer that every candidate Catechumens. . . . . . . . . .. 1,240 21,400 baptized may indeed be born again. . . . Baptisms in the year.. 586 10,935 It is a real danger to the life of a church Scholars …………… 3,080 26,800 to fill it with baptized heathen." The Contributions ……… £3,360 £29,780 total amount contributed by Christians Communities of Christian Adherents THE Rev. H. F. Gane wrote from in the diocese tor religious purposes was Owo recently: "An interesting and £29,779 against £23,343 in the previous distinctly encouraging feature of the year.-Church Missionary Society Ga- work is that in all the small villages zette.

immediately connected with Owo there German Missions in West Africa are now small communities of Chris- T tian adherents, and in most of them HE North German Mission, whose territory in Togo which, in the besimple buildings have been erected for services by the converts themselves. ginning of the war, was an easy prey Members of the Owo church go out for the allied English and French, and Sunday by Sunday to conduct services of whose 17 European workers no less in these places, and I cycle out to one than six were imprisoned in Dahomey, or other of them as often as possible has cause to be very grateful in com- when I am not away visiting other parison to other German Missions in parts of the district. Since our arrival which the colonial war has made great it has only been possible to visit Ipele, devastations. Yet the war has been a

great hindrance. The schools are behavior were allowed to remain at their empty in 97 places, and the number of posts. Several missionaries have been pupils has decreased from 7,311 to 3,311. dismissed from the concentration camps Yet the membership in the churches, so far; from the Hermansburg Mission where 394 were baptized, numbers now all except one, from the Berlin Mission 11,682; 341 more than in the last year. all except two or four. This has been Mission property was not taken away effected, it seems, through the labor of nor destroyed by the events of the war. good Christian circles in England.- The fund for invalids deposited in the Allgemeine Missions Nachrichten. West African Bank, belonging to the native helpers, was not touched. The ISLANDS OF THE SEA missionaries, who were arrested for a short time during November, have rea- The Church of Rome in the Philippines son to hope to be able to remain in Togo during the war. The order given to the H DOnat let the Church at home think missionaries the 21st of January not to that we are facing a decadent, preach in the German or Ewe languages did not hurt the work as was feared at weakened Catholicism," writes Rev. D. first. This order was only for Lome, C. McCallum. "It is a mistake to speak and forbade the missionaries the solemn of the Roman Catholic Church in the sermon from the chancel, but not divine Philippines as decadent, and the ruined service; the native helpers were not churches here and there are not indicatroubled at all. In the interior, preach- tions of its state. Enormous sums of ing in the Ewe language received no Catholic money are being poured into the greater hindrance than that the mission- Philippines, and scores of her most inaries are only allowed to visit out-sta- telligent and capable workers are contions in the district of one day's jour- stantly coming to the islands. Dozens of ney, while the native pastors have full dilapidated buildings are being repaired liberty to go where they please, and their and numerous new buildings are being work has full recognition from the Eng- erected in new communities. Other revlish officials. Industrial conditions in enues are taking the place of the lost Togo are very difficult since the price State revenues, and a far more able and of kako has fallen from 80 to 25 cents. efficient body of workers is taking the -Allgemeine Missions Nachrichten. place of the discredited Spanish friars. Many of the newcomers are able, thor- German Missions in South Africa oughly trained, and possest of much mis- sionary zeal. The Roman Church is C ONCERNING the welfare of the straining every nerve to adjust herself German missionaries in South Af- to the changed conditions, and, one must rica, the authorities have had great appre- confess, with considerable success. The hension since the middle of May. The greatest, most bitter and prolonged brother mission received word from Eng- struggle is yet before us, and it will reland that all their missionaries should quire the highest concentration and the keep themselves ready to be imprisoned richest gifts in men and money." in concentration camps on the 23d of May. Not even the petition of Bishop Episcopal Progress in the Philippines Kalker to remain free to look after the work seemed to be successful. Fortu- THE mission to the Philippine Islands nately these things did not come to pass. which is under the direction of Bish- The German missionaries were not im- op Brent and is supported by the Ameriprisoned, but on the promise of goor! can Episcopal Church, is making solid progress. At Sagada, a station which is 5,000 feet above sea level, in the course of ten years, 1,200 persons, chiefly Igo- rQts, have been baptized. The Rev. J.

1 5] WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

Staunton and 12 assistants, Americans there were other public exercises, and and Filipinos, are in charge. Among on the 15th, "Centenary Sunday," there the industrial features of the work is the were special services throughout New operation of a great sawmill providing South Wales. A centenary offering of work for hundreds of men, women, and £50,000 is being collected, a per capita children. There are also workshops in gift of about ten dollars a member. which a great variety of tools and tin- The Methodism of Australasia, which ware are manufactured. The girls do began in 1815 with one minister and lace work and weave native fabrics. A 20 members, now reports 1,020 minisprinting-press furnishes all the printing ters, 149,767 members, 260,500 Sundayfor the district. A great stone church is school scholars, and 630,970 attendants in process of erection, as well as a hos- upon its services. pital.-The Mission Field. MISCElLANEOUS War Rumors in Borneo Sunday-School Standard. RHEINISH missionaries tell of wild reports which have spread in Bor- THE fivefold standard suggested by neo because of the war. So it is said the Missionary Department of the that after Germany had been conquered by the English and the French, International Sunday-school Associait asked help from Turkey, which had tion, adequate missionary instruction, been granted under the condition that definite missionary prayer, systematic Germany must become Mohammedan. missionary giving, practical missionary The Emperor immediately accepted Is- activities, enlisting missionary recruits, lam, and the German soldiers had the has been enlarged to a ten-point stanhalf moon sewed on their uniforms. dard, in order to make the work of the In the meantime the real truth has State and County Associations more become known. In general the respect definite in the Missionary Department. of the natives for the white man has A Ten-Point School: (1) A missionary greatly diminished through the war.- superintendent. Instruction – (2) The Allgemeine Missions Nachrichten, Au- United Missionary program; (3) Misgust, 1915. sions in the graded lessons; (4) Mis- sionary exercises and drills. Offerings Australasian Methodilm -(5) Home Mission Boards; (6) For- eign Mission Boards; (7) Union mis- METHODISM in Australia is cele- sionary movements. Service-(8) Com- brating its centenary and .Ameri- munity social service; (9) Surplus matecan Methodism will soon be celebrating rial department; (10) Recruits in prepits sesquicentenary. An English Wes- aration. leyan, the Rev. Samuel Leigh, was the pioneer minister, and he landed at The Influence of the Bible Sydney, August 10, 1815. Since that time Methodist services have never OF the many great religious gatherfailed. August 8th was Preparatory ings which have been held at San Sunday. Tuesday was Centenary Day, Francisco during the present summer, when Dr. W. H. Fitchett, of Mel- one of the most important has been the bourne, preached the commemorative World's Bible Congress, which occurred sermon in the Town Hall of Sydney early in August, at which delegates from -a city of 700,000 people-followt!d by all parts of the world were in attend- "tea meeting" and a demonstration to ance. Figures were given showing that which other conferences sent speak- during the calendar year 1914, more than ers. On Wednesday and Thursday 28,000,000 copies of the Bible or por- tions of the Bible were printed and dis~

tributed, this distribution reaching to cessant fight he waged for nearly half a every corner of the globe. century against those who would cor- rupt and mislead them. Dr. Scudder, of the Arcot Mission, stated in his address that the Bible has Mr. Comstock has died in the midst been translated, in whole or in part, into of his battle against gambling and immore than a hundred Indian dialects, and purity, but the war is to go on. The it is estimated that 250,000,000 of the Society for the Suppression of Vice has people of India have some portion of th<:! appointed as his successor Mr. John S. Scripture in their own language. It IS Sumner, for three years his associate regarded not only by British but by secretary. The offices are at 140 Nassau many Hindu officials as one of the most Street, New York. During Mr. Comimportant aids to the English nation in stock's term of office he has destroyed the government, education, and better- 50 tons of obscene books and 2,500,000 ment of the people; is studied as a text- vile pictures by which the vendors book in a great number of schools and sought to spread moral plague. colleges; is bringing together the conglomerate races into a human fellow- T Rev. G. P. Knapp, of Turkey ship, and by imbuing them with a spirit HE death at Diarbekir, Asiatic Turof humanity is gradually undermining key, of Rev. George Perkuns Knapp, the caste barriers, which have hitherto a missionary of the American Board been one of the greatest obstacles in the for twenty-five years, occurred about way of true human civilization in India. August 10th, but was not known in Amer- ica until October 1St. Mr. Knapp had OBITUARY NOTES been stationed at Bitlis, which, on the withdrawal of the Turkish forces from The Rev. Dr. Thomas S. Barbour Van before the Russian advance, be- came one of the storm centers of the T HE REV. DR. THOMAS S. BAR- war. He was formerly stationed in BOUR, formerly Secretary of the Harput. American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, died suddenly at his summer home Many of the missionaries in the intein Stoddard, New Hampshire, on Sep- rior have not been heard from ciirectly tember 28th. Dr. Barbour was highly for two months. honored and much-beloved among Baptists and others who knew him, and was A Two Missionaries in Egypt an efficient missionary secretary. Dur- WOMAN of rare charm and ability ing the last years of his life he was at as a missionary "has recently laid work on a history of the American Bap- down her life in Egypt. Mrs. A. W. tist Foreign Missions. As head of the Pollock who with her husband, were foreign mission work of his denomina- missionaries of the United Presbyterian tion, he became prominent a few years Church, had burned out her life in serago as leader in the movement to put a vice on the mission boat Allegheny. stop to the atrocities in the Kongo. Dr. After thirteen years of devoted service, Barbour was a half-brother of the Rev. she was called Home after an operation Dr. Clarence A. Barbour, President of for appendicitis. the Rochester Theological Seminary. Rev. Thomas J. Finney, D.D., a mis- Anthony Comstock, of New York sionary in Eygt since 1882, has also re- T HE United States-and, in fact, the cently gone to his reward. Dr. Finney world-can never adequately ac- was editor of the Church papers in knowledge what its youth owe to An- Egypt and was a wise counsellor, a faiththony Comstock for the brave and in- ful friend and successful missionary of Christ.

1m II ttl!

: BOOKS ON MISSIONS AND ………….. ……….. ………./ S5ION LANDS .,…, ……………// 11 South America. Observations and Im- small, and it had not yet developed many pressions. By Hon. James Bryce, LL.D. of the problems and ramifications which 8vo. 611 pp. $2.50, net. The Macmillan now characterize it. The growth has Co. New edition. 1915. been so rapid during recent years that The approach of the Congress on to-day the foreign missionary movement is generally recognized as the vastest en- Christian Work in Latin America, to be terprise of modern Christianity, repreheld at Panama in February, 1916, and senting over 300 missionary societies, the renewed discussion of South Amer- about 25,000 able and highly trained forica which it has developed, justify our eign missionaries, 2,531 educational incalling fresh' attention to this valuable stitutions, ranging from kindergartens volume, which will be one of the great to universities, 1,616 hospitals, a staff of standard works on South America for native workers numbering 130,262, a many years to come. Americans do not communicant membership of 3,167,614, need to be told that the author is one of and a Christian constituency of 7,253,- the most competent men in the world to 836. estimate correctly the character and institutions of a country and people that This immense work is scattered all he studies. His two volumes on the over the non-Christian world, and it and American Commonwealth are the best its related problems are challenging the and wisest accounts of the United States attention of thoughtful men and women that have ever been written. This states- everywhere. The great task of writing man of wide experience, comprehensive the history of this splendid movement knowledge, and sympathetic mind, re- from the beginning down to the present cords in the best literary style his ob- time has been undertaken by Charles servations and impressions of South Henry Robinson, D.D., the well-known America, to which he has added excel- Honorary Canon of Ripon Cathedral, lent notes and maps. We earnestly hope England, and Editorial Secretary of the that not only the delegates to the Pan- Society for the Propagation of the Gosama Congress, but many ministers and pel of the Church of England. His book others in America, who can not attend indicates an almost incredible amount that Congress will read this book. of labor, and it presents a wealth and variety of information which makes it History of Christian Missions. By Rev. not only exceedingly useful but really Charles H. Robinson, D.D. 8vo. 533 indispensable to the missionary student. pp. $2.00. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1915. John Hus. The Martyr of Bohemia. By A good history of Christian missions, W. N. Schwarze, Ph.D. Illustrated. 12mo. 152 pp. 75 cents. Fleming H. Revell Co. comprehensive in scope and yet reason- 1915. . ably limited in size, is an exceedingly difficult book to write. The very fact The 500th anniversary of the martyrthat it is difficult is indicative of the magnitude which the modern missionary dom of John Hus was widely celebrated. enterprise has attained. A generation ago it was easy to write such a book, for He was a remarkable character, and missionary work was comparatively came of a remarkable people. The story of his life is stirring and full of lessons

for men of to-day. Hus was born in The Progress of Doctrine in the New 1369 in a small village in South Bohemia, and was well educated in the Testament. Considered in eight lectures leading university of the day. His student life, his interest in national ques- preached before the University of Oxtions, his work as a professor and preacher, his literary work, the contro- ford, being the "Bampton Lecture" of versies with the Church of Rome, his de- 1864. By ~homas Dehany Bernard, M.A. nunciation of religious abuses, his condemnation and martyrdom are all de- 12mo. xVI-223, Is., net. Pickering & scribed concisely but graphically and Inglis, Glasgow, 1915. with power. It is a story worth reading, and if it does not inspire to similar mar- Why Four Gospels? By F. D. Van Valtyrdom, it will at least awaken an admiration for this reformer who led the kenburg. Frontispiece. i2mo. 92 pp. revolt from Rome, and will inspire to 'a similar spirit of loyalty to God and His 50 cents. Pentecostal Publishing Co fruth, Louisville, Ky., 1915. ., Comrades in Service. By Margaret E. The Social Teachings of Jesus Christ. Burton. Illustrated. 12mo. 196 pp. 60 cents, net. (Paper, 40 cents.) Mission- A Manual for Bible Classes, Christian ary Education Movement, New York, 1915. Associations, Social StUdy Groups, etc. These brief biographies are unusually By W. Beatty Jennings, D,D. 16mo. 111 interesting stories of men and women pp. 50 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell who have achieved great success in ser- Co., New York, 1915. vice. They include some well-known names like D. L. Moody, Samuel Crow- A Life at its Best. (College Voluntary ther, Chundra Lela, Jacob Riis, and others less known but worthy of ac- SBtyudRy icChaorudrseHs,enSryecoEnddwaYrdesa ra-nPda rEt thI~)1 quaintance-such as J. A. Burns of Ken- Cutler. 16mo. 145 pp. 50 cents. National Board, Y. W. C. A., New York, 1915. The Maze of the Nations and the Way Out. By Gaius Glenn Atkins. 12mo.

128 pp. 75 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, 1915.

Millard Fillmore. Constructive States- man, Defender of the Constitution Presi- dent of the United States. By William Elliot Griffis, D,D., LH.D. 12mo. 159 pp. Paper, $1.25; cloth, $2.00, net. An- drus & Church, Ithaca, N. Y., 1915. The Credentials of the Cross. By North- cote Deck, M.B., Ch.M. 12mo. 133 pp. Morgan & Scott, Ltd. London, 1915.

Economic Aspects of the War. Neutral Rights, Belligerent Claims, and American Commerce in the Years 1914-1915. By Edwin J. Clapp. 8vo. xiv-340 pp. $1.50, net. Yale University Press, New Haven 1915. '

tucky, Kaji Yajima of Japan, Li Be Cu PAMPHLETS of China, and Frances Coppin, an The One Hundred and Third Annual Re- port of the American Board of Com- American negro. The lives are of varied missioners for Foreign Missions. To- gether with the Minutes of the Meeting interest-some relate to service in the held at Kansas City, Missouri, October 26-28, 1913. Illustrated. 259 pp. Pub- United States, and some abroad; some lished by the Board, Congregational House, Boston, 1915. ,had black skins and some white; some The One Hundred and Fourth Annual passed their days in comparative ob- Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. scurity and some in the limelight, but all Together with the Minutes of the Meet- ing held at Detroit, Michigan, October were Godly, hard-working, self-sacrific-, 13-16, 1914. Published by the Board, Congregational House, Boston, 1915. ing, and succeeded in the work they un- Five Hundred Thousand of a Hundred dertook. The life stories are inspiring Million. A Sketch of the Evangelistic Work of the Presbyterian Church in and make a valuable volume for young non-Christian lands, the third of a series of booklets published by the Presbyterian people. Board of Foreign Missions. The others in the senes deal with the educational NEW BOOKS and medical work of the Board. IlIus- trated. 87 pp. Board of Foreign Mis- Childhood in the Moslem World. By sions, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York, Samuel M. Zwemer, F.R.G.S. Illustrated. Bvo. 274 pp. $2.00, net. Fleming H. 1915. Revell Co., New York, 1915.

Protestant Missionary Directory of In- dia for 1915-1916. Compiled by Jas. In- glis. 12mo. xxx-242 1>P. Scottish Mis- sion Industries Co., Ltd., Ajmer, Raj- putana, India.

The Missionary Review of the World — February 1914

to the

FEBRUARY, 1914 SOME QUESTIONS A:tSWERED IN THIS NU:IBER PREPARED BY MRS. F . .:vI. GILBERT, DROOKLY~J N. Y.

I. In which province of China is the Government made up almost entirely of Christian men?

2. What tremendous change is manifest in the opportunity for Christian work in Russia?

3. In a heathen funeral what witness was borne to the resurrection of Christ?

4. How many non-Christian Chinese confessed Christ openly at the Student Convention in Kansas City?

5. What was the Korean woman's question? 6. What American denomination is taking up foreign I11ISSlOnary work for the first time? 7. Where in the United States is there a community of 6,000 children who have never had a chance to go to school? 8. What was the result of offering a bandit a Bible? 9. Whose words made the skins of all believers shudder? Vhat were the words? 10. From what one mission study class can be traced over one hun- dred other classes in various parts of the country? 11. "Vhen did a queen recently invite missionary leaders to her palace? 12. How is caste proving a help in missionary work in India? 13. Where has America the unique opportunity of the ages? Why? 14. What was Theodore Roosevelt's message to the students of Russia?

IS. How did a children's society win a Chinese banner?

16. Where and how did one man prepare six hundred people 111 his village for baptism?

17. Why did a king give his magicians fish to eat? 18. What did the young Hindu say when on the operating table? 19. What was Dr. Mott's experience in the Moslem university in Stamboul? 20. For what did a Moslem sheikh praise God as he burned a Bible?

llb"''''diW,j'iltll'll''''t'''ilim;;.i~w.'lIll'lf.ltijWm,Jj1

R. MOTT, LL.D

Chairman of the Student Volunteer Conventioll, Chairman of the Continuation Committee of the Edinburgh llissionary Confere"11ce

Missionary

~ of the World ~ Vol. XXXVII, No.2 FEBRUARY, 1914 Vol. XXVII, No. z Oid Series New SOT;'S Signs of the· Times THE STUDENT VOLUNTEER CON. sion study classes, but there is still need to emphasize the importance of W VENTION more earnest and regular prayer and HEN the educated young men Bible study. There is also great need and young women are awaken- for prayer that the influences of this ed to spiritual things and are ready Student Volunteer Convention may to devote their lives to the service of not vanish in weak resolutions but Christ, there is great reason for en- may have increasing fruitage in couragement and thanksgiving. The thousands of lives, in colleges, in recent Student Volunteer Conven- churches and cities, all over America tion at Kansas City, which is fully and throughout the world. reported on another page, was in nothing more remarkable and hope- PROGRESS OF THE CONTINUATION ful than in this-that the first em- COMMITTEE phasis was place~ not on social service or mission study, or intellectual THE Edinburgh Missionary Conpreparation, or heroic missionary ser- ference created what is known vice, but on Getting Right With God first; and, second, on knowing and as the Continuation Committee, as an doing of His will, whatever the cost. evidence that the Conference was· a When our young people are in right starting point for new advance. This relationship to God they will be in international committee, which now spiritual health and will have no diffi- consists of thirty-six men and two culty in hearing God's call or in re- women, met at The Hague in Desponding to the call of human need; cember to outline a program and to when the Christians in our churches hear the report on the conferences are right with God they will have recently held at its request with misno difficulty in spiritual vision and sionaries in India, China, Korea and little hesitation in surrendering their Japan. Among the definite results of bank accounts to the control of Christ those conferences are these: The for His work in the world. leaders have faced the wholeness of the task; the beginning of a science There is great cause for thanks- of missions has been laid; the effigiving in the increase of student ciency of missionary methods has volunteers and in the growth of mis- been increased; and the prominence The editors seek to preserve accuracy and to manifest the spirit of Christ in the pages of this REVIEW. but do not acknowledge responsibility for opinions exprest, nor for positions taken bj con· tributors of signed articles in these pages.-EDITORS. given to native leaders has helped the Chung Lau station, in an important native churches to enter into their market town with a hundred villages own. Among the matters which call within range. So great a change has for further cooperative consideration taken place that now there is a new and action are the following: church building costing, with site, A comprehensive scientific study of $7,500, of which the Chinese them- each area; an understanding as to selves provided $6,000. This church what is meant by occupation of an has 300 members, is wholly self-sup- area; provision for totally or virtually llorting and maintains a school which unoccupied fields; better preparation will become a power in the next few of missionaries after they reach the years. The San Ning Presbytery, to field; the safeguarding and guiding which it belongs, has twelve churches of native churches in the light of in its bounds and supports two native Christian history and experience; workers.

higher education of certain converts; ]ig POOH Chew, managing editor of preparation of suitable missionary the San Francisco and Western Daily literature. Reporter, and a Christian, predicts These ends are being sought by the that Christianity will be the new re- National Councils which have been public's future religion. "During the formed in the various countries. A last three decades," he declares, "the further report of The Hague meet- influence of Christianity has increased ing will be found on another page. many fold and been felt throughout the whole Chinese republic. At the CHRISTIAN GROWTH IN CHINA same time, while Christianity was ONE of the signs of Christian gaining ground, the old Chinese faith, progress in China, according the religion of our fathers, was los- ing ground. The political upheaval to Dr. W. T. Hobart, of Peking, is the which resulted in the establishment of development of evangelistic work and the republic is due in great part to Christian education within the past the influence of Christianity, directly twelve mon1hs. The schools are fuil or indirectly exerted upon the Chinese to overflowing and the combined people. The influence of Christianity auditoriu111 of the Peking Asbury is great among many officers of the Church and Sunday-school is filled Chinese government. They are not each week with a thousand wor- only Christians, but also the second shipers. This is nearly twice the and third generations of early Chinese number that came a year ago. Many converts. They are the most efof the audience are students in Peking fective, progressive and energetic University and in the Girls' Boarding- workers for the uplift of China. The School. government of the province of Canton is almost in the hands of Christian In South China, too, Dr. A. A. l11en." Fulton, of the Presbyterian mission, tells of a mission out-station where, I twenty years ago, only four or five A $10,000 OPPORTUNITY IN CHINA converts used to meet together in a N these days, when not only the dark, narrow shop. They reprc- business world, but the church, -sented the entire visible assets of the is thinking and working in such large

SIGNS OF THE

figures, it seems pitiable that the lack of the conference held last spring in of $10,000 should make it impossible Tokyo, by Dr. John R. Mott. The to take advantage of such an oppor- Christian churches of Japan are tt1l1ity as that offered to the Amen- aroused to a keener sense of the need can Board by the provincial govern-· of a vigorous campaign to present the ment of Shansi, China. This' is where Gospel to the non-Christian commuso many missionaries were massa- nities in Japan. The undertaking cred by the Boxers in 1900. The calls for continuous activity for a government has requested the mission period of three years, under the dito take entire charge of the public rection of the "Continuation Comschool system in a large section of mittee," the union organization created the province and offers nut only to at the Tokyo conference. This comfurnish the school houses but equip mittee has elected officers for the the same, and to make an annual campaign and has already entered grant of four thousand taels, if the upon plans for a special movement Board will supervise the work. Full for a wider dissemination of truth religious liberty is promised and the through the nation on the first Sun- Bible and the Christian religion may day in March, 1914. Christians are be taught. The American Board will asked to join in prayer for the sucbe obliged to decline this significant cess of this effort. offer unless special provision should be made for at least two new mis- EDUCATIONAL TENDENCIES IN sionary families and the additional expense for salaries, outfit, traveling, JAPAN and the construction of two new houses-an outlay possibly of $ro,- I T is easy to see the great impor- 000 the first year. tance of educational ideals and WHITE HARVEST FIELDS IN JAPAN methods to the religious as well. as to the moral and intellectual progress THE breaking down of Shintoism of any people. Some schools turn out atheists, some skeptics, some ma- and Buddhism in Japan, the terialists, and some produce Chrisrapid spread of agnosticisl'n and athe- tian thinkers and workers. ism in the Government schools, and the loss of moral ideals generally have Hitherto the basis of the Japanese awakened the Japanese rulers to the educational system has been the Imneed of a better ethical and spiritual perial Rescript presented by the basis for their national Ine. The Emperor to his people in 1890. A common people, on the other hand, Buddhist priest in Tokyo, in a recent are ready to listen to the Gospel more article (quoted in the Missionary than has been the case in recent years. Link) says: "The ideal of education Ordained missionaries are needed at should be to make the Imperial Reonce in order that the opportunity script of central importance which may not be lost. decrees that ancestor worship, loyalty and patriotism shall be fundamental One way in which the missionaries in education. But Christianity lookplan to take ·advantage of this op- ed upon ancestor worship as a relic portunity has been devised as a result of barbarism, and loyalty and pa- triotism as a kind of "backward"

morality. Christianity was a world prest classes in North India, notably religion and a religion of humanity. the Mehtars or sweeper caste. Some Buddhism taught ancestor worship, missionaries have even voiced an exloyalty and patriotism. Educators pectation of two and a half mil1ion~ were certain to find, therefore, Chris- of converts from them this year, and tian teaching distasteful, it being in- recent baptisms have numbered 150,- compatible with their educational 000. Even tho these numbers cover ideal." the work of several years by various The priest urges a closer and more societies they indicate that Christian- sympathetic relation between Bud- ity in India is entering upon a period dhists and educators. He deplores of more rapid expansion.

the fact that Buddhists have not been Attached to every village of con- more progressive, and that their re- siderable size are a number of fami- ligion is treated ofttimes with con- lies belonging to the sweeper caste, tempt because the priests cling to old whose hereditary duty it is to attend ways and make no contribution to to the cleansing of the streets and the progress of society. . bazaars. Every morning the members The present educational system IS of this class may be seen coming into severely criticized by Dr. Ukita, a the village to engage in the occupa- Tokyo editor, for its rigid uniform- tion of removing the filth and refuse ity, its abnormal system of examina- from the houses, and of sweeping the tions, and its inadequate accommoda- streets and lanes. They are there- tions. fore considered ceremonially unclean When leaders of thought come to and are low caste. They are learn- publicly acknowledge that the influ- ing the power of Christ to cleanse.

ence of Buddhism is waning, that THE the Imperial Rescript is not a satis- FURTHER SIGNS OF LIFE IN INDIA factory basis of education; when, American Baptist Telugu moreover, they come to feel that bet- Mission has had a wonderful ter educational advantages are need- history. There has been no year ed, based upon strong religious ideals, since the opening of the first station and when they are calling upon the at Cocanada, in r874, when there State for its sympathetic interest in have not been a goodly number of the private schools, those who have converts. Last year, however, has consecrated time, money and strength been the greatest of all, for the bapto Christian education have much tisms have reached the total of 1,I49 cause for hope and thankfulness. in 64 native churches. The total They have also cause for increased membership on the field on July I prayer and effort to give the Japanese last was 9,237, while the Christian Christian ideals and Christian educa- community now numbers over 20,000. tion. These Christians would bear favor- able comparison with those in Amer- AWAKENING IN NORTH INDIA ica. The 64 native churches are so many beacon lights in the midst of A REMARKABLE movement to- ward Christianity has recently many thousands who as yet know taken place among some of the de- not Christ as their Savior.

OF THE

CHANGED ATTITUDE OF MOSLEMS He was always accompanied in battle IN INDIA by two of his wives, who carried his A WOMAN missionary, who has weapons. It is estimated that at the spent a lifetime in the Punjab, height of his power he had as many says (in the Bombay Guardian) that as one thousand women in his estab- fifty years ago it was no uncommon lishment. In religion he was what thing for a Mohammedan on hearing might be called a free-thinker, for the name of Christ to show his dis- he only ridiculed the spirits whom the gust by spitting. If he did not go so majority of the people feared. The far as that he would often try to magicians were the object of his drown the sound of Christ's name, and special scorn. He would invite them to cleanse his ears from the pollution to his table, but put before them only of hearing it, by a loud rcpetitioll of fish, which they consider unclean the creed of Islam. It was not un- food. If they refused to eat, he common for a Bible to be snatched would order their lips and ears to be from a missionary's hand and thrown cut off, and then would. boast that the on the ground and trampled under evil spirits did not dare to revenge themselves upon him. When some foot. Twenty-five years later, the general of his people became Christians, as a attitude was one of fear of the name result of the preaching of the misof Christ and of the Bible. Many lads sionaries who first came to Busoga came to mission schools for economy's in 1891, he had nothing for them but sake, but came with strict injunctions ridicule and scorn. Both missionaries from their parents not to touch the and native preachers tried to reach Bible, and it was difficult to induce his heart with the Gospel story but some of them to do so. Mohammedans no impression seemed to be made might come to listen to preaching, but until in 1906 he saw some stereopti- con pictures of the life of Christ. when the preacher ceased and began True to the childlike nature of the to read prayers out of a book they African, the appeal through the eyes went out. To have a Bible in the succeeded where the appeal through house was dangerous, it might go off! the ears had failed. In due time, he asked for instmction preparatory to Now all has changed. One meets baptism, and after a long time of Mullahs and others who have their testing, which he accepted with true Bibles and read them. One finds men humility, he was baptized, in the preSof all classes wanting to possess them. ence of over a thousand of his sub- Christ's name is used with reverence jects, many of whom have since foland listened to in the same way.

A HEATHEN KING CONVERTED lowed his example.

MODERN science and invention is CHARACTER BUILDING IN PERSIA also harnessed to the chariot T HE Ameri~an missionary schools of God. King Tabingwa, of Busoga, a neighbor to Uganda, was a genuine are exertmg a profound infludespot, according to the African ideal, ence for good on the youth and. also and a mighty warrior, who, however, fought for booty more than for fame. on the homes and institutions of Persia. The school at Teheran, en- rolled in its various departments last

year over 480 students, many of was begun on one of the smaller and whom are :Moslems. most southern islands of the group, Lakemba, in 1835. It was estimated It is eight years since the institu- that the population of the group at tion of the college course was recom- that time numbered about 200,000. mended by the mission and approved The whole Fijian race was then sunk by the Presbyterian Board. During in the deepest and most degraded this time, tho the country has passed heathenism. Cannibalism was a through many vicissitudes, yet the common practise, and all the horrors demand for education has steadily in- attendant upon a low animism precreased. The attendance has more vailed throughout the group. Against than doubled, and lack of accommo- this rampant cruelty and immorality dations compels the teachers to turn the Christian missionaries wielded away pupils. This desire for educa- but one weapon: the sword of the tion has remained in spIte of all ad- Spirit, which is the W orc! of God; verse circumstances. The change and it proved effectual. seen in the character of the boys is the most encouraging feature of the Out of a native population of about work. During the year nine pupils 90,000, in the Fiji Islands, over 83,- and two of the teachers were re- 000 are returned this year as claimceived into church membership. Of ing attachment to the Methodist the eleven Persian, Moslem-born, Church, of whom more than 33,000 teachers in the school eight are bap- are in full membership. The mistized Christians. All of these, with sionary contributions of the native one exception, have become Chris- church last year amounted to over tians since they entered the school, £10,700, and in addition to this and this one was brought in by one amount, large gifts were contributed of the other teachers. The younger for the payment of native teachers boys who profess to be Christians, and the maintenance of· native or who desire to become so, belong churches. At Davuilevu, on the to a Brotherhood, and the older boys, Rewa River, an educational center with the teachers and a few not has been established with a successconnected with the school, have been ful theological institution, a flourishorganized into a Y. M. C. A. Of ing district teachers' training college, the teachers and pupils who are ac- and an excellent boys' high school. tive members of the Y. 11. C. A. or The missionaries in connection with the Brotherhood, 35 are converts the native work number IS, together from Islam and I I are converts from with 9 missionary sisters. There are Judaism. TOI native mll1lsters, 125 native catechists, and SI9 native teachers. THE CHURCH IN FIJI In connection with the mission, there are 998 day schools and 981 Sunday- T HE Fiji Islands number about schools. It is most probable that within the next year or two the Fijian 250, of which some 80 are popu- mission will be declared an indelated. The two principal islands are pendent district, and pass from un- Viti Levu (Great Fiji), 85 mileslong der the control of the mission board. by 40 miles broad, and Vanua Levu, 95 miles by 25 or 30. Missionary work

Unprecedented

Situation ;, THE REMARKABLE STORY OF MISSIONARY PROGRESS AS REVEALED IN JOURNEYS AROUND THE WORLD BY JOHN R. MOTT, LL.D., NEW YORK Chairman of the Continuation Committee of the World lIissionary Conference ECENT visits to many to live and nothing save the expafl- sion of Christianity in its purest form IIRI of the principal battle- can make the world a safe home for fields of the Christian man. It is not a matter of extel nal Church have imprest arrangements. Vile must enter into me with the strong con- anel change the motive life, the am- viction that the forces bitions, the spirit of men, and only of pure Christianity are facing an Christianity has shown itself able to absolutely unprecedented world situ- do this wonder work. ation in the non-Christian world. The situation is unprecedented 'llso It is unprecedented in point of op- in point of urgency. This is true portunity, for there has been nothing because so many nations are now in like it in the annals of the Christian a plastic condition, and must soon religion. There have been times when become set like plaster. Shall they the opportunity in some one part of set in Christian molds or in antithe world was as wonderful as now; Christian molds? Christianity alone but there never has been a time when, can answer that question. in Far East, in Near East, in Southern Asia, in all parts of Africa, in .More urgent than ever is the situthe East Indian island world, ill many ation because of the rising tides of parts of Latin America, as well as nationalism and of racial patriotism Latin Europe, and Greek Europe, sweeping over the continent of the doors were simultaneously as wide non-Christian worlel. Everywhere I open as they are before the forces have gorie I have become conscious of the Christian religion to-clay. of the thrill of a new life-nations coming to their own, peoples being It is unprecedented also in point reborn. These national and racial of danger. This is due to the aspirations, if taken advantage of by shrinkage of the world, through the Christianity, will bring unexampleu greatly improved means of communi- victories; if not, these nations and cation which has caused tbe nations races will become opponents and will and races to act and react upon each greatly retarcl Christianity's peaceful other with startling directness and min~stry to the world. power and virulence. The world has become a dangerous place in which The situation is more urgent than "" Report of an address at the Student Volunteer Convention at Kansas City, 1Iissouri, Friday even· ing, January 2, 1914.

ever because of the rapid spread of RUllian Contrasts the corrupt influences of so-called On my first visit to Russia, about Western civilization. The blush of fourteen years ago, I found it im- shame has come to my cheeks as I possible to gain access to the eduhave seen how these influences from cated classes of that great empire. North America and the British Isles At that time if I had been found in and Germany, not to mention other a street-car with five Russian stucountries, are eating like gangrene dents, we would all have been subinto the less highly organized peoples jected to arrest. @ur meetings then of the world. were necessarily held in secret be- tween midnight and four in the Again, the situation is more urgent morning. Had I to do it over again, than ever because of the spread of I would not hold even these meetthe cancerous and leprous growths ings-not because of the risks I ran of the non-Christian civilizations that so much as because of the risks enare eating with great deadliness into tailed upon the others. That year I the very vitals of Christendom. If I gave only one public address in were not a Christian, I would be- Russia, and at that meeting the spies lieve profoundly in Christian foreign were present on all sides and I knew missions, because at this time, when it. It took me some time to decide the world has at last found itself in upon a subject that would be safe for its unity, no one in any part of the the occasion, but at last, I deterworld can longer be indifferent as to mined upon "Secret Prayer." Had what is taking place in other parts I spoken upon anything that even of the world. suggested union with others, joining hands in friendly relations, combina- The situation is also more urgent tions, association, propaganda, it than ever because of the process of would have ended all efforts then and syncretism, spreading not only in the there. non-Christian nations, but even in our Western nations, as the result of Now note the contrast: On my rethis impact.

Triumphs of Christianity cent visit to Russia, the largest halls But, thank God, we are facing the obtainable in the great university most urgent situation the Church has cities were not able to hold the mul- ever faced because of the recent un- titudes of the agnostic students.

paralleled triumphs of Christianity. Practically all of the students are Wherever I have gone, I have found without religion, but they are the a rising spiritual tide. The Christ- most religious swdents that I have ward movement among the peoples of met. They have a thirst to find God the world is increasing not only in and to learn His truth and to ex- volume but, in many parts of the perience its power. Every word of world, also in momentum. Let me my addresses had to be spoken give you a glimpse of some of the through interpreters-as a matter of remarkable things I have seen with fact, two had to take turns each my own eyes that reveal these Christ- night. The women students were ward world tendencies and move- always present with the men, and ments. the police would not allow them to

UNPRECEDENTED WORLD

stand in the aisles, but there is a of being obliged to leave those seven large area in the front of the stage hundred student inquirers without at the Russian theaters where they any religious organization and with- were allowed to stand night after out teachers. I had to leave these night. I shall never forget the sea would-be investigators as sheep among of Russian faces reaching from wild and ravenous beasts. Such a where I stood up into the galleries, necessity cuts off life more than any almost everyone of them bearing its other experience.

mark of tragedy. I say tragedy ad- In stilI more recent years, Mr.

visedly, for more Russian students Sherwood Eddy, Miss Rouse and commit suicide each year than in all Baron Nicolai have had similar ex- other nations put together. I believe periences in Russia. As a result we that it is true that the vast majority now have not only Bible circles in of the students of Russia have at all of tIiese Russian universities, but least contemplated suicide. we have Christian student unions as On my recent visit to Russia these well. Last May at Princeton we re- students not only came in great mul- ceived into the World's Student titudes and iistened with an intensity Christian Federation the Christian that fairly draws out one's soul, but Student Movement of Russia. This they thronged me on every occasion, is made up largely of those who are even on the street-cars. Even when still loyal to the Russian Orthodox there was no interpreter present they church. Five years ago I would would follow me about the streets have said that it was unbelievable and would come to my hotel at hOllrs that I should live to see the day when when it had been announced that I there would be a Christian Student could not receive people. They Movement in Russia, holding its seemed to think that from me as the summer conferences, publishing its messenger of the Christian students pamphlets, with four Russian secre- of America and other countries they taries and four American secretaries would find something to quench their giving up their whole time to the thirst to know the truth that sets leadership of these forces. All this men free. is with the knowledge and often with Baron Nicolai and I left little the approval of the highest authori- bands of investigators of pure Chris- ties of the government, for the tianity in all of the places we visited. statutes have been granted in several In one university center I said to the cases.

audience of students, "All who would President Roosevelt sent me a let- like to follow this Christ as I have ter to read to the students of Russia, been setting Him forth come to such and in it he made this striking state- a hall to-morrow afternoon at two ment: "No land, more than Russia.

o'clock." The test was difficult, but holds the fate of the coming years."

over seven hundred students re- I did not understand it then, but I un- sponded. I tried faithfully to put derstand it now, and I agree with him with simplicity the facts concerning absolutely. There are one hundred Christ as the sufficient Savior, ami and fifty millions of these people then I had that crushing experience who have shown a capacity for vica-

rious suffering, for endurance of addition Coptic Christians, Eastern hardship, that has not had its parallel Greeks, Roman Catholics, and Rusin any other nation. That nation is sian Orthodox Christians. We did located in the belt of power, and not apologize for our religious posiblends in itself the strongest strains tions. Constructively we set forth of the East and the West; it is the the meaning of Christianity and its home of the three strongest religions world program. Not only that, but -Christianity, Judaism, and Moham- each night in five or six different medanism. If we press our present centers in Stamboul and Pera, the advantage on wise lines among the largest sections of Constantinople, and tens of millions who are non-Cbris- in the largest halls we could secure, tians in Russia and among the agnos- in one place in German, in two places tics in the educated and ruling classes, in French, in one place in English, that great nation may join us in the in one place in Armenian, apologetic conquest of Asia and Africa. lectures were given by professors from America, Great Britain, and Turkey-Eighteen Years Ago and Now Germany. Here evangelistic appeals were also made by witnesses from In r895, when I first visited Con- all parts of the world. These halls stantinople, I asked about getting ac- were thronged not only with Arcess to the Mohammedan students. menians and Greeks and Christians The missionaries said, "It is absurd and Jews, but with Moslems in infor you to raise that question, for it creasing numbers. would be dangerous-in fact, illegal -to attempt to hold assemblies of When I was about to leave Conthe so-called students in Turkey." stantinople to go into the. Balkan vVhen I went on shipboard to leave States, a deputation waited upon me Constantinople we heard the crackle and said, "You are making a mistake of rifles shooting down the Armenians not to visit Stamboul University, the in the streets, and I was told 011 good largest Mohammedan university, with authority that during the weeks I its eight thousand students." I rewas there hundreds, if not thousands, plied that if they could arrange a of men had stones placed on their meeting before my train left I would necks and were sunk in the Bos- go. They secured the largest hall phorus. Why? Because they had available and when I went down the courage to think out loud. there I had a struggle to make my way to the platform with my inter- A little over two years ago I went preter. Every seat was taken, as to Constantinople again. Think of were all the spaces around the wall. the changes! I went to attend a con- Many men in the audience wore green ference of the World's Student Chris- turbans, which my interpreter told tian Federation in the political capi- me were a sign that the wearers were tal of the Mohammedan world. Rep- Mohammedan theological students. resentatives of Christian students I expected difficulty, but with divine came together from twenty-five na- strength I set forth Christ as the tions. For five days we met in con- only divine Savior, and I never had ference men from over fifty branches a more respectful hearing. of Protestant Christianity, and in

UNPRECEDENTED WORLD SITUATION

In some respects Mohammedans medan students in Cairo, but it was put us to shame. They do not apolo- impossible. But a little over two gize for their religion, and the last years ago when I returned and raised thing they want us to do is to apolo- the same question, the government gize for ours. Even a little girl at officials said, "You may hold meetabout six years old, in Cairo, who ings for them, but we would not adwas asked if she were a Moham- vise it. It will but fan the flames of medan, replied as quick as a flash, fanaticism." Some of the more COll-" "Yes; thank God, I am a Moham- servative missionaries were amazed medan !" They never apologize, ami at our plan proposed, to secure the that night in Constantinople these largest theater in Egypt for our Moslems not only gave me respectful meetings. There was a play each hearing but they even gave sympa- night, so that we could not secure 'thetic attention. An hour passed, and the use of the theater for the eveas I held up Christ as the only Savior nings when students were free, and the attention was most wrapt. were obliged to content ourselves Finally, at nearly midnight, when I with the very unfavorable hour at the was obliged to leave, it took me close of the afternoon. The first nearly forty-five minutes to reach the afternoon I went down with some door as men stopt me to ask most misgivings, but every bit of space in searching questions with the eager the house was taken. After the first desire that characterizes a drowning day the police and some of the man when he grasps the plank thrown British soldiers were called upon to to him for his rescue. They have keep order among the hundreds outurged us to send other lecturers and side who could not gain admittance. speakers, and we have been doing Afternoon after afternoon I sought so year by year. to set forth positively the truth as it is found in pure Christianity, with- Now, it is true that there has been out equivocation, but without making a reaction, but the fact remains that any attack upon Mohammedanism or in nearly all parts of Turkey you even speaking against agnosticism. are to-day free to travel, to hold con- Attention was fixt upon the living ventions and great assemblies, to cir- Christ. On the last afternoon, when culate papers and pamphlets by the the time came to give up the theater thousands, and to do searching evan- because of the play, I had not fingelistic work. It is no doubt a good ished, and I saw there was very inthing that we have some difficulties tense attention. The audience was in Turkey. We need some opposi- largely composed of Mohammedan tion that will test and sift men's students, and unbelievers from the motives. Church history proves that government colleges. I put to them a Christianity advances best in the face proposition like this: "Those of you of difficulties and it is going to ad- who would like to believe in the deity vance in Turkey. That field is open; of Jesus Christ, if you could do so it is accessible, and it is responsive. with intellectual honesty, meet me at the hall of the American mission" Changes in North Africa (about half a mile away). To my On my first visit to North Africa, I tried to find access to the Moham-

amazement, when I arrived there, I "I am an only son. My father is found this hall filled with about six a prominent Government official and hundred students who had come in a man of wealth. He tells me that response to this invitation. We ex- if I become a Christian he will disinperienced one of those times when herit me. The only time I menone stands face to face with the tioned it to my mother she beat her living Christ, an experience which in head against the stone doorstep until itself is an evidence of the living the blood came, for she felt it would Christ. Christ not only was; He is, be such a disgrace if her son should as much as anyone living. I k110'W become a Christian." this. I may have doubts on some questions, but I have had too many I had to be honest to tell the man experiences of the power that worketh that there might be times when, for in Him, that raised Him from the the sake of the truth, it becomes necesdead, to have any mental reserva- sary for a man to leave father, and tions on this point. mother, and brothers; and to leave houses and lands; but I also pointed Wonderful Transformations in India out the attendant promise of what blessing will come into the man's On my first visit to India,.in 1895 life who makes that sacrifice. That and 1896, I spent about fom months proud Mohammedan student bowed chiefly among the educated classes, his knee for the first time to Christ; and it was a great joy on leaving to but he was right in his fears. He be convinced that a few scattered was cast off, and was obliged to flee Hindu and Mohammedan students to another part of India for safety. had been led to become investigators Later he was permitted to return to of Christianity. Few if any of them Lahore, and the change in his life had confessed Christ when I left, al- had been so great that it influenced tho I am glad to say that some were some of his fellow medical students subsequently baptized. It sent a to become inquirers into Christianity. thrill of deep joy through me recently when, in one of the Continua- These were merely beginnings. tion Committee Conferences, one of Last year Mr. Eddy and I found a the leading debaters arose and said wide-open door as we went to the that in one of those meetings he had five university centers of Madras, come into a reasonable and vital faith Bombay, Allahabad, Lahore, and Calin Christ. Now he is a propagator cutta. In every place, the largest of Christianity. hall we could obtain was filled with students. Here were audiences of Another Mohammedan student crowded ranks of Hindus, Mohamcame the last day I was in the Pun- medans, Buddhists, Parsees, Jains, jab, and said: "My reason is con- and followers of other non-Christian vinced that I ought to become a religions. Little bands of Christians Christian, and something in my heart were scattered among them. Every tells me I will not have peace or meeting was a conflict so great that purity or power until I become a each night after the siege we went Christian." I asked him why he did away completely exhausted. In not become a Christian, and he re- Madras it seemed at one time as tho plied:

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everything was going to go against before, Carey baptized his first low us in the great pavilion. Until a caste convert. These two students few months ago we did not know were the first fruits of the meetings why it did not go against us. Every- conducted by Mr. Eddy and myself.

thing had been so tempestuous, and All over India to-day there are not it seemed as tho all would be lost. scores, not hundreds, but thousands If the name of Christ was used it of the' educated classes who are in- was hissed. Then all at once there tellectually convinced, and whose came a hush over the assembly, then hearts are deeply moved, but who a deepened attention, and then a won- need that additional impulse which derful responsiveness. A few months will come when the Church of the ago, at Lake Mohonk, we learned from West recovers her comparatively Mr. Isaacs what had taken place. buried talent of communion with the We had seen several leave the pavil- power of God.

ion, but supposed that it was be- I was pained, in India, to hear the cause of their antagonism. Last sum- president of a Christian college rise mer we learned that they were Chris- to say that he did not expect con- tians, who went out to give them- versions in this generation from selves to prayer. As they fell on among their students, and I could their faces in supplication we saw hardly trust my ears when he added the tempest stilled by Christ, as He that the governing board at· home stilled the tempest of the waves in agreed with him that they were not olden days. to expect conversions in this genera- To-day in India we can not only tion. As soon as I could get on my gain an extended hearing for the feet, I said: "That is not the spirit Gospel with the educated classes, but that will win conversions in the next there is a response, and, in my judg- generation." It reminded me of the ment, there will be an increasing re- young preacher who came to Spurgeon sponse to the Gospel message. It to ask why he did not have converts means more to be able to point even in his ministry. Spurgeon said: "You to a few baptisms of Hindus or Mos- do not expect converts after every lems in India than it would if a sermon, do you?" The young preacher thousand agnostics in our great uni- replied, "Oh, no, of course I do not versities in America should come oui expect them after every sermon."

into a reasonable faith in Christ. "Yes," replied Spurgeon, "I thought Just one year ago we were at so; that is just the reason why you Serampore, holding a conference with do not get them after any sermon."

students from seventy colleges from The time has come in the Indian all parts of the empire. One eve- Empire to intensify our siege work.

ning at about dusk, Bishop Azariah, I thank God for those who have lhat who had recently been consecrated type of heroism that is willing to the first Asiatic bishop of the live, and, if need be, to die in doing Anglican communion, led down into siege work. They are as much to be the water of the H ugli River two envied as the men who see the walls Hindu students for baptism at the fall. Those Japanese who did the very spot where, one hundred years mining and the countermining before

Port Arthur as truly helped to bring great confidence. Missionaries make in the wonderful victory as those who these things possible. swept over the crest of the hill. I admire the spirit of those who are Korea'. Awakening not seeking easy fields where they can count the converts in large statis- I did not visit Korea on my first tics; but who will go to difficult journey around the world, because fields where they will intensify siege there were then no students, but on work that the walls may crumble. my third journey to Asia I shall Crumble they will; yes, they are never forget the scenes, one winter crumbling. I would be glad to spend afternoon, in Independence Hall, outa life in front of these walls, even side of Seoul. This year I returned, if I could never look over them. and altho I was advised that it was not a desirable time for special evan- I never go into Ceylon without gelistic meetings, particularly for the wonder at that little island which student class and the more official sent out its hundreds and thousands class, on account of the conspiracy of Buddhist missionaries, storming trials, still we could not pass by that the whole of the vast Asiatic coast, field which the year before had had in a wonderful propaganda which has sixty thousand additions to the Chrisresulted in making more Buddhists tian Church. We could not promise than there are followers of any other to spend a week in Seoul, and altho religion. Ceylon and Burma are to it was a cold winter, and it was a this day the great citadels of Bud- critical time, a tent was erected holddhism in its most aggressive for111. ing three thousand. This was not only filled but the people stood out- When we were in C~lombo the larg- side as well. The last of these meetest hall was crowded with students ings continued for three hours, and night after night. Some twenty bap- after we had literally driven away tisms have already resulted from the everyone except those who bad signed inquirers enlisted during those meet- cards to indicate that they would acings. In Rangoon, Burma, I could cept Christ as their Savior or would hardly believe my eyes as I witnessed become investigators, I was still surthe marvelous response we met rounded by three hundred stalwart, among Buddhist students. It re- loving Koreans. We have taken too minded me of the thrill that must much for granted. We have assumed have come to Judson in the years of that because of the recent Christian his siege work when he won his first triumphs in Korea we might occupy convert. Everything I saw there and ourselves elsewhere, but that would elsewhere has been made possible by be an enormous blunder. For that the work of men like Judson and very reason we ought to show ourother unnamed missionaries. You selves all the more friendly. We can not have reaping unless there has ought to join hands with the Chrisbeen seed-sowing and weeding and tians of all nations, including the watering and nurturing, unless the Christians of Japan, to make that, the sun has been shining with light and first non-Christian people of the warmth from Christ-like lives. Then modem age, become genuinely and you may put in your sickle with

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completely Christian. I came away also had present the leading Japanese from Korea believing that if Chris- workers. In response to the ques- tianity were to die out in America tion : Are the educated classes in and in Canada and England, it exists Japan as accessible now as they ever with such vitality in Korea that it were, even in the late eighties? every would ultimately spread again to missionary and every Japanese agreed our shores and reestablish itself. that they were. All but two in the Open-mjndedness jn Japan two conferences agreed the illiterate masses were even more accessible Japan has always imprest me as than ever before. Without doubt the most brilliant nation of the world, there has come another of those won- one that has achieved greater progress derful days of God's visitation. He in one generation than any other is visiting Japan now.

country has achieved in two, if 110t Each night we had at our meet- in three, generations. The outstann- ings as many as two hundred Japa- ing characteristic of the Japanese nese students, chiefly Government which is largely responsible for her students, decide to become Christian wonderful progress is, I believe, her inquirers. If we are to judge re- open-mindedness. Some people have sults by difficulties overcome, possibly assumed that tHe wonderful achieve- the most wonderful experience of ments of the Japanese have. turned this last journey was our last night their heads. I have been in Japan spent in Japan. A fter a very full four times and find no evidence of day, beginning at about six-thirty in that. On the contrary, the Japanese the morning with many meetings and impress me as more solemnized now conferences with missionaries and than ever as a result of their great Japanese, we went down at night in and added responsibilities. They are front of the Imperial University, with feverishly in earnest to learn any- its five thousand graduate students.

thing they can from other nations. It has about five hundred professors, The Japanese 'are open-minded and nearly all of whom have received one are seeking to make anything they or more degrees from European or find contributory to the growmg American universities. It is the great power of their nationality. intellectual lighthouse for the whole This means much. Eight years Eastern world. We had secured the ago the wonderful cable message great auditorium of the Canadian came from Japan to the Student Presbyterian Church. As I went Volunteer Convention at Nashville: down there, somewhat exhausted, 1 "Japan is leading the Orient-·but said: "It i~ time, 0 Lord, for Thee whither?" With aptness that mes- to work." Every seat on the floor sage can still be quoted. It is a ami in the gallery was taken, and the wonderful moment in Japan. Our standing space at the back was com- recent conferences there, in connec- pletely filled. ~rith four addresses, tion with the Continuation Commit- each one through an interpreter, the tee, were attended by the leading meeting lasted nearly four hours. At missionaries of the various Protestant the close, three hundred and seventy denominations in this country. "Ie of these men, including two pro-

fessors 'and some of the doctors of Five years later, I spent one day philosophy, had signed cards indicat- with the presidents of seventeen mising three things: sionary colleges during which most of the time was given to discussing ( I) I will make a conscientious the question of reaching the literati. study of the four gospels; and that We concluded that it might be possi- I may do this to the best advantage ble to reach one here and there, at I will meet for one hour each week the end of the examinations, and with others who are making the that in time we might win a few, but same investigation. we could not hope for large num- hers and still less for organized work (2) I will pray daily to the holy among them. God for wisdom to find the truth. and for courage to follow it after I Again, five years later still, the have discovered it. walls of Jericho were beginning to crumble. In some places I could (3) When my reason and COll- look through, and here and there I science permit me to do so, I will could reach my hand through and take Christ as my Savior and Lord. feel somebody clasp it. The ancient literati were beginning to give way Those last moments with those to the modern literati, and in three three hundred and seventy bowed in places I was able to meet with them. prayer together constitute another of those evidences that Christ lives A year ago, -when I reached Canand that He is able to speak through ton, I found to my alarm that they languages or the lack of languages. had hired the largest theater in He is able to break through intellec- China, a building th{tt holds thirtytual pride; and through racial preju- five hundred people. On the night dices and misunderstandings. Christ of the first meeting, as we neared will take care of Himself. If He is the theater, I saw crowds in the but lifted up, He will draw all men, streets, and asked: "Why do they not whether they are educated men, or open the doors?" Some one came are illiterate men, whether they are to tell us that the doors had been if! the Far East or in the Near East. open for an hour and that every I was recently cheered by word from seat was taken. Tickets had been Japan that of those who became in- distributed to the Government stuquirers in different parts of Japan dents, Government officials, and to the many have already been baptized. educated classes. On the platform were about fifty of the leading edu- Overturning. in China cated Chinese of Canton, many of them young men who had studied in In 1896, when I first went to Tokio and in American universities. China, I became interested in the The first night the chair was taken literati, the scholars of that great by a Chief Justice, a man who was land of scholars. A missionary with not a Christian. The next night the whom I was speaking, said: "We will chairman was a man high in Govnever live to s'ee the day when the ernment position but not a Chrisliterati will be really accessible." tian. The following night the Com- When I returned I spoke of the Chinese literati as the Gibraltar of the student world, for they seemed to occupy an absolutely impregnable position.

UNPRECEDENTED WORLD SITUATION

mISSIOner of Education, a Christian, Chinese say. He has been a won- took the chair. Each night two or derful teacher and I am not altogether three addresses were given through sorry that there is something of a an interpreter. There were always reaction in favor of his teachings.

large crowds, tho not as large as the The Chinese were going too fast in first night, and by the time the series their tendency to throw aside all was over, over seven hundred had the teachings of Confucius. I said signed cards with the three promises. to the students: "Hold on to every- Those seven hundred led one hundred thing that your reason and your more of their fellow students to be- conscience teaches you to be true;"

come inl/uirers, the blind leading the but I always added: "Do not let that blind. Already one hundred and keep you from accepting truth which forty-five have been baptized or are Christ alone made known to men."

)>l'obationers for baptism. Scenes in Manchuria Those were full days in Canton. I had not planned to go to Man- We had Continuation Committee con- churia, but the Scotch and Irish and ferences by day and then for variety Danish missionaries exprest their we had these campaigns with the conviction that I was making a mis- students at night. A delegation of take not to visit Mukden. I told Chinese came to me and said: "Why them that if they would put more must we be baptized if we become days in the calendar I would plan to Christians? Will you not hold a make a short visit. I also sugmeeting to answer that question?" gested that they might persuade the Every hour was taken, but it oc- Japanese Government to put on a curred to me that they might bring special engine and car so that I need their delegation to a place near where not travel on Sunday. I would be I was to attend a dinner and that I able to give a week-end. Finally, might be excused from one of the however, by cutting my visit short courses in order to tell them why in Korea we arranged for the visit they should be baptized. They to Manchuria. The Governor heard brought a delegation of twenty-five that I was coming, and said: "Our and I tried to explain the matter in hall is not large enough." They telesuch a way that they would be graphed me about this. I have able to tell others. The truth took friends in America and Canada arid hold of them and I made bold to England who have said: "If at any ask: "How many of you are reaJ) to time money will widen your oppor- take this step?" In response about tunity, use money." I therefore told seventeen stood up. The Chinese are them to build a pavilion, but the logical. Convince them of the way Governor would not permit it and they ought to go and they go! N apJ- took the money from his own pocket leon said of China: "There sleeps a to build the large pavilion. He also giant. Let him sleep. When China called upon the Government colleges, is moved, she will move the world." students and professors, to march to From Canton I went north to the the meetings. Not only was the province of Confucius, that "sage place filled with five thousand, but of ten thousand generations," as the many had to be turned away.

There we had one of those ex- ihis message, for, while Confucius periences that fasten themselves upon teaches us the truth, you have been our consciousness. On the last day giving us a message which tells about six or seven hundred signed the the power to follow the truth." That threefold resolutions as inquirers. On is the Chinese mind again, laying the platform by my side during these hold of the essentials. lectures was the Commissioner of Education, not a Christian. When I Acceptance of the Opportunities had sent the crowd away and had only these six or seven hundred in- Are not these facts sufficient to quirers there, his excellency arose convince anyone that we are living and said: "I want to say something." in a wonderful age? Old things I sat down by my interpreter and have passed away; all things have said: "Tell me quickly what he says." become new. These nations are wide The Commissioner said: "Young open to us. They are accessible. men, I have heard all of these lec~ Their fields are ripe. They are tures to which you have listened, and ready for the sickle. The time has I have been particularly interested come' to reap, and, in the name 01 in these promises which you have God, ask yourself whether it may made. I call upon you now, every not be the will of God that you one, to keep these promises. If this sho.uld dedicate your life to the misgentleman ever comes back to Man- sionary cause. . . . I know North churia, let it not be said that anyone America, and my soul tingles with of you have gone back on these reso- the possibilities here; but I would lutions." be dishonest if I said that there are greater opportunities here than in the Mr. Sherwood Eddy could tell of Orient. There is a tremendous field even more remarkable experiences for mIssIonaries, evangelists, and in Peking, Nanking, Hongkong, and others with the evangelistic spirit, to Fuchau, where in the last days of become doctors, teachers, editors, auhis campaign five thousand were in thors, apologists, statesmen, apostles. daily attendance to hear these messages, and nearly two thousand came One other word. We also need to be inquirers. provision for such an enlargement of the Volunteer Movement as will In Peking, the president of the make it possible to put more recruit- Chinese University said: "Mr. Mott, ing officers into the field. We must I have heard about your methods and have them. One thousand four hun- I would like to know your message." dred and eighty volunteers have sailed Then for over forty minutes he ques- in the past four years. Two thoutioned me as to the vital points of sand should sail in the next four the Christian message. Then he years. Four hundred colleges have said: "Mr. Mott, you must change been visited in a year. Ve ought to your plans. I want you to stay in be visiting a thousand. If we are to China and visit not only the great do this we must have a budget of cities, but all of the smaller cities sixty thousand dollars a year for the wherever Y011 can find young men next four years. It is a privilege to and school boys to tell them about associate our sacrifices with Christ for the enlargement of His work.

Thousand Students In

for Missions THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE REMARKABLE STUDENT VOLUNTEER CONVENTION IN KANSAS CITY, DECEMBER 31, 1913, TO JANUARY 4, 1914 BY THE EDITOR T would be impossible call of God to devote themselves and their talents wholly to Him; if they mI ~ .for any on.e, w~th :is- have determined to obey the vision IOn and ImagmatlOn, and the call-who can measure the with faith in God and power generated and set free in faith in man, to view five thousand channels as a result . unmoved the vast of this convention. It is as tho five audience of six thousand students thousand torches had been lighted and missionary leaders who recently with the fire of God and then had gathered for five days at Kansas scattered over the continent to light City to consider the claims of for- in turn other torches and to spread eign missions upon their hearts and their light and heat in bringing the lives. Nearly five thousand of these truth and love of God to all mankind. delegates were students from over seven hundred colleges and pro- The Purpose and Plan fessional schools of United States and Canada-the picked young men Nothing less than a great cause and young women of America-in and a great purpose could call totraining for leadership at home and gether stich a number of young men abroad. Think what it means for and young women. Many of them them to devote a week of the Christ- came at real sacrifice of time and mas holidays to daily missionary of money and were prepared for a meetings-three sessions a day, with still more complete sacrifice of life. intense, spiritual, practical questions About one-third of them-I,600presented for their earnest considera- were already Student Volunteers, tion without self-interest and with- but fully three thousand had not yet out compromise. decided to be foreign missionaries. Twice a day-morning and evening- It is impossible to conceive of the they gathered in the great convenimmense influence that such a con- tion hall to listen to some of the vention may exert on the history of foremost missionary leaders in the the world. If these four thousand world present the needs of the nonstudents have been cleansed and set Christian peoples for the saving Goson fire with a live coal from off pel of Christ. For two hours and a God's altar, if they have caught the half at a stretch the order was pracvision of a world's need-a world tically perfect, the interest was eager for which Christ died; if they have and unwavering. The organization caught the spirit of a Savior's love and program were well-nigh perfect. and sacrifice; if they have heard the

Ushers and doorkeepers performed Boards of Missions, pointed out the their arduous d!1ties with Christian courtesy as a service to God; the urgency of the missionary problem famous Association Quartet led the devotional singing with marvelous among Moslems in Africa. effect; the generous hosts in Kansas City did much to insure the success Shall we Christians tarry and trifle of the meetings, and the speakers, while Africa is in darkness? almost without exception, spoke with great nower as inspired messengers While we d*ela*y a*nd dally Mo- of Guu. 'lhere was no applause and yet it was not difficult to note the hammedanism is increasing in geo- sympathetic and appreciative response graphical extent, and in influence. " ilich these messages met in the hearts of the delegates. Even when *** a speaker could not be heard-as was the case in very few instances-the While within the last ten years attention was almost perfect. fifty Moslems in Africa have been converted to Christ, there have been The plan of the convention de- some 50,000 pagans who have gone serves notice. The program was by over to Islam. And they are more no means made up of popular mis- difficult to reach as Moslems than they would have been as pagans. 1 *** sionary addresses and appeals to ser- vice. It was progressive-beginning On the other hand there are signs at a definite point and proceeding to of decay in Moslem political power. a definite goal. The first purpose of To-day there is not a single inde- the leaders was not to secure more pendent Moslem state in Afric.a- missionary recruits, but to bring the Egypt, the Sudan, Tripoli, Morocco delegates into harmony with the will have all come under the control of and Spirit of God. The meetings European governments. thus emphasized sanity, sanctity and service. * The * probl*em of unoccu- A Survey of the Fields supreme At the opening session on Wednes- day afternoon, devotional addresses pied fields to-day is the problem at' were given by John R. Mott, Robert E. Speer and Dr. Robert F. Horton Moslem territory in Africa. of London. The theme was the en- thronement of Christ in the heart and *** life as the first essential to right thinking and right decisions. Then The price of victory is general- followed for three sessions a most ship and individual sacrifice. There masterly presentation of the present must be a new laying hold on God situation in non-Christian lands and for the rescue of Moslem Africa. the call to Christians to give them the Gospel. Dr. Charles R. Watson, The impressive address by Dr. secretary of the United Presbyterian Samuel M. Zwemer on "The Ful- ness of Time in the Moslem 'vVorld," will be printed in full in our March number. This modern Raymond Lull held the vast audience spell- bound while he explained and illus- trated in a masterful way the five facts which show that, in God's calendar, the fulness of time has come to redeem those under the yoke of Islam: I. For the first time in history the whole of Christendom is face to face with the whole of Islam.

P ART OF THE AUDIE~CE OF OVER SIX THOUSAND IN CONVE NTION HALL, KA NSA S CITY, AT THE SEVENTH STUDENT VOLUNTEER FOREIGK MISSIONARY

DECEMBER 31 , 1913, TO JANUARY 4, 1914 These students came from 755 colleges and other educational institutions of the United States and Canada. John R. Matt, LL.D., presided. Among the delegates were 3,984 representatives of colleges, universities and professional schools (including about 160 Chinese delegates), 279 secretaries, missionaries, and other Foreign Mission Board representatives, 53 editors and representatives of the press, 350 laymen, and 365 special delegates and guests-a total of 5,031 regular attendants at the convention. Beside these there were over I ,CX)() hosts and other visitors from Kansas City in daily attendance, and at times it was necessary to hold overflow meetings.

Above the platform (on which were seated the foreign missionaries and Board representatives) was hung an immense map of the world showing the prevailing religions in each continent. Lines stretching from North America indicated the countries to which student volunteers have sailed as foreign missionaries since 1887. These number 5,882, of whom 638 have gone to Africa, 26 to Arabia, 40 to Central America, 1,739 to China, 1,133 to India, Burma and Ceylon, 743 to Japan, 28 to Latin and Greek countries of Europe, 168 to Mexico, 67 to I slan ds of the Pacific, 163 to the Philippines, 51 to Persia, 104 to Siam, L aos and Strait settlements, 359 to South America, 221 to Turkey, 177 to West Indies and 225 to other countries.

19141 FIVE THOUSAND STUDENTS IN LINE FOR MISSIONS

2. To-day we know the character in that city of two million inhab- and power of Islam as never before. itants.-KATo.

3. The political power of Islam *** has collapsed and almost all of the Moslem world is under Christian As a result of the Matt and Eddy governments. meetings last spring there were 2,000 enquirers enrolled among the stu- 4. The social and intellectual status dents and of these ISO have already .and standards of Islam are changing. been received into the Christian Church.-KATO. 5. There is a present-day spiritual crisis and opportunity in Islam. In India *to-d*ay * there is an On the second· day the Macedonian awakening in one generation such as required four hundred years to take calls were heard from other lands. place in Europe. There are now 4,000,000 Christians in India and A Japanese Christian earnestly ap- more than 3,000 new baptisms are taking place, on an average, each pealed for Christian messengers for fortnight.-HARTE.

his people; a Chinese called for those who will help redeem China; C. D. Hurrey, formerly Y. M. C. A.

secretary in South America, and *** Bishop Kinsolving of Brazil told of Africa has dozens of bishops and the United States has u6, but South the spiritual darkness and open doors America has only four. Philadelphia has 6g0 Protestant churches, while in South America, and A. C. Harte, Buenos Ayres has only 10. There. are ten times as many preachers of student secretary for India, presented the Gospel in the one State of Iowa as there are in all South America.- the problem of his adopted country KINSOLVING.

and people. Many of these powerful *** addresses will appear in the REVIEW, In the interests of Mariolatry, or at least without the protest of the so that we give here only a few dominant Church, there is, in South America, an ethical status more detristriking phrases: mental to pure morals and more dis- honoring to Christ than is found in In Latin America the student class open paganism.-KINsOLVING. rules. How they will rule may be guessed by the fact that at present *** not two per cent. of the students in the universities have any interest in In South America we find: A the Bible or in Christianity.-HuR- sacramental system without real wor- REY. ship; a closed Bible; false doctrine; baneful superstition; untutored igno- *** rance; almost complete divorce from Christianity; a deplorable moral ana Buddhism, Confucianism and Shin- ethical status.-KINSOLVING. to have no influence to-day on the Japanese students. In the univer- *** sity of Tokyo, among five thousand students, only 700 claimed to be fol- The result of keeping the Bible lowers of these religions, while goo from the laity and the denial of the put themselves down as atheists and right of private judgment will al- 3,000 as agnostics or indifferent. ways be the enslavement of the con- Seventy confessed themselves to be science of any people.-KINsOLVING. Christians.-KATo. *** *** From a mISSIonary 'viewpoint the The temptations to young men in Japan can scarcely be over estimated. most remarkable and powerful ad- The police of Tokyo recently reported that 300,000 men frequented houses of ill-fame in a single month

dress delivered at this convention- have trained minds and skilled pracperhaps at any gatherilJg-was the tise, so that we may give the best story told by John R. Mott of what we have to men in the service of he had seen with his own eyes of Christ.-HENDERSON. the transformations in the Nearer and the Farther East. He told of * * oj< the contrast in the attitude of governments and people and the oppor- There is a mutual satisfaction in tunities for preaching the Gospel as man's right relationship to Godhe found them on his journeys four- God seeks worshipers and man seeks teen and eighteen years ago in com- God.-W. W. WHITE. parison with the open doors on his recent journey around the world. It *** is a marvelous report and will be found in full on another page. Prophets to-day, like the prophets of old, must study the sacred books The Sources of Power of God, must maintain fellowship with God, and must give utterance One session of the convention was by word and life to the message of devoted to the presentation of the God to men.-W. W. WHITE. sources of spiritual power-for the emphasis 0.£ the speakers was ever *** on the necessity of a healthy spiritual life and right relationship with God A missionary is one sent to win rather than on any particular act of devotion or field of service. Presi- men to Jesus Christ, so that the best dent W. Douglas MacKenzie of Hartford Theological Seminary spoke on preparation for missionary work is the need of special training, Professor Henderson of the University of Chi- the winning of men. . This is cago urged the need of knowing Christ, the world and our right re- proved by the command of Christ, lation to both of them, Dr. W. W. White presented the need for sane the teachings of Christ, the example and systematic Bible study and prayer, and Mr. Sherwood Eddy of Christ, and the history of the brought home to all hearts the duty of "soul winning in student days as Church.-EDDY. an essential preparation for a fruitful missionary career." *** "Train your mind to see the truth Many are not winners of men toof God and your vision to see the day because of indifference, of hidneeds of man."-MAcKENzIE. den sin, or from fear of man.-EDDY.

*** *** Let us not go forth with the in- If you would become winners of sufficient preparation of "quacks" to men (I) renounce the hidden things practise our Christian profession of shame (2 Cor. 4:2), and sanctify among men but let us see that we ourselves; (2) manifest the truth as it is in Christ; (3) command your- selves to every man's conscience; (4) live as in the sight of God.- EDDY.

*** Ve have long since ceased to doubt that we will win Asia for Christ, but how are We to win Amer- ica if we relegate to the few the witnessing to Christ at home?-EDDY.

*** Perhaps the most remarkable ses- sion in the program in point of cumu- lative effect of a series of addresse, was that on Saturday morning when the subj ect presented was "Forces to Be Wielded in Behalf of

19I4] FiVE THOUSAND STUDENTS IN LINE FOR MISSIONS

Foreign Missions." Some of these In United States each Christian papers we have secured for our read- has two non-Christians to reach; in ers to be printed later. Dr. James L. non-Christian lands each Christian Barton, secretary of the American Jm. iscs.ioWnaHrIyTEh.as a parish of 70,000:– *** Board, first presented the need for There are now only one in 2,500 "Missionary Statesmanship" ; J. American Protestant church-members Campbell 'White of the Laymen's on the foreign mission fields. If Missionary Movement set forth in we eliminate fifty per cent. of our speaking statistics the "Money church-members as non-contributing Power"; Dr. James H. Franklin, sec- we could treble our missionary force retary of the American Baptist For- and still leave only one foreign miseign Missionary Society, pleaded in sionary to be supported by four huna convincing way for "Unity and Co- dred Christians at home.-J. C. operation"; Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer WHITE. showed the "Power of Sacrifice," If the ** * and Dr. Robert F. Horton reached Protestant church-members the climax with an address on the of America gave an average of only "Power of Prayer." Each address four cents a week to foreign miswas a masterpiece with both logical sions it would mean an income of and spiritual power. nearly $50,000,000 a year for the Missionary statesmanship is the exhibition and exercise of conspicuous work. Many could give $1,000,000 ability and sagacity in the management and direction of missionary outright to foreign missions while affairs.-BARTON. they are still alive and are not com- *** pelled to give it up.-J. C. WHITE. Three perils stand in the way of the development and use of mis~ion­ *** ary statesmanship: (I) Failure to study and grasp the immensity of The question to consider in Christhe task; (2) failure to prepare ade- tian unity is not one of compromise quately for the accomplishment of but of a larger comprehension of the the task; and (3) undue eagerness love and truth of God. We need not to secure visible results. The first ask: What must I give up, but what is due to superficiality on the part of can I contribute to the sum of students, the second to desire of the boards for workers, and the third to Christian truth.-J. H. FRANKLIN. the demands of the supporters at home for statistics.-BARToN. * * * It is true for the denomination as *** for the individual: "He that would save his life shall lose it, and he that vVe need statesmanship (I) 111 re- shall lose his life for My sake, the lation to the development of an m- same shall find it."-J. H. FRANKLIN. digenous native church; (2) in the development of native forces on the * The only pow* er*that money has is field; (3) in the presentation of the work of missions to governments at found not by hoarding but when it is home and abroad; (4) in ability to poured out and set free to do God's see the whole work and the whole bidding.-S. M. ZWEMER. field; and (5) in Christlike intercession for the world field.-BARTON. *** The "scar-marks" that we have re- ceived in behalf of Christ are the only test of our faithfulness as fol- lowers of the crucified Christ.- ZWEMER.

*** Is the shadow of the cross on your bank account, or do you only spend

for the Kingdom what you can easily They have a wide opportunity spare ?-ZWEMER. among their fellows in the colleges and other institutions to which they Intercession *is t*he *highest form of return. When Horace Rose went back to his college fired with misprayer, the mightiest instrument of sionary zeal, the result was 25 new the Christian and brings the greatest student volunteers, 400 converts to blessing.-HoRToN. Christ and 600 enrolled in Bible study classes. If that is the result * :;: * with one man what might not be the result with 4,000 students consecrated We can not come to the experience to the service of God? of Pentecost except by the way of Calvary.-HoRToN. In their homes and churches and local committees, these delegates may One striking* a*nd * most hopeful spread the fire. In a Wichita church one man was able to gather a band of feature of the convention was the personal workers who were the means emphasis on prayer-in the call to of winning 3,000 converts in the disthe convention; in the daily cards trict. distributed for the "Morning Watch" and in the daily sessions and ad- But the responsibility for using dresses. Man is potent only as he is the inspiration gained at Kansas linked with God's omnipotence. City is world-wide. There has been a vision of the needs of the world. The Delegates' Responsibility Many volunteers have fallen at the front. Who will fill their places? The great privileges and opportunities of such a convention neces- Results of Student Conventions sarily involve grave responsibilities on those who attend. These were These large Volunteer Convenwell presented by Sherwood Eddy at tions are justified only by the results the deeply-impressive dosing session secured in the lives of individuals on Sunday evening. The possibilities and of communities. Since the beof such a gathering of educated lead- ginning of the work twenty-seven ers can scarcely be imagined if these years ago, 5,882 student volunteers young men and young women have have sailed for foreign mission fields. heard the voice of God, have seen In the last four years 1,466 have the vision of service and fully conse- left America-this is the largest numcrate their lives to following His ber in anyone quadrennial-more will. Out of such a convention may than sailed in all the first twelve come the futUre Motts, and Speers, years of the movement. A larger and Eddys, and Hortons and Ding Ii number of new volunteers were also Meis, and Azariahs not only of enrolled in the past four years than America, but of China and Africa, in any previous similar period. of India and Japan, of Turkey and South America. One of the greatest advances has been in mission study classes. The The student delegates have first a membership in these has increased in responsibility to themselves-to face the last four years from 29,000 to the facts thoughtfully and honestly and then to act with conscientious loyalty and devotion.

THOUSAND STUDENTS IN LINE FOR MISSIONS

40,000. This study and world vision women. They formed a striking ob- have also meant an intensified prayer ject lesson of the results and the op- life and deepened spirituality among portunity of foreign missions. Most the students and have helped to trans- of these are preparing for Govern- form many individuals and many ment service in China and some of college communities. them were not yet Christians. Each The most spectacular sessions of afternoon they held their own con- the convention were those of Friday, ferences and on the third day six Saturday and Sunday nights. On openly confessed their faith in Christ the first, after Dr. Mott's address, for the first time, and five others the delegates contributed in ten min- agreed to study the Gospels and to utes over $80,000 ($20,000 a year) follow Christ so far as He appealed for the work of the movement in the to their reason and consciences. Over next four years. This is about one- twenty of the Chinese delegates were half of the amount needed. The led to determine to devote their lives second was on Saturday when Secre- to distinctively Christian service in tary of State Bryan and Dr. J. A. China. This means that they have McDonald of the Toronto Globe de- renounced the prospects of political livered oratorical mIssIonary ad- preferment and have chosen to fol- dresses; and the third and most im- low the way of the Cross-service pressive was when, as the entire audi- through sacrifice.

ence stood, the names were read of The greatest student convention the fifty-three volunteers who have died world has ever seen passes into his- since the previous convention. Of tory to make history. We are confi- these the name most often lovingly fident that men and women received mentioned by many speakers was that there a new vision of Christ that has of William Borden, the young volun- led to neW consecration, a new felteer who consecrated his wealth and lowship with God that has brought himself to the cause of Christ and laid new health and power and a new down his life in Cairo. After the view of the world that will lead reading of the "honor roll" and the hundreds, perhaps thousands, to place singing of the martyrs' hymn, the stu- themselves at the disposal of our dent volunteers at the convention who Lord, cost 'What it may. Never has expect to sail this year-nearly one there been in the history of the hundred of them-stood and were world a convention of so many Chrisdedicated in prayer to their life work. tian students to study the needs of It was a solemnizing moment and yet the world and to face their own'inone of ,joyful anticipations, such as might characterize the departure of dividual responsibility to supply those fresh troops for a life-saving battle needs. In the words of the chairman, on the frontier. Dr. Mott: "If this convention disap- One unusual feature of the con- points Christ, what means can we ex- vention was the presence of 160 pect will arouse men and women to Chinese delegates-many of them respond to His call."

A State Religion for

llY REV. ARTHUR H. SMITH, T'UNG CHOU :Missionary of the American Board; author of "China in Convulsion," etc.

N the two years which scale at the end of the civil war in the middle "sixties" of the last cen- III I have elapsed since the tury. establishment of the Chinese Republic it During the past few years, as has become evident is well known, the leaders of thought both to the Chinese in Japan have been greatly troubled themselves and to old residents of over similar symptoms in that em- China, that an unfavorable change pire, and their anxiety for the morals has come over the morals of the of the people led in the early part of Chinese people. There is a general 1912 to the singular Conference of disregard not only for the fixt cus- Religions in Tokyo, which attracted toms of the past, but of rules, regu- so much attention in Japan and out lations, laws, and of authority in of it. During the past year and more general. scores of thousands of soldiers have been discharged from the Chinese Individualism in its extreme form army. They constitute a justly has invaded the land of conservative dreaded class. Many of them took and patriarchal antecedents. The with them their arms and ammuniominous terms for "Liberty," and tion, and almost at once there began "Equality," are now a well-recog- a reign of terror in several province!; nized part of Chinese speech, and which has spread until it has become while they are not understood they more or less characteristic of the are aggressively misunderstood. whole land. This 1S sometimes F'ing teng – "all-on-a-Ievel" – is a termed "quiet anarchy" (a correct phrase used in China with a new description with the exception of the content, and if present-tiay notions limiting adjective), a state of things were to be carried to their logical to which the Chinese have been aclimits there would seem to be an customed for millenniums, whenever end of any kind of control over any favoring conditions, such as a change one in China. In this experience of dynasty, etc., exist. It is as true China is only repeating that of other now as it seems always to have been lands. The French Revolution, with that the evils of China have been its frightful aftermath, has never largely economic in their ongm. been forgotten by modern civiliza- Were there work enough and food tion. Not unlike that destructive enough for- all the people events epoch was the phase through which would take a different course, a the newly formed United States went large and roomy IF, which is found for some decades after their freedom in other countries also. But it is not was theoretically won. A like phe- in roaming bandit soldiers alone, and nomenon was witnessed on a smaller in amateur hands of predatory illusion for all those who thought civilians always to be found in China, China's salvation was to be evolved that the absence of restraint is shown. by this piece of machinery. Party Taxes and Corruption spirit ran too high, greed was too obviously rampant, and there reigned At the beginning of the revolution it a supreme incapacity to rise to the was thought prudent-so it was said emergency of China's dire need. So -to promise that the advent of the large and so unwieldy a body, ham- republic would be accomplished by pered by rules of an impossible the remission of all taxes-for a quorum, placed a premium upon dis- time. No bad habit is so easily and order and upon blocking all business so radically cured as that of paying by merely withdrawal from the taxes, and once cured it was hard to chamber. As each party did this in get it started again-and remain<; :'0 turn the result was a long record of to this day. The hated Manchu costly nullities.

was largely hated because he always Delay of Religion wanted money, and if the republic was to demand also, what was tht Religious faith, it is pointed out, good of a change? During these two has manifestly decayed. Even in the years the provinces which heretofore Manchu dynasty temples were turned have always supplied the government wholesale into school-houses, with or with funds, have sent only driblets, without the consent of "the people,"

and so China is contracting the loan who then figured very ·1ittle. Under habit, which, unless checked, can a republic all this would be amended, lead only to bankruptcy and to active but it has gone on as before, and intervention. The same disregard of this not only in great cities like Can- rules has long existed in the schools ton and Tientsin-the two most con- of all grades, where the scholars have spicuous examples-but in rural re- practically taken charge, boycotting gions passim. Buddhist priests have and securing the dismissal of teachers, not infrequently tried to recover their insisted upon certain courses of study temples by putting themselves- into to the exclusion of others, upon easy communication and alliance with examinations, high marks, and im- Japanese Buddhists, always ready to mediate employment after graduation. interfere in Chinese affairs. But the Of most of the evils the Govern- Chinese Government III Manchu ment University in Peking has been times refused to listen to the -and still is-a most flagrant ex- specious plea by Japanese that Bud- ample. It has been a common com- .dhism should be put on a level with plaint that corruption, always abound- Christianity as a privileged religion, ing in China, has been even worse on the ground that there was nothing and more unblushing under the re- of the sort mentioned in the treaties public than before, for the reason that with Japan. Something therefore previous restraints no .longer restrain. 111ust be done to rehabilitate the The conduct of the Parliament, upon morals of China. When the republic which such high hopes were set, was was launched it was openly pro- a distinct and a progressive dis- claimed by its promoters that hence-

forth we were to have religious of Confucius and His School," which liberty in China, and this promise are published by the university. Mr. has been often reaffirmed down to Ch'en is very learned in Confucianthe assembling of Parliament, and ism and in economics, and he has the work of the large committee to succeeded in establishing a relationwhich was entrusted the drafting of ship between them hitherto altogether the new Constitution. unexpected, unless by the initiated. It appears that Confucius was not It was not long, however, before only a moralist, as we all knew, but we began to hear that an article was more particularly a political econin contemplation making Confucian- omist, who saw and who foresaw ism the state religion of China, an nearly everything that is now known, announcement received with much and more clearly than we know it. natural incredulity by those who knew Mr. Ch'en's volumes are monuments what irreconcilable differences of of industry, according to our ideas opmlon have long existed as to mistakenly applied, but well adapted whether Confucianism conforms to to mislead those who accept the the definition of "a religion" at all. author's large assumptions. This is It is only within the past few years not the place to examine them nor that the Chinese language had had to point out their fallacies-tho it any phrase to express the concept may be desirable that this should "religion," and the compound now somewhere be done. Being a in use (Cltsung-chiao") means liter- thoroughly sincere believer in Conally ancestral instruction, but it has fucianism as the only possible hope come to China from Japan-with for China and the coming religion many another new term-to "supVly of mankind, it was natural for Mr. a want which has long been felt," not, Ch'en to desire to have it stamped however, felt by the Chinese them- with governmental approval. But selves, but by others who have to here serious difficulties began. Conuse the Chinese language. The ques- fucianists themselves were found to tion whether Confucianism is or is be of different minds, some gladly not in the Occidental sense "a re- welcoming the plan of establishing ligion" has never had the smallest Confucianism as an omen of salvainterest for the Chinese-even if tion for China, while others denied they could have comprehended it- that Confucianism is or ever was, or but now that they are increasingly ever can be, a "religion," pointing sensitive to Western ideas it is other- out that there is no God in the cult, wise. 110 worship but that performed by emperors now banished from the re- The prime mover in the vigor- public, and no general agreement as ous effort to establish at this late day to what is and what is not Cona state religion for China, is under- fucianism. stood to be Mr. Ch'en Huan-chang, is a graduate of Columbia University, Christianity and Confucianism N. Y., a few years ago, who prepared as his thesis for the degree of philoso- It is at this point that Western exphy a treatise in two extended vol- perience becomes illuminating. ~What umes on "The Economic Principles is Christianity? Its roots are in the

A STATE RELIGION FOR CHINA

Old Testament, its flower is in the written. When Confucianism is "es- New Testament, Its fruitage is scat- tablished," what is it that is estabtered through the ages, with all the lished? discordant elements to be taken account of and if possible harmonized. Buddhists, Mohammedans and Christians alike look upon the pro- What is "Confucianism ?" Con- posed measure with signal disfavor. fucius affirmed that he was not an The two former religions have reoriginator but a transmitter. He cently blossomed out as "churches" gathered up the results of a millen- ("Fo Chiao," "Hui Chiao"), stirred nium or two of pre-Confucian Con- to valorous verbal deeds by Chrisfucianism, and embodied them in his tian competition. But they demand edition of the older writings. His "liberty," which no one ever heard immediate disciples gathered up the of until the other day, and can easily memorabilia of Confucius and these make trouble unless they get it. in turn became classics. Mencius, born about a hundred years later Argument Against Establishment than Confucius, amplified, illustrated and enforced the teachings of the This is the argument which Chi- Master and himself became the Sec- nese and foreigners alike are enond Sage. All of his writings are deavoring t9 force into the skull of of course Confucian also. The Han the Confucianist who does not know and the T'ang dynasties brought history. If Confucianism-whatever forth numberless commentators upon it is-is "established," everything else the great body of works esteemed is thereby disestablished. Disestabclassical, but it was left for Chufutze, lished persons and ideas make trouof the Sung dynasty (born 1130, died ble. This a struggling republic can 1200 A.D. ), to fix the correct inter- not afford. The Mongols are pretation of the ancient classics for lamaists and half of Mongolia is the seven centuries to follow. What already forfeited to Russian guile, Chu Hsi said the classics meant they force and greed-shall we alienate the did mean and do mean, what he said rest? The Tibetans are of the same they did not mean is heresy. Few religion as the Mongols, at a time men in history have so tyrannized when Tibet is struggling to escape over their successors as this great from Chinese bondage; are we to scholar and commentator has. done. disestablish their ancient religion To disagree was to cut oneself off also? Are we to repeat in Olina the from any hope of degrees, of office, Thirty Years' War of Europe? and of promotion. Therefore heresy has been at a discount, and stiff When Confucianism comes to be orthodoxy has had the "middle of examined by modern Confucianists the road," and both sides as well. freed from the intellectual disabililies Now that we have freedom of of their fathers, many things will thought and expression the ques- come to light. Ancestor worship is tion, "What is Confucianism?" is one against the modern spirit and repreof great complexity upon which sents but one earlier stage of human libraries might be-perhaps will be- evolution. It is doubtful if it can long be kept on at the old valuation, and eventually it will probably be greatly modified.

The Book of Changes-oldest of versies on the deepest and most inthe classics-was greatly revered by tricate topics of human thought and Confucius, who remarked that if he life is suicidal. So say many of the had the time he would give fifty most intelligent Chinese. years additional to its study. It is likely that the modern Confucianist At present there is little likeiihood will part company with "the Master" that Confucianism can get itself esat this point. The Book of Chat"J.ges tablished in China. But it is quite and the Science of Chemistry do not possible to have indefinite and vexamatch one another. It is hard to tious "regulations" introduced by the see how both can hold sway. But Board of Education, or by Presichemistry is too firmly rooted in fact dential mandate, which may cause to be dislodged by ingenious combina- serious trouble. While these can not tions of long and short straight lines, be permanent they may do great with treatises on them forming, in harm before they are abrogated. the words of Schlegel, "a mechanical Every well wisher of China should play of idle abstractions." pray that wisdom may be given to those in charge of the new ship-of- Every ounce of utility in China is state that it may not be wrecked, but vitally needed at this crucial epoch. may enter upon a voyage longer and To introduce and to necessitate far more prosperous than those in elaborate and irreconcilable contro- its past history.

THE MISSION CALL BY PROF. JAS. LEWIS HOWE, LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA Why should I give? What can God need from me, When His are all the earth and sky and sea? What worth to Him my little all would be?

He wants me to I Why should I go? Archangels He could send To bear His Word to earth's remotest end; Yet "Go ye!" comes the call to me, His friend.

He wants me to!

Why should I pray? By feeble voice Him move? Bends He a listening ear to me in love? Yet when I cry He answers from above.

He wants me to!

"Am with you alway"; "All the power"; "Then go!" His final message. Am I, then, so slow I shall not do His will? Enough to know He wants me to!

Experts at The

THE RECENT MEETING OF THE CONTINUATION COMMITTEE OF THE WORLD MISSIONARY CONFERENCE BY THE REV. ARTHUR J. BROWN, D.D., VICE-CHAIRMAN ~T HE Continuation Com– were beautifully exprest in her mes- mittee, appointed by . the World Missionary sage as follows: Conference at Edin- burgh in 19IO, held its "It affords me a twofold pleasure third annual meeting to bid you welcome to my country, as I thus have an opportunity of asat The Hague in Holland. The first suring you how warmly my feelings coincide with those of the commitannual meeting was held at Bishop tee in its sacred work, and also gives me occasion to declare my af- Auckland Castle, England, where the finity of soul with the grand task which is aimed at by the continuamembers of the committee were the tion of the efforts of the Edinburgh Conference. personal guests of the Bishop of "Your aspiration to unity and co- Durham. The American members operation in mission work is reechoed in the Netherlands. Here, too, we could not entertain the Committee at aim at a sympathetic understanding of foreign races as faithful disciples a castle eight hundred years old and of Him who came to serve. I con- sider your visit and your presence at so they selected the beautiful and the Dutch Missionary Conference as a good omen, showing that those picturesque Lake Mohonk, New among my compatriots who are in- terested in the missionary cause per- York, for the second meeting. The severe in realizing these principles.

third session, at The Hague, last "My earnest wish is that the spirit of unity of all followers of Christ, November, was an example of Over- members of His invisible community, may gain in intensity, and that our flowing Dutch hospitality. The people Savior may direct our hearts and develop the strength of our comof the city, headed by the Prime bined prayer.

Minister, took up a subscription, "May our zeal be inspired and sanctified, and we all be fitted for the which gave the committee the exclu- several vocations to which Christ calls us individually; so that the sun sive use of the spacious Hotel Castle of His truth may shine over the whole world, shedding light in the Oud-Wassenaer. Several hundred of darkness of human misery and glad- dening the hearts of all mankind the Christians of the city welcomed with the ineffable richness of His divine love." the Committee in a reception, while The Continuation Committee as now the Queen sent a message for the constituted consists of thirty-nine opening session, and the day after ad- members, of whom ten represent the journment entertained the COplmittee at her summer palace at Apeldoorn.

It was evident that the Queen and the Prince Consort have a real in- terest in the missionary work for which the Committee was convened.

Queen Wilhelmina's Christian faith and her intelligent recognition of the place of foreign missionary work

Continent of Europe, twelve Great tion Committee. The following list Britain, fifteen North America, in- of committees indicates the scope of cluding the United States and Canada, subjects on which reports were renand one each Australia and South dered and which formed the main Africa. There are many who attach topics of discussion: large significance to the fact that this Committee is the first body of Committee on Missionary Survey and Oc- Christians in the history vf the world cupation. which has brought representatives of such widely varying nationalities and Committee on the Development of Trainforms of religious belief into uni- ing Schools for Missionaries on the ted conference regarding the exten- Field. sion of the Kingdom of God. Around that conference table sit Committee on Christian Education. Christian leaders from fifteen differ- Committee on Christian Literature. ent countries-England, Scotland, Committee on Work Among Moslems. France, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Committee on the Church in the Mission Switzerland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Canada, Africa, Australia and Field. the United States. These members Committee on Medical Missions. represent not only so many different Committee on Cooperation and Unity. countries, but practically all the Committee on Missionary Statistics. varieties of evangelical Christian Committee on Publications. thought from High Church Anglicans to the Society of Friends. The work of these committees IS Apart, therefore, from anything that laid out on a large scale, and an exthe Committee may do, it is not an tensive correspondence is conducted unimportant sign of the times that to gather material for the use of the the day has come when it is possible missionaries and the Boards. The to have such a committee, and possi- chairman of the Continuation Comble, too, for that committee to dis- mittee, Dr. John R. Mott, gives a cuss, as it does, the largest and most large part of his time to the work difficult questions with entire frank- and expects to give still more of it ness and in a spirit of perfect har- in the future. Mr.]. H. Oldham, mony. the secretary, gives his entire time to the work of the Committee and to It would be impossible here to give the editorship of the International in detail the proceedings at the eigh- Review. The reports of these special teen crowded sessions of the full committees necessarily occupied much Committee and a score or more meet- of the time at the meeting of The ings of sub-committees and special Hague, as the plans of each comcommittees. The permanent work of mittee were passed in review and the Continuation Committee is done carefully discust. Large attention, through ten special committees, each too, was given to the report of the one of which has an international Chairman, Dr. Mott, upon his recent membership including eminent men tour among the missions in India, and women outside of the Continua- China, Japan and Korea.* Since the Continuation Committee has no power whatever over either Boards or Missions, but is purely . 'The "Findings" of. the conferences of mis· sionaries, which were held in connection with his tour, are now accessible in a handsome volume of 488 pa~es, and it is earnestly to he hoped that these • Findings" will be carefully studied not only by missionaries but by those who are con- nected with the home Boards. .

A TWICE-BORN TURK II3

advi50ry and consultative in charac- been accomplished and a sobering ter, its chief energies are given to a sense of responsibility for the right study of the problems of modern solution of vexed problems. missions, to accumulating facts and to' the consideration of international Third: The almost overwhelming and interdenominational questions, sense of the obligation that rests not formerly considered by individuals or only upon the missionary body but by separate Boards. The Committee upon the native churches and upon is careful to avoid questions regard- the churches at home to meet the ing which it has no right to speak, extraordinary and unprecedented opbut it has an extensive area to cover portunities which now confront the within the limits defined by the Edin- Church of God throughout the nonburgh Conference. Christian world.

Four special characteristics may be Fourth: The spirit of devotion noted with regard to the meeting at which prevailed and prominently The Hague: characterized every session. Not only the special pe.r;-iod set apart every day First: The thoroughness and for intercessory prayer but all the painstaking care with which the prob- deliberations of the Committee were lems of the work were considered marked by this spirit. We had a very and the large amount of ti~e and tender and yet a very solemn sense thought which busy men are giving of the reality of the presence of Alto them. mighty God, and the members separ- ated to take up their respective tasks Second: A candid facing of the with new faith and with new courdefects and limitations of the mis- age. sionary enterprise, an absence of the spirit of undue boasting of what has A Twice-born "Turk"–Part V THE REMARKABLE REMINISCENCES OF A CONVERTED MOSLEM SHEIKH TRANSLATED BY ARTHUR T. UPSON, CAIRO, EGYPT Superintendent of the Nile Mission Press "Infallibility of the Propheta"-A Public ing in the Azhar in those days was Inquisition only a comparison of the teacher's book with the students' book. Occa- .a.di:…l.oqji!JJ,HEIKH: When I had sionally there would be some criti- obtained diplomas in cism of the text studied, but as for various subjects from philosophy and logic they were abso- the Azhar University, lutely prohibited. one of my friends told me that there were at I wrote to ·my father asking his permission to travel to Dumyat, but Dumyat certain Sheikhs especially he did not answer me. Finally I well-read in logic, which is the test went to Dumyat and took, 'a room of all sciences. The manner of teach-

and attended the lectures given by His face became red, but he conthe chief professors in ancient philos- trolled himself and said to me, "Upon ophy and logic. you be peace, and the mercy of God," etc. One day while sitting with an Egyptian officer in the market 1 took" a seat on his right and we place, mention was made of the began to take our coffee. The chief claim of the Moslems for the Sheikh turned to me and said: infallibility of their prophets. I drew his attention to certain Koranic "A crowd of Moslems have come verses and traditions which com- to me to-day complaining that you pletely contradicted this claim. On have said words which made the the next night one of the professors skins of all believers shudder, namely, came to my room and said that the that you hold the non-infallibility of chief Sheikh wanted me in his house the prophets and apostles. You know because many Moslems had com- that this contradicts the Islamic reliplained that I had attacked the doc- gion, and religious disturbances will trine of the infallibility. of the result from it. We take refuge in prophets. God from such, but do you realIy hold the non-infallibility of the We found the Sheikh surrounded prophets? by an admiring circle of professors, not less than twenty. I saluted them "1 hold exactly what the Koran with "Salaams," but no one replied. says in this matter," 1 replied, "but I then stept backward, but the Sheikh I do not hold the explanations of the stopt me and said, "Why are you go- commentators. As you know, it is ing back?" 1 said, "Because I have not allowable to so explain a text my doubts about an assembly in so as to divert it from its simple which there is no Salaam, which is meaning unless for some strong inthe rule in Islam. They said, "Oh, tellectual reason. Now, as there is that is because you have followed not in the Koran a single verse which delusion, whereas Salaam is only for refers to the infallibility of the prophthose who follow the truth." I said, ets, then we are compelled to hold "But this is worse than before, for their non-infallibility. you as the Sheikh of all the learned doctors have adjudged my error be- "As for your statement that this fore you hear my speech. Such a makes men shudder, learned men thing is contrary to the Moslem such as yourself should know that religious law." He was very angry, many Moslems have held that cerand cried out, "Be quiet; may you tain prophets and apostles have wilbe deprived of a mother" (an Arabic fully disobeyed God in connection curse). 1 said, "Praise God who with all the 'greater' sins, excepting created me able to speak, not dumb, only the falsifying of His message. and I know my mother and my father Now I venture to say with all boldalso." Mohammed said, "Get knowl- ness that the doctrine of the infalliedge, tranquility and clemency. What bility of the prophets is a denial of has your Excellency learned of the Koran and the sound traditions and the Torah and the Injil. Seeknowledge ?" ing that this assembly contains so many learned men, there is no

A TWICE-BORN TURK II5

need for me to quote the various The friend was ordered to be verses from the Koran and the tra- brought with the book. The trunk ditions which prove the sins of the was brought in, but they could not prophets, but I will repeat the say- find anything in it that they could ing of Ahmad ibn Hanbal and object to, except the books of AI others, quoting from Anas, that the Milal wan-Nihal. prophet said that 'all the sons of Adam are sinners, but the best of The Sheikh decided that these were sinners are the repentant ones.''' not prohibited.

Bible Stolen and Burned As for the Holy Bible, the Sheikh then asked me: I hardly finished this speech before the clamor of voices arose "Is this really yours?" against me. The Sheikhs cried out "Yes." as tho I had given utterance to "Where did you get it?" the greatest blasphemy, but fortu- "I bought it in Cairo." nately the officer protected me from "Why did you buy this book of the them, or they would have beaten me. Christians ?" Instead they curst me to their "Because the Koran came confirmhearts' content. I stood on my seat ing it, and I wish to compare them, with the officer by my side and said: especially as the Koran praises it with much praise and quotes from "Oh, men, say that 'God is one,' many of its verses. This is my but hear a word from me which will greatest reason for wishing to read be the deciding word. I refer to the it." Koran and the sound traditions everything that· I have said, and He smiled sardonically and said: then you may convince me if you "Have yon heard that the Jews and can bring forward sound proof. If Christians have corrupted it, and I am wrong, punish or kill me as filled it with all sorts of blasphemy you like, but let not your assembly against God?" of the Sheikhs of the town become a bed of anarchy." "When was that?" I asked. "And how did it happen that two bodies They all heard my voice and be- at enmity one with the other could came silent, when one of them said: agree together to alter their book, and how could they gather the copies "I have heard that this deluded from all the world to corrupt them one has in his box certain prohibited all ?" books." "Be quiet," he said, "and fear God, Two of them got up and by force or you will go to perdition." took away the key of my room and went to bring the box. Another said: He then stript the cover of the Bible and ordered paraflin to be "I saw the book of the Christians, poured cUpon it and lighted, saying, the Holy Bible, with a friend of his "Praise be to God, Who has ·let us yesterday, and when I asked him remove this forbidden thing." where he got it from, he said that the Syrian Sheikh had lent it him to "Truly," I said, "this is the greatread." est of wonders, that sin should be called obedience and God should be praised for it, and that you should

destroy the property of another man visits. When he learned that I. was wi.thout his permission. Do you be- going to be sent to Athens to study lieve that to be allowable?" Christian theology, he went straight to some of the fanatical Moslems and The Sheikh then slapped my face so told them. Then he came to my hard as to cause my nose to bleed. hotel, and began to weep bitterly and My officer friend became very an- to reproach me. He assured me that gry, and drew me out and said, it would end in my being forbidden "Come, for I take refuge in God to see the faces of my father and from the evil actions of these bar- friends. barians." We went out, and the officer asked me to go to the police and Satan won the victory over me just inform against the Sheikh. I refused, then, and I joined him in his regrets for I knew that that would only and sorrow. Then he took me to the bring me much worse injury, the public bath, where I underwent the least of which would be that they washing of Tauba (repentance). He would bear witness that I had blas- also took me to the mosque, where I phemed. prayed the prayer of repentance and divested myself of all my previous N ext day one of the Sheikhs came opinions. and told me to leave Dumyit, for the people were rising against me, and Now I blindly surrendered myself I must go, in order to prevent the to the Islamic religion without any evidence and in spite of my own shedding of my blood. When r mental temperament, which hated vain tradition, so that I was in conwalked in the street I could see the tinual conflict with my conscience. evil looks of men cast upon me, and could hear their curses. Some one informed my father that I was in Beirut, and he sent to the Washing Away Christian Doctrine Mufti asking for me to be sent back to my town. I sorrowfully went In a few days God opened the back. Many times in those days I way for me to travel to Beirut. As wavered between Satari and Christ, I had but little money, I sold my praying: gold watch. With a friend I called upon the Bishop of the Greek Ortho- "Oh, God, I turn to Thee from erdox Church. When he found out ror. I wash myself in the blood of the how I stood, he began to prove to Redeemer, and I know that Thou me, from the Bible, Adam's original dost receive my repentance. Estabsin and God's promise to His proph- lish the faith in my heart and make it ets to send a ransom. He also ex- grow. Sanctify it that it may be a plained to me some of the types dwelling-place for Thee and graciousfound in the Mosaic rites. He gave ly guide the wandering lambs to the me pernusslOn to visit him day by right fold of Thy Holiness. Lead day, but there was a Moslem shop my brother Moslems to the right near his door. This shopkeeper saw path. Amen." me drest in the usual long-sleeved cloak and loose turban, and made it NARRATOR: Tears fell down the his business to enquire of one· of the Sheikh's cheeks as he reported this, servants what was the reason for my and he said, "This is sufficient for to- day; let us meet again to-morrow."

(To be continued)

HALL OF THE CHRISTIAN INSTITUTE, TSINANFU, SHANTUNG

Evangelization In Shantung BY REV. R. C. FORSYTH, SHANTUNG, CHINA ~1:issionary of the English Baptist Mission ~I TINERATION 30 years~ and West and come back for an even- ago was a very different in~ meeting at headquarters. This, if thing from what it is weather permits, is usually held out- now. The new German side and generally commands a large railway, running as it audience, as after the work of the does straight through day is over and the evening meal par- taken of they are prepared to listen the Province from east to west, gives to what is said. The order followed is the singing of several hymns, which great facility to the missionary to helps to attract the villagers to the meeting-place. The Chinese are fond reach his down-country work more of singing, but it is not all of them who can sing, and the result is sometimes quickly. Formerly a great deal of time rather trying, but if trained in our Sunday-schools the children and and hard travel under very primitive young people can sing very sweetly. After the singing, short addresses are conditions had to be made before the given by several of the evangelists and a final word spoken by the missionary outstation could be reached. Now in charge. Books and tracts are dis- the railway in an hour or two takes you quickly and comfortably within a reasonable distance of the outstation which you wish to make your head- quarters for the time being. The usual plan adopted is to have evangelists go by two's to the North, South, East

tributed and Gospel portions are sold teachers, and girls' schools, if in the under cost price. By this means the same village, are usually some distance seed sowing in a given district is fairly apart. The most that one teacher can well done. undertake to teach thoroughly is ten pupils. The Chinese character is so Catechumen Classes heavy a burden on every scholar that work is begun in the early morning in Of course as often as practicable the the summer and at daylight in the same or a neighboring district is winter and carried on with intervals visited in this way and if any direct for meals right through the day, and in results occur these are gathered into the summer late on in the evening. classes for catechumens. Classes for The curriculum includes the recognimen are held separately from those for tion of the character, graded up to a women, to avoid scandal so common in certain standard, elementary geothese eastern lands. They are held for graphy, arithmetic, etc., and a thorough ten days, a fortnight or three weeks course in the Gospels and narrative and a regular program and time-table parts of the Old Testament. The day is made out for each day. Elemen- begins with the singing of a hymn, tary subjects are taught, mainly Scrip- reading and explanation of a portion ture. The doctrinal part is taught by of Scripture and prayer, all joining in means of a simple Catechism which is the Lord's prayer. The children are memorized and explained, and each thus passed through a course of four one is instructed in the Lord's prayer, years' elementary studies. If they are the ten commandments, grace before able to pass the entrance examination, meat, etc., and most learn some of the and can afford the fees they may prohymns in common use. After attend- ceed to the secondary school, and fiing such classes, which are held in the nally to the College, where a course spring and autumn and are found in equal to an English B. A. degree may constant attendance at worship in be finally obtained. Thus the system whatever place may be most con- of Christian education is costly but venient. Then, as a rule, after 18 thoroughly sound. Consequently gradmonths' probationary period, they are uates are eagerly sought for as pasexamined by the native pastor and tors, teachers, and evangelists, and can deacons and after public baptism are easily obtain important positions anyreceived into the native church. They where in China and even in governare exhorted as to the virtue and ne- ment service. The children of Chriscessity of Christian giving, are duly tian parents are usually sent to school admonished regarding family worship and invariably enter the native Chrisand strict attendance at the Sunday tion Church. The teacher is also a services, and in all ways prove out Christian and generally undertakes the of a good conversation that they are Sunday services for the Christians of truly the disciples of Christ. the village, and sometimes leads his scholars out on a Saturday half holi- Christian Primary Education day and while the children join heartily in the singing the teacher does the In every duly accredited station or preaching. The presence of the clean, outstation it is sought to establish a school. Boys are taught by male

EVANGELIZATION IN SHANTUNG II9

bright, intelligent faces of the children of all the region round. The patients is in itself a powerful and attractive are instructed in Christianity and sup- evidence for Christianity, which is plied with books and tracts when they keenly appreciated by the heathen leave.

parents. The school could be A Chri.tian Institute swamped by children of heathen, and A unique effort in the evangeliza- all our arrangements utterly break tion of Shantung is made in the capital down if we were to allow them to of the Province Tsinanfes. Here is come, as they are eager to do. The found the Christian Institute which lack of efficient teachers is a great has been in operation for some years.

drawback and in government institu- In the Museum, attached to the Insti- tions the absence of competent instruc- tute, are a number of Zoological speci- tors is the one difficulty which is in- mens, maps of large dimensions, superable and can only be gradually globes, charts and tables of statistics of overcome as the supply is available. all kinds suitable for students or intel- Efficient Christian teaching in our ligent officials. Visitors to the number primary schools is the source of intel- of hundreds of thousands pass through ligent, well-instructed Christians, the it every year. The highest officials of backbone of the church. the capital have all made use of it.

Every hour evangelistic teaching and Medical Work preaching takes place and short addresses given by trained assistants. Another fruitful source of the spread of Christianity in any given Lectures are given to students in the district are medical hospitals, of which lecture hall on special subjects and almost every foreign manned station has one and sometimes two in opera- made attractive by lantern and cinetion. This appeals powerfully to the matograph exhibitions. Chinese as an evidence for Christianity which they can neither gainsay or re- There need be no hesitation in affirmsist. That they should be received ing that the influence for good from into clean, and from their point of this institution has been incalculable view, very comfortable quarters, and it has done much to bring us into friendly contact with people from all parts of the province.

tended by a skilled physician from the The Revolution west and sometimes even by a trained There is no doubt whatever that the nurse and this without any expense to new revolution has broken down all them, is a fact which baffles all their barriers of resistance. During the previous theories and makes an entry Manchu administration the latent opthrough gratitude not only into the position was rapidly dying out but heart of the recipient but through him since the new regime has eventuated no or her into the family and into the opposition of any kind is noticeable. village where the patient comes from, On the contrary missionaries and their and from surrounding villages. Thus converts have been treated with every the medical work is a source of the respect, and during all the wild out- propagation of Christianity second to bursts of unpaid soldiery, no native none, and by its silent and beneficent Christian or foreign missionary was working, makes for the evangelization harmed in any way. That an entire

change in the attitude of officials to- but the millions. Every Christian ward Christianity has occurred is very church should contend earnestly for evident. Sabbath, as a rest day, is the honor of placing their best offer- duly observed in all the government ing of consecrated talent on the mis- colleges. On the calendars issued by sion field, supporting them not merely the government the days of the week by gifts and prayers, but sharing the begin with Sunday and end with Satur- sorrows, the hardships, the isolation day as the seventh day. The foreign and by frequent cheerful communica- month, according to the Gregorian tion cause the missionary to feel that standard, is now the rule. There is no his sorrows are shared and his joys bar to government employ because of mUltiplied by vital contact with his Christianity, and all the heathen ob- native church. The cause of Christian servances are falling out of use. education in Shantung is planned on a It is borne in upon the writer that worthy scale, as regards the future, now is the day of salvation in China and we doubt not that the great need in a very marked and solemn sense. will justify their action and command If the Christian nations of Europe and success. But there is still a wide field America could realize the underlying for the itinerant evangelist, and unless need for Christ which every human this work is faithfully done by men heart consciously or unconsciously and women who are willing to make must feel and which nothing else or for themselves no reputation if so be less can satisfy. Could the Christian that the cause be advanced, then all Church throughout the world hear the other branches of the work will corre- call from heathen lands and think and spondingly suffer. China for Christ in pray over what the command of Christ this generation is not only, humanly as to going into all the world and speaking, practicable, but in the preaching the Gospel to every creature opinion of the writer after nearly 30 must mean in his or her connection, years' experience, never was so easily then might we not expect greater attainable as now.

things than these. In this land of What! have we no Christian states- China at any rate the day of deliver- men in the mother churches who can ance has dawned and the Christian weld the forces of Christian civiliza- Church in the older republic should tion and lead the church in a campaign surely rise to the opportunity and sup- grander than any the world has ever ply the help which the Chinese confi- seen, and proclaim a Christian crusade dently expect and should unfailingly in this ancient kingdom which will receive. There must be also a new speedily place it in the first rank of standard in giving not merely the miteS' Christian nations.

and Triumph In

BY REV. J. L. GERDINE, SEOUL, KOREA HE outstanding feature Among the indirect results of the trial we note a wider interest and IIT l, of the missionary situ- deeper sympathy for the Korean . '- ation in Korea dllring Church both in America and in Eu- ~ 1913 has been the con- rope. Few events in the history of clusion of the so- missions have called forth a larger volume of prayer throughout the c a 11 e d " conspiracy Christian world.

trial" which, in its various stages, has The body of the Christian Church in Korea has been strengthened in covered more than two years. The faith, courage and determination by this testing. Any defections that have charges in this case involved not only occurred have been from among that element as yet ungrounded in faith the character of representative Chris- and experience.

tians, but indirectly cast aspersions The growth of the Christian com- munity in Korea has probably been upon a prominent portion of the temporarily checked by the abnormal condition which has existed during Church in Korea. The trial has the past two years, but it is hoped that the higher authorities will more been concluded by judgments set- carefully guard against another simi- lar police blunder and the possibility .ting free 116 of the 123 men of the repetition of such a condition. The non-Christian Koreans have all originally put upon trial. Judg- along had confidence in the innocence of their accused countrymen. Aside ment against one went by default. from the temporary check referre(l to, the trial has created no obstacle in The records of the various trials the way of their acceptance of Chris- tianity. The effect, indeerl, has been have been very carefully prepared by rather to give them a better under- standing of its meaning and a more trustworthy persons and seemed to sympathetic ear for its message. Some have even been converted as a result compel the acquittal of the men who of this persecution. It may reason- ably be hoped that the rapid growth have been discharged. This record and development of the Koreal~ Church will continue. shows further, that there is no sub- stantial difference in the case against the six men who were sentenced. The courts, by discharging 116 of the ac- cused, discarded as untrustworthy thousands of pages of secret police in- vestigations, and yet retained a small portion of this same record as suf- ficient for the conviction of the six who are now serving their sentence.

The conviction of these six seems to be . an Oriental compromise, based solely upon expediency_ Nothing has been disclosed to discredit any of the men tried nor to show that any un- worthy spirit gbtCJ.ipl> in the Korean CJ:mn:h,

A wakening In

Phili ppines * BY BISHOP CHARLES H. BRENT, MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ~J OHN MORLEY, when which has never ceased; the same he was Bishop of the force which made nations of France and Germany and England and Am- . Protestant Episcopal erica-the conscious acceptance of the Christ. While Japan was wrapt Church in New York, in profound slumber, and China was dreaming of her ancestors, the Phil- said that in the waters ippine Islands were partially awak- ened by the one touch which arouses of the Pacific America aspiration toward nationality as a permanence. In Chamberlain's "Founhad a great peril and a great oppor- dations of the Nineteenth Century" we have have this estimate of the tunity. It is always true that oppor- place of Christ in relation to national life: tunity is adjacent to peril, and when "N0 battle, no change of dynasty, we are inclined to be cowardly the peril no natural phenomenon, no discovery possesses a significance which can so shakes us that we do not see clearly be compared with that of the short life on earth of the Galilean. His the opportunity. That has been the birth is, in a sense, the beginning of history. The nations that are not case in relation to the Philippine Is- Christian, such as the Chinese, the Turks and others, have no llistory; lands, for there are some who are their story is but a chronicle on the one hand of ruling houses, butcheries afraid for the American Constitution and the like, and on the other repre- sents the dull, humble, almost· besthat we have evaded the issue and tially happy life of millions that sink in the night of time without leavhave not squarely faced the oppor- ing a trace."

tunity presented both to our nation The Filipinos, however inadequate their belief in Christ may be, are a and for the Filipinos themselves. people loyal to Christ, and therefore they have a hope of national self- In the main we are alive to our op- realization beyond any people of the Far East. So far as Japan and portunity; it has challenged us and China have hope of permanent na- I believe that Americans intend to rise to it. What is best for the Fili- pino will be best for America. VI[e must not be hampered by theory; but we must face facts amI deal with them in the .way' that living men should always deal with living issues.

I believe in the coming Filipino independence; but that independence must be synonymous with liberty; and if so it can not come now or in the very near future. It was not American influence which awoke the Filipino to that corporate self-esteem which emerges ultimately in national consciousness. In the sixteenth cen- tury a force began to play upon them *Report of an address deliy"red at the Mohonk Conference, October, 1913 tionality, it rests solely in Christian- It is no mere chance that related ity. Never yet has a nation been the Philippine Islands to America.

governed purely by politics so as to Consider th~ situation. The Philip- retain. a high national character; ma- pine Islands are cut off from contig- chinery can no more create a nation uous peoples by their Christianity.

than it can create a personality. They fear, and shrink from the Greece tried to keep her national Japanese as a menace. Tho they entity by creative art, and history belong to the Malay branch of the tells us how she failed. Rome built great Mongolian race, and intermar- the majesty of her domain on law, riage with the Chinese is· productive and altho ROJ;11.e stands as one of of good results, they have a rigid the wonders of history, Rome as a exclusion law forbidding Chinese en- nation failed. But when you add trance into their territory. And as the personality of the living Christ to for their Malay brothers to the South creative art and to the power that and West, they have about as much comes through law, then you have intercourse with them as with the such an element of permanence in a Eskimos.

nation that its destiny is immortal. To learn what even an inadequate The process of nationalization form of Christianity does for a peo- among the Filipinos may be slow, ple look from the Philippines to Ma- but it will be sure. It is not politics laysia and we see that' the difference that keeps a nation stable and con- between these peoples is the differ- tinuous. Nor is it a subtle genius ence between darkness and dawn.

given to some and denied to others. The religion of Christ transcends the It is Christianity. That which dis- bond of race, and ignores geograph- tinguishes East and West is not a ical contiguity. The fact that there matter of race or color. The domi- is a higher type of Christianity in nant (i.e., Aryan) West was born the Islands than formerly is in no in the East. It came to the West and smaIl degree due to the fact that the found Christ and was found by Him Protestant Churches have come in who was Himself a son of the Se- with American sovereignty, some of mite East. With Christ nationality them with a Puritan severity, and gained new vitality, so that we now the whole religious situation has been see nations to be sacred, not depend- toned up morally.

ent on dynasties or accidental genius. In Filipino Christianity even tho A nation in this new sense, is the a Christianity which needs to be creation of Christ and will be per- vastly enlightened and improved, lies petuated as long as it is loyal to Him. the directing and conserving force of Christianity is the religion of.perse- the Filipino as a nation. The mes- verance and permanence. The last tizos are already past masters in and fatal blow to the disintegrating politics. What is needed is character nation of Jews was their rej ection of which comes to those who are given the Corner Stone of their race. That facilities for self-realization through which distinguishes the West from the agencies of civilization under the the East is that the West, however egis of the Christian faith. Given inadequately, accepts Christ, and the that and there is capacity in a Chris- East does not. . . . tian people for development. . . .

In the Philippines medievalism, or be feared rather than courted, and compulsory imperialism, was the key- let Us hope that the last vestige of note of government until 18g8. Since Spartish political influence will have then the development into modernism vanished before that crowning phase has been by leaps rather than by even of liberty which expresses itself in progression. To-day the Philippines national independence is considered have a measure of autonomy un- and granted. When those who are known in any existing dependency. I now school boys are old enough and will go further. I know no instance experienced enough to take the lead in history where self-government has in the public life of their people, it reached so high development in a will be time enough to discuss indedependency. The Filipinos received pendence. after less than a decade that which was accorded Egypt in a restricted America has the opportunity of the ages. She can, if she pursues a way only when a generation had course consonant with the demands elapsed and economic and industrial of the situation, stand by at the b11"th efficiency had been insured. I mean of a nation worthy of a permanent a native legislative assembly. The place in the family of Christian na- Filipinos are now their own law- tions. Her effort is not to rid her- makers. self of a difficulty, but to rise to an The most recent experiment of the opportunity and to render a service. It is not so much to reproduce among American government in giving the an alien people her institutions as to balance of power to the Filipinos on create a character that will be able the Commission was the most con- to express in Philippine life and servative measure that could be en- institutions the principles of democacted if they were to take a further racy. The political system developstep toward the consummation of ed, secularized education, material autonomy. An executive order can be rescinded if the privilege granted progress, carry with them dangers by it is abused, whereas Congres- which can be met only by deepened sional action would make withdrawal religious life.

from a position once taken well-nigh The cornerstone of the state there impossible. as here is the Christ. Without en- This step is an experiment, and lightened devotion to Him and to it is for the Filipinos themselves to His teaching there is no hope for prove that it was a wise experiment. nation or individual. In and through Speed in so momentous a matter as Him we believe that there will some the making of a nation is a thing to day be a creditable Filipino nation.

— "Sell that thou hast and give to the poor. . . and come and follow mc." -St. Matt. xix, 21.

When [s the Sple Going to Begin?

See "Men and Missions," October, 1913, page 17.

In South

BY REV. C. H. MAXWELL, NATAL Missionary of the American Board. C.F.M.

ISSIONARY forces in ress. Efforts are not abandoned. But South African missions may not be mM South Africa, especial- allowed to suffer if after faithful ly in Natal, took in efforts they fail to do better lhan good part the rebuke the churches which gave the order. of the Edinburgh Con- ference, which inferreci In evangelism and in education tIle that the present supply of mlSSlon- efforts of the missionary were never aries could adequately cover the field before so successful in South Africa were there cooperation between the as now. The degrading home life of operating societies and a proper lo- tile native is gradually yielding to a cation of the missionaries. Earnest new order of home-making. Superefforts have been consistently made. stition, tho it dies a hard death, is Some progress has resulted. Three losing many of its devotees. Zulu Lutheran societies have joined forces women are arousing from the stupor in a part of their work, Congrega- of their degraded social position. tionalists and Presbyterians have Crusht under the economic pressure done likewise and certain undenomi- of 20th century civilization the South national societies are negotiating African native remains cheerful and terms of union. ambitious. He desires knowIedge and is determined to educate his children. On the whole, however, it must Moreover, he constantly proves his be confessed that larger and effectual possession of the greatest of all faculunion has progressed about as slowly ties-the faculty for God. The naas llave more llistoric attempts at tives are taking the aggressive in union between certain churches at urging their missionaries into new the home-base. Failure comes when fields. The indicaticns are that we at a critical stage the delegate of are at a crisis in the progress of our some prominent society says: work. The labors of the past ninety years are bearing fruit which we have "'vVe don't understand that there is not the reapers to harvest. The deoverlapping. We don't know any- mand of the hour is an increased thing about overlapping. There is corps of adequately equipped native interlacing but no overlapping. We teachers and evangelists to help care can't pledge ourselves to be ham- for at least the natural increase of pered in our work of the Spirit by our past seed-sowing. rules." Serious native unrest is apparent' However it may be at home, prep- throughout the country. The cause aration for union abroad requires a is unfair treatment. The governvision of and a passion for the King- me.?t taxes the native ~ ithout repredom of God which ate equal to and sentation. He is denied the frana little larger than our plans for some given sect. This is a report of prog-

chise. Money lenders charge him prescribed labor area of the Rand. ruinous interest. Lawyers deceive Says the Christian Express: him. Labor contractors, confidence "They saw the strike methods, men, prostitute women and illicit their warlike passions were aroused liquor dealers are active elements of and they were more or less drawn "civilization" which are allowed to into a struggle against authority, law make him their prey. It is no secret and order." that friends of the native in South One thing is to the good, regard- Africa are bitterly disappointed in less of the aforegoing facts. Public the new Union Government. Favor- opinion in South Africa seems to be able laws were expected, but a stone favorably modifying its attitude tohas been given to children who were ward missions and native affairs. crying for bread. The latest hard- Why this change has been coming on ship comes in the form of a Land during the past five years, but with Act which prevents the native either greatest acceleration within the last from buying or leasing l;l1ld and few months, is difficult to explain. which it is estimated will make serfs The best that the writer can 2ay is of at least 800,000 natives now ten- that during these five years-the forants on private land-or will drive mative period of a new government them to the only other alternative of -while the interests of other classe!> moving into native locations and so have been taking shape, so little has change not only their place of abode been done for the native and so and their environment but also lheir many legislative blunders have been means of gaining a livelihood. A last made discriminating against him and chance remains in the fact that the that contrary to the manifest wishes Act appoints a "commission" to re- and advice of those who stand for port within two years a definition of the natives' interests, that the unfairareas within which interests in land ness has itself worked the greatest mayor may not be acquired by na- reactionary appeal. This modified tives. As hope springs eternal we public opinion has not yet netted any now look to this commission for fair- ultimate results. It may still have ness. Its members have an almost remained unrecognized by one who unparalleled opportunity to influellce has not been listening for the heartthe future of South Africa. May it beat or feeling for the pulse of the be for the peace of the country, the country, but unquestionably it has honor of the British flag and the come and has lessened the amount justice of a Christian civilization. of prejudiced criticism against efforts Altho the recent strike of Euro- exert~d on behalf of the native. It pean labor in Johannesburg was at- has also added to the camp of those tended by passion, destruction of openly committed to a course of jus· property and bloodshed unparalleled tice in this matter. And whatever on sttch occasions in South Africa, course the native may take, these bethe most unfortunate feature of the lated rays on the horizon give the event was its influence upon the best promise of daylight that South 230,000 native employees within the Africa has seen in this generation.

OF BEST

CONDUCTED BY BELLE M. BRAIN, COLLEGE lULL, SCHENECTADY, N. Y. Author of Ullo]ding tJ1e Ropes/' "Transformatiqn of Hawaii," ete.

UNION MISSIONARY MEETINGS T is a significant fact these seasons unspeakably delightful was the visible union of all denominamI that the first interde- tions, who, for the first time, forget- nominational gather- ting their party prejudices and par- ing of any kind was tialities, assembled in the same ~ a missionary meeting. place, sang the same hymns, united Stirred by the arrival in the same prayers, and felt themof the first letters from Carey and selves one in Christ. Thomas from India in 1794, a number of ministers of different denomi- "This sentiment was so universal nations resolved to form a union that when Mr. Bogue, in the course society for sending the Gospel to of his sermon, said, 'We are called, the heathen and issued a call for a this evening, to the funeral of bigseries of union meetings to be held otry; I hope it may be buried so deep in London, September 22, 23 and 24, as never to rise again,' the whole vast body of people manifested 1795· their concurrence, and could scarcely Two great results were produced refrain from one general shout of joy." -the founding of the London Missionary Society that sent Living- "If we would move the world a little stone, Moffat and a host of other nearer God, we must all lift together." heroes to the field, and the birth of a spirit of unity among Christians. -Mrs. Raymond. This spirit, begotten of a common purpose to give the Gospel to the BOSTON'S MISSIONARY MAY world, has never died out but grows FESTIVAL stronger and stronger. BY MISS MARY PRESTON, BOSTON, "The unanimity and fervor of the assembly, on entering on this greatest MASS. of all schemes, the evangelization of Young P-eople's Secretary., Woman's Foreign Misthe world, created bursts of joy which nothing could express but sionary Society, Congregational Church tears," says the biographer of David Bogue, one of the leaders of the Every year at half after two on movement. "The Christian world the first Saturday afternoon of May seemed to awake as from a dream, there gathers in one of Boston's wondering that they could have been churches a remarkable audience of so long asleep, while the groans of eight or nine hundred children and a dying world were calling upon one or two hundred grown-ups. them for the Gospel of Jesus OJrist. Badges upon many of the boys and Another consideration that rendered girls proclaim their proud owners to be official delegates to the "Mission- ary May Festival," while the gaily- colored banners in their hands ex-

plain that this "Festival" is held which gifts will be devoted, together by the Woman's Board of Missions with a descriptive leaflet about it, are for the Congregational children of sent to leaders of children's organiza- Greater Boston. tions in all the churches within a radius of fifteen or twenty miles. More than a score of years has Mission Band leaders, superintendents passed since the first rally of this of primary and junior Sundaysort was planned, but beside the nu- schools, of Junior Christian Endeavor merous festivals and parties which societies, of children's clubs, occanow crowd the May time it may still sionally the pastors themselves-are boast increasing popularity among all invited to bring delegations of children and elders alike. Its pur- children. Return post cards make it pose, briefly stated, is to generate possibie for the Board to know enthusiasm for missionary work in whether all leaders have received the hearts of the youngsters who at- their invitations. The second notice, tend and to give them impetus to containing details and directions, is undertake more in support of that sent as the time for the meeting work, both individually and through draW's near. An opportunity is also their societies. The very size of the made to have the festival announced crowd, the friendly rivalry between in church calendars. delegations, the banners borne by the various societies, the rousing sing- The program, which occupies about ing, the opportunity to see and hear an hour and a half, is planned to in- "real live" misionaries, to look upon terest boys and girls between the the secretaries of that mysterious ages of eight and fourteen, and this thing called a "Board," to watch fact is always announced in the inscenes from mission lands acted out, vitations. If older or younger chiland, tinally, the chance to proclaim one's own share in the glorious work dren attend (as they do r), the risk IJY having one's society present its missionary gift-such experiences of being bored is their own. Some can not fail to intensify enthusiastic secretary or other officer, usually a loyalty. Under the impetus gained man, conducts the devotional service by children and elders alike mission- and presides. Frequent singing, led ary work in the seventy or more by a cornet as well as by the organ, churches represented takes on new allows restless lungs and legs life and vigor. a chance for expression. The Piece de resistance usually managed by one The success of the festival is de- or more missionaries, representing pendent upon two things-the atten- scenes of mission work in the foreign dance and the program. Consequently country to which the children's gifts preparations for both begin at least for the year are to be sent, and is three months in advance and no presented by the children of one or pains are spared. A preliminary no- more mission- bands who have been tice giving time and place, announc- thoroughly drilled beforehand. ing hymns, the salutes to the Church and American flags, which are al- Last year, for example, the gifts ways used, the definite object to were all to be used for a children's mISSIOnary who was about to sail for China. The entertainment, there-

OF BEST ME1;'HODS

fore, pictured this new recruit being during the Woman's Jubilee, as fol- conducted from Boston to Tientsin lows: by a veteran missionary, who ex- "Every Sunday-school had so many plained to her and to the audience representatives in a total of 1,200 the various odd sights seen along the children. These dozen or so were way (many of them, such as an old- chosen as a reward for a certain time Chinese school, street scenes, standard of excellence by the officers etc., being acted out upon the plat- of each school. To be chosen was form), and also told the story of the felt to be the honor of a lifetime. Chinese slave girls and other char- These children were taught three or acters whom they met and who were, four magnificent missionary hymns of course, introduced to the audi- until they knew each verse perfectly. ence. After this feature comes the Each detachment had selected a misoffering. Each delegation sends a sion land, and its leader carried a flag of that country. Each member representative to the platform bearing of the delegation carried a similar his society's banner and its gift. The tiny flag. As the procession marched presiding officer reads aloud the into the church and across the front, source and amount of each. Altho young ladies took these flags and this is a long process it never fails stuck them into wire netting to make to be greeted with enthusiasm. The a beautiful background. The prototal offering is then announced. It gram consisted of singing by the amounts to $600 or more, and a large children and four missionary stories."

embroidered Chinese banner is cere- Why not plan for a "Missionary May moniously presented to the society Festival," to include all the children in which has made the largest gift per your community?

capita. }.>.t each succeeding festival this banner is returned and reawarded A UNION SEWING CIRCLE to the winning society.

While such a meeting involves For more than thirty-five years much time and labor, the new life the women 'of the Baptist churches and enthusiasm which it brings to of Cincinnati, Ohio, have devoted one our Congregational children's mis- day a month during six months in the sionary work around Boston is well year to sewing for the families of worth it all. Its influence can not be .home missionaries.

calculated. The society is known as "The Cincinnati Baptist Church Union"

CHILDREN'S RALLY AT HARRISBURG and its meetings are held in the A denominational rally such as different churches. The women of that in Boston, is possible only in the entertaining church furnish a cities where there are several luncheon at twenty-five cents, the churches of the same denomination. proceeds going toward purchasing But an interdenominational rally materials for the sewing. Churches along the same lines could be held that do not entertain the society dur- in almost any community. Mrs. ing the year make a small offering Montgomery describes a very suc- for the same purpose and many of cessful one held in Har:isburg, Pa., the members give clothing. A thank-

offering is also taken at the meet- appoil1t a delegate; make out a proings and the m~rchants of the city gram; appoint a presiding officer (not frequently make generous donations one of their own number) and a secof cloth. retary to take the minutes. The ex- penses were met by a collection taken The meetings are held on the sec- at the meetings. There was always ond Thursday of each month and on a surplus, part of which was used the preceding Tuesday the cutting for a subscription to THE MISSIONcommittee meets to prepare the sew- ARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD for the ing. All garments to be made are Warder Free Library. The attencut and pinned together, so that every dance was uniformly good and the thing is ready when the society as- society a great help to the workers. sembles. At the close of the meet- For the past two years it has held ing a committee takes charge of the no meetings, but they will probably clothing and packs the barrel. The soon be resumed. society pays the freight. The formation of this society was The society convenes at ten o'clock the result of an address on "Union and at two, immediately following Missionary Societies" given at Chauthe luncheon, a short devotional ser- tauqua, N. Y., which so aroused a vice is held: While the sewing is Springfield woman in the audience in progress, reports are read and (Mrs. C. C. Fried of the First Presletters from the missionaries. The byterian Church), that on her reaverage attendance is about lOO, and turn she urged her society to take aside from the help it has given the the initiative in forming a union somissionaries, the society has done ciety in Springfield. But the idea good service in bringing the Baptist of federation was new and the women together and providing for women lacked courage. For six them delightful social occasIons. months they prayed over it be-. fore, with fear and trembling, they A PIONEER UNION MISSIONARY finally launched it. One woman only SOCIETY had faith to believe that the first meeting would be a success. But The less machinery there is about when the time came the church was a union missionary society the bet- filled to overflowing and great interter. The simplest form of organiza- est and enthusiasm were manifested. tion is, perhaps, that of the Woman's Perhaps this experience will give Union Missionary Society of Spring- some other woman or society courfield, Ohio, founded more than twen- age to propose a similar federation ty years a'go. in her community.

The meetings· were held once a year CINCINNATI'S FOREICN MISSIONand were in the hands of a committee ARY UNION or three carefully chosen women. Cincinnati, Ohio, has a very enthu- siastic "Woman's Foreign Mission- There were no officers, each com- ary Union," which was organized mittee appointing its own successor. immediately after the Woman's Jubi- The duties of the committee were to arrange for a time and place for the meeting; send notices to the various societi,es with the request that each

01<' BEST :METHODS 13

lee meetings and meets twice a year A FEDERATION OF YOUNG WOMEN in February and September. At first IN PHILADELPHIA there was a single session, but the in- Philadelphia has an "Interdenomi- terest became so great that they now national Committee of Y{)Ung Women continue all day. Five hundred and for Foreign Missions" that might fifteen were registered at the last well serve as a model for other commeeting and the. society is considered munities. as "splendidly worth while." "The Jnbilee Continuation Com- The programs are largely inspirational, the speakers being the best mittee, thirteen denominations, the available, regardless of denomina- Young Women's Christian Associa- tion and medical students are repre- tion and almost regardless of cost. sented," says Miss Mary C. Peacock, Raising money for anything save "and it conducts two meetings a current expenses is not a part of year, one in the interests of mission the policy of the Union, but at the study and one more general in charlast meeting Mr. Wm. M. Danner, acter. Mrs. Montgomery, Miss Mar- American Secretary of the Interde- garet Burton and Doctor Steiner nominational Mission to the Lepers, have addrest us. vVe urge attendance so aroused the sympathies of the at summer conferences and cooperate women that they decided by resolu- with the Young Women's Christian tion to assist the work financially to Association in looking after the Orithe extent of asking each woman for ental students, calling on them, and a minimum gift of 10 cents a year. providing for their entertainment at No one is debarred from giving holiday time, 'etc. larger sums, but emphasis is laid on the fact that these contributions "Plans are under way for a normal must be extra and not be diverted study class early in the year, with from other channels. two representatives from each de- nomination who will repeat the course Since this Leper Mission works in in their own churches later on. Mrs.

cooperation with the Mission Boards Nicholas Mitchell has conducted a and is indorsed by them, and no similar class under the auspices of definite sum is asked for, it forms a the Woman's Continuation Commitlegitimate object for union financial tee, holding it in the late spring and effort. "Just think what it would using the United Study-book for the mean to the poor lepers," says Mrs. (ollouring year, often teaching it W. E. Lewis, president of the Cin- from manuscript."

cinnati Union, "if every Christian TRY THIS CONVENTION SONG woman in America gave. even as At the banquet of the Standard much as 10 cents a year! Do pass it Bearers (an organization of young on as work for missionary unions." women in the Methodist Church) (Lttaflets about the Leper Mission, given in connection with a branch with the name and officers of the con- meeting of the Woman's Foreign tributing society printed in, will be Missionary Society at Delaware, furnished free of cost in any quan- Ohio, the following unique song was tity, by Mr. Wm. M. Danner, 105 sung to the tune of "Auld Lang Raymond Street, Cambridge,Mass.) Syne";

r. Report, report, report, report, as a course of lectures on "Compara- Report, report, report;· tive Religions), a preliminary meeting was held for which Mrs. Montgom- Report, report, report, report, ery was secured as the principal Report, report, report. speaker. Her address served as a Chorus.-Report, etc. sort of boomer for the course and great interest was awakened. Thir- 2. Be prompt, be prompt, be prompt, be teen societies participated, represent- prompt, ing six or seTen denominations, and 450 women were enrolled. The lec- Be prompt, be prompt, be prompt; tures were given in the Baptist Be prompt, be prompt, be prompt, be Church and the average attendance was 300. prompt, Be prompt, be prompt, be prompt. That winter Mrs. Farmer gave sim- ilar courses in ten other centers in Chorus.-Be prompt, etc. Greater New York and its New Jer- sey suburbs. Everywhere the plan 3. We will, we will, we will, we will, proved a success. A great many We will, we will, we will; club women were in attendance and many were reached who had never We will, we will, we will, we will, before taken any interest in mis- We will, we will, we will. sions. In some places Roman Catho- Chorus.-We will, etc. lic.." Unitarians and Universalists at- tended the lectures. Every woman Verses one and two were sung by enrolled bought a copy of the text- all the district and conference officers book, which meant more than 2,600 of them! In some places the fee for in unison; verse three by the Stan- the course was $1.00, the book being included; in others, 50 cents, and the dard Bearers themselves. The song book purchased separately. aroused much merriment, but it is safe to say that those who were These lecture courses were not undertaken to raise money, but alpresent will not again be laggards most everywhere there was a surin the matter of sending in reports. plus, and many women whose hearts had been deeply stirred made volun- Try it at your next denominational tary offerings. These were devoted convention. to various missionary objects, but in- creased giving through regular chan- NEW YORK'S UNION LECTURE nels was encouraged rather than COURSES through the temporary club.

Two years ago, during the winter UNION LECTURE COURSES IN season, more than 2,600 women in BOSTON New York and vicinity attended lec- Under the auspices of the Jubilee ture courses on "The Great Religions Continuation Committee, two very of the W orId," given by Mrs. Will successful courses of lectures have Farmer, of Montclair, New Jersey.

Montclair began it. At the Women's Conference at Northfield in 1911, Mrs. Farmer taught a study class on "The Light of the World."

One of her fellow town's-women, who was present, thought how fine it would be if the women at home could have the same privilege she was enjoying. On her return, having obtained Mrs. Farmer's promise to repeat the course in Montclair if the necessary enrollment could be secured, she went to work to interest the women in the churches.

When the plan had been thoroughly advertised (not as a study class, but

OF BEST METHODS

been given in Boston for the women China held in the evening and atof the city and its suburbs. tended by men as well as women. It was held in a church and the In 1912 the course consisted of a pastors of the different churches series of addresses on "China's New were the speakers. Day," by Mrs. Charles. H. Daniels, president of the Woman's Foreign The attendance at all three of these Missionary Society of the Congrega- courses was large, and the whole tional Church. In 1913 there were community was stirred. five lectures given in Trinity Church Chapel on successive Thursday morn- The Central Committee of the United ings (Thanksgiving excepted) , be- Missionary Campaign asks that Sunginning with November 13. The first day, February 15, be observed as Mistwo lectures were on "Current sionary Day, with special missionary Events," one on China by Bishop features in all the services, in prepara- Roots of Hankow, the other on Tur- tion for the simultaneous canvass for key by Mrs. George Washburn, wife missions and benevolences in March. of the former president of Robert College, Constantinople. The remain- What are you doing about it? ing three were on "The King's Business," by Mrs. Daniels and were il- USING LENT FOR MISSION STUDY lustrated by means of maps, charts and other devices. Course tickets for Lent, with its cessation of social acthe five lectures were sold at $I.OO, tivities and its appeal to self-sacrifice, with single admissions at 35 cents. is, perhaps, the best time in the year for mission study. This is being WHAT THE ORANGES DID realized more and more, and mis- sionary leaders are taking advantage Last winter in the group of New of it. Jersey suburbs of New York known as the Oranges, a campaign of edu- The pioneer along this line was cation was conducted that probably Mrs. Wallace Radcliffe, of Washingsurpasses anything in the way of ton, D.C., whose Lenten study classes interdenominational mISSIOn study in her husband's church (the New that has yet been attempted. York Avenue Presbyterian) have be- come famous. China was the topic and there were three lines of study. The first In Mrs. Radcliffe's first class, held was a series of six studies given by during the Lenten season of 1903, the Educational Department of the the membership was confined to her Woman's Oub on the present situa- Young Woman's Guild, composed of tion in China. Strictly speaking, about 35 girls ranging in age from this was not mission study, but it 19 to 30. The next year they wished served to bring China and its needs to invite some friends from the outprominently before the women. The side and a few of the older women second was a large interdenomina- of the church came in. From this tional study class on "China's New time on the class grew steadily in Day," which met in the morning. numbers and enthusiasm. In 1907, The third was a lecture course on the fifth year, ISO were enrolled, ranging in age from 18 to 70. Only half of these were from Mrs. Rad- cliffe's own church; the rest were Congregationalists, Baptists, Episco-

palians and members of four other Guild, tho each year I work in some from the outside. In assigning pa- Presbyterian churches, together with pers I never fail, except in emer- gency, such as sickness or absence two Romanists and three Unitarians! from the city, to give two weeks for preparation, and I will not have a A conglomeration, Mrs. Radcliffe calls paper read. My 'stars' must talk and my girls have grown in this it. In 19I2, the tenth year, the en- grace. We often smile as we rerollment reached 250, embracing all member the long, tedious papers of the churches in Washington. five years ago. The results of the work have been "I have four, and sometimes five, remarkable. "The personnel of the speakers, six minutes being the time assigned beforehand. I allow, howclass has been most interesting," ever, 'for stretching,' and use my own judgment about the from two says Mrs. Radcliffe. "All kinds have to five extra minutes. In closing, as leader, I summarize, have a hymn, attended, including many society girls and myself offer the closing prayer. The enthusiasm this year was deeper and women who had never known than ever. The spiritual atmosphere, I feel I can say, was more potent anything of missions in their own than ever. churches. One young woman who "I use maps and charts and the did her best work for me (almost by reference libraries, besides other books. The circulation of these books compulsion) is field secretary now as they are needed is no slight task. I have never been able to delegate for a mission board and is remark- this to anyone. Much library work is done besides, of course. The enable as a platform speaker. I sup- rollment, giving out of text-books, the leaflets we occasionaly distribute, pose a hundred or more classes all etc., are all in the hands of com- petent committees. over the country could be traced to "I allow no visitors, unless I ask these classes. Many of them have been personally reported to me." them or they are house-guests of members of the class. I emphasize The following account of Mrs. this because I must have the class atmosphere, not a curious or pat- Radcliffe's methods (somewhat con- ronizing audience. It is the most in- tense work possible to make each sesdensed here) was given by request sion better than the last, to arrange in ~Voman's Work a few years ago. the program so that all the most brilliant stars will not shine the same She says: day, that the new 'Speaker is well set so that if she is a failure the whole "My rules, which I make very clear effect will not be lost, to be critical in printed notices beforehand, are: without carping, and to have no un- Enrollment by purchase of the book, certainty about anything. its careful study, and as prompt and regular attendance as is humanly pos- "'fo take infinite pains, that is the sible. I make a great deal of the 'Sum of it all, with heartily exprest opening devotional service, with sig- appreciation of the work done, to the nificant hymn, and Scripture with doers of it, by the leader, in private. comment, and prayer. I either have If I were to do all the talking mysome member pray or a chain of five self, it would be much less work." or six short prayers, having it all arranged beforehand. Nothing is left to voluntary effort. Every detail is planned. The text-books used are those of the United Study of Missions and the sessions are on consecutive Thursday mornings in Lent from 10.30 to I2. I close as promptly as I begin.

"For the class work I depend largely on the young women of Rly

Mass-Movements

India THEIR DEVELOPMENT, AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE WORK OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN NORTHERN INDIA'"

BY RE:. THOS. S. DONOHUGH, M.A., MEERUT, INDIA HE evangelization of a midst of the fields cultivated by the local residents. These conditions have mT rJ country so densely had very much to do with the gen- ~ populated as India is eral lines of effort followed by the so great a task and so various Christian missions in India. varied in character A large amount of work is confined to the higher castes, and consists of ,.,.,.. that a survey of even medical, zenana, and educational one division of it re- work, with preaching and distribu- tion of literature in the bazaars and quires close study. To appreciate the on itinerating tours among the vilimportance of the present caste lages. These efforts break down movements, however, they must be prejudice, lead to many earnest inseen in their relation to the whole quiries and to a fair number of contask. The census of 19II reports versions. Converts, however, are apt 3I3,000,000 persons roughly divided to be forced to leave home and all as follows: Hindus, 217,000,000; Mo- its associations, sometimes being sephammedans, 66,000,000 ; Buddhists arated from wife or husband and and Animists, 10,000,000 each; Chris- children and subjected to severe pertians, nearly 4,000,000 (3,870,2°3); secution, including the forfeiture of and others (including 3,000,000 all property rights. Frequently they Sikhs), 6,000,000. must be taken into the missioil com- pounds and taught until fitted to take The efforts and successes of the up some new line of employment. Christian missions have been confined Many valuable teachers, evangeiists, very largely to the class called Hin- and leading Christians are thus sedus. The Hindus have not only cured. The method, however, is a their four chief castes, but are split slow one, and there has been no geninto two great sections, ani: including eral response on a large scale. It is the so-called caste, or high-caste, largely a work for individuals. Hindus, and the other the out-caste, or the low-caste, Hindus, the latter The newer method is the endeavor numbering over sixty millions. These to reach the low-caste people in their castes, high and low, are divided into hornes by families and groups. These many sub-castes, the total being csti- people have less to leave, and, altho mated as high as one hundred thou- persecuted severely, are not made to sand. Representatives of many suffer in the same mea,;ure as high- Hindu castes, and also of all other caste converts. Their persecution sections of the population, will be comes from their employers and is found living in almost every village less personal than that of the highand town, members of a caste being caste converts, which comes from usually in close association with the their own relatives and is deeply felt lower castes grouped in wards, called as coming from those most dear. The mohulIas, in the least desirable loca- low-caste people are essential to the tions. Perhaps ninety per cent. of the people live in villages which are scattered all over the country in the ~ Condensed from The Methodist Review, November-December, 1913.

life of the village and can not be large proportions. In this way sev- driven out en masse. They continue eral movements, each distinct, may their old occupations and support be proceeding at the same time.

themselves as Christians, also con- These new movements are more like- tributing to the support of their pas- ly to proceed from caste to caste tor teachers. From among them through definite work on the part of promising individuals are selected for the missionaries and Christian work- higher education, many of whom be- ers than through the efforts of the come workers among their own l'eople themselves. The members of people and help to raise them. In- a caste usually confine their efforts dividuals rise quickly and often very to their own community. One caste, high, while the mass rises more therefore, is not likely to influence slowly, owing to scarcity of teachers. another directly except in the case of Working for high-caste people is iike a higher branch encouraging a lower, pounding away at a solid wall. Oc- or where many castes are being af- casionally a brick is loosened, but fected and the movement toward seemingly little impression is made Christianity is becoming general. As on the whole structure. On the long, however, as a movement is con- other hand, the low-caste work, fined to one caste, Christianity is apt which is at tIle bottom of tIle sys- to be considered as a matter of that tem, is opening up very rapidly. If caste only. It is, therefore, of very it is adequately prosecuted, the struc- great importance to have two or more fure is bound to fall. General read- movements proceeding simultaneous- . justment is bound to follow, and the ly. The one-caste stigma is thus re- gradual breaking up of many fea- moved and the universal element of tures of the caste system, while Christianity becomes man i f est.

Christianity will permeate all classes Growth now becomes more rapid. In and spTead widely among them. one circuit, soon after a second caste "Class," or "caste," movetnent was entered, inquirers were reported woukl be a more accurate name than from ten different castes, while in one "mass movement" for many of these Conference baptisms were reported developments in India, but the latter in one year from 27 different castes.

has become the popular designation. There is always a possibility of a AU tl1at is called "mass movement," mass movement starting in each caste except certain work among hill tribes, thus entered. Wise leadership is re- is proceeding along caste lines, and quired and generous aid in the be- caste, often referred to in the past as ginning of each separate movement, the greatest obstacle encountered in as small numbers can do little in sup- mission lands, is now proving to be porting the worker, tho trained to an assistance in the growth of the give from the beginning. In the Kingdom. "The process might be United Provinces the mass move- illustrated in mining. When a Uliner ment started among "the sweepers,"

finds a profitable vein, he follows it. and it was looked upon by all the When some members of a certain higher castes as merely a sweeper caste become Christians, they en- movement; but when the great caste deavor to have their relatives and of Chamars began to open up in friends follow them, and the work large numbers, great attention was naturally spreads within the caste. aroused. Wherever they come out Other veins are opened up and fol- openly, the way is opened for the lowed out, and so the work proceeds" general work as never before. It ( Bishop Warne). is ill this connection that the real in- When a movement of this kind fluence of the Chamar movement in starts in a caste it may run through our mission is seen, also the reason it. If an entrance is secured into a why it has had so much attention second C;l,'lte, that also may gather recently. It is the stepping stone to

MASS-MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

a greatly widened work, aside from is the Son of God and the Savior of the fact that it concerns one of the the world, and I want to be His fol- greatest castes in NtoorththeIndBira~hsmeacnosn.J l?wer and to be baptized," we bein numbers only lIeve that we should accept him pro- Being essentially a labor class, it has v,ided .we are able to guarante; con- the largest possibilities, tho many tmuatlon of the teaching so that he Chamars are now little better than shall be led on to more and more serfs. kn.owledge and to a real spiritual Underlying Causes faIth. Some require the memorizing An ~nfortunate misapprehension of the Ten Commandments, the concernIng the manner of opening mass movements seems rather wide- Lord's Prayer, etc., before adminisspread, namely, that they are the result of a 9u~ck and general response tering ba~tism. But memorizing may to evangelIstIc efforts somewhat akin be very dJf1i.cult, and even impossible, to those of revivalists, and that num- bers of people so stimulated are left for persons who have had no intel- without teachers, to sink back into lectual train}ng, and therefore may their old state after the preacher has passed on. On the contrary, such be an unfaIr test. The missionary movements are the result of steady ~nd per~istellt effort along well-estab- must use his best judgment, and none hshed hnes, often with little or no response for many years, as in the should impeach the wisdom of the well-known case of the "Lone Star Mission." The usual method in be- other, but let the fruits decide. The ginning a mass movement is to conduct preaching services and village chief point is 110t just where the COI1- schools among those who seem most vert. stan~s when baptized, provided responsive. In the earliest stages a cordial reception is most unusual. he IS believed to be sincere in his Active opposition may be met or a profession, but the place to which he hearing refused, even with insulting and threatening conduct. Patient en- will be led afterward in his Chris- deavor, however, gradually brings the tian experience and life. It is evipeople: first, to the point of willingness to listen to the message; sec- dent to many close observers that ond, to the stage of interest; third to belief in the truth of Christianity; Gpd .meets these ignorant people at fourth, to conviction of its superiority over the ~ld faith; and finally, fifth, a pOInt far below 'vVestern expecto the pomt of acceptance in place of .the old-t~o it may mean perse- tatIOn, and that they find him much as cutIOn, hardship, and suffering, even unto death. There are those who little children do in the first turning call this "too early baptism." ~f the heart toward him, however It may well be inquired whether, lIttle their understanding of the ulti- ~nate consequences of the step. It IS ours to see that they are given all the care we give tuonfoliltdtliengchoilfdrtehn~' the same patient truth, the same reiteration, the same adapt~tion to their understanding, watchmg over them until we see them established in the faith laalpthseo~ it may be, often grieved by'

when least expected.

Baptism cuts the tie that binds to Hinduism, and until that is severed the man is not in our hands suffi- ciently to make him really responsive to o~r efforts.. "Inquirers" of long 10 the nature of the case, an igno- standmg may slip back in a night be- caused displeased about asroemeourtrsiflte~ rant, degraded people could be asked but when baptizei:l they to come further than is indicated above before cutting themselves off train and lead as far as we are able.

from the old ties. The steps are all The probation system guards the long ones and the results of much Methodist Church from the danger hard ~ork. . When, finally, a man of too early admission into full con- says, I believe that Jesus Christ nection, while also holding the con-

verts far more securely than a sys- vero persecution, sickness, or distress tem which merely counts them as in- beyond the power to bear. When in quirers until their patience may be a district numbering 27,000 Chrisexhausted and they may slip away, dans, gathered in only twenty years, perhaps striving to draw others back there are but two or three helpless with them. persons (relatives of poor workers) who receive a mere pittance in aid, Among the lower castes it is con- such as one or two rupees a month, sidered best not to baptize single in- and where over 5,000 rupees are dividuals save in unusual cases. gathered in self-support per year, When a man becomes ready, he is providing for more than 25 per cent. asked to prepare his family and of the pastoral work, is there any then to prepare others in his village. warrant for doubting the motives of If possible, one waits until several the converts? The work has its hardfamilies, or, it may be, all of the ships and its weaknesses, and low caste in that village, are ready. This motives are met, but who can claim insures solidarity, helps to drive out that this is not true in Christian idolatry at once, to prevent factions lands, where, in most cases, the origand strife, to give added strength in inal motive for accepting Christ is time of persecution from the outside, one of self-preservation, desire for and to insure more rapid progress reward, for heavenly bliss, or rewithout interruption. Before taking union with loved ones ? We grow the step, the inquirers are likely to into higher motives. I f we start with talk with their relatives in neighbor- them it is because we are Christian ing villages, who may be interested, at heart before our open acceptance as previously noted, or who may ob- of Christ, and because we have inject and succeed in stopping the herited or have been taught a vast work already begun. In such cases amount of truth which, in most cases, the worker strives to explain the must be given to these poor idolameaning of baptism and of Chris- trous, superstitious, and deprest tianity to all who are concerned, to people after baptism, rather than beminimize opposition, and to exhort fore. It must be remembered, furinquirers to hold firm. . . . thermore, that while we speak of caste movements, our efforts are al- The people of India are deeply re- wav-s directed toward the individuals ligious at heart. No desire can be in "the caste, and that, to the greatest stronger than that which cries out extent possible, we seek to "present after real spiritual light and truth, every man perfect in Christ," knowand we are convinced that it is the ing that each individual so developed evangelistic note in the preaching will be a power in elevating those which is drawing the masses as no around him. . . . other can. Critics of the work would do well to go directly among the The Developing Processes people and watch them in their simple worship under a spiritual leader. The work of development begins Visitors who have taken time for among a group of few or many famithis have been thoroughly convinced lies usually living on the outer side of the vital character of the work of a village. Near by are groups of and have become its strongest sup- high- or low-caste people each closely porters. If this is apparent to those associated. The worker formerly who can read only the light in the lived among his people, but now that eye or the expression in the face, the sphere of the worker is widening, how much more is it true to those wisdom suggests that the worker live who understand the simple prayers sufficiently apart so as to be accessiand testimonies of hearts crying out ble to all. In many cases the refor God and His righteousness, and quest for this change has come from from whom no other request for help high-caste Hindus or Mohammedans ever comes-except, perhaps, in se-

MASS-MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

who wish us to locate the worker in childhood in the village school, the where they too may associate with better. They are being taught to him and benefit by his teaching. The work as laymen, somewhat like the Christians and inquirers usually need early "class leaders," and to give the to be taught the Gospel in toto. Being preachers most valuable assistance.

unable to read, they are entirely de- They help gather the people for pendent upon the visits of the work- preaching, collect self-support, report er. He gathers them at some COll- cases requiring the pastor's assistance venient hour and proceeds to con- or attention, assist, as far as able, duct a simple preaching service. . . . in instructing the people, and, in Whenever possible, a school is groups, help to govern the local opened for the children and such churches. When able to read the older persons as wish to learn. They Bible, they can do very valuable are taught the Ten Commandments, work. The movement is full of the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, the promise, and is receiving large at- Catechism, Gospel hymns, Scripture tention where the work is developing verses, etc. One aim is to teach as most rapidly. The Sunday-school many as possible to read the Bible. and the Epworth League also prove Everyone who learns to do so be- most helpful auxiliaries, and both comes a possible assistant in instruct- are widely llsed in all parts of our ing the local Christians and in in- work. . . .

teresting other residents. Village The more striking developments school work is also an opening wedge come as a result of higher educa- in the further education of the more tion. Selected boys and girls are en- promising young people. It is sim- couraged to attend the boarding- ply impossible to appreciate the effect schools, where they are taught to the of such teaching until one knows the extent their intellectual development life in a village. To impress undis- warrants. In some cases village chil- ciplined and superstitious minds with dren can go only to the third or the simple prohibitions of the com- fourth class, while others may rise to mandments and the various petitions the sixth, to high-school, or even to of the Lord's Prayer is to strike at college. But even those who can not the very foundation of the old life go high do most valuable work as a of evil, of uncontrolled desire, of result of the higher training in a superstition, and of despair. A new Christian center, and fully repay the life is revealed and made clear by effort made for them, while it is the explanations of the preacher, who usual to find that their children can endeavors to exemplify it in his care go much higher, and that by the of the sick, of the opprest, and third or fourth generation any in- of the dying. In this way many herent intellectual weaknesses are thousands are led into real spiritual largely removed. For such as can life, to conscious touch with God in not rise above the third or fourth Christ, and to a moral life far above class, industrial or manual training the ordinary level, and often irre- is very desirable, and some instruc- proachable .. tion of this kind is advantageous for A still larger opportunity is of- all pupils in the higher schools. In- fered by the children, who may be dustrial schools, however, need to be educated sufficiently to make them properly equipped and operated.

far more useful in their occupations, Those which purpose to teach trades more intelligent in their understand- should do so thoroughly. In many ing of the Christian life, and more cases the present provision is so in- helpful in the cause. In the. future adequate that this is impossible.

there will be a far greater use of Manual training is particularly use- the humble volunteer workers of the ful in teaching the awkward boy' and village. The more they can be taught girl to use the hand and eye to-

gether, in overcoming the common demand far exceeds the supply, and prejudice against manual labor, and few needs are felt so deeply and con- in developing self-reliance and initia- stantly. The strengthening of our tive. Where schools are properly entire educational system is most im- equipped, they are suitable for the perative if we are to have the intelli- more intelligent scholars and help to gent leadership the growing work furnish the community with good demands and upon which its largest Christian workmen of high grade and success hinges. . . .

good principle. While some Chris- The value of higher schools, tians have difficulty in finding em- boarding-schools, can hardly be over- ployment, it is probable that preju- estimated. The contrast to the life dice will soon fade away in the in- in the village is beyond description.

creasing demand for high-class labor, Boys and girls are introduced to a and it will not be difficult to provide life approximately that in a Chris- work for all who are really deserv- tian land. It is not an overstatement ing. to say that this is the most thorough It is from the various higher in- method of evangelization, for until stitutions that the leading workers we have far more and better-equip- are secured upon whose cooperation ped pastors, adequately supervised, and leadership so much of the suc- we can not hope to elevate the people cess of the movement among the in the villages sufficiently to give masses depends. These institutions, them what the boys and girls get in also, are doing a most valuable work our schools: a true conception of in sending out an ever-increasing the Christian life under Christian stream of reliable young men and surroundings and control. In the women who are finding their way schools we lay foundations similar to into positions of high honor and those known in the West. Here large usefulness in the service of the we can make an appeal to the child government, in educational, postal, for a full and intelligent surrender and telegraph departments, the rail- of the will and a dedication to Chris- ways, mills, business houses, etc. To tian service; here we can do indi- find persons in high office who in one vidual work of an adequate nature or two generations have emerged and with satisfying results-and all from the lower strata is now com- these at a cost averaging twenty dol- mon in places where the mass-move- lars per year per child. The notable ment work is of sufficiently long revival of 1906 spread largely standing. It is producing far-reach- through the boarding-schools. Hun- ing effects, elevating the Christian dreds of boys and girls entered into coml1lunity and the work of mi5sions a new spiritual life. Workers of this in the mind of many former detrac- type can carry high ideals into the tors, and hastening the day of larger villages and lead the Christians there things in self-support. Many of into larger experiences.

these educated young men are liberal A notable fact about· the revival in their gifts and in their voluntary was the profound conviction of sin, efforts in local churches, where they the lack of which heretofore has been are most useful official members, local a source of the greatest anxiety to preachers, Sunday-school teachers, many missionaries in India. Conse- and leaders in young people's work. quently, we look forward hopefully They are especially liberal in hell-'ing to the time when these who have had to educate other members of their deep religious experiences, and who families and in providing for those have the consciousness of pardon of dependent upon them. We are en- sin, will be able to go out and lead tirely dependent upon these higher others into similar experiences. This institutions for the supply of Chris- is an illustration of the way in which tian teachers for our schools. The the boarding-school constantly proves

MASS-MOVEMENTS IN

the training ground for higher ideals Under prevailing conditions one misand purer moral life. sionary may be compelled to over- see all that is being done by a large The problem of reaching the mass- force of Indian assistants in a large es is largely one of producillg work- territory. Qur method places one ers. Had we the teachers, we could man (sometimes an Indian) over a accept hu~dreds of thousands of can- district. The district is divided into didates as quickly as they could be circuits under a "preacher-in-charge," taught the rudiments. In the Meerut who is an Indian in almost every District alone, 120 miles by 60, out case save in the centers where the of a population of 3,500,000 it is missionaries reside. The work of estimated that fully 1,000,000 people the preacher-ill-charge is to superare accessible now to the Gospel, of vise the efforts of the men and whom 100,000 are sweepers, 600,000 women under him. Sometimes he are Chamars (among whom move- bas half a dozen, but there are cirments are now proceeding with great cuits with twenty or more workers rapidity), and the balance are of and 4,000 or more Christians. The higher castes. The interest among workers usually live in larger towns caste Hindus and Mohammedans was or villages, and near the larger never so great. Inquirers and con- groups of Christians, but each workverts among them are frequently er may have from three to 20 vilmet, and requests for instruction, lages under his care and as high as with offers of liberal aid or the full T,000 Christians and ihquirers. support of the worker, are more Some have even 40 villages, but numerous than the supply. Some only where the work is growing remarkable movements have begun, very rapidly and the provision is the true nature of which is not un- most inadequate. The workers who derstood until one realizes what it have regular day-schools have fewer means to high-caste people to be villages to care for, but all the workwilling to leave their own and to as- ers strive to spend some time in sociate with out-castes, whom they teaching the children who live near would not touch formerly, but with them. The worker visits as many whom they now mingle and worship. villages daily as time and strength These conditions are found elsewhere permit, and is supposed to cover his in large measure, and there is im- circuit at least four times a month. perative need of increasing our forces The preacher-in-charge is expected immediately to take advantage of the to cover his circuit at least once a remarkable opportunities thus pre- year, to visit all the villages with the sented. The North India Confer- worker, devoting special attention to ence, after 50 years' work, reports those most in need, and to exercise 50,000 Christians, with baptisms one general supervision. The district year from 27 different castes, while superintendent meets the groups of the Northwest India Conference has workers in each circuit three or four gathered II5,000 in the last 20 times a year (in Quarterly Conferyears. The Northwest India Conference averages over 10,000 baptisms ence) , at which times the searching per year, tho terribly handicapped fi- questions in the Methodist Discipline nancially. The crying need is the are asked and reports are given on all subj ects of importance. Preq,chstrengthening of all institutions which ing services are held with the local produce workers, with the necessary support of these workers when Christians and special hours are ready. given to the workers, upon whose Increased missionary supervision is steady development so much depends. also required in many places. Super- When possible, the district superinvision of work of this character de- tendent also goes out into the villages mands the most careful attention. on evangelistic tours with the work-

ers. Ther~ is most urgent need of leaders upon whom the full burden more of this evangelistic work, and is being placed as rapidly as possible, every large district should have a and with most encouraging results. man or woman set aside for it. It greatly encourages the people to see The Opportunity and the Evangelization and hear the missionary, and there is no better method of training work- of India ers than to go with them and show them how to meet the local prob- The history of older mass movelems. It is also the best method of estimating the character of their ments in India would seem to show work and their individual needs. ( I) that, according to the faith of Once a year all the workers are gathered for three or four days in the leaders at the time of acceptance, a district conference. The newer workers are examined in the pre- practically all the people who we~e scribed courses of ,study, reports are given, lectures. ~eli.vered, .in.spiring received have stood firm and their services held, dlsclplme administered, and appointments n:ad:- for the en- descendants have remained Chrissuing year. The dlstnct conference may be held in connection with the tians ; (2) that there has. been a 'Workers' Bible (or Summer) School, which frequently continues for three steady rise in the co~mumty, fro!ll or four weeks, during which ~ll are enrolled in classes for speCial generation to generatIOn, usually .m study and examination apart from the Conference courses. Devotional proportion to the investme~t of misservices are held daily, followed by three or four hours of class work, sionary effort along all lmes; (3) and by institutes, lectures, workers' meetings, etc. As a result, the whole that where, through hesitation or laCK body of men and women go back, refreshed and stimulated, to continue of equipment, further advance was their lonely life among deprest conditions, better fitted to live above interfered with, those who were them and to lift their people. ready to come have not only gone One month in the year is set aside by our whole India mission for an ibnafclku~nbcuest have tried to exert hurtful "evangelistic campaign" in which all upon those previously rethe forces take part. The definite objects are to reclaim any who have ceived; (4) that in most sections fallen away, to lead all into. higher Christian experience and life, .to there has been no marked mass movereach other castes, to help the mquirers to a decision for Christ, and ment following the stopping of one to distribute Christian literature. The which was under way; that is, those students cooperate, especially in the who were received have stood firm places where the schools are located. with their children, but the movement, Special attention is given to prayer, as such ceased. This brings us to consecration, and definite plans for the important question, What is to the work in hand. Very large and be done with the present mass move- fruitful results have attended these ment in the north of India, chiefly campaignS. In all these. efforts !he in the Northwest India Conference, aim is to develop and tram up Indian which is still growing with great rapidity, but which is imperiled by weakness due to lack of leaders and funds? In the opinion of many, it is the key to very much larger progress among all t~e out-castes ?f North India, numbermg many mtl- lions, and through them to the whole situation. . . .

The force of workers is prest to the breaking point, particularly the missionaries, several of whom have given way under the strain. There has been very little increase in the appropriations and i~ the missiona~y force, notwithstandmg the rapld growth of the work. Now the future seems to depend upon such reinforce- ments as will relieve the over-bur- dened workers and rapidly produce

MASS-MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

large numbers of native assistants to vance would be increased by the enter the widening and rapidly ripen- removal of obstructions, also the ing fields. Could several million con- numbers of notable cases of great verts be gathered in a compact terri- evangelists and other Indian leaders, tory in a few years (which seems now too few; the larger number only a question of investment) , a would exert more influence as a profound influence would be exerted community, be better able to stand upon all the people. The remaining alone, to realize their strength, and millions of the out-castes would be to use it in such a way as to exemeven more accessible throughout all plify their Christian teaching and India and the largest victory yet won standards; and the movement would in the evangelization of that or any encourage the many thousands of .similar land would be in sight. heart Christians among the higher classes to come out openly and throw There are marked advantages to in their lot-with all the possibilities be gained by such a forward move- of larger and more far-reaching ment. In the first place, it would movements thus thrown open. offset the efforts now being made by Hindus and Mohammedans to secure The attitude of the people may be these same classes, chiefly for political made clear by one or two illustrareasons, which would make them tions: In one district a man who vastly more inaccessible, and throw could not be used as a worker was away much of the advantages we lost sight of for a time, after which have gained. Furthermore, attention he came to the district superintendent is being drawn to the important fact and told him that 600 people were that these so-called "out-caste" or ready for baptism in his village. The "deprest classes" are in reality the district superintendent found them laborers of India and, in point of remarkably well taught, and sent for fact, probably potentially thy most Bishop Warne, who was fully convaluable asset in the land. The vinced of their sincerity and approved higher castes have an assured posi- of their baptism. The same man had tion, which they will not relinquish brought the leaders of several other easily, while these will enter into village groups, who were also ennew conditions, me.ilt new needs, couraged to do likewise. A most and, especially as Christians, be the promising movement is under way. persons who will most surely bring about the modifications essential to The mass movement requires strong the development of Indian life. faith in the power of Christ to lift those who call upon His name, how- As a consequence, there are strong ever low they may be in the beginreasons why we should aim to se- ning. The work and glory of Chriscure the whole of any class and train tianity, however, is in preaching the all together. The increased numbers Gospel to the poor, who transformed would make self-support more prac- and elevated, evangelize those who ticable, where it is now difficult be- were formerly above them. May cause of the poverty of the little we, with Christ, "see harvests, not groups scattered here and there; mere crowds," in those now accessia united community would more ble, and be encouraged by the results speedily adopt Christian customs already achieved, as well as by faith, and escape from the tyranny of old to take those who seem so ready, ties; the danger of part of the confident that they are His children class turning back and stopping or and among the "other sheep" of His injuring the old movement would fold. be largely averted; the rate of ad-

WORLD-WIDE

MISSIONARY NEWS THE CHINESE REPUBLIC Peking Board of Education, has, it appears, recommended a Chinese- State Religion Opposed Roman alphabet of thirty-nine let- ters as adequate for the expression of ACCORDING to a newspaper re- all Chinese sounds. If this should port, a league has been organized advance from tentative use to a in Peking to oppose the motement larger service in the great Oriental to make Confucianism the State re- land, we may witness the disestabligion in China (described in the De- lishment of the cumbrous system of cember number). This league is sixty thousand symbols by the simple composed of representatives of Mo- and accessible alphabet now provided. hammedanism, Taoism, Buddhism, This, assuredly) would mean much Roman Catholicism, and Protestant for the cause of Gospel truth in Christianity. China.

The Constitution adopted by the Camel Versus Automobile Chinese Parliament made no provision for any State religion, but a re- A PARTY of missiona1'ies were cent Presidential mandate apparently, riding in "rickshaws" on their favors Confucianism. way to the Summer Palace, when they saw approaching a long string President Yuan Shih-kai, whose of camels laden with produce for mandates are now regarded as ap- market. This was no strange sight; proximate to the Imperial edicts of for these ungainly beasts with their the former era, describes the sayings air of nausea, as some one has exof Confucius as "a doctrine of un- prest it, "as if they were seasick in equaled wisdom, which is recognized all their four stomachs," are often as such by many foreigners as well seen in the streets of the capital city. as by Chinese"; "deep as the ocean," But just at this particular moment, .'sufficient altho the ages change," an automobile, a new arrival in the "permanent as the sun and the moon city, carne puffing and whizzing its that cross the heavens, and as the way along, disputing the passage rivers that flow on the earth." with their august majesties. Did they shy, or seemed disturbed? Not Chinese Language School one bit of it! A look of utter dis- dain seemed to hover around their THERE has been founded, under the countenances as if they would say, direction of the University of Nan- "What are you, you upstart of a king, a language-school, the first stu- thing, that you should seek to disdents of which represent eleven mis- turb our repose ? We will not be dissionary societies and agencies. It is commoded in the least!" hoped that, by this means, the enormous difficulties which the Chinese So has the whole land looked upon language presents to the Western stu- the foreign invasion and even to-day, dent will be sensibly diminished. despite the awakening on all sides, Many who have looked on with won- those who work in the country conder during the recent years of revo- tinually meet that supreme indifferlution in China, are now asking ence to all efforts at improvement so whether the time is not ripe for well typified by these "ships of the another revolutior: which shall liber- desert" sailing serenely through the ate the mind of the Chinese people. A conference, organized by the streets of Peking in the midst of elec- China. The great procession filled tric lights, macadamized roads, and many streets, and numerous and automobiles. gorgeous banners were displayed. The most remarkable of all, however, As to the Moslem Population was the one that declared belief in the risen Jesus of Nazareth. It may MOHAMMEDANS are found in be that these heathen mourners were every province, but the greater not wholly conscious of all that the number reside in these: Sinkiang words implied, but it is a significant (commonly known as Eastern Chin- fact that they bore this testimony to ese Turkestan), 'Kansu, Shensi, Shan- their faith, or at least to their hope, si, Chihli, Shantung, Honan, Kiang- that death does not end alI, and that su, Anhwei, Hupeh, Szechwan, Yun- Jesus is "the Way, the Truth, and nan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, and in the Life." the Manchurian provinces. Now what docs this mean? It means that Buddhists in Despair the bulk of the Moslem population is found from North China right CHINA shows signs that the Buddown to the valley of the great river dhist and Taoist idolaters, con- Yang-tse-kiang, and all down the scious that they are losing their hold 'vI/estern provinces of China. In IO on the people, are .forming societies of these provinces Islam already among themselves for the more defistretches from north to south; in nite propagation of their religions; at least II, men are being trained while atheistic societies, such as the for the office of mullah; and, so far "No God Society," are definitely prea~ is known, no missionary society paring to fight all religions, true or has yet commenced special work false. Vith reference to this, a misamong the Chinese Moslems. We sionary connected with the Bible Soshall probably be well within the ciety writes: mark if we take the conservative estimate of IO,OOO,OOO as the mini- "These activities do not cause us mum number of Moslems in China to despair of the final outcome of to-day. Concerning these millions our work, but rather act as an in- Dr. W. A. P. Martin (one of the centive for being more in earnest in greatest living authorities on China) girding on the armor, and making' wrote recently: "Their influence is further preparations to combat, deeverywhere out of proportion to feat and convert alI those who are their numbers, showing the effect of opposed to the truth. These new their faith." Praise God for the phases of opposition must be met by abundant blessing He has bestowed a new class of literature; and in this upon the general work among all region alone there is great scope for classes of Chinese-Idolaters, Abori- usefulness for the society, in the gines, and Mohammedans; now the preparation and publication of this time seems to have come for special class of literature." and organized work among the Moslems on a scale commensurate with The Tobacco Trust in China the great need. THE greed of men has just received, "Jesus Is Not Dead" a striking illustration in China, where the Tobacco Trust has taken ad- "J. ESUS is not dead." These words vantage of the efforts made by the Chinese Government to free the peo- were inscribed on a banner dis- ple from the curse of opium. While played at a heathen funeral in China we are doing all possible to rid ouron Easter Sunday of this year. The selves of the cigaret evil, it is being funeral was that of Sung Chiaojen, foisted on China. The Watchmana prominent Chinese gentleman, Examiner says: "One of the most whose assassination shocked ail heartless exhibitions of mercenary

greed is the action of the Tobacco pray that they may be wise and Trust in China. All the world knows discreet and faithful to God in all what strenuous efforts the Chinese their ways."-London Chronicle. Government has" been making to rid its people of the opium curse. It has Colonization a Mi••ionary Method had astonishing success in ten yearsa success not parallel in any moral or pROPAGATION by colonization is social reform in history. With fiend- a new missionary method which ish ingenuity the cigaret dealers of the world surmised that the depriva- some Chinese Christians in the provtion of their opium would leave an ince of Kiangsu have been trying unsatisfied appetite with the Chinese with success, and which has in it opium smokers, and they have del- some good lessons for Christians in uged the interior of China with ciga- other places. A new station has rets. Agents have gone through the been opened at Yen Cheng, in north country giving away cigarets to the Kiangsu, in a district between the people, old and young, in order to Grand Canal and the sea, which is create an appetite for them. They large enough to apply for" &tatehood, have, unfortunately, succeeded, so if it were in the United States, and that vast quantities of cigarets are in which there was not a single misnow sold in China. The Chinese sionary of any denomination. Two have escaped one vice only to fall into missionaries of the Southern Presbythe clutches of another quite as terian Church, Rev. H. W. White hurtful." and Rev. C. F. Hancock and their families began the work at Yell Temple Trades Decline Cheng.

M R. T. H. CAREN writes : "We The remarkable thing about this had an interesting case in the station is not that it was opened up person of a temple keeper belonging by two ministers who were willing to the largest and. wealthiest temple to leave the known for the unknown, in Fatshan. He came to a number but that in opening up the work at of meetings, and once or twice re- this new station there was a con&idermained until just midnight talking able company .of Chinese Christians about the Gospel. We were afraid who belonged to Mr. White's work he was merely curious apd had no at Hsuchoufu and who would not be desire to learn; he said that since separated from him. So when he the revolution the money spent at decided to go to Yen Cheng, they the temple in idol worship was very decided they would go with him. much less than usual. I think he These, with their wives and children, was afraid of losing his job. Fatshan making a company of 29, old and is a very nest of temples, idol and young, left their homes and came incense makers, and, like the idol- forth, as they exprest it, on the way makers of old in Ephesus, they have to the Promised Land, regardless of this year created quite a disturbance the wilderness of difficultie& to go on more than one occasion, because through before they should get setthey were losing their trade. They tled. This number included elders, have petitioned the Canton Govern- deacons, colporteurs, medical workment to patronize the temples, to do ers, teachers, and pupils. It is persomething to cause, if not to com- haps the first time in the history of mand, the people to worship idols, missions in China that a new station so that they will not lose their trade has been started by transpqrting a altogether. Needl~ss to say, the Gov- nucleus of a church organization. ernment will not do anything of the sort. We need to remember the As a method of propagation, this plan has great advantages. It brings Christians at ? time like this, and more or less trained men and women into the field, and the new organiza- tion is on its feet at once and ready

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to go forward. It has been tried in Islamic light among Japanese soldiers, many places in the home land where who, in their hundreds and thousands, a strong central church has sent off have acquired a strong literary taste colony after colony of its members and fondness for the Gunjin, edited to live in a location where a church by the editor of this journal for the was desired. It might be used to ad- last two years.' It is gratifying not vantage both in home and foreign a little that a certain number of mission fields, and the Chinese in Gunjin's military readers have Kiangsu province have rendered a evinced a desire to study the tenets service to the whole church in calling of Islam in right earnest." The same attention to the effectiveness of the paper also tells of a Mr. T. Miyasaki, plan of propagation by colonization. who believes himself to be a laUer- day prophet, superior to Buddha or JAPAN-KOREA Jesus, who has written a book entitled "My New Gaspe!." This gentleman, Buddhist and Christian Sects after a long conversation with Pro- fessor Barakat Ullah, editor of the Is- STATISTICS show that in Japan lamic Fraternity of Tokyo, sounded there are I3 denominations and 57 out this note of warning; "Christiansects of Buddhism. Of these the most ity is very dangerous in Japan, so I powerful one is that of Shin Shiu. heartily beg you to drive it out of our There are 7I,769 temples and 53,08I Land of the Rising Sun at the point priests. This number includes only re- of the sword of Islamic power." siding priests. Counting all those en- vVhile such an exhortation is puerile, gaged in preaching and teaching there it indicates the elements of Mohamare 73,047. There are also other kinds medanism which are prominent in of priests and nuns who have done the new movement. It should further duties of either preaching or teaching. be remembered that the first periodi- These number 54,001. These classes cal issued in the Far East for the of priests and nuns make up in all benefit of Chinese Moslems was like- I 80, 129. Besides these. there are wise published in Japan by enlightabout IO,OOO students preparing for ened Mohammedans from China the priesthood. The home depart- studying in Tokyo." ment of the Japanese Government has been gathering statistics of Christians T The Bible in Korea for many years, and the last report HE annual report of Rev. S. A. of the number of believers of the Beck, of the American Bible Sodifferent Churches is as foHows: ciety's work in Korea, shows an ad- Roman Catholic, 63,081 ; Greek Catho- vance in circulation of nearly double lic, 14,749; Nippon Kirisuto, 18,441; the preceding year, being 88,214 Kumiai, 16,115; Sei Ko Kwai, 15,- volumes. The attention of the whole 090; Methodists, I I,763; Baptists, world has been fastened on Korea 4,191; other smaller denominations, with special eagerness and no small I2,246; total, 155,676. apprehension during the past year. "Weare happy to report that our own Preaching I.lam to the Japanese work of Bible distribution has been conducted without interference or BUT hindrances and discouraging criticism on behalf of the authorities." facts are 110t far to seek. For the A very interesting work connected Review of Religions, published in with the Korean agency is its coopera- India reports: tion with Mrs. Rosetta S. Hall, of Pyeng Yang, in the provision of "Mr. Hatano, one of the first three Scriptures for the Korean blind. Japanese converts to Mohammedan- vVith the assistance of the Bible Soism, has started a monthly, AI-Islam, ciety, which provided the necessary for spreading the new faith among his countrymen. In the second number of AI-Islam, Mr. Hatano says: 'We have a capital field for extending

machinery, she has been able to estab- happy combination of Christians of lish a regular printing office by.which various nationalities, missions, and plates are being made for printing the denominations-English, American, Scriptures in Korean, with an alpha- Chinese, Japanese and Koreans. bet arranged on the New York point Those who robed were Bishop Cecil system. Boutflower, the Revs. W. P. Bun- combe and 'vV. H. Elwin, representing Japan's Mission to the West the Church of England; Bishop Mc- Kim and the Rev. C. S. Reifsnider, THE discussion of the question of the Church of America; also the Rev. Japanese immigration to California has dealt chiefly with its dangers. J. T. Imai and three clergy of the On the other hand, Mr. Miyazaki, who is pastor of the Japanese Pres- Church of Japan, who had lent their byterian church in San Francisco, churches for the administration of the believes that his race has a twofold sacramepts of the C. M. S. Mission mission in 'vVestern America-ma- to Chinese. terial and spiritual. It was a great disappointment that "Vhere," he says, "can you find the Chinese ambassador was at the laborers who will do the work de- last moment prevented from keeping manded if the Japanese be excluded? his promise to attend the ceremony, Japanese have come to this country but he wrote a very friendly letter of not only for their. living, but to im- apology enclosing fifty yen toward prove the agricultural conditions of the sum still needed for the building America. They are to cultivate fund. farms, enrich the country and also help to solve the problems of the The next day, Sunday, 16 Chinese, day. 5 English and 2 Japanese partook of Holy Communion, 12 of the Chinese "The mission of the Japanese on for the first time. The words of adthe Pacific coast, however, must not ministration were said in the three be on the material side alone, but on languages, while the service was the spiritual side also. The Japanese otherwise entirely in Chinese." in America are the interpreters of and for our two nations. They Where the Gospel Is News should interpret the American spirit and religion to the Japanese in the C HRISTIANS of the second or Orient, and the spirit and civiliza- twenty-second generation do not tion of Japan to the Occident. By half appreciate what it means that doing this our two great nations will to them the Gospel is "the old, old understand each other better, and the story" while to others it is news. traditional friendship will be per- A woman missionary from Korea fectly cemented. writes as follows in a personal letter: "I went to visit a certain woman "Interpretation, however, is a very whom I have known since coming hard task and the Japanese should here. She is a lady, but not a Chrisinterpret the national spirit of either tian. She was much pleased that I country from a Christian point of had again sought her. After a little view."-The Continent. conversation she said, moving nearer to me as we sat on the floor, 'You Church for Chinese Students in Japan and I are alike, but we are not alike. Why is it so? Is it because AN interesting account of the dedi- you read that book?' pointing to the cation of a. new church for Bible. Later, I asked her to read Chinese students in Tokyo is con- J oh11 iii. 16. She did so, and said 'I tributed to the Japan Quarterly by can read the words, but I do not Mrs. Lombe. We can find space for know what it means. I have been a few paragraphs only. She says: to church, but I could not understand what it all meant.' Then looking at "The gathering was formed by a

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me, in an earnest tone she asked Board now maintains three splendidly ''vVas it that way with you when you equipped missions, the Marathi ~is­ /irst believed?' I wish the people at sian in Bombay Presidency, whIch home could have seen her face and was the first to be established, the heard her ask that last question. Madura Mission, in South India, and When did we first hear?" the Jaffna Mission, in Ceylon. The SIAM recent celebration was held in Bom- Lepers Gifts for Missions bay and in Ahmednagar, the two cen- ters of the Marathi Mission, which T HE Mission to Lepers in India has also marked the anniversary by and the East has one of its most the publication of a very attractive successful asylums at Chiengmai, booklet, with pictures of all phases Siam. Six brick cottages are nearing of the work. A joint commission of completion, which will shelter 96 the American Board and the Woman's lepers, and thus more than double Board, which included a grandson of the capacity of the asylum. The Gordon Hall, one of the pioneer miskeeper, Loong Peang, and his wife, sionaries, went to India for the oc- Nang Kam, who are not lepers, have casion. One striking characteristic two leper children in the asylum. of the Marathi Mission has been the They show a c.onstant interest n?t number of children and grandchildren only in the physIcal comfort of theIr of its members who have come bark wards, but in teaching them the Way as missionaries to the land of their of Life. Eighty of the 82 lepers are birth. believers and have received Christian baptism. The meetings in Bombay were chiefly in English, the principal one, It is said that leprosy begets selfish- which was held in the Town Hall, ness and discontent, so that it is grati- being addrest by a prominent British fying to note a spirit of helpfulness layman, President Samuel B. Capen, among these Christian lepers. A leper of the Board, Dr. Robert A. Hume, woman, a former slave, often minis- the missionary, by a representative ters to the more needy women and of the Indian Christian community, prays with them in their extremity. The head teacher, himself a leper, and by a non-Christian Indian. In takes a special interest in visiting and Ahmednagar, the services were h~ld caring for the more helpless men. in Marathi, and to them came IndIan An even more striking illustration of Christians in large numbers from all the spirit of Christian helpfulness is parts of the Ahmednagar ciistrict, one the fact that the lepers saved, out of quarter of the popUlation of which, their scant weekly allowance, 18 according to the last census, is Chrisrupees, which they asked might .be used in sending out an evangehst. tian. The final gifts for the Cen- Twenty-five dollars provides for the tenary fund, which it had been hoped support of one of these lepers for a might reach 10,000 Rs., were made year. here, and the total exceeded 14,000 Rs. ($4,700). INDIA As a new immediate practical ap- Centenary of Missions in India plication of the increasing vigor of the Indian Christian Church, the REPORTS from India show that Aikya (or Union of Churches) has the plans which were announced decided by unanimous vote that from in these columns for the celebration of the one-hundredth anniversary of January I, 1914, it will undertake to the beginning of the work of the bear the responsibility for the pay- American Board, the pioneer Ameri- ment of the pastors of all the weaker can society, in India, have been car- churches. The 60 Indian Christian ried out successfully. The American churches in connection with this American Marathi Mission have thus entered upon their new century

banded together as a body of mind. The service was conducted in self-supporting and self-governing English and baptism was by immer- churches. sion in the baptistery not long since Self-support in the Punjab added to the church."

THE United Presbyterian Mission in At the time of the census of 191 I the Punjab has been making good there were 100,096 Parsis in India. Descendants of the old fire-worshipers progress toward self-support of pas- of Persia, they are an interesting sec- tors in its native churches since a tion of the population, whose im- revival in 1904 brought the need to portance is not to be measured by the fore. Two graduates of the mis- their numbers only. They are noted sion seminary threw themselves on for their intelligence and wealth, and the untrained Christian community their commercial and social influence.

with the idea of developing a self- They have taken the lead in educa- supporting ministry. At first they tion, for while the percentage of had a hard time, occasionally even literates among the Hindus is only going hungry, but the reward of their 5·5 I , among the Parsi3 it is 71.14.

courage has come. At present there In connection with the baptism of a are 33 self-supporting congregations, Parsi convert noted above, the Chris, paying their pastors from Rs. 15 to tian Patriot of Madras says that only Rs. 25 ($5 to $8) monthly, mostly in 35 Parsis have ever had the courage kind. The mission provides for the and faith to face opposition and per- education of the pastors' boys and secution by publicly confessing them- girls in mission schools. The congre- selves disciples of the Crucified.

gations are composed chiefly of low- I Fruit After Long Waiting caste small tenant farmers, or farm laborers-the landlords being rich N a letter from Purneah, Rev. T. Hindus and Moslems. At first a group of three or four contiguous Watson, of the Baptist Missionary villages will provide a pastor's sup- Society, tells a story which reads like port. Then, as the churches grow, a chapter in the Acts of the Apostles. they are each able to support their own pastor. The United Presby- While on a visit to the Khagra meta, terian Mission holds Bible schools in each important center in the cold sea- he was mourning the lack of results son, staying a week or more in a after years of work, when a man place. Here pastors and native named Nawa Singh presented himself, workers get further systematic train- saying that he h.ad been looking for mg. the missionary for some time! It ap- peared that the man had been instruc- ted in the truth by Prem Chand, who on his death-bed had handed him a Baptism of a Parsi Convert copy of St. John's Gospel in Bengali, which he had received from a mission- O N October 3d, Goulbai Grace ary some fifteen years before. A little Jehangirsha Vakil was baptized company of inquirers had been readby the Rev. Canon Heywood in Gir- ing the well-worn pages, and several gaum Church, Bombay. Miss Bailey, were now desirous of being baptized in giving an account, says: as disciples of Christ. During five days spent in the village in which these "A great deal of interest had been people live, Mr. Watson was engaged aroused over the baptism, owing to "the whole day and far into the night" Goulbai herself not wishing to keep dealing with inquirers; and several it a secret from her relatives, and were added to the Church. even writing beforehand to the Parsi high priest to inform him of her in- tention. This resulted in great op- One Text Evangelism in India A position, her parents and other rela- UNIQUE method has recently been employed by the Methodist tives using all the arguments in their power to persuade her to alter her Mission in Hyderabad, Deccan, ior

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a very successful campaign among cust the matter farther. In the mean- the low-caste people. After a pro- time an effort is being made to find longed time of prayer the preachers just the man for this important work, . went out in all directions. They all so that there may be no delay in agreed to preach from the same text action as soon as the final policy has -John iii. 16. That was the word been determined. they were to take everywhere-that and nothing else. They were told Buddhists Adopting Christian Hymns never to leave a village and go to another until some one in that vil- A Buddhist priest in California has lage had learned the text, and so modified some of the Christian could pass it on to others. In this hymns so as to suit his faith, and is way the people themselves became making use of them in the religious gospel messengers. The effect has services conducted by him. One of been that people have been wonder- the good old hymns runs as follows: fully moved to repentance and faIth. o for a thousand tongues to sing 'When a second campaign was planned the word agreed on was My holy Buddha's praise; Rom. x. 9, "If thou shalt confess The glories of my teacher great, with thy mouth Jesus as Lord, and shalt believe in thy heart that God The triumphs of his grace. raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved." The same method was Buddha, the name that kills our fears, pursued, with similar results. Whole That bids our sorrows cease; villages were brought under the power of the gospel. 'Tis music in the speaker's ears, 'Tis life, and health, and peace. A Mi…ionary Survey of India Hear him, ye deaf; his praise, ye THE National Missionary Convel1- dumb, . tion, which was held under the Your loosened tongues employ; chairmanship of Dr. Mott, arranged Ye blind, behold your Buddha come; for a new and thorough survey of India from the point of 'iew of mis- And leap, ye lame, for joy. sionary operations; a provisional Sur- vey Committee, representing all sec- Modifications have been made of tions of India, was appointed, but it "Nearer, My God, to Thee," and "Joy was understood that the work of the to the World."-The Pacific. survey was to be superintended by an expert who should give his whole time Ramabai'. New Work for Indian Women for two years to this work. The salary and expenses of this survey secretary AN interesting effort is now being were guanmteed by Dr. Mott. Imide in behalf of the high caste Maharatta population of India. Some The convener of the Survey Com- of the social leaders have apparently mittee announces that there has been lost faith in all religion, and unless an unforeseen delay in the appoint- something is done at once such peo- ment of the man to conduct the pro- ple are likely to develop into atheists posed survey, due to a feeling on or agnostics. the part of some members of the Continuation Committee of the Edin- To meet this need, Pandita Rama- burgh Conference that the' method bai, the famous founder of the in- proposed for making the survey was dependent Christian work for India's open to objection. Under these cir- chiIJ widows, has sent he· daughter, cumstances, Dr. Mott has thought it Manoramabai, with a group of help- best to postpone definite action until ers, to open work for women at the Continuation Committee had dis- Gulbarga, South India, and, if possi- ble, to establish a school there for Brahmin girls. The married women, whose household cares fill the fore- noon, asked for afternoon classes, and many Brahmin women, wives of lawyers and other professional men,

have attended them. They are very broad and deep, the foundations of eager for an education, but do not an eventual Christian state. They want to take up Bible study, which, have as agencies for the prosecution however, is obligatory in Christian of the work, fine model translations mission schools. of the Bible, the leadership in edu- Testimony Under An Anesthetic cation throughout the land, a great medical force in the shape of ten A YOUNG caste Hindu recently hospitals with more than roo,OOO underwent a serious operation in patients annually (half of them Mos- the Thoburn Methodist Hospital, at lems), and 60,000 living witnesses Nadiad, and while under the anes- for Christ. thetic he repeated the Lord's Prayer, Mission Progress in Turkey the Apostles' Creed, and the Ten T Commandments. Then he prayed to HE overthrow of the Turk's politi- cal power will humble him and Jesus. This young man had stated upon entering the hospital that he make him more ready to listen to was a Hindu, so that the doctors the Gospel. He has been proud, over- were much astonished at his knowl- bearing, bigoted and self-conceited.

edge of the Christian ritual. When He is being disillusioned rapidly and questioned, a few days later, he re- the time is coming when he will see plied, "Yes, I am a Hindu, but I himself in the true light. Meanwhile learned these beautiful words from the Scriptures have been circulated the Methodist preacher in my village. far and wide among all classes of And I like them so much it is a com- people in the empire. Many Turks fort to repeat them." are reading the Bible; and so are the MOSLEM LANDS Arabs, Greeks, Armenians and others.

The New Turkey It is believed that when religious frweiel-l dom becomes a reality, many FOR 92 years the missionaries in Turkey have labored to get the come out and confess Jesus Christ as spirit and power of the Gospel into Oriental Christianity, and God has Savior and Lord. There is also the granted them a large measure of success. The revolution of the Young process of enlightenment going on in Turks in 1908, by the overthrow of despotic rule, by the establishment of a the great Oriental Christian churches. responsible ministry, by a parliament to enact laws and control the public There are great reforms projected in purse, by the guarantee of liberty of public assembly, liberty of travel, the Greek and Armenian churches, by liberty of the press, and liberty for Moslem children to attend Christian their own members who have been schools-this revolution started a new era and opened a new door of influenced by the Christian mission approach to the Turks. The Turks now recognize that they can not sur- schools, colleges and hospitals in the vive as an independent power without the sympathy of Europe, and that land. The native Protestant churches they can not get the sympathy of Europe unless they secure equal rights have had no small part in these mat- ters. All this is most encouraging for the progress of Christ's Kingdom.

When the Oriental churches become truly transformed and purified by God's Spirit working in them, they will testify with overwhelming power to the truthfulness of Christ and Christianity before their Moslem brothers and the world.-Baptist Mis- sionary Review.

to all their subjects. Despotic Mo- The Potent Medical Wedge O hammedan rule has com,~ to an end. NLY a few minutes' walk from where Jesus talked with the Now, the missionaries, improving the present opportunity at God's C0111- woman of Samaria by the wellside is mand, purpose to establish the King- a missionary hospital. Its physician dom of God in Turkey, and to lay, tells you of some of his patients. One

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

is a Bedouin, whose long, bushy hair, whether West Africa furnished for as black as coal, hangs down his mission effort a field worth working back. He looked wild enough when on aggressive high-pressure plans. At he came to be treated, but he has be- the end of the ten-year period, the come gentle enough during his stay success is triumphant. The native there; for the doctor, known in Mos- force assisting in the spread of the lem lands as "hakim," has removed mission has in this decade increased from his back an enormous tumor from fifty-five to 257, the commuweighing eighteen pounds, reminding nicants from 1,852 to 4,044, with one of the burden borne by Bunyan's 15,247 catechumens. Meantime, the Christian. Best of all, he has learned pupils under missionary instruction that he can get rid also of the bur- have gained at an even more remarkden of his sins. On the other bed is able ratio, increasing from 963 to an orphan, Mahmoud, whose relatives 9,564. have turned him out on the streets, and from ill-treatment his foot has But most triumphant of all, perbecome gangrenous. He takes refuge haps, has been the vindication of the in the mosque, but is driven thence policy of placing the burden of exbecause of the offensive odor coming pense on the natives themselves. The from his foot, which is alive with board pays the salaries of the mismaggots and hangs only by the sionaries, but all other expenses of sinews. A dangerous amputation and the native churches are paid by the a secondary hemorrhage threatened African membership. his' life, but after some weeks of loving care, he hobbles merrily away Islam in Lagos upon a wooden leg made for him by the local carpenter. S1. Augustine's AN outward sign of the advance of bed is occupied by a poor woman, Islam in West Africa has been whose brute of a husband beat her so furnished by the opening of a new cruelly that large abcesses formed, mosque in Lagos which has ueen but the doctor had to remove several erected at a cost of more than 12,000 of her ribs as dead bone. 'When she pounds. The headmaster of the entered the hospital she was sad and government school for Mohammeill, but after her stay was over, she dans delivered a remarkable address became much brighter, due partly to on the occasion in the course of renewed health, but also to the work which he exprest his gratitude for of Christ in her heart. What hap- the assistance Islam and Moslems had pened in Nablus, the Shechem of received 'from the government by the Bible times, is happening all over the establishment of the school over Moslem world. Mohammedans hate which he presided, arid in various Christians, and oppose them in many other ways. He referred to the beways, but they can not resist their ginnings of Islam at Lagos as fol- Christ-like work of healing. lows: AFRICA "At the' latter part of the eigh- teenth century, about the time of A Successful Experiment King Oshilokun, the fate. of Islam was indeed hard. The unfortunate A VALUABLE contribution to the I-Iausa bondsmen who, in their tear- 1'- history of missionary adminis- ful journey in slavery to this place, tration is to be found in a booklet had brought with them the seeds of issued by the Presbyterian Board en- Islam, found here but barren soil, and titled "The Testing of a Mission," everywhere they turned their lot was which tells the story of a ten years' hard. To avoid a grievous fate they experiment undertaken by the board were obliged to hide their heads in West Africa in 1903 to find out and say their prayers in the strictest by the demonstration of experience privacy-alone in secluded chambers, and often in dreary attics. As time passed by, in spite of persecution, the

worshipers of the true God m- motor bicycle has resisted the attack creased in numbers!' of a rival motor, and whereas the pieces of the assailant were gathered Christian Activity Among Students and carted to the nearest garage, the Colonial Mission bicycle took its rider T HE student movement in South home. On no occasion has a preach- Africa has 6,07I members, 5,420 ing appointment been missed, and to of whom are boys and girls. Ninety bush dwellers, some of whom for per cent. are connected with the Bible years have had no opportunity of atstudy circles. The movement sup- tending a religious service, the Gospel ports its own missionary in British has been preached. An experienced Central Africa and 52 orphans at the 1110tor-clclist estimated the petrol cost Kaira Orphanage, Gujarat, India. Of for 5,000 miles to be £10; in West its 31 student volunteers, 14 arc on the field, working in British Central Australia, where petrol is 25 pel' cent. Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Nigeria and in South African mission fields. dearer, 6,000 miles have been covered Affiliated with the movement is a at an expense of only £8. Teachers' Christian Association, binding together teachers in distant and Christian Endeavor in Hawaii solitary farm schools, and doing much to awaken interest in Bible study SINCE the inauguration of Enamong the children in their charge. deavor work in Hawaii, the Besides this over 2,000 adults have churches, especially the Hawaiian taken to Bible study in these stu- churches, have experienced new life.. dent circles, using the Student Move- There are now 68 Endeavor societies ment text-books. in Hawaii, with an enrolment of 3,132 members, the majority of whom THE OCEAN WORLD have already become faithful mem- bers of the Church. For the coming Missions on a Motor-bicyc:le in Australia year there will be a campaign for the increase of societies and members, I N -Vest Australia, where men are and it is hoped that the figures at the compelled to lead the "strenuous next annual convention will be greatly life," Superintendent Wieland has increased. In nearly all of the had a lively experience with the motor churches the societies are depended bicycle which the friends of Colonial upon for the solution of many of the Missions presented to him. The Sab- church problems. bath Day journey on the' "wheat belt" has rarely been less than 40 NORTH AMERICA miles and three services, and Mr. -Vieland says that as many as 72 The Congregational Missionary Policy miles have been covered and the three services held. During the year, T HE Commission on Missions, for the motor bicycle experiment was which was appointed by the Cononly started I2 months ago, all sorts gregational Council at Kansas City, and conditions of roads have < been has summoned the denomination to faced, and from none of them has an Every-Member Canvass for the there been a retreat. Mr. Wieland missionary budget, during the first has been stranded on sand plains and three months of 1914. This canvass bogged in salt lakes; he has plowed is defined as an organized, adequate through flowing streams dnd been effort, by a representative and trained thrown when taking an anthill. He committee, to reach through a perhas traveled by the 5ide of the rail- sonal visit, and within a limited time, way for miles, with a ditch on one every member of the church, conside and protruding sleepers on the gregation and Sunday-school, with other; has paced the lonely track of an opportunity to contribute to the the settler in the midnight hour, as whole work of the Kingdom of God. well as in the midday glow. The It is a part of a comprehensive mis- sionary policy which includes Mis- sionary Education among Adults; to

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

teach church-members the real value a religion of protest, but has become of missions, and Missionary Educa- very aggressive. For a long time it tion in the Sunday-school, with a has led in religious and social work view to the church of the future; to in some of our great cities, and now be conducted as an integral part of it is turning to other lands. This is the religious education which the partly due to the fact that several of Sunday-school is designed to fur- its most prominent leaders have come nish. back from the Far East enthusiasts over m1SSlOns. Ex-President Taft The fundamental purpose of Con- takes every opportunity to advocate gregational missionary policy is ac- them, and is almost as much of an cordingly, "the enlistment, first, of enthusiast as a foreign missions secevery church and, next, of every retary of any denomination. Presichurch-member in a support of the dent Eliot, Professor Peabody and societies that is both intelligent and Dr. vVendte have recently been in adequate." Japan and Turkey, and have evi- dently been stirring the denomina- American Board Endowment Fund tion to action along missionary lines. All three of these men took part in T HE American Board has 33 in- the conference and urged the Uni- stitutions of a higher type under tarian Church to establish itself in its charge, 19 being collegiate and 14 foreign lands. theological. In these institutions, with their preparatory departments, Reorganization of the Presbyterian over 7,000 students are under instruction. Nearly all of the 5,000 Home Board native Christian workers in the 20 missions of the board were trained FOLLOWING recommendations in these schools. It should be re- adopted by the General Assembly membered that one-half to five- at Atlanta last year, the Presbyterian sixths of the expenses of these Board of Home Missions recently schools come from local sources. considered the report of its sub- These institutions have hitherto been committee on reorganization, and clependent on annual appropriations endorsed a complete scheme of refrom the board's treasury. It is now organization, which is to be reported being planned to put them on a to the next General Assembly. Dr. more satisfactory basis. A fund of Charles L. Thompson, secretary of $2,000,000 is being raised to this the board, outlines the objects of end. Half of this has been con- this reorganization as follows: tributed by the family of the late D. Willis James and $369,000 has "To bring the board into closer recome into the fund from other lation with the field by securing the sources. appointment of a secretary with head- quarters on the field who shall have Unitarians to Take Up Missions general oversight of all work of the board in the territory now under the T HE papers of Boston recently field secretaries. gave an account of "The First Unitarian Missionary Conference," "To simplify the work by coordiwhich was held in Channing Hall. nating the departments and bringing The thing that surprized some peo- them under more definite secretarial ple was the fact that the Unitarians had become interested in missions. supervision. The thing that sUI'prized others was "To provide some plan whereby the realization that they had not been, that this was the first confer- the various sections of the country ence. But the congress is the fruit may be more adequately represented of a new spirit that has come over in the counsels of the board. The Unitarianism, It seems no longer need of some such provision has long been felt by the board."

Work of the Federal Council of Prominent white friends of the Indian were also present. Churches Altho questions of education, re- AT the annual meeting of the ligion, sanitation, and morality oc- ~xecutive Committee of the cupied the greater part of the time, Federal Council of Churches, re- some thought and discussion were cently held in Baltimore, Rev. Henry given to tribal matters. K. Carroll, LL.D., the well-known religious statistician, was elected as- The lack of schools on the Navajo jociate secretary. Reservation came up for discussion, and it was stated that in spite of Among the significant items in the treaties making definite promises, report of the secretary of the coun- there are still 6,000 children who cil, Rev. Charles S. Macfarland, have never been to school a day in were the plans for a campaign of their lives. Superstition is rampant, religious activities and provision for the medicine man is the real ruler exhibits and congresses in connec- of the tribe, and hundreds are paytion with the Panama Pacific Exposi- ing the terrible toll that dirt and tion; the endeavors of the council to disease exact. The Eituation 011 fh( keep the exposition free from the Black Foot Reservation seems little exploitation of commercialized vice, better, and the story of Indians who and the recent developments in last winter starved to death made united evangelistic effort. The one wonder if we are really living in efforts of the council to secure an the midst of Christian civilization. adequate number of chaplains for In the platform adopted by the conthe army and navy were continued ference great emphasis was laid upon by the appointment of a committee to the importance of having the political interview the President, the Secre- status of the Indian defined and the tary of the Navy, and the Secretary Indian claims settled. of War. Laymen's Movement in Canada The next meeting is to be a joint assembly of the Executive Commit- THE annual meeting of the Laytee of the council, the various com- men's Missionary Movement of missions and denominational boards Toronto, held recently, gave great and departments whose interests are satisfaction to all who have been common with those of the commis- active in the movement. Six years sions. It is expected that this as- ago, at the inaugural meeting, the sembly will be held at some point in sum of $soo,ooo was set up as the the South, probably at Atlanta, in amount Toronto churches should give December, 1914. It will bring to- annually to the work of missions. gether practically all the working de- The report of the executive commitpartments of the 30 denominations in the council. tee for 1912-13 shows that no le% than $S62,I01 has been contributed The Betterment of American Indians during the year, the Baptist churches giving $85,146. With the utmost en- THE third annual conference of thusiasm it was resolved to raise the the Society of American Indians, objective for the annual offerings to held in Denver, October 14-20, wal:. $75°,000. The company was favored marked by a hopeful spirit of unity with an address by Sherwood Eddy, and enthusiasm. The growth of the national Y. M. C. A. secretary for organization has been gradual but steady, and proves the increasing Asia, on "The Awakening in Jhe faith of the Indians and their white East," in which the conditions as refriends in the usefulness of the vealed in evangelistic and other movement. Between 60 and 70 meetings in connection with the reactive members, representing a large cent tour of John R. Mott, were set number of tribes, were re~istereq. forth,

WORLD-WIDE 1TISSIOXARY NEWS r57

SPANISH AMERICA 111 missionaries, a membership of National Sunday.school Convention in 23,000, and all income of 1r8,000.

Cuba In 1874 the income was iI84,o00.

L AST lovember the SeveIth An- In 1912, with 385 missionaries and nual National Sunday-school Convention of Cuba was held in the 336 indigenous ministers, a membercity of Cardenas. Three days were occupied by the Sunday-school con- ship (excluding that of conferences vention proper and another by a convention of the United Young Peo- iClhOrWi~tiinadne p endent) of 12o9,f333~87a,n1d38,a ple's Societies. community There were r69 registered dele- the mcome was 1197,r68, of which gates, representing neariy all the Protestant churches of Cuba and iI43, I 50 came to the Wesleyan treacoming from all parts of the island. The program was composed of de- sury from current home sources. votional exercises and Bible study, reports of the year's work, and plans Y. M. C. A. and Foreil'n Missions for the coming year, with demonstrations of classes in the various grades THE possibilities of the Y. M. C. of the Sunday-school and several A. as a center of missionary enconferences on principles and methods. thus,iasm appear to be inadequately realIzed. Mr. R. Consterdine de- The spirit of confidence and. fra- scribing a missionary conferen~e at ternity among the denominations is the Henley-on-Thames Association very marked and the fine fellowship says: "The conference has created among the delegates, regardless of not merely an impression, but a real race, color or church connection, was and practical enthusiasm among the one of the most precious features of membership.. New SUbscriptions the convention. The v,·ork for the have been gIVen, former contribuchildren and young people of Cuba tions increased, collecting-boxes is the most promising field of mis- g~ven out, and a ~issionary readingsion activity and the church is cen- CIrcle on the pomt of formation; tering its attention on these depart- and, perhaps what is more encouragments in a way that mu::;~ bring re- ing than all, prayer-life has been sults. deepened along the lines of mis- sionary enterprise. May the time be EUROPE-GREAT .BRITAIN at hand when every British associa- A Century of Missionary Growth tion shall give the foreign work its rightful place on the program! If O NE hundred years ago was laid our religion is false, we are bound the foundation of Methodist to change it; if it is true, we are missions in the East. Tn r8r3 the bound to propagate it." mortal remains of Dr. Thomas Coke, saint and martyr, consecrated the THE CONTINENT Indian Ocean, and a month later his band of companions claimed Ceylon European Royalty and Missions for Jesus Christ. In that same year a missionary society was established THE attitude which is being taken in Leed.s, the example Lting fol- toward missions by some of the lowed in other parts of the country. Growth was rapid. The first annual present sovereigns of Europe is of report on missions, dated 1789, shows more significance to the churches in an income of ir,404 and an ex- their respective countries than demopenditure of i I ,472-even then there cratic Americans perhaps can realize. was a deficit. In 1816 there were Twice lately King George has ex- prest his deep sympathy and per- sonal interest in missionary work. He communicated his good wishes to the members of the Laymen's Missionary Union who met in Swan- wick, and to the Wesleyan Mission- ary Society when it celebrated its

centenary. On both occasions his tives of the Baptist, Methodist, and words showed that he was not only Congregational churches of the counspeaking as head of the nation, but try met for spiritual edification, for as a Christian man. business, and to compel counsel to- gether as to how best to work for the In November, when The Hague good of the beloved fatherland, espewas the seat of the meeting of the cially in this time of its distress. De- Continuation Committee of the Edin- nominational lines were obliterated. burgh Conference, Queen 'Wilhelmina Only few and slight symptoms of took the occasion to write to the com- what looked like jealousy or party mittee, and cordially welcomed the spirit were observable. The scheme members, declaring "her affinity of was well launched, and promises most soul with the grand task that is hopefully for the future. aimed at by the continuation of the affairs of the Edinburgh Confer- The congress appointed a commitence." tee to present at its closing meeting a report of practical suggestions, Missionary Interest in Holland drawn from the business meetings and from topics discust according to T HERE has recently been a distinct the program, which were adopted, growth of missionary interest in and are to be published in the evan- Holland and progress has been made gelical organs, and prest by all toward cooperative action. Three pastors and preachers. They cover Missions-the old Rotterdam Society, the two fields of endeavor after the Utrecht Society, and the Commit- spiritual revival, and renewed recomtee for Sangi and Talant-have united mendation of the evangelical literatheir forces and are jointly operating ture.-The Orient. a college l!-t ~ott~rdam for the trait?– ing of mlSSlOnanes. A proposal 1S OBITUARY now under consideration of acquiring larger accommodatipn and of inviting Mrs. Jared W. Scudder the cooperation of the Rhenish Society. Missionary Study Circles have I NFORMATION has been received been organized under the guidance of of the death, on December IO, in young Gunning, a son of the Director Palmaner, India, of Mrs. Scudder, of the old Rotterdam Society, and a the widow of the Rev. Dr. Jared W. Missionary Study Council has been Scudder, who died in India in 19IO, formed to superintend the publication after completing 55 years of missionof suitable literature, while the Inter- ary service. He was the last of the national Conference at Lunteren (in seven brothers who for so many 191 I) had its full share in developing years constituted so large a part of the missionary spirit. These signs the Arcot Mission. give evidence of a revival of ':ll!ssionary interest, and of a recogmtlOn on Mrs. Scudder passed away from the part of Holland of her colonial her earthly activities on her eightyresponsibility.-B. Hitjer. second birthday after having given 58 years of her life to the promotion An Evangelical Bulgarian Congress of the Kingdom of our Lord in India. Hers has been a singularly T HE year 1913, so sadly memor- useful and influential life. Her per- able for Bulgaria politically, has sonality has entered into the lives of been marked by an event that ought a large number of the Hindu girls to be of great and beneficent signifi- who have been trained in the boardcance for the country, tho but little ing-schools of which she had charge, notice was taken of it in the news- and who have subsequently become, papers. This was the assembling in many of them, the wives of pastors, Sofia of the first Panevangelical Bul- evangelists and catechists of the garian Congress, in whicl} representa- mission. AND MISSION LANDS THE CONTINUAT1()N COMMITTEE CONFER- This volume does not include the ENCES IN ASIA, 1912-1913. By John R. stenographic reports of the confer- Mott, LL.D. 8vo. 488 pp. $2.00. For ences, which would have evidenced sale by Student Volunteer Movement, 600 the sanity of the conclusions which , Lexington Avenue, New York. 1913. sometimes scarcely seem wise. If the critic had these reports before This "brief account of the con- him and could know the arguments ferences, together with their findings underlying certain findings, his oband lists of members," constitutes j ections would, no doubt, disappear. one of the most weighty contributions to the science of missions ever The subjects discust are: Survey published. While the nine-volume and occupation of the fields; evanreport of the Vorld Missionary Conference, held at Edinburgh in 1910, gelistic work; the Christian Church, embodied the condensed opinions of with its' various problems; the vastly a larger number of experts on the important subject of Christian leaderfields, digested and formulated by ship; the training of missionaries for their demanding tasks; Christian edusome 160 specialists in the sending cation in its lower and highest forms; lands, those eight commissions were its correlate, Christian literature; coobliged to take a world-wide view of operation in its rapidly growing the topics discust and hence could phases; medical missions and prepanot apply the conclusions to specific ration therefor; and work for women fields. These 21 conferences discuss of non-Christian countries.

most of the subjects of the Edin- Dr. John R. Mott, who headed burgh Conference, with such im- the group of five men constituting portant additions as medical missions the delegation, writes a prefatory and woman's work, and always with chapter setting forth the character a specific field in view. The volume and value of these conferences. In is therefore an application of the the lists of delegates, we have an Edinburgh methods to specific enumeration of the men and women, problems found in definite fields. native and foreign, who are making These conferences were held at the the Church's history on Asiatic mis- request of the Edinburgh Conference sion fields a Christian Hall of Fame.

Continuation Committee during the This volume is by no means easy period from October, 1912, to May, reading, and will be valueless for the 1913, in the principal fields of Asia- careless reader. It is a book for fields embracing some three-fourths specialists who are eager to know of the inhabitants of the non-Chris- the latest convictions concerning mis- tian world. One each was held in sionary methods and policies. Its Ceylon, Burma, Strait~ Settlements, catholicity attracts such readers. Ail and Korea, seven in India, seven in the leading denominations here voice China, and three in Japan. In India their common sentiments. At the and China sectional conferences were national conferences convened in held in six important regional divi- Calcutta, Shanghai and Tokyo, the sions, and later a national conference average number of denominations was held in the two countries at- represented was 36. Hence we have tended by delegates appointed by the here for Asiatic missions documents sectional conferences. In all, the equivalent to the decrees of the delegates numbered 1,583, of whom ecumenical councils of the early 14 per cent. were women, while the Church; tho unlike those decisions native delegates constituted almost 35 affecting matters of faith and order, per cent. of the entire membership-a these findings have to do with the weightier matters of bringing Asia to novel and most significant fact. THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [February a saving knowledge of the Father per set. Lantern slides of these charts of all men, and of His Christ. are rented at 50c. a day by the Missionary Education Movement, New York. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF TO-DAY AND YES- TERDAY. By Nevin O. Winter. Illus- THE CHINA MISSION YEAR BOOK Being trated. 487 pp. $3.00, net. L. C. Page "The Christian Movement in China" & Co., Boston. 1913. 1913. Edited by Rev. D. MacGiI1ivra~, The excellence of this recent story M.A., D.D. Map, I2mo. Christian Liter- of Russia and the Russians is its ature Society for China, Shanghai, 19I3. readableness. The people are viewed sympathetically, but with the eye of GREATHEART OF PAPUA (James Chalmers). one in harmony with Christian ideals By W. P. Nairne, M.A. Illustrated and modern ci·dlization. Russia is I2mo., pp. viii-229, 2S., net, post free: still medieval and despotic, but there London Missionary Society, London, is the material from which to form a .great and progressive nation. 191 3.

The writer takes up the various MANUAL OF MISSIONS. By Carl LeRoy districts of Russia and describes most entertainingly the people and their Howland, Ph.D. With an introduction history. Finland, Poland, the peas- ants, the Jews, religious forces, nihi- by Bishop Wilson T. Hogue. I2mo, pp. lism and autocracy are all dealt with 176. 75, net. Fleming H. Revell Co briefly but intelligently. The least New York, 1913. ., complete and satisfactory chapter is on the religious forces. The diffi- MILITANT METHODISM. The Story of the culties and o~pcrtunities presented to evangelical Christianity are most in- First National Convention of Methodist adequately described. Siberia and the exile system are also passed over Men. Held at Indianapolis, Indiana, with brief mention. October 28 to 31, 1913. Edited by David' THE KINGDOM IN THE PACIFIC. By Frank G. Downey, E. W. Halford, Ralph Welles H. L. Paton, B.D. 167 pp. Illustrated. K~eler. Bvo., pp. 379. $1.10, net. Meth- Is., net. London Missionary Society. odIst Book Concern, New York and Cin- 1913. cinnati, 1913.

The islands of the Pacific are a JUNGLE DAYS. Being the Experiences of unique mission field. They are so an American Woman Doctor in India. numerous, so varied, so isolated, and By Arley Munson, M.D. Illustrated, 8vo, life on them is generally so luxurious that they present problems and pos- PP·297· D. Appleton & Co., New York, sibilities all their own. Mr. Paton, 1913.

Wh0 was born ill the New Hebrides, THE SUPREME NEED. By Francis B. Denio. 12mo, pp. 238. $1.00, net. Fleming H. has brought these islands into focus Revell Co., New York, 1913. not by descrilling separate islands and their mission work but by taking typi- THE SALVAGE OF MEN. Stories of Human- _ cal cases amI by telling of the general characteristics and progress. This is ity Touched by Divinity. By Agnes L. an excellent young people's text-book. Palmer. I2mo, pp. 214. $1.00, net. NEW BOOKS Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, 1913. UNITED MISSIONARY CAMPAIGN CHARTS AND SLIDES. A set of 21 charts, giving THE ANTI-ALCOHOL MOVEMENT IN EUROPE. in striking manner the great missionary facts of the home church and foreign By Ernest Gordon. 8vo., pp. 333. $1.50, fields, have been prepared by the Lay- men's Missionary Movement (1 Madison net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, Avenue, New York). They are valuable aids to missionary meetings and cam- 1913. paigns. On muslin, 29X42 inches. $10.00 IN AN ELEPHANT CORRAL, and Other Tales of West African Experiences. By Ro- bert Hamill Nassau. $1.00, net. Neale Publishing Co., New York, 1913.

WHERE ANIMALS TALK. West African Folk Lore Tales. By Robert H. Nassau.

I2mo, pp. 250. $1.50, net. Richard G. Badger, Boston, 1913. INyESTM~N: AND ACHIEVEMENT. A Study 111 Christian Progress. By William Les- lie King, D.D. 8vo, pp. 349. Jennings & Graham, Cincinnati; and Eaton and Mains, New York, 1913.

CHILDREN OF LABRADOR. By Mary Lane Dwight. .Illustrated, I6mo, pp. 1:)6. r-6d, net. Ohphant, Anderson & Ferrier ' Edinburgh, 1913.

FRANCE TO-DAY: ITs RELIGIOUS ORIENTA- TION. By Paul Sabatier. pp. xii-302.

$2.50. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1913. .

HAYDEN WILSON,MISSIONARY. By P. H.

Wilkerson. American Sunday – school Union, Philadelphia, 1913.

The Missionary Review of the World — May 1910

OF THE MEN'S NATIONAL MISSIONARY CONGRESS-Chicago, May 3-6,1910

Tuesday, May 3. VII. Brotherhoods: I. Significance of the Brotherhood Movement. 3 P.M.-I. The Will of Christ for the World. 2. The Best Methods of Developing Lay Leaders. 2. A World-wide Purpose in the Life of a Chris- 3. The Brotherhood and Volunteer Preaching. 4. The Brotherhood Task in America. tian. 5. Will the Brotherhoods Back up a Missionary 7 :45 P.M.-I. Laymen and Missions. Policy? By What Method? 2. America's World-responsibility. 3. The Supreme Opportunity of Our Generation. VIII. Editors: I. Is the Denominational Missionary Periodical the Wednesday, May 4. Best Method of Disseminating Missionary News? rHE NATIONAL MISSIONARY CAMPAIGN 2. The Secular Press and Missionary News. 3. Are Our Religious Journals Meeting the IO A.M.-I. The Power of the Whole Appeal to Present Opportunity? the Whole Church. 4. How Provide Missionary News? 3 P.M. (Simultaneous Mass Meeting for Women.) 2. The Nation's Response to the National Cam- 7 A5 P.M.-I. Southern Asia. paign. 2. The Far East. 3. Africa and the Near East. 3. What Laymen Can Do for Missions. 4. Business System in Missionary Finance. Thursday, May 5. 5. The Spiritual Significance of the Campaign. IO A.M.-I. Stewardship of Life. 2. The Church's Need of a World-field. P.M. SECTIONAL CONFERENCES 3. The Nation's Power for Missions. 4. A Worthy National Missionary Policy. 1. Physicians and Surgeons: 3 P.M.-Conference of Congress Delegates on How I. The Unnecessary Burden of Suffering In the Non-Christian World. to Conserve and Extend the Influences of the 2. How Non-Christian Ideas and Practises Affect National Missionary Campaign. Life and Health. 3 P. M. (Simultaneous Meeting for Students.) 3. The Debt of Medical Science to Missions. 7 :45 P.M.-I. The Mission of Christian Nations 4. The Opportunity of the Medical Missionary. to the Non-Christian World. 2. Money and the Kingdom. II. Ministers: 3. Prayer and the Kingdom.

I. Spiritual Significance of Laymen's Movement. Friday, May 6. 2. How a Minister May Miss His Opportunity. 3. How Explain the Church's Failure. THREE IMMEDIATE DEMANDS 4. The Church the Force; the World the Field. IO A.M.-I. Christian Education in Non-Christian 5. How Can Laymen be Enlisted and Developed Lands. as Missionary Advocates and Organizers? 2. The Development of a Medical Profession in 6. The Power of the Vorld-appeal to Strong Men. the Far East. III. Church Officers: 3. The Impact of the West Upon the East Must 1. Features of a Standard Missionary Church. be Christianized. 2. The Responsibility of Church Officers. 3. What Policy Should Church Officers Adopt? CONFERENCES BY CHURCHES 4. What Financial Methods Produce the Best Re- 3 P.M.-(Simultaneous Mass Meeting for Women.) 7 :45 P.M.-I. Brief Reports from All Conferences. suits? 2. National Missionary Policy. 5. Reasons for Having a Separate Treasurer to 3. The Spiritual Equipment. 4. Christ, the Universal Savior. Handle the Missionary Funds. 5. The Hallelujah Chorus. 6. The Effect of an Adequate Policy on the SOME SPEAKERS EXPECTED Spiritual and Financial Life of the Church. Bishop Charles P. Anderson, Archbishop of the West Indies; Dr. George Alexander, Ambassador IV. Sunday-school Workers and Bible-class Teachers and Officers: Bryce, Dr. James L. Barton, Dr. Arthur J. Brown, Mr. Samuel B. Capen, Mr. Clement Chase, Dr. J. I. The Opportunity in Adult Bible Classes. 2. Practical Methods of Missionary Instruction. L.Dearing. Dr. O. S. Davis, Mr. George Sherwood 3. Advantages of Having All Sunday-school Of- Eddy, Dr. M. D. Eubank, Mr. R. H. Gardiner, Col. Elijah W. Halford, Dr. F. P. Haggard, Mr. Harry ferings Used for Missionary Purposes. Wade Hicks, Mr. Charles S. Holt, Dr. W. W. 4. The Contribution the Sunday-school May Make Keen, Dr. Howard A. Kelly, Dr. W. R. Lambuth, Bishop Arthur S. Lloyd, Mr. William H. Lewis, to the Evangelization of the W orId. Dr. Ira Landrith, Mr. R. A. Long, Bishop William V. Business Men: F. McDowell, Mr. J. A. Macdonald, Dr. E. Y. Mullins, Mr. John R. Mott, Mr. Alfred E. Marling, I. Some Principles of Business that Have Appli- cation to the Missionary Enterprise. Mr. Silas H. McBee, Mr. George Wharton Pepper, Hon. F. W. Parker, Bishop William A. Quayle, 2. Opportunities for Business Men on Mission Bishop J. E. Robinson, Mr. Charles A. Rowland, Fields. Dr. Homer C. Stuntz, Mr. Villiam C. Stoever, Mr. Robert E. Speer, Dr. William Jay Schieffelin, Rev. 3· Business System in Missionary Finance. John Timothy Stone, Mr. L. H. Severance, Judge 4. The Art of Advertising Missions. Selden P. Spencer, Mr. John B. Sleman, Jr., Mr. 5. Vhat Business Men are Now Doing to Pro- S. Earl Taylor, Mr. J. Campbell White, Mr. Mornay mote Missions. 6. The Necessity of An Adequate Financial Basis. Williams, Mr. John W. Wood, Hon. T. H. Yun, 7. The Commercial and Economical Fruitage of Dr. S. M. Zwemer.

Missions.

VI. Lawyers: I. Some of the Flagrant Injustices of the Non- Christian World.

2. Interesting Legal Questions on Mission Fields. 3. Vhy Missions Appeal to Lawyers. 4. How Lawyers Can Promote Missions.

Carpenter-sh<>p, Anat<>lia, College, Turkey. 2. Breakfast at Girls' School, Madura

3~ Zulu preachers and assistants after servif:es in :1 co__pourw!~ 4. rest for .tuberculosis, Manepay Hospital. 5. Nurses in Woman's Hospital, UnduvjL ;ry.PlCAL .sCENES IN TliE MlSSlON.5 OF THE .AM.ER.lCAN .BOAII.U

fMiss{onary ~ev{ew

of the World Published by Funk nnd 'Wagnalls Company (Isaac K. Funk, Pres., A. 'V: VM~nall!'l, Yiee-Pres., Robi<rt J. Cuddih). TrElaA" Rob,;rt Scott. Sec'y), 4-l-6v E. :Wd St .• lf'W York VOL. XXXIII. No.5 MAY, I910 VOL. XXIII. No. 5 Old Series New Series SIGNS OF THE TIMES WORLD-WIDE UNREST memlous civil and religious dis- One of the signs of the times, and turbances of I793. Russia, for the very conspicuous, is the world-wide time quiet, seethes under the surface unrest. Never has this been more with antagonisms between the Czar general if not universal. If we begin and his people, and the Church and the at the Sunrise Kingdom and go west- lesser sects. When was ever England ward, we shall find almost, if not quite, and Great Britain generally more perevery nation in the sun's daily course plexed? a desperate struggle going on in a state of agitation bordering on between democracy and aristocracy, revolution. In Korea there is a des- socialism and imperialism. In the perate struggle for independence and United States the conflict between freedom from Japanese domination. labor and capital is keener than ever In Japan itself there is a conditiOI'l of and harder to bridge over by any mepractical bankruptcy, the nation con- diation or compromise. And so it is sumed with political ambition and all round the -circle. Much prayer is anxiety to assert and maintain su- needful that all this upturning and premacy on land and sea and yet too overturning may be controlled by the poor to risk further indebtedness and God of nations; human plans frusoutlay. China and Manchuria are trated when not in accord with His restive under the threatened aggres- plans, and that, amid all this worldsion of Russia and the spirit of reform wide commotion, the uplifting of manthat is like a liqnid at boiling-point. kind may surely come. India has not been so impatient and on the point of outbreak since the bat- WORLD-WIDE FEDERATION AND tle of Plassey. Turkey is only just CHURCH UNITY starting upon its new career and uncertain what new development to-mor- Amid all the arguments pro and row may bring; it is like a volcano con, from every land and every between two eruptions. Persia is in branch of the Church of Christ, there the very throes of revolution, with a are signs that a world-wide federation change of dynasty and an entire up- of Protestant missionary forces is beturning of government. And as in coming more and more assured. The Asia so in Europe. Italy is far from mIssIOnary revivals at home and being at rest; France is in much the abroad bring new enthusiasm that same condition as before the tre- challenges imitation in the kindred fields of evangelism and reform. Interdenominational societies are on the ideal which we seek. The ideal na- increase. The Young People's Mis- tional church may be divided on minor sionary Movements of many denom- points of faith and practise, but must inations have a union board for the be united in spirit and cooperative ef- preparation of missionary literature, fort to reach and raise the unsaved. and the unprecedented series of Laymen's Missionary Movement meetings The form of baptism, or any other is managed by another union board. of the ordinances of the Church, the The North American Protestant mis- method of church government or sionary societies have also voted for a forms of worship, are not essential so federation with similar unions in con- long as there is the baptism of the tinental Europe and in the British Holy Spirit, the evidences of a Christ- Empire. Why should not the world like life and heartfelt worship of God. be looked upon as one great field and the army of Christ's followers as one Episcopalians must not insist on great army to be used most effectively the necessity of apostolic succession or and economically in the world-wide Episcopal government; Baptists must campaign? not deny the validity of forms of bap- tism which God manifestly accepts; Is it too much to hope and expect Congregationalists, Presbyterians and that before many years each nation will Methodists must be so filled with the have a united Church of Christ, rep- idea of loyalty to Christ and the unresenting Him to their unconverted doubted essentials of His gospel that fellow countrymen? The movement they will not have time to dispute or toward federation and union is steadily insist on minor details of faith and advancing in the mission fields. A practise. The points we all hold in writer in The Chinese Recorder tes- common are the essentials of saving tifies to the belief that "next to the faith. Christ is our common center, foundation work of evangelizing the and the nearer we are to Him the Chinese nation, the outstanding work nearer we will be to each other. of the missionary enterprise is to help forward the unity of the Christian A REMARKABLE DEMONSTRA. Church." Many questions which af- TION IN BERLIN fect the churches in the home lands, and which stand in the way of a full From Germany, for many years the and frank understanding of the whole stronghold of rationalism, of dequestion, are eliminated in mission structive higher criticism, and of infields. At the same time the forces fidelity, comes the report of a recent that draw Christians together are more remarkable religious demonstration. powerfully operative on the frontier, This was directly caused by a bitter where a great task calls for united infidel attack upon Christianity. A energy. short time ago the well-known un- believing Professor Drews, of Berlin, NOT UNIFORMITY attacked the reality and historicity of Jesus Christ in an address delivered Of course, those who study the sub- before the "Monist Club." Jews and ject thoughtfully know that uni- infidels heartily applauded the proformity in creed or practise is not the fessor and made so much noise that it almost seemed as if few believers

OF THE TIMES 32

in Christ were to be found in the Ger- meeting seems to us the attitude of man capital. But that noise awakened the thousands who at its opening the sleeping believers and caused them crowded the streets around the Circus to rally for a religious demonstration Busch. As soon as it became known larger than has ever before been wit- that this multitude could not gain adnessed in Berlin. mission to the Circus, an attempt was made to rent one of the immense halls After a number of smaller protest- (the Fairy Palace) in the neighbormeetings had been held, the "Positive- hood. It could not be had, and sud- Church Association for the Advance- denly the thousands quietly went ment of Evangelical Life in Berlin" toward the royal palace and speedily called a mass-meeting of believing crowded the wide Lustgarten in front Christians to the great Circus Busch of it. Luther's hymn, "A Mighty for February 20. Large red placards Fortress is Om God," was sung with .the inscription "Jesus Lives," in throughout. Then the president of heavy type, and an announcement of the Y. M. C. A., von Rothkirch, took the proposed meeting adorned the of- the reins of the improvised meeting ficial advertising columns, found at into his hands and offered a most ferthe street-corners, for several days be- vent prayer. In the meantime one of fore the set date. Programs, widely the speaker!! of the meeting held in the distributed, announced as the one sub- Circus Busch arrived and made a ject to be discust the direct statement deeply spiritual address, standing upon "Jesus lives," adding as subdivisions, the steps of the great cathedral which (I) The Word of God proves it; (2) flanks the Lustgarten. Another of personal religious experience affirms the stirring German hymns was sung it; (3) public life shows it; (4) the by more than 20,000 voices, and after Church stands and falls with the that a deeply devotional hymn ("So living Christ; (5) let us hold fast our mimm denn meine Hinde"). The profession! impression which it created was mar- velous. Tears were in the eyes of al- 'When the clay of the mass-meeting most everyone as the multitude thus arrived, the immense Circus Busch, sang and prayed, "Guide me, until my which easily accommodates 8,000 peo- end, forever." As the last words were ple, was (according to the police es- sounding the great doors of the timates) crowded by 12,000 an hour cathedral were thrown open and, still before the time of opening, while the singing, the multitude entered and surrounding streets were filled with quickly filled every corner of the thousands who were unable to gain spacious building. The seats usually admittance. The chairman of the reserved for princes, or nobles, or meeting was Police Commissioner members of the German Parliament, Baron von Loebel1. The speakers were occupied by men of humble stawere some of the most prominent tion. The laborer and the merchant, ministers and laymen of Berlin, and the rich and the poor, the educated and a most impressive testimony was given the uneducated, mingled togetherto the deity of Jesus Christ and His all one in Christ Jesus. Yet, tho every atoning death as the foundation of available space in the house of God Christianity.

More important than this mass-

was occupied, four-fifths of those who hundred such peace palaces! The had assembled in the Lustgarten were Peace Society of New York City has unable to find admittance, and re- been sending forth its solemn trumpet- luctantly returned to their homes, re- blast to call attention to the contrast joicing that by their very presence between peace expenditure and war ex- they had testified that from personal penditure, urging the public to scruti- experience they knew that "Jesus nize with great care the proposed ap- lives." In the cathedral an improvised propriations for army and navy, not meeting of thanksgiving and praise only in the interest of economy but of was held, at which Court Chaplains, humanity. Drs. Dryander and Ohly, and other speakers, addrest the multitude and ex- The eight years' increase In such prest the gratitude of every believer to military appropriations has cost the Him who had made possible a demon- American people over one thousand stration of such magnitude and depth. millions of dollars! The average cost Finally all arose and repeated the of army and navy for the eight years creed together with loud voice. preceding the Spanish War (r890- 1898) was $51,5°0,000; for the eight The German daily press, which gen- following (1902-I91O), $I85,4OO,000; erally takes little interest in religious average annual increase in the latter matters, recognized the im'portance of decade, as compared with the former, this popular demonstration at once as $I34,o00,000; and a total increase in a sign of religious and spiritual life. eight years of $I,072,000,000, or 360 The religious papers, greatly en- per cent! couraged by it, saw in it a proof that the German masses arc not as This eight-year increase is shown to much tainted with infidelity and ra- -exceed the national debt by $r58,000,- tionalism as is commonly supposed. 000; the entire United States budget We do not doubt that a demonstration for I91O; to be three times the esof such magnitude will do much to timated cost of the Panama Canal; to strengthen those Germans whose faith :;uffice to exterminate tuberculosis has been undermined by the influence within a reasonable period; or disof destructive criticism. May it be the tribute to every family over a dollar a beginning of a great religious revival week. Such a sum as marks one throughout Europe! year's increase could double the en- tire gifts to charities and public bene- THE MENACE OF MILITARISM factions. The expenditures the next How many realize the dominance in twelve 1110nths will, however, be our day of the war spirit, disguised greater than even this year, and what in the cloak of a peace measure! The is caIled "an armed peace" is getting preparation of engines of destruction enormously more costly than even deand the maintenance of great standing structive wars. armies and navies are said to be preventives of conflict and therefore The cost of building and repairjustifiable. While we build a peace ing one battleship, for its life from palace at The Hague for arbitration, dock-yard to rubbish-heap, coulc! we are constructing battleships, the pay for building rAoo churches cost of one of which might build a at $20,000 each; fifty such would suffice to give a dollar's worth of

19ro] SIGNS OF THE

religious literature to every human punish or control criminals three and being. Comparisons, however, only a half million dollars a day, or $1,373,- hint at the enormous amount of money 000,000 annually.

sunk in this craze for more battleships. Still more startling is the fact that The very competition makes them the proportion of crimes of violence is out of date almost before their C0111- steadily and rapidly on the increase.

pletion. Destructive invention so im- There are four and a half times more proves upon their design that they are murders per million for the population sometimes practically useless soon in the United States than twenty years after being launched; what seems per- ago. And this is our boasted fect when planned becomes defective twentieth-century civilizatiop with its when manned; and so, while the world new brotherhood of man!

perishes for lack of bread, we go on A gifted writer, in one of our pop- devising schemes and instruments of ular periodicals, apologizes for dis- death for dealing out bullets and balls honesty and perfidy on the ground of by the wholesale; and instead of the flexibility of moraJ standards.

priding ourselves on the righteous- What is considered dishonesty in one ness which exalteth a nation, we boast age or era is not in another. Men do of. the impregnability of our defenses wrong things,. either believing them to and the destructiveness of our weapons be right or, at best, not viewing them of war! And this is progress! as wrong! Such is this writer's con- How mt1st the Almighty God, who tention, and it is his way of account- made the world and created mankind ing for the marvelous advance of of every nation and color, look on crimes of fraud, graft, peculation, these plans and preparations of men maladministration, and other forms of to destroy one another. How does fashionable robbery! Legislators take Jesus Christ, the Savior of the worlel, bribes and vote accordingly, because view this use of money and power bribery is the regular way of paying which by rights belongs to Him. 11:en a man an honorarium for his inves- who claim to desire the advancement tigation of the merits of a cause or of the Kingdom of God advocate the case and his intelligent patronage and expenditure of more money on one support. An insurance officer avails battleship by one nation than is given himself of his position to enrich him- by the whole Protestant world for the self with the funds entrusted to his sending out of missionaries of the management, and is 110t to blame be- kingdom in a whole year! Our view cause such is the almost universal cus- of Christianity needs revlsll1g or tom! We are left to infer that there is money and power will be taken from no fixt ethical standard, but every man us and given to more faithful stewards. does as the usage of his day sanctions.

If these are the current notions and THE APPALLING COST OF CRIME opinions of our day and "Christian A correspondent of a Chicago daily commonwealth," some of us would gives statistics to show that in Amer- prefer China, where higher standards ica 200 lives are sacrificed every week of ethics prevail. We can easily un- to violence, and that the entire republic derstand the increase of all sorts of pays for its crimes and its efforts to criminality, whether of the coarser or

more refined type, if it is coming to adequate plan for making Christ be understood that the Ten Com- known to the whole world in our genmandments are not to be regarded as eration. The men of every State in graven on imperishable stone as im- the Union have exprest themselves mutabl~, but written on tablets of wax with a unanimity and depth of convic-. to be refashioned or obliterated alto- tion that could never be called forth gether at the caprice of a loose moral except in behalf of a tremendous sentiment. Weare not sure that we cause, and under the impulse of the do not need missionaries at home to mighty working of the Spirit of God. mold anew the conscience of our people, and settle afresh the eternal basis It is most important that earnest, of right and wrong. continued prayer be offered continu- ously for blessing upon the coming What is needed in this and every congress. It will no doubt be the most land is the adoption of the standards representative and potential convenof righteousness and truth given in tion ever assembled on this continent. God's Word. Compromise and the The forty-five hundred available seats adoption of flexible human standards in the Auditorium have been allotted can not fail to bring disaster. to the evangelical churches of the United States in proportion to their THE NATIONAL MISSIONARY membership and missionary contribu- CONGRESS tions, thus guaranteeing a propor- tionate representation from every The national campaign to arouse the church and from every part of the namen of America to a sense of their re- tion. It will be the privilege of a lifesponsibility and opportunity for world- time to be a member of this (onwide missions is to be held in Chicago, gress.* The national missionary policy May 3-6. At this congress the re- adopted at this congress should mark sults of the campaign are to be gath- a new era in the history of Chrisered up. Let all friends of Christ tianity. unite in prayer that the congress may be wisely guided, spirit-filled, and THE INDIRECT INFLUENCE OF producti..-e of lasting results. CHRISTIANITY Mr. Campbell White says that Dr. Zwemer, the Arabian missionary, the most important thing in Amer- calIs attention to the singular indirect ican history this year is the changing influence of Christian ideas, and even conviction of the nation concerning phraseology, upon the religious life its religious obligations to mankind. and literature of opposing cults by a "In this process the very character of remarkable example. In Lahore, at American Christianity is being rad- the Moslem Book and Tract Reposically changed. When a man or a itory, a Mohammedan manual of nation becomes conscious of world- prayer has adopted word for word the relationships and responsibilities, a opening confession of the Anglican new life has begun." Liturgy, substituting "Allah" for "God." "Almighty and most merciful From Maine to California, at AlIah, we have erred and strayed from seventy-five great conventions and thousands of secondary meetings, * All desiring to attend should apply first to the Christian men of all denominations secretary of their own Foreign Mission Board. have endorsed a comprehensive and

OF THE

Thy ways like lost sheep," etc., exactly acquainted with Islam and its fol- adopting the language of the English lowers will have grave doubts if its prayer-book. high-sounding phrases are seriously Some one well says that the differ- meant. The same high priest who is- ence between India and its religions sued the edict condemned to death two and America and its Christianity is Mohammedan priests a short time ago, largely this: that in India the religious because they had accepted Christ system represents the worst and the through the instrumentality of a mis- life of the people the best that the na- sionary of the German Orient Mis- tive faiths can produce; whereas in sion. Both had to flee from Turkey America the religious system repre- and were baptized in Potsdam, Ger- sents the best and the popular life the many, where they are now members of worst aspect of Christianity. In other the faculty of the newly founded words, in Oriental lands the better training school of the German Orient classes of the people rise above their Mission for Missionaries among Mo- religious cults and despite the unholy hammedans. Thus it remains to be doctrines they contain and the impure seen if the edict means really what it practises they sanction; but in Chris- says, and if it will influence the wild tian lands the religious system is al- fanaticism of the followers of the ways infinitely above the best of those false prophet, should it be seriously who embrace it, and holds it; own meant. Prejudices, antipathies, and despite the imperfect and inconsistent fanaticism, both racial and religious, character and conduct of its adherents. can not be removed by the word of A REMARKABLE MOSLEM EDICT mere man. It takes the power of the Holy Spirit to overcome them, and A short time ago the high priest, man must become a new creature in together with the Ulema Council, the Christ Jesus before he can love his , highest authority of Islam, issued a neighbor as himself.

most remarkable edict addrest to all WOMAN'S ADVANCE IN CHINA Mohammedans throughout the world.

It contains statements like the follow- When Christ begins to uplift a race ing: "The Constitutional Government the evidence of it is seen in the position (i.e., in Turkey) is in harmony with and education of woman. In the the tenets of Islam" ; and "True Chris- great land of China woman is still tians and Mohammedans worship the ignorant and enslaved to man. Men- same true God, and they are therefore tally, morally and physically she is still brethren. Sincere Christians have a near the bottom of the ladder-but a right to a seat in paradise also. Equal- change is coming and has, in fact, al- ity and fraternity between Christians, ready become evident. A new style Mohammedans, and Jews must be em- of woman is appearing, with unbound phasized by Mohammedanism and feet, with face washed from the old- practised by all true followers of -the time paint and powder, with the im- prophet." pulse and the admitted right to take This edict, standing alone in the her place beside the men 'of her family whole history of Mohammedanism, and acquaintance in social and in- sounds most remarkable, but anyone tellectual life.

Perhaps the most evident change has is at the forefront of America's battles been in the line of woman's education. and discoveries. A big black negro Thirty years ago there was not even stood beside the discoverer of the the simplest classic for them; now the N"orth Pole. President Taft is recomroad to highest education is opening. mending a negro exposition in 19I3, to The very men who a generation ago show how the race has progrest in wished to keep them in subjection now half a century of freedom. All over demand they shall be like their West- the South the whites are encouraging ern sisters. the blacks to become educated and to succeed. No one objects to the edu- "A cry comes froJl1 all over China cated negro nowadays, because the for teachers, for women who know," negro race is over the silly period says a writer in rVoman's Work. "This which it went through thirty years need offers perhaps the greatest op- ago. Social service-service of the portunity for American young women head, service of the hand, service of that exists anywhere, for the Chinese the heart-is now his motto. He are willing to pay for English, for doesn't think that labor, that work, is music, for anything. It is decreed that degrading any more. There are 14,000 their women must be enlightened." negro brick- and stone-masons in the South. There are 10,000 stationary Another sign of progress in China engineers. Forty-seven per cent of is seen in the new official Chinese al- our race can read and write. One of manac, which contains for the first our Tuskegee graduates has just been time in its history the Christian Sun- put in charge of a plantation of 3,000 day as well as the Chinese holy days. acres of land, it having been found that educated negroes can get more NEGRO PROGRESS IN AMERICA work out of negro laborers than white men. The American Indians cost the At a great meeting in Carnegie Hall, United States Government $10,000,- Booker T. Washington told of the 000 a year. But the negroes have work for the negro race. Tuskegee never cost the Government a cent." Institute has now over eighty buildings, in which 1,500 pupils are Dr. Riley, of Alabama, showed by taught everything needful for statistics the progress made by the practical life and work, from arith- colored people of the South since their metic to farming and engineering; and emancipation. He said: "The negro they represent thirty-five States and TJegan without a penny in his pocket, nineteen foreign countries. Altogether without a loaf of bread, without an there are about 167 instructors and inch of land which he could call his helpers. The institution was founded own, without a shelter over his head, thirty years ago and has sent out more with no idea of home, and yet within than 6,000 men and women. The less than forty-five years he has work costs $250,000 a year, and a bought and paid for 200,000 plantascholarship of $50 will support a stu- tions, has built for himself 400,000 dent for one year. The present en- homes, has 10,000 stores, and fifty dowment reaches $1,000,000, and it is banks operated by negroes and condesired, if possible, to increase this to $3,000,000. Mr. Washington said: duct~d on negro capital. His taxable "The negro race is not dying out. property amounts to $600,000,000." It is increasing every year. The negro

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA UPON

UNITED STATES AND CANADA * BY ROBERT E. SPEER, M.A., NEW YORK That the United States and Canada derstand the grounds of their convic- are under a deep obligation to Latin tion, and I desire plainly and earnest- America is a conviction held by every ly to set forth in brief some of those Canadian and American whom I have grounds.

met who has seen at first hand the But, in order that there may be no condition of the Latin-American lands. misapprehension, there are several pre- This last year in' South America I met liminary observations to be made. In scores of men from these two coun- the first place, in setting forth the tries-men of no religion at all, facts, especially of South America, we churchmen – Roman, Anglican and are not animated by any sentiment of Lutheran-merchants, consuls, min- hostility or by any lack of sympathy isters and ship captains, and in the for the Roman Catholic Church. We whole company, numbering men who believe that that church is in error, have traveled over all parts of South just as it believes that we are in error, America and lived there for many and as doubtless some day we our- years, we did not talk on the subject selves shall discover that we have been with one man who did not believe in error, as we hope that it also will that the United States and Canada are be disillusioned. But we believe that under a real debt of moral and re- that church, even in Latin America, ligious obligation to Latin America, as holds, in part, the saving truth, and well .as under a duty of commercial in- we are not willing to be driven into tercourse. any attitude of hostility or lack of sym- There is something very significant pathy or prejudice with regard to it.

about this. Many of us have traveled We will not say of it what all over in Asia or have met men who have South America it is saying of us. In traveled there, and we know that it is the catechism, for example, of Canon almost impossible to get on a ship Jose Ramon Saavedra, approved by crossing the Pacific or on a ship going the University of Chile and by the through Suez, or to stop in anyone Archbishop of Santiago and used for of the ports of Asia, without meeting many years by the priests in the public many men of our own race who do not schools of Chile, occurs the ques- believe that Protestant missions to the tion: Asiatic peoples are legitimate. They "Why do you say that the doctrines are wrong, but this is their view. I taught by Protestants are unholy?" have not met all this year one man of The answer in the catechism is: our own race who denied the legit- "Because they counsel a person to sin imacy of Christian missions to Latin as much as possible to make salvation America. And having seen now in the more sure, they say that good some measure the conditions that pre- works are rather a hindrance to en- vail there and heard the candid decla- tering heaven."

rations of the frank-spoken people of "Is it not a false teaching of our South America, themselves, I can un- religion," the catechism goes on, "that * An address delivered before tbe Student Volunteer Convention, at Rochester, N. Y., December 31, 1909. Reprinted by permission of the Student Volunteer Movement. In the original address tbere was quoted a letter from the pope to the clergy in Chile, in 1897. This letter has been declared by Roman Catholic papers to be spurious, and is omitted here, while its authenticity is being investigated. If {eund to be genuine, it will be published later. The letter of the Archbishop of Venezuela, alao de- Dounced by lome as spurious, is Indisputably authentic.

outside of the Catholic Church there Christian organizations, that we may is no salvation?" see in each nation one great national Church of Christ, and that on those The answer is: "Nothing is more national Christian churches there may reasonable than this principle." be built up the one universal Church, just as on distinctly developed po- We will not be provoked into any such attitude regarding the great re- ligious organization which for three litical nationalities will be built up the hundred years has dominated the one great federation of humanity.

South American peoples. But I desire to add that such sen- The Papal Church timents of good will and spiritual sym- pathy for the good in the Roman In the second place, we are not Catholic Church must not be aIlowed speaking of the Roman Catholic to blind us to the obvious facts that Church in the United States and are to be found in all of Latin-Amer- Canada and Europe. I have no first- ica. Wherever there is mortal need, hand knowledge regarding the condi- deep and real mortal need, there is a tions in Europe; but, regarding the spiritual obligation upon the Church Church in our own country, I believe of Christ. It does not matter what our that it is a great religious force; that ecclesiastical theories may be; it does it holds, with us, the fundamental not matter what our sympathies may truth of the deity of our Lord; and be. The plain questions are, What are that to no other body should the con- the facts of moral, intellectual and re- ditions in South America appeal more ligious need to be found in the Latin- strongly. American lands? and, Is the Roman I desire to say, in the third place, Church meeting or striving to meet that we are not of those who believe this need?

that the South American Church is Civilization in Latin America necessarily to be warred against and destroyed. We do not anticipate the I want to say also that we are not destruction of the great Church that to be misled by the idea that Latin has existed all these hundreds of years America is satisfied with its civiliza- in South America. The polemical at- tion or that the people of Latin Amer- titude toward that church has accom- ica know the name of Jesus Christ. It plished less than any other attitude, is not satisfied with its condition. Are either to set up evangelical churches we satisfied with ours? If civiliza- in South America or to purify the tion is a purely commercial matter, Roman Catholic body itself. We an- then there are parts of Latin America ticipate the cleansing of that great or- which are more highly civilized than ganization. For myself, I hope and Europe, and there are other parts expect that I or my children will see which are not. All the foreign trade the day when everywhere that great . of Ecuador and Colombia and Vene- church will be purified and reformed mela and Paraguay added together is and break up into national organiza- not equal to the foreign trade of the tions, and when it will become possible one ruined nation of Persia, so that on to make these national organizations such a definition of civilization that coalesce, with the other national part of South America is I;1.ot civilized,

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA 33

But if making money and shipping ing the name of Christ. It is a matter goods constitutes civilization, then the of knowing Christ and the living Argentine Republic is, I suppose, the power of Christ; and those people are most civilized land in the world. The not less unfortunate who know the average exports per capita in the Ar- name of Christ and have been led to gentine Republic are sixty dollars. associate it with a false ideal of Him The average exports in the United than those who have never known States are about twenty-five dollars. that name at all and who come with On the basis of exports, if that con- unconfused minds to hear the message stitutes civilization, the Argentine is of His gospel.

two and a half times as civilized as we Now having said so much by way are. The Argentine RepUblic, I said, of clearing these misapprehensions had exports of sixty dollars per capita. from our view, I want to state as di- The average per capita exports of the rectly as I can some of the grounds on Chinese Empire are less than fifty which our spiritual obligation to tIre cents. All the exports of the Chinese Latin-American people rests.

Empire combined are only 188 mil- The Intellectual Need lions of dollars. If the Chinese Em- pire had exports per capita equal to In the first place, South America- those of the Argentine Republic, it I shall speak especially of South wOltld be exporting every year not 188 America-taken as a whole, is a con- millions but 25,000 millions of dollars. tinent of great intellectual need, evi- All the exports of the Empire of Japan denced in the prevailing ignorance and are only ZII millions. If Japan had illiteracy among the masses of the per capita the same export trade that people. There is a highly intelligent the Argentine Republic has, its annual class in South America and the best exports would not be 2II million but men of these lands are loudest in 3,000 million dollars. The Argentine their assertion and lamentation of Republic has a foreign trade almost these facts. They can be made real as great as the foreign trade of the to us by home comparisons better than whole African continent. But civiliza- in any other way. The average il- tion is not a !.patter of export trade. literacy in the American nation is ten Civilization is not to be defined in per cent and a fraction over. If you commercial terms. And no South add to that number all the children American nation realizes more deeply under ten years of age who are out of than the Argentine its need of the school, you will have a total illiteracy moral and intellectual elements which in the United States of about sixteen enter into civilization, or is seeking per cent. According to the last of- more earnestly to supply them. ficial census, the proportion of il- Neither are we to be misled by the literacy in the Republic of Brazil was fact that Latin America knows the eighty-five per cent. In the Argentine name of 01rist. So do the students RepUblic it is fifty per cent among of India know the name of Jesus those over six years of age; in Chile, Christ. So does the whole Moham- according to the official census, it is medan world know the name of Jesus sixty per cent; in Bolivia, according Christ. It is not a question of know- to the Statesmen's Year Book, it is

eighty per cent among those over ten thirteen per cent of the population of years of age. Now you may take the Japan. In other words, about four most illiterate State in the United times as large a proportion of the States; I mean the State of Louisiana, American population are in school as which is so illiterate because of the of the entire population of South great mass of ignorant negro citizens, America. The educational leaders of and the average illiteracy of the State South America bewail such condi- of Louisiana is thirty-eight per cent. tions. In other words, Louisiana, charging against it all the ignorance of its great It will bring it to us a little more di~ black population, has less illiteracy rectly to put the illustrations in a still than any country in South America. more concrete form. The Argentine And even the most ignorant part of is one of the most intelligent and ad- Louisiana-I mean the negroes- vanced countries in South America. averages only sixty-one per cent of Compare it for a moment with the illiteracy, which makes the darkest sec- State of New York, which is just tion of America-these negroes of about equivalent to it in population. Louisiana-more literate than many of In the Argentine there are 15,000 the South American republics, in spite school-teachers; in the State of New of the high intelligence of their lead- York there are 40,000. In the Ar- ing classes, who can not bear the gentine there are 550,000 pupils in the weight of the great popular ignorance. schools; in the State of New York We can put it more concretely in one there are 1,400,000. With the same simple parallel. In the year 1901, population there are three times as seventy out of everyone hundred con- many teachers and three times .as many scripts in the Chilean army were il- students in the schools in the State literate. In 1904, out of every twenty- of New York as there are in the whole five hundred recruits for the German of the Argentine, and the average il- army, one was illiterate. literacy of the State of New York is five per cent and the average illiteracy Or consider the fact in another as- of the Argentine Republic is fifty per pect. When we were in southern cent. Or compare, once again, the Re- Brazil, there appeared in one of the public of Bolivia with the State of papers; the leading paper of southern Minnesota. The population is about Brazil, an article lamenting the edu- the same. The conglomerate condi- cational backwardness of the Latin- tions of the populations are not un- American lands, which pointed out like. There is just about as large an that only nine per cent of the popula- immigrant population in Minnesota as tion of the Argentine was at school, there is an Indian population in Bo- and that this was the best-educated livia. Compare the educational situa- land in South America; only five per tion of the two States: eighty per cent . cent of the people of Chile; only three of illiteracy in Bqlivia, four per cent of per cent of the people of Brazil, and illiteracy in the State of Minnesota; three per cent of the people of Peru. 1,300 teachers in Bolivia, 14,000 teach- Nineteen per cent of the American ers in Minnesota; 50,000 pupils in population are in school, fifteen per Bolivia, 438,000 in the State of Min- cent of the population of Germany, nesota. Or compare the Republic of

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

Venezuela with the State of Iowa, two are two million pupils in the schools; sections of about the same population: in Japan there are six millions. In 1,700 teachers in Venezuela, 30,000 other words, comparing Japan with teachers in Iowa; 36,000 pupils in the the whole of South America, there are whole Republic of Venezuela, and three times as many teachers and three 562,000 in the one State of Iowa. If times as many pupils in its schools as you say I have been picking out the in all the republics of South America darkest sections of South America combined. We have scores of misand contrasting them with the bright- sion-schools in the one Empire of est sections of the United States, I Japan. If our missionary educational could reply that Argentine is one of institutions are justified, as they are the. brightest parts of South America; abundantly, in Japan, they are threebut take, if you will, on the same level, fold more justified, on the face of these New Mexico and Paraguay. New facts themselves, in the great continent Mexico has only two-thirds of the pop- of Latin America. If we owe our help ulation of Paraguay. It has ten per to Japan, we owe it also to our neighcent more pupils in its schools and boring continent bound to us by intwenty per cent more public school- numerable friendly bonds, and seeking teachers. our brotherly help in dealing with a great need. It has some good institu- Consider further the money spent tions, and higher educational systems, on educational systems here and' there. but it welcomes and needs our aid in I read in a paper the other day Presi- shaping character and in meeting the dent Butler's latest report of Colum- deep intellectual requirements of its bia University, and observed that the great masses. tuition fees for Columbia University for one year amounted to more than The Moral Evil the whole sum which the Chilean Government was spending in its ,budget on In the second place, our spiritual obthe education of three and a quarter ligation to Latin America rests not million people. I picked up a few days only on its deep intelIectual need, but afterward the report of President also on its deep and conscious need of Schurman of Cornell, and saw that help in its fierce battle with moral evil. the income of Cornell University for I desire to state not opinions but facts. four months expended on the work of According to the last Government the university was larger than the ex- census of Brazil, eighteen per cent of penditure of the Peruvian Government the population was. illegitimate; acon the education of three and a half cording to the Statesman's Year Book, million people for a whole year. twenty-seven per cent of the popula- tion of Uruguay; according to Cur- Or pass by the tedium of concrete tis's book on Ecuador, fifty per cent illustration and consider the total edu- of the population of that republic; accational effort of the whole continent. cording to the Bolivian military regis- All South America together has just ter, taking the proportion from ranabout the population of Japan. In dom pages, thirty-eight and a half per South America there are 43,000 cent; according to the estimate of Dr. school-teachers; in Japan there are Renzoti, curator of the Central Uni- 133,000. In all South America there

versity of Caracas, than whom there all the young men who come down is no higher authority in Venezuela, here to teach that they must leave be- for Venezuela the figures were sixty- hind them any great hope of working eight and eight-tenths per cent. The any moral transformation in the charshadow of that heritage rests on only acter of these boys. I have worked six per cent of British blood, rests on among them for years and I have alonly seven per cent of French blood; most given up hope. I like them. it rests on between twenty-five and They have, many of them, fine qualififty per cent of the blood of South ties, but in the matter of purity I de- America. And if one says, as he may spair." I asked a friend from China truly say, that some allowance must the other day what was the proportion be made for many men and women of students in his college of whom he who live faithfully together without could say that they were leading ever having been legally married, the morally clean and unsullied lives. He reply is that while that abates a little said he believed that in the college in the darkness of the moral stain, it China from which he came perhaps flings the responsibility back on the fifty per cent of the students were men great instit.ution which is responsible whose lives were morally untainted. for the fact of their not having been Perhaps he erred in his estimate, but married. In so far as you relieve in if there is need on moral grounds for this way the moral situation you re- maintaining missions in the Chinese lieve it only by deepening the evidence Empire, as there indubitably is, or for of religious need. pure religion in the United States, I believe there is need also in South And one can not leave the matter America. with a reference only to these naked mathematical facts. Mr. Hale de- If religion has nothing to do with clares in his book on South America, morals, if religion has no connection "Male chastity is practically unknown. whatever with a clean life, then we There is a tone of immorality running can save ourselves the trouble of through all South American life." But carrying religion into Latin America, there are chaste men and they mourn or elsewhere. But if religion is inmost deeply the condition which they dissolubly connected with a life that .are the first to describe to you. I keeps itself unspotted from the world, asked men in various cities where there is need of our carrying our gosthere were students, men who knew pel down into Latin America as truly the students of South America, some as of spreading it in our own land or of them students themselves, what of carrying it over into Asia. And their experience had been regarding the worst of it all is the fact that in the moral phase of student life. All Latin America the lips which should these men said that they could count be the first to speak in rebuke of unin too small numbers the students cleanness are silent and the lives which whom they knew who were living un- should be themselves the models of sullied moral lives. One man not a purity and holiness-I mean the lives missionary, who had been teaching for of the religious teachers of South years in a South American school, told America-are, not always we can me : "I think you ought to explain to thank God, but too often, the very

THE SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

lives that are appealed to by those who lect easy-going confessors who pass wish to live themselves the corrupt and over everything and then give absoluthe decadent life. tion; and there are not wanting others whose confession is nothing more than One would hesitate to express this a sad routine practised between one judgment on any other authority than sin and another, to their own decepthe highest in the South American tion-well known is the life they lead, churches. I have here the last pas- and where it will end." toralletter of the Archbishop of Venezuela to the clergy throughout the Re- The priest who took us around the public of Venezuela printed in full in great school of some French fathers the leading paper in Caracas. In the in one city in South America told the section of his pastoral letter on chas- man who introduced me to him, in tity, these are the words that he uses: answer to his question, that he thought about one-half of their priests in Chile An Archbishop'. Letter were men who were leading clean, moral lives. We will believe that there "Scandal in the parish or town were more. But we asked a priest in takes on unmeasured proportions: the Colombia who made a long journey dishonored priest is lost once for all, with us, how many priests he knew the enemies of the church triumph be- who were clean and pure men; and he cause of the shameful fall, and good said that out of the eighteen priests souls retire to groan in secret and to whom he knew intimately, there was cry to the Lord to free them from this only one who was leading a clean abomination. And even if the sin is moral life. If there is need of carryhidden, yet is it revealed through every ing the gospel to Japan-and there is guise in the dead parish, the deserted the deepest need, as men like Count church, in the tiresome preaching, un- Okuma and Baron Mayajima have fruitful works of mere routine, with- told us, on moral grounds-if there out fervor or piety, in the house -of the is need of carrying the gospel to priest, who breathes only a worldly at- China, if there is need in the United mosphere; in his reading, in his oc- States, there is need also of carrying cupations and the tedium at the things the gospel to South America. If we of God. Why do we note the sudden are excused from carrying the gospel spiritual decline of a priest who until to South America, we are excused yesterday was active and devout? from carrying the gospel to the Chi- Why do we see him destroying little nese Empire, which, on moral grounds, by little that which promised to be a is as well able to get along without fruitful apostolate, but now ap- the living and the cleansing Christ as proaches mysterious and mournful South America or ourselves. ruin? Ah! if we could penetrate the veil of his secret life, we should know Their Direct Appeal. that the one cause of this humiliating and opprobrious decay is in nothing In the third place, our spiritual obother than the hidden corruption of ligation to the Latin-American lands his heart and life. . . . And yet there rests upon the appeal which these are priests who only rarely go to con- lands are making to us for the help fession, and others who never con- which they know can come to them fess at all! There are those who se-

only from without. From the very women who could come out to estab- beginning the best men in the Latin~ lish normal-schools to train the teach- American lands have desired this help. ers for the Argentine. In 1882, Presi- I was reading the other day part of dent Barrios of Guatemala requested a speech made by Alberdi, one of the the Presbyterians to open a mission in great Argentine publicists, in the days Guatemala, and offered to payout of of the struggle over the question of re- his own pocket the expense of bringligious toleration in South America. ing the first missionaries there. In "South America," he said, "reduced to 1884, President Rosa of the Argentine, Catho.1icism with the exclusion of any at a great Protestant celebration in other cult represents a solitary and si- Buenos Ayres, attributed to the inlent convent of monks. The dilemma fluence of missionaries a large part of is fatal-either Catholic and unpopu- the progress that the Argentine Related or populated and prosperous and public had made and besought them tolerant in the matter of religion. To to increase the field of their operations invite the Anglo-Saxon race and the and to enlarge their zeal. I read peoples of Germany, Sweden and while in South America the report of Switzerland and to deny them the ex- the debate in the House of Deputies ercise of their worship is to offer them of the Republic of the Argentine over a sham hospitality and to exhibit a the question as to whether they should false liberalism. To exclude the dis- subsidize what are known as the Arsenting cults is to exclude the Eng- gentine Evangelical School's. Those lish, the Germans and' Swiss and the are the schools of one of the most re- North Americans who are not Catho- markable men I met in South Amerlics; that is to say, the inhabitants ica, the Rev. William C. Morris of the whom this continent most needs. To Church of England. He has gathered b~ing them without their cult is to seven thousand little waifs off the bring them without the agent which streets of the city of Buenos Ayres. makes them what they are, and to Single-handed he has built up agencies compel them to live without religion to train those seven thousand little, or become atheists." The best senti- ignorant, neglected children. The Arment of South America has taken that gentine Republic recognized the value attitude from the beginning. Some of what he was doing, and against the governments are willing to pay money protest of a bishop deputy the Argennow for immigrants from other lands. tine Congress voted a subsidy and is And it is not only for immigration, voting now fifty thousand dollars a including Protestant immigration, that year to maintain those Argentine Evanthey have asked. Many of the great gelical Schools, openly called evanmissionary activities begun in Latin gelical, on the ground, as Deputy America have been begun at the direct Lacasa said, that "if this work does request of the Latin-American peoples not deserve the attention and support themselves. When Dr. William Good- of the authoritIes of our nation, if this fellow, a missionary, was coming home work is not excellent and praisefrom the Argentine seventy years ago, worthy, then I do not know where to President Sarmiento commissioned look for those good works which our him to engage, in the United States, Christian religion commands us to

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

perform." What the first text-book of only a small part of the priests were the Student Volunteer Movement capable of preaching to the people. stated in regard to Latin America is What are a few hundred men to six in large measure true. Our great mis- millions of people in a great republic sionary foundations laid in South just now taking on its national form? America have been laid in response to a demand coming from the people I went to one section in the city of of Latin America themselves. I ask Santiago, one of the best-supplied you, fellow students, whether it is to cities in South America, where there be regarded as illegitimate to respond were more than ten thousand people to a great cry of human need? On and only one priest trying in an inadthe ground of South America's con- equate way to reach all those great stant request for the help which she multitudes of people. You can travel wants from without, the United States miles and miles in central South and Canada owe a deep and undis- America without even seeing a Cathocharged obligation to these lands. lic church or a Catholic priest. On all the long reach of the Magdalena A Great Religious Need River, from its mouth at Barranquilla up to the city of Honda, more than six In the fourth place, altho I have no hundred miles, I think I counted only doubt that this appeal from Latin four or five Catholic churches, not all America rests rather on the ground of with priests, ministering to the thouits recognition of its intellectual and sands of people of that great river moral need, yet back of that intel- valley. Great regions everywhere are lectual and moral need lies the funda- neglected. The agencies that are mental religious need. All intellectual there are utterly inadequate to cope and moral need at last roots itself back with the religious needs of South into great religious need. And be- America, even if they were spiritually hind these various considerations of capable of doing so. which I have been speaking is the profound religious need of South Amer- And then such agencies as are there ica. have no living general hold upon the . You see it, for one thing, in the in- people. That was the lament of a adequacy of the forces that are now priest in the Argentine. He told us there attempting to meet the religious that his order had actually asked the necessities of the people. The Roma3 Pope to allow them to lay aside their Catholic Church, even if it were qua:- clerical dress in order that they.might ified to do so, does not have enough put on laymen's garb and go down priests to minister to the religious need among the people, because they were of Latin America. One of the good so despised and reviled in their clerical men we met in South America was a garb that they were not even allowed priest in the city of Buenos Ayres. He to evangelize in the homes of the peotold me there were less than a ple. He said that if they walked along thousand priests, counting all the the street and a woman saw them she secular clergy, in the whole of the Ar- ran and knocked on iron to break the gentine, and that many of them were bad luck of having seen a priest. I men too ignorant even to teach; that went down the street with a friend of mine who was a clergyman in the

Scotch Church, in the city of Buenos visited was full, and that was filled Ayres, and he was clad in clerical in part with sisters and little children dress; school-girls on the street, chil- from the schools. There were not, I dren of good appearance, turned and judged, one hundred and fifty men in hissed at him .and called him names as anyone of the churches of that city we passed by, because they thought he on one of the greatest feast days of was a priest. In Peru the great comic the whole year. In Holy Week the paper is called Fray K Bezon. If you demonstrations are great, but priests pronounce the syllables rapidly they in Buenos Ayres told us that the real run into words which mean "fat- influence and hold of the Church upon headed priest." It is widely read. And the people was nothing in comparison what do you think the jokes in it are? with its strength in the United States.

Simply the matter-of-fact tales which The people of South America are a the editor of the paper prints week people practically without any real re- after week, without fear of libel suits, ligion. It does not matter what the of the personal immoralities and scan- census says about their nominal ec- dals in the life of the clergy of Peru. clesiastical connections. We are look- The Churches and Preaching ing out upon forty millions of people, the great majority of whom the South And not only does the Church not Americans themselves say have no re- command the general respect of the ligious faith. The men have for the people for its priesthood, but also the most part only a nominal connection people do not throng the churches in with the Church or none at all. And Latin America. We have an idea that they have none because they have no all the people of Latin America are access, the great mass of them, to any devoted to one great religious institu- living religious faith. Here and there tion that has been there all these years. surely there are good priests; we met I am inclined to think that in our some devout, lovable men; but for the towns here you will find twice as many great mass of the people there is no people every Sunday, in proportion to access to the living Christ at all. He the population, in the churches as you is hidden in the churches, behind saints wiII find in the churches of the most or symbols. We were in churches where religious towns of South America. there was no figure of Christ even be- We were in the city of Arequipa in hind the chancel, in many churches Peru on one of the most sacred days where the figure of Mary was high of the Church in South America. They above all figures of Christ, and where, told us that Arequipa was the most high above all the figures, would be fanatical city in Peru, that there we such an inscription as "Gloria a should find all the churches thronged Maria." Cut right into the stone walls with men. All the shops were shut. of the old Jesuit church in the an- It was a holy day in the city. We cient city of Cuzco you read the words, visited five of the leading churches, in- "Come unto Mary, all ye that labor cluding the cathedral. In the ca- and are heavy laden, and she will thedral there were not fifty people, give you rest." I wonder sometimes men, women and children, at the main whether that old word about a sword service. Only one church which we piercing through her heart might not

SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

refer rather to the sufferings· of the tinue to brutalize and degrade more humble and loyal soul of the mother and more these people? Why exist so of our Lord to-day as among forty many parishes which are true cememillions of people she sees her be- teries of souls dead to God, in· despite loved and divine Son hidden behind of the fact that there stands the church her human motherhood. All our edifice, there is Jesus Christ in the hearts are reverent toward the mother Sacrament Adorable, there is the priest of our Lord, and we can understand with his marvelous powers to sanctify what it was in the history of the the souls? The only reason is that Church that drove the heart of hu- the parish priest does not faithfully manity, when it was denied any rest- perform his duties, he does not lay ing-place on a humanity in Christ, to hold upon and generously shoulder the the humanity of Christ's mother-we charge he has accepted, and, as many can understand all that, but we can Christians who take of the gospel not ignore the conditions that have only so much as suits them, so he takes come to prevail where the Church has up only those duties which do not concealed the real Savior behind the trouble him much-more than all, mother who bore Him. those that produce most income. They do not preach, or, if so, it is only to And what the people see of Christ tire and annoy the few hearers. What is no real picture of Him. We went living word could come from a sacerto more than eighty churches in South dotal soul dead to the palpitations of America. In not one of all those the grace and the activity of pastoral churches was there a symbol or a zeal? There is no catechism cIasspicture or a suggestion of the resur- and if there is, it is in this sense: that rection or of the ascension-not one. this work is for the priest a disagree- In every case Christ was either dead ble task, for which he has neither inupon the cross or He was a ghastly telligence nor heart, and which he figure, lying in a grave. Where is the ends by handing over to the school or living Christ? a man cries out again to the women! Service, attention and and again as he travels up and down care and frequent visiting of the sick, South America and no voice answers in order to lead them as by the hand him in reply. He is not there because, to the gates of eternity, is an unknown once more, the men who ought to be thing to him. Poor sick ones that fall His representatives and preach His into the hands of such priests! And gospel there are silent regarding Him. this, when they do not abandon the Once more, this is not my opinion. sufferers entirely under any mere pre- Let me read you another section from text to escape going to their aid in this pastoral letter of the Archbishop their extremity supreme. . . . And of Venezuela: we will not say more, for we should be interminable, if we were to enumerate "Nearly all the clergy of the arch- everything. " diocese of Caracas is parochial; there arc more than one hundred parishes, These are not the words of the eneand to-oay all are occupied by pastors, mies of the Church. They are the with few exceptions-those which words of the men within the Church have become mere hamlets. And yet, who lament its shame and its spiritual why does ignorance of religion con-

impotence. Perhaps we speak too clergy were guilty. "I thought," he severely, but can anyone say that con- said, "that one of the best ways to ditions like these constitute no ground diminish the domination and abuses of spiritual obligation to the millions of the clergy in Mexico was to favor of people who are denied by such con- the establishment of other sects which ditions access to the Christ who lives would come in some measure into to save? competition with the Catholic clergy The Need for Protestant Missions and thus cause it to refrain from ex- ercises of which it had been guilty be- And, last of all, our spiritual ob- fore." "His praiseworthy efforts,"

ligation to Latin America lies in the wrote Dr. Pinedo, ex-Minister of Jus- very fact that this Church needs from tice and Public Instruction in the Ar- us and we have a duty to give to it gentine, of Mr. Morris and his schools, the help which only Protestant in- "have had the virtue of awakening the fluence can supply. I asked a true Catholics, who, not to be left behind, priest in Argentine whether he saw have also founded numerous schools any reason why there should not be so that in every way the needy chil- Protestant churches in South Amer- dren are being benefited."

ica. "No," he said. "Why not? We And there are many inside the work together in the United States; Church who realize the necessity of why should we not work together here help from without. I spoke of the in the Argentine? Take our own young priest with whom we traveled in parish here," he said at another time, Colombia, the man who told l1S that "there are one hundred and forty only one out of eighteen of his ac- thousand people in our own parish and quaintances in the priesthood was a only seven per cent of them ever go good man. He was going to visit his inside of a church. Look at this other old father. His heart was sick of the parish with 130,000; with one man abominations in the midst of which and his assistant endeavoring to reach he lived, but, he said, he did not know those 130,000." what his personal duty was. Where Weare wanted to meet great neglect- was he to go? He did not know where ed needs .and to purify and stimulate to go out of the Church. Was his place the forces which ought to be striving in his church, to work there, to purify to meet them. The best men of these and cleanse the institution and to help lands have always seen this. In his the people who lived 'round about him?

book on the relations of Mexico to the He was going to his old father to ask United States, Minister Romero, who him where his path of duty lay. If did as much as any other man to bind only there were strong churches of the together these two neighboring re- evangelical faith in his land some- publics, said that from the very outset thing might be done. Do you mean he had argued for religious toleration to say that we must abandon men like in Mexico because he saw in that the this, that we have no duty to the men best way to remedy the great evils in South America for whom their in- which sprang from the political au- stitution is too strong, and who are thority of the Roman Catholic clergy asking for help from without to come and from the abuses of which the in to enable them to deal with the great

10] THE SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA 34

situation that confronts them? We the cleaner, more progressive, better owe a deep debt to the men, many or educated does South America become, few, scattered up and down South and the nearer you draw to the United America who look for spiritual and States, the darker are the shadows that moral help from without, and who rest on the South American lands. know that the only hope of reforming It is not that we have caused the darktheir own church is through the in- ness, but we have not relieved it. We fluence of Protestant missions. And have begun, but only begun, to disour brethren in the native Protestant charge our commercial obligations to churches have a supreme right to our South America. There is one copaid. per mine in Peru in which a few American men put more money before Our Debt and Duty they took out .a dollar than all the Protestant churches of the world, I These are the grounds briefly put, venture to say, have spent on the evanonly a few of them, of our spiritual gelization of South America for the obligation to these lands. We owe last hundred years. At Cerro de these lands help in their search for Pasco twenty million dollars were put intellectual light. We owe them aid into that one copper mine before anyin their awful battle for moral purity. thing was paid back. The whole We owe them a response to their Protestant Church has not done as brotherly call of need. We owe them much for forty million souls. . And Christ and spiritual freedom. We there is Canada, which has, I believe, owe it to them to call them to their only one little mission in the whole own most deeply cherished ideals. of South America, a mission made up And we have not paid that debt. We of two faithful Canadian Baptist, are not paying that debt to-day. We men and their wives, in the mountains have justly declared a negative po- of Bolivia. Canada has put millions litical doctrine with regard to South of dollars into the lighting plants and America, which has warned Europe the water plants and the electric power to keep her hands off, and we have plants, and it has not put five thousand thought that in that way we fulfilled dollars a year into the evangelization our duty to the South American peo- of South America. We have, I supples. The South American peoples do pose, about forty American missionary not resent the Monroe Doctrine, but organizations working in the Empire they do resent that negative interpre- of Japan, with a popUlation equal to tation of it with· which the American that of the whole of South America, people have been content, which and we have about ten American mistended to shut out the aid which the sionary organizations and two British European nations might have been organizations working in the whole glad to carry in, and which has not South American continent. replaced it with any brotherly help from near at hand. We have had our obligations staring us in the face for a hundred years, and It is a lamentable fact that the we have passed the needy men at our darkest part of South America is the door mercilessly by. Surely now at part nearest to the United States and last the day has come for us to take Canada. The further you get away from the United States and Canada,

up our obligation to these Latin-Amer- land with thousands of fresh imican peoples. Now, more than in any migrants pouring in every year. Do other day, the need is pressing upon you suppose that these republics can us. If we do not give help now, South be built without religion, that these America will become the stronghold nations can ever fulfil their God-apof all the reactionary and the ob- pointed destinies if they drift, as they scurantist elements of the Church of are drifting to-day, into a hard, Rome, and a situation will be produced atheistic materialism? In the interest which even the Church of Rome itself, of these South American nations, with all of its best purposes and its which will be our neighbors forever, best energies, will not be able to deal and which are to exercise a steadily with. Priests from the other lands increasing influence upon our own are pouring in, from the Philippines, life, we are bound to go in with the from France, from Andalusia, from. spiritual forces of the gospel of the Italy, from Belgium, all those priests living Christ. who are not wanted in their own lands are gathering now in South America. We are called to these republics to- They have already prest in. There day because they offer men as good are good men among them, but there opportunity for life investment as men are others, too, and the people them- can find anywhere else in the world. selves begin to resent their coming. I stood one day, only a few months The Sunday before we got to Bogota ago, beside a great brown marble there was a riot in the city, which the block in the Protestant cemetery in troops had to be brought out to quell, the city of Valparaiso; all around in which the artizans started to tear were the evidences of the earthquake, down the school of the Silesian Fa- great stones twisted awry, but this thers in Bogota on the ground that they stone stood stedfast among them all. did not want or were not going to It was the burial-place of old David stand this invasion of foreign priests, Trumbull, who for forty-three years especially those whose influence on in- had stood like a great rock in the city dustrial conditions, perhaps quite un- of Valparaiso, leaving his influence on justly, they feared. We are bound to that city, and also in a real way on the press in for the help of the South national life of Chile, in which he was American peoples before reactionary one of the great forces that brought men get into the religious control of about the laws which gave effect to the religion and education of the South religious toleration, provided for civil American continent. marriage and the secularization of the cemeteries, and helped to open the We are bound to press in there to- gates wide for the preaching of the day because those great republics are gospel up and down the length of the now in their formative life. Look at Chilean RepUblic. There are all over the six millions of people in the Ar- South America opportunities for men gentine, one of the livest, most eager to live under changed conditions, such countries in the world, with a fourth lives as David Trumbull lived in the or fifth of its whole population in its city of Valparaiso, such lives as Wilcapital city of Buenos Ayres, a city liam C. Morris is living to-day in tlle with half a million Italians in it, a city of Buenos Ayres, as many men

THE SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF LATIN AMERICA

are living now in many places. If against the stanchions of the lower men and women are looking for a deck. I fell asleep again, but sud- chance for life investment where they denly was awakened by the sound of can not only change the characters of a plunging body in the water and a men, but where they can make a real rush of footsteps on the lower deck contribution toward forming the char- and excited voices whispering, and acters of great republics, South Amer- then a half-strangled, pitiful cry, "Oh, ica is a field calling to them. hombre," literally, "Oh, man," but The Passing Opportunity truly also, "Oh, brother! Oh, friend!" and then a gurgling sound and .a swirl And, last of all, men are passing, of the brown waters rushing by, and and passing fast, there. The genera- all was still. After a little while the tions of South America do not last work was done, the men came aboard, longer than the generations of Asia, the ropes were thrown off, and our or North America; and year by year, boat went sobbing on its way up the while we wait, men go whither we can stream. In the morning we asked the not follow. If men need Christ any- captain what had been the trouble, and where, they need Him there also, and he said that it was a Colombian private they need Him before they die. Just soldier who had been sleeping on the about two months ago, our boat tied unfenced lower deck and rolled off up one night along the east bank of in his sleep into the water, that no- the Magdalena River. It was an old- body had seen him go; they had heard fashioned stern-wheel river-boat, burn- his cry but were too late to help him, ing wood, and every three or four and the man was gone.

hours we had to stop to take on fresh Often on that river journey and fuel. Ve were still in the lower often in the days that have passed reaches of the river and it was possible since, it has seemed to me that I could to run by night. We had fallen asleep hear that only half-conscious strangled in the earlier part of the evening, but cry sounding in my ears, "Oh, friend!

were awakened as the boat tied up to Oh, friend)" and that it was the cry the shore, and the men ran out with of many millions of South American the gangway, and began to bring on peoples making earnest, if silent, .ap- the wood. Here and there we saw the peal for the things that in Christ we glare of the torches against the tropical have to give. "Oh, friend!" That forest and then heard the murmur of voice calls to you men and women of the boatmen as they carried on the North America. Will it find in you great racks of fuel and piled it up the heart of a friend, to reply?

CHRIST'S MISSIONARY PROGRAM, MATTHEW 9:36-10:8 KNOW ~ Study Missions-Read Books. Missionary :Meetings-Regular-Powerful. "Harvest Plenteous-Laborers Few" I Missionary Days–Al1nivers arie s. PRAY The Church and the Field.

"Pray ye the Lord of the Harvest" Privately-Definitely-Regularly.

GIVE { The Prayer Circ1e-Groups-Agreement. Public-Dependence on God. "Freely ye Have Rec:eived, Freely Give" i Systematically. GO-PREACH W eekly-Monthly-Annually. Proportionate1y. ·'A. ye Go Preach-HeaJ," Cheerfully-As a Privilege. Yourself-Sons-Daughters-Friends.

{ Student Voluntecrs. Pastors-Christian Workers.

100' /80''' /t50~ /40" 120" 100" BO'

'.Y", … HAW. 11 — -t~~- MA,Ji!QU$$ 5 rar THe MJS. JONAJ2Y 12EYIEW

Coan, Adoniram Judson Wm. Goodell, Crosby H. Wheeler J. E

of HalVaii of Burma of Turkey of Asia Minor of Madura FAMOUS MISSIONARIES SENT OUT BY THE AMERICAN BOARD A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE AMERICAN BOARD BY EDWARD WARREN CAPEN, PH.D.

A little more than a hundred years in the recently organized theological ago the religion of New England, as seminary at Andover, appeared before of other parts of the country, was ap- the Massachusetts General Associaparently in a dying condition. The tion, then in session at Bradford, near college church at Yale was almost ex- Haverhill, and presented their "statetinct, most of the students were skep- ment and inquiries," which breathe a tics, and Princeton College was no spirit of humility and aggressiveness, better. Christian leaders were every- of tact and determination. This hiswhere mourning the prevalence of cor- toric document read as follows: ruption, drunkenness, and licentiousness. Yet in the midst of these very The undersigned, members of the Diconditions there was organized the vinity College, respectfully request the pioneer among the foreign mission attention of their Reverend Fathers,' conboards of the United States. Next vened in the General Association at Brad- October the American Board of Com,. ford, to the following statement and inmissioners for Foreign Missions is to quiries: celebrate its centennial. This event has a significance to others besides the They beg to state, that their minds' Congregational churches, which use have long been imprest with the duty this society as their agent for work and importance of personally attempting abroad. It was conceived on broad a mission to the heathen; that the imlines, and for more than half its ex- pressions on their minds have induced a istence has been under the control of serious and, they trust, a prayerful conno single church or denomination. sideration of the subject in its various How did the American Board come attitudes, particularly in relation to the into existence? What has been the probable success and the difficulties atgrowth of its work? For what prin- tending such an attempt; and that, after ciples has it stood? examining all the information which they can obtain, thcy consider themselves as Origin of American Board devoted to this work for life, whenever God, in His providence, shall open the It was on the afternoon of June 28, way. 1810, that four young men, students They now offer the following inquiries, on which they solicit the opinion and ad- vice of this Association. Whether, with their present views and feelings, they ought to renounce the object of missions,

as either visionary or impracticable; if of religion there came usually a renot, whether they ought to direct their newal of these efforts. At the close attention to the Eastern or Western of the eighteenth century and the beworld; whether they may expect patron- ginning of the nineteenth, there was a age and support from a missionary so- vigorous development of home misciety in this country, or must commit sions, some of the leaders of which, themselves to the direction of a Euro- like Dr. Worcester, had dreams of pean society; and what preparatory work beyond the seas. This ideal had measures they ought to take, previous to fired Rev. Cotton Mather as early as actual engagement. r7IO to urge the colonists to emulate the example of the Jesuit, Dutch, and The undersigned, feeling their youth Danish missionaries in the Far East. and inexperience, look up to their fathers During the last decade of the eightin the Church, and respectfully solicit eenth century American Christians their advice, direction, and prayers. were mo:;;t sympathetic observers of the renaissance of missionary zeal AOONIRAM JUDSON, JR. among the Protestant Christians of Great Britain. A few of the British SAMUEL NOTT, JR. missionaries went to the East by way of the United States. The re- SAMUEL J. MILLS, ligious magazines here contained the latest missionary intelligence. More SAMUEL NEWELL. than this, William Carey was receiv- ing considerable sums of money from The statement was referred to a his American admirers and helpers. committee, on which was Rev. Samuel Worcester, of Salem, who had been When, therefore, the group of one of the young men's advisers. The young men at Williams College, unnext day the committee reported and der the lead of Samuel J. Mills, Jr., the association appointed the original held their historic prayer-meeting bemembers of the American Board of side the haystack, in the summer of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, r806, and two years later organized who met the following September in their missionary society, The Breth- Farmington, Conn., adopted a con- ren, the object of which was "to efstitution, and chose officers. These fect in the persons of its members a momentous steps were taken unani- mission, or missions, to the heathen," mously and without any long discus- they were but embodying in tangible sion, but this does not mean that they fashion the purposes of hundreds of were sudden or unpremeditated. the people of America. These young students from Williamstown presently The missionary interest of the joined others of like mind at Andover Christians of America had never Seminary, the founders of which had ceased since the granting of the co- as one of their distinct purposes the lonial charters, one distinct purpose training of foreign missionaries. The of which was that of preaching the result of their association at Andover gospel to the heathen of the West; that was the decision that four of their is, the American Indians. Many illus- number should present an application trious names, such as those of John Eliot, Thomas Mayhew, David Brainerd, and John Sergeant, testify to the zeal of the colonists, who did not let the severe struggle to obtain homes and protection for themselves and their families interfere with their missionary work. With each revival

A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS

to the General Association at Brad- bers among its members and support- ford .. ers a few who belong in other communions. Even in recent years sev- The organization of the American eral of its strongest and ablest mis- Board was followed by consultation sionaries, both men and women, have with the London Missionary Society, been trained in other denominations. which was willing to commission J ud- son and three of his friends, and Growth of th… Work finally in 1812 five young men sailed for India under the American Board. The same comprehensiveness char- On the voyage out one of each of the acterized from the beginning the two companies, Judson and Rice, be- American Board's view of its field. came Baptists by conviction. The At present its territory is well de- . news of their change called into being fined, but in the early days, when it the American Baptist Missionary was almost the only channel for mis- Union. Thus, at the very beginning sionary work abroad available to the American noard was indirectiy the American Christians, it regarded the occasion for the starting of a sister whole world as its field and sought organization. The Board itself was earnestly by exploration and exper- never narrowly sectarian. Vhile it imentation to discover which countries was organized by Congregationalists. offered the best opportunities. With- in 1812 eight new members were add- in about a quarter of a century work ed, belonging to other churches, six had been begun or investigations had of them Presbyterians, and the num- been made or planned in nearly every ber of the latter was greatly increased field ever occupied by AmeriCan Chris- after the absorption into the American tians, and in some regions which now, Board in 1826 of the United Foreign a century later, are still unoccupied. Missionary Society, which had been North Africa, including Egypt, had formed in 1817 by Christians of the been explored and missions established Presbyterian type. The Old School in the western and southern parts of Presbyterians withdrew in 1837, but the continent. Missionaries had work- the New School Presbyterians con- ed in Palestine, Syria, including Beirut tinued this relation until 1870, when, and the Lebanon, in Smyrna and in after the union of the two schools, the Greece. The press at Malta had Board surrendered to the Presbyterians printed thousands of copies of the the Persian, Syrian, Gaboon, Seneca, Bible and Christian literature. Con- and Ojibway missions. The German stantinople, Broosa, Trebizond, in- Reformed and Dutch Reformed terior Armenia, and Persia were the churches also used the American homes of Christian workers. The ex- Board as their agent abroad. The ploration of Afghanistan and Tibet latter withdrew in 1857 after a quarter was under consideration. Work was of a century of cooperation, and took well established in western and south- with them the Arcot Mission in India ern India and in Ceylon. Two mis- and the Amoy Mission in China. Even sionaries had laid down their lives to-day, when the American Board di- while exploring Sumatra. Siam, Java, rectly represents the Congregational Borneo, Singapore, and Canton, China, churches of the United States, it num- were early occupied; Hawaii was

being transformed, and an attempt had great empires of China and Turkey, been made to reach the Marquesas each of which has four missions. Af- Islands. Patagonia, Mexico, and rica comes next with three, followed other countries in Central and South by India with two. The work in America had been visited to see Japan is very extensive, but it is orwhether the freedom from Catholic ganized in but one mission. Ceylon, Spain meant freedom to preach the Micronesia, the Philippines, Austria, gospel. Spain, and Mexico contain the six remaining missions. To man this True to the traditions of colonial work, with its 107 stations and 1,395 America, the American Board was out-stations, there are 581 missionalso using vigorous measures to reach aries, 202 of whom are men, and each the Indians in the Eastern, Southern, missionary is assisted by an average Central, and Western States, extend- of eight native assistants-4,564 in all. ing its work even to the Pacific coast. The statistical showing for the cen- The work for the American Indians tury and for the present time is sumwas all but ruined by the forced mi- marized in a table at the close of this gration of the tribes to districts far- article. ther west, and what remained was finally transferred to home missionary Policies of the American Board organizations, the final transfer, that of the Dakota mission, occming in The American Board has done more 1883. Of the foreign centers some than any statistics indicate; it has were soon abandoned in order to se- stood for certain great principles of cure greater concentration of effort missionary policy, which most of the upon strategic points or because of greatest mission boards have now lack of funds or suitable opportunities. adopted with more or less complete- With the opening of China, the work ness. there was expanded, the Pacific Islands work also gradually grew, the Micro- From the beginning, the American nesian mission being started in 1852, Board has taken the broadest and Japan received its first missionaries most comprehensive view of the obfrom the American Board in 1869, and ject of foreign missions. The early the work in the Catholic countries was secretaries declared that the purpose begun in accordance with a vote of of the missionary was nothing short the American Board at its meeting in of the complete Christianization and 1871. civilization of whole peoples. In giv- ing instructions to the missionaries to The receipts of the American Board Hawaii in 1827, the officers declared for its first year were $999.52. The that the missionary required more income has steadily increased during than piety or mere religious feeling, the century until for the last fiscal that every power of intellect would be year it amounted to nearly one thou- of use and that the people must be sand times the first sum, or $947,- formed "into a reading, thinking, cul- 163.25. This amount was spent in tivated state of society, with all its maintaining work in twenty missions. schools and seminaries, its arts and in- Of these twenty, the largest numbers stitutions." This missiEln policy, which of missions are found in the two starts with the conversion of the in- dividual, but which reaches out to-

Church and dispenfa ry in Na tal, So. Africa. 4. Mission H ospital, lfadura

2. Ma ra thi Missi on Church , Bombay, India. 5. U ndu vil Girls' School. Ceylon. 3. North China Union College, Tungchou. 6. Science Building, Doshjsha, Japan.

TYPES OF M ISSION .IlUILDINGS OF TH E AMERICAN llOARD

S. B. Fairbanks, Peter Parker, M.D., Hiram Bingham, D.D

Mar.thi. India of China of Micronesia Alice Gordon Gulick, M. L. Gordon, Horace Tracy Pitkin, Josiah Tyler, of Spain of Japan of China of South Africa SOME LEADING MISSIONAIUES OF THE AMERICAN BOARD

A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS

ward the transformation of nations, These strong missionaries have al- and is not satisfied until countries have ways seen the importance of educa- been Christianized, was clearly enun- tional work if the Church abroad is to ciated by those great missionary states- be intelligent and influential and is to men Samuel Worcester and Jeremiah have native leaders of ability. As Evarts. It is believed in by the Amer- early as 1823 steps were taken to es- ican Board to-day and is one of the tablish an institution of higher educa- chief justifications for many of the tion in Ceylon, and the only reason lines of work maintained by its mis- why Ceylon did not have the pioneer sions. American missionary college is that the colonial government refused to ad- Work of this nature can be carried mit a single additional American mis- on successfully only by men of a sionary. Without reenforcements large caliber and the best ability ob- nothing could be done and the project tainable. At a time when British so- fell through. There was a time in cieties were sending out men of the middle of the last century when meager education, the American the educational work was carried on Board resolved to give a commission solely in the vernacular, and it was as a full missionary only to those who practically limited to the Christian had had the best possible training. community and those in training for The effect of this is seen in South Af- Christian service. This was..a de- rica. This is a region where the path parture from the earlier policy, and of the missionary has not been a bed was finally abandoned. It meant, how- of roses and where much friction has ever, that the founders of Robert Col- developed between some missionaries lege, Constantinople, and the Syrian and the colonists, Boer and British Protestant College at Beirut, had to alike. The members of the Zulu mis- resign from the Board when they en- sion have commanded respect by sheer tered upon their work of creating force of ability and character, and one those mighty institutions for the of the earlier men was not only in- Christianization of Turkey. Now, vited by the Boer colonists to become however, this narrowness of view has their pastor, but had a town named given way to a belief that education is in his honor. The American Board a powerful force for the Christianiza- has furnished to the United States tion of the world, and that the col- Government no fewer than four of the leges should be training-schools for men who have held the responsible po- Christian leadership in the Church and sition of interpreter to the legation at the community. The American Board Peking. Three missionaries in India admits frankly that there are dangers and one in Japan have been decorated in higher education and that too large by the sovereign for services rendered. a proportion of the energy and funds The future historian of the Turkish available may be drawn off into it; . Empire will have much to say of the but at the same time it adheres to its epoch-making work of three Chris- belief that the day-school and the Sun- tian educators, Cyrus Hamlin, Daniel day-school, the college and the church, Bliss, and George Vvashburn, all of must stand side by side, and that whom went Qut as missionaries of the neither can do its best work without American Board.

the assistance of the other. The in- the Levant. Dr. Greene, of Ceylon, fluence of the Doshisha in Japan and Dr. Parker, of Canton, and their sucof nearly ten college~ and higher cessors of the twentieth century have schools in the Turkish Empire testify done great things for the gospel to the soundness of this policy. through following in the footsteps of the Great Physician. The American Board has also believed in the value of industrial train- In the field of letters, too, the Amering. Its missions among the North ican Board has taken an honorable po- American Indians were largely in- sition. The late Dr. Hiram Bingham, dustrial, the Hawaiian Island mission whose devoted labors to give the Bible was designed to teach the people the and Christian literature to the Gilbertarts of civilization as well as the truth ese were continued to the very end, of Christianity. These objects were was but one of a long line of misattained only in part, but still the sionaries who have sought to reach American Board believes that indus- the heart through the eye. The press trial training has its place in seeking of the board at Malta, which was later to make the Christian community self- divided and is now represented by the reliant. In recent years it has not mission presses at Constantinople and gone into industrial work on a large Beirut, printed the Scriptures in all scale; but it has found it useful in con- the languages of the Levant. In the nectien with schools and orphanages, Marathi and Tamil Christian literaand for the training of the Christians ture the names of its missionaries apin habits of effective industry. pear. The Hawaiian language was reduced to writing by its workers, and Medical work has been another ave- to-day in the great work of Bible renue of approach which has been be- vision in North China the American lieved in from the earliest days. It Board is honored by representation was in 1819 that Dr. John Scudder, on each of the two committees. a practising physician of New York City, was sent as a missionary to Cey- Yet, after all, the American Board lon. He at once set to work to train has never lost sight of the fact that a native physician, who did not long its supreme work is spiritual, and into survive the completion of his training. the task of evangelizing the nations Dr. Peter Parker holds an honorable and developing strong native churches place in the history of medical mis- it has put and is putting to-day its sions in China, and the work which he best energies. Education of every began in Canton has continued until grade, medical and literary work, are to-day. The missionary physicians only means, never ends, and they are have not only tried themselves to re- used simply as a means of putting the lieve suffering and open hearts to the Christian impress upon men and nagospel by caring for diseased bodies, tions and raising up a native church but they have sought and are seeking and' Christian community which shall to train a body of native doctors to do be strong enough to stand by itself, the work for their own people. The direct its own affairs, and conduct an medical school at Beirut, the foster- aggressive campaign. The genius of child of the American Board, has sent the ecclesiastical polities in hich its its graduates all through Syria and missionaries have been trained is to

A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS

put the responsibility upon the Chris- tive church to a share in this respon- tians themselves. While the Amer- sibility. In a few instances in Turkey ican Board has had no monopoly of and in Japan, a further step has been the principles of self-support and self- taken and self-governing Christian or- direction, it has gone further in this ganizations have been subsidized by direction than many, if not most, of the mission. This policy has, on the the other similar organizations. In whole, been sticcessful, and with the fact, in one notable instance it went present nationalistic movements in the too far, and withdrew from the East the tendency is increasingly In Hawaiian Islands before the native this direction.

Christians were prepared to stand The policy of the missionaries of alone. In Japan, too, there have been the American Board on the field has times when the outlook has been dark, never been narrowly sectarian. Sec- and there are some missionaries to- retary Worcester, in his instructions day who believe that the policy of the to the first missionaries in 1812, said: American Board there is a good illus- "The Christian missionaries of every tration of how not to conduct mis- Protestant denomination, sent from sionary operations. When all due al- Europe to the East, you will regard lowance has been made for mistakes, as your brethren; the servants of the the American Board still believes the same Master, and engaged in the same results are their own best justification, work with yourselves. With them for the Kumi-ai body is generally ad- your only competition will be, who mitted to be second to no Christian shall display most of the spirit, and church in Japan to-day in self-reliance do most for the honor of Christ; with and aggressiveness. The relations be- . them you will be ready to cultivate tween the mission and the churches are the best understanding and constantly improving and the Ameri- with them you will cheerfully cooper- can Board is now asked by the J ap- ate, as far as consistently you can, in anese Christians to send out reenforce- any measure for the advancement of ments and open new stations in the the common cause," This was the closest cooperation with the Japanese theory; this was .also the practise, as churches. The Zulu Christians in witness the formation in Bombay in South Africa .and the Christians in 1825 of a missionary union and the the missions in Turkey illustrate the existence of intimate terms of friend- merits of a policy which trusts the ship and even of communion between Christians and calls upon them to the Ceylon missionaries and their Bap- take a large measure of responsibility. tist brethren. Such was the theory The general policy of mission boards and practise a hundred years ago; it has been to insist that the responsibil- is the theory and practise to-day. The ity for the administration of funds American Board missions seek the sent out from the United States must closest cooperation with their neigh- rest solely in the hands of the mission. bors. Its missionaries have been lead- This policy has been followed by the ers in forming the United Church of American Board during most of its South India. In the North China existence, but now the tendency is to Mission all the work of higher educa- go at least as far as admitting the na- tion is carried on jointly by three or

more missions. While individual mis- formidable rival. The new Turkey is sionaries may at times err, the mission indirectly the result of the transform- policy is never to interfere with others, ing influence of Christianity embodied but always to work in the closest har- in the Christian school and college, mony. the Christi ill Church, and the devoted lives of the Protestant Christians. The American Board has not over- looked its responsibility for nominal The American Board was born in Christians. Its present missions in prayer a century ago. Men of faith Mexico, Austria, and Spain are not and of works laid its foundations deep large, but they have been influential and strong. Hundredsand thousands in raising the tone of Christianity in of Christians have given money, the regions touched. Not only is energy, life itself to the development there a strong Protestant community, of the work. And now a new genera- but the Roman Catholic Church itself tion, thankful for the past, is facing has felt the competition of the lofty the future with confidence, and its morality and pure gospel of the mis- leaders are resolving to signalize their sionary, and has had to cleanse itself. entrance into a new century by a for- The educational work for girls in ward movement which shall seek the Madrid has done much for the women speedy Christianization of the 75,000,- of Spain, while from the mission in 000 men, women, and children who Austria have come some of the ablest constitute the field of the American workers among the Slavic population Board of Commissioners for Foreign of the United States. Missions.

The great Moslem world, centering PRESENT WORK OF THE BOARD in Constantinople, early attracted at- tention, but it was found at once that In view of the pressing needs of the little could be do~e for the Moslem di- Board and the importance of an ade- rectly so long as he was face to face quate financial policy of advancement, with a formal, dead, or corrupt Chris- it is well to notice the extent of the tianity, which was often inferior to Board's work at the present time, to- Islam itself. Hence the great work gether with the cost. for the Christian populations in the Turkish Empire and Persia. There The receipts of the Board in 1908- was no intention of organizing a Prot- estant church, but this step was forced 1909 were $953,573.69, including lega- upon the mission by the Eastern cies and income from invested funds. Churches and the government. So Deducting what was paid upon the successful has this work been in leav- debt of preceding years we have $894,- ening these older Christian bodies, 275.83, as the amount disbursed dur- that it is possible that the time will ing the year. This sum was made to come-and sooner than we expect- when the Protestant churches can be cover: merged back into the older organiza- tion and. the combined Christian The salaries of 581 missionaries. . forces can make·a united attack upon the very citadel ofChristianity:'s most The outfits of missionaries newly ap- pointed. The traveling expenses of missionaries going to their lields or returning.

Touring expenses of missionaries on the field. .

Grants for missionaries retired on ac- count of old age or physical infirmity.

The conduct of fifteen colleges.

The conduct of fifteen theological sem- inaries and training schools.

The conduct of 144 high. schools:

A MILESTONE IN AMERICAN FOREIGN MISSIONS

The conduct of 1,309 common. schools India and Southeastern Asia-Continued (70,979 pupils in attendance). Siam ………………………… 1831·1849 Singapore …. '" …………….• 1834-1843 The employment of such of our 4,564 Sumatra ………•….. , •…•.••..• 1834·1836 native workers as are not supported by llomeo ………………………. 1836·1849 native churches. Java ………………………… 1836·1838 The cOllduct of our 71 hospitals alld dis- ChillQpensaries, treating over 300,000 cases. South China (Canton, Hongkong) …. 1829·1866 1883· The conduct of our printing presses and Foochow ………..•.•.••….••••• 1847publication plants which issued millions of North China …………………. . 1854· pages of literature in 27 languages. Shansi ….•.•..•••.••…•..••.•.•• 1882· Amoy .••.•..•…•.•••••….••.•.•• 1~"2-1857 The conduct of our extensive industrial work. Japan ………………………… . 1869· Africa- The administration expenses of the Board, including salaries of officers, clerks, West Central ……………….. .. 1880· ctc., 'expenses of missionaries and speakers South Africa. Zulu (Natal) ..•..•.•• 1835. visiting the c1ll1rches, office expenses at BostOIl, New York, Chicago, and Berkeley, Rhodesia (formerly East Coast) … 1883magazines and Ie'aflets for in forming the West Africa (Cape I'almas) …….. . 18H·1843 churches-cycrything which properly be- Gaboon …………………….. . 184.H870 longs in this class of expenditures. Pacific lslands- With such an extensive missionary .Micronesia •……• ~. •. . . . . . . . . . . .• 1852· plant in operation, every increase ill Philippines …..•..•……..•..•… 1902· receipts adds materially to the work. Hawaiian Islands •….•…•.•.••.•• 1820·1870 The increase of the $I 50,000 contem- RomaH Catholic Cotl1ltries- Italy ………………………… 1872-1874 plated under the Apportionment Plan Spain ……………………….. 1812· would at least double the effectiveness Austria .•..•••••……•..•..•.•.••• 1872· of missionaries, so great are the op- Mexico .•……….••.•….••••••.. 1872· portunities under present conditions. South America ………………… 1823-1825 The receipt of the sums called for would so increase the fruitfulness of N orl It A mericaJJ I ndiaftsthe work in extending Christianity as Abenaquis ……………………. 1835-1858 to make a mathematical statement im- New York Indians ..•……..•.••..• 1822-1870 practicable. Indians £11 Southeastern States- Cherokees ………………….. 1817·1838 By the division of the world field Choctaws …………………… 1818·1833 among the different denominations, Chickasaws •….•..•..•••……•• 1827·1835 75,000,000 persons are assigned as the Creeks …..•..•……..•..••…. 1832-1837 special responsibility of the Congrega- Lo«'er MississiJ'pi Vallcytionalists of America. Cherokees in Arkansas .•..•..•..• 1830-1860 Choctaws in Arkansas ..•……..• 1832-1859 MISSIONS OF THE AMERICAN BOARD Osages ….•……..• _.•….. , . .• 1826-1837 Utter Mississippi Valley- With Dates When the Work Was Begun Pawnees …………………… 1834-1847 Green Bay (Stockbridge) ..•.•••••• 1828-1848 or Taken Over and When it Was Ojiuways …………………… 1831·1870 Ncar Great Lakcs- Closed or Transferred to Other Maumee …………………… 1826-1835 Mackinaw ………………….. 1827·1837 Societies Sioux or Dakota ………… __ ….. 1835-1883 Oregon 1lissioll ..••••.•..•••••.•••• 1835-1852 (The titles of the missions are the final ones, and a mission is said tn have begun when wcrk Statistics of American Boarcl is started in any station belonging to that mission.) ,810-[909 190<) LC'4'ont and l¥c.stct'Jt Asia- European Turkey .•…..•••.•.••••• 1858- Missionaries ..•.•••••.••••.•••••.• 2,572 SSl Western Turkey ('Vestern and North- ern Asia Minor) …………….. 1820- Men ………………………. 1,000 202 Central Turkey (Southeastem Asia Ordained men ……••… , ..•. ~ 762 ••• Minor) …………………….. 1847- Eastern Turkey (Armenia and :Meso· Incillding physicians. .••.•. •• 38 10 potamia) …………………… 1860- Sl~i~ (and Palestine) ………….. 1823·1870 Unordained physicians……. . • 75 22 IOlsla ………………………… 1833-1870 U nordained teachers or business Greece ………………………. 1830·1869 agents…. … …….. … .. 163 12 Mediterranean Islands .•.••.•••••••. 1819-1833 Women …………………….. 1,572 379 I1tdia aud Soutlieastern Asia- lIlarathi, India (Bombay Pl'esidency) •• 1813- Wives.. … . .. .••. .. •••.••••. • 969 185 :/'ladura, India ………………… 1834- Arcot (and Madras) …………… 1836·1857 Unmarried……………….. 603 'Ceylon ….. _" … .. . .. … .. . .. …. 1816- l'hysicians (already included in totals) …. ……….. ……. 14 Receipts- 1810-1909; $39,527,427.29; 1909, $947,163.25 1909 Native Churches ………………….. 584 Members ………………………. 73,611 Contributions, more than ……••..••.•$260,000 Accessiolls-18l0-1909, more than 205,000 5,914 Native workers…………………….. 4.564 Schools ………………………….. 1,483 Scholars ……………………….. 70,979 Theological seminaries …………….. 1S Students, more than •…..•..•.. , " • • 200 Colleges ., ………………….. •.•• ,11 Students in college classes. more than 1,700 Students in preparatory classes. more than …….. …….. …… …• 2,700 Hospitals ..•…..••••.•….•..••.•••••• 28 In·patients, more than……………… 9,300 Operations, more than ………….. "" • 9;200 Dispensaries ………… , …… , … ,'''', 37 Out.patients. more than ……………. 151,000

A FORERUNNER OF

SIR HENRY M.. STANLEY, AND HIS CAREER * EDITORIAL The appearance of this distin- neither the wisdom to read child naguished explorer's life story, two- ture nor the tact to guide it, nor the thirds of which are from his own pen, love to feed it. He passed nine years and the other third largely compiled of misery, under a schoolmaster as from his own writings, has already brutal in temper as he was stupid in corrected many false estimates of the mind, who became more and more author and will surprize not a few savage and ended his days in a madwho have had no adequate conception house. It is charity to suppose he was of the real greatness of this man whose long before this practically insane. original name was John Rowlands. Matters came to an issue when a cruelly unjust flogging of an entire This career of sixty-three years class for a trifling offense where the (1841-1904) was one of the most re- guilty party could not be traced, led markable which modern history fur- this lad to rebel against the master, nishes. It was what we call "check- thrash him with his own blackthorn ered," only that there are more black and then flee from the place. squares than white. The titles of the first twelve chapters sufficiently indi- He had the natural experience of a cate the singular variety of his early homeless, friendless waif who had experiences: "The Workhouse," never known human love or friendly "Adrift," "At Sea," "At Work," "I sympathy, finally finding refuge with Find a Father," "Adrift Again," some relatives, but no real home and "Soldiering," "Shiloh," "Prisoner of no proper training either mental or War," "Journalism," "West and moral, until, like many another hap- East," "A Roving Commission." The lcss wight, he drifted out to sea, shipthirteenth chapter, "The Finding of ping nominally as a cabin-boy, but Livingstone," is the middle chapter really as a slave to a harder master and appropriately, for it marks the than the workhouse overseer. On artrue life-center and pivotal turning- rival at New Orleans, he left ship and point. pay behind, and, once more, for the sake of liberty dared all minor risks, Few who have not read this fas- and started in a strange land and city, cinating life-story know that Stanley penniless and homeless and friendless. began in a Welsh workhouse. His father died shortly after he was born, Wandering about, in search of work, and at six years of age he found him- he met a gentleman of middle age self an inmate of the St. Asaph Union with a genial face, indicating both in- Workhouse, about which the less said telligence and sympathy, to whom he perhaps the better. It was one of those ventured to put the question: "Do asylums that are places of imprison- you want a boy, sir?" It was Mr. ment and torture under the guise of Stanley, who subsequently became to philanthropy-to the young a rack, to him in more senses than one a true the aged a tomb. There he met harsh father, not only adopting him as a son, treatment from an overseer who had but with singular tact, wisdom and • The autobiography of Henry M. Stanley, edited by his wife, published by Houghton, Mifflin Com· pany, Boston and New York. love molding his character. How sight of him for a time, their acquaint- much providentially depends upon ance was renewed, he said to him one what to us is a chance! Mr. and Mrs. day, with no little tenderness of emo- Stanley were childless, and had long tion, "Henceforth J'our future shall be yearned for a boy, and this lad's first my charge t" And what he said he question had startled him-"a boy" made good. Meanwhile his wife had was just what he did want; and God so guided that, not long after, he found HENRY MORTOI'i STANLEY a son in John Rowlands, and gave him a new name, Henry 11orton Stanley. died, and now the wealth of a generous nature was lavished on this boy who One of the steps in this romantic had never known father's or mother's story we must not pass by, for it has love. He took him to his heart, too much significance. The poor boy studied his nature and needs, coun- at St. Asaph's had not learned much seled him, corrected him, guided his that was gooel, but he had got some mind, tamed his temper, trained his knowledge of God's Word, and Bishop judgment. He became a boy again Short had given him a Bible, inscribed for the boy's sake. And tho unwith his name, and testifying to the happily he and Henry later were lad's "diligent application to his parted and never met ag-din, those studies and general good conduct." months of intimate fellowship left an Mr. Stanley saw that Bible sticking indelible mark on the character of the out of his pocket and, opening it, read adopted son. As Stanley himself says, the certificate which unconsciously dis- "The golden period of my life began posed him to befriend the needy boy, from that supreme moment-the moand ultimately to adopt him; It would be pleasant to linger over this part of the history, for it bristles with charming suggestions. Mrs. Stanley was almost an ideal woman, in her combination of refinement and gentleness. Every inch a lady, she was better than a lady, a woman and by instinct a mother; even her occasional contact with John Rowlands, before he became Henry Stanley, was enough to helmet him against the darts of temptation, and inspire him with high aims. She kindled in him faith, hope and love, all at once, and he never lost the talismanic power of that contact. As to Mr. Stanley, we have never seen an illustration of equal pertinency and power, of the Bible concept:on of adoption, than is found in his whole treatment of this strange boy of sixteen. When, after losing

ment when Mr. Stanley took him into scraps of information and gathering his arms as his son, and said to him, such treasures as are only found in "YOtt are to bear my name-Henry such varied experiences, all fitted him Stanley!" as Providence knows how in its pe- How, after this, Stanley again be- culiar school for the unique future came adrift, and ultimately a Con- that awaited him.

federate soldier, prisoner of war, jour- His expedition to find Livingstone nalistic correspondent and extensive was to be kept secret, and he went by traveler, must be left to this auto- a round-about course, arriving at Zan- biography to disclose. We are more zibar, January 6, 1871, and starting concerned with that second "golden for the interior, feeling his way by period" which began when, in October, such indications as only sagacious in- 1869, at twenty-eight years of age, he stinct could recognize. He had used received from Mr. Bennett of the New the time at sea, en route to the Af- York Herald that carte blallche-a rican coast to learn to take astro- commission, at any cost, to find Liv- nomical observations and train himself ingstone! Here Stanley'S real life as a surveyor. November IO, 1871, work found its ttue beginning-and found him at Ujiji, near Lake Tan- at last its goal. ganyika, where he grasped the hand Curiously, that same year, 1841, of the Scotch hero, of whom for three when Livingstone first trod Africa's years no certain word had reached the soil, John Rowlands first breathed the outside world. Twenty-three times breath of life in Wales-one of the Stanley had been prostrated with fe- striking coincidences of history: while ver, but he felt repaid when, on De- the cotton-spinner of Blantyre was en cember 27th, the travelers set out to- rOllte to the Cape, an infant boy at gether for Unyanyembe; and more es- Denbigh was just embarking on life's pecially when, on March 14, 1872, unknown sea, destined to be the suc- they parted, having been four months cessor of Livingstone in exploring the and four days together.

Dark Continent. How little Mr. Stan- On May 4, 1873, Livingstone was ley when he gave him his name fore- found by Susi, at four o'clock in the saw the luster he would reflect upon morning, in the little grass hut, kneel- it. This waif of humanity, after en- ing at the bedside, his head buried in listing under the Confederate flag, his hands on the pillow; the candle drifts into the Union ranks, until in still burned, but the candle of life that 1865, when, acting as secretary for an had shed its rays so far over benighted admiral, he swam, under fire, to fasten Africa had gone out. The next year, a hawser to a rebel vessel, and was April 18th, Mr. Stanley led the body promoted for heroism. His mixed ex- of pall-bearers, as they deposited in periences as a press-representative, the tomb in the nave of Westminster then in a guerrilla warfare against the Abbey, the body of the man to whom North American Indians, and then as he owed more than to any other llU- companion to the British expedition man being.

into Abyssinia, thus on land and And now he who, at Unyanyembe, sea, in army and navy, camp and cam- had sorrowfully parted with Living- paign, tent and vessel, picking up stone, by that open grave in Westmin-

A FORERUNNER OF MISSIONARIES

ster, resolved to take up and finish sion was accomplished. He had per- the work the great missionary had left formed the stupendous feat of opening undone. And so a new chapter opened up the Kongo basin, with its more in Stanley's African experiences. On than 5,000 miles of navigable waters, August 5, he left England, and on No- its 43,000,000 of people, its vast area, vember 12-three years almost to a drained by various streams; and in day from the time he first grasped February, 1885, the Kongo Free State Livingstone's hand-he left Zanzibar was erected and recognized as such. again for the unknown interior. At Uganda he met Mtesa, whose war- January 20, 1887, Stanley begins a riors he estimated at a quarter of a new chapter, and again Africa is the million. While at his court he trans- theater of his action. He departs from lated the Gospel according to Luke, London for the relief of Emin Pasha. and actually wrote a brief analysis of February 25th, he once more left Zan- Bible history in Kiswaheli for the zibar, and, going by the Kongo's monarch's use. Mtesa profest adher- mouth, reached Leopoldville, April ence to the Bible instead of the Koran, 21st. A ye.ar later, April 29th, just and invited to his capital Christian fifteen years from the last day of Liv- teachers. Stanley then wrote a letter, ingstone's travels, he met Emin Pasha published in the Daily Telegraph, at Kavalli, and December 6, 1889, urging that missionaries should be emerged from Darkest Africa once . sent; and so he began, in another more at Zanzibar. sense, to follow in the steps of the grand Scotchman. The Church Mis- From that day honors were shower- sionary Society sent men to Uganda, ed thick as autumn leaves on Stanley's who, in 1877 began to labor. That head. The reception given him, May letter of Stanley's had a strange his- 5, 1890, at Albert Hall, in London, tory. It was given to Linant de Bel- when 7,000 people were present, was fonds, one of the officers of Gordon one of the most brilliant assemblages Pasha. When he was killed by the of ali modern history. Then, on July Baris, the letter was found in his boot 12th, in the great Abbey, he led to the and forwarded by Gordon Pasha. marriage altar his accomplished bride, Miss Dorothy Tennant; and since, in After a journey of 7,OClCl miles, con- her jubilee year, the Queen was there, suming 999 days, Stanley reached Westminster has had no such gather- Banana point, August 9, 1877. In ing. Had it been a royal ceremony, January, 1879, he was again en ,'oute the interest could scarcely have been to the Dark Continent, at the head of more intense or the throng more dense. the expedition, organized by King The long, crimson carpet broke its Leopold, of Belgium, and reached the lines only over the slab which in the Kongo's estuary, August 14, 1879; aisle bore the name of LIVINGSTONE. Leopoldville station was built in April, Two magnificent floral wreaths, one 1882. Compelled by illness to return from the officers of the relief expedi- for a time to Europe, he came back to tion, and another from Mr. Stanley, the Kongo toward the end of the same were laid on the sides of the pros- year; and in August, 1884, reported trate tablet, and when the bride moved to the King of Belgium that his mis- up the aisle she gracefully laid still another tribute upon the marble me-

morial, bearing, in flowers, the words, anxiety for my white and black com- "In memoriam, DAVID LIVINGSTONE- panions, whose fate was a mystery. H. 'M. STANLEY." In this physical and mental distress, I besought God to give me back my peo- Thus in outline we have traced the ple. Kine hours later we were extwin story of these strangely-linked ulting with a rapturous joy. In full lives. Mr. Stanley himself said that, view of all was the crimson flag with to the four months and four days that the crescent, and beneath its folds was he spent with Livingstone in Africa the long-lost rear column." he owed the greatest impulse of his later life, and especially his final at- And now he whose previous reserve titude toward Christianity, Living- upon such matters had seemed to bear stone thus found himself suddenly a special seal of silence has made this, thrown into the society of a stranger his latest confession: and there is no evidence that during all those months he ever directly con- "Many forms of belief and curious versed with Stanley as to his spiritual ideas respecting the great mystery of interests; but by his character he com- our being and creation have been sugmended the religio'n of his Master. gested to me during my life and its His uncompromising loyalty to Christ, wanderings; but after weighing each his unobtrusive conscientiousness, 'his and attempting to understand what unselfishness, considerateness, conse- must be unsearchable, my greatest cration-aIl this imprest Stanley as no comfort has been in peacefully resting words had ever done; and, when he firm in the faith of my sires. For all parted from his new friend, he was the human glory that surrounds the constrained to admit, somewhat as memory of Darwin and his wise com- Pilate, of a far greater, "1 find no peers throughout advanced Europe, I fault in this man!n would not abate a jot or tittle of my belief in the Supreme God and that From that day Mr. Stanley led a divine Man called His Son." lif~ that runs strangely in sympathy with that which had its spring in Space alone compels us to halt as Blantyre. When Sir William YIackin- we pursue this fascinating story. We non asked the pleasure of presenting have had space only to glance at this him with some token of friendship to book, with its 500 pages, itself a carry with him to Africa, Stanley re- greater feat than his march in Equaplied, "Give me a Bible," and he took toria. Mr. Stanley's noble tributes to it and read it thrice through. After- the heroism and success of Christian ward, in Darkest Africa, constrained at missions present a marked contrast to the darkest hour humbly to confess some modern critics who ought to have that, without God's help, he was hope- been in better business, We have less, he says: sought to put side by side two lives whose unique parallelism demands a "I vowed a vow in the forest soli- permanent memorial and suggests lestudes that I would confess His aid sons of lasting value, before men. Silence, as of death, was TOund about me. It was midnight; I We note one marked contrast. As was weakened by illness, had been this great successor followed the misprostrated by fatigue, and wan with sionary explorer, he strewed his path with the blood of the slain. Living-

AMONG THE LEPERS OF SIAM

stone had trodden those same paths band will go far to correct wide-spread without even a pocket pistol for per- misapprehensions and misjudgments sonal protection from wild beasts; his as to his real character and motives. great weapon of defense was a mag- To many, even yet, he was only at nanimous Love that forgave even the best "Bula Matari," as the natives injuries it could not prevent. When called him-"breaker of rocks." To we read years ago of the demijohns her, he was gentle, tender, unselfish, of strong drink which Stanley, in his "winner of hearts." And we crave a former passage across the Dark Con- wide reading of this life story not only tinent, distributed to those sable sons for its own sake as one of the foreof her soil whom he employed in build- most books of our day, but for truth's ing his stations, we deplored any such sake and justice's sake, that the mists catering to the appetite for intoxicants, of prejudice and the darker clouds of and recalled that letter, the first writ- aspersion that have obscured and ten in English by a Kongo native, and shadowed his career may be cleared addrest to the Archbishop of Can- away, and his true position and merit terbury: be recognized. It is one of the sad but irrevocable blunders of history ((Great and Good Chief of the Tribe that his remains were refused a rest- of Christ, Greeting: ing-place beside the dust of him whom he recovered to the world's knowl- "The humblest of your servants edge; but we believe that in the kisses the hem of your garment, and greater "Westminster" of the future, begs you to send to his fellow serv- the true Temple of Fame, he will be ants more gospel and less rum. accorded a memorial which no preju- dice can tarnish and no malice re- "In the bonds of Christ, move!

"UGALLA."

Lady Stanley's tribute to her hus- AMONG THE LEPERS OF SIAM BY J. w. MC KEAN, M.D., CHENG MAl, SIAM 11issionary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions Of all the diseases that have afflicted physicians during all the ages, it is human kind since history began, none only within recent years that its true has a more remote antiquity than lep- cause has been brought to light. One rosy, none has a wider distribution wr;ter has remarked that, "There is over the habitable globe, being found hardly anything on earth or between alike in the ice-bound regions of Si- earth and heaven that has not at one beria and Kamchatka and under the time or another been assigned as the tropic skies of India and Siam, none cause of leprosy." The influences of has a more dreaded and dreadful ef- climate, of bad food and bad hygienic fect upon the sufferer and none has so conditions; of certain articles of diet, successfully baffled the efforts of med- such as dried fish; the lack of salt in ical science to effect a cure. food-these and many others less Altho this disease is one of great probable have been regarded as the antiquity and has been known by call~es of the disease.

It remained for Amaurer Hansen, One form is called the tubercular, or in 1871, to discover its true cause; moist, or nodular form, the average namely, the bacillus leprae. Since duration of life being fr0111 nine to which time it has been most diligently twelve years. The appearance of studied by many competent observers those having this form is 1110st repul- in many lands, and its characteristics sive. The second is termed the an- ::l,re well known, One of these is its esthetic, or dry, or mutilating form.

remarkable similarity to the bacillus These patients live on an average from of tuberculosis. This bacillus lcprae fifteen to twenty years. In 1110st cases, has hitherto been seen only in leprosy, however, the two forms of the dis- and is found in all forms of the dis- ease are combined in the same indi- ease, but has never been discovered in vidual.

any other disease. Another very re- 'While leprosy is incurable, it is pre- markable characteristic is that, altho ventable; isolation will assuredly pre- diligent search has been made for it vent its spread. We have a marked· in many places, it has never been found instance of the effectiveness of segre- outside the human body; and more re- gation in the history of leprosy in Eu- markable still, it will not attack any rope. At the close of the thirteenth oth~r animal; so that, so far as we century it prevailed to an alarming ex- know, man is the only member of the tent, the Crusades and increased com- animal kingdom susceptible to leprosy. merce with the East contributing much In 1887, at Berlin, there was held thereto; indeed, so C01111110n was it a conference of leprologists, which during the Middle Ages, that the was presided over by the noted Pro- rulers and clergy of nearly all Eu- fessor Virchow. The conclusions of ropean states, alarmed at its rapid ex- this body of experts, after the lapse of tension and terrible ravages, took more than twenty years, still repre- measures to restrict what was becom- sents the opinion of the great majority ing a general calamity. Leper asylums of medical authorities on the subject were established everywhere, so that, of leprosy. being segregated in these, the leper 1. The disease is com111unicated by was prevented from contact with the bacillus lcprae, but its conditions others. "These measures, based on of life and methods of enterin'g the what we now know to be a correct ap- human organism are unknown. Prob- preciation of the contagious nature of ably it obtains entrance through the the disease, were crowned with almost mouth or mucous membrane. complete success, and leprosy prac- 2. It is certain that mankind alone tically disappeared from Europe with- of all the animal kingdom is able to in the course of the next century."

harbor this bacillus. "In all the long procession of the 3. Leprosy is contagious, but not ages there is no more truly tragic hereditary. figure than that of the Jeper. Moved 4. The disease has hitherto resisted both by traditional association and by all efforts of cure. natural horror, men have shrunk from There are two forms of manifesta- him as a creature cut off from all the tion of this disease, both due, how- interests of humanity. His cup is full ever, to the same specific bacillus. to the brim with bitterness, and in-

AMONG THE LEPERS OF

SOME LEPERS OF SIAM cludes in it every ingredient of sor- wandering about begging in public row." places and in private dooryards. Ow- ing to stiffening and contraction of the Disease both loathsome and life- muscles, loss of fingers and toes and long; expulsion alike from home and other deformities of various kinds, city; forfeiture of social and legal they are wholly unable to earn a liverights-all these, together with the lihood, and their only means of subconsciousness that he is an outcast sistence is begging. To the honor of and that life holds for him no hope, Siam be it said that beggary is not combine to make the lot of the leper common, being confined almost enthe very embodiment of misery and tirely to the lepers. Their food is despair. Indeed, the very word has scant in amount, their clothing conbecome the synonym for all that is sistsof rags. The normal resisting foul and repulsive. powers of the body being much re- duced by disease, they suffer ex- Siam, like all Oriental lands, has tremely from cold. During all the her full quota of this unfortunate months of the cool season, probably class. In the absence of a census, not one of these sufferers passes a their number is not known, but it is warm or comfortable night. certain to reach many thousands. During the early stages of the dis- Lepers also suffer extremely from ease, the leper is allowed to remain in mental depression, due not only to the his village; usually, however, living effects of the disease, but particularly apart from his family. But, as the dis- to the consciousness of the hopeless ease progresses, the neighbors become character of their malady. The conconcerned. Adverse public opinion stant fear that the day will soon come constrains his friends to shield him no when he no longer will be able to hoblonger, and he is forced to take up the ble from door to door in quest of food homeless, hopeless life of a wandering and must lie down to die of starvation beggar. The Government makes no hangs over the leper like a pall of provision for lepers, save that they are midnight darkness. His hut is unfreed from the necessity of paying speakably poor and mean. Indeed, poll-tax. Feeble attempts at segrega- most of them do not even have a hut tion have not prevented them from

MISSIONARIES DISTRIBUTING CLOTHING TO THE LEPERS OF SIAM to call their own, sleeping in the open This tract of land comprizes 160 where night overtakes them. All in acres, being half of an island in the all their lot is most pitiable; cast out river a few miles below the city of by all men, forsaken, despised and un- Chiengmai. For many years this land clean; hated and feared, and, accord- was the playground of the Governor's ing to Buddhist teaching, without a pet elephant. In spite of the fact that spark of merit, or hope of a better he was the "Good Luck" elephant of future. According to Buddhist be- the Governor, he was a most wilful lief, they are suffering for sins com- and vicious creature. He knew no mitted in a previous state of existence, restraint. If hungry for rice he would and Buddhism can not ever be expect- tear down the granary and help himed to offer them relief. Such relief self; he even demolished the native must come from us who enjoy the houses near by to get the baskets of blessings of health and home and a rice that he knew were there. Unable Christian civilization. longer to endure such raids, the peo- ple fled from the island, leaving the To the thousands of lepers in Siam elephant in possession. Upon the no helping hand has hitherto been death of the elephant, we petitioned stretched out in the way of permanent the Governor for the land, and it is aid, and it is now proposed to estab- now to be devoted to a better purpose. lish an asylum for these needy suf- It is an ideal plot, a good proportion ferers. being suitable for rice-planting, while other portions furnish excellent gar- The Governor of Chiengmai has den plots and building sites. given a tract of land for the purposes The object of a leper asylum is to of .a leper asylum. His gift has been provide for these outcasts a home, confirmed by royal authority in Bangkok.

with the comforts of good food and concomitants of Christianity which the clothing, warmth and shelter, all of American missionary has brought her. which they now lack. Such provision Schools, hospitals, Western medicine, lightens their physical distress, relieves vaccination, and the like are not only their mental depression, which is so welcomed by the people, but are being constant a factor in their suffering, fostered by the Siamese Government, and brings a measure of good cheer and put within the reach of .all the into their hopeless lives. people. It is known to all that these material benefits have come to Siam For more than thirty years the Mis- with the advent of the missionary, and sion to Lepers in India and the East they have very greatly commended has been carrying on work among Christianity to the nation. And we lepers in the Orient, and experience have a right to hope that once the shows that not only do they succeed practical benefits of an asylum are in relieving much suffering, but that seen by the Siamese, the Government a very large proportion of these peo- will take up segregation of the leper ple, to whom the gospel could not be on its own account and Siam may yet preached without the provisions of an be the first of Oriental nations to rid asylum, become Christians of un- herself of the scourge. doubted sincerity. To establish a leper asylum, where Such a work in Siam, while long these outcasts may find comfort of needed, seems particularly opportune body and mind, will be an act of at present. Siam has readily, if not Christian philanthropy which will very eagerly, appropriated many of the A MISSION CHAPEL FOR LEPERS IN NORTHERN SIAM

greatly enhance the favorable opinion, "And behold there came a leper benow held by prince and people alike, seeching him and kneeling down to of the great value of the religion of him and saying unto him, if thou wilt Jesus; so that this project commends thou canst make me clean. And Jesus itself, not only because of the imme- moved with compassion put forth his diate relief it will give to God's suf- hand and touched him and saith unto fering children, but particularly be- him, I will be thou clean." cause it will make for the speedy coming of the Kingdom to all Siam. "For I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty and ye Two thousand dollars will build a gave me drink: I was a stranger and brick cottage which will house in com- ye took me in: naked, and ye clothed fort twenty leper men or twenty leper me: I was sick and ye visited me: I women. One hundred dollars will en- was in prison, and ye came unto me. dow a room in such a cottage. And the King shall answer and say Twenty-five dollars will provide the unto them, Verily I say unto you, inentire support of an adult leper for asmuch as ye have done it unto one one year. Twenty dollars will sup- of the least of these my brethren, ye port an untainted child for one year. have done it unto me."

KO THAH BYU, THE KAREN APOSTLE BY BELLE M. BRAIN, DETROIT, MICHIClAN Ko Thah Byu, the Karen evangelist he had murdered, either as principal whose pioneer work among his coun- or accessory," says one of the mistrymen in Burma won for him the sionaries, "he did not exactly know title "Karen Apostle," was one of the himself; more than thirty, without most notable converts ever won on the doubt, according to his own confesmission field. Never was apostle made sion." of less promising material; never did the grace of God effect a greater The Karens were at that time a transformation. rude, untaught people scattered wide- ly through the jungles of Burma and Ko Thah Byu was born about the adjacent parts of Siam, yet entirely year 1778, in the little village of 00- distinct from the Bunnans, who detwau, four days' journey north of spised and misused them. To escape Bassein. For a full half-century he from oppression, they planted their spent his life in the service of the devil. little villages in the most retpote and As he himself says, he was a wicked, inaccessible places, and rarely came ungovernable boy, with a diabolical among the Burmans unless compelled temper that proved a curse to him to do so. After Judson's arrival in throughout his life. Even after his Rangoon, he occasionally noticed parconversion he had to spend long hours ties of these strange, wild-looking in prayer for strength to overcome it. men, with scant clothing, filthy bodies and long, matted hair, straggling past of At the age fifteen he left home his house. On inquiry he was told that they were Karens and were as and soon became a murderer and robber. "How many of his fellow men

THAH BYU, THE KAREN

untamable as the wild cows of the of the war, in the spring of 1826, mountains. when the mission was removed from , Tho very degraded, the Karens Rangoon to Amherst, in territory were not idolaters, their only form ceded to the British, Ko Shway Bay, of worship consisting of the pro- pitiation of the nats, or evil spirits.

They had a vague knowledge of God, but believed that on account of sin, He had withdrawn Himself from them. Yet they cherished a hope that this would not always be so. Trans- mitted from age to age, through un- written, poetic legends, were' strange prophecies of white strangers who would come across the sea, bringing to them the "words of God," and re- storing them to His favor-prophecies that were almost literally fulfilled by the coming of the missionaries, and led the people to welcome the mes- sage they brought.

Such were Ko Thah Byu's people, HEV. ADONIRAM JUDSON, D.D. to whom, like John the Baptist of old, he became the forerunner of Christ in Born August 9. 1788; died April 12. 1850. the wilderness. Copied from a celebrated oil'painting made in 1845 and now in possession of the American Baptist The first seeds of gospel truth seem Mission Society (formerly A. B. M. U.), Boston.

to have been sown in the heart of Ko with his family and Ko Thah Byu, ac- Thah Byu by the Rev. George H. companied the J udsons thither.

Hough, with whom, in some way, he But Ko Thah Byu's unfortunate came in contact in Rangoon, and for temper rendered him a most unwel- whom he ever cherished the deepest come addition to the Christian home affection. In after years in Tavoy, of his new master. So rude and pas- the name of "Teacher Hough," fre- sionate was he, that in the summer of quently found a place in his public r827, tho he showed much. interest petitions. in the new religion, Ko Shway Bay The next step in Ko Thah Byu's re- felt compelled to send him away. But demption was his purchase, during the Judson was so anxious to continue his first Burman war, by Ko Shway Bay, instruction that he agreed to pay his a Burman convert who had become in- debt if his colleagues, Mr. and Mrs.

terested in the Karens through Jud- Wade, with whom he had made his son. Finding the poor man in home since the death of Mrs. Jud- bondage to a Burman master on ac- son, would find employment for him.

count of a small debt of ten or twelve As they gladly consented to this, Ko rupees, Ko Shway Bay paid the Thah Byu soon came to live beside amount, and according to Burman them in the mission compound.

law, became his owner. At the close Here, as elsewhere, his violent tem-

per caused no little trouble, but the exceedingly dark and ignorant, has begun missionaries were very patient, and to discern the excellence of the religion ere 'long were rewarded by the in- of Christcreased interest he took in spiritual things, But his progress was slow, Early the next year (1828) Ko for his mind was very dark, and again Thah Byu showed such true signs of and again violent outbreaks of tem- saving faith in Christ that the misper cast him down and discouraged sionaries were disposed to grant his request when he asked for baptism, A KAREN V1LLACE IN BPRMA him from praying. Nevertheless he But the little Burman church, having made progress, and on December 31, had less opportunity to witness the 1827, after the mission had been trans- change, refused to grant him admisferred to Maulmein, Judson wrote as sion, declaring that until he gained follows: complete mastery over his temper they could not believe him a true child of One of our hopeful inquirers is Moung God. Notwithstanding this rebuff, he Thah-pyoo,* a Karen by nation, imper- patiently bided their time, and less fectly acquainted with the Burman lan- than three months later was received guage, an,d possest of very ordinary abili- by a cordial vote of all the members. ties, He has been about us several But on the date set for his baptism, months, and we hope that his mind, tho March 30, 1828, Ko Thah Byu was far away. The day before he had • Ko Thah Byu, Mou,,"g and Ko are Burman sailed for Tavoy with the Rev. George titles of respect given to men at different periods of life, and pyoo was an early rendering of Byu.

KO THAH BYU, THE KAREN

Dana Boardman, who had been sent fifty years of age, he made remark- there to open up a new station. able progress in Christian knowledge and faith, and through the power of During the previous year, a Karen the Spirit was able to accomplish a family with three orphan relatives, a very great work. It is estimated that young woman and her two little brothers, had made their appearance '. in Maulmein. So poverty-stricken were they that the missionaries found G~ORGE DANA :BOARDMAN them a place to stay and took the three orphans into their schools. The Bom, February 8, 1801; died, February II, 1831 young woman was very ignorant and very degraded, but she made such he won more than a thousand Karens rapid progress and showed such a to Christ. teachable spirit, that Ko Thah Byu made her his wife. She was baptized Immediately after his baptism he in less than a year after he was set out from Tavoy to carry the mes- (March 20, 1829) and became a most sage of salvation to the Karen settleearnest Christian. ments in the Tenasserim valley be- yond the eastern mountains. But the When Mr. Boardman was asked to rainy season had set in, and the rains open the new station at Tavoy, he de- were so heavy and the streams so cided to take some of his Maulmein swollen that after a few days he was school-boys with him, among them obliged to turn back. But on the way the two little brothers of Ko Thah he turned aside to visit a little settle- Byu's wife. But they refused to ment of Karens on Khat Creek, a leave their sister and she was un- short day's journey from Tavoy. willing to let them go so far from her. Here he won his first convert, Moung It was therefore arranged that Ko Khway, a brother of the chief of the Thah Byu should accompany Mr. village, who accompanied him to Boardman and take them all with Tavoy to see the White Teacher. This him.

One of Mr. Boardman's first acts, after reaching Tavoy, was the longdeferred baptism of this first Karen convert, which took place early in the morning of May 16, r828, in a little pool near the city, now called Lake Ko Thah Byu. As this event marked the beginning of the wonderful work among the Karens, the date is a notable one in the history of missIOns.

The change in Ko Thah· Byu was very great. He who had once ruthlessly destroyed life, now went forth to give life and teach men how to live. Tho a dull and ignorant man,

man soon became an earnest Christian, worship. You have been ignorantly with whose help almost the entire vil- worshiping this book; that is not lage was eventually won to Christ. good." He then read portions of the Psalms and talked and prayed with In July, Ko Thah Byu was off them. So great was their interest again for a short tour into the jungle. that the entire company stayed two Returning after five days, he reported days. that at Thalu the entire village had listened eagerly to his message. Toward the close of September, Ko Thah Byu made a second attempt to As a result of Ko Thah Byu's work, reach the Karens beyond the eastern the news of the White Teacher who mountains. Taking with him Moung had come across the sea bringing the Sekku, a Karen convert, as guide and "words of God" with him was spread- companion, he stopt first at Tshiekku, ing far and wide through the jungles, the village of the sacred book, where and presently parties of Karens be- he was received with joy by the peogan to arrive, some from long dis- ple. They listened eagerly to his tances, to see and hear for themselves. message, and at the close of a second visit made in November, ten of them Among these visitors there came accompanied him to Tavoy to learn one day the chief of the village of more of Christ from the White Tshiekku, accompanied by a prophet Teacher. or sorcerer, called the bookho, who wore a fantastic robe .and carried a In January, 1829, the Karens havheavy wand or cudgel. They had ing begged him to visit their villages, come to consult Mr. Boardman about Mr. Boardman decided to make his a book that had been left at their first tour into the jungles. To Mrs. village twelve years before by a Boardman, who had just recovered traveling Mussulman who told them from a long and serious illness, the it was sacred and they must worship thought of being left alone in a it. It had been given into the care of heathen city with her two little chilthe bookho, who kept it, carefully dren and none but dusky faces around wrapt in many folds of muslin, in her, while her husband braved the a basket or case made of reeds plas- dangers of an unexplored wilderness, tered with pitch. After hearing. the was at first almost unbearable. Yet story, Mr. Boardman advised them to she bravely let him go, and on Febgo home and bring him the book. ruary 5, when he started out, the wife of Ko Thah Byu, whose husband had In a few days they came again with also gone, lovingly tried to console a large party of the villagers. As her. "Weep not, mama," she said; these stood around in awed yet eager "the teacher has gone on a message silence, the bookho opened the basket of compassion to my poor perishing and reverently unfolding its many countrymen. They have never heard wrappings, placed in Mr. Boardman's of the true God, and the love of His hands a worn-out, tattered copy of Son, Jesus Christ-Christ, who died "The Book of Common Prayer and on the cross to save sinners. They the Psalms," printed in Oxford! know nothing of the true religion, mama; and when they die they can "It is a good book," said Mr. Boardman; "it teaches that there is a God in heaven whom alone we should

i o] KO THAH nYu, THE KAREN

not go to the golden country of the only as an interpreter but as a blessed. God will take care of the preacher. At the end of ten days, teacher; do not weep, mama." during which he had traveled more than a hundred miles, much of it Arriving on the third day at through a trackless wilderness infested Tshiekku, the village of the sacred by wild beasts, Mr. Boardman rebook, from which a special invitation turned to Tavoy, more interested in had come, Mr. Boardman was re- the Karens than ever. ceived with great rejoicing. In anticipation of his coming, a large zayat From this time on they came to SOME NAT OR DEMON ALTARS~ BURMA had been built, and in the evening he Tavoy in ever increasing numbers, preached to an audience of thirty, Ko and Ko Thah Byu was untiring in his Thah Byu repeating the message to efforts to win them to ellrist. "A those who did not understand Bur- good number of Karens are now with . man. So intense was the interest that us," says Mr. Boardman's journal, many remained all night in the zayat, "and Ko Thah Byu spends night and and next day a still larger audience day in reading and explaining to them gathered. the words of eternal life."

At each village on the tour Mr. Yet Ko Thah Byu was not content Boardman was treated with the great- to remain for any great length of time est respect, for everywhere the way in Tavoy. He could not rest satishad been prepared by Ko Thah Byu, fied until the gospel had been preached who was an invaluable assistant, not to every Karen. Notwithstanding his

THE KO THAH flYU M E MORIAL, BASSE IN, BURMA age, he declared it his purpose to visit In December of the same year, after the Karen settlements, not only in the months of busy work in many places, districts of Pai ant! Palau, and the Ko Thah Byu started across the great province of Mergui, but also across mOtlI1tains to preach to the Karens in the border into Siam; and then to go Siam. He had recently met some to Bassein, his native place in Burma from that country who pleaded with proper, near Rangoon, Through the him to come over and help them, and blessing of God, he was able to carry he felt it his duty to go. On the day out most of this program. of his departure, Boardman wrote: In March, 1829, not long after his Having solemnly commended the Kamemorable tour with Mr. Boardman, he set out, accompanied by Moung rens, and especially Ko Thah Byu, to the Sekku, on the first of these long journeys, expecting to go as far as Mergui. divine blessing, we sent him on his jour- But on reaching Palouk, he became ney this morning. I gave him an affecvery ill, and could not go on. But he tionate letter of introduction, written in sent Moung Sekku to preach in the both Burman and English, to the. people villages round about, aml when he and the "powers that be." was able to be moved, chose a zigzag path home, in order to reach as many On reaching the Siamese border, villages as possible. Tho in some re- however, the authorities refused to spects disappointing, the tour was not allow him to enter, on account of his without fruit, for wherever Ko Thah being an "elder." But Moung Sekku Byu went, he won souls. Even the was permitted to go .on,. and he man at whose house he lay ill at Pa- preached the gospel to many who louk eventually became a true Chris- were ready to listen. tian. In the spring of 1830, Ko Thah Byu went to Maulmein with Mr. and Mrs. Boardman, both of whom were seriously ill. There he rendered

THAH BYU, THE KAREN APOSTLE . 37

. l;J OCP ()F ;iXfIYE PASTORS IN TH E SGA", K/R.EN SLTION, BASST<:lN, BCRMA valuable service in the work of the who had providentially arrived from mISSIOn and in preaching to the America ten days before. Karens in the neighboring jungle. At the end of November Ko Thah Byu Early in 1832, when Mr. Mason set out to spread the news of made his first tour of exploration the home-coming of Mr. and Mrs. through the province, he took Ko Boardman. Everywhere the news Thah Byu with him. Stopping at noon was hailed with great joy, for the on the first day out at an old walled Karens had feared they might never Burman town which had the most see the beloved White Teacher again. famous idol in the province of Tavoy, At once they began flocking into the Mr. Mason left Ko Thah Byu to rest city, with hands full of gifts, and when in one of the zayats while he went to Ko Thah Byu returned, at the end of the villages roundabout. Expecting two weeks, he brought forty more to find the old man asleep on his rewith him, many of whom wished to turn, he was amazed to find him adbe baptized. dressing a crowd of Burmans who were held spellbound by the strange Less than two months later the be- power of his flashing eyes. loved Boardman passed away, dying in the wilderness, whither he had "The first sentence I heard on comgone, borne on a cot, to fulfil a promise ing up," says Mr. Mason, was" 'Your made some months before, to meet the god was a black kulu' [foreigner]. disciples and baptize the new converts. The words were uttered with such a Tho unable to do more than whisper peculiar expression of countenance a few words of counsel, he had wit- that a dozen years have not effaced it nessed with joy the immersion of the from my memory. It has been said candidates by the Rev. Francis Mason, by one of the brethren, 'If ever a man hated idolatry, Ko Thah Byu did.'

Were I able to throw on canvass Ko as when preaching to those who would Thah Byu's countenance at that mo- listen to him for hours. "In seasons ment, everyone that looked on it of special interest," says one of the would say, 'If ever a man hated missionaries, "he not only continued idolatry, Ko Thah Byu did.' " his speech like Paul, until midnight, On reaching the eastern settlements, but not infrequently till break of day."

where great changes had been As . an illustration of his love for wrought, almost entirely through Ko preaching, it is related that once, when Thah Byu's labors, the Karen Chris- in great danger, while out in a boat tians came forth in troops to welcome at Maulmein, he showed no fear of them. After journeying for nearly a death, but merely exclaimed: "I shall month among unconverted heathen, be drowned and never more preach the contrast presented by these Karen the word of God to the Karens!"

converts and their neat, well-ordered To those who ask how such an ig- homes, was so overwhelmingIy great norant man could preach with such that Mr. Mason wrote as follows: power, the answer is ready-his I cry no longer the horrors of heathen- strength lay in prayer. One who ism, but the blessings of missions; I date knew him says: no longer from a heathen land. Heathen- It was his practise to read and pray ism has fled these banks. r eat the rice, aloud constantly, tho in a low tone of voice. I have known him to spend whole the yams, the fruit, cultivatecl by Chris- days ill this way. After evening worship tian hands; look on the fields of Chris- he would commence again, and continue tians, and see no dwellings but those in- until nine, ten and even eleven o'clock, habited by Christian families. I am seated when he would retire, but not to spend in the midst of a Christian village, sur- the whole night in sleep. V'hen I knew rounded by a people that love as Chris- him, he used seldom to spend a night tians, converse as Christians, act like without praying three times, or at least Christians, and look like Christians. as often as he awoke; and I have heard Surely a voyage around the globe would it said that he has occasionally spent be amply repaid by a Sabbath spent in whole nights in prayer to God. this valley.

But great as was Ko Thah Byu's work, it soon became apparent that in Early in 1833, Ko Thah Byu re- communities such as this, his useful- moved from Tavoy to Maulmein, ness was largely at an end. He was where he at once began work among an ignorant man, and his opportu- the Karens in the jungles. But after nities for study had been so limited a few months he went with the Rev.

that many of the Karen Christians, Cephas Bennett to Rangoon, where, especially the younger ones, soon came among the Karens of Bassein, to to know more than he, making his whom as yet no one had carried the ministrations less and less acceptable gospel, he was permitted to do a work to them. fully as great as that at Tavoy.

As a pioneer he was still unsur- Two days after his arrival in Ran- passed, and in this work God contin- goon, in April, 1833, leaving his wife ued to bless him, giving him hundreds and child in the care of the Bennetts, of souls for his hire. Preaching he set out for the jungles. In May he Christ had become the ruling passion was back again, having visited seven of his life, and he was never so happy villages and distributed 150 tracts.

KO THAH BYU, THE KAREN APOSTLE

At first the Karens were somewhat ber 10, scarcely six months .after Ko unwilling to listen to him, being Thah Byu's advent among them, the afraid of the Burman Government, but first four Karens from the new field by and by he had succeeded in win- were baptized. After that the numning their interest. ber of converts steadily increased, and the villages in the wilderness began· When the rainy season came on, to take on a new appearance. making touring impracticable, Ko Thah Byu opened a little school in a Presently a time of sore persecuvillage of the Maubee district where tion came on. The Burman Governhis brother was governor, and some ment, becomin~: alarmed at so many of the people ,,~ere anxious to learn Karens embracing a foreign religion, how to read. Here he spent most of tried to stop it by fines and imprisonthe summer faithfully sowing the seed. ment and other forms of oppression. But the work did not stop. Notwith- Meanwhile, as a result of his work, standing their sufferings, the Karens the Karens began to come to Rangoon proved true, and in 1836, when to see the White Teacher, by ones and Messrs. Vinton, Abbott and Howard twos at first, but presently in such made a trip up the Irawady, they overwhelming numbers that, under found in the Maubee district, where the date of October 28, 1833, Mr. Bennett persecution had been most severe, a wrote to Judson at Maulmein as fol- large number of Karens who had long lows: been waiting for baptism. Of the 173 baptized at this time, nearly all testi- Weare ih distress and send to you fied that they had first heard the gosfor relief. For the last few days our pel from Ko Thah Byu. house and the small house of Ko Thah Eyu have been thronged. As Ko Thah Soon after the persecution began, Eyu has been unable to go out as soon Ko Thah Byu, in response to the as he had intended, in consequence of pleadings of his friends, fled to Pegu, his wife's illness, the Karens are throng- taking some of the disciples with him. ing us-men, women and ·children, all Here, among the 2,000 Karens of the anxiously inquiring about the religion of province, he found a new field of Jesus. They are all anxious for schools work. After remaining for some time, and offer to build zayats for preaching if wandering from village to village, he some one will come to them. There are went to Maulmein at the beginning of very many who already keep the Lord's day, I837. After a few months here, he and endeavor to instruct one another. went with Mr. Abbott once more to They daily read our tracts, and all get Rangoon. together in their families, and sing and pray to the God who rules in heaven. On his arrival in April, the old man went at once into the jungles, where What shall we do? Ko Thah Eyu is he spent the next six months among only one among a thousand. He can not the Christians in the villages of preach the Gospel and teach these peo- Maubee. Being now nearly blind and ple to "read in their own language" the greatly afflicted with rheumatism, he precious truths of God's word at the was no longer able to engage in same time. . . . Can you send us any itinerating work. But the Maubee vilassistance? If so, do; for Christ and His lages were close together and connectcause require it. I hope Ko Thah Byu will soon be able to go out and do something; but he can not do all alone.

Before long the seed sown began to produce a great harvest. On N ovem-

ed by good roads, so that, by making his illness, and at times his old tema long stay at each, he was able to per tried to return, yet he was very visit them all. In November, his submissive, and perfectly willing to health becoming more feeble, he re- die. "He had no fears," says Mr. Abturned to Maulmein. batt; "'as it pleases God' seemed to be the frame of his spirit. To the In February, 1840, when Mr. Ab- last he had not an anxious thought as bott left Maulmein to open a new sta- to his destiny; his usual reply to my tion at Sandoway in the province questions on the subject was, 'Teacher, of Arracan, he took Ko Thah God will preserve me.' " Byu and his family with him, stationing them at a little Karen On September 9, r840, he passed village not far from the city. Here, just as the old man was beginning to away, a: good and faithful servant of reap the first fruits of his labors in Arracan, God called him home. His God, whose memory is cherished, not sufferings from rheumatism had only in Burma, but wherever his story grown so great that at times he was is known. No monument marks his unable to walk, or even to rise, and a last resting-place; but in 1878, fifty violent cold, settling on his lungs, years after his baptism and one hunmade him so ill that he knew death dred years after his birth, the jubilee was near. of the Karen Mission was celebrated in Bassein by the dedication of Ko As he exprest a wish to die near Thah Byu Memorial Hall, a beautiful the missionary, Mr. Abbott sent a boat building paid for by the Bassein and had him brought in to the city. Karens and set apart for the use of His sufferings were very great during the Bassein Sgaw Karen Normal and Industrial Institute.

LIGHT AND SHADE IN TURKEY BY REV. CHARLES T. RIGGS, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY Constitutional government and uni- of its inefficiency and of the time versal contentment are by no means wasted by it on useless details. True, synonymous in the Ottoman Empire. its sessions were sadly broken into by Some people are by nature such the disastrous fire that destroyed the inveterate grumblers that nothing splendid home of Parliamentsatisfies them. With others, in this Cheragan Palace-and that necessiempire, liberty of speech means liberty tated their moving from pillar to post to grumble and criticize.. But one can for many weeks. But one must also not deny that there is still plenty of remember that the Deputies of the cause for discontent, even after nearly present chamber are those elected by two years of constitutional freedom. men who not only had no means of The Parliament, now in its second knowing what sort of men they were session, is indeed more manageable electing, and for what sort of duties, than the premature creation of 1876; but who even knew absolutely nothbut, after all, what has it done? The ing of the ballot and were voting for local dailies teem with just complaints the first tim~ in their lives. Small

I 01 LIGHT AND SHADE IN TURKEY

wonder, then, that among these as of property. Two Moslem teach- Deputies there are many whose ers, who last year became Christians, records will never enable them to sit had to flee to Bulgaria for their lives; again. One thing they appear to have and even there they found themselves learned well, and that is the value of in imminent danger, and have fled to red tape. Legislation that ought to Germany. Moslem fanaticism is far have been passed months ago is still from being destroyed. referred to one committee or office after another, while the country waits. It is easy to be a pessimist. Not a Concessions and franchises are ap- single mile of railroad has been built plied for and neither granted nor re- under the new regime. Not a telefused. And much-needed reforms are phone line is yet in use by the public much further along in the newspapers in the whole empire. The public roads than in Parliament. are still in large degree impassable for wagons in winter. The postal service But it is not merely in the Chamber has not been so improved as to show of Deputies that things are not what any prospect of making unnecessary they should be. The courts of justice the foreign post-offices that have for are still far from perfect. There is many years been examples of efficiency' great dissatisfaction, and rightly so, in the empire. The customs tax of with the court martial at Adana, eight per cent. has been raised to charged with investigating the mas- eleven per cent., and the effort is now sacre of last April. There are several being made to raise it to fifteen per cases where Armenians have been cent. And more significant still, there sentenced heavily for minor offenses, are grave rumors of dissension within while Turks guilty of murder or the Party of Union and Progress, and pillage have had a merely nominal sen- of dissatisfaction with the new Sultan tence. And several high officials, some and a wish to remove him and put the of them at the capital, while openly heir presumptive on the throne. And charged with being criminally im- the cabinet is known to be in immiplicated in the massacre, are allowed nent danger of a fall. freedom and even public office. But all is not black, by any means. Religious Liberty What has been done is by no means a slight accomplishment. First of all, As for religious freedom, the con- freedom of speech and of the press is stitution says explicitly that the State a fact. True, a paper may be supreligion is Islam; and while it guaran- prest for articles adjudged subversive tees the free practise of all other re- of the public good; but we sometimes ligions, and theoretically does not in- wish there were at least that measure terfere with anyone's personal con- of censorship in America. People are victions, yet it is as dangerous for a allowed to think aloud, and are waking Moslem to become an avowed Chris- up to that privilege. It is a valuable tian to-day as it ever was j and even incentive to legislators to know that his right to do so is denied in high there is a thinking and reading conquarters. If there were actual liberty stituency back of them. Then again, to turn Christian, we doubt not there the abominable system of espionage, would be many that would do so. But of Abd-ul-Hamid's reign, is gone. it still involves the risk of life as well

Even under martial law, such as has to-day that is really creditable. Great been in force in the capital for nearly praise is due to Admiral Sir Ernest a year, men do not suspect their own Gamble, of the British navy, who has neighbors and brothers and sons of be- reorganized and rejuvenated the Otto- traying them to the Government. One man navy. Some sixty-five old hulks can hold his head up now and be a of varying degrees of rottenness have man, not a cringing, cowering slave. been sold for old junk; and the really And the finances of the country are in available ships of war have made a better shape than ever before. The cruise in the .L£gean Sea, indulging in receipts for December, 1909, exceeded maneuvers which have made the ma- those of December, 1908, by nearly rines feel that they were not merely a twenty per cent. Under the able advice joke. Admiral Gamble Pasha has been of M. Laurent, the French financial compelled by ill-health to retire, but the expert, taxes are being collected more navy has begun to feel itself a power.

justly, and are reaching the Govern- In the recent acute phase of the ment better, for leakages have been Cretan difficulty, the Ottoman Gov- stopt. The imperial purse is regulated ernment won golden opinions abroad by law, and the salaries of the higher by its self-control under very great officials are regularly paid, and no provocation. The island has been for longer have to be eked out by bribes. a dozen years under a joint European And the enormous drain of maintain- protectorate, as an integral part of the ing the incredible army of spies, under Ottoman Empire. But the Cretan the old regime, is no longer a tax on Assembly declared the island united the resources of the country. to Greece; they took the oath of al- Moreover, the army was never in legiance to King George of Greece; better discipline than now. The events they surcharged their stamps of last April proved that the Mace- "Greece"; and the Greeks were many danian troops were under admirable of them for welcoming the upstart control. And the war-clouds which island with open arms. Instead, how- have hung low over the Greek and ever, of sending their fleet over from Bulgarian horizons, tho they seem Smyrna to Crete, and forcing the now to be disappearing without a issue, the Turks left the matter in the storm under the genial influences of hands of the European powers, and spring, have yet served as an in- controlled remarkably well their hot- centive to great activity in the army, heads and their newspapers at home; which is in excellent shape. A very till now the danger seems to have moderate element of non-Moslem blown over.

blood is now being infused into the In our missionary work, two results army, in the enlisting of Jewish, Greek, have already been seen connected with Armenian and. Bulgarian soldiers; the new liberty in the land. One is and while this introduces all sorts of in the increasing readiness of the practical problems as well, which are evangelical churches to assume entire hard to solve, it gives a new incentive self-support. Three such churches in to more and better drilling as well. Constantinople have, since the consti- For the first time since the battle of tution went in force, accepted willing- Navarino, 1827, Turkey has a navy ly reductions in the amount of aid

REAL MEANING OF THE TURKISH REVOLUTION

given them from abroad, and all three weekly paper for young men applied are aiming at speedy self-support. The to the editor of an evangelical weekly other result is in increased con- to furnish them with a series of tact with the Moslems. Into our articles that they might publish in schools they are now coming in in- their paper. They were willing to accreasing numbers. Not a few are at- cept anything in the moral or ethical tending the regular preaching services line which did not directly attack in various places and a large number Islam or preach Christianity. It is ask for opportunities of private con- a new thing for Turks to apply to ference with missionaries and Arme- Armenians for instruction! nian pastors. There are practically no obstacles to social contact with the With such facts as the above to en- Moslems. Joint meetings of Moslems courage us, surely he has very little and Christians for the purpose of dis- faith who can be a pessimist. There cussing ethical and religious themes are clouds about us; but the Sun is are becoming more frequent. One above, and wiIl scatter them like the such was held last week, at which a morning fog. And if to-day we can Turkish M. P. and an Armenian evan- not see far ahead of us, we can still gelical pastor joined in combating the look up. And around us there is an agnosticism of Herbert Spencer, be- increasing number of others who are fore a large audience. A few weeks also looking up. And the Master ago the Moslem editors of a Turkish Himself looks down on us, and His smile is worth all the rest.

THE REAL MEANING OF THE TURKISH REVOLUTION * BY J. J. COOKSEY A missionary among Moslems The secular press of Britain has in the Koran and its commentaries, largely regarded it as a political re- and enforced by reiterated injunction, form movement, nothing more; a few writers, as well as some of the most that friendship with Christians and important French organs, have per- Jews is forbidden, and that their counceived that, by the very constitution sel, opinion, and ways .are to be avoid- ed and rejected.

of a Mohammedan state, no move- Hence the fanatical hatred and ment of such a radical character was cleavage between Europe and the possible without carrying with it a Moslem East for the past twelve cenprofound religious significance and turies. The chief nation holding this practical change in its outlook and belief is Turkey; chief not because policy; the purpose of this article is having the largest Moslem population, to make this fact clear. but because its Sultan is, more or less, the acknowledged Caliph of the Mos- Let it be laid down firstly that lem world; that is, deputy upon earth Islam; like Judaism, divides men into for God, and Mohammed his apostle. two classes, with a distinction sharp The office is more religious than secand irrevocable; that of Believers and Unbelievers-enlightened ones and ular, and is comparable to the Papacy darkened ones. Religion, much more in its status and world-wide influence. than race, in both cases, is the great Hence the fanatical hatred and cleavdivider. It is laid down most clearly age between Europe and the Moslem * Condensed from the N o.tn African.

East for the past twelve centuries. The priestly revolt which followed With these facts before us, we may was to be expected; the countermove gage the tremendous significance of which for a time restored supreme the movement we have witnessed, power to their patron was solely the when the heads of the nation turned work of the priests, and was originatto the West and said, "Teach us, we ed and executed upon the ground that are ignorant; le.ad us, we are astray." the innovation was contrary in every Young Turkey sought the dynamic of sense to the teaching of Islam; withregeneration in the schools of Europe out doubt they were correct, as also and found it; found it in those high were the priestly party who hindered for so long, upon the same grounds, principles of Justice, Responsibility the struggles of Persia for similar and Liberty which are the bases of liberty. European civilization and the pillars of the gospel. Precious fruits have already been reaped in variety; more will surely Were ever revolutionaries so revo- follow. Worthy citizenship, not an lutionary as these men of Turkey? iron creed, must continue to be the The word has at last received its full basis of civic life and preferment. In significance. The main principles of some directions there may appear in- dications that the privileges of Eu- Mohammedan rule, based upon the ropeans will be curtailed; yet in the teaching of the Koran and the Sunna, main, .and in permanent fact, the new are irresponsibility in the ruler, denial order can make for nothing but inof liberty to the subject, and an ar- creased opportunity for extending the bitrary conception of justice, based borders of the Everlasting Kingdom. upon caprice more than equity. These three principles applied to the modern This movement is significant for the whole Moslem world; all will be theocracy denominate the relations affected by it. I am writing this at subsisting between God and man, and Susa, a city in southern Tunisia. man and his fellow who is subject to During the past few weeks intelligent him; they account for the fatalism, sin- natives have, upon their own initiative, blindness and moral turpitude of the discust the question with me; they East, and also for the monstrosities of clearly see that in principle and fact governmental rule which ended in the Islam is being forced into a new path which will conduct it eventually to deposition of Abdul Hamid. dissolution. The momentous changes were crys- The time has fully come for a tallized by the formation of a represen- worthy effort by the Church of God tative government upon European in Moslem lands. The hand of Provlines; and to give this legal sanction, idence has been unmistakably shown; it was necessary to procure a Fatwah throughout the Turkish Empire, defrom the Sheik EI Islam, the spiri- velopment and enterprise should be tual head of the priesthood. This is a the watchword; and here also in North pronouncement based upon the teach- Africa, in the important lands of ing of the Koran and the Sunna, ad- Tunisia, Algeria, Tripoli and Momitting or excluding any proposed rocco, once the scene of gospel measure involving change. A study of the terms of the Fatwah would, I triumph, and the home of some of the doubt not, convince those who are in- noblest sons of the Church of God, clined to regard this revolution as the we may witness great things when the unsupported hands of isolated misnatural evolution of Islam to meet sionaries are joined in spiritual commodern needs, that the facts are ex- pact and material support, with a actly opposite; only one or two ex- strong home organization, pledged to tracts have reached me. One of its the utmost of spiritual faith and enprincipal points, however, was a re- terprise. puted utterance by Mohammed, to the effect that, "It is good for a man to take counsel with his neighbor."

EDITORIALS

THOSE THAT STAY BY THE STUFF know the facts, to· go and to plead, and to give, shall have equal share Among other circumstances having in the final results and reward. We in Holy Scripture a conspicuous know a hopelessly invalid woman in prominence, manifestly meant for em- Manchester, England, whose heart is phasis, is the following: in China and has been for many years, but whose body is unequal to the trial As his part is that goeth down to the of voyage and service; yet her serene peace, sacred enthusiasm, unceasing battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by prayer, systematic giving, have stimthe stuff: they shall part alike. And it was ulated many another to read and give and pray and go. Manifestly, all are so from that day forward, that he made not called to the front; otherwise there could be no line of communication it a statue and an ordinance for Israel unto kept up between the church at home this day. -I Samuel, xxx, 24: 25. and the host abroad-and whence would come the supply wagons with Compare Numbers xxxi, II-27, Joshua their sacred freight of Bibles and tracts, money and what is far more xxii,8. precious, the invisible contributions of love and community of interest! Truly Unexpected spoils, tempting cupid- the one essential thing is "let every ity, proved a pretext for a serious one in that calling wherein he is quarrel, the selfishness and sordidness found, therein abide with God." The of the "children of Belial" claiming it secret of all cooperation lies not in the all for those who had actually fought sphere of action or kind of activity, in the battle. But David justly de- but in the spirit of service. God alone creed that the two hundred warriors knows where each may be of most use whose strength had been overtaxed, and He distributes to each severally and whose faintness compelled them to tarry at the brook, Besor, should as He will. One may be in China unshare the booty equally with those who called and unblest; another may be in had gone to the front. And the no- America, yearning after China, but ticeable thing is that for all coming recognized and rewarded as if there time he thus established a precedent, actively engaged. What a wonderful and the principle he then adopted be- God we are serving, to whom "if there came "a statute and an ordinance for be first a willing mind, it is accepted, not according to what one hath not Israel" from that day. . but according to what he hath"; so This fixt decree has a universal .that in His eyes every man has per- formed that which in his heart he has bearing, and affects the whole work truly purposed-the achievement being of the church universal at home and measured not by what is done but by abroad. There is a pathetic legend what is willed. He sets our limitathat when the church of St. Sophia tions of time, money, health, and was building at Constantinople, in 325 providential hindrances. But there is A.D., a poor bedridden woman who, one thing He never limits, and that is from her window saw the oxen slip- the honest, earnest purpose. That He ping back on the rough roadway as permits to be as gigantic as the love they toiled up the hill dragging the of the heart will have it, and He reheavy stones for the structure and wards a great desire .and determinatearing their hoofs, she had the straw tion even tho fleshly conditions and from her own pallet scattered on the worldly restrictions prevent its exe- roadway to help these struggling cution. beasts of burden; and that, when the day of dedication came, the name of this obscure "Maria" was found engraven by unknown hands on its portal. In all God's work those who are kept at home, and tarry by the stuff; who by prayer, almsgiving, heart-yearning, are helping others to

EXPENSES AND RESULTS AT HOME parative activity and benevolence of the various ecclesiastical bodies, and AND ABROAD (See Statistical the disproportion between the home and foreign laborers. Possibly these Table.) comparative results may show how in some cases a more equitable distribu- Some interesting facts will be dis- tion both of men and money might be covered by .a careful study of the ac- made were there a quickened sense of companying table. Notwithstanding responsibility. the incompleteness, inaccuracy and lack of uniformity in statistical tables, It is also interesting to note that the approximations to truth and fact are missionary societies with the largest possible through them, and anyone average gain in communicants have who will carefully examine the ac- also high average gifts per member. companying table will find much food Almost uniformly the societies that for both reflection and instruction. contribute the most to missionary work support the largest number of mis- Here the largest contributions to sionaries and receive the largest numforeign missions are found to be from ber of converts. The smaller societies the Methodists, North; the Baptists, generally cost more to maintain and North; the Presbyterians and Congre- yield less visible fruit. gationalists; but the largest average gift per member is in one of the But the most noticeable feature of smallest bodies, the United Presby- this comparative study is that almost terians, who contribute $2.56, which is invariably the number of converts to more than double most of the other every ordained minister are from two denominations. There are but two ex- to ten times as great in foreign lands ceptions and both these the smaller de- as at home. Surely it is not waste of nominations. men and money to obey the Lord's great command to disciple the na- The largest number of ordained tions. ministers abroad is found in the Methodist, Congregational, Baptist THE. EXAMPLE OF KOREA and Presbyterian bodies; but when the comparison is instituted between the MISSIONARIES home body and the foreign body of ordained workers, we find the United The missionaries in Korea have set Presbyterians have about one-eighth a noble example of faith and works. as many abroad as at home, and the They have set a mark for I,OOO,OOO Congregationalists nearly reach this converts to Christ this year and the proportion, but the Baptists, North, native Christians are entering into the have but one-fourteenth, the Presby- campaign in earnest. The faithful terians one-seventeenth, etc. missionaries and their native band of workers do not make the mistake of As to gains in communicants, sim- depending on mere enthusiasm, or ilar instructive comparisons are sug- advertisement, or numbers, or money, gested. The largest average gain per or human agency. They depend on minister at home is among the Ger- the Spirit of God first to stir their man Evangelical body, IO.3; next own hearts and purify and empower among the Methodists, South, 6.9; the their own lives, then to stir the church largest average gain abroad is that of at home to renewed prayer and supthe United Brethren, which reaches port, and finally to act on the hearts the high figure of 4I.7; the next high- of the heathen men and women in the est being the Presbyterians, North, field. The revival movements have 25.7, and the United Presbyterians, already shown that machinery and or- 23.6; and the smallest, that of the ganization are not always needed to Lutheran General Council, .9I. produce results and that nothing is too Upon these figures we make no comment. We simply call attention to hard for God. them, if possibly they suggest any What might not be accomplished if wholesome lessons as to the com-

AMERICAN CHURCHES· AND FOREIGN MISSIONS IN

A Comparison of Home and Foreign Work of the Protestant Denominations .. . " I Ordained Ministers ~ i~~.:: Gain in Communicants IAz,'erage Gain Per Minister .l~-~~ .,1~<:>~~ LEADING .. ..,,:.';:~.., …. E ",'~ ~ ;:' ~ '..c…. oM -f!.. '.~.. ~~ ":::.._. ·'~"~~~.f…r.. ~~ ….~ ~ ::~t: g :-t;" ~ ;t . . ;t"":: … – I—~-·£– 1—~–~-~–I.–~-~–I—-:t:—I.-;;-~-;-ti;-:-i:-~- 1—:s"I-~6,-'~-~-:-II–"'-~-~-~-~–I—'-:—I-:;:-'-]-~~ DENOMINATIONSt;I';) ..c~:j ——–.– ___ .___, Baptists (North)……………… ….. … 1,176,380 $1,151,354 $0.91 8,095 578 8,065 2.1 14. Baptists (South)., ….. , …..•••. ;……. 2,139,080 460,798 .21 U,6SS Baptists (Colored) .. ,……………….. 1,874,261 23,537 .01 12,602 193 2,905 4.1 15. Congregationalists ………………… '" 947,163 1.02 6,026 Disciples of Christ………………….. 732,500 450,106 .04 6,460 99 •.••. 300 .. 3. Evangelical Association ……..••. ;……. 1,273,357 30,474 .36 Society of F-riends (Orthodox)………….. 82,000 .85 991 433 13,305 5,914 2.2 13.7 Lutheran General Synod…………….. 106,957 85,300 .30 1-.341 Lutheran General Council……………. 96,005 34,167 .08 1',320 232 1,368 2,537 decrease 10.9 German Evangelical Synod……………. 284,805 28,419 .11 1,487 Methodist (North)………………….. 452,818 .63 1,002 31 1,224 111 1.1 3.6 Methodist (South)………………….. 249,137 2,019,084 .46 18,160 Methodist (African)…………………. 3,159,913 831,998 .04 7,287 44 1,074 360 .8 8.2 Methodist Protestant ……..•.••..•..••• 1,780,778 15,480 .13 6,353 Moravian * …………………. ,…… 452,126 24,630 1,348 18 3,827 218 2.9 12.3 Presbyterian (North)………………… 188,122 1.13 Presbyterian (South)………………… 17,572 1,487,160 1.53 134 11 5,700' 1;000 3.8 9.1 Presbyterian, United,……………….. 1,311,828 412,156 2:56 8,916 Protestant EpiscopaL………………… 269,733 340,935 .77 1,625 8 10,332 130 10.3 16.2 Reformed (Dutch)………………….. 132,925 708,928 Reformed (German)…………………. 9iz,I23 205,373 I 1.76 995 933 47,425 17,157 2.5 18.4 United 'Brethren., ….. ,…………….. 116,174 95,000 .32 5,272 293,836 100,459 .35 191 50,164 2,430 6.9 12.7 285,019 727 1,2.0 16 •…. 214 •• 13.4 1,874 12 2,586 210 . decrease 17.5 . •• 129 •••• .9 562 33,569 14,409 3.8 25.7 97 •. •• • 2,219 22.S 121 3,361 2,860 3.4 23.6 222 25,700 1,643 4.9 7.4 72 965 308 decrease 4.3 31 4,508 87 3.7 2.8 40 5,173 1,671 2.7 41.7 I * The 1ioravian headquarters are in Germany and we have not the separate statistics for Americ:a.-EDITOR~.

CHURCH STATISTICS FOR

Prepared tor Tlte Christian Advocate, by Dr. H. K. Carroll ————————————-,———————-~I~G~A~IN-S- ORDER OF DENOMINATIONS SUMMARY FOR 1909 1909 I Rank in Communi- -M–in-is_· ·I,C·h– – – – –'———1- DENOMINATIONS Rank in Communi· Communi- Commu- ters DENOMINATIONS urches cants nicants ———————1 1909 cants 1890 cants – – – – -:-:–~–:-:-:-..,——.~– -~- –~-I—- Adventists (6 bodies)…………………. 1,154 2,479 91,951 d1,572 Roman Catholic ………………. . 1 12,354,596 6,231,417 1 Baptists (15 bodies)………………….. 40,455 55,304 5,510,590 91,933 Methodist Episcopal ……………. . 2 3,159,913 Regular Baptist (Sollth) ………… . 2 2,240,354 Brethren (Dunkards, 4 bodies)…………. 3,412 1,188 122,847 2,139,080 515 Regular Baptist (Colored) ………. . 3 4 1,280,066 Brethren (Plymouth, 4 bodies)…………. . . . . 403 10,566 3,905 4 1,874,261 3 1,348,989 Brethren (River, 3 bodies)…………….. 220 102 4,847 433 Methodist Episcopal, South ……… . 5 1,780,778 5 1,209,976 Buddhists (2 bodies)………………….. 15 74 3,165 3,165 Presbyterian (Northern) ……….. . 6 1.311,828 7 788,244 Catholic Apostolic (2 bodies)………….. 33 24 4,927 3,436 Disciples of Christ …………….. . 7 1,273,357 8 641,051 Catholics (Eastern Orthodox, 7 bodies). . … . 179 195 355,000 80,000 Regular Baptist (North) ………… . 8 1,176,380 6 800,450 Catholics (Western, 3 bodies)………….. 16,470 13,264 12,372,069 227,286 Protestant Episcopal …………… . 9 912,123 9 532,054 Christadelphians …………………….. . . . . 70 1,412 135 Congregationalist …………….. . . 10 732,500 10 512,771 Lutheran Synodical Conference …… . Christians ………………………….. 1,011 1,379 85,717 d6,615 11 726,526 12 357,153 Chr!st!an Ca.thol.ic (Dowie)……………. 35 17 5,865 d34,135 African Methodist Episcopal. Zion … . 12 545,681 13 349,788 Chnstlan SClenhsts ………………….. 1,336 668 85,096 Lutheran General CounciL ……… . 13 452,818 14 324,846 Christian Union …………………….. 295 217 13,905 d12',078 African Methodist EpiscopaL ……. . 14 452,126 11 452,725 Church of God (Winebrennarian)………. 509 595 41,475 LatterMDay Saints …………….. . 15 350,000 21 144,352 Church of the Living God (Colored, 3 bodies). 101 68 4,286 4',286 Reformed (German) …………… . 16 293,836 15 204,018 Church of the New Jerusalem (2 bodies)…. 131 148 7,243 34 United Brethren ……………… . 17 285,019 16 202,474 Communistic Societies (6 bodies)……….. . . . . 22 2,272 d812 Lutheran General Synod………… . 18 284,805 20 164,640 Congregationalists ……………………. 6,026 6,035 732,500 13,305 Presbyterian (Southern) ……….. . 19 269,733 18 179,721 Disciples of Christ (2 bodies) .. " . . . . .. . … 8,560 13,631 1,430,015 134,592 German Evangelical Synod ……… . 20 249,137 17 187,432 Evangelical (2 hodies)………………… 1,517 2,678 180,315 2,899 Colored Methodist Episcopal …….. . 21 233,911 24 129,383 Faith Associations (9 bodies) … " . . . . . .. … 241 146 9,572 9,572 Methodist Protestant ………….. . 22 188,122 22 141,989 Free Christian Zion Church……………. 20 15 1,835 1,835 United Norwegian Lutheran …….. . 23 160,645 26 119,972 94,m 45,030 Friends (4 bodies)…………………… 1,494 1,097 119,601 425 Spiritualists ………………….. . 24 150,000 39 27 Friends of the Temple………………… 3 3 376 36 United Presbyterian …………… . 25 132,925 German Evangelical Protestant…………. 59 66 34,704 19,704 Greek Orthodox (Catholic)………. . 26 130,000 138 German Evangelical Synod…………….. 1,002 1,290 249,137 10,332 Lutheran Synod of Ohio ………… . 27 120,031 33 69,505 Jewish Congregations ………………… 1,084 1,769 143,000 •… Reformed (Dutch) ……………. . 28 116,174 28 92,970 Latter-Day Saints (2 bodies)…………… 2,483 1,350 400,650 1,150 Evangelical Association ………… . 29 106,957 23 133,313 Lutherans (24 bodies)………………… 8,421 13,533 2,173,047 81,311 Primitive Baptist ……………… . 30 102,311 25 121,347 Swedish Evangelical (2 bodies)…………. 516 411 51,000 4,000 Dunkard Brethren (Conservative) … . 31 100,000 35 61,101 Mennonites (12 bodies)……………….. 1,008 606 55,007 d6,683 Methodists (19 bodies)……………….. 42,029 60,737 6,477,224 54,927 Moravian. (2 bOdies)…………………. 137 142 18,343 900 ORDER OF DENOMINATIONAL FAMILIES Non-sectarian Bible Faith Churches……… 50 204 6,396 6,396 Pentecostal (2 bodies)………………… 815 .380 16,420 4,420 Presbyterians (12 bodies)……………… 12,935 16,224 1,848,046 16,192 I _ I I Rank in Communi- Rank in Communi- Protestant Episcopal (2 bodies). . .. . . . … . . . 5,366 7,674 921,713 25,891 DENOMINATIONAL FAMILIES 1909 cants _18_90_ cants Reformed (4 bodies)………………….. 2,110 2,614 442,569 10,321 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J_ __ _ ' _ _ ___ _ _ I_ _ '_~~_ Salvationists (2 bodies) ……….. _…. .. .. 3,385 909 27,286 436 Catholic (Roman, etc.)………….. 1 12,372,069 1 6,257,871 Methodist …………………….. Schwenkfeldians …………………….. 6 8 850 23 Baptist ………………………. 2 6,477,224 2 4,589,284 Lutheran …………………….. Social Brethren ……………………… 15 17 1.262 349 Presbyterian ……………………. 3 5,510,590 3 3,717,969 Society for Ethical Culture…………….. 8 5 2,342 114 Episcopal …………………….. 4 2,173,047 5 1,231,072 Spiritualists _………………………… . .. . Reformed …………………….. 748 150,000 Latter-Day Saints ……………… 5 1,848,046 4 1,278,362 United Brethren ……………….. Theosophical So<iety ………………….. 99 3,000 400 Jewish ……………………….. 6 921,713 6 540,509 Dunkard Brethren……………… United Brethren (2 bodies)……………. 2',i77 4,311 311,656 4,387 Friends ………………………. 7 442,569 7 309,458 Adventists ……………………. UnItanans …………………………. 558 482 70,542 d658 8 400,650 9 166,125 Universalists ……………………….. 730 890 54,836 1,824 9 304,656 8 225,281 Independent Congregations ……………. 267 879 48,673 34,547 10 143,000 10 130,496 ~~—-~-I-~~–'—- 11 122,847 13 73,795 Grand total for 1909. _……………… 168,378 215,160 34,677,000 791,713 12 119,601 1! 107,208 Grand total for 1908 ………………. 164,355 210,434 33,885,287 13 91,951 14 60,491 d Decrease,

EDITORIALS

missionaries all over the world would No doubt there is a large humanitarian unite in such a campaign of faith and element in the modern missionary works, in each land uniting in prayer method, but it is not the deepest basis and calling on the Church at home of the work or the best fruit of the and the native converts to unite in labor. Every true missionary seeks praying and working to increase the first of all to save man for this world membership tenfold in the next year. and the next by presenting Christ· as It is possible if it is God's will, and we a Savior from sin and its conse- quences and as a leader into a larger, are not sure that such an "if" is not better life. Beyond this basis the mis- sionary seeks to build up schools, bom of unbelief and carnality. He operate hospitals and use every other may be waiting only for His Church to means for man's lifting. We know be ready to sacrifice and serve with of no thorough, successful mission the sufficient zeal to make such a world- prime object of which is not to con- wide movement effective. God is vert men and women from sin to God, ready when His people are ready. He from failure to victory, and to oris still moved with compassion for the ganize a church of converts. To shepherdless multitudes; He still calls evangelize is the true watchword of the on us to pray, to give, and to go. The followers and servants of Christ. Orpromise of .answer to the united ganization and amelioration are both prayer of a united church has not been subordinate and subsequent. We beabrogated (Matthew 18: 19). With lieve that missionary work will never earnest, heartfelt prayer and conse- be truly and permanently successful crated personal work the numbers in if this order is reversed. If civilizathe Christian Church might be doubled tion, the fruit of Christianity is sought this year and the power of the Church before the roots have been planted and might be increased tenfold. strengthened, the end will be decay and death. Rev. W. H. Forsyth of Korea suggests that Christians throughout the GIVING AND GOING BY PROXY world unite in a campaign The death of Dr. Louis Klopsch, ( I) To put the word of God in editor of The Christian Herald, reevery household in the world (Isaiah moves not only a gifted journalist but a philanthropist. He sought to have 55: 10-13). his widely-read paper on the right (2) For a world-wide prayer circle side, evangelical .and evangelistic in tone, and the helper of every good for Christian missions (Matt. 9: 35-38, work. Few realize that through his and 18, 19, 20). appeals, in the past eighteen years, he has raised and disbursed in interde- (3) For a world-wide campaign of nominational and international charpersonal work (Matthew 22: 9, and ities over three and a quarter million 28: 16-20). dollars. During the India famine, fourteen years ago, he was the means Why not? "Where is your faith?" of sending a cargo of wheat and $400,- "Be it unto thee even as thou wilt." 000 in cash; two years later half as much more was sent to relieve Cuban IS THERE A NEW METHOD IN sufferers; ten years ago, for famine and cholera victims in India, $700,000 MISSIONS? was added; the next year $80,000 for Chinese famine and $300,000 more in The Outlook, in referring to the 1907, likewise for China. Dr. Laymen's Movement, says that the Klopsch's philanthropic services natunew method of missions is that of rally evoked formal recognition not civilizing the heathen rather than saving their souls; and an article in Harper's Weekly runs somewhat along the same lines, affirming that "Christian people and civilization tend to save souls." The missionary effort is now directed largely to establishing schools, hospitals, etc., the practical civilization aims at and accomplishes.

only in the form of private audience MISSIONARY REVIEW has been blest with European rulers, but in the form for the promotion of missions. We of medals .and decorations. constantly receive appeals for copies It is not necessary to have wealth from pastors, missionaries and stu- in order to wield wealth as a weapon. dents who are not .able to pay the Many .a comparatively poor man has price, but who feel the need of the controlled millions by his wisdom in stimulus and the inspiration of its counsel, his probity in conduct, and his ideals and reports. The funds for this large-hearted enthusiasm in advocacy. purpose were long ago exhausted, but Wise men long ago discovered that if those who believe in the value of "wit is better than wealth," "the pen spreading missionary information and mightier than the sword," and the who are able to do so, will give the "tongue more potent than the purse." cost of one or more subscriptions for Here is a man that used type as wider distribution, what blessing tongues of appeal and reached his mul- might follow! The same labor on titude of readers with his' words so as the part of the editors that now brings to move them to give what he could the REVIEW to thousands of readers not. He commanded donors by the may as well cause it to reach ten times mere force of an outspoken zeal. It that number. Readers may be co- is a great thing to be an intelligent ad- workers with the editors and authors vocate. Dr. Duff in his prime stirred to spread these leaves as leaves of all Scotland to a new interest in mis- healing and strength.

sions. He set the assemblies of the TRAVELING MISSIONARY SECREchurch aflame by his holy passion for TARIES the work of God. No legacy of money could have compared with the The Methodist and Episcopal legacy of moral and spiritual motive Omrches have missionary bishops and movement that he left to the Eng- who travel in the mission fields, overlish-speaking world. If we have noth- seeing and directing the work. Other ing else to give, we may first inform boards have had under consideration ourselves and so inform others, first the appointment of general mission- get the sacred fire and then carry and aries who would fill much the same spread it, that those who can go and office, with more limited powers, in can give may find information and in- the Congregational, Presbyterian and spiration for their own endeavor and Baptist denominations. When the benevolence. men are wisely chosen the advantages Some years ago, it was the writer's of such a system would be great in privilege to plead for larger mission- bringing missionaries into closer ary consecration before the young touch with each other and with the men of Belfast. Fifteen years later home office. we first learned that after that address It is reported that the American some young men spent the night in Baptist Foreign Mission Society prayer, and out of that came a new or- plans to appoint two new secretariesganization to carry the gospel into thus making three foreign and one Africa, and now there are twenty- home department secretary. Some seven missionaries on the field and of the missionaries on the field raise thousands of pounds annually are the question as to whether such art given for their support. Let every increase in the force at home is j usreader do his or her best in the spread- tified when the appeals for increased ing of intelligence and the advocacy of appropriations to meet the needs on every good cause, and what er.onnous the field are constantly desired on the ground of the expense involved. The results may follow! We are thankful to be able to tes- foreign secretaries of the Baptist tify to the way in which money given Society are to take turns in visiting for the gratuitous circulation of the the foreign fields. AMERICA striking developments in the two-mil- The Laymen's Movement in the Wild lion-d?ll.ar ~ampaign. Brooklyn has Weat the dIstInction of being the first city To anyone at all acquainted with to set a new standard. As a result the Western frontier, the following from Men and Missions will be most of the convention of the Laymen's interesting reading, relating as it does Missionary Movement held there Janto what occurred in the capital city of Idaho and reported by Sherwood uary 8th-10th, the men of the churches Eddy: "Boise beats all records, tho n?! down as one of the seventy-five have determined to raise $60 000 for cIties for a convention. They canvassed the entire town, and every busi- the seven societies in 191d. This ness man in the city. There were 1,200 registered delegates, paying ~mount wilI be a fifty-per-cent. $1,700 in cash to attend the meetings. There were twenty per cent more dele- Increase over that given during the gates from the city itself than there were male communicants. All the past year, and will be about $10,000 shops were closed in order to attend the banquet, and the whole city was In excess of the .apportionment. The decorated by order of the mayor. The m~n marched to the banquet hall, two $60,000 for the seven societies, added mIles away, with a brass band. The judges of the Supreme Court went to the $40,000 for local church exin a special auto. The Governor took the chair, and the ex-Governor and tension work, will make a breonuenvdol$e1n0c0~sprominent judges presided at other 000 for congregational meetings. The day sessions were crowded with men. They voted to from the churches of. BroOklyn III will increase their gifts to missions from 1910. It is a long distance from $3,800 to $9,000, but they far ex- Brooklyn to Los Angeles, but within ceed that amount. twenty-four hours from the time the "The Governor of the State said that he would join the church the next Sun- Brooklyn men reached -their determiday. He said he had also decided to retire at the close of his term of of- nation at the congregational rally in fice, and devote his life and fortune to work among men. Tho he had Clinton Avenue Church, the men of never given anything to missions, he gave up his gold watch in order that southern California gathered at a banhe might make a special sacrifice for the foreign mission cause." Many quet in Los Angeles had put themwho were present had never before seen a live missionary. selves on record as determining to lift The Influence of the Laymen's Movement the &ifts to the seven societies to $roo,- It was feared by some that the <;>00 III 1910, altho their ap~ortionment vigorous pushing of work for the world's evangelization would work se- IS only $48,000. Organization is unriously for the detriment of home missions. But not so at all; at least for der w.ay in all the southern California Congregational work. On the contrary, says Our Missions: "The first churches looking to the accomplishmonth of the year has witnessed some ment of the result desired. Now comes news from Chicago of a committee of seventy laymen appointed to conduct a. campaign for $roo,ooo for congrega- tIOnal benevolences among the Chicago churches.. !Most of this goes to the ~even SOCIetIes, a small percentage be- Ing used for local congregational ex- penses."

Why Laymen Have Been Idle A strong, capable man, who had been a member of a church for twenty- two years, was heard to say some time ago that during more than two dec- ades. of church life, the supreme serVIce he had been called to wreansdetr~ in addition to living right, usher and take up the collection.

However, the imperative issue of the L.aymen's undertaking has clutched hIS heart, and he has been giving clays and weeks to superb aggr~ssive personal endeavor, and is now proposing fect upon the men who made it. "I to invest his new-found talents in en- never knew before that there was any- thing in the Church worth while for listing non-Christian men to become a man to do," exclaimed one man in affiliated with the Church.-Men and talking about it.-Men and Missions. Missions.

An Upriaing in Houston The American Baptiat Foreign Minion Representatives of the Laymen's Society Movement held a two-day meeting in this Texan city, which has a popula- The American Baptist Missionary tion of about 50,000, and the seven de- Union has changed its name to "The nominations represented made mis- American Baptist Foreign Mission sionary subscriptions as follows (with Society." The work goes on as before the gifts of each for last year) : and the headquarter" are as usual at Easton, Massachusetts. Many will 1909 1910 regret the unnecessary change in the Methodists …………….$2,318 name of the well-known and well-be- Baptists ….•………….. 1,792 $10.975 loved Union, but we trust that the 5,000 change in name wiII mean no loss of Presbyterians, South ……. 1,434 6,01 5 support and no loss of efficiency. Disciples ……………… 786 2,000 Episcopalians …………. S65 V olunteera Wanted 3,200 Presbyterians, North .•.••• 295 Congregationalists ……… 23 768 ISO Total ………………. 7,213 28,108 1. A man to teach stenography, typewriting, bookkeeping, etc., and A By-product of the Men'. Movement take charge of the business department In Colorado Springs the members of a boys' school in Calcutta, India. of the cooperating committee, going This school is under the auspices of two by two, visited every office, store the Board of Foreign Missions of the and house in the down-town section Methodist Episcopal Church. two days before the opening dinner. 2. Treasurer and secretary (unmar- Among those who made this canvass ried man) to the president of the were college professors, prominent Union University at Nanking, China. lawyers and bankers, physicians and A stenographer and bookkeeper who business men, and men engaged in has had experience in office work is some of the biggest commercial en- needed. terprises in the country. In this way 3· Manager of a mission press in many delegates were secured. Two Mexico. A man thoroughly f.amiliar Christian Chinamen learned of the with the printing and publishing busi- movement and registered. Church- ness, with good business ability, who men who did not believe in missions will in time be business manager of were induced to register and attend the press and act as treasurer of the the opening dinner. But more was mission. (Presbyterian Board of Fordone, however, than the mere regis- eign Missions.) tration of additional delegates and the 4. Industrial superintendent for arousing of interest in missions. Men Kamerun, German West Africa. A who had drifted from the Church in man capable of teaching the cultiva- the course of years were brought into tion of the soil, carpentering, tailorclose touch with the Church again. It ing, etc., is required. Appointment was the first time that men of their will be made by the Presbyterian own position and business capacity had Board of Foreign Missions. approached them and asked them to 5. A physician for a hospital· in take part in the work of the Church. Nanking, China. A man who has had The mere fact that this canvass was a college course as well as a full made by men of large caliber made a course in medical school, with a year tremendous impression upon the com- or ntore in a good hospital (a man not munity. The canvass also had its e£- much over 30 years old). A man is needed at the earliest possible date in translations, and in many it has passed order to allow the present incumbent through several editions." But it is to go home on fudough for a much- to be remembered that tho all these needed rest. (Board of Missions of translations may have been made and the Protestant Episcopal Church.) printed and carried abroad by Mormon missionaries, the number of copies dis- The International Mi.sionary Union tributed is utterly insignificant com- pared with those sent out from the The Twenty-seventh Annual Con- Bible Society presses. ference of the International Missionary Union will meet at Clifton Springs, Americ:a Uniting Foreigner. N. Y., June 1st to 7th, 1910. The theme of the conference will be It seems clearly to be the divine "World Movements Foreshadowing mission of the New World to bring the Coming of the Kingdom." It is together the amazingly diverse peoples expected that there will be over one and races of the Old World, and in hundred missionaries present, repre- order that becoming acquainted all senting all denominations and nea~ly prejudice and dislike may be rooted every mission field, in conference with out, in order that they may live side reference to the problems and prog- by side as friends, even brethren in Christ Jesus. As an illustration of the ress of missionary enterprises.* process, The Pacific has recently stat- ed these facts: "The Oriental coolie The Bible Society Endowment is rapidly finding a new home in the West Indies.' Large numbers have The American Bible Society is at been imported by the British Governlast able to announce that the $500,000, ment as indentured plantation labor. to meet the offer of Mrs. Russell Sage They do not mix with the negro, and to give a similar amount, has been as their terms of service expire, many raised. This money, one million dol- of them settle in the new land as free lars, will be used as a perpetual en- laborers, small farmers, and shopdowment, and will enable the directors keepers. In Porto Rico, Cuba and of the society to enlarge the appro- Mexico the Anglo-Saxon and the priations both for home and foreign Spanish-American are being brought work for the year beginning April I, face to face as never before in history. I9IO. The earnest appeals for help The two hundred years' battle for the which come from all over the world possession of the Spanish Main and may be more adequately and promptly the contiguous lands caused them to satisfied. The Bible Society is the meet as foes, where.as now the bands society without which other m~ssion­ of transportation and commerce are ary societies would be greatly Crippled. drawing them together in a spirit of cooperation. The City of Mexico has Book of Mormon i.. Many Tonl'u•• a colony of six or seven thousand Americans; the resources of the coun- According to the Deseret Evening try are being exploited by Yankee en- News, organ of the Mormon Church, gineers, railroad-builders, manufactur- "The Book of Mormon is the volume ers .and miners; and Spanish romance that possibly comes nearest the B~ble and color, the bull-fight, and the in point of distribution. It now eXists church pageant are strangely set off in English, German, Danish, Swedish, by the workaday surroundings of Dutch, Spanish, French, Italian, modern industrialism." Welsh, Hawaiian, Maori, Samoan, Tahitan, Turkish, Japanese, Greek, An Independent Mexic:an Churc:h Hebrew, Armenian and Hindustani There is a great national feeling * The Sanitarium entertains the members of the among Protestants in Mexico. It might be called "Christian patriot- Union free of expense, and others wishing to attend can secure accommodations at the Sanitarium or at private boarding places in the village. 14'0' sionaries and others who contemplate attendIng the Conference will confer a favor if they will notify the corresponding secretary, Mrs. H. 1.

Bostwick, Clifton Springs, N. Y. ism." It is a pent-up force that must which they come, is not in the least be reckoned with. A movement to likely to be overestimated."

unite more closely all Protestant The number of delegates appointed forces, which would take into account by 54 American societies is 480; by 44 this national feeling would receive a British societies, 394; and 139 from 37 hearty support by a large majority of Continental societies; a total of 1,013 all Protestants. The direction of such delegates from 135 societies. Eight- a movement would require wise and een German societies will be repre- statesmanlike leadership. As an out- sented by 75 delegates, six Dutch so- come of this national feeling there cieties by 13, two French by 5, two was started some years ago an organ- Danish by 7, one Finnish by 4. three ization called the Mexican Evangelical Norwegian by 10, and five Swedish by Church. This is still in existence and 10 delegates. Well does the News publishes a paper, but has failed to Sheet suggest: " It is not without enlist the sympathy and support of significance that the Continent should the best of the Protestants. It was be- furnish so many delegates more or gun and is carried forward with wrong less fully qualified to take part in an motives and lacks the leadership of English-speaking conference." Among those who have sufficient executive distinguished American laymen ex- ability and personality to direct a na- pected are such as W. J. Bryan. vice- tional movement. President Fairbanks, Admiral Mahan EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN and Seth Low. Sir Robert Hart, for more than forty years inspector-gen- The Great Edinburgh World-conference eral of customs in China, will have a The M onth!y News Sheet, pub- part.

lished in the interest of this coming The Continent Deeply Interested notable missionary gathering, said in the March issue: "There is something The deep interest in the conference that appeals very strongly to the which is being taken on the Continent imagination in the prospect of the is shown in a paper by Dr. Julius representatives of so many national- Richter, who says: "The missionary ities meeting together to consult how societies on the Continent, as well as they may advance the cause of their those in Great Britain and America, common Lord. Tho the conference is are keenly alive to the fact that a new held in Great Britain, the number of great missionary era has dawned, and delegates appointed by American so- that this demands a new standpoint cieties exceeds the number sent by and new standards in missionary work, British societies. Representatives will both in the great mission fields also be present from Germany, France, abroad and at home, with reference to Switzerland, Holland, Norway, Swe- work at the home base. As a result den, Denmark and Finland, as well as of the shrinkage of distance and the from South Africa, Australia, and breaking down of the racial, national, New Zealand. It is a special pleasure and social barriers which have hither- to welcome the delegates who will be to existed, missionary societies are present from Japan, Korea, China, and. emerging from their former isolation; India. As the Church in this confer- and missionary problems, the full ence considers the problem of the magnitude of which is now recog- evangelization of the world, it will be nized, call for the combination, proper able to look at it not through Western distribution, and careful employment eyes merely, but with the help of rep- of the missionary forces available. In resentatives of the Church in non- this general movement the German Christian lands. The importance of and Continental missionary societies the presence of these representatives, in particular recognize it to be their and the significance of the new spirit duty, and definitely purpose to emerge of nationality in the countries from from their previous seclusion in order that they may take an effective part in wives. In the United Free Church we the general missionary life of the are far from raising even iI a head Church. Continental missions occupy, for foreign missions, and our foreign to some extent, geographically dis- mission staff would require an addi- tinct territories, which naturally tional 2,000 to the present 500 before tends to result in isolation. In the we could reach the proportion of one Dutch East Indies the missions are al- missionary to 200 members exem- most exclusively German and Dutch, plified by the Friends.-Missionary and the rest of the missionary world Record.

takes but scanty notice of these re- Father Giuliani Now a Methodist mote fields. Greenland, Labrador, Lesser Tibet, Surinam, Mosquito, Apropos of the recent widely pub- Kaiserwilhelmsland, and other small lished incident when ex-Vice-President territories are mission fields similarly Fairbanks addrest the Methodist separate and remote." Episcopal congregation in Rome, and Friends' Intereat in Minions was refused audience by the Pope, the following extract from a letter of the If we were asked to name any sec- Rev. N. Walling Clark will be of in- tion of society which was exercising terest: an intellectual and spiritual influence "On Sunday night we had the first beyond all proportion to its numbers, public address in our Italian church we should have no hesitation in point- in Rome of Father Giuliani, a priest ing to the Friends. Their world sta- occupying a prominent position in the tistics for 1903 were published in Jan- Catholic Church, who has recently uary last, and we find that in the been converted. He is only thirty-two United Kingdom, the Colonies, and years old, but has been for about five the Continent, taken together, they years the prior or father superior of a number only 21,716, and in America large Carmelite convent at Taranto, in 95,954. Nor does an increase of 6,000 southern Italy, and at the same time in ten years give promise of rapid in charge of one of the largest growth. In the foreign mission sta- churches in that city, which numbers tions, apparently 8 in number, con- about 35,000 souls in the parish.

nected with the American yearly meet- Father Giuliani has been one of the ings, there are 3,669 members; and in best preachers in the Roman Church in the 5 breign mission fields connected Italv. He has been sent to conduct with the British meetings, 3,123 mem- missions in various cities, preaching to bers, making a total membership large audiences, and has been received throughout the world of I 24,462. by the present Pope Pius X in private But small tho the number of Friends audience. Every seat was taken in may be, it is undeniable that their our large church on Sunday night and lofty ethical ideals, recommended by many persons stood during the ad- calm persuasive reasoning, are ever ex- dress."

ercising an educative and plastic in- Sage Counsel to Pope Pius fluence on the best thought of the gen- eral community. And in the field of With the Fairbanks incident in action they are also exemplary. Per- mind, Harper's Weekly suggests: haps their best work at home is found "What one might wish is that the good in their adult schools, while abroad pope might have a better appreciation they maintain a proportionately large of the usefulness of proselyting missionary enterprise. The report of Methodists both in Rome and every~ the London Association shows that where else where the Roman Catholic the British Friencls contribute over Church is strong and all-pervasive.

i25.oao for foreign missions. and are NotIling seems to be so useful to that represented in the field abroad by 105 Church as lively Protestant competi- missionaries, including missionaries' tion. Wherever it has it, it thrives i wherever it lacks it, it gets into trou- fects of Mr. FetIer's efforts noticeable.

ble. The spirit of man demands an Toward the end of October a new opposition, or at least a religious al- chapel, capable of holding 500 per- ternative, to the Roman Catholic sons, was opened at Balasheff. The Church. The great mischiefs that building is invested with a particular have come on that Church have come interest as being the first native Rus- from the denial of that alternative. sian Baptist chapel.

Heretics were driven out of France Progress of Islam in Rus.ia and killed out of Spain to such an ex- tent that Protestantism is weak in We have referred to the fact that in those countries, and the inevitable op- Russia 50,000 have left the Greek position to the strong Roman Catholic Orthodox Church and Lecome Mo- organization has to line up with hammedans between April 17, 1905, atheists and haters of Christianity. An when religious liberty in Russia was infusion of active Methodists might proclaimed, and January I, I 909. We do both of those countries, and Italy, were inclined to think that these 50,000 too, enormous good, and incidentally were people forced into the Greek Or- might improve the position of the thodox Church, who remained Mo- Roman Catholic Church in Europe. hammedans at heart and embraced the If the pope, with propriety, could sub- first opportun~ty to return to their old sidize the Methodist Association in religion. But this is not so. Reports Rome, it would pay to do it." from northeastern Russia continue to Evangelization in Ruaaia report to the Secretary of the Interior that Islam is rapidly progressing. The The scrutiny of State officials-for- Mohammedan priests and rich mermerly so serious a check to evangelis- chants and large landowners are matic work in Russia-shows many king a most aggressive campaign for signs of a tendency toward relaxing. the spread of their faith among the A similar inclination exists among nomadic tribes of the Tshermisses, priests, one of whom advised an in- Mordwines, Tshuwashes, and others. quirer to "go to the hall of the Evan- These tribes either are heathen or begelicals," where she would be sure to long officially to the Greek Orthodox get help. Among Evangelical workers Church. The Mohammedan press is are an ex-priest who was excommu- exceedingly active among them. Large nicated because of an outspoken dec- numbers of newspapers-in Kasan laration of his belief in Christ, and one alone thirty-pamphlets, and tracts in who was formerly a monk, but now the Tatar language are being pub- spends his time in visiting prisons and lished at the expense of rich Moslems. distributing Gospels. The mission- ,Great packages of this literature are halls are well filled, the Bible-readings sent into the towns and villages, where are well attended, and the number of they are sold at low prices on the marchildren in the various Sunday-schools ket days. The publishers can not gain is increasing. anything thus, nor do they seem to Baptista Making Good Headway desire it, since the rich Mohammedans The Government has now granted undoubtedly stand behind the whole its recognition of the native Russian movement with their large means.

Baptist Church in St. Petersburg, the The propaganda is so strong that membership of which has increased Russian papers are calling upon the threefold during the last twelve Government for energetic steps months. The position Mr. Fetler has against it, since the movement may be- won for himself in public esteem is come a national danger.

indicated by the action of the City Thus our attention is called again to Duma in granting him the free use of the fact that every Moslem who lives the town-hall for his winter services. among heathen or non-Mohammedan Not only in St. Petersburg are the ef- neighbors becomes an active missionary of his religion, and goes to work work. The Bible has been translated quietly and persistently, and the suc- into all the lanOguages of western J.sia, cess of these voluntary messengers of and a large Christian literature pre- Islam is such that one well acquainted pared for its polyglot people. At the with the fact has said, that for every Beirut Press alone 60,000,000 pages of Mohammedan brought to Christ, at Christian books were printed in a present, one hundred heathen enter the single year, and in one month orders camp of the false prophet. were on file for IOO,OOO copies of the Arabic Scriptures, including eighteen ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS cases of Bibles sent to Shanghai for The Constantinople Girls' College the Moslems of China. What stronger proof can be given of the strategic im- Within a few weeks three large portance of Syria in the evangelization gifts to this institution have been an- of the Moslem world? And who can nounced. Miss Helen Gou~d has measure the influence and power of given $175,000 and Mrs. Henry Wood such great educational centers as $5°,000. To these sums Mr. Rocke- Robert College, the Syrian Protestant feller has just added $15°,000. Several College, and similar institutions at new buildings will soon begin to rise Marsovan, Aintab, Smyrna, Tarsus, on the new site, and by the autumn Marash and Teheran? Robert Colof 191 I it is expected that the college lege has for the past forty years eduwill cross the Bosporus and establish cated and trained fifteen nationalities itself in its new quarters. The en- in the principles of justice and selflarged opportunities and increased government and made possible the number of students will make this present new era in Turkey.-S. M. plant seem inadequate, altho spacious in contrast with the old buildings. ZWEMER.

For many years the pupils have been New Theology in Islam Armenians, Greeks, Bulgarians, and A British correspondent, writing reof other Oriental nations, but now re- cently to the Homiletic Review, makes straints from Turkish girls have been the following reference to tendencies removed and they are coming in con- and developments among the modern siderable numbers. This college is in leaders of Mohammedan thought: the way of doing a service for education in the Near East beyond the "It is now manifest beyond all doubt dreams of its founders; and another that Islam has a new theology of its half-million dollars could be used at own. Too much significance must not once with assurance of great results. be ascribed to this fact, as tho the Moslem world were cutting loose from Light Breaking in the East all the rigid old traditions which have characterized it till very recently. But Christian missions are not only es- the fact is indubitable that a new tablished, but have proved their power school of thought has arisen in Islam.

and influence in ever-widening circles Many evidences might be mentioned.

in everyone of these centers: Con- One of the latest is the rapid favor stantinople, Salonica, Adrianople, which is being secured among the Smyrna, Bagdad, Aleppo, Beirut, Moslems of Constantinople by the fine Brusa, Kaisarieh, Mosul, Adana, institution known as the American Jerusalem, Trebizond, Diarbekr, Ta- College for Girls. Till recently such briz, Teheran, Ispahan, Kirman, Yezd, an innovation would have seemed a Shiraz, Aden, Muscat and Busrah. miraculous impossibility, but last year Within the boundaries of these five 10 Moslem girls to begin with entered Moslem lands, Turkey, Palestine, oas students, and now 26 are enrolled.

Syria, Persia, Arabia, there are over Furthermore, five girl students have 600 Protestant missionaries engaged in been sent to study in the college by the educational, medical and evangelistic Government, with the view of prepar-

ing to teach in those primary schools ficers employed in putting down the which are to be introduced." rebellion, was so struck with the INDIA bravery and honesty of the people that he suggested to the late Rev. E.

Enthralled by Christ L. Puxley (a CM.S. missionary, for- One of the most remarkable con- merly an officer in the Fourth Light verts and preachers that India has Dragoons, who had served in the produced was Nilakantha Goreh- Crimea) the advisability of com- Nehemiah Goreh .as he was called af- mencing a mission to them. Puxley ter his baptism-a high-caste Brahman accordingly obtained permission to and Hindu pundit, deeply versed in live among the Santals, worked for all the Hindu philosophical systems. several years as an honorary mission- He despised Christianity, thinking it ary, and was permitted to baptize some was a religion fit only for ignorant of the first converts. He died only Mlechchas (out-castes), and set him- last year and lived to see over fifty self to undertake its refutation. With C.M.S. Santali and Pahari congregathe object of proving that it was false tions meet every Sabbath. The New he began to study the Bible, and he Testament and parts of the Old Tesyielded to the simple fascination of tament and the whole of the prayer- Christ. Why and how he became a Christian he could never explain. "1 book have been translated into the lanwas caught as in a net, and I could guage of the people. There are now not get .away from Christ," he said. some 5,000 Christian adherents.-C. M. S. Gazette.

"Christ is so pure," was one of his One Church for All India?

expressions. It was a very similar ex- . The general assembly of the Presbyperience to that of Pastor Hsi, of terian Church of India which recently China, who, tho a scholar and a man met at Lodhiana with commissioners of influence, was yet an opium slave, from twenty presbyteries, approved but became enamored of the New the plans so far perfected for a gen- Testament and conscious of the over- eral federation of all the Protestant powering presence of Christ, and sud- churches of the Indian peninsula. The denly, in a moment of glorious faith, presbytery of Allahabad overtured the exclaimed, "He has enthralled me, and assembly for permission to enter into I am His forever." It was this union with the Congregational Nehemiah Goreh who had the high churches of the United Provinces; but, privilege of helping Pandita Ramabai, since those churches had not yet acthe child-widow's friend, on her way cepted the plan of union, the assembly to Christ.-The Bible in the World. did not think action called for.

The C. M. S. Santal Mission This mission, under the care of the Laymen as Missionaries in Burma English Church Missionary Society, A few months ago Dr. Knight, who has recently celebrated the semi-cen- was then Bishop of Rangoon, made a tennial of its beginning, and it is in- special appeal to laymen to come out teresting to recall the circumstances and take part in missionary work in attending its origin. The Santals are Burma. We are exceedingly glad to an aboriginal tribe in the Bhagalpur be able to announce that it has been portion of Bengal. Their country, possible to draw up a satisfactory Santalia, lies between and around the scheme, and that the first layman who Rajmahal hiIIs, south of the Ganges. has volunteered for this wo~k has re- Fifty years ago the Santals rose in re- cently started. Mr. E. C. Down, to bellion through the oppression of the whom we refer, has volunteered to act Hindu money-lenders. There was as a school-teacher. He will "serve much bloodshed before they were sub- entirely under the bishop, as the first dued. Major Aitken, one of the of- of a Diocesan Board of Teachers, and

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

be ready to go to whatever school the and certain others have no vote. Any bishop may send him." He will "serve native of a province over 30 years of as the first of a new order of laymen age or anyone of that age who has missionaries under the S.P.G. He lived IO years in the province is will not expect nor propose ordination. eligible for election. Members are In this matter the initiation is to be paid 50 tae1s (about £6) a month, the left absolutely and entirely to the president ISO taels (about £19). Nabishop.-Mission Field. tive Christians exercise freely the CHINA right of voting and no trace of anti- Christian prejudice marked any of the China Old and New elections.

Sir Robert Hart has recently said A Call for BiLle Trainin~ "that of his fifty years spent in Olina, during the first forty-five he felt as Three summer conferences of mistho he was in a close room with every sionaries in China, through their comdoor .and window tightly shut, but the mittees, representing the various leadlast five made him feel as one occupy- ing denominations of America, Great ing a room with every window and Britain, Canada, .and Germany, have door open, and the breezes sweeping invited Dr. Wilbert W. White and through from every quarter of heaven. three others of the Bible Teachers' Mr. Mott thus compares the state of Training-school to go to China next things in China when he visited it summer, and the invitation has been twelve years ago: "Then there were accepted. To accompany Dr. White 200 miles of railway, now there are are Dr. Robert W. Rogers, Dr. Louis 4,000, and 4,000 miles more pr'ojected; M. Sweet, and Miss Caroline L. then the telegraph wire had gone to Palmer. The final arrangements have a few provinces, now there is a net- been made for this group of Bible work of them all over China; then teachers to go under the combined there were no modern post-offices out- auspices of the committee of the side the foreign legations, now there Peitaiho, the Kuling, and the Mokanare 2,500." shon conferences, the Shanghai con- ference committee for the Promotion Deliberative Aaaembliea for China of Bible Study and the Committee of Three years ago an imperial decree the International Committee of the issued from Peking authorizing the Young Men's Christian Association creation of deliberative assemblies, one for China. The work in China will for each of the 18 provinces of China end about September I, when the party proper, one for each of the 3 provinces will go to Japan for a short confer- of Manchuria, and I for Chinese ence at Karuizawa, and thence home Turkestan-22 altogether. All these, by the Pacific.

except the last, for in Turkestan the A Union University in Nanking difficulties proved insuperable, were ceremoniously opened on October 14 Hitherto in Nanking educational last. The qualifications for the fran- work has been carried on by the Meth- chise are: (1) A minimum age of 25 odists, the Disciples and the Presbyte- years; and (2) either 3 years' service rians, but recently action has been ta- in educational or other work for the ken which secures union of effort in public good, or having graduated in a single institution to be known as the schools of a certain standing either in University of Nanking. The board of China or abroad, or having certain trustees includes four Methodists, the degrees, or being a civil official of not same number of Presbyterians, and lower than the seventh rank, or having three Disciples. Upon the faculty property of not less than $5,000 in eighteen Chinese are found and value. Opium-smokers and "turbulent twelve foreigners. The site to be oc- or law-breaking persons," illiterates cupied is the one upon which hither-

to the Methodist Nanking University. Peking, that all women are free from was located. A number of new build- all old customs. Unnumbered millions ings are to be added at the soonest, of Chinese women still need medical and the maintenance of the school is attention, and will never get it unless to be provided for by an equitable it is given by some woman doctor, nadistribution of burdens upon the three tive or foreign. boards involved. A Medical College for Manchuria A Women's Hospital in Shanghai At the annual United Conference of The Margaret Williamson Mission the missions of Manchuria-the Unit- Hospital in Shanghai is probably the ed Free, the Irish Presbyterian, and busiest women's hospital in China. At the Danish Lutheran-held in New- its head is Dr. Elizabeth Reifsnyder, chwang in May, resolutions were and she is .assisted by an able staff of unanimously passed strongly urging colleagues and coworkers. The hos- the establishment of such a college, pital has a great reputation. Last year and heartily recommending it to the it had 833 in-patients and 35,021 new liberal support of all interested in the out-patients, and the receipts from welfare of the Chinese. It will be es- Chinese patients and friends amounted sentially a missionary institution, run to close on £1,200. Miss Reifsnyder's on Christian principles, permeated by description of the scene in front of the Christian influence, and with a great hospital on dispensary day shows what deal of direct Christian teaching. The changes are transpiring in the London majority of the students will be from of the East: "The road in front of Christian homes, and there will be the hospital presents an interesting systematic training in evangelistic and sight during dispensary hours; the other branches of Christian work.'

long line of jinrikshas, not infrequent- Through the generosity of the Chinese, ly broughams, very often sedan- a suitable site for the college came chairs, and now, less than formerly, into our possession contiguous to the wheelbarrows. Very few walk, as the hospital, and well situated. The Vice- distance is too great for the majority roy of Manchuria then guaranteed TIs.

of the patients." 3,000 (about £420) a year for ten years toward the college. During Women Doctors and Nurses Wanted January and February, 1909, Chinese When we remember that of the 400,- officials and other friends subscribed 000,000 people of China one-half are women and girls, just as liable to sick- $5,000 (about £450) toward the buildness of all kinds as their sisters any- ing fund. In this country also many where, and that it is practically im- friends of our own and other churches possible according to Chinese custom for most of them to receive proper have come forward to the support of medical attention from male physi- the college, and over £2,000 has al- ready been received.-Free Church Monthly.

cians, it seems that the plea for wo- JAPAN AND KOREA men doctors for China need be made but once, for any person to feel the Missions Not a Failure in Japan force of the argument. But some one The first Protestant church was or- says that times are changing; that ganized in 1872; several others fol- Chinese women are being emancipated lowed within the next year. Since and it is no longer impossible for them then the progress has not been uni- to go to male doctors. True, China form, but the statistics for 1908 are is moving, but old customs are chan- as follows: ging slowly. It must not be supposed Organized churches (Protestant), that because women may go about excluding 28 Y. M. C. A.'s, somefreely in some places, or because a times counted as churches, 551.

woman can publish a newspaper in Unorganized congregations, 956.

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Churches wholly self-supporting, Think of the returns on an investincluding pastor's salary, 169. ment in Korea now! Last year $2,300 -$1,800 regular appropriation from Communicants, 60,450. the board and $500 in special gifts- Adult baptisms in 1908, 7.449. invested in one missionary and native Sunday-schools, 1,159. workers, cared for 40 churches and Teachers and scholars in Sunday- 5,600 Christians, kept 1,800 Christian boys in 65 day-schools and 63 boys in schools, 87,003. high-school, in all of which schools the Boys' boarding-schools, 15. Bible is taught every day; baptized Students, 3,034. 529, and preached as best as could be Girls' boarding-schools, 37. for a whole year the gospel of salva- Students, 3,693. tion among the 30,000 still in heathen Day-schools and kindergartens, 59. darkness on this one circuit. During Pupils, 4,702. the year the 5,600 native Christians Theological schools, 19. contributed over $6,000 for the sup- Students, 318. port of the work. The whole amount Christian literature, copies, 849,880. contributed in Korea last year by our Christian literature, pages, 63,602,- church was $33,357.-Pittsburgh Ad- 'vocate. 970 . Hospitals, 6. Koreans Engaging in Evangelism Patients treated, 3,860. Orphan Asylums and Homes, 13. Writing in the Advance, a mission- Inmates, 1,299. ary, with reference to the recent won- Industrial establishments, 14. derful conference where the Spirit Inmates, 296. was present with overwhelming pow- Amount raised by Japanese, yen, er, says: "The most thrilling hour came when Rev. C. T. Collyer called 259,498. upon the delegates to give their whole It should be noted that certain im- time for so many days during the next three months to working for the lost. portant items are not included in these I was amazed at the marvelous restatistics. For example, in making sponse to the appeal. Sometimes there up the above statistics, in the case would be ten or fifteen or more men of the Kumai-ai churches (American on their feet at once, eager to call Board churches), while the number out their 'days of service.' A merof self-supporting churches is reck- chant arose and said: 'I am going to oned as 65, there are over 30 others do this work continually; but I will which receive no foreign aid, being devote my entire time to it for one cared for by the missionary society week in every month,' making 21 of the Kumai-ai churches. Again, days during the next quarter. A boatthere are several very important man said he would give 60 days to union charities wholly Christian the Lord during the three months. A supported at an expense of many third declared he would give every thousand yen a year, which es- day, save Sunday, when he wanted to cape tabulation. One of these, a child- attend church himself! Another said saving institution, received within a he could only give three full days, but single year nearly, if not quite, 25,000 he was going to preach every day, no yen for extending its work.-D. matter where he was. A traveling C. GREENE, of Kyoto. merchant said he was going to preach all along the road, but he would give Behold! The Great Opportunity six entire days. One man aroused enthusiasm by stating that he would One Korean leader says: "If in devote 60 of the 90 days to the Lord, each of the 20,000 towns and villages and would keep on in this way until in which as yet there is no church there was a trained Christian leader, either American or Korean, he could build a church in each of these towns within six months."

the million souls were won. At length tion to the Mengo C. M. S. Hospital the blind man arose-the one who had to be used as isolation wards, and walked 20 miles to be present-and which will henceforth be known as the said he would give the entire 90 days "Roosevelt Block." Bishop Tucker to the work." presided, and there were present, be- Day-clawn in Korea sides the mission staff, the Kabaka (King Daudi) and the Regents, sev- Rev. C. T. Collyer writes as follows eral members of the Government and in the London Christian: representatives of the trading commu- nity. Mr. Roosevelt said: "It is more than twenty-one years since I first left home for the mission "Long before I came here I had field. Never have I known of people known of the work that was bebeing so ready to hear the Gospel as ing done in Uganda, and felt particuare the Koreans just now. I have larly anxious to see it. Here you have had the privilege of doing a good deal a peculiarly intelligent native race, of personal work during the past few which has already developed a very inweeks. Without stretching the point, teresting culture of its own, a culture I can say I have had personal conver- both political and social. And the sation with several hundreds of hea- great work must of necessity be to try then. Not one to whom I have spoken to help that race onward, and to try to but has acknowledged that he must do it in a practical fashion, and to do become a Christian. The young Em- it so that the doing of it shall be pripress of Korea has not been making marily a benefit to the race, and, l:>ecgood progress with her studies, so ondly, a benefit to your own people it was felt she ought to have some from whom you come. young lady companions who are used to study. A young lady from our "I have the strongest feeling as to school was chosen for this position. the good that is being done by the She has been in the palace less than medical missionary. There must be a month, but she has found many op- some visible fruit in the life and work portunities of witnessing for her Lord, of the man who preaches if his preachwith the result that Her Majesty has ing is going to have a very great effect definitely set one hour each day for upon those to whom he preaches. the study of Christianity, and ordered That visible fruit can be shown in that a Bible and a hymn-book should many different ways, and one of the be procured for her. It has been my most efficient ways of showing it is privilege to order a specially bound by just such work as is being done' in copy of the New Testament for her." connection with this building, which it will naturally be a source of peculiar AFRICA pride to myself to have my name as- Mr. Roosevelt Visiting Missions sociated with, and which I now take pleasure in declaring to be open."

Theodore Roosevelt will have something to sayan missions in Africa Is Afri<:a to Be Moslem or Christian?

from first-hand knowledge when he Bishop Hartzell of the Methodist returns to America. He visited the Church has recently said that within Africa Inland Mission at Kijabi, was only a few years the Moslems have much imprest with the remarkable re- gathered more converts from pagan sults of Christianity in Uganda, and humanity than all the Christian now on his journey down the Nile, is Church has in fifty years. The mis- visiting Gordon College, at Khartum, sionary problem of the twentieth cen- the United Presbyterian Mission at tury is the evangelization of the Mo- Dolaib Hill, Luxor and the C. M. S. hammedan world; and of the 230,- Missions in Cairo and elsewhere. 000,000, one-fourth are in Africa. It In Uganda, Mr. Roosevelt respond- entered North Africa in the early ed to an invitation to open a new addi- Christian centuries, overcame the

I<)IO] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Christian Church, and for thirteen and fresh courage. The language of this a half centuries has had its strongholds people has not as yet been reduced on the Mediterranean facing Christian to writing. They know nothing of Europe. Later on it began going into Christianity, they have never heard the continent. Everywhere the Arab the story of Jesus. Dr. and Mrs. trader, and in these later years, stu- Springer will have for their first duty dents and missionaries have gone fil- the learning of a new language; their tering down through the continent. next will be to translate the Gospel Read the information brought to us by into that dialect as rapidly as their missionaries. In Uganda, in Nyassa, ability will permit. And, along with and -on down the east coast, first the this, will come the strange and beautrader, then a little community, then tiful task of inviting a people, for a small mosque, then a larger mosque. the first time, to the world's Redeemer. And so on the west and on the east, southward and through Central Af- The tribesmen are warlike people, rica; not everywhere, but filtering here living back in the interior. To reach and there steadily, day by day, in- them, these two missionaries will probdividually, steadily, like the constant ably travel through British possessions movement of the trade-winds, steadily, from the south coast.-Western Chrispersistently, this movement goes on. tian Advocate. In the Christian city of Cape Town, there are Mohammedan mosques. A Giving Meeting in South Africa Unless the Church of God accepts the challenge of the Lord Jesus Christ for On Saturday last there was a large that continent, before the close of the gathering near the Bushmen Caves, twentieth century, outside of South Silonga's schoolroom opening. The Africa and a few other spots along the Amasidindi tribe turned out in great Mediterranean, all Africa is certain force. The chief councillors and peoto be under the influence and domina- ple were all in good time. The kraals tion of the Mohammedan faith. round about the schoolroom were a mass of reds; fires were on all sides A New Methodist Mission in for the many pots containing meat and Indian corn. The usual giving meet- West Africa ing took place. Several led off well, giving iI each; then followed the long A new tribe of possibly 3,000,000 speeches and threepenny pieces, fowls, souls is soon to have the Gospel pre- etc. One man noticed no pennies had sented to it. Vhat vast meaning is been given, and so gave a new penny. included in this simple statement! Another made a long speech, saying So continually do we hear and read he was much surprized cattle were of revivals, where, possibly, for the not given to payoff the debt. He hundredth time, a community has been gave one hen for himself and one egg brought under some special religious for his baby. After four hours' talkinfluence in the attempt to impress ing, and shut up among two hundred the message and build up the cause red Kaffirs, I was glad to announce of Christianity that we sometimes that the debt had been cleared. Then steel ourselves against discourage- followed the feast; it did not take long when we contemplate the meager re- to finish off the four sheep an~ goats. ports. But when we were informed Many women ran along to their kraals lately by the Rev. John M. Springer carrying two large pots balanced on and wife, both of whom have written their heads, smoking their pipes.- charming volumes on Africa missions, CANON WATERS in The Mission Field. that they were soon to sail for the (S. P. G.) Dark Continent and push into Portuguese West Africa, to the tribe of Menelik and Hi. Succe.sor Lunda-where never yet has the Gospel been preached-our heart took Menelik, Emperor of Abyssinia, whose death has recently been re- ported by the press, for a score

of years ruled his country with a missionary in that country. He was strong arm; by his ability, tact, cour- sent by the English Baptists, who a age, and statesmanship he harmonized few years later withdrew and transthe factions led by warlike chiefs, and ferred their work to the Basel Misbound the restless federation of states sionary Society. The work is flourinto the strong empire of Ethiopia. A ishing and in its stations are gathered year and a half ago, he suffered a 6,080 native church-members. In stroke of paralysis, which disabled I891 the German Baptists sent mishim, and caused somewhat a relaxation sionaries to Kamerun and now in their of his grip upon the Government, and stations are found 1,52I native Chrisin October he suffered another stroke, tians, while about 1,250 other native which paralyzed his body and de- Christians have formed independent throned his mind. In a period of men- Baptist congregations. tal lucidity, he selected, as the successor to his throne Lij Yasu, son of the In the southern part of Kamerun Emperor's daughter, Waizaro Shoa the missionaries of the Presbyterian Rogga, and Ras Michael. There is Church in the U. S. (North) are dograve apprehension in the home land, ing a g00d work and have 800 conand among the nations, who by the verts, so that about I30 missionary triple alliance are to a certain degree laborers are employed upon about 335 responsible for the good behavior of stations and out-stations among 30 the Ethiopian empIre, that the death millions of black inhabitants (mostly of Menelik and the change of rulers heathen) . The total number of commay result in a revolution, in which municants of Protestant churches in the chiefs of the various provinces may Kamerun is estimated at 9,000. Of fight for the throne. Roman Catholic missionaries the Pa- lotins (Pions Society of Missions), of The Christian Church was planted Rome, are laboring in this German in Abyssinia fifteen hundred years ago, colony. and has existed continuously in that country until the present time. It has ISLANDS been diluted from time to time by Ju- Religious Liberty Among Pagans Upon daism and other if-lns, but it has been Sumatra the basis of a far better civilization than that of paganism, and makes it Missionary Theis, of the Rhenish the more easy for the empire to take Missionary Society, writes from Raja its place, as it does to-clay, among the upon Sumatra, on November 3d: progressive nations of the earth. The land is practically closed to all forms "Last Monday brought a decision of of Protestant Christian work. vital importance to our work here. On another occasion the Tuan Raja The new emperor is only thirteen (chief) had entered into an agreeyears of age, and he has been given ment with me that he would send the over to the guardianship of one of children to the school, but that no re- MeneIik's most faithful friends, Ras ligious pressure should be exerted. I Tasma. The council of ministers, pro- gladly promised that. Now, however, viding a guard of 50,000 soldiers, com- a number of the older pupils have missioned the father of the young asked for baptism, and two are applyemperor to defend the city.-DR. 1. C. ing for admission to the training school, for which they seem to be well IGLEHART. fitted. But the parents were opposed to their children becoming professing Fifty Years of Missionary Effort in Christians. Therefore I laid the mat- ter before the council, and showed that Kamerun the agreement was that no religious coercion should be used, but that The German Baptist missionaries in everyone should decide for himself. Kamerun, the German colony in West Africa, recently celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of the first Thus, I added, none could be hindered more or less, the need of an industrial in his decision to be baptized, and bap- education. It is not that it doubts the tism must be allowed. The members efficacy of the gospel of Jesus Christ, of the council agreed with me, and but rather that it believes such help now none can be hindered in his in- to be an integral portion of that gostention to be baptized, not even chil- pel. Look at this problem: The Fijian (lren, by their parents. has land-good land and plenty. It is lying fallow. He has strength "Naturally this liberty refers only to stored up in a body capable of fine older children, but it also implies that muscular development. That is falnone who decides to become a Chris- low also. The land rots in idleness; tian, can be ridiculed by the other in- so does the native. Can not we find habitants of his village. My kind some way of freeing the labor of the invitation to the Tuan Raja to be a native that it may act upon the land good example to his subjects and to and give some resultant product? attend the divine services, was re- That is the task we have, in a small fused, however, with the words, 'We way, set ourselves, and for the great are too old. We surrender the young majority of the Fijian people this is the gladly to you, but we older ones will gospel of race salvation." adhere to the old customs.' Thus we have the younger generation, at least, OBITUARY NOTES and not only it, but three whole families have already begun to attend the James W. Waugh, of India instruction for inquirers." Truly, sometimes pagan princes are more A cablegram announces the death of tolerant than nominal Christians. Dr. James Walter Waugh, at Morada- bad, India, on January 22, 19IO, at the A Mistake in Fiji age of seventy-eight. Doctor Waugh was one of six missionaries to respond The February issue of the Aus- to a call for reenforcements to the tralasian Methodist Missionary Re- Methodist Mission, sounded by Dr. view has a very interesting article William Butler during the Indian Mufrom the pen of Rev. ]. W. Burton tiny in 1856. He had thus been laon "Our Industrial Work in Fiji," in boring for India for over half a cenwhich he says: tury. He established the first Methodist printing-press in southern India, and "The Fijians were won to Christ it later grew into a great publishingwith a rapidity that was phenomenal house. Doctor Waugh contributed in missionary annals, and, it must be largely to Christian Indian literature said, with a thoroughness that is and was principal of Bareilly Theoscarcely to be equaled among any logical Seminary, retiring from active primitive people. N a praise can be work some years ago. too high for those early pioneers !n Fiji. But the success was too rapId Bishop Hare: Indian Missionary for the liberality of the Church that sent these men forth. At the close of The recent death of Bishop Hare, that first wonderful period was the the apostle to the Sioux Indians, takes time for rooting and grounding the one of the most devoted Christian converts, not merely in faith, but also leaders of our time. In the seventies, in works-works of the most practical under the direction of President Grant, kind. Then land ought to have been the various Indian tribes were placed bought for the future needs of the under the care of the different religrace and thus saved us to-day from the ious denominations; a certain amount reproach and dilemma of being a land- being appropriated by the Government less Church. for the carrying on of their schools. In addition to what the Government "It is the recognition of the fore- provided, the churches raised considgoing state of the natives that has erable amounts t0ward Indian educamade our Church in Fiji emphasize, tion. The Roman Catholics, who have During the past few years Mr. Marin, always shown great interest in the with Mr. Anglada, of Barcelona, has Christianizati0n of the Indian, because held together the interests of the misof their larger number of schools, sion .and the work has grown slowly, record the largest appropriation from while the literature from his press and the Government. especially the monthly publication, E1 Eco de fa Verdad, has had its influence One of the Christian leaders who in the changed feeling abroad in Spain. has stood bravely by his red brother in all his difficulties was Bishop Hare, Rev. S. J. Smith, of Siam of the Protestant Episcopal Church. A man of rare culture, of refined Rev. S. J. Smith, Litt.D., passed tastes, through long years of devoted service, he has thrown in his lot with away October ro, 1909, at the age of his red chiliren. For days and weeks eighty-nine, at Bangkok, Siam. Doctor at a time he traveled across the plains, Smith was born in Burma, and was carrying his tent with him, cooking adopted by Rev. J. T. Jones, who went his own food, exposed to all sorts of from Burma to found the mission in hardships, visiting the little Indian Siam in 1832. He spent the years churches and schools which he had es- 1835-49 in America, and returned to tablished, baptizing, confirming the Siam as a missionary of the American youth, and burying the dead. Baptist Missionary Union. When in 1868 it was decided to continue only Rev. H. C. DuBose, of China the Chinese department of the Siam Mission he determined to conduct a Word has been received of the death work for the Siamese on a self-supof Rev. H. C. DuBose, D.D., of the porting basis. Doctor Smith has had Presbyterian (South) Mission in a large and prominent part in the ma- China. Doctor and Mrs. DuBose were king of the new Siam. From his press located at Suchau, where they have were issued not only the Bible and rendered most valuable services to the other religious works, but Siamese cause of Christ. The death of Doctor classics in great numbers. He was a DuBose means a great loss to the mis- pioneer journalist, publishing both sion work of the Church in China, English and Siamese newspapers. His where he has labored since 1869, and monumental work was the Englishhas done much to put a stop to the Siamese dictionary issued in five voltraffic in opium that has so long umes. been a curse to the Celestial Empire. One of his latest pamphlets was en- Rev. Ernst Reichel Drowned at Sea titled, "The Passing of the Poppy." For the first time in the one hundred Rev. M. C. Marin, of Spain and seventy-eight years of its mission history the Moravian Church has lost The death of Rev. Manuel C. Marin, a member of its Mission Board at sea. of Sabadell, Spain, on January 3d, On January 21st the Prins Wilhelm II calls attention anew to the needy con- of the Royal Dutch West Indian Mail dition of the work in Spain in this day sailed from Amsterdam, bound for of open-mindedness and receptivity to Surinam (Dutch Guiana), South the claims of evangelical Christianity America, and has never been heard of on the part of the Spanish people. Mr. since. She carried a crew of 38, and Marin was educated at Colby College 14 passengers, among whom was the and Newton Theological Institution, Rev. Ernst Reichel of the Moravian graduating from the latter in 1885, and Mission Board, who was going to in the following year returned to Surinam on a visit of official inspec- Spain, his native land, as a missionary tion of this largest mission field of the of the Union. He was the colleague Moravian Church. Mr. Reichel was of Rev. Eric Lund until Mr. Lund one of the most distinguished clergywas transferred to the Philippines. men of the German province of the Moravian Church.

THE MISSIONARY

FIFTY YEARS OF NEW JAPAN. By Count Buddhism, says that the question Shigenobu Okuma. Translated by Mar- whether the new Buddhism will cus B. Buist. Map. 2 vols. 8vo, 646 progress is uncertain. Professor and 618 pages. $7.50, net. E. P. Dut- Inouye acknowledges that Confu- ton & Co., New York. 1910. cianism has perished, except in its ethical influence. Professor Kume The story of the progress of civili- who describes Shinto, declares that zation in Japan reads like a romance. Christianity has been silently gain- The transformation of land and peo- ing ground in Japanese hearts, but ple, of ideas and customs, seems like sees in it the reincarnation of J apathe work of an enchanter's wand. nese ideals. This story is told in two large volumes by men who are the highest INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN MIS·SIONS. By Japanese authorities in the various departments of politics, education Thomas Carey Johnson. Second edition. and industry. The work is most appropriate in commemoration of the 8vo, 220 pages. 60 cents. Presbyterian fifty years since the opening of Japan to Western influence; it is of Board of Publication, Richmond, Va. vast historical value; and must be 1910. . authoritative as a book of reference. Doctor Johnson's lectures show The editor opens with a summary how Christian missions are the natof the history of Japan, and the last of the "Shoguns." Then follow ural and necessary work of the Chrischapters by various authors on J apan's foreign relations, the political tian Church. He proves from the parties, the army, navy, police; the Bible and from history that the legal institutions, legislation, prisons, municipal progress, banking and Church is God's missionary society, finance, postal and railroad systems, and that the obligation to evangelize merchant marine, industries, relig- rests upon all Christians. The book ions, education, progress in science, is both an argument for and a hismedicine, arts, literature and social- tory of the "missionary movement." ism. There is scarcely a subject that is not well presented, and from a THE STORY OF THE NEGRO. By Booker T. Japanese, not a foreign point of Washington. 2 vols. 12mo, 332 and view. 457 pages. $3.00, net. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. 1910. Christianity in Japan is described by Bishop Yoichi Honda, of the The uplift of the negro from can- Japanese Methodist Church. He re- nibalism, and fetishism, through slaports native Christians as numbering very to Christianity and civilization, 280,000, including Roman and Greek is one of the most tremendous prob- Catholics. One of the most impor- lems of the ages. The conspicuous tant steps in the progress of Chris- leader in this work in Americatianity was when a number of Japa- from slavery to civilization-here nese Christians met at Hanaoka Hill, tells the story of the struggle with near Kumamoto, and took an oath reference especially to what the that they would not engage in poli- negro himself has accomplished for tics or military affairs or other pur- his own advancement. suits to attain positions of eminence, but would devote themselves to the Principal Booker T. Washington spiritual uplift of Japan. first describes the African in his na- tive continent and shows the in- Bishop Honda believes that the fluence of his ancestry on his future. Christian Church in Japan will soon He then pictures the negro as a slave become more active and powerful in and his progress in contact with the winning the land for Christ. Pro- Christianity of America. Many do fessor Takakusu, who writes on not realize the progress made in those days before freedom, but prog- ress there was, for some noble men were developed, such as Frederick Douglass, the editor, orator and anti- slavery agitator.

The second volume is devoted to the progress of the American negro population has doubled since the since slavery. Here is a veritable civil war, that they now own $300,- encyclopedia of information on the 000,000 worth of taxed property-or negro in education, industry, politics, more; 173,000 own their own farms.

religion, business, the professions, About half the blacks over ten years poetry, music, art and every other of age can read and write, and there relationship, personal, social and are many well-educated teachers, national. preachers, doctors, and lawyers. The Doctor Washington is a clear and South is now grasping the problem forceful writer, and he knows his of negro education, and there is every subject. He shows that the negro prospect that the negro will become has been intimately woven into all a helpful factor in American national phases of American life and enter- life.

prise from the very beginning, and CENTRAL AMERICA AND ITS PROBLEMS. By that at present some parts of our country could not progress without Frederick Palmer. Map and illustra- tions. 8vo. 347 pages. $2.50, net. Mofthe help of negro labor. He believes fat Yard & Co., New York. 1910.

that the negro is here to stay, and Central America is coming more that his uplift means the 'uplift of to the attention of the world since the whole social structure. "At present," he says, "the negro race is, so the Panama Canal came under the to speak, hewing its path through control of the United States, and the wilderness. In spite of its diffi- these little republics are sure to be- come even more important when the culties there is a novelty and zest, as canal is opened. Mr. Palmer has well as an inspiration in this task that given us a thoroughly readable and few who have not shared it can appreciate. . . . V!e have had prob- fairly complete account of the politilems, but instead of despairing we cal, ethnological and social condi- tions in this little-visited section of should thank God that we have a the Western hemisphere. The volproblem. . . . It is only by man- ume is valuable as a work of refer- fully facing difficult problems that ence, but more especially as a picraces, like individuals, are made ture of the present conditions, needs strong." and opportunities. The religious THE NEGRO AND THE NATION. By George failure of Romanism is clearly pic- S. Merriam. 12mo, 436 pages. $1.75, tured, and the need is shown of net. Henry Holt & Co., New York. more extended work by Christian 1910. missionaries. This volume presents a whiteman's view of the subject as Booker LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE UNDER THREE T. Washington describes negro prog- CZARS. By Robert Sloan Latimer. Map. ress as a negro sees it. Moreover, Mr. Illustrated. I2mo. 244 pp. $1.50, net. Fleming H. Revell Co.. New York.

Merriam gives the whole history of 1909.

the negro in relation to American No one who has not visited Russia history and politics. Here is a rec- or come into personal contact with ord of facts ; Washington gives the those who have suffered in their interpretation of the facts. One struggle for freedom, can understand needs to study both presentations of the tragedy that has been enacted there the subject to understand it. Mr. during the last half century. The story Merriam shows the growth of sla- should be read by every friend of misvery, its ope~ation and results, the sions, and of progress. Russia is now problems and struggle for the libera- in a most critical state. The people tion of the slaves, the final emanci- desire liberty, but know not yet how pation, the effects at reconstruction to use it. The thinking classes are un- and regeneration and the evolution settled in their religious views, but are up to date. We learn that the negro eager for light.

The Missionary Review of the World — January 1910

A PART OF REV. DONALD FRASER'S AUDIENCE l N LOUDON, LlYINGSTON1A, CENTRAL

This is part of a Saturday congregation at the Annual Convention. On a Sabbath morning last June over 8,000 were present, and during the preceding months there were 2,000 candidates for baptism examined by the missionaries. At this meeting on Saturday, 459 adults ,,,ere baptized and received into the Church. On the following day 1,176 communicants partook of the Lord's Suppe r. (See paKc 5.)

fAfissionary CJ(eview

of the World Published by Funk II.Dd Wagnalls Company (Isaac K. Funk, Pres., A. W. WAgnalls, Vice-Pres., Robert J. Cuddihy, Treu., Roh.lri Scott, Sec',.), 44-6u E. 23d St.• New York.

VOL. XXXIII. No.1 JANUARY, 1910 VOL. XXIII. No. Old Series New Series SIGNS OF THE TIMES A CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN MIS- There are nearly twenty-two thousand SIONS foreign missionaries in the world.

The story of a century of foreign The Bible has been translated into missionary achievement should thrill about five hundred languages and dialects. us with enthusiasm for the tasks which Total foreign missionary contributions are yet before US: amount to nearly $25,000,000 annually.

1810 Thousands of medical missionaries in the heathen lands treat three million pa- Nearly every country in Asia and tients a year. Africa was closed to the Gospel. There are 400 mission hospitals and The Church did not believe in foreign over 500 orphanages and asylums in formissions. eign lands, operated by missionaries.

There were practically no Protestant There are over six thousand unmar- Christians in heathen lands. ried women missionaries to heathen wo- men and children. Only one hundred foreign missionaries had been sent out. There are about ninety-three thousand native pastors, evangelists, etc., working The Bible was translated into only among their own people. sixty-five languages. There are nearly 30,000 schools and col- Only a few thousands of dollars were leges conducted by Protestant mi~sion­ given yearly for foreign missions. aries in foreign lands.

There were no medical missionaries. There are over 160 publishing houses There were no mission hospitals or and mission presses, and 400 Christian orphanages. periodicals are published on the mission There was no native Christian min- fields. istry. Missionary work was not recognized Thousands of college students are on in American and British colleges. the mission field, and thousands are pre- There were no unmarried women mis- paring to go. sionaries, and no organized work for women. And yet to-day one billion people There were no mission presses or agen- are still ignorant of the Gospel of cies for preparing and distributing Chris- Jesus, the Christ, the Son of God and tian literature in non-Christian lands. Savior of the world.

1910 THE FULNESS OF TIME IN MISsiONS Practically every nation in the world No student of the march of events is open to missionaries. can fail to see that, in the providence of God, there are simultaneous signs All evangelical churches are interested of 'a present world-wide opportunity in mISSIOnS. To speak against missions for the Church. The pentecosts in is counted a disgrace, and a sign of ig- mission fields, the reform movements norance. in Asia and Africa, the opening of More than two million Protestant Christians have been gathered in heathen lands-besides all who have died in the faith. closed doors, the growing sympathy intelligent knowledge of Christ and with the missionary propaganda at His salvation.

nome and abroad, the active campaigns Dr. Zeller, director of the Statis- among students, young people and tical Bureau in Stuttgart, Germany, women and laymen and the vast in~ estimates that there are 1,544,510,000 crease of missionary literature point people in the world, of whom 534,940,~ to the fact that God's time to strike 000 are Roman, Greek and Protestant has come. Christians, 175,290,000 are Mohamme- Mr. John R. Mott calls attention to dans, 10,860,000 are Jews, and 823,- the present crisis, which he declares to 420,000 are heathens. Of these last, be unprecedented because of the stu~ 300,000,000 are Confucians, 214,000,- pendous changes of an educational, 000 are Brahmans, and 121,000,000 social, economic, moral and religious Buddhists, with other bodies of lesser character actually in progress in India, numbers. This means that, out of Turkey, Persia, China, Korea and every 1,000 of the earth's inhabitants, Japan. The predictions of five years 346 are nominal Christian, 114 are ago have been more than fulfilled. Mohammedan, 7 are Israelite, and The changes in Turkey are almost un~ 533 are of other religions.

believable; Persia's destiny will be How overwhelming these figures, determined in the next few years and and what a loud call they contain for Russia is still in the balance. In Af- prayer and effort. It is evident that rica, pagamsm is doomed and is al- the world is a long way from being ready dying. The contest is between converted, or even evangelized.

Islam and Christianity, fatalism with AN EXAMPLE IN LARGE GIVING the worship of the false prophet The will of John S. Kennedy, Esq., and liberty with the worship of of New York, who died on October 31, God as revealed in Christ. There is recalls a group of the most liberal also a rising tide of nationalism in benefactions that we ever remember South America and a desire to leave to have seen. The departed banker the superstition and formalism of gives half of his fortune of $60,000,- paganized Christianity for the light 000 to American charitable institu- and liberty of the Gospel. tions. To the Presbyterian Boards of There is a "fulness of time" as truly Foreign Missions, Home Missions, as there was in the day of Christ. Church Erection, Presbyterian Hos- God is evidently preparing the world pital, New York, he bequeaths each for a forward movement of the $2,500,ooo-the largest bequest to such Church and at the same time is pre- purposes on record. Then to the paring the Church for advance. Those Church extension work of New York who fail to join in the onward march Presbytery, Robert College, Constan- will be left outside at the Bridal Sup- tinople, and United Charities of New per of the King. York, each $5°0,000; and to the WHAT REMAINS TO BE DONE American Bible Society and Presby- terian Aid for Colleges, each $75°,000.

One-third of the people of the world These are only the major legacies and are nominally Christian, but in reality those to missionary and distinctly re- not more than one in thirty have an ligious institutions. Lesser amounts

OF THE TIMES

to similar purposes range from $10,000 ing-point," led to a sort of symposium to $100,000, with a most discreet in which bishops and prebendaries took and discriminating selection of the ob- part. All admit the decreased church- jects of his benefaction. going; and sevt;ral causes of decline Such an example of liberality seems were assigned, such as "the develop- to us to inaugurate a new era. When ment of locomotion," "love of pleas- before have three great mission so- ure," "irreverent handling of Scrip- cieties received an aggregate .sum of ture," "week-end excursions," "a nig- seven millions and a half? It imposes gardly spirit in rich churchgoers,"

a grave responsibility on these organi- and one party says that "the vocabu- zations to determine how such vast lary of the churches has become sound- sums shall be so disbursed as to avoid ing brass."

waste, and at the same time to escape Of the decrease in church attend- the worse error of promoting a lower ance, admitted by all, one cause, not standard of giving among Christians mentioned, may have more to do than at large. any or all of the others; namely, the THE CHANGING SENTIMENT decline in worship, in its Scriptural Sydney Smith sneered at the early sense. Some one says that "let us go advocates of missions as "apostates of into the house of the Lord" is now the anvil and the 100m" ; he put Carey changed to "let us go to Dr. -'s and his class in the pillory and then church," or "let us go and hear So- shot at them the arrows of a pitiless and-So," the thought of meeting mockery and ridicule. To-day, the God, and offering to Him worship in Church and the world as well do praise and prayer, and reverent hear- homage to the names and memories ing of His word, being almost lost in of the humble working men who left the seeking of entertainment in lis- their shoemaker's bench, weaver's tening to some human orator.

loom, blacksmith's forge, and shep- This is so common and prevalent herd's fold, as the primitive disciples that, in consequence, the elements of forsook their ships and nets and tax- worship proper, reduced practically to bench to undertake the world's evan- a minimum, are treated as unimportant gelization. Verily, the apostates of "preliminaries," performed too often the anvil and the 100m have become in a careless and slovenly fashion, as apostles of a new and grander era in something formal, to be got out of the world-wide mISSIons, and Sydney way. Two inevitable effects follow: Smith himself rather is in the pillory. first, the churchgoer becomes increas- When God turns the wheel, history ingly indifferent and insensible to the makes rapid revolutions, and the claims of divine worship as such, and Nemesis of Providence handles a morbidly bent on hearing some at- scourge of no small cords but of scor- tractive and eloquent speaker, and, pion tails. naturally, if he does not care for hear- IS CHRISTIAN FAITH LOSING ing the preacher that is available, GROUND? either stays away altogether or goes The remark of a clerical visitor con- as the caprice takes him. There is no cerning Christianity in Britain, that sense of obligation Godward.

"it is rapidly approaching the vanish- A second result follows: God Him-

self, dishonored by this loss of sensi- has churchgoing been considered as bility and conscientiousness as to His less imperative? Does not the one 'own rightful claims upon human fact imply and involve the other?

homage, withholds spiritual blessing Were there to-day a general revival and practically withdraws from such of the sense of God's presence in the assemblies as do gather that manifes- assembly, and a hearty return to the tation of His presence which is the worship of the Lord, with a desire and highest charm and power of church determination that it should be in the life, and the only attraction that per- beauty of holiness; were there once manently proves effective. more an exaltation of worship to its It would not be surprizing if this true place as the grand end of meeting were not one cause only, but the main together on the Lord's day, man's cause, of declension in churchgoing. pursuit of worldly pleasure on that So long as proper stress is laid on the day would gradually give place to a worship of God, and this is constantly returning sense of obligation to render uplifted as the grand purpose and ob- unto the Lord the glory due unto His ject of the Christian assembly, the at- name. Let the conscience once again.

tendant becomes more and more a awake, and motoring and cycling, worshiper, and learns to think of wor- golfing and baseball, Sunday travel ship as foremost, and man's utterances and excursions, social visiting and all subordinate. The sense of God is not similar invasions of sacred time, would lost and the sense of duty is not sac- have a new and counteractive restraint rificed. Both preacher and hearer are in a growing and wholesome reverence much the better for thus magnifying for spiritual things. But while the the divine element and minifying the present drift continues, there is no human; and the more God is honored hope of a reform, further downward by a worshiping assembly, the more decline is inevitable, and the question He honors and blesses the worshipers. is one which demands prompt and Another kindred result follows: prayerful attention.

"The Beauty of Holiness"-the only beauty of which God is jealous in WHAT GOD IS DOING IN AFRICA worship is increasingly cultivated; the Fifty years ago Missionary Krapf beauty of architecture and art, music was ridiculed because he dared to talk and eloquence, furniture and garniture, of a chain of mission stations ex- does not engross the mind and dis- tending through Central Africa from place that higher beauty which alone the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. To- makes the sanctuary permanently at- day the chain exists.

tractive, as a reflection of Heaven A little more than fifty years ago upon earth. David Livingstone was laboring in We are slow to learn that all de- Central Africa with very slight re- partures from a divine pattern react sults, and little encouragement. To- to the degeneration of church life and day the Livingstone Mission holds a the decline of church power. Never, convention attended by several thou- in modern times, has worship been so sand Christian natives who camped in little treated as important. Is it not booths erected in the woods. A few inevitable that in consequence never months ago more than 300 were re-·

19IO] SIGNS OF THE TIMES

ceived into the Church in a single day outskirts of the crowd could be heard and 7,000 were present at one service, over all the gathering, and had to be and twenty-four native teachers removed by its mother to the trees in offered themselves as missionaries. the distance. During the service 1,100 Thirty years ago Uganda was a catechumens took their vows and sang heathen state where cruelty reigned their hymn of consecration, creating supreme. To-day 360,000 of its in- a profound impression upon the gath- habitants, more than one-half of its ered throng. The whole convention population, are Christians. Not long was a mighty demonstration of the ago Dahomey and Ashantiland were triumph of the Gospel and of the won- full of bloodshed and murder. To- derful changes wrought by it in Af- day the message of peace in Christ rica, the land of vast opportunity.

Jesus has penetrated even their gloom THE KONGO QUESTION and hundreds are faithful Christians. With the death of Leopold, King During the first week of June, 1909, of Belgium, on December r6, it the South Africa Dutch Reformed Mission held its annual convention at is hoped that the Kongo question Loudon, in the Angoni hills, west of will be satisfactorily settled. The Lake Nyassa, and immense congrega- verdict of Sir Edward Grey has tions gathered, so that on Sabbath been endorsed by Earl Percy and apmorning over 8,000 were present. proved by the House of Commons. In Nearly 2,000 men and"women applied the Berlin Treaty of 1885, Britain unfor baptism or for entrance to the dertook "to watch over the preservacatechumenate, and they were only tion of the native races and the amethose who had already been examined lioration of the moral and material and passed by the committee of fifty condition of their existence." The elders. More than a score of out- reforms demanded by Sir Edward schools were shut off, because a week Grey are only the minimum of what before the convention the government is essential, but diplomacy has failed applied the sleeping-sickness regula- to secure them, and the Belgian Govtions and declared Angoniland a closed ernment has proved as elusive and country. The many who were already evasive as King Leopold. Despite on their way from the distant villages smooth words, the evils in question reof the Loangwa plain had to be turned main unchecked. The Belgian Coloback. On Saturday 683 heathen nial Minister returned from a tour of adults and children were baptized, and inspection on the Kongo, to laud the it took four hours to complete the achievements of the administration service. On Sabbath 1,176 commu- and flatly deny the existence of the nicants sat down at the Lord's table, alleged abuses! The only "reform"

and at the great public service which of any consequence is a proposal to followed the communion service and throw open to all traders a district of was held in the open air a mass of country not hitherto appropriated to more than 8,000 crowded closely to- any of the privileged companies; but gether (see frontispiece). So rapt for the robbery, enslavement and op- was the attention and so quiet were pression of the natives there is no the hearers, that a baby crying on the promise of redress.

On November 19, a great represent- against consecration of children to ative meeting was held in Albert Hall, lives within the precincts of the tem- London, to appeal to the conscience of ples, which seemed to be considered the nation and of the world not to almost equivalent to lives of immoralabandon the native peoples of the ity, were earnestly urged. Kongo to the tender mercies of the present Belgian administration. CHANGES IN ISLAM Out of all these appeals, by tongue Prof. George Adam Smith exand pen, through the literature of fact presses his belief that the recent liband fiction, hope begins to emerge. eralizing movement in the Moslem What Sir Conan Doyle calls "the countries of the near East means "a greatest crime in the history of the change of the whole atmosphere in world" seems about to be at least re- which Islam has lived and flourished strained, if not stopt. The new Bel- for centuries." This new atmosphere gian King can not disregard the voice is the great opportunity of Christianof outraged humanity. Albert, if not ity-the greatest opportunity which as able as his late uncle, is younger, has ever opened to it in the East since and it is hoped will prove vastly more Carey and his followers began work moral and unselfish as a man and under the Danish flag in Bengal. Are ruler. In his Guildhall speech lately, we ready for such an opening and the prime minister of England spoke such a call? "Shall we be true to our words of assurance that the end of belief that God is in Christ reconthis long history of outrage is at hand. ciling the world unto Himself; that in Let us pray that it may be. Christ's teaching we have a fuller, richer knowledge of God, His nature THE AWAKENING OF INDIA and His purposes for men than Jew, Mohammedan or Buddhist possest?" How much Christian ideas and thought are commencing to permeate One of the great contrasts between the moral consciousness of the people Mohammedan and non-Mohammedan in India, in spite of the earnest efforts lands has, heretofore, been in the stress of the native leaders to hinder it, is laid upon the importance of a liberal remarkable. A social conference was education and the lack of opportunities held in Madras a short time ago, ac- for women in Moslem countries. With cording to the annual report of the the new constitution in Turkey has Leipsic Missionary Society. It was come a complete change, so that it is well attended by Indian women of the possible to-day for a Turkish woman higher classes, and the subjects dis- not only to go to college, but with the cust were of a wide range. The abo- help of the government. When the lition of caste was proposed and edu- American College for Girls at Constancation of women was demanded. Re- tinople began its new school year, marrying of widows and reform of among the thirty Turkish students enthe system of marriage, especially con- rolled were five whose entire expenses cerning the age of the marrying par- are paid by the government, which deties (men to be allowed to marry at mands nothing in return but a pledge eighteen, girls at twelve) , were greatly that they will become teachers for five favored, and precautionary laws years after their graduation. Truly, a new day has dawned in Turkey.

A HALF-CENTURY OF PRAYER, WITH SIGNS

BY THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF In November, 1858, a little over Spain imprisoned a man for daring to fifty years ago, a notable call sell a Bible, or preach the Gospel.

to united prayer in behalf of France was practically infidel, and the world was issued by the Germany permeated with rationalism; Lodiana Mission, in India. This ap- and, over a large part of the mission peal made such an impression or.. the field, the doors were shut and locked Church at large that it led to the by a more or less rigid exclusion and setting apart of the first week of J anu- caste system. Now the changes, on ary, of the following year, for that every side, are so remarkable and purpose; and, tho somewhat modi- so radical that, to one who should fied in observance by the adoption of suddenly come out of this middle a more general and comprehensive period of the last century, or wake program, the annual "Week of from another Rip Van Winkle sleep, Prayer" in January is still kept the world would be unrecognizable.

throughout Christendom, the subjects He who holds the keys of the two- for each day being recommended by leaved gates has been unlocking them, the Evangelical Alliance. opening up all lands to the Messenger Of those who sent forth this call of the Cross. Even in the Eternal to prayer, only one or two survive; City, where, a half-century ago, a but it would be impossible to measure, visitor had to leave his Bible outside or even gather up, the fruit of this the walls, there are Protestant chapels seed-sowing of faith. The Hearer of by the score, and a free circulation of Prayer, who inspired the invitation, the Scriptures.

has crowned it with blessing. It It is a curious coincidence, full of everywhere met a cordial response; it deep significance, that, in 1747, about awoke the Church to new life and one hundred and ten years previous, zeal; and so remarkable and world- Jonathan Edwards had sent out his wide have been the results of this famous Call to Prayer, to which can prayer union, that since this new con- be traced all that marvelous spiritual cert of supplication began to be ob- awakening which marked the whole served, not one nation has remained latter half of the eighteenth century, untouched in its religious life and his- and gave rise to the modern mission- tory; the whole face of the world has ary revival. And it will greatly en- been changed, if not its heart. A courage every devout praying soul to half-century ago, China and Man- cast a glance over the equally marvel- c!luria, Japan and Korea, Turkey and ous results of the Lodiana call. We Arabia, and even the vast continent of reprint in full the original document: Africa, were sleeping-hermit nations, An invitation to prayer, addrest to the locked in the cell of long seclusion and Church of Christ throughout the world; exclusion. Central Asia was com- being an extract from the minutes of the paratively unexplored, as was Central twenty-third annual meeting of the Lo- Africa. In many lands, Satan's long diana Mission: occupation was undisputed and his empire unmolested. Papal countries Whereas our spirits have been greatly were as intolerant as pagan; Italy and refreshed by what we have heard of the Lord's dealings with His people ill America, therefore,

Resolved, First, that we hereby pub- hensive view of those colossal changes licly acknowledge the debt of gratitude which led Mr. Gladstone to remark we owe to Him, and our obligations to that, within a single decade of years, live more than ever, not unto ourselves, there had been more progress in some but unto Him who died for us. directions than during all the ages preceding. This progress it is im- And in view of our own spiritual ne- possible to realize, or even recognize, cessities, and of the wants of the perish- until some leading events are mar- ing millions about us, and in the hope shaled in line, afid seen in their mutual of obtaining similar blessings for this connection, succession, relation. At- land. tempts have been made to frame a chronological table of the main de- Resolved, Second, that we will do our velopments in the missionary field, in best to get union meetings for prayer order to get a view of the links in this for the outpouring of the Spirit, estab- chain of events.* But so many items lished at our respective stations, and also deserve record that any such attempt at other stations wherever we may find must be, at best, only a partial suc- two or three willing to meet together in cess. One table we have consulted the name of Christ. does not even mention this Lodiana appeal, which belongs in the forefront And, further, being convinced from the of such modern events, and it is not signs of the times that God has still unlikely that in our present attempt large blessings in store for His people, at a comprehensive survey, we may and f,gr our ruined race, and that He overlook what some may see as prom- now seems to be ready and waiting to inent peaks in the historic horizon. bestow them as soon as asked, therefore But even a hasty look over this broad landscape of the half-century must Resolved, Third, that we appoint the impress one with the amazing answers second week in January, 1860, beginning to the prayer implied and suggested with Monday the 8th, as a time of special in this circular-letter of fifty years prayer that God would now pour out His ago. At least two hundred and fifty Spirit upon all flesh, so that all the ends of the most memorable advances of of the earth might see His salvation; the missionary host, and of the na- that on the first day, that is, on Monday, tions whose evangelization has been the 8th, be a holy convocation for solemn undertaken, belong to the five decades fasting, humiliation and prayer, and that since the Lodiana letter was pub- on the fast day-that is, Sabbath, the lished to the world. For example, the 14th-be a holy convocation for thanks- very year of the appeal, 1858, was , giving and praise; that the intervening memorable for tha downfall of the time be spent in private and social exer- East India Company, so long a prac- cises of prayer and praise as the cir- tical barrier to missions; for the lay- cumstances of each community may dic- ing of the first ocean cable, that living tate; that all God's people, of every name ligature between transatlantic mem- and nation, of every continent and island, bers of the world's organism; it had be cordially and earnestly invited to unite with us in a similar observance of * Compare "Missionary Annals of the Nineteenth that time; and that from the receipt of this invitation, onward, all be requested Century," D. L. Leonard. in their secret, family and public devo- tions, habitually to entreat the Lord to pour out upon all His people so much of the spirit of grace and supplication as to prepare them for such an observance of the time designated as may meet with His approval and secure His blessing.

Lodiana, November 29th, 1858.

By a rapid glance over this past half-century, we may get a compre- This table includes only Missions to non-Christian and non-Protestant peoples, and so omits work done in non-Papal Europe, while covering that in behalf of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese in the Unit~d States. The figures are derived almost wholly from annual reports, and relate in the main to 1909, tho sometimes the year includes a part of 1908. The aim has been to leave the fewest possible blanks, and hence where the latest official figures were not at hand, conservative estimates have been made, based upo~ former reports.- REV. D. L. LEONARD, D.D.

• NAKEa OF SOCIBTIEI 1 Foreign Countries In Which Missions Are Sustained, and Number of Mi.sions (Abbreviated) en American Board ……………. . 1810 $947,163 $262.764 581 170 186 193 1,130 263 4,564 5,694 1,502 73,671 5,914 132,119 1,483 70,979 S. A~rica, Turkey, India, China, Japan, Micro- Baptist Missionary Union …….. . 1814 1,151,354 8,065 250,000 1,819 'nessa, Mex., Spain, Austria, Philippines (20). Southern Baptist Convention •.••.. 1845 133,590 232 23 238 144 637 340 4,980 5,617 2,777 147,053 2,905 Free Baptistl ……………… . 1833 460,798 35,000 182 55,253 Bur~ Ind!~, ~hina, Japan, Afnca, France, 34,658 40,288 95 9 95 32 231 98 375 606 608 16,596 166 2,375 103 ~patn, PhilipplOes (14).

1,368 9 o 9 9 27 10 109 130 18 1,368 4,596 ChlOa, Japan, Africa, Italy, Mexico, Brazil, Cuba (7).

4,615 India (Southern Bengal), Africa (2).

Nltional Baptist Convention •••••. 1880 23,537 1,000 52 83 104 24 263 47 130 393 40 8,074 300 20,000 35 1)00 Africa, West and East, Welt Indies, South Seventh·Day Baptists ••••••.•••.. 1842 12,000 2,000 3 1 3 2 9 1 14 23 3 120 6 300 America. 6 200 China (1.) Christian (Disciples of Christ) .••. 1875 450,106 54,829 62 82 70 67 281 170 815 1,096 280 16,393 2,537 47,000 113 7,017 Chi!,a, India. Japan, Turkey, Africa, Philip- 15,218 pmes (6). Christian Convention •••….••••. 1.,886 642 8 o 6 2 16 7 25 41 40 913 95 2,000 2 270,998 13 Japan (Tokyo, etc.) (1). Christian and Missionary Alliance.. 1897 708,928 7,700 70 50 90 86 296 30 350 646 103 4,070 594 9,500 95 4,350 W. Cen~ral Afric~, India, China, Japan, South Protestant Episcopal •••••••••••. · 1835 82,000 Society of Friends ………….. · 1871 30,474 89,771 75 50 59 77 261 147 75~ 1,020 391 12,303 1,643 28,000 207 Amenca, PalestlOe, etc. (8). Evanrellcal Association ••.••.••••. 1876 7,928 Africa, China, Japan, Haiti, Mexico, Alaska Lutheran, General Council ••••••• ,. 1869 34,167 9,583 34 10 24 35 103 10 195 298 87 4,166 360 9,000 40 Lutheran, General Synod .••••••. ,. 1837 85,300 (6). 1,185 7 o7 8 22 24 48 70 27 995 111 2,700 3 1,834 MeXICO, Alaska, Jamaica, India, China, Japan, 1,220 9 o 8 7 24 2 327 351 278 7,521 1,000 14,919 188 Cuba. Armenia, Palestine (8). 25 Japan. 19,000 16 o 8 15 39 2 644 683 520 13,500 218 45,000 301 5,598 India (Madras), Porto Rico (2). 8,511 India (Madras), West Africa (2).

United Norwegian …………… ,. 1895 65,187 315 16 3 17 12 48 7 101 149 100 866 299 1,540 11 463 Madagascar, China (2).

Five Norwegian Synods .•…•.•. ,. 63,501 2,130 20 57 14 10 101 12 456 557 135 3,309 900 15,590 61 1,515 Methodist Episcopal•••••••••.••. ,. 1819 2,019,084 19,000 314 58 311 345 1,028 619 8,391 9,419 1,013 247,859' 17,157 165,000 2,318 74,343 China, Korea, Japan, India, Africa, Bulgaria, Methodist Episcopal, South ……. , 1846 831,998 70,362 115 Mexico, Soudi America, Pnilippines (22). African Methodist Episcopal. …. ,. 1847 15,480 48,949 101 8 91 108 308 90 689 997 526 23,454 2,430 10,000 13 9,572 China, Korea, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Cuba (6). 4,500 5 9 7 o 21 11 68 89 84 2,597 214 750 Africa. West Indies, South America (4).

Free Methodist…………….. ". 1882 53,209 I910 20 10 28 23 81 1 90 171 92 1,004 326 1,034 26 1,232 Africa, India, China, Japan (4). Methodist Protestant ••.•••.••••••,. 1888 24,630 8 2 410 Japan (Yokohama) (1). 990 4 o4 o 8 20 28 22 790 210 2,500 Presbyterian ……………….. ,. 1837 1,487,160 342,483 299 98 327 212 946 263 3,442 4,388 1,927 76,801 14,409 150,000 1,446 101,756 India,. Siam, China, Japan, Korea, W. Africa, Presbyterian, South………….. ,. 1861 412,156 Reformed Presbyterian •••••••••• ,. 1836 36,904 23,260 85 40 86 69 280 12 193 472 453 12,317 2,219 29,000 46 SyrIa, Persia, Spanish Am., Philippines (25). 3,790 China, • Korea, Japan, Africa, Italy, Mexico, BraZIl, Cuba (8). 1,500 14 1 12 7 34 1 53 87 16 458 49 1,200 17 966 Asia Minor, Syna, Cyprus, China (4).

Ulited Presbyterian ………….. ,. 1859 340,935 191,210 44 16 52 65 177 77 1,300 1,477 634 27,662 2,860 67,365 386 27,677 India (Panjab), Egypt, Eastern Sudan (3).

Reformed (Dutch) •••••….••••• ,. 1832 205,373 10,443 32 10 32 37 111 40 72~ 839 314 5,301 308 16,000 223 9,486 India, China, Japan, Arabia (4).

Refo.rmed (German) .•••••..•.••• ,. 1878 95,000 6,840 18 2 18 12 50 13 7~ 128 50 2,250 87 5,000 7 640 Japan (Tokyo, Sendai, etc.), China (2). German Evangelical Synod .•••.•. ,. 1867 28,419 1,137 8 1 5 2 16 o 55, 71 51 1,894 130 3,181 42 1,675 India (Central Provinces) (1).

United Brethren in ·Christ …….. , • 1853 100,459 7,457 23 2 20 10 55 17 12~ 179 190 3,253 874 10,643 31 1,478 West Africa, Japan, Porto Rico, China, Philip. Canada Baptist ……………… ,. 1873 87,313 pines (5). 2,200 27 o 22 43 82 8 22Q 502 184 6,738 671 12,152 136 3,128 India (Telugus), Bolivia, (2).

Canada Methodist…………….. 1872 356,210 8,290 72 16 77 43 209 13 150 359 174 6,230 572 14,000 58 2,630 Japan (Tokio), China, American Indiana (3).

'.

Canada Presbyterian ••••••.•.••. ,. 1844 233,272 14,138 72 23 76 68 239 10 38~ 624 235 7,809 976 15,000 189 12,914 China, India, New Hebrides, West Indies, For.

Other American Societies……… ,. …… 554,396 64,616 203 96 164 81 544 63 59? 1,143 270 32,241 2,360 57,000 245 10,094 mosa, Korea, American Indians (7).

– – · 1 – – – – · · – – – – – 1 – – – – – – – – – –.– – – . ~. – – . – – —–·—–1——-1——·1——- Totals for America ………… ,. …… 1,317,405 1,375,308 2,630 928 2,270 1,848 7,677 2,416 30,47~ 38,347 13,144 769,576 70,992 1,244,480 9,949 437,138 —:—–1——1—· – – – – – – — — —- — — Totals for America………….. 1908 1 10,061,433 1,623,562 2,086 624 2,169 1,754 6,611 2,216 29,11~ 35,704 12,852 736,978 87,075 1,155,789 9,315 360,233 —–1— –. – – – – —- — —- — — 1—–1—- —–1—- Baptist Society (England)……… 1792 452,945 35,670 167 30 120 11 328 58 571 905 1,119 20,319 1,392 ~.: 60,000 185 20,302 India, China. Palestine, Central Africa, West London Society (L. M. S.)…….. 1795 790,555 Inaies (8). 203,860 167 46 179 82 474 971 6,865 7,339 1,730 84,826 1,920 295,530 1,677 80,477 China, India, Africa, Madagascar, Polynesia (9).

Church Society (c. M. S.)…….. 1799 1,938,355 219,360 414 152 386 438 1,390 394 8,394 9,784 2,715 99,680 4,820 351,320 2,556 151,777 Persia, Palestine, China, ,Japan, India, Africa, Propagation Society (S. P. G.)….. 1701 1,023,330 57,240 4,216 248,000 640 North America, Austral.., etc. (30). Universities' Mission………….. 1858 247,330 656 50 380 200 1,286 222 1,640 2,926 1,624 135 200,420 4,890 685 15,000 45,620 India, China, Japan, Malaysia, Africa, West 3,565 32 30 0 59 121 22 263 384 93 Indiee, -. (32).

8,160 Africa (Lake Nyasa and Zanzibar) (2).

South American Society……….. 1844 82,125 102,315 14 17 20 22 73 0 95 168 58 780 0 1,890 21 875 South America (3).

Society of Friends. ………. ….. 1866 167,050 21,320 37 5 34 26 102 460 1,219 1,321 264 3,123 356 14,168 138 7,012 Palestine, India, China, Natal, Madagascar (4).

Wesleyan Methodist Society.. …… 1813 821,570 1,014,560 307 13 166 11 497 305 4,704 5,201 3,284 116,494 4,925 491,011 1,671 112,204 IndIniaalieCs,hIintaaIy,ASfrpiacian (West and South), West (29). 44,210 7,650 20 0 17 2 39 4 26 65 53 2,500 250 4,000 20 700 Africa (1). Primitive Methodist••••.••…….. , 1870 United Methodists (Free)……… 1857 77,590 6,685 48 2 40 8, 98 15 655 753 580 18,464 2,121 39,358 22 1,651 China, East and West Africa, Jamaica (4).

Presbyterian Church of England …. 1847 191,390 22,500 28 19 31 34 112 44 440 554 326 10,098 945 50,000 100 4,500 India, China, Malaysia, Formosa, Syria (5).

Welsh Calvinistic……………… 1840 91,705 11,306 16 0 15 7 38 22 480 518 486 9,258 634 29,277 415 9,158 N. E. India, Assam, France (Brittany) (2).

China Inland Mission ………….. , 1865 406,102 14,457 79 287 250 292 908 15 1,167 2,075 1,001 20,993 2,540 83,972 216 4,076 China (Eighteen Provinces) (18).

Established Church of Scotland…. 1829 264,340 53,320 29 26 32 61 157 14 585 742 230 5,653 776 18,000 290 14,730 India, East Central Africa, Palestine, China United Free Church••••••••••••••• I 1843 661,850 47,211 2,483 27,302 1,672 (4). Prelbyterian Church of Ireland….. I 1840 105,765 481,345 145 63 148 126 482 54 4,205 4,687 1,545 1,249 16,250 3,100 204 95,118 India, Africa, Arabia, Palestine New Heb· 16,380 26 11 23 13 73 9 689 762 205 rides, Manchuria, Japan, West Indies (12).

6,485 China, India (Gujerat), Syria (3).

I Other British Societies •..•••••…. 1,······ 2,265,351 209,150 333 996 887 863 3,079 70 6,800 9,879 1,472 102,150 3,100 155,000 687 41,830 Total Britiah Societies •••••••..• I!~ 9,584.653 1–2-,6-7-0-,7-7-3-1–2-,5-1-8 -1-,-74-7- -2-,-72-8- -2-,2-5-5- —9-,2-5-7- –2-,6-7-9' -3-8-,8-0-4' -4-8-,0-6-3' -1-6-,7-8-5 -6-06-,2-3-9' -3-2,-4-12- 1–1,-90-0-,0-7-8-1–1-0-,6-4-9-1—60-4-,-67-5 1 – – 1 – – – – 1 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -~— – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – . Totals for British Societies …… I 1908 9,265,447 2,452,320 2,061 1,736 2,433 2,087 8,328 1,915 46,359 54,827 15,016 604,227 37,842 1,364,326 10,229 567,723 1 Basel Society …………………… 11 1815 417,072 1 – – -7-5-,4-18- -1-5-3' –7-1. -1-38- –24- –3-8-6' –60- –1-,5-8-4' -1-,9-70- –72-2 32,863 2,769 59,158 –6-5-7'1—- -,7-02 South India, China, West Africa (3). 32 Berlin Society………………. 1824 225,861 67,182 118 16 107 27 268 23 982 1,250 508 31,369 1,720 52,016 686 12,350 Africa (East and South), Chinl (3).

Breklum (Schleswig·Holstein)…… 1877 51,207 942 17 0 12 0 29 0 99 128 112 1,372 340 6,500 78 1,570 India (Telugus) (1).

Gossner'a Society……………… 1836 81,315 4,622 46 6 37 5 94 37 978 1,072 519 27,673 1,896 . 90,240 194 7,230 India (Ganges, Chota Nag'pore) (1).

Hermannsburg Society…………. 1849 120,150 21,300 65 2 64 4 135 5 518 653 160 39,315 925 74,000 191 9,720 India, South Africa, Persia (3).

Leipsic Society……………….. 1836 123,435 13,490 59 10 52 16 137 18 225 362 325 9,897 219 20,274 349 14,745 South India, Burma, British and German East Africa (4). I ndia (Lad ak), S outh A f Er isckail mAo,usItnrdaliiaan, South Moravian Church……………… 1732 208,450 175,200 156 38 177 14 385 , 35 489 876 1,016 33,079 1,708 102,381 305 26,884 America, We st Indies, . (9).

North German Society…………. 1836 45,494 8,230 16 2 10 7 35 2 63 98 141 3,480 430 15,200 141 5,162 West Africa (Slave Coast) (1).

Rhenish Society (Barmen)…….. 1828 265,140 31,615 171 23 169 25 388 38 2,694 2,898 611 63,562 5,872 137,232 654 34,745 Africa, Borneo, Sumatra, New Guinea, China 285 557 (5).

—zos Other German Societies………… …… 322,840 P 80 272 13. 7,917 9,864- 8,172 721 15,700 118 4,913 31,420 110 45 140 –s:!6 ·167'["2.i31~· Total German Societiel•••••••••• -..-..-.-. 1,869,964 '1—42-9-,4-1-9-1–9-1-1 4,254 -2-50-,7-8-£ -1-6-,6-00– –57-2-,7-0-1-1–3-,3-7-3-1—1-50-,-02-1 Totals for German Societies•••… =~19~0~8=:==1=,=65=0='2=5=0=:::====4=I=l'=73=3=-I–9-2-2 238 862 167 1– 2,341 223 8,094. 10,413 4,693 1_2_4_2_,2_8_9_1_-_-2=4=,1=6=8:1~~-5_-5_7~,-3_-1_4~-:_-~~-3_-,_1-6__-5 __1_4_6,_8~ Paris Society……… .. . .. .. .. .. .. 1822 150,000 45,000 57 26 78 19 180 84 1,680 1,860 900 32,250 620 75,042 500 25,300 Africa (South, East and West), Tahiti, Mad· Swiss Romande…… ………. …. 1875 62,803 agasear (5).

9,640 22 7 21 20 70 0 85 155 77 2,118 180 3,860 86 2,716 East Africa (1).

Netherlands Societies………….. .. … . 140,130 21,250 110 36 80 49 275 10 284 559 138 8,264 590 15,500 115 4,790 Scandinavian Societies…………. .. .. .. 485,650 60,870 179 30 183 68 460 121 2,240 2,700 1,245 55,870 1,846 105,000 1,327 86,250 Australasian Methodist Society….. 1855 101,000 46,460 31 6 27 18 82 98 5,306 5,388 1,776 40,621 2,251 150,000 1,358 30,705 Fiji, Samoa, New Britain, New Guinea (5). I 5,615 332,243 9,650 Asia, Africa, The Islanda, etc •••••• :.::.:.:.: 910,470 200,885 573 275 600 266 1,714 290 6,480 8,194 800,000 1,833 72,400 I~~~~~~~~————-:"-':-:~-~;-r ———~——I————————~- TOTALS FOR CHRISTENDOM _,,_._,,_. $24,613,075 Totals for 1908………………….. $22,846,465 $4,859,605 7,031 3,260 6,833 4,710 I 21,834 5,929 93,272 115,130 43,934 2,097,963 135,141 4,866,661 29,190 1,413,995 1 28,164 1,290,582 $4,843,814 5,995 2,956 -:::- 19,875 4,999' 98,955' 118,901' 41,563 2,056,173 -16-4-,6-7-4- -4-,-28-5-,1-9-9 Totals for 1905 ………………_ …_ .. $_19,661,885 1-$-3-,5-1-6,-01-5-1–5,-9-05- 2,567 5,061 4,3061–i7,839 4,353 89,335 107,174 31,451 1,754,18£ 143,193 4,072,088 -2-7-,8-3-5'1–1-,2-4-6,-1-27 '3.422'r16.21s Totals for 1900…………….. ':'::":::1$15,479,575. $1,833,961 4,738 3,409 4,650 5,263 62,366 78,585 25,108 1,369.42S' 94,562 3,556,140 20,196 1,035,724 Totals for 1895………….. .. …. $13,620,972 1-$-1-,5-4-5,-00-0"'1-4–,0-28- 1,477 3,682 2,578 1–11,765 4,295 55,118 66,883 22,631 995,793 63,081 2,770,801 19,384 786,002 • Including probationers.

A HALF-CENTURY OF PRAYER

been a year of religious revival, so versities Mission to Central Africa, extensive as to prepare the way for a Netherlands Dutch Reformed, Renew missionary advance, and to im- formed Presbyterian, Utrecht, and part new impetus to the work of or- Finland societies were formed that ganization and occupation; memorable very year; from 1860 to 1862, the also for the going forth of that Christian Reformed, Woman's Union, apostle to the New Hebrides, John G. Strict Baptist, Southern Presbyterian; Paton. The Lord had begun to and, in 1865, the Canada Baptist, answer even before His people called, Paris Missionary Society, and, above according to His promise (Isa. all, the China Inland Mission. Then 65: 24). followed the English Baptist Women in 1867, the American Congrega- Progress Round the World tionalist Women in 1868, the Lutheran General Council in 1869, the Primitive From the beginning of this new Methodists and Presbyterian Women's concert of prayer in 1859, the progress Board (U. S. A.) in 1870; the United all around the world was at a more Original Secession Church, and Episrapid and regular pace. copal Women's, and Baptist Women's Boards (U. S. A.) in 1871; the East I. For example, in the direction of London Institute, 1872; the Irish exploration. That was the year when Presbyterian 'Women's, and Free Bap- Livingstone discovered Lake Nyassa, tist Women's, in 1873; the Swissand, in the next, Speke and Grant French Churches', the Mission to reached Victoria Nyanza from the Lepers, African Methodist Women's, Nile. Between 1864 and 1867 Rohlfs and Friends' Syrian Mission, in 1874; had crossed the Sahara to Lake Chad, in 1875, the Women's Board of Disand between 1866 and 1873 Living- ciples, Reformed Dutch Women's, stone, the missionary general and United ~rethren's Vomen's, Assostatesman, had come to "the end of ciate Reformed Synod's Women's, the geographical feat" which, as he and Disciples'; and Cumberland Presforesaw, would be "the beginning of byterian and Breklum Societies in the true missionary crusade." In 1876. Six more women's societies 1875, Cameron crossed Africa, and fell into the ranks from 1877 to 1880, Stanley pressing on to Uganda, met including the Church of England King Mtesa, and issued his famous ap- Zenana Mission; and, in 1881, the peal in the London Daily Telegraph; Christian Endeavor Society began its and, in 1877, he reached the mouth marvelous career, branching out and of the Kongo, after crossing the con- taking new root like a gigantic banyantinent. Since then the work of ex- tree, until it has now overspread the ploration has gone on, till we are be- whole earth. From 1881 to 1885, coming familiar with inland Africa twelve more societies were formed; and China, Japan and Korea, Arabia and 1886 is memorable for another of and even Tibet, and now, at last, even the greatest movements of modern the land of eternal ice has been pene- times, that of the Student Volunteers. trated and the North Pole discovered! To follow these remarkable steps 2. There has been, since 1859, rapid and stages of advance, year by year, progress in missionary organization. The Methodist New Connection, Uni-

would require a volume. It must Japan and Korea; or large districts, suffice to record the amazing fact like Uganda, or populous centers like that, within a half-century after that Cairo and Paris. How important Lodiana letter, we trace the formation some of these movements were,' not of at least eighty-five missionary or- mentioned in detail, is evident from ganizations, large and small, some of the fact that among them were the which now stand out as mountain founding of the Blantyre Mission by peaks in the historic landscape. the Church of Scotland, Coillard's 3. The new missionary occupation work on the Upper Zambesi, and the next claims notice. New countries Presbyterian entrance into Korea by were entered and stations planted. the magic key of medical missions.

For example, in 1859, Japan was en- 4. In the providential administra- tered by the Episcopalians, Reformed tion of affairs may we not trace Dutch and Presbyterians; Brazil by another sign following prayer. The the Presbyterians, and China by the Hearer of Prayer is the governor of Methodist New Connection. In 1860, nations and the ruler of history. The the Baptists also began work in the notable events of this half-century Sunrise Kingdom, and, in 1861, the now under review have some of them Swedish and United Methodist Free been revolutionary, and not only af- Churches in East Africa. In 1862, fected the destiny of nations but the the Universities Mission began in history of missions.

Zanzibar, the Rhenish Society in Su- The remarkable career of Garibaldi matra, and Mary Whately in Egypt. (1860-67) laid the corner-stone of Within three years more, four more Free Italy and broke down the ex- societies had been planted in China, clusive walls of the Vatican. The India and Madagascar, and in 1867 War for the American Union (1861- the Laos Mission of the American 65) knocked the fetters from four Presbyterians began; 186g, which million slaves; the emancipation of completed the first decade, was a the Russian serfs in r861 inaugurated great year of advance-the American a new era in the Empire of the North; Board and Church Missionary Society the cessation of persecution in Mada- in Japan, the Canada Presbyterians in gascar, the same year, closed the Trinidad, the Irish Presbyterians in record of twenty-five years of blood Manchuria, and Clara Swain in India. and fire, horror and terror, and pre- From 1870 to 1872 ten more new oc- pared for the wholesale destruction of cupations took place, prominent among idols eight years later. Brazil, in 1871, them the Canada Presbyterian advance witnessed the end of slavery; and upon Formosa, Gilmour's upon Mon- Stanley's discovery and recovery of golia, and McAIl's daring mission in the great hero of Blantyre, which led Belleville. to his own conversion and opened a Again, brevity compels a resort to new era in African missions. In 1872, a summary. During the half-century the arrival of the Japanese embassy in no less than seventy-five new mis- 'Washington proved another critical sions have been started, counting only and pivotal event in the history not those on a larger scale, as when new only of Japan but of the whole Orient, countries have been entered, like if not the whole world; and that same

A HALF-CENTURY OF PRAYER

year was marked by the organization from 1907; the deposition of Sultan of the first native church in Japan, as Abdul Hamid and of the Persian the year following was by the removal Shah, from 1909. And these are only of the "Edict Board." a part of the events that stud the firmament of this half-century like The Kongo Free State was con- constellations of stars, some of them stituted by the conference of sixteen of the first magnitude. nations in 1885; nine years later, the Chinese-Japanese War was waged, The conventions and conferences of which opened the door to reform in this period merit separate considerathe Middle Kingdom. In 1896, the tion-great gatherings for philanfirst rails were spiked for the Uganda thropic and missionary ends. De- Railway, Africa's new bond of union cennial conferences in India began at and artery of life; in 1898, the Span- Allahabad in 1872, and continued at ish-American War, with its incalcula- Calcutta and Bombay; the Missionary ble outcome of possible good; the Conference in Shanghai in 1890; the same year the capture of Khartum by Student Volunteer rallies since that the British, the completion of the natal year, 1886; the World's Mis- Kongo Railway, and the Uganda re- sionary Conferences at Liverpool, in bellion opened the way to new civil 1860; London in 1888; New York in liberty and gospel victory; and, the 1900; the Peace Conferences at The year later, the British South African Hague, 1899 and 1902; the Y. M. C. War, the completion of the Nile Rail- A. World Conventions, since 1854; way to Khartum, etc. the great assemblies of the Y. P. S. C. E.; of the Evangelical Alliance, the Some events of this half-century W orId's Sunday-school delegations, have been referred to as revolutionary. the Laymen's movement; and, beside Who is sagacious enough to forecast all these, the annual conventions for the results of the Burlingame Treaty Bible Study and the Spiritual Life with China in 1868, the political up- at Mildmay and Keswick in England, heaval in Japan, and the opening of and at Northfield and Winona in the Suez highway to the Orient that America; and the anniversaries of year; of the completion of the Union great societies, and centenary celebra- Pacific Railway, in 1869; the Franco- tions, such as Carey's in 1892, and Prussian War in 1870; the arbitration others now so frequent. of the Alabama dispute in 1872, as of the Venezuela claims in 1899; of the 5. The developments in the line of establishment of the British Protec- education during the half-century are torate over the Fiji group in 1874, another sign following united prayer. over Cyprus in 1878, and over Egypt How significant, for instance, the openin 1882. In 1889, repUblican govern- ing of Robert College at the Golden ment began in Brazil; in 1890, the Horn, in 1863; of the American Girls' first Parliament met in Japan; in 1898, College at Scutari, in 1872; the Kobe the Hawaiian Islands raised the Star- GirJs' College in 1873, and the famous spangled Banner; in 1902, the Hague Doshisha University of Neesima the Tribunal was established; the Lay- next year; the invention of the Moon men's missionary movement began in system for the blind in r840, and the 1906; the Chinese Opium Edict dates Murray alphabet for the blind in 1879;

the work of Dr. Laws, at Livingstonia, pervasive that we hesitate to attempt Verbeck in Japan, Drs. Duff and Mar- either an enumeration or a selec- tin and many others in India and tion. We may, however, mention China; Dr. Post and his fellows in some twenty, particularly con~picuous Syria. The name of these great as the immediate fruits of prayer, teachers in the mission field is legion, since the Lodiana circular-letter was and some of them, less conspicuous, issued: The great blessing bestowed like Miss Fiske in Persia, Miss Agnew on William Duncan's work among the in Ceylon, Miss Pierson in Japan, Tshimshean Indians in his Metla- have left an impress for good that kahtla, from 1859 onward; the great will never be lost, and helped create a revival of 1859 and 1860, especially in native force of teachers and preachers. Britain and America; the arousing of 6. Especially significant, also, are the university students of Britain un- the multiplied translations of the Word der Moody and others, which led to of God since the Lodiana Call to the "China Band"; the awakening in Prayer. Very notable among the ex- North Tinnevelly in 1860; in Egypt isting five hundred translations are the and the Nile Valley, from 1863-70; completed Arabic translation in 1865, in China, specially Hankow, 1863- and the Japanese Bible in 1888, not 88; in the Euphrates district, 1864- to refer to the great achievements of 67, under C. H. Wheeler, etc.; in such as Pilkington in Uganda, Rich- Aniwa under J. G. Paton, 1867-6g; in ards in Banza Manteke, Lindley Southern Tinnevelly, 1871-81; in among the Zulus, and those who, in Japan, 1872-75; in Paris and other the Islands of the Sea and elsewhere, French cities under McAll, 1872- have not only given the Word of God 80; in the Telugu country, 1877-78; in to whole tribes and peoples, but in Formosa, 1877-85, under G. L. Mac- God's book laid the basis of all their kay; in Banza Manteke, under Rich- literature! ards, 1883-90; in Uganda, 1893-98; in 7. What shall be said of great Korea, before our eyes.

moral and spiritual transformations! An A wakening in India The revivals of this period have been specially marked. The appeal of the We give one instance, less familiar, Lodiana brethren was born in a re- perhaps, than many others. The vival era, just begun, which continued spiritual awakening in 1896, in con- for years; the awakening in Mada- nection with the United Presbyterian gascar succeeding the persecution that Mission in the Punjab, was a signal ended in 1871, the moral miracle in answer to prayer and deserves a record the Telugu Mission in 1877-78, when as one of the most remarkable waves 10,000 were baptized in eleven months; of spiritual power that ever swept the awakening in Japan in 1872 and over India.

onward; in Uganda in 1893, and in Three years before the annual meet- our day in Korea. These are only ing of the mission, it was agreed to a few handfuls out of a great harvest. observe every Sabbath evening as a The whole half-century has been one season of special prayer for a new of unprecedented and multiplied spiri- effusion of the Spirit's power,and both tual quickenings, so numerous and so the native brethren in the field and

A HALF-CENTURY OF PRAYER

church at home were appealed to, to for a world's evangelization. When join in these times of supplication. So at the first meeting the question prominent has been the prayer element arose to what object the contribution throughout that there has never been which had been taken should be dea doubt that the blessings that fol- voted, Mr. Ropes, drawing attention lowed were linked inseparably with to a basket of Japanese workmanship such earnest and united entreaty. that chanced to be on the table in the room where this little "monthly con- The work began early in the year cert" was held, suggested that the 1896, and so remarkable was the evangelization of that closed land power attending it, even from the might be the object for which their first, that some feared it would prove gifts should be made. The suggestion only spasmodic; but it continued and was adopted; and tho soon after rather deepened and broadened. The Mr. Ropes left Brookline, a "ladies' first marked manifestation of this sewing society" had grown up in conpower was at the meeting of the nection with this little meeting and Sialkot Presbytery, at Pasrur, March continued, from time to time, to send 24, while in conference on "our work money for this prospective "mission in and its needs," making that confer- Japan" to the American Board-in all ence memorable beyond any other in more than $600. the history of the mission. The whole story is so interesting that it can not When, forty years later, the Board be abridged and we must refer the found the open door to Japan and sent reader to the narrative of Rev. D. S. forth Rev. D. C. Greene, the new mis- Lyte, one of the most remarkable we sion was credited with over four have ever read.* thousand dollars as the sum of these contributions, with interest accrued. One example of prayer in the open- And another remarkable link between ing of closed doors might be cited, as these prayers and the open door in an encouragement to praying souls. Japan is seen in the fact that Mr. When as yet Japan was a hermit na- Greene, this first missionary, was the tion, and the Christianity that was son of a minister who, forty years bebrought thither by the representatives fore, had been one of the little comof the Papacy had been practically ex- pany present at the first meeting held tirpated by persecution-when for two in Mr. Ropes' house in Brookline.* centuries and a half the edict boards against Christianity had been raised Looking back over the half-century everywhere throughout the Sunrise and noting all these developments- Kingdom, and all Europeans were the grand work of missionary explodriven away from the Island Empire ration in the opening up of not only Save as Dutch merchants had a foot- new districts and territories, but whole hold at a trading port on the little continents; the multiplication of misisland of Deshima-William Ropes, sionary organizations until the whole of Boston, about March, 1828, a Chris- church has formed into line, and all tian merchant residing in Brookline, the reserves have been called forth had invited a few friends to meet once into action, men, women, and even the a month at his house to join in prayer * "A History of Christianity in Japan,'· Vol. II, * "Far North in India," pages 242-250. page 73, by Dr. Carey.

young; when we note the missionary means, the appeal for a higher conoccupation of new fields, in a con- secration of person and property, one stantly aggressive forward campaign, supreme need confronts us-the dethe advance in Christian education; mand for united, intelligent, believing then turn to the conspicuous events of prayer. Here is the greater than the half-century, so many of which Archimedes' lever to move the world. are historically turning-points, radical The pivot and fulcrum are supplied, and revolutionary; the conferences at "the point outside" for which he longed horne and abroad that have brought to rest the lever-the promise of an undisciples into closer bonds of mutual changing God. The power is supplied sympathy and cooperation, and pre- wherewith to move the lever-nothpared the way for every form of hu- ing less than omnipotence itself. The man betterment; when, to all these, proof is at hand that God is the living, we add the translations of the Word all-powerful worker, in the moral mirof God, evangelistic activities and ex- acles already wrought. Strange, intensive and multiplied spiritual quick- deed, that the Church of God should enings, which characterize this last need any further incentive to united fifty years, we can not but exclaim, supplication. Here is at once the easiest "Surely, God answers prayer." There and the hardest way to success-easare still signs following united sup- iest because it is by absolute dependplication. ence upon God, content to have His strength perfected in our weakness; A Challenge and for that very reason hardest, be- cause there is nothing to which we We risk successful challenge from are so prone as to trust in ourselves, any quarter of the statement now de- and nothing to which we are so averse liberately made after a half-century of as to hang in absolute helplessness the study of modern missions: upon God's power and grace. We like to act, but we do not like to ask " FROM THE DAY OF PENTECOST, THERE HAS it humors our pride to do something BEEN NOT ONE GREAT SPIRITUAL AWAKENING that looks big; but it is only when IN ANY LAND WHICH HAS NOT BEGUN IN A pride bows in humility, and the "I" UNION OF PRAYER, THO ONLY AMONG TWO OR of self-confidence is inflected into the THREE; NO SUCH OUTWARD, UPWARD MOVE- "me" of simple dependence (Galatians MENT HAS CONTINUED AFTER SUCH PRAYER- 2: 20) that in any work for God the MEETINGS HAVE DECLINED; AND IT IS IN highest achievement is possible. EXACT PROPORTION TO THE MAINTENANCE OF SUCH JOINT AND BELIEVING SUPPLICATION The work of missions is pre- AND INTERCESSION THAT THE WORD OF THE eminently "our Father's business." It LORD IN ANY LAND OR LOCALITY HAS HAD must be transacted under our Father's FREE COURSE AND BEEN GLORIFIED. constant guidance, by His help, His strength, and so for His glory. And This being so, the duty and privilege nothing will bring us and help us in of all who yearn for a world's speedy the right attitude like the habit of beevangelization is transparently clear. lieving prayer, which is the one sure Beside and beyond all other forms of sign that we are "workers together activity, however useful and help- with God." ful, such as the informing of disciples, the supplying of men and BY BELLE M. BRAIN, DETROIT, MICH. Author of "Holding the Ropes," HTransformation of Hawaii," HAn About Japan," etc.

The past year has been crowded So rapidly is missionary work adwith events of unusual importance in vancing in Africa that it will soon the progress of the Kingdom of God, cease to be called the Dark Continent. at home and abroad. Some of these At the recent South African Missionwere distinctively missionary in char- ary Conference, held at Bloemfontein, acter; others were political, yet had seventy-five delegates met, representsuch important relation to the growth ing more than twenty societies, and of the Kingdom that they can not be statistics were presented which showed omitted from a missionary review of that all Africa south of the Zambesi the year. The great national awaken- is practically taken up by various misings of Asiatic peoples, beginning in sionary societies. Dr. MacVicar, of Japan and spreading to China, India, Lovedale, prophesied that within a Turkey and Persia, are resulting in few years at least half of the natives political upheavals which not only pro- would be Christian. But in other foundly affect the history of the world, parts of Africa there remains much' but greatly increase the opportunity land to be possest. It is estimated for aggressive Christian work. The that in the Sudan, a region as large as hand of God is undoubtedly in these the United States, which constitutes new forces that are so strangely mov- the largest unevangelized mission field ing the world. of the world, there are 50,000,000 who have never heard the name of Christ. Sunshine and Shadow in Africa From many parts of this great con- The expedition of ex-President tinent come encouraging reports of Roosevelt has turned all eyes upon progress. In Elat, West Central Africa, for papers and magazines have Africa, and Cape Palmas, Liberia, been flooded with articles on the Dark great awakenings have taken place, Continent. New prominence was and many have been converted. given to missions in East Central Uganda, as usual, has had a success- Africa by the announcement that, be- ful year. The phenomenal growth is fore starting, Colonel Roosevelt had shown by large congregations on the asked for a list of all the American Sabbath, crowded baptismal and conmlSSlOn stations in the territory firmation classes, and gifts larger than through which he expected to pass. ever before. In Egypt, the first con- He promised to inspect their work ference for Moslem converts, held in and showed his sincerity by laying the Zeitoun, near Cairo, was a notable corner-stone of the mission chapel and event. school of the African Inland Mission at Kijabe. The good effects of his In some parts of Africa the work expedition are already felt in the tes- was rendered discouraging by detertimony he has given to the value of mined opposition. In Angola, West missions in Africa. In a recent letter Africa, Roman Catholic neighbors he stated that he was intensely inter- have hindered the Protestant work, ested in all he had seen, including mis- and from all points in German East sionary work, and would have much Africa come disquieting reports of the to tell on his return. encroachments of Islam with its bitter hostility to everything Christian. In currency system is to be developed on Madagascar new outrages have been a modern basis, and for the first time a perpetrated against Protestant mis- census of China's hitherto uncounted sions by the French governor. Many millions is being taken. The army is churches have been closed, permission being drilled in modern methods and to build new ones or repair old ones a new navy has been planned at a cost has been refused, and in districts re- of $roo,ooo,ooo. In Peking watermote from the capital, paganism seems pipes are being laid in the streets, a to have been aided and Christianity new system of sewerage is being indiscouraged. Nevertheless, the mis- stalled, roads are being macadamized sionaries continue in the work, cheered and an American electric company is by the fact that in the face of opposi- equipping the city with an up-to-date tion thousands of Malagasy Christians telephone system at government exremain loyal to the Christ, and new pense. converts continue to be won. N or is the progress in material The forward movement undertaken things alone. It is along social and in behalf of Africa by the Methodist intellectual lines as well. A great Episcopal Church to commemorate the campaign against opium has been inseventy-fifth anniversary of their be- augurated and signs are not wanting ginning there will greatly extend their that Chinese women are coming to already large and prosperous work. their own. Many anti-foot-binding A special anniversary was held in societies have been established, and Washington, D. C, last February, and women's clubs are being formed. the African Diamond Jubilee Commis- Daily, weekly and monthly papers and sion appointed to raise a thank-offer- magazines are multiplying with great ing of $300,000 for the African work rapidity, a new system of public inhas been busy with its task throughout struction is being inaugurated, and the year. schools are springing up all over the empire. The intellectual awakening is New Forces in Old China not confined to any class or section and is said to be the most profound In China, old things are passing and far-reaching the world has known away so rapidly that it seems difficult since the Revival of Learning in to exaggerate the changes that are Europe five centuries ago. taking place. The emperor, through his father, the prince regent, has con- These reforms, however, are not firmed the promise of a constitution being accomplished without opposition. and has set a date for its adoption ten There is a strong reactionary party, years hence. In view of this, orders and China is still in the throes of a conhave been sent to the governors of flict which will either make her a great provinces to give the people instruc- world power with a voice in the tion in self-government. Railroad world's affairs, or sink her once more construction is being pushed with in Oriental lethargy and stagnation. all possible haste to give easy access to Peking by the time the first legisla- To missionary bodies working in ture is convened. Telegraph lines are China the present educational crisis being extended, the postal service is affords an unequaled opportunity for growing by leaps and bounds; the dominating the new intellectual life of the nation. In view of this, special missions in the empire. At the great emphasis is being laid on education. jubilee gathering held in Tokyo in Those societies that have done little October under the auspices of the along this line are opening schools at Evangelical Alliance, an impressive exall their stations; those that have hibit was made of what has already educational plants already in operation been accomplished and of what yet are enlarging them and bettering their remains to be done. Fully half the equipment. Through a great forward speakers were Japanese and the admovement launched in London last dresses were of great interest and year the sum of $500,000 is also to be power. raised for this work. As a result of fifty years' work Churches and schools are reported there are 400 organized churches, full, and many of the students in the more than one-fourth of which are encolleges are offering themselves for tirely self-supporting; between 70,000 the service of Christ. The women, and 80,000 baptized Christians, nearly too, are becoming more and more use- 500 ordained Japanese pastors, and ful in the work. At the Chinese about 100,000 children in the Protes- National Christian Endeavot Conven- tant Sunday-schools; 186 Christian tion in Nanking last May, the quiet- schools of all grades and classes holdhour services were entrusted to Miss ing property valued at $1,5°0,000; and Dora Yii, a modest, unassuming seven Christian publishing houses Chinese girl, who conducted them with issuing 70,000,000 pages a year. The great power. old proscriptions against Christianity have given way to the fullest religious From central and northeastern liberty, the Bible is sold in book- China come wonderful reports of a stores throughout the. country at the great wave of revival, such as was rate of from 200,000 to 300,000 copies never known before in China. This a year. The power and influence of spread from station to station and Christianity is silently permeating and rivaled in power and results the great transforming the nation. Fourteen awakenings in Korea and Manchuria members of the present legislature and the year before. During these meet- a number of other men prominent in ings, which were largely the result of national affairs are Christians. Tho a great evangelistic campaign con- the native religions are by no means ducted by the Rev. Jonathan Goforth dead, they have lost much of their of the Canadian Presbyterian Church, power. The year, on the whole, has men and women were so strongly con- been prosperous, tho a few missionvicted of sin that they publicly confest aries report a backward movement in their wrong-doings with tears-a most their work. The large majority reunusual thing in China, where the port that there is everywhere a great pride and natural reticence of the readiness to hear the Gospel and that people is so great. the number of conversions is steadily increasing. The Year of Jubilee in Japan The anti-Japanese agitation in Cali- The great event of the year in fornia, which early in the year threat- Japan was the celebration of the ened to assume the alarming proporfiftieth anniversary of Protestant tions of two years ago, has subsided, without sufficient compensation, have to the great satisfaction of all lovers resulted in the bitter feeling of resentof peace and of missions. Owing to ment toward the Japanese that found restrictions in the number of pass- such terrible expression in the asports issued at Tokyo, the number of sassination of Prince Ito at Harbin Japanese coming to America during last October. the year was considerably less than the number of those who returned to Notwithstanding the chafing of the J apan-a condition which, according people at the loss of their national to the Japanese ambassador at Wash- power, the great wave of revival which ington, is likely to continue for a few has been sweeping over the land, conyears at least. tinues with unabated power. The mis- sionaries are overwhelmed with work The present attitude of Japan and both men and money are an urgent toward the United States seems to be need. It is a cause for thanksgiving one of extreme friendliness. This was that under the present regime full reevidenced in a delicately courteous ligious liberty is enjoyed and no hinway, characteristic of the Japanese, by drances are placed in the way of the the pilgrimage, last October, of five work. At a recent conference with the members of the Japanese Industrial Japanese, the missionaries received full Commission, then touring the United permission to teach Christianity in the States, to Newport, R. 1., where a mission schools, the officials promising great wreath of laurel was laid on to put the graduates on the same foot- Commodore Perry's grave, and by the ing as those of government schools and congratulatory message of the em- grant them equal privileges. peror to New York City at the time of the Hudson-Fulton celebration, ac- The great missionary event of the companied by an offer of a memorial year was the celebration of the gift of 300 of Japan's famous cherry- quarter-centennial of Protestant mistrees to be planted along Riverside sions in Korea. The union celebration Drive. in Seoul last September was partic- ipated in by all missionary organiza- A Year of Blessing in Korea tions at work in the country, and the dominant notes were praise for what The conclusion of a new convention God hath wrought and prayer that the with Japan whereby the control of the work may continue until Korea bemilitary, banking and judicial systems comes a Christian nation. In August, of the country passed into the hands at the annual meeting of the Northof the Japanese, was an event of im- ern Presbyterian Mission, which was portance in Korea. The country is first in the field, the following results now entirely under the control of the of twenty-five years' work in this one Japanese, who are doing much for its mission were reported: 25,oIO baptized material development, but are leaving Christians, an average of 1,000 for much to be desired in their treatment each of the twenty-five years; nearly of the people. The execution of 100,000 adherents, many of whom are thousands of Koreans in the process of really Christians; 1,000 paid helpers, pacification, the flooding of the country nine-tenths of whom are supported by with Japanese immigrants, and the the Koreans themselves; and a great unjust appropriation of Korean lands

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD IN

army of unpaid helpers who consider that in British rule lies the only hope no sacrifice of time or of money too of peace. Vith the present system of great for winning souls and advancing English military control, there is, the Kingdom of God. probably, little danger of a repetition of the mutiny of 1857, yet the situa- The Korean Church, on fire with tion is serious and the solution of the evangelistic zeal, is aiming at nothing problem difficult. less than the speedy evangelization of the entire nation. With this end in Meanwhile, missionary work goes view, a movement is now on foot to steadily forward, the spirit of unrest put into every Korean home a copy of being at once a hindrance and a help. one of the four Gospels, with tracts The national awakening of the people setting forth the way of salvation. affects the native Christians, and out of it seems to be growing a spirit of The Spirit of Independence in India enterprise which manifests itself in a desire for self-support and self-ex- The spirit of unrest in India con- tension. If wisely directed, this can tinued to be a source of anxiety not fail to be of great value in buildthroughout the year. The conciliatory ing up the native church. measures proposed by Lord Morley, British Secretary of State for India, Tho the revival spirit is not so and Lord Minto, the Viceroy, giving wide-spread as it was a few years the natives some representation in the ago, stirring accounts of great awagovernment, was hailed with joy by kenings have come from many sections. the reformers and was well received by In northern India there were large the Indian National Council in January. accessions in both the Presbyterian But a growing belief that the govern- and Methodist missions, and steady ment favored the Mohammedans and progress was reported in almost every the failure of Lord Morley to repeal field. The World's Christian Enthe partition of Bengal and release the deavor Convention, held in Agra in reform leaders who had been either December, was a notable event and imprisoned or deported without trial, brought thousands of young Indian produced a sullen feeling of discon- Christians in touch with one another tent throughout the empire. The ad- and with a great army of young Chrisvent of bomb-throwing in India, with tians from other parts of the world. its attempt on the lives of Lord and Lady Minto, and the atrocious . A significant sign of the times, inmurder of Sir Curzon Wyllie, po- dicative of the great social changes litical aide-de-camp to Lord Mor- that are taking place, was shown at ley, by an Indian student in Lon- the National Indian Congress at don last summer, seem to point to a Madras last January when delegates wide-spread conspiracy for the over- of every caste and creed sat down tothrow of the British and the estab- gether at a common feast. Had caste lishment of East Indian independence. laws been rigidly enforced, the hun- But the outbreaks during the year be- dreds of high-caste leaders from all tween the Hindus and Mohammedans, over India who participated in the reveal the bitter enmity between these banquet would have been forced two great classes, and make it plain either to lose caste or submit to the most degrading penances. Yet so far

as is known, not a single delegate was those around them. "As for rewards," required to suffer either penalty. says the British consul at Adana, "the people who ought to get them are the The Turmoil in Turkey gallant men and women of the Amer- ican Mission, who worked through The year which opened so aus- the storm, and are still working, re- piciously in Turkey was marked by gardless of their own losses and the revolution at Constantinople, troubles." which ended the long reign of Abdul Hamid II, religious leader of the The reestablishment of the con- 230,000,000 Moslems 'in the world, stitutional government, with the new and by the terrible massacres at Sultan at its head, has, for the present, Adana which cost the lives of two restored tranquillity and order, but American missionaries, a score of the difficulties that confront the Young native pastors and more than 20,000 Turks are so great that no one dare Armenians, including a large number predict what the future will be. With of Protestant Christians. the government still Mohammedan, it is also impossible to predict what the Tho a political outbreak was not effect will be on Christian missions. altogether unexpected by those who The amazing manifesto, recently is- understood the trend of affairs, the sued to the Mohammedans of the revolt of the army on April 12, the world by the Sheik-ul-Islam, with the temporary overthrow of the Young approval of the Ulema, which together Turk ministry, the rally of the Mace- constitute the supreme religious au- donian forces, the brief struggle at thority in Islam, seems to promise full Constantinople, when for the first time religious liberty, but it remains to be in history Moslem fought against seen whether Christian missions will Moslem, the dethronement of the be permitted to enjoy full freedom and Sultan and the accession of his brother Moslem converts to Christianity re- as Mehmed V, came with a sudden- ceive protection of life and property ness for which no one was prepared. under the new regime.

The simultaneous wild outbreak in Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., secre- the district of Adana, 500 miles tary of the American Board, furnishes from Constantinople, sent a thrill of us with the following statement that horror through the world. Not since throws much light on present condi- the Boxer outbreak of 1900 has there tions: • been such a time of anxiety and sus- pense, and rarely before has any Among other things, the manifesto of calamity left such a train of suffering the Sheik-ul-Islam declares that the con- and sorrow in its wake. The response stitutional government is in full harmony to the call for funds was prompt and with the principles of Mohammedanism; generous, and the relief work effective. that true Christians are worshipers of the Yet the need has been by no means true God and will have a place in Para- fully met. The conduct of the mis- dise; that fraternal relationship with sionaries during the whole trying time those not Mohammedan is enjoined by was most heroic. Heedless of their the Koran; that it is the duty of every own peril they sought to stay the havoc Mohammedan government to afford and save the lives and property of equal protection to Christians, Jews and Mohammedans, and that before the law all must be upon the same footing.

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD IN 1909

This introduces a new era of Mohamme- Ispahan by the Bakhtiari tribesmen danism which is in itself revolutionary, of the south, finally frightened the and which, jf accepted by the Moham- Shah into promising to restore the medans of the world, will open a new constitution. But the reformers redoor of approach to their minds. fused to trust him and forced their way into Teheran, on July 13, where, Weare receiving in each mail daily after three days' fighting, they comindications that this is an actual fact in pelled him to abdicate and set his son, Turkey at the present time. Mohamme- Ohmed Mirza, a boy of twelve, upon dan pupils are applying to the schools the Peacock Throne. for admission on equal terms with the Christians; Mohammedan inquirers are With the young Shah a ruler only privately seeking the truths of Christian- in name, and Russia and England his ity, and Mohammedan listeners are in- real regents, the day of a protectorate creasing at public services. The Ameri- over Persia is probably not very far can Board has seven missionary colleges distant. Meanwhile, with the country in Asiatic Turkey. Both Moslems and in a state of bankruptcy and the Con- Christians are bearing testimony to the stitutionalists bitterly opposing the value of these institutions, not only in presence of the Russian troops, who what they have already accomplished, but must, nevertheless, remain until order in what they may yet accomplish in the is restored and the new parliament has reorganization of the new empire, and given proof of its ability to keep the the demand for modern education and peace, the political situation is far the desire for moral instruction is in- from reassuring. creasing. There has never been a time in our eighty-nine years of work in the To the missionaries in Persia, as in Turkish Empire when everything seemed Turkey, the past year has been most to point to so promising a future, and trying. The coming of the Russians call for so marked an advance in every saved Tabriz from the massacre and department of work. pillage that befell Adana, but the mis- sionaries were constantly exposed to The New Regime in Persia danger, and the sorrows and suffering of the people preyed on their sympa- The year which began with tumult thies and called for their help. Notin Persia has closed in comparative withstanding the adverse conditions, peace. As in Turkey, there is a new the missionary work was kept up, and ruler on the throne and a constitu- even during the long siege of Tabriz tional government appears to be it went on as usual, except that evefirmly reestablished, but the country ning meetings were, of necessity, disis not yet in a settled condition. continued. In Teheran six persons united with the church on the first During the first six months, owing Sunday in June, and on July II, when to the abrogation of the constitutio;I the forces of the reformers vvere just by the Shah, a great part of Persia outside the city, the usual Sabbath serwas in a state of insurrection. The vices were held. On the following Constitutionalists held Tabriz for three Sunday, two days after the abdication months against the forces of the Shah, of the Shah, there were sixty in atand here and there throughout the tendance. country were armed bands only lacking opportunity for cooperation to turn the smoldering revolt into a wild tempest of rebellion. The raising of the siege of Tabriz by Russian intervention, together with the capture of

It is too soon to predict the final rule, is struggling toward better effect of this new regime-so much things, as is shown by a renewed independs on the extent of Russia's in- terest in education and attempts at fluence and her attitude toward Protes- practical reform. Yet there can be tant missions. The power of the little real progress while the country Mollahs, the most fanatical class in so largely remains under bondage to the country, has been greatly curtailed, ignorance, superstition and sin. and freedom of speech and of action prevails to a hitherto unknown ex- From the Methodist mission in tent. The intellectual awakening is Ecuador come cheering accounts of a creating an increased desire for edu- revival with more than forty converts. cation, and no sooner was peace re- But here, too, the spirit of intolerance stored than the Mohammedan children was revealed when, incited by the came flocking to the mission schools priests, a mob attacked the church, and and educational institutions of all it was necessary to call on the govkinds are more crowded than ever be- ernor for protection. In the Presbyfore. The greatest immediate need is terian mission in Chili, as a result of a Christian college, adequate in equip- evangelistic meetings held in Valment and with a course of study paraiso, there was a turning to the sufficiently advanced to give fun train- Lord such as has never been known ing to the young men of the land. there before. More than a hundred con fest Christ and were enrolled in The Struggles in South America the catechumen classes.

South America has been described Throughout South America there as a political volcano with as many seems to be a growing revolt against craters as there are states. During the domination of an ignorant and the past year there were at least two corrupt priesthood. 1£ Christian miseruptions and rumors of others. The sions are ever pushed in an adequate revolt of the army in Colombia, during way, the result will probably be one of the absence of the president in Europe, the greatest developments in the hisfollowed the exclusion of Castro from tory of missions. The visit of Mr. Venezuela and put a new man in Robert E. Speer, who spent six power amid serious disturbances months in a missionary tour through there. The violent rejection by Bo- the continent, may do much to arouse livia of the award of the president of the churches of North America to Argentina in his arbitration of the their duty in the matter. Peruvian boundary dispute, threatened to involve these three countries in Uncertain Reforms in Rllssia war, but this calamity has been happily averted. The enactment by the Duma last summer of legislation securing tQ South America continues to be so minors between fourteen and twentypoorly manned by missionaries that it one the right to choose their religion is still the "Neglected Continent." with the consent of their parents, and Yet signs are not wanting of progress to adults both to choose and to in the work. Venezuela, freed from change from one religion to another, Castro's autocratic and disgraceful according to the dictates of conscience, was a promise of progress in Russia. Yet religious liberty in Russia is far liament, and one of the most enlighten- from an accomplished fact. The ed leaders of the Young Turk party, scenes of violence in the Duma during paid an official visit to the chief Jewish the discussion of the bill, and the op- rabbi of Turkey, in the course of position of the conservative papers which he extended to the Jews of Rus- after its passage, shows how intol- sia and Rumania and all countries erant is the spirit of the religious where they suffer disabilities, an in- leaders. So long as the Greek Ortho- vitation to settle in Turkey. At the dox Church continues to be the state same time he promised that all re- church and exercise despotic authority, strictions against Jewish immigration persecution of other creeds will con- would be removed and full citizenship tinue. be granted to every Jew on his ar- Meanwhile, in a quiet, unobtrusive rival in the empire. As the fulfilment way, evangelical Christianity is forcing of this promise would remove the last its way into the empire. Both the obstacle to the settlement of the Jews Methodists and the Baptists have in Palestine, there is, apparently, noth- made a beginning, and in St. Peters- ing to hinder their immediate return.

burg alone there are now twelve The pecuiliar situation is summed up evangelical churches whose pastors by Mr. Ernest Gordon thus: preach to crowded houses. But the We now have these factors: The Jews time has not yet come for a general hated and starved in Russia and Rumania. advance of Protestant missions in The Jews invited to the Turkish Empire Russia. The Young Men's Christian with open arms. The Jews organized Association is a growing power in the throughout the world to purchase Palescountry and the visit of Mr. John R. tine as an "everlasting possession of the Matt made a deep impression on the whole Jewish people." The Jew master students and even on the civil author- of international finance and correspond- ingly influential in international polities.

ities. The Jew apparently unable to colonize elsewhere, the plans for such coloniza- The Zionist Movement of the Jews tion in Uganda, Argentina, Cyrenica, Recent developments in Turkey Mesopotamia, all blighting in the bud. have had an important bearing on the Lastly, a Turkish revolution which de- Zionist movement and the future of stroys all political hindrances to Jewish the Jews. settlement in Palestine.

At a remarkable meeting held in Progress in International Reform London on the IOth of last May, at- One of the most hopeful signs of tended by between 2,000 and 3,000 the age is the increase of interna- Jews, Israel Zangwill and other tional cooperation for the suppression prominent speakers referred to of social evils in the world. The past Mesopotamia, the famous region soon year has witnessed great progress in to be opened up by the Bagdad Rail- efforts of this kind.

way, as the new "Land of Promise" I. The Liquor Trafiic.-The temper- for the Jew. One week later an event ance wave now sweeping so victo- occurred which put a new aspect on riously through the United States is the matter. On May 17, Ahmed Risa not confined to this country, but is Bey, first president of the Turkish Par- part of a great international movement against alcohol. At the twelfth bi- held in the near future at The Hague. ennial meeting of the International 3· White Slavery.-Owing to the Congress on Alcoholism held in London last July, with r,400 delegates, increase in the disgraceful traffic in representing twenty-six governments women known as "White Slavery," and colonial legislatures, the delegates thirteen governments with their colowere, for the first time, appointed by nies entered into an agreement during the governments participating, and the year to wage a united warfare great progress was reported all along against it. Each government agrees the line. Germany, a leader in the to appoint a special officer having the fight, reported eighteen total ab- work in charge, to exchange informastinence societies with 46r members tion with other governments, and keep among the students of her universities; a close inspection of steamer landings Holland has roo,ooo organized tem- and railway stations. perance workers; in Great Britain temperance instruction has been intro- 4. The Kongo Reform.-The conduced into the schools; in Russia half tinuance of the outrages in the Kongo a million people have recently attended Free State, notwithstanding the astemperance lectures and debates; in sumption of control by the Belgian the United States the number of per- Government, called forth renewed efsons living in no-license territory has fort in behalf of the natives there. increased from 6,000,000 to 38,000,000 The governments of the United States in ten years, and the saloon has been and Great Britain refused to recogabolished by law in two-thirds of the nize the Belgian annexation of the total area. State unless satisfactory guarantee was given that the outrages would be 2. The Opium Traffic.-The Inter- supprest; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle national Opium Conference held in took up his pen in behalf of the cause, Shanghai last February, marked an and foregoing pecuniary profit, alimportant step in the war against lowed the "Crime of the Kongo" to be opium. Called by the United States sold to the public for sixpence; a camto assist China in her efforts to free paign of protest was conducted in herself from this obnoxious drug, and England with mass-meetings in every participated in by every nation affected large city; and the Baptist Missionary directly or indirectly by the opium Society held a Kongo exhibit in Lontraffic, the congress accomplished don, one feature of which was a free much along the right lines. Tho rubber stall with a painting, enlarged Great Britain is not yet ready to stop from an actual photograph, of a native the exportation of opium from India, gazing at his dead child which had or allow China to prohibit its importa- been murdered and mutilated because tion, her participation in the congress of his failure to bring in his full tale was a great step in advance. In view of rubber! Nothing, however, did as of the need of further deliberation on much to bring matters to a crisis as the subject, the United States, through the case of the two American misits Department of State, has requested sionaries, Dr. Wm. Morrison and Dr. the participating governments to send W. H. Shepherd, the latter a negro delegates to a second conference to be from rttlanta. These men were com- pelled to leave their work at ,Luebo

and stand trial in the Belgian court at crease glVlllg. A most encouraging Leopoldville, 1,000 miles away, on sign is the increasing cooperation becharges preferred by the notorious tween home and foreign missions- Kassai Rubber Company, of which two branches of one great work which King Leopold himself is chief stock- God has joined but man too often puts helder. The withdrawal of the case asunder. Everyland, the new chilagainst Dr. Morrison and the ac- dren's magazine launched in Decemquittal of Dr. Sheppard in October, ber, covers both the home and foreign closely followed by the announcement field. In two denominations, the Confrom Brussels that the Belgian Gov- gregational and the Baptist, joint camernment is about to undertake ex- paigns were conducted with great suctensive reforms on the Kongo, and cess by all the missionary organizapromises to see that humane treatment tions connected with them, home and is accorded to the natives, gives rise foreign, the object being to wipe out to the hope that the long night of the indebtedness of all. And in the horror is over. national missionary program adopted by the Canadian churches at Toronto The Year in Home Missionary Work last April, equal emphasis was placed on home and foreign work. The need for home missionary work seems to increase year by year. Not The Missionary Uprising in America only winning America for Christ, but keeping America Christian calls for The unparalleled opportunities openstrenuous effort. ing up in all parts of the non-Christian world are being met by a rising tide of Mormonism claims to hold the bal- missionary interest in the home lands. ance of power in five states and is con- The laymen's movement is sweeping ducting an aggressive missionary cam- everything before it. In Canada, the paign throughout this country and great assembly of laymen held at Europe. The religious census com- Toronto last spring the first Napleted last year shows that the great tional Missionary Congress of influx of immigrants from Papal modern times-and the adoption by Europe is dominating the religion of the Canadian churches through their entire states. According to the statis- representatives there of an aggressive tics, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, national missionary program marked a in Puritan New England, are now new era in home effort for the evangel- Roman Catholic. The cities are in- ization of the world. The great camcreasing in popUlation and in sin, and paign of the Laymen's Missionary in the rural districts many of the old- Movement now in progress in the estabiished churches are either dead United States, with missionary convenor dying. In view of these and other tions in seventy-five cities, and a great facts, home missions can only be national congress in Chicago next May, neglected at great peril. is said to be the most carefully planned and extensive educational effort ever The Home Mission Publicity Cam- undertaken by combined Christianity. paign conducted during the first three Great results have already been acmonths of the year by the Home Mis- complished and the tide of enthusiasm sion Council, a federation of all the is rising higher every day. home missionary societies and boards, did much to arouse interest and in-

Inspired by new hope, the Church ing which achieved even greater reis at last moving in a systematic and sults than had been anticipated. Imcomprehensive way to save the world, mediately preceding it was the great and can no longer be accused of play- campaign of Mr. John R. Mott, gening at missions. The various denom- eral secretary of the Federation, inations in the United States and among the students of Great Britain Canada, after carefully going over the and Europe, as a result of which many field, have designated the definite num- students accepted Christ and large ber of non-Christian people in the numbers resolved to devote themselves world for whom they will be responsi- to His service either at home or on the ble, and in order to meet the obliga- foreign field. Everywhere the meettion are preparing for an increase of ings were large and the interest infrom three- to five-fold in workers tense, as was evidenced by the numand gifts. bers who remained whenever a second meeting was announced. Many also Missionary organizations of all sought private interviews with Mr. kinds report their work in a flourish- Mott for the discussion of vital pering condition. The Young People's sonal questions. At Oxford the meet- Missionary Movement put out 150,000 ings were said to be the most largely copies of. study books and three refer- attended of any series of religious ence libraries during the year, besides meetings in the history of the univerfurnishing a large amount of material sity; at London the opening meeting to the editors of Sunday-school period- was held in the Royal Albert Hall, icals for use in connection with the with IO,OOO in attendance; at Cam- Sunday-school lessons. Almost without bridge, the meetings rivaled in power exception, the receipts of the mission Moody's great series that resulted in boards showed a large advance over the sailing of the Cambridge Seven to the previous year, the total increase China in 1887. In the six student aggregating considerably more than centers of Scandinavia the meetings $1,000,000. A new pace was set were largely attended and the interin missionary giving by bequests est ran high. In Christiania, the openof the late John Stewart Kennedy, one ing session was attended by the king, of New York's Christian millionaires, who invited Mr. Mott to a private who bequeathed $3°,000,000 to public audience on the following day. In St. benefactions, and designated nearly Petersburg and Moscow in Russia the one-third to missionary work of differ- largest available halls were .secured, ent kinds. and were crowded at every session, save one. So eager were the students Mis&ionary Conferences for personal help that they followed Mr. Mott on the streets, and went to The number of missionary confer- his lodgings, not only at appointed ences and conventions held during the hours, but at all times of the day. year was larger than ever before, and Vhen he left, they followed him to the they were well attended and full of station and pleaded with him to come enthusiasm. Notable among them was soon again. In Italy, Hungary and the eighth conference of the ';Yorld's Portugal, the meetings were smaller Students' Christian Federation held in Oxford in July-a remarkable gather-

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD IN

than in the great student centers, but Dr. William Ashmore, whose halfwere marked by equal interest and century of work at Swatow had a power. In view of the fact that the profound influence upon the developmission boards are depending more ment of missions in China. and more on the student bodies to furnish recruits for the work, these Dr. William S. Ament, whose minsigns of deep interest in the things of istry during the Boxer troubles Christ are truly encouraging. greatly endeared him to Christians both in the home-land and in China. Another encouraging sign is that the cause of missions, which from time Dr. George E. Post, of the medical immemorial has been the butt of department of the Syrian Protestant everybody's joke, is commanding College, whose medical works won him growing respect as one of the world's honors and decorations in many lands. greatest enterprises. Four presidents of the United States-Harrison, Mc- Dr. Sheldon Jackson, whose work Kinley, Roosevelt and Taft-have for the pioneers of the West, the Morpublicly advocated missionary work, mons, the Indians and the Alaskans, and a great army of British and Amer- gave him first rank among the home ican ambassadors, consuls and gov- missionaries of his 4ay. ernment officials have testified to its value in foreign lands. Daily news- Mr. Egerton R. Young, whose papers give more and more space to thrilling stories of work among the missionary news, and magazines to Indians of the great Canadian Northmissionary articles. The heroine of west have delighted readers of all a recent "best seller" was engaged in ages and won many friends for misforeign missionary work, and a recent drama deals with one phase of SlOns. America's home missionary problem- The noble army of martyrs received the fusing of many alien races into one great united, liberty-loving people. three accessions among the mission- World travelers, newspaper men aries – Daniel Miner Rogers and among them, return home not to sneer Henry Maurer, who were shot at missions and missionaries as in the at Adaan while trying to save old days, but to praise the work and the girls' school; and Homer C. offer criticisms, if they have any, in Baskerville, who fell while leading a a kindly and sympathetic spirit. That sortie out of Tabriz to relieve the all this is a help to missions can not famished city. Tho the latter had be gainsaid; yet it is upon the promises severed his connection with the misof God, not on popular applause, that sion, he was fighting in behalf of a the final triumph of missions rests. sorely opprest people, and few will doubt that he gained a martyr's crown. Notable Deaths of the Year A peculiarly sad death was that of Among the many missionaries that Miss Lilavati Singh, professor of God called home last year were five English literature and philosophy in famous veterans, whose names will the Isabella Thoburn College at Luckever have a place in the history of now, who had come to this country missions: for a graduate course at Radcliffe, and died in Chicago while traveling in the interests of the Women's Foreign Mis- sionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

LAW OF

BY REV. J. STUART HOLDEN, M.A., LONDON, ENGLAND Associate Editor of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD Under the figure of husbandry our we may put into the work. Spiritual Lord teaches us many lessons with re- sowing can not be done according to gard to the sowing of that good seed, rate or rule, for what will germinate "which is the Word of God," from in one soil will die in another, and which we look in faith for a harvest hence this necessity of insuring from of living souls for His glory. It is Him the harvest in advance. clear to all engaged in the work of the Vineyard that there are fixt laws Next, we I1!ust remember that the which determine the character and seed sown must be sown "to the measure of all harvestings. It is well, Spirit" (Gal. 6: 8), for "He that therefore, for those whose supreme soweth to the Spirit shall of the Spirit desire is for the fullest possible bless- reap life everlasting." The deep siging of God upon their service, to care- nificance of this is, that all our seedfully study these laws as far as they sowing must be done with faith in His are discernible, in order to insure the fructifying power. For what is any longed-for result, which is at once seed taken by itself but an undea manifestation of His power to the veloped possibility, which requires for world, and a contribution to the sum its development the disintegrating and total of His glory. reintegrating power of its proper en- vironment and element? So it is with Remembering that "the seed is the the Word of God. Only by His Spirit Word of God" (Mark 4: 14), we must can its latent possibility be in any defirst recognize that it is to be con- gree realized. ] ust as Ezekiel in the tinually ministered to the sower by the ValIey of Dry Bones must needs Lord Himself (2 Cor. 9: 10). It is "prophesy unto the Spirit," for only one thing to speak and preach that so can the dead be quickened, so must which is but the outcome or echo of we "sow to the Spirit," for only He a past experience, or of an old can produce life by means of the seed knowledge of God's truth, but another which we sow in the world. thing altogether to have a continuous ministry of "seed to the sower," from Further, the spiritual harvest is al- Him who enriches us in everything ways in direct proportion to the spiriunto a bountiful distribution. Noth- tual outlaY-2 Cor. 9: 6 and 7: "He ing is of greater importance than that which soweth sparingly shall reap also we should not fail in this particular. sparingly; and he which soweth It is the first and chiefest duty of bountifully shall reap also bountievery sower to faithfully seek from fully." There are workers, both at Him, day by day, the fulfilment of His home and abroad, who know little promise in a ministry of the seed to of the joy of harvest, because they be sown in just that particular patch know correspondingly little of the of his field into which He has sent commensurate toil of seed-time; for us as laborers. To fail in this secret if we would secure a large measure fellowship with the Lord of the har- of result for God, we must see to it vest is to fail altogether, despite all that we bountifully distribute the seed the experience, energy, or enterprise which He so bountifully ministers to us. That this is necessary is not only alike clear to reason, but is directly of our message and ministry. It must enjoined upon us in the direction of be the Word of God, and only the Word Eccl. I I : 6: "In the morning sow thy which is sown in the hearts of men if seed, and in the evening withhold not the fruit is to be urto everlasting life. thine hand; for thou knowest not Mere speculative philosophy, or human whether shall prosper, either this or wisdom, conjecture and thought about that, or whether they shall be alike God, however beautifully and cleverly good." It is the one who regards the exprest, produce nothing but thorns Gospel not only as a treasure but as a and thistles. The quality as well as trust, and himself not only as a ser- the quantity of the seed is a large devant but as a steward also, and who is termining factor in the looked-for harhence constantly scattering abroad, vest, and it behooves us all to be very who himself increases, and insures a certain in this matter, lest by thus full harvest. sowing our field with "mingled seed" we are making such a real harvest as Again, seed-sowing must be con- would be to the glory of our God imtinuously carried on in the appointed possible. season without regard to seemingly untoward circumstances. "He that Further, it must be remembered that observeth the wind shall not sow; and true seed-sowing is very frequently he that regardeth the clouds shall not carried on "in tears" (Psalm 126: 5). reap" (Eccl. I I : 4) . How often in The sower to-day finds himself in the the experience of most workers has direct succession of the Savior and seed, which was sown in the most un- His earliest followers, by the fellowpromising ground, and with apparently ship. of sufferings in which the work the smallest possible promise, after- involves him, but to such there is a ward proved to have been the most wondrous promise of joyous harvestfruitful of many similar labors. Every ing for "They that sow in tears shall one of us knows the temptation to reap in joy." Who is there among us regard our present surroundings as who does not know the significance of the most difficult and unlikely for sow- these words? Who is there who has ing the gospel seed with any hope of not experienced again and again what harvest, and he who, weighing these it means to be kept at the tas~ of considerations against the express command of his Lord, and against Sowing the seed with an aching heart, the great need of the world, conse- Sowing the seed till the tear-drops start. quently withholds his hand, is losing golden opportunities whose importance Opposition, misunderstanding, isois to be measured mainly by the fact lation, privation, and above all, that they never recur. ungracious reception, often cause the sower's heart to be at break- A very striking and significant Old ing-point, but then it is that he Testament ordinance with regard to is in closest fellowship with his Lord the sowing of the land must be laid and Master, who Himself, the Great to heart in this our work-"Thou shalt Sower, sowed not only His words but not sow thy field with mingled seed" His own life also as "a corn of wheat" (Lev. 19: 19). Its obvious meaning into the earth, with a view to the harfor us is as to the purity and character vest of which we ourselves are a small

part. And this fellowship in the sow- sees in us "of the travail of His soul" ing with tears is but an earnest and will forever compensate for all. Let pledge of that assured fellowship of this be our inspiration, when to conjoy when the sower and reaper re- tinue in the field seems almost imjoice together (John 4: 36). He it possible. Remember that "the joy is who will reap all that we have which was set before Him" and for sown, for to us is often lovingly de- which He "endured the cross despinied the joy of binding the sheaves sing the shame" is likewise set before together for the harvest home. He it us, and is forever our encouraging is who, estimating in the harvest the hope as we go out into the world's faithfulness and cost of the work of field, with the divinely-filled seedthe sower, will reward and repay for basket, scattering seed which shall bear everything which has made the service fruit,. "some thirty-, some sixty-, some hard, and caused those bitter tears an hundred-fold." Meanwhile we may with which often the seed has been "rejoice in hope of the glory of God," b~dewed. The glory of the harvest for we have the assurance that our joy and the satisfaction of Him who "labor is not in vain in the Lord."

THE PRESENT CRISIS IN MORAVIAN MISSIONS BY THE REV. PAUL DE SCHWEINITZ, D.D. Secretary of Missions for the Moravian Church in America The foreign mission work of the kening to its responsibilities. Hence Moravian Church has always been it came about that awakened Chris- given a hearty recognition and ap- tians in Great Britain and the Con- proval by the Christian world at large. tinent of Europe who felt the obliga- When the congregation at Herrn- tion to carry out the command of our hut was the only Moravian Church in Savior to preach the Gospel to all the the world, and numbered barely 600 world endeavored to do so through men and women-a large number of the channel of the Moravian Church.

them penniless immigrants from It should be remembered that Mo- Moravia-these people began foreign ravian missions differ from those of missionary work among the negro other denominations in that, from the slaves of the West Indian islands beginning even unto this day, they ( 1732), and since that day this Church have been carried on not by a mishas been carrying on its work in ever sionary society within the Church, but extending fields but with relatively by the whole Church itself as such.

the same inadequate home resources. The Moravians synodically recognize At that time no Protestant Church foreign missions as the wor~ of the was carrying on foreign missions sys- church, as one organic unity through- ~ematically and the missionary enter- out the world. The Mission Board is prise was represented only by sporadic elected by the General Synod of the efforts here and there. Not until six entire Moravian Brotherhood. It con- or seven decades after the beginning sists of five members, one of whom of the work by the Moravians did the . must be a German, one an English- Protestant world show signs of awa- man, one an American, and two

THE PRESENT CRISIS IN MORAVIAN MISSIONS

chosen from the Church at large, begun, which ordinarily the Church usually from the mission fields. As would not have dared to undertake. a matter of convenience, certain fields In the course of time many legacies may be administered from the nearest came to Moravian missions with stiphome province, but eventually the cen- ulations that the principal was to be tral international board is responsible funded. These have been accumufor everything and the accounting of lating during a century and a half and all funds is finally made to the central more, so that considerable income is treasury in Herrnhut. Each home now derived from this source. province has its own mission secretary, who serves without special salary Then large donations and bequests and furthers the work in every possi- were received with the condition that ble way, supervises the missions more they must be used specifically for new directly connected with that province, work and in fields which no other collects, disburses and accounts for Church would enter. In faith in the all contributions coming from his Lord these heavy responsibilities were province. assumed, and thus it has come about that while in Europe, Great Britain The absence of other foreign mis- and America there are only 201 Mosion agencies in the Protestant Church ravian congregations all told, includuring the eighteenth and earlier dec- ding even filial charges, which have adGs of the nineteenth century led no pastors of their own, in the foreign many earnest Christians on the con- field there are 272 stations and outtinent of Europe and in Great Britain stations and 744 preaching-places scatto do their share of this work through tered over fourteen different mission the agency of the Moravian Church. provinces; and while there is a total Thus, for example, in 1817 there was home membership of only 43,127, organized in England the London So- there is a foreign mission memberciety in Aid of Moravian Missions, ship of 102,381. which continues its beneficent work to this day, composed altogether of non- Now comes the critical change in Moravians, and devoting all its income the entire situation. At the present to Moravian missions. day every Protestant land teems with missionary societies and boards of Gifts to Moravian Missions every conceivable description, and none rejoice more than the Moravians The consequence of this historical at this great missionary awakening of development was, that in course of the Protestant Christian world; but time the Moravian Mission Board de- while the old supporters of Moravian rived a far larger income from sources missions remain loyal, as these pass outside of the church than from its away, it seems impossible to supply own church-membership, a condition their places. It has been necessary which exists to the present day. The for Moravians to depend more and Moravian Church has ever furnished more upon their own resources, but the missionaries, but a large part of these are inadequate for the extended the support has come from without work which has been so widely dethe Church. veloped.

Under the pressure of this kind of It appears that the Moravian support, mission after mission was

Church can no longer bear the burden. Mission, 324 per cent.; in the Nic- In 1907 the deficit was, in round num- araguan Mission, 47 per cent.; and bers, $64,000; in 1908, $72,000; and the number of ordained native minis- the present outlook is that the deficit ters increased almost 50 per cent. The of 1909 will be equally large. This Church prays that the fulness of the does not mean that the deficit of 1908 Gentiles may be gathered in; the includes the deficit of 1907, but in each prayer is being answered, the heathen case the figures represent an entirely are corning in, and alas! the Church new deficit in that particular year's is overwhelmed by the answer to its accounts. By strenuous efforts the own prayers.

combined deficits of 1907 and 1908, The second great cause for these $I36,000, have been reduced to about deficits lies in political and industrial $60,00:), but the new deficit keeps disturbances. It was confidently ex- piling up. When it is remembered pected that the West Indian missions that in order to avoid financial ruin would be self-supporting and in- the annual budget must be made up dependent by 1899, or surely by I909, in full and the deficit met in addition, but the industrial conditions caused and that there are only 43,0:):) men, by United States tariffs, as weII as by women and children all told in Europe, natural calamities, earthquakes, hurri- Great Britain and America to do it, canes, floods, and other uncontrollable then the apparent impossibility of the forces, have thrown the work back- task stands clearly revealed. ward. The Nicaraguan Mission on This is the more deplorable, be- the Mosquito Coast was fast approach- cause never in the history of the ing self-support when Nicaragua Church have the prospects for ex- seized the reserve in I 894, and since pansion been so bright; never have so then has carried on a systematic Illany tempting fields been open, never course of persecution, which has has the cry been so insistent to go doubled and quadrupled the cost of forward. To cut off dead or mortify- this mission. It was one of the most ing members is a proper surgical flourishing fields of the Church, and operation, but to cut off healthy, liv- no other church is working among ing members is a terrible thing. these creoles and Indians. The work These deficits, which are crushing in South Africa was practically self- the life out of Moravian missions, are . supporting. Then came the Boer not caused by less liberal giving but Tar, the rinderpest, etc., and now by causes, in addition to those out- this field is a heavy drain on the lined above, utterly beyond the con- Church. Labrador was entirely self- trol of any mission board. supporting, but now trade conditions The first of these is natural growth. have changed, and this field has added Most of the fields worked by the Mo- $10,000 to the annual budget. And ravian Church are occupied by no so on.

other board, and there is tremendous The third and most serious element pressure to go forward and possess in the situation is the one already em- the land. In the last decade the mem- phasized: the disproportion of the bership in the Himalayan Mission in- home membership to the work in the creased 88 per cent.; in the Nyasa foreign field. This has been recognized

PRESENT CRISIS IN MORAVIAN MISSIONS

as coming to be a terribly tragic mat- with figures, but with human souls, ter long ago. At the last General which have been purchased by the Synod the historic field of Greenland, blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, and which had been in the care of the which have been rescued from the Church since 1733 and which gript degradation of heathenism as the rethe very heart of the Church, was ward of His sufferings. none the less turned over to the Danish State Lutheran Church. The As a consequence of· its historical transfer was accomplished in the most development, the Moravian Church in fraternal manner imaginable. The most places is working where no other remnant of the historic work among board has gone. Hence, thus far all the Indians in Canada was transferred efforts to secure a society or board to the Methodist Church of Canada. willing to take over any of these Mo- The home membership woke up to the ravian fields have failed. To withnecessity of making additional efforts. draw without turning the field over In the decade 1898-1908, the gifts of to another board, means delivering the members of the continental these people back to the gloom and province of the Church increased 41 despair of heathenism, after the beper cent.; in Great Britain, 58 per ginning has been made at the excent.; in the American province, penditure of untold sacrifice. To con- North, 143 per cent.; in the American tinue means to plunge the entire work province, South, 237 per cent. But into bankruptcy. Surely the Moravian in spite of all these efforts, because of Mission Board is face to face with a the conditions enumerated, the deficits terrible crisis. have continued to roll up. This retrenchment is like killing the Vhen, therefore, the General Synod children you have borne and nursed of I909 met, it was realized that and reared. It is stopping natural radical steps must be taken to save growth. It is hurling the people back the mission work of the Church from into heathenism. complete bankruptcy. It was accordingly ordered, that the Mission In America there has never been Board must introduce retrenchments, any such organized support of Mowhich would bring about a reduction ravian Missions by non-Moravians as of the annual budget by about $50,000. on the continent of Europe, in Great It is very easy to write those words; Britain, and latterly in Australia. but it is reported that when the reso- There have been highly appreciated lution was finally passed, strong men contributions from American Chrisbroke down and wept. tians, but they have not played any great role in the missions of the Mo- It is also comparatively easy to issue ravian Church. This is not surprizing. such instructions to a mission board, Every American miSSion board but when it comes to carrying them naturally seeks to gain all the conout the problem becomes frightfully tributors for its own causes from its difficult. The board is dealing not own natural constituency.

MISSIONARY PATHFINDER OF

A SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND WORK OF REV. EGERTON R. YOUNG BY MISS LILLY RYDER GRACEY, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The stories of the journeys and ad- cessful pastorate and a people who ventures of Rev. Egerton R. Young offered them love and every inducein the land of the Cree and Salteaux ment to remain among them and Indians of Canada never failed to journeyed for two months and a half charm an audience. His mode of to Norway House, their destination. living and his unique experiences among these redmen and the tales that On their arrival, Indians who had showed his intimate knowledge of become Christians through the prestheir habits and traditions would in- ence of other missionaries in their terest any listener. Dr. Young went country, crowded to see them, even among these crude people when they some pagan Indians dressing in their were untamed savages, but he recog- wild, picturesque costumes and going nized their stalwart characters and to greet and give a friendly welcome higher possibilities. He saw them to the newcomers. Dr. Young's field exchange savage rites for Christian enlarged until it extended north and worship and subdue their primitive south over five hundred miles, and in passions to conform to the teachings some directions was over three hunof Christ. dred miles wide. Indian camps and villages were visited in summer by This missionary pioneer and path- canoe and in winter with dog-trains. finder was as daring and dauntless as As his missions increased there were the people whom he went to serve. some so remote that he could go to In the spring of 1868, he and Mrs. them but twice a year, and the hard- Young made their first adventurous ships and deprivations endured on journey to the Northland. Leaving these journeys were very like those cars and steamboats behind them, they experienced by searchers for the North used horses and canvas-covered Pole. In winter he was obliged to wagons. At night they encamped sleep in holes dug in the snow with on the prairies, forded bridgeless temperature from thirty to sixty destreams, some of which took the party grees below zero. His companions three and four days to cross. Over were Indian runners and the twenty or routes where parlor-cars now carry more St. Bernard and Newfoundland travelers in luxurious comfort. this dogs that were used to draw his train caravan went in tedious marches, often of sleds. Without them the missiontaking off shoes and stockings as they ary expeditions could not have been bravely waded through wide streams. undertaken and, like Grenfell of Many days they traveled in frail Labrador, Dr. Young gave public canoes, manned by Indians, carrying tribute to the marvelous intelligence with them oxen whose bodies ex- and human instincts of these noble tended over the sides of the little animals. To their sagacity he more crafts. At night they went ashore than once owed his life. Miles of with their tents. They had left a field portages were made on these trips with where Dr. Young had enjoyed a suc- the camping outfit and canoes. Faces and feet were often bruised and the wondrous auroras, which Dr. bleeding from icy branches and ice- Young described as "dwarfing into inpinnacled paths. Attacks of illness significance man's mightiest pyrofrequently made these longer journeys technic displays."

EGE'RTON R. YOUNG Many of his guides and dog-drivers were Indians who had become Chrisadditionally wearisome and dangerous. tians and had the spirit of evangelists. Cold sweats would sometimes drench To some of these he paid the followthe blankets, which would then freeze ing fitting tribute: "Up the shining and become as stiff as leather. The trail, following the unerring Guide, faithful dogs cuddled at his side to they have gone beyond the auroras and furnish warmth, and when this ex- beyond the stars right to the throne pedient failed the Indians would build of God." a fire in the snow while the missionary undrest to his skin that he might As he journeyed over his vast terdry his clothes and warm his body be- ritory he met the Indians at their fore the roaring flames. More than council-fires, and asked their views of once typhoid-fever and other ills fol- God and inquired as to their willinglowed in the wake of these perilous ness to give up paganism for Chris- Journeys. tianity, and to send their children to school. Invariably, the pipe of peace Sometimes he traveled long di s- would be lit, and after the chief had tances to the north, where the sun and puffed at it, would be handed Dr. snow became so bright by day that he Young. Then the plans for chapel or was forced to travel by night. At sun- school would be discust and the work down he would break camp and both would be started. missionary and runners would speed along by starlight, stopping only at Sometimes the missionary was summidnight to cook and eat their frugal dinner. Often they were guided by MRS. EGJ::RTON R. YOU NG moned across great lakes to act as diplomat and representative of the English Government. Tact and ready wit were needed to answer the ques-

tionings as to why the steamboats build small houses for the sake of were rushing through their waters and tidiness and cleanliness. Fields were destroying their fisheries; or why the plowed, with clogs harnessed to imwhite hunters with guns and steel- provised plows and makeshift hartraps were killing off their game, and rows. The first crop of wheat was the surveyors driving stakes into their winnowed by the aid of Mrs. Young, ground. The Indians looked to Dr. who sewed sheets together to hold the Young to protect their treaty rights. grain as the wind blew away the chaff. He was an apt reader of Indian char- From such practical lessons as these acter, and felt deep human sympathy the Indians learned to help themwhich gave him a far-reaching in- selves. fluence and made his efforts among the different tribes have the effect of The Indian women became amtransforming the lives of those with bitious to keep house like "Ookemaswhom he came in contact. Wild and quas," as they called Mrs. Young. At savage Indians under his ministra- Sunday services the announcement tions and teachings became conse- was sometimes made that the miscrated Christians and aggressive sionary and his wife would take dinworkers among their own people. ner on stated clays with members of ~Where he had seen idols worshiped the congregation. At such times inamid horrid orgies, and had heard the teresting demonstrations would be yells, rattles and drums of old con- made in domestic science. On such jurers and medicine-men, he saw occasions Mrs. Young, who had her chapels erected and Indians as pastors own train of dogs, would precede her over flocks. In solitary wigwams and husband to the Indian home and take lonely hunting-camps the Christian with her a table-cloth, dishes and some Indians took such comfort in the provisions. The wife would receive a Bible ~ that nothing would have in- lesson in housekeeping and dinner duced them to leave it out of their would be served picnic style, for there packs. were, of course, no tables or other furniture. Among the practical evidences of the thoroughness and genuineness of Many miles a day were covered by changes wrought was the improve- the indefatigable Dr. Young and his ment in the family life. The sad no less energetic wife, as they visited sights common among degraded sav- the sick and sorrowing among their ages, such as the ill-treatment of different bands. Besides the heroic mothers, wives and sisters and the endurance of exile from civilization aged, gave place to the kindly ways and their primitive mode of living and happy homes that characterized among a wild people, they were the life of the transformed Indians. obliged to endure the hardship of 'Woman was uplifted from the de- being cut off from communication with graded place she held in all the tribes the rest of the world by post, except and was given a Christian position in twice the year. The routine of daily the home. One of the material life included the tiresome and even changes was effected by persuading nauseating diet of fish three times a the people to abolish wigwams and to day. This was only varied by the capricious luck of the hunter who

I9IO] THE MISSIONARY PATHFINDER OF CANADA

might chance to bring in venison or Young gave her Bible lessons, and some other game. The catch of fish marked a sheet of foolscap paper to for the year was necessarily enormous. make a calendar by which she could For their own family use and that of distinguish the Sundays, explaining to their dogs ten thousand fish must be her the sanctity of the Lord's day. As caught before winter set in. These she left the mission and pushed out in were piled up in November to be kept her canoe her last importunate request frozen until April. was that soon the missionary would visit her and her people in their own The success that rewarded the Jand. To her pleadings he replied: labors of these two workers for their "When the eagle moon is filling out, years of self-denial and hardships listen for the ringing of the misseems almost incredible. A people who sionary's sleigh-bells, for then will he were pagans, with superstitious beliefs be coming to see you and your people and debasing habits, became so with his dog train and guide." A few changed that they would come many months later the promise was fulfilled, miles over ice and snow to Christian by a night after night journey of two service, and between two and three weeks, over ledges of ice that overhundred at a time were often present hung the rapid waters of a great on a communion season. The little rIver. places of worship were erected in spite of tremendous difficulties. Men were The importunings of the people are employed all winter to cut down trees, also seen in another incident told with square the logs, saw the timber into eloquence and pathos by Dr. Young boards, make rafts, and then when in the following dialog: spring came to float them down the river to the spot selected for the mis- "Missionary," said a savage, stalsion village. Here every board was wart-looking Indian to him, "gray cut and prepared by hand. Parents hairs here, and grandchildren in the sometimes brought their little ones as wigwam, tell me that I am getting to much as two hundred miles to have be an old man; and yet I n'ever before them christened. The fame of Dr. heard such things as you have told Young and his teachings spread until LtS to-day. I am so glad I did not many individuals and sometimes die before I heard this wonderful whole bands of Indians sought him story. Yet I am getting old. Gray out to learn of the "Great Spirit" hairs here, and grandchildren yonder, about whom he told. One chieftainess tell the story. Stay as long as you can, who, with several of her followers, missionary; tell us much of these one summer came unheralded to visit things; and when you have to go the missionary and his wife, traveled away, come back soon." from her home several days' journey. She had heard from some fur-hunters "He turned as tho he would go about the missionary coming to live back to his place and sit down," said among the Indians and determined to Dr. Young in narrating the story, "but hear for herself. She prolonged her he only went a step or two ere he stay at the missionary's home two turned round and said: weeks, during which time Dr. and Mrs. " 'Missionary, may I say more?' "'Talk on,' I replied; 'I am here now to listen.'

"'You said just now,"Notawenan" people could hardly restrain their ex- (Our Father).' pressions of delight.

"'Yes, I did say, "Our Father.'" "The old man, however, had not yet "'That is very new and sweet to finished, and so, quietly restraining the us,' he replied. 'We never thought most demonstrative ones, he again of the Great Spirit as Father. We turned and said: heard Him in the thunder, and saw " 'May I say more?'

Him in the lightning and tempest and "'Yes, sayan; say all that is III blizzard, and we were afraid. So, your heart.'

when you tell us of the Great Spirit as "Then came his last question, which Father-that is very beautiful to us.' millions of weary souls dissatisfied "Hesitating a moment, he stood with their false regimes are asking: there, a wild, picturesque Indian; yet "'Missionary, I do not want to be my heart had strangely gone out in rude, but why has my white brother loving interest and sympathy to him. been so long time in coming with that Lifting up his eyes to mine again, he Great Book and its wonderful story?' "

said: Returning home after some years " 'May I say more?' . of labor, Dr. Young won fame as a "'Yes,' I answered; 'sayan.' lecturer and author. His inexhaustible "'You say, "Notawenan" (Our fund of information, ready wit, fine Father) ; He is your Father?' presence and an eloquent style, caused "'Yes, He is my Father.' him to be in great demand as a lec- "Then he said, while his eyes and turer in the United States, Canada, voice yearned for the answer: Great Britain and Australia. The " 'Does it mean He is my Father- late Grover Cleveland, after listening poor Indian's Father?' to one of his lectures on his thrilling " 'Yes, oh yes!' I exclaimed, 'He is missionary life, exclaimed that he your Father, too.' could listen to him for hours, and later "'Your Father-missionary's Fa- asked the missionary to be his guest ther-and Indian's Father, too?' he at the White House. Sir Charles repeated. Tupper stated on one occasion that Dr.

" 'Yes, that is true.' Young was Canada's best immigra- " 'Then we are brothers l' he almost tion agent.

shouted out. Dr. Young was the author of many " 'Yes, we are brothers,' I replied. books. Among them, "By Canoe and "The excitement in the audience Dog Train Among the Cree and Sal- had become something wonderful, and teaux Indians," "Stories from Indian when the conversation with the old Vigwams and Northern Camp Fires,"

man had reached this point, and in "On the Indian Trail," "Children of such an unexpected and yet dramatic the Forest," "The Apostle to the manner had so clearly brought out, North," "Algonquin Indian Tales,"

not only the Fatherhood of God, but "My Dogs in the Northland," and the oneness of the human family, the "The Boys in the Wild North Land."

MARTYRS OF OSMANlYE AND SAGH

BY STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER TROWBRIDGE, AINTAB, TURKEY When the disturbances broke out in they set out upon the Adana road on Adana on April 14, twenty-one minis- the morning of April IS. In the after- ters of the Protestant churches of Cen- noon they were overtaken by a Chris- tral Turkey were on their way to the tian messenger, who warned them that annual meeting of the mission. These pastors and preachers had been chosen after much thought and consultation as representative Christian leaders who should come together for the ten days' devotional and business meet- ings. They were approaching Adana by two main caravan roads, one from the district of Hadjin, in the Taurus Mountains to the north, and the other from the cities of Aintab and Ouda on the east. The massacre commenced in all the towns and villages of the province and out upon the highway simultaneously with the attack by the Turkish mob in Adana. Nothing could be dearer than that a cruel plot had been made by the Turks, and with remarkable stealth and precision had been enjoined upon the entire Mo- PROF. SARKIS LEVONIAN hammedan population of the province. Not one of the pastors escaped. One of the martyrs of ATmenia The circumstances of their death as . there was danger of an attack by the well as the character of their lives are Moslems. It was too late in the day sufficient proof that they were slain, to return to Kozan, so they asked for not because the Turks felt racial or hospitality and protection at the political animosity, but because these mudir's house in the Circassian village heroic and peace-loving men were fol- of Sagh Gechid. The mudir in a Mos- lowers of Christ. In the hour of lem village is at the same time the threatening and peril they did not village chief and the government mag- deny His name; they did not surren- istrate. This mudir agreed to receive der themselves to become followers of the travelers as his guests, which, in Mohammed. So they paid the cost by the Orient, means the most sacred their lives, and were added to the pledge of life and property. A similar goodly company of men and women promise of protection was made by who have suffered martyrdom for the Haji Bey, another prominent Turk.

Savior. But the next day, at three o'clock in The Hadjin party was made up of the afternoon, these Christian guests seven pastors, four women and two were dragged out into the courtyard.

lay delegates. After spending vVed- The Turks first robbed them of their nesday night in the town of Kazan, goods, and then took them one by one

and cut their throats. After this they On Wednesday, the 14th, Rev. H. put to death in the same way the sev- Koundakjian (Hassan Beyli Church), enty-eight Armenian inhabitants of Rev. S. Hovhannessian (Kharne), the village, who, for years, had lived Takvor Khoja (Baghche), and Rev. as neighbors side by side with the Cir- G. Kupelian (Osmaniye) were killed cassians. The women and children hy Mohammedans as they were riding shared the same cruel death. Finally, along the road toward Adana. They the dead and wounded were piled to- were on the highway a few hours west gether into carts, were carried out to of Osmaniye. That night the caravan the edge of a deep ravine and were bringing the delegates from the eastthrown down the bank. All the ern part of the field, reached the town wounded except two died. One of of Osmaniye, and spent the night in these was the wife of Pastor Asdoor, the courtyard of the village church. of Fekke, who was killed. She was As yet there was no disturbance in severely wounded, but saved her life the town, tho alarming messages were by pretending to be dead, even tho the brought in at night. In the morning Moslems tore the earrings from her the Moslem mob surrounded the ears and stabbed her again and again. church shooting into the windows, and vVith wonderful courage she lay per- the following pastors, together with fectly still, and when all the mob had many friends and delegates, were gone away, she, together with a man forced to take refuge in the basement from Hadjin, crawled out from un- of the building in a low room with derneath the heap of dead bodies. vaulted roof: Working their way through the fields far from the road, they reached Kazan Giragos Zhamgotsian, Severek. the next day and told the dreadful Setrak Ekmekjian, First Church, Ourfa. news. The names of the pastors and their churches are as follows: Jurgis Shammas, Syrian Protestant, Istilion Arslanides, First Church, Had- Ourfa. jin. Zakariah Bedrossian, Garmouch. N erses Kouyoumjian, Adiaman. Levon Soghomonian, Second Church, Nazaret Heghinian, Third Church, Hadjin. Marash. Asdoor Topalian, Fekke. Ardashes Boyajian, Shar. Among the delegates was Prof. Melidon Malyan, Kozan. Sarkis Levonian of Central Turkey Samuel Bedrossian, Kara Keoy. College. The mob set fire to the Abraham Seferian (lay preacher), church and as the flames grew fiercer Yere Bakan. and the smoke filled the basement, Constantin Siyahian, Kars. Mary, the teacher of the School for the Blind in Ourfa, ran out from' the One of the women who suffered church and plead for her life. She death was house-mother in the mis- was carried off to the government sionary orphanage in Hadjin. An- house and afterward made her way to other was one of the foremost mem- Adana. But the heartless mob closed bers in the Kozan church, known in ur!on the men in the basement of throughout the community "for her the church, shooting any who apkindness of heart and her pure and peared at the entrance. The last holy life." sound which was heard from the little

THE MARTYRS OF OSMANIYE AND SAGH GECHID

company before the walls and roof ural scientific instincts, but rather his fell in was a prayer offered by the large-hearted and large-minded manwhite-haired and saintly pastor Gi- hood which drew the students to him, ragos. He reached out his hands in and which commanded the respect and blessing to his comrades and in appeal affection of his associates. As an to God. This scene was described by evangelist, he had that rare spiritual Mary of Ouria, the only one of the power which filled the congregation caravan who escaped. Two pastors with the immediate message and presjourneying from the Marash field and ence of Christ. His vacations were the pastors of the Hamiedie and AI- waited for by the churches that they bustan churches suffered in like man- might secure him to preach on weekner at the hands of the Turks. day nights to the crowds of common people. His penetration and good It is difficult to describe in terms of sense in counseling the impetuous Arsufficient for~ and earnestness the menian students in college frequently lives of these men. They lived with transformed their foolish nationalism an apostolic simplicity, and yet they into a sincere and thoughtful patriotwere far from being monastic; they ism. He was indeed a man of remarkloved all men with the deep friendship able gifts and of a most iovable which they learned from daily fellow- disposition. The educated and proship with their Master; they were gressive Turks in Aintab were much courageous and faithful at their posts attached to him. amid frequent persecution and under the stress of poverty. They had had The life of Pastor Ha:gop of Has- "trial of mockings and scourgings, yea, san Beyli, would be well worth remoreover of bonds and impl;ison- cording in full. He was a mountainment." They were cheerful and hope- eer from childhood and understood ful-traits rarely found in the Ar- and loved the homely habits of the menian nature. They were known villagers. For thirty years he served everywhere for their integrity and for in that parish, always ready to go over thoughtful kindness to the poor. Dur- the mountains to the lonely hamlets, ing eleven years spent in America, I where no other messenger of the gosnever found a group of Christian pas- pel ever went. He taught the people tors who were so thoroughly conse- to build their "homes of stone in the crated to the great work of saving midst of gardens and orchards instead men. In a country where constitution- of in crowded blocks of mud dwellal government is not yet com- ings. His sons are now doing eminent prehended and is desired by the more service in the ministry and in mediintelligent only, these pastors had been cine in other parts of Central Turkey.. for a lifetime putting into practise But two days after the mob slew the the principles of brotherhood and de- pastor, they came with hue and cry mocracy which are inherent to the upon Hassan Beyli itself, scattered the true Christian Church. villagers into the clefts of the moun- tains, sacked and burned the houses Professor Sarkis Levonian was, in and destroyed the church. Not being many senses, a leader in the college at satiated with this, they followed the Aintab. It was not simply his educa- fugitives relentlessly and put many of tion in the United States, nor his nat-

them to death in the most barbarous several Moslem inquirers were commanner. ing to talk with them about the life and message of the Messiah. All of The pastors from Garmouch and these pastors were by word and deed Adiaman had been recently ordained. loyal and obedient to the Ottoman In November, 1908, I made the jour- Government. ney to these churches for the services of ordination. The chairman of our How shall we interpret the loss of committee was the veteran of this such good men? Is it true, as many field, Pastor Giragos, who was among of the Armenians feel in their disthe slain at Osmaniye. I shall never tress, that God has forsaken His peoforget the tender and earnest charge pie? Or may we believe, as others aswhich he gave to the Adiaman congre- sert, that God is purging His church? gation. His face was radiant with Do· not these losses mean much more cheerfulness as he exprest his wish than that? As I reflect upon the moral that the new pastor might enjoy the caliber and the high ideals of these favor and loyalty of his people. His men, my conviction grows stronger and benediction at the close of the service stronger that these sacrifices are the left the congregation hushed with a price which must be paid for the sursense of peacefulness and mercy. vival of the Christian faith in the very midst of the Mohammedan world. Everyone of the churches which The fury of the attack upon the Osthese men s'erved had come forward maniye church was not primarily due steadily toward self-support. Ouda to the lust of plunder. What goods First Church had, some years ago, or wealth had these village pastors reached that point. The Ouda Syrian that. the mob might covet? The mocongregation twenty years ago was a tive was not one of political or racial little handful of people whose preacher bigotry or suspicion. Where, in the was engaged and paid by the mission- empire, could you find more loyal and aries. Now the church has come for- more friendly citizens? It was an atward into self-government and has re- tack on the Christian religion. These cently experienced two deep move- martyrs will take their places along ments of spiritual awakening. Last with those Christians of Uganda and winter the people began to give thank of China who laid down their lives offerings in order to prepare for the rather than deny their Lord and Masenlargement of the church building. ter. Ours is that solemn joy of which Abraham Lincoln wrote to a mother Some of these pastors who were whose five sons had been slain upon killed at Osmaniye were deeply inter- the battle-field in the Civil War-that ested in the extension of the Gospel solemn joy "to have laid so costly a among the Moslems. Patient and fre- sacrifice on the altar of freedom." quent efforts to influence Turks had Their blood has not been shed in vain. been made, especially by Pastors Giragas and Shammas, with the result that

SEATED OVER TRENCH FOR THE SACRIFICIAL

PURIFICATION BY BLOOD IN WEST AFRICA BY REV, WM. M. DAGER, ELAT, KAMERUN, WEST AFRICA The people of West Africa believe stituted plantain leaves for their ordithat sickness is due to some occult nary garments. cause, so they make "medicine" in each particular case to find and remove As I came into town the men were the cause of the sickness. On a re- having a "palaver" and seemed rather cent trip to Metet I passed through disconcerted to have a white man ara town where they were making "So" rive just at that time. Some went off medicine to cure a man who had been and conferred together, but soon came ailing for several months. It was mid- back and began to distribute the food. day and the emaciated sick man was I told them that I was not a physician, reclining against a rest made from a but I would like to speak with them forked branch of a tree. He was hold- when they had finished. After the ing a plantain leaf over his head as a noonday meal was over, the men proprotection from the heat of the sun ceeded with their ceremony. The sick and in front of him was a narrow man was seated at the head of the trench about six inches wide, six trench and the women sat on plantain inches deep, and forty feet long. The stocks placed over the trench. They ground sloped gently toward the head were so close that they had to sit of the trench where there were two spoon fashion. Thirty-nine women earthen pots of "medicine," one hold- and the sick man had each one foot of ing about a gallon and the other three space. In the liRe were two mothers gallons. Near by were ten or twelve with infants in their arms and about baskets full of food prepared for a half-dozen girls, the others being those gathered for the ceremony. The mature women. All were wives and women were at one side and had sub- were going through the ordeal be- cause their husbands had so com-

manded them. The women wele sus- the "So" society. She confest that pected by their husbands of having she had murdered and put a slave in done something which might have the grave. The slave was an initiated been the cause of the sickness. member of the "So" society, and this When the women were all seatea, was supposed to be the cause of the the medicine-man took a segment of affliction. After e,ach confession, the two vines which had twined themselves medicine man chanted a half-dozen about each other, symbolical of the meaningless, cabalistic phrases.

way the evil spell had wound itself Then they brought a kid and held about the sick man. The pieces @f it directly over the head of the sick vine were about a yard and a half man while they cut its throat and let long, and after separating them, as a the blood spurt all over him. They sign of the disengaging of the spell then passed up and down the line, let- from the victim, the medicine-man ting the blood come on the _heads of gave two ends to an assistant while everyone of the women, some of he himself retained the other ends. whom seemed to feel the need of They were then rubbed back and forth cleansing, for they wanted to have the while a weird incantation was recited. blood come upon them. Some shrank This mysterious observance has a away as the warm blood spurted out, strong hold upon the people, and they but when they came to the woman who dread doing anything that may bring had murdered her slave, she turned calamity to others and involve possible her face upward to receive the full discovery and punishment to them- benefit of it. The men paused and selves. passed on only when her face and Soon a dozen of the women and shoulders were covered with blood.

the man himself made confession of What a revelation of the workings of violation of some of the prohibitions conscience! What a groping in the put upon the people by the fraternity darkness for some ray of hope!

called "So." Next they took the large pot of Most of these confessions were il- medicine, and with a sop of bark and lustrative of the depravity of human leaves they sprinkled the medicine nature. One was pathetic. A mother over the sick man, and each woman who had lost two children confest that, in turn washed off the blood with the contrary to their custom, her husband medicine. The other pot of medicine was of the same tribe as she. This was poured into the trench, and each was supposed to have been the cause woman was expected to gather up of the death of the children. She some of it in her hand as it flowed past asked that the spell be removed so and cleanse her body with it.

that her unborn child might be spared. Then the women stood up one at a Another confession opened the door of time, each taking with her the piece heathen darkness and let us get a of plantain stock on which she had glimpse of vices of paganism in all its been sitting, lest she bring upon others ghastliness. Another woman of good a spell similar to the one they were physique, middle-aged, said that she seeking to remove. All were supposed had participated in the burying of her to run to some stream in which they husband, in violation of the custom of bathe and return clothed in their ordi-

PURIFICATION BY BLOOD IN WEST AFRICA

nary garments. The sick man was taken internally. Then I showed the carried away. If he should not re- uselessness of what they were doing, cover, it would be thought to be be- in that there was no relation between cause the real cause of his sickness the sickness and what they claimed to had not been con fest and removed, or be the cause of it, nor was there any because some one had not gone reason to expect a cure by their through with his part of the observ- method. I explained that we came to ance properly. tell them of a better and more rea- sonable way of life. I told them of After the ceremony was concluded, THE EMBLEM OF THE {(so" SOCIETY, WEST AFRICA my opportunity came to talk. I told the sacrifices of the Jews, and exhow our physicians gathered knowl- plained how they pointed to Christ. edge of medicines from all over the Then I spoke to them about the Savior, world, and wherever they found a the Lamb of God, whose blood cleanses medicine which was effective, they us from all sin, and tried to tell would study its effect upon the body. that old story so simply and plainly I told them that many of the native that the words would bear fruit. herbs and barks were good for medicine and that they were generally The people listened attentively and seemed to desire to hear more.

ISSIONS MEANS THE IND, THE OTIVE, THE IGHT OF THE ASTER ULTIPLIED BY HIS ESSENGERS.

STEWART, OF

BY REV. JOHN T. FARIS, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

"We have nailed the flag of Africa to our mast, and there it must remain till God Himself takes it down."-Letter of JAMES STEWART, 1875.

"Doctor Stewart and General Gor- captivated by the volume that for a don were to me the two greatest long time he could talk of little else; heroes of the age-the saintly servants his fellow students, who had called of God and of Queen Victoria-the him "Long Stewart," because of his Elijah and Joshua of modern times," height, now gave him the name "Stew- said a steamship captain who many art Africanus."

times carried James Stewart between Stewart began his ministry in the England and Africa. This statement home land, but it was not long before would have been endorsed by thou- he heard the definite call to cross the sands who followed the missionary in sea, and in 1859 he proposed to the his wonderful work during nearly half Foreign Mission Committee of the a century. Free Church that he be sent to Africa The first impulse to become a for- to do missionary work in the region eign missionary was received when made famous by Livingstone. As the young Stewart-then fifteen years old committee felt 'unable to assume the -was following the plow in Perth- responsibility, he organized among his shire. "Leaning on the stilts of the friends "The New Central African plow, he began to brood over his fu- Committee," composed of eighteen ture. What was it to be? The ques- men, "with the view of turning to prac- tion flashed across his mind-,-'might tical account the discoveries of Living- I .not make more of my life than by stone, and to open a new mission in remaining here ?' He straightened Central Africa." The initial expenses himself and said, 'God helping me, I were largely paid from contributions will be a missionary.''' On another solicited by himself, supplemented by occasion, while out hunting with his the gift of his entire inheritance. Then cousins, he said, "Jim, I shall never he gave himself-for he was the man be satisfied till I am in Africa with a chosen by the committee to go to Bible in my pocket and a rifle on my Africa to look over the ground. shoulder to supply my wants." * Stewart's indomitable perseverance Years of business training, necessi- carried him through obstacles in the tated by the desire to help his father, face of which many a man would per- and to provide for his own education, haps have turned his back forever on gave him invaluable preparation for the mission field. He was expecting the life to which he was looking for- to accompany Mrs. Livingstone from ward and taught him to make the most Durban to the Zambesi on a brig char- of his opportunities. In school he was tered to carry another mission party to not a prize-winner, but he devoted a neighboring field, but strenuous ef- himself diligently to the studies which forts were made to persuade him that he felt would be most useful to him. he was not wanted by Livingstone and While a student in the Divinity Hall that he would better return to Eng- of the Free Church of Scotland, he land. When Mrs. Livingstone assured read and made a careful analysis of him that her husband would welcome the life of Livingstone. He was so him and declared to the captain that * "Stewart, of Lovedale." By James Wells. Fleming H. Revell Co. she would not sail unless Mr. Stewart mittee of the Free Church, "for such was permitted to accompany her, he a man as Dr. Stewart there are no inpaid no further attention to the pro- superable obstacles in the way." tests of those who would detain him. During a brief stay at home he com- For five weeks the delay, the efforts pleted his medical course, and gained to pursuade him that he was on a some valuable experience in work in fool's errand, and the assaults on his the churches. Then he was sent by character continued. The time was the Free Church to the missionary inspent in conducting Gospel meetings stitute in Lovedale, Cape Colony, and and gathering information that might there for three years-until 187o-he be of value to him later. Always his labored under Dr. Govan, the princicomfort was gained in reading the pal. When he was free to work out Bible and in prayer. Once he wrote in his own plans the wonderful develophis journal: ment of the institution began. His aim-which was thought visionary by Make me patient under calumny, most people-"was to uplift the native whether it be at home or abroad. Give by touching him at every point, inme patience to labor at details as much structing him in all the arts of civilas if they were the highest work Let ized life and fitting him for all Chrisme not get disappointed with the opposi- tian duties." tion that may be thrown in the way. If it shall prove not to be Thy call to labor One of the first steps was to dishere, help me to take the lesson Thou continue the teaching of Latin and givest for my good. Help me to be con- Greek, the study of English as the tent with Thy work in me if not by me, classic being substituted. Another inand out of all vexation and trial it has novation was that the native pay tuibrought, only let my heart be brought tion fees. Many prophesied failure, nearer Thee. but the fees were soon paid without complaint. Little by little the oppor- Consecrated perseverance conquered. tunity for industrial education was At last he reached Livingstone and presented, Dr. Stewart's idea being to received a welcome that repaid him for give "a practical training for brain, all he had suffered. After a season eye, hand and heart." Business men with the great explorer, he pushed on of the colony and relatives and friends into the forests on his own account, at home furnished the funds required supporting his party by his rifle, fre- for new buildings, which were erected quently nearly dying from fever, and by artizans brought from Scotland. in constant danger of a violent death. The Scotsman in 1899 insisted that The fame of Lovedale spread. In this expedition should be recognized 1873 the Fingoes, living one hundred as sharing with Livingstone the hon- miles to the northeast, appealed to Dr. or of opening the way for the abo- Stewart to give them a similar school, lition of the slave-trade in Central promising to raise :£1,000 if he Africa. would do as much. The promise was more than kept, five-shilling contribu- On his return to Scotland after two tions being received from each Fingo and a half years of wandering, Stew- until £I>450 was heaped up before the art reported that the mission project missionary. "There are the stones; was possible. Livingstone himself wrote to the Foreign Mission Com-

now build!" said a Fingo orator, point- for mission buildings, and superintend- ing to the money. Returning to Scot- ing their erection. Perhaps one of the land, Dr. Stewart raised the needed most important results of the trip was money, and on his return the natives the conception and outlining of the doubled their subscription. Thus "African Lakes Corporation, Ltd.,"

Blythswood was built at a cost of which should conduct stores near the more than £7,000. The debt of £1,600, principal mission stations of Living- remaining on the property, was paid stonia. This corporation has proved a in 1878 by voluntary offerings of five decided help in opening the country shillings by men most of whom lived and carrying on the mission work.

in little beehive huts. On November 26, 1877, the Lord's As a result of this institution, twen- Supper was first celebrated on Lake ty-two years later it was declared that Nyasa, and a few weeks later Dr.

the Fingoes of Transkei, among whom Stewart returned to Lovedale, leaving Blythswood was located, were "half Livingstonia in charge of Dr. Robert a century ahead of their countrymen Laws. Since then only one generation in wealth, material progress, agricul- has passed, but the savages have be- tural skill, sobriety, and civilized habits come civilized. "The war dresses of of life, both in food, clothing and the wild Angoni have long ago rotted dwellings." on the village trees, or been sold as During Dr. Stewart's visit to Scot- curios to travelers. These bloody land and England, he took part in the men are now messengers of the Prince burial of Livingstone's body in West- of Peace, evangelizing the villages minster Abbey. Later, when it was they used to raid." In 1897 a mission- proposed to erect a monument to the ary told of having seen a field of memory of the missionary explorer, he wheat at Mwenzo, and added, "The insisted that the monument should be Ngoni were reaping it with their a mission in N yasaland, in the region spears. Not one of these assagais is which he had explored twelve years now used for war. They have beat before, and that it should be called the iron of some into hoes, which are Livingstonia. The proposition struck the native plowshares. With these the popular fancy; soon £20,000 spears they cut their grain and prune were in hand, given in response to Dr. their trees."

Stewart's personal appeals. Then he At Lovedale Dr. Stewart once more was persuaded that it was his duty to devoted himself to building up the go and open up the new field. school, which had now become almost Work at Blythswood prevented his a university. The range of education joining the first party that went out given was from the alphabet to the- with the little steamer Ilata to Lake ology, and every form of industrial Nyasa, and he delayed his journey till activity that would be helpful to the the summer of 1876, when he led a natives was given a place in the busy party of Europeans and natives to the school. Of course the natives were Murchison Cataract and on to Lake not eager for work and their attitude Nyasa. For eighteen months he re- was illustrated by a new pupil, who de- mained there, exploring, winning his clared that the first commandment way with the savages, choosing a site was, "Thou shalt do no work." But

JAMES STEWART, OF LOVEDALE

Dr. Stewart set them the example by ful Christian influence throughout all working with his own hands at the that region. Guests were entertained tasks they dreaded most. It was a there freely; it came to be unusual to common thing to see him throw off have a day or even a meal go by with- his coat and show a Kafir how to out at least one visitor. One guest make a straight furrow. It was his wrote: "It was Mrs. Stewart's kind- ambition to show the natives-whose ness and winsome graciousness which "highest achievement was to build a made the principal's house the most beehive hut, and that was the work of hospitable in South Africa."

the women !"-how to do any work re- His life won to the cause of mis- quired of them, and this as a nec- sions many who had been indifferent essary part of training them in and even scoffers. He would not ar- Christian character. Most mission- gue with them, but they could not aries would have thought the school resist the argument of his life. One was enough of a burden for one man, man to whom Dr. Stewart sold a but Dr. Stewart preached regularly, horse-soon afterward returning the built a hospital, did a vast amount of price when he learned of the animal's medical missionary work, wrote books, death-offered to be of any service to edited a newspaper, and was busy at the mission, tho he had before de- various other things. clared he had no use for missions.

No wonder he was the man chosen Thus, in active, earnest service, the to establish a new mission in what is years passed until December 21, 1905, now the East African Protectorate. when, at the age of 76, the worker He was at home on his first real fur- was called home. He was buried in lough in twenty-four years when the Sandili Kop, overlooking Lovedale.

request came in 1891; long before the The simple inscription over his grave .end of the year he was in Africa once reads: more, leading an expedition through a JAMES STEWART difficult country to the river Kibwesi, MISSIONARY near Kilimanjaro. There the new sta- There is no more significant com- ment on Dr. Stewart's life than his tion was opened. • With the exception of the months own words, spoken in a meeting at taken for a visit to Scotland in 1898 Lovedale, when he heard something in order to perform his duties as mod- said about the sacrifices made by mis- erator of the Free Church General As- sionaries.

sembly, Dr. Stewart spent the remain- Sacrifice! What man or woman can ing twelve years of his life at Love- speak of sacrifice in the face of Calvary? dale, placing the school on a still bet- What happiness or ambition or refine- ment has anyone given up in the service ter basis, erecting new buildings, es- of humanity to compare with the sacrifice tablishing new industries and sending of Him who "emptied Himself and took out hundreds of men and women to upon Himself the form of a servant"? teach others how to work with the hands and how to live for Christ. "It made some of us feel rather ashamed of our heroics," said one who Not only was the school an influence heard him, "for we knew that, if ever for good, but Dr. Stewart's home was a man since Livingstone had a right a center from which radiated a he1p- to speak like that, it was Dr. Stewart."

CENSUS OF RELIGIOUS BODIES

CHRISTIANITY IS GAINING GROUND IN THE UNITED STATES There were in the United States in ern Orthodox churches, 315; German Evangelical Synod, 245, and the 1906, the period of the fifth United Protestant bodies, as a whole, 104, the latter being less than one-ninth the States census of religious bodies in average number for the Catholic Church. this country, according to the pub- CQMPARATlVE STANDING OF RELIGIOUS HOOlES IN THE lished bulletin, 186 religious denom- UNITED STATES, 1906 inations, 212,230 local religious or- The Increaae in Denominations ganizations, 32,936.445 church-mem- Between 1890 and 1906, 12 denom- inations ceased to exist, 4 were consolbers, and $1,257,575,867 invested in idated with others, and 4 disappeared through changes in classification, leavchurch edifices. The following table ing 125 denominations reported both in 1890 and 1906. By division of deshows the standing of the denom- nominations 13 new denominations were caused, II were the result of iminations: migration, and most of the remainder (37) were the results of the organiza- COMMUNI· tion of entirely new cults. There are 164 Protestant bodies, the Roman DENOMINATION CAN1'S OR INCREASE Catholics, the Jews, the Latter-day Saints (2), the Eastern Orthodox MEMBERS, OVER Churches (4), and 14 others, inclu- ding Armenians, Bahais, Buddhists, 1906 1890 Shakers, the Amana Society, the Polish National Church, the Society Roman Catholic Church …… 12,079,142 5,837,434 for Ethical Culture, the Spiritualists, Methodist bodies ………… 5,749,838 1,160,554 the Theosophists, and the Vedanta So- 1,949,766 ciety, a total of 181 denominations. Baptist bodies …………… 5,662,234 Lutheran bodies…………. 2,112,494 881,422 Protestants Are Increasing 552,704 Presbyterian bodies ………. 1,830,555 501,308 Of the larger Protestant bodies only Disciples or Christians. ~. …. 1,142,359 354,894 three show a decline, viz., the Chris- 187,709 tians (Christian Connection), 3.2 per Protestant Episcopal Church.. 886,942 140,056 cent. loss; United Brethren, 4.9 per 70,769 cent. loss; Universalists, 11.5 per cent. Congregationalists ………. 700,480 loss. The Jewish congregations have Reformed bodies…… … …. 449,514 105,705 90,522 United Brethren bodies….. . 296,050 41,467 German Evang. Synod of 129,006 North America ……….. . 293,137 6,564 Latter-day Saints ……….. . 256,647 Evangelical bodies ………. . 174,780 6,395 Eastern Orthodox Churches .. 129,606 Friends ••……………… 113,772 23,349 Christians (Christian Connec- 32,244 76,993 tion) ……………….. 110,117 60,313 Dunkers, or German Baptist 2,793 Brethren ……………. . 97,144 14,964 13,257 Adventist bodies ………… . 92,735 Church of Christ, Scientist. .. 85,717 Ind.epe!,dent churches .•…: .• 73,673 UmtarIans ……………. . 70,542 U niversaIists ….. , …….. . 64,158 Mennonite bodies . …. _….. . 54,798 Among Protestants, the Methodist bodies rank first in number of mem- bers, with 5,749,838, or 17.5 per cent. of the total, and the Baptist bodies come next, with 5,662,234 members, or 17.2 per cent. These two families together constitute somewhat more than one-third of the entire Protestant membership of the country. If to these be added the Lutheran bodies with 2,II2,494 members, the Presbyterian bodies with 1,830,555 members, the Disciples (or Christians) with 1,142,359 members-each containing more than a million members-the five bodies combined include r6,497,- 480 members, or fully one-half (50.2 per cent.) of the membership of all religious bodies in the United States and more than four-fifths (81.3 per cent.) of all Protestant bodies.

The Catholic Church reported the highest number of communicants or members per organization, 969; Eastgrown from 533 organizations in 1890 capacity has kept pace with the into 1,769 organizations to-day. The crease of population, the capacity re- Adventists have risen from 995 or- maining a little more than 69 per cent. ganizations in 1890 to 1,189; the Bap- of population. Protestant edifices tists have a great gain of Il,971 or- have an average seating capacity of ganizations since the last census; the 317, Roman Catholic of 436. Protes- Primitive Baptists, 612 organizations tants can accommodate three times the increase; Free Will Baptists, 441; average membership, while Roman Northern Baptists, 370. The Christian Catholics have a membership of al- Science Church has had a rapid most two and one-fourth larger than growth. from 221 organizations in the seating capacity. 1890 to 638, a gain of 188.7 per cent. The Lutherans have increased from Catholic Majority in Sixteen States 8,595 to 12,703, or 47.8 per. cent.; the Methodists (including all organiza- In 29 States a majority of the tions of the Methodist Church) have church-members or communicants are added 13,212 organizations in the same Protestants; in 16 States the Catholics period; the Presbyterians report an have a majority, and in one State the increase of 2,035 organizations, which Latter-day Saints. The States where includes the growth of both of the the Catholic communicants outnumber large wings of the Presbyterian the Protestants are New Mexico, Church. The number of churches re- Rhode Island, Montana, Massachuported by all the religious denomina- setts, Nevada, Arizona, New York, tions has increased 47,079 since 1890. New Hampshire, Louisiana, Connec- ticut, California, Vermont, Maine, Males Only 43.1 Per Cent New Jersey, Wisconsin, Michigan. This preponderance, however, is more Of the total number of members re- apparent than real, for the reason that turned by sex, 43.1 per cent. were male the Catholic returns take in alI who' and 56.9 per cent. female. But for the have been baptized, including even Protestant bodies only 39.3 per cent. children, whereas the Protestant rewere male, while for the Roman Cath- turns deal with none under 12 or IS olics and the Latter-day Saints the years. In Georgia, Alabama, Missismembership was almost equally di- sippi, Virginia and South Carolina a vided between the sexes. Lutherans majority of the communicants are Bapshowed 46.1 per cent. males, Meth- tists; while the Methodists hold a maodists and Baptists 38.5 per cent. each, jority in Delaware, the Lutherans in Presbyterians 37.9 per cent., and North Dakota, the Disciples in Ken- Protestant Episcopals 35.5. Christian tucky, Congregationalists in Vermont Scientists had only 27.6 per cent. and and Episcopalians in the District of the Shakers 21.3 per cent. males. Columbia.

Eight New Churches Each Day Numbers of Ministers There was an increase of 5°,308 The census of the ministry shows a church edifices since 1890, repre- total for alI denominations of 164,830 senting approximately 60 new edifices ministers, an increase of 53,794 since a week. The total 192,795 edifices had the last census. Of these 146,451 are a seating capacity of 58,536,830, an Protestant, 15,177 Catholic, and 3,202 increase of 14,976,767, or 34.4 per represent other bodies. The Baptists cent. The seating capacity reported lead the Protestant list with 43,790 for Protestants was 53,282,445, for ministers, Methodists 39,737, Presby- Roman Catholics 4.494,377, and for terians 12,456, Disciples 8,741, and alI others 760,008. Protestants and Lutherans 7.841. The Protestant Roman Catholics had the same in- ministry increased 47 per cent. since crease (about 33 per cent.) in seating the last census, the Catholic 65 per capacity. The increase in the seating cent. The Christian Scientists have 1,276 ministers, as against 26 in 1890.

Our Sunday-school Army scholars, Presbyterians 1,5 II, 175 schol- ars, Congregationalists 638,089 schol- An interesting part of the census ars, Disciples 634,5°4 scholars, Ludeals with the Sunday-schools. In aJl, therans 782,786, Jews 13°,085. 192,000 Sunday-schools were reported, with 1,746,074 officers and teachers, Church·members Increased More Rapidly and a great army of 15,337,8II Than Population scholars. These figures do not include the mission Sunday-schools main- Of the total estimated popUlation in tained by some churches. Moreover, 1906, 39.1 per cent. were church-mem- 14,508 of the schools reported are un- bers. The corresponding percentage denominational and union, therefore for 1890 was 32.7, so that the increase unattached to any particular church. was 6.4 per cent. The relative gain Of the whole number, 165,128 Sunday- was divided among the three main schools belong to Protestant churches classes as foHows: Protestants 1.8, and II,172 to Catholic churches. The Roman Catholics 4-4, and all others to- Methodists come first with 57464 gether one-tenth of I per cent. Sunday-schools, Baptists next with 43,178, Presbyterians 14452, Luth- The Census Shows Progress of Chri.- erans 9,450, Disciples 8,078; these five tianity denominations having more than fourfifths of all the Protestant Sunday- The Census shows clearly that schools and nearly three-fourths of Christianity is not losing ground in the total number. . The Protestant the United States. The Gospel is being more widely preached. The bodies have 1,564,821 officers and country is more strongly Christian and teachers, the Catholic Church 62470 the people are more strongly and officers and teachers; the Protestants numerously attached to the Christian have I3,018434 scholars, Catholics Church than ever before. Protestant- 1481,535 scholars. The Methodists ism in the United States is not decaycome first denominationally, with ing as far as numbers are concerned, 4472,930 scholars, Baptists 2,8g8,914 as some are trying to demonstrate, or growing weaker, but it is progressing.

MISSION PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD * BY BISHOP H. H. MONTGOMERY, D.D. Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel It may be as well if I first enumerate 3. T:.ere is no part of the world some axioms before I attempt to put which is not now tainted by the evils mission problems in some sort of inherent in so-called Christian races. order of merit. If these axioms are indisputable, then what follows may 4. It is doubly necessary, therefore, be reasonable. At all events, some to follow up the evil with the good, to agreement on first principles often place Gospel truth beside the evil. clears the air, and if mission workers are divided in opinion, it may be that 5. Races of the world act and react they are really divided in regard to on each other more and more freely, first principles. and such action is either good or evil.

Seven Axioms 6. If you neglect a race, your sin of omission reacts upon yourself. You I. The Gospel is good news for will suffer from evil because of your man, which it is our duty to spread omission to elevate that race. throughout the world. 7. We have no right to say that in 2. The world has become one, no God's sight one race is more imlonger to be treated in water-tight portant than another. compartments . Based upon such principles, how can we place world problems in the • Condensed from The East and The West. order of their importance to-day? For opportunity of doing so. Therefore example, what continent to-day seems British Christians ought to give India to us to demand most attention? all the good they can. The Christian The first answer seems to be that nation has destroyed the old faith of there are spheres of Christian work India by secular government schools which run in equal and parallel lines. and Western knowledge, therefore For example, the evangelization of ought not to leave the "chamber non-Christian races stands in impor- empty, swept and garnished." Christance side by side with the preserva- tians have poured much of the Gospel tion of Christendom as it extends its into India, but have not yet given it a Church natural to the soil. The way borders. must be shown to build up self-gov- In regard to this duty of preserva- ernment on safe lines, and England should lead the way by dealing first tion I do not think we need very with the things of the Spirit. closely distinguish between white and colored races, between races long China contains the largest populaevangelized and those recently con- tion of anyone kingdom in the world. verted. The two parallel lines of im- It is homogeneous and independent. portance may generally be defined as It is situated wholly in temperate reevangelization and edification. If gions, speaking generally. It is a these are parallel in importance, we highly civilized race and increasing in can take first one, then the other, numbers. Being independent it is a starting from the same point each somewhat incalculable world force. time. Over each as a general motto No one knows what China may do may be written, "The Christian Atti- some day outside its own regions. It tude of Race Toward Race Through- is imbibing Western knowledge as fast out the World." as it can. Is it to get only secular and anti-Christian knowledge? Christian 1. Evangelization. What continent nations have drenched China with stands first to-day in importance? All, evils-With opium, and its attendant I think, would agree that Asia stands evils. Now that China wants everyfirst. Asia contains the enormous thing she can get from Europe and populations. These are "finding them- America, can we refrai~ from giving selves" and are stirring into conscious her all the Gospel we can to save national force; they are imbibing 400,000,000 of a virile race? They Western learning; they ·are civilized are so conservative that, according to races; they are increasing, not dying a law well realized also in Africa, what out; they live to a large extent in temperate climes, and consequently they assimilate in the next ten or possess that force which comes partly twenty years may be held fast for from climate. I,OOO years. The first step from a lower faith to a higher seems the most. If we differentiate within Asia, the critical. The second step to a still problem naturally becomes more deli- higher faith is a matter of much cate. India, China, Japan, each has greater difficulty and uncertainty. claims; these are so strong that probably the supporters of each must Japan does not possess a population by temperament be permitted to be- as vast as China, but by some differlieve their own way. ences in blood she is much more as- similative, and perhaps, as a problem India's Claims.-This land is under of climate, much more electric. No British rule, and therefore it seems to one can tell what her ambitions arebe more the duty of English-speaking at present she is a Far East force. In people than a region under some other twenty years she may be a world rule. India supports thousands of force. Already her men of science British sons in good positions. Great claim first place with any in any land. Britain has poured more evil into If Japan and China really begin to India than into countries not under British rule, because of the greater love each other sufficiently to make foes at the end of this century. She common cause against other races, fears, or desires the aid of, the great Japan will for some time to come fur- virile races of temperate climes more nish th.: thinkers and leaders. Such a than those which dwell in the tropics.

probability makes us ask what Japan Africa is full of surpassing interest may do for or against Christendom. to the Church of God. We owe it She seems certain to be a force in such an immense debt of reparation.

politics outside her own land; may No one expects it to contain a world she not be an equal force in the sphere force equal to those mentioned above; of religion, destructive or construct- but as we have drenched it with our ive? The influence and importance vices and cruelties, we are bound to of Japan is bound up with the future give it of our best with both hands.

of the whole Mongolian or Turanian Speaking generally, the two continents race, and is its present leader. for evangelization to-day are Asia and A word about world forces may help Africa. But besides the duty of quick to make the situation more clear. It reparation, there is also the race with seems certain that in the political Islam. It is doubtful whether Islam sphere there will, ere long, be no more has much future anywhere except in room for nations as against races than Africa; there it meets with animistic there is to-day in London as between faiths which crumble quickly before small shops and universal stores. any higher and more dogmatic re- World forces are simplifying them- ligion. The fact is strange, but, I selves, and this seems to be a natural think, true, that once having risen step toward a higher unity in the end. from animism to any higher religion, In Europe it means a mighty German the next step beyond that is incom- race, a Slav race, a Latin race, an parably more difficult.

Anglo-Saxon race with its old home Which part of Africa is of greatest in Western Europe. In Asia a importance to the Church at this time?

mighty Mongolian race of some 500,- One is sometimes tempted to answer, 000,000. India's future is dark. In "Where there are fewest Europeans Africa a Bantu race, an Arab race, except the missionaries." Which is and so forth. In North America the the greatest hindrance? The non- Anglo-Saxon race differentiated. In Christian living white man or the South America, a Latin race differen- propagator of Islam? Where is tiated. In Australasia the Anglo- Islam most dangerous? On this point Saxon race differentiated. Of these, some experts assert that the mis- how many are in regions where cli- sionary's zeal even of El Azhar may mate gives force? The Slav, the Ger- not be what it was, that the modernist man, the Anglo-Saxon, the Mongo- movement of thought has affected lian; no others with quite equal cer- Islam more than many realize. They tainty. This militates against any assert, also, that the pagans south of world power~ of first rank in Africa, Khartum have no desire for Islam be- and it leaves India in a doubtful posi- cause they have suffered from it. On tion. But it exalts the importance of the other' hand, Uganda fears Islam.

the Mongolian race as a factor of first- So does Zanzibar. So more especially rate rank either as a help or a hin- does Nigeria and the region westward drance to the Church of God. of it. The strong races of Africa, There are sections of Asia not apart from the Arabs, seem to be the touched. It is impossible to do aught best of the Bantus in the south, the but keep to main lines. people of the Upper Zambesi, of From what has been said it would Uganda, of Nigeria. It would be appear that in Asia the Mongolian terrible to think of these growing races races are of first importance, as the as Mohammedan.

Church looks out upon Asia to see If the record of Africa is to be first who are to be her active friends or slavery, then drink, then Islam, we may well hang our heads with shame. the average of self-help in one is three Upon the whole, excluding Arabs or four times as high as in the other. The existence of a small endowment and French territories, the important is sufficient to lower the whole ideal of centers for the Church in Africa seem self-help. Dioceses will lean on a soto be three in number, because there ciety or the mother Church for money is a great future for each-Nigeria, as long as they are permitted to do Uganda and South Africa. Strong so in many cases, and long after they churches in these three centers ought should have given up such external to hold Africa. props. Again, there are regions n. Preservation and Edificalion of where the funds are plentiful, but where there is no desire for spiritual Christendom. – This is a parallel ministration. Are we to consider such problem, one the importance of which regions as non-Christian, however it is impossible to overrate. The tenderly the phrase is exprest? pressing nature of it can be gaged The United States has the same from the fact that it is impossible for problem within its own territory, not those who have once been Christians so much on the Pacific Coast, but in to relapse into paganism-it is some- what they term the Middle West. This thing worse to which they fall. They region was colonized in the days when have tasted of the Heavenly Gift, and the Church for political reasons was they can not relapse into mere igno- at its weakest, with the result that rance. when it gained force it found few members of the Church in the middle (1.) The problem of preservation of the Faith is now no longer a simple regions, and passed over their heads one. It does not refer only to white races of Christendom spreading over to lands in process of colonization. the world, and needing continuous The American Church is now slowly asserting itself in this middle region. Christian education and Christian South America is now winning the ministrations. It also includes men attention of the Church, and none too and women of the second, third, and soon. That continent is receiving even fourth generation of Christians thousands of English-speaking people of many races. in the southern regions. We ought to pay far more attention to this region In India, in the South Seas, in the than we have done in the past. Americas, in West Africa chiefly, but in other parts of Africa, it is of vital The Action of Governments upon importance to keep savor in the salt, World Problems of the Church.-With to keep conventional Christianity from deep regret, I must say that there is stifling the life of the Church. one government which in some parts (2.) But also the old problem in- of the world, from the side of unbelief, cludes the welfare of our own Euro- of aversion to all forms of religion, is pean white races in the course of their a most serious hindrance to the welexpansion through all continents. It fare of Christendom. I mean the is not an easy problem except in its French Government. There are two early beginnings, when men have other governments which on the score of belief in one form of religion are literally to fight the earth for a bare intolerant of all other forms of faith. subsistence. Of course aid must come I mean some parts of the Moslem to them from the older Church centers. But after this stage is past it is ex- kingdoms and some parts of the Porceedingly difficult not to spoonfeed tuguese empire. I trust I am not guilty of impertinence in placing them those who could help themselves if together. they would. I refer to money, not to living agents. These living agents In regard to the help or hindrance must be supplied for a much longer afforded by the State, the action of the time. It is possible to take dioceses British Government in many parts of of similar pioneer character and in the same continent, and to note that the world has, I believe, a result very ceive from the East an invaluable different from what was expected. In lesson for the West. India, for example, it is hard in the abstract to criticize the action of the So important is this question to the State in being neutral in religion. But Church that I was minded to create among Orientals the present neutrality a third parallel-to place "Religious seems to mean unbelief, more than re- Education" in a category by itself as ligious neutrality. They seem to ask, one of such vital importance that it "Does the teaching of no religion ought to receive all the emphasis that mean neutrality?" to us Orientals it such a method could give it. But on seems to mean religious indifference. second thought it is clear to me that The earnest teaching of all religions, religious education is a vital part of of religion necessarily taught to every each of the two parallels already laid child whatever that religion may be, down-vital for "Evangelization," that would seem to be a better defini- vital for "Preservation or Edification." tion for the Oriental of a religious but It is the thread inextricably wound through every part of both parallels, neutral government. What to the vital in the sense that without it both Oriental is anathema, is a non-re- our main duties would die. We must ligious government: and here we re- know God if we would know anything.

WILL JAPAN BECOME A CHRISTIAN NATION?

Hampton's Magazine for December describes the religious demands of has a most interesting article on "Will Japan Become a Christian Nation?" Japan, but he denies that Japan is which question is answered partly in turning to Christianity, "the enthuthe negative by the author, Thomas siastic statements we hear oftentimes A. Green, a well-known lecturer and in America about Japan being eager traveler in the Orient. He claims for the Gospel, about so many emi- "that certain men became Christians nent men becoming Christians, are, with the avowed purpose of seeing unfortunately-I doubt not unintenwhat the result and what the benefits tionally–exaggerated." He mentions might be, much as the 'poison squad' the Japanese objections to Christianity, of modern investigation undertakes among which he considers the multiexperiments with questionable diet, or plicity of denominations at work in as the devotees of medical science in- Japan the chief, saying, "If denominaoculate themselves with disease-germs tionalism is a misfortune at home, it to make certain, for the general good, is the absolute paralysis of foreign of the properties and results of some missions." And, finally, he answers anti-toxin," and "that it was but re- his own question, "Will Japan become cently the decisive intention of the a Christian nation?" partly negatively, government to make the crown prince and says, "Japan will never have a a profest Christian, so that, with the state religion," and, "for the present accession of the next emperor, Japan at least, probably for years to come, would be a Christian power." We are she will maintain an absolute toleraglad that he adds, "this intention has tion so far as religion is concerned, been, for the present at least, aban- and continue to afford complete freedoned," because Christianity is not put dom of belief." on like a garment, nor is it a creed only, but it is life, life in Christ Jesus, But Mr. Green does not deny that the second birth, and no man, not even the Gospel is progressing in Japan. He says, "Christianity is wielding a the crown prince of Japan, can become wide and beneficial influence. It is a Christian by the decision of any coloring and influencing even the government. Mr. Green powerfully things it can not regenerate. When one t"emembers that only fifty years

EXPLORING TOUR IN WEST AFRICA

have elapsed since the days of abso- lofty ideals of their daily lives, in their lute prohibition and persecution, it is contact with the social life of the evident that there are many things be- people, they have earned and held the sides converts to be credited to the confidence of the Japanese." influences of the West. Christian schools have done much for education, Mr. Green seems to think that only particularly for girls and women. . . what he calls practical Christianity has Christian philanthropy has set the ex- a future in Japan and asks for the ample for the erection of hospitals and sending of more men and money to asylums for the poor, the diseased, Japan only "if we are willing to prothe outcast, and the orphan. mote works of mercy and philan- The Y. M. C. A. along its social and thropy; if we really believe that educational lines has made for itself schools and hospitals, asylums and a place of great usefulness." And to refuges, are as really Christianity as the missionaries he pays the following are creed and ritual." But we, who most beautiful and well-deserved know that the Gospel of Christ is the tribute: "The missionaries, as indi- power of salvation are by no means viduals, have done glorious work in discouraged by his discussion; we are rather encouraged by it, because it Japan, not because of their divisions, but in spite of them; not by their shows by his own testimony that our preaching so much as by their lives. missionaries in Japan are doing their Almost without an exception they are duty faithfully and are preaching the sincere, earnest, devoted, consistent in Gospel, and we know that His Word every way. As teachers, as examples shall not return void unto Him and of disinterested philanthropy, in the that Japan some day must bow before the King of kings.

AN EXPLORING TOUR IN WEST AFRICA * BY WILLIAM M. DAGER, ELAT, WEST AFRICA Missionary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign :Missions The mission at its last annual dry myself before the fire. I sat meeting asked me to make a trip over that fire and steamed. The of about three weeks into a district next day the bearings of my wheel where the others had not been, for broke and by carrying it for the last the purpose of finding a location for hour I reached the town where my a new station. carriers were waiting for me, at about six o'clock. We repaired I had sent my carriers ahead, ex- breakages several times, but had no pecting to get along for one night trouble at all in keeping far enough with such accommodations as I ahead of the boys to have a great might find in the town. I did not number of meetings without retardexpect rain in the dry season, but the ing our progress at all. unexpected happened, and in a forest about three miles from the next In one of the towns where I was town the rain suddenly began to fall. to spend the night, I did a few I t came in torrents, and for an hour stunts on the wheel with the usual I pushed my wheel along, and, of result, that all the men, women and course, everything I had was soaked children in the town were soon chaby the time I reached the town. sing around after me shouting, howl- It was then five o'clock and I had ing and gesticulating. Then we to put up for the night. Not a dry gather about the palace, which is stitch of my own and none to be 15 feet long and 8 feet broad and procured in a Bulu town. I tried to about 7 feet high at the gable, 3 or • Condensed from All the World.

4 perhaps at the eaves, made of could get from the women and boys, bark with a thatched roof. The king we came and sat down with the is there. A loin-cloth is all he men, and after some conversation wears. His claim to royalty is the about the man and his death, we number of wives he possesses. He asked the not uncommon question is seated on his throne, an empty in this country, "Who killed him?"

rum case. This poor man with a The dead man's brother answered, woman at his back rubbing the sand "His sons." Then we told this flies off his body, has an exalted brother, who was a leader in all that sense of his dignity and importance. was being done, that he would be Then, when the people are as- held personally responsible for any sembled, it is time to tell the story act of violence. Fear of the govern- simply., Love and sacrifice, joy and ment no doubt protects some women peace, they do not know. To tell who would otherwise be accused of the story of the love of Jesus that the death of their husbands and these needy ones may comprehend, would be put to death. While much that is what we try to do. has been done by the government to We passed through still another correct this awful custom, still, town where the head man lay dying. women are still liable to be sacri- Just before I reached the town I ficed when the people are some dis- stopt to repair my wheel and word tance removed from a government went ahead that I was coming, so station.

that when I passed through I ob- A slave came to me one night served nothing unusual. They asking my protection. Years ago asked for medicine and I told them he lost in gambling, and as he had I was unable to do anything. But not the money to pay the debt, he my carriers coming on later saw was taken as a slave. He developed what had been concealed from me. skill and courage in hunting ele- A number of women were bound phants, having killed five. These and they were trying to fasten the should have more than paid for his responsibility for the chief's death ransom, but as he was profitable, on one of them. We stopt for the charges were trumped up by which night about five miles beyond this he was kept in slavery. Every ef- town. At 3 :30 next morning we fort was made to keep him from were awakened by weeping and the coming in contact with the white beating of the drums announcing man. I passed his town at noon on the man's death. From what I had Saturday. The Bulu drum had sent heard I feared that one or more of ahead a wireless message of my his forty wives would be accused coming, and straightway his mas- of having been the cause of his ter sent him on an errand to a neigh- death and would be killed. As soon boring town. Some one told him as possible I was on my way to the that a missionary was passing. and town and found crowds were as- though he did not get to see me at sembling from every direction. the place where we spent Sabbath, About ISO were there when I he came in about nine o'clock Mon- reached the town and more than day night, asking if he could go with double that many when I left. The me. We decided to provide work men were seated in front of the for him until he could earn money dead man's house. Their conversa- enough to have the officer decide tion was almost entirely about the his case. He has proved a good distribution of the dead man's pos- workman, and it does one good to sessions. We secured quiet for a see him losing that hunted, servile little while and spoke a few words. look and, broaden out into an ex- Gathering first what information we pression of brightness and cheer.

EDITORIALS

THE SIMPLICITY OF MISSIONARY been in the habit of glvmg it. The DUTY Friends Missionary Advocate gives The matter is, primarily, one of the following quotations from the simple obedience to our Lord's last command. Here are our marching Bible to show that Christians must think in world terms: orders: a true soldier does not hesi- "Let (man) have dominion over the tate, parley, or even delay to ask a earth," said God at creation.

question. An early prophecy was: "As truly as I Secondly, it is a matter of love to live all the earth shall be filled with the glory of Jehovah." man as well as loyalty to Christ. The Psalmist thought in world-terms, Every motive of humanity and piety as witness these expressions: "All the ends of the earth shall turn unto J ellO- unite to constrain us to give the Gos- vah," "Sing unto Jehovah, all the earth."

pel to the world. Huber, the blind The devil thought in world-terms also: "He showeth him all the kingdoms of the naturalist, observed that a wasp will world."

not stop to eat a precious morsel by The Apostle John says: "The whole world lieth in the wicked one," and himself; but goes to the nest and leads "Satan deceiveth the whole world."

others forth to the feast. He that John the Baptist introduced Christ as "the Lamb of God that taketh away the withholdeth corn, the people shall sin of the world."

curse him. No monopoly is so inex- Christ is called the Savior of the world. Jesus came to give life unto the world. cusable and monstrous as that in the "I am the light of the world," said Christ, and "I came to save the world." Bread of Life. He came that the world through Him might be saved. There is nothing either impossible We are told to pray: "Thy will be done on earth." or impracticable in the immediate The Gospel is that "God so loved the world." evangelization of the world. We need Jesus said to His disciples: "Ye are the light of the world." only four conditions: He proclaimed that "The field is the world." 1. The principle of e·vangelism-that His decree was, "This Gospel shall be every believer is a herald, responsible for preached in the whole world." his proportion of the unsaved world; His final command to His followers bound to do directly his share of bearing was: "Go ye into all the world." the good tidings. The curse of the Church is the dependence on proxies. These are only a few of the teach- ings of the Bibl~ that if rightfully ac- 2. The spirit of enterprise. Men of the cepted compel us to enlarge our vision. world, simply to serve worldly interests, have made it possible to go round the Viewing the whole world from God's world in three months; to reach by the mails the remotest quarters inside of six standpoint will enable us to work more weeks, and by telegram all great centers inside of an hour. What might not a intelligently and with a deeper interlittle enterprise do for God! est in the special field where our 3. A holy earnestness, an enthusiasm for God. This is the inspiring soul of all labor is bestowed. Christian effort. It makes one man chase a thousand, etc.; it makes him a William Carey studied the map of hammer to break the hardest; a fire to burn and melt away; a sword to pierce. the world which he kept before him 4. The divine enduement. The power as he worked on his cobbler's bench, that converts can not be described any more than the fragrance or tinting of a but he labored in India. The world rose; but it may be felt. Faith. and prayer are the conditions of this endue- situation was ever before him, and his ment. The means will always be inadequate. Our salvation lies in being in love reached as far as the love of straits. The work can not be done on a mathematical basis. We must attempt Christ went, and the broader visions great things for God, while expecting great things from God; and then the stimulated and inspired him so that victory will come. his work was in reality for the whole THE WORLD VIEW world. So our vision and our pur- The present stage of' world-evan- pose and our effort will embrace the gelism demands of us a larger view whole world if we see and work aright. of the whole question than we have

THE PRIESTHOOD OF BELIEVERS cable one. They drew on the sand a rude image of a cross, and led The Jewish priest performed three their prisoners to it, and bade them, functions. as the price of their freedom and im- munity from death, to tread on it I. At the altar, offering sacrifice. and trample it under foot. With 2. Within the veil, making inter- death and torture facing them if cessIOn. they refused, even in that hour of 3. Outside, pronouncing blessing. terror, thousands of men, women These correspond in the disciple to and even children would not allow themselves to put a contemptuous Suffering-( self-sacrifice). foot upon even so rude a symbol of Supplication-( intercession) . the holy passion of their divine Re- Service-( conferring blessing). deemer; but heroically and unflinch- The first to hands pierced, as in ingly died-not as Anglicans or crucifixion; Wesleyans, or Baptists, or Presby- The second to hands clasped, as in terians; but simply as Christians. It prayer; remains to this hour a sacred mem- The third to hands extended, as in ory that so great numbers of native impartation and benediction. disciples so accepted a martyr's death and won the crown of life. The suffering of saints in all ages is also threefold: THE DECAY OF FAITH I. The temptation of Satan. Distinguished leaders of the Church 2. The inappreciation of men. Universal are blowing the trumpet of 3. The rej ection and condemnation alarm. The Bishop of Durham, for of the world. example, says, "There is with many, Such thoughts as these are most just now, a growing intolerance of the pertinent to the understanding of all revealed and supernatural in every true missionary service at home and form. Not a few speak as if the acme abroad. It is essentially a sacred and of human progress was to prove that sacerdotal service, and identifies the there is neither Creator nor Redeemer, missionary with the Lord Jesus, the but man is all in all." suffering servant of God. How often we shrink from 'service At the late meeting of the Synod from a false humility, from a con- of Baltimore, the following overture sciousness of on "Fundamental Faith" was adopted: 1. Incompetence, like Moses. Exod. iv., 10. The Synod of Baltimore, being imprest 2. Impurity, like Isaiah. Isa. vi., by the prevalent toleration and increas- 5,6. ing assertion of doubts and denials, con- cerning certain Confessional statements, 3. Ignorance, like Jeremiah. Jer. and believing that thereby are encouraged, within the Church, forms of unbelief i., 6. which unsettle the Christian faith in the 4. Rashness, like Peter. John xviii., fundamental facts of Christianity, over- tures the General Assembly of the Presla, I I. byterian Church in the United States of America to consider most carefully this 5. Unsatisfied doubt, like Thomas. critical situation, and to take such action John xx., 25. as may more surely protect and confirm the people of God in the faith, once for AN AFFECTING HISTORIC all delivered to the saints. INCIDENT THE DAY OF PAGEANTS When Dr. J. Campbell Gibson, These imposing exhibitions, procesmissionary at Swatow, gave the sions and parades, with the aid of the synodical address as moderator of spectacular and dramatic element, are the En~;lish Presbyterian Church, he becoming the order of the day. The referred to the fact that, nine years Hudson-Fulton celebration in New ago, in the Boxer crisis, the test they applied to native disciples was not any confession or creed, but a simpler and more universally appli-

TABLE OF JEWISH MISSIONS

THE WORLD ON DECEMBER 31, 1908 Compiled by Rev. Louis Meyer, New York City "> .., a __ t:l !.oj ~ ::l .~ MtSSIONARIES 4-..~ t t<::~>.JJ:;;:"·";:g;: ~ .~ ,.., ~ "''- – h..""..'~ -'."<c-'" 1~:l:'~ .~ COUNTRY .~ ] ~ ;; "'""" '" .~.~ ::tc~..:;: .~ .~ , {.rJ , Cl I Mole Femole ~.!:l 2:~~U ———,I V, ,~ , , ,~ Great Britain. —;;-1-8- ~-1l- ~1-269 1 I I Germany ·· 79 662 166 ..1 29 2 Switzerland… I1 3 I .6. 8 1 18 10 5 8 3 .. 2 4 .. 4 4 I France ……. I 1 I I5 .. 1I 1 2 5 Netherlands .. 3 I 😉 ! 1 .. 4 2 4 ·······1 I I 6 Scandinavia .. 3 I 9I 3 17 12 3 32 I 31 7 I1 8 I .. 7 RAufrsisciaa ……. 41 2 41 I 4 8 ·. 1 I 9 Asia ……… 1 4 I 4 8 · . I 8 I .. 10 Australia ….. 2 I I 2I 2I ·. I 2 I 1 11 United States. I 45 I 6 I 48 1 3 66) 58 23 147 49 I 12 Canada ……. i 3 11~~_1_3__,_~___~ __6_ 2 ) 14 7 13~ Grand total.! 991 24 ! 222 1 19 437 110 914 245 SOME WORDS OF EXPLANATION 1. The specialized statistical tables of which this table is the summary will be published in the "Conference Missions Atlas" of the World's Missionary Conference, Edinburgh, 1910, for which the information was gathered. All the information contained in the "Atlas" will be for the year which closed on December 31, 1908.

2. The lists of societies include large and small ones, and even individual efforts where persons are doing the actual work of a missionary without having a missionary organization behind them.

3. Great Britain occupies the first place in Jewish missions still, tho the number of societies in the United States is larger (45) than in Great Britain (28). The number of stations occupied by the 28 British societies is almost three times as large as that of stations occupied by the 45 United States societies, while the British societies employ 662 missionary workers, and the United States societies only 147. The income of the British societies, which is not given in the summary, was six times larger than that of the United States societies in 1908. Great Britain, through its societies, reaches the Jews of almost all parts of the earth except those in the United States, while the United States societies labor among the Jews in the United States, except that one Lutheran society supports one station with one ordained laborer in Russia. The majority of Jewish missions in the United States are of recent date, and the work is so little established that several of the societies at work in 1908 are at this time out of existence or without a worker, while others have been organized since the statistics were collected (but no change in the total number of United States societies has been caused).

4. For the first time an attempt has been made to find out how many Hebrew Christians were among all the laborers of Jewish missions. The reports gave their number as 245, or 26 4-5 per cent only (in Great Britain 25 per cent, in the United States 33 per cent, in Canada 50 per cent, in Germany 27 3-5 per cent, in Scandinavia 22 per cent, and so on). We add, however, that the percentage of male Hebrew Christians is far greater than of female Hebrew Christians, who are laboring as missionaries. We believe that of the Hebrew Christians found among the missionary workers about 170, or almost 70 per cent, are men. A surprizing number of these men have married Gentile wives.

5. An attempt was made to tabulate numbers of baptisms in 1908, and numbers of inquirers at the close of that year, but some of the Jewish missionary societies evangelize only (without baptizing), others have the converts baptized by the pastors of local churches, and still others refuse to give the information. Thus no numbers of baptisms in 1908, and no numbers of inquirers at the close of the year are given in this summary, while the specified tables will contain sl1ch information as far as supplied.

NOTABLE EVENTS OF THE LAST

(In Gener,,! the Notable Draths Are Omitted from This, Li.t) 1900. Ecumenical Missionary Conference, New York. The B~xer Outbreak in China.

1901. Young People's Millllionary Movement organized. Australasian Confederation formed.

1902. Hague Peace Tribunal established. Uganda Railway c~mpleted. Hunan, the clo..ed province ~f China, opened to missionaries.

1903. United States purchased Panama Canal. Czar proclaimed religious freedom for Russia.

1904. Russo·Japanese war. The great Welsh revival. Colonel Younghusband reaelled Lhasa, Tibet. Panama Canal Treaty signed. World's Sunday-school Convention in Jerusalem. Cape-to-Cairo R. R. reached Victoria Falls. Death of Rev. Francois Coillard, of Africa.

1905. Death of Rev. J. Hudson Taylor, of China. Great revivals in Allllam, India. Russo-Japanese war ended. World Y. M. C. A. Conference in Paris. The Czar's call for election to the Duma_ 1906. Centennial of Haystack meeting. Great revivals in India. First Duma met in Russia. Laymen's Missionary Movement organized. Conference on Islam and Christianity, Cairo, Egypt.

1907. Fifth Sunday-school Convention met in Rome. National Christian Missionary Society of India formed. Anti·opium edict ilULued in ClUna. Death of Bishop Schereschewsky, of Japan. Death of Rev. John G. Paton, of New Hebrides.

191}S. Wireless telegraphy inaugurated. A great revival in Korea. Revolution in Turkey, Sultan deposed. Chinese Centenary Missionary Conference, at Sltanghai. Death of Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, of India. Earthquake at Messina, Italy.

1909. Movement for church union in South Africa. A II'reat revival in Korea. Death of Emperor and Empress Dowager, of China. World Y. M. C. A. COIlference in Germany. World Y. P. S. C. E. Conference in Agra, India. Revolution in Persia, Shah deposed. Federation of States in South Africa formed. Damascus Railway completed to Medina. Semi-centennial celebration of Protestant missions in Japan. Quarter·centennial celebration of Protestant miasion.. in Korea. Thirty·million-dollar bequed of John S. Kennedy to charity, York included some interesting his- of whom perished trying to reach torical features, but involved much Cape Sabine to meet the relief ship useless waste of money. We can not Proteus. Professor McMillan found but feel some risks in attending them, relics of the vain endeavors of Comespecially where historic developments m;lnder Hall in 1871; of Admiral Sir are not faithfully presented. George Nares, 1875-76; of Sir John Lockwood, 1883-84; of Amundsen In the recent church pageant, in in 1905-06, as well as records left Fulham Palace grounds in England, by Commander Peary in 1900 and in on June last, much hostile criticism 1$)06. He found "General Greely's was evoked by the evident Romish coat, card and books, a book of the trend of the whole "open air theat- doomed Lieutenant Kislingbury, phoricals." It was pronounced to be a tographic plates and films," etc. He deliberate suppression of historic facts also tells how Professor Marvin was and a falsification and misrepresenta- drowned. Shall diSciples be less ready tion of history. to search for human souls in captivity to sin and Satan, or less ready to spend Certainly one would not have sup- money to equip missionary explorers posed, jUdging from the scenes of this for their work of soul saving? drama, that there had been any Reformation period. Some of these criti- SOME MISSIONARY HEROES cisms are just and deserved. It is hard to believe there was mere ac- John Williams' life motto was "TRUST cident in the absence of much that AND TRY." John Eliot, the pioneer belonged to the history and the prom- "Apostle of the Indians," not content inence of much else that was very to do one man's work, during nearly anti-Protestant in character. A prom- sixty years of his pastorate at Roxinent writer says: bury, Mass., was also untiring in lab?rs among them. After studying "The pageant emphasized Augus- theIr language from an Indian whom tine as being sent by Rome; but the he took into his home, he began his people were not shown the struggle work of translation-the Ten Comhe had with the British Church, which mandments, the Lord's Prayer and a was not settled till the days of his suc- few Scripture passages; then the encessor. . . . The Reformation was tire New Testament, completing the the end of that struggle. But, instead work in 1661, and two years later the of beginning with the casting off of Old Testament. This translation was the yoke, the pageant gratefully re- the first instance where the entire membered Thomas it Becket, but not Bible was ever given to a barbarous Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley_ It re- people as a means of their conversion. minded of Laud, who turned back toward Rome; but not of Bonner, who David Brainerd's agonizing plea burned the Bibles at Paul's Cross. It was, "0 that God would bring great was a distortion of history, and gave numbers of the heathen to Jesus no place to the Reformation. As a Christ." Then he responded to God's sign of the times it forebodes a loss call devoting himself to work among of Reformation blessings." the Indians of Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey. Among the AN EXAMPLE OF SACRIFICE Delawares-of whom he once said, "Not one in a thousand has the spirit The cost of reaching the North Pole of a man"-a wonderful revival broke was enormous, both in men and in out after several months of faithful money. Professor Donald B. Mc- preaching. In 1747, at the age of Millan, of Worcester University, con- twenty-nine, Brainerd ended his nected with the Peary expedition, sub- earthly work, but when he was dying sisted for days on the abandoned pro- he said, "I would not have spent my visions left twenty-five years ago by life otherwise for the whole world." the ill-fated Greely party at Fort Conger, seventeen out of twenty-five

OCTOBER; 1909 – NAY

LAYMEN'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT GREATER THAN A PRESIDENTIAL CA),{PAIGN TOUR GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE MISCELLANEOUS 2. Supply the church with the best up-to-date books, leaflets, and litera- Outcome of the Millilion Century ture on missions.

Christian missionaries set out a cen- 3. Conduct each year, if possible, tury ago to bring to bear upon the a missionary institute with courses of multitudes of men and women in the mission study and .a series of confer- East the saving Gospel of Christ, "To ences for leaders, inviting representasave souls" was their mission and their tives of neighboring churches to be commission. Than this no more present and participate. worthy service can be conceived. To this they gave themselves with self- 4. Cooperate with the pastor and sacrificing zeal. To-day, as the results church officers each year in a misof their efforts, we find the Church of sionary evangelistic subscription cam- God widely established in the earth paign looking to heroic consecration among all races; but what is more, of life and funds for furtherance of and what was not expected at the the Gospel throughout the earth. first, we find a strong, aggressive, Christian social order developing in S. Propagate the missionary instiall of those countries, and the entire tute idea by circulating missionary East coming out into fraternal rela- literature, and through personal reptions with the Christian nations, thus resentatives of the church assisting demonstrating the true brotherhood other churches in missionary schools, of man, which proves the genuine classes, campaigns, and lectures. fatherhood of a common God.-REv. A World-wide Tour of Millsionary Fields J. L. BARTON, D. D. Rev. S. D. Gordon, author of the What Every Church Should Do "Quiet Talks" series of books, has started upon a world-wide tour of According to the "Missionary Evan- missionary fields. After a sojourn in gelistic Subscription Method," which England until June, 19IO, he expects means business in missionary activity, to devote six months to Japan, twelve every church should: months each to China and East India, and six months to Egypt, Persia, 1. Establish mission study classes Arabia, Turkey, and the Holy Land. and courses in connection with each Africa and South America will be department of the church. visited later. The purpose of Mr.

MISSIONARY

Gordon's journey is not to see but to field is big enough for four misserve, and he will be prepared to turn sionaries. If we can quadruple our aside from the main centers of activity present force and provide them adewherever opportunity for help is afforded. The work will be with the quate equipment, it is believed that we missionaries themselves, then with the English-speaking natives, but also can overtake the stupendous task. with non-English-speaking natives by Even if you eliminate one-half of our interpretation. Mrs. Gordon is accompanying her husband on this present church-members as either too journey. poor or too indifferent to do anything for this work, it would only require one out of 400 of the balance to go as missionaries. The only other question AMERICA is, could the 399 who stay at home .. , / support the one who goes? We spend Origin of the Laymen, Movement i- more than $250,000,000 a year for re- T?e general se~retary, J. Campbell ligious purposes in this country. One- WhIte, recently saId: fourth, or perhaps even one-fifth, of It was at the conventi~Jn of the ~tude!lt such an amount would support an Volunteer Movement m NashVille, m adequate force of missionaries 1906, that the seed-thought of the move- . ment was planted by the Spirit in the Can We Do Our Part? tnind of a young business man of the city of Washington. As he saw over J Campbell White has recently 3,000 students considering for several days their relation to the evangelization . of the world, this thought came to him said: -If the laymen of North America could If the churches of America can be led see the world as these students are see- to increase their gifts to missionary work ing it, they would rise up in their abroad, until it is equal to one-fourth of strength and provide all the funds needed for the enterprise. The providential op- what they now spend for religious purportunity for testing this idea came a poses in this country, we can probably few months later. The one-hundredth anniversary of the Haystack Prayer- make the message of Christ known to meeting was to be celebrated in New 600,000,000 of non-Christians before the York City by a series of interdenominationa! meetings. It was arranged that middle of this century. Money is not the one of these should be for laymen, and only condition of evangelizing the world, should take the form of a prayer-meet- but it is an essential condition. And just ing, and this was held November 15th, in the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church. now it is the point of greatest weakness. The afternoon was very stormy, and only about seventy-five were present. Mr. In addition to needing money enough for Samuel B. Capen, of Boston, presided. It was really a prayer-meeting, most of the work, we also need workers enough the time from three to six being spent to go, and we need the power of God in in prayer. After an intermission of an hour for supper, the meeting was re- which to do the work. But the workers are offering to go faster than the money has been available to send them, and the power of God is always available to those who obey and trust Him. The mission- ary leaders of all fields believe that it is now possible to evangelize the whole world in our generation. We do not mean by this that everyone will become a Christian, but that an adequate oppor- sumed, consisting mainly of discussion tunity to become a Christian should be as to what practical steps should be afforded to every person.

taken. Out of this discussion came a Votes for Enlargement series of resolutions which called into At recent conventions of Christian existence the Laymen's Missionary Movement. laymen it was voted: In Cleveland to America', Share 600,000,000 advance the giving for foreign mis- America's share of the non-Chris- sions from $53,000 to $r60,ooo, in tian world is about 600,000,000. There Richmond from $30,000 to $60,000, are so many in the fields now occupied Worcester from $r5,000 to $25,000, 1, by American missionaries. But about and Washington from $60,000 to 450,000,000 of these are beyond the $roo,ooo. reach of our present missionary force. What Has Been Done in Canada Each American missionary has a Is the Laymen's Missionary Move- parish of about roo,ooo souls. Such a ment accomplishing anything? The answer comes from Toronto. In- the cost of maintaining a substitute creases in mission contributions are varies in different countries, and even reported as follows: In four Meth- in different p~rts of the same country.

odist churches: from $8,000 to $16,- In India, the price ranges from $25.00 000, from $7,000 to $15,000, from to $85.00 a year. In China, $60.00 $4,000 to $13,000, and from $3,000 to will support a native evangelist and $5,000. In four Anglican churches: $30.00 a Bible woman. In Africa, the $7,000 to $15,000, $5,000 to $15,000, cost varies from $25.00 to $50.00.

$1,000 to $4,000, $200 to $1,000. In Selp-support on Mission Field. three Presbyterian congregations: $12,000 to $15,000, $7,000 to $12,000, The Presbyterian Board has issued $6,5°0 to $12,500. a bulletin which shows what native Model Churches in Philadelphia Christians are doing to help them- selves, and to carry the Gospel to oth- On the best of authority the state- ers. From all native sources the ment is made that the 518 members Board received $350,000, which, taof the three Covenanter churches in king into consideration the different Philadelphia gave $26,000 to home average wages, amount to something and foreign missions last year. This like $2,000,000 in the United States. was an average of $7.25 per member In the West African Mission every to foreign missions, and $3.00 per church is self-supporting, which may member to home missions, which es- not be said of Presbyteries in the tablishes a new record in church be- home land. This bulletin tells the nevolences in Philadelphia. story of 1,013 Koreans who emigrated Men Who Are Rich Enough to Yucatan, Mexico, in 1905, which company counted 4 who were Chris- It is reported that Mr. L. H. Sev- tians. Yet in the last year over 250 -.:rance is to add nothing more to his Christians were added to the church capital, but to give all his income roll, and at the expense of the native above Hving expenses to Christian be- church two evangelists were brought nevolence. In this decision he imi- from Los Angeles, and these Koreans tates Mr. Joseph Shenstone, the Bap- established in Merida, Mexico, a Prestist iron manufacturer of Toronto. byterian home. The Japanese on the Presbyterian Share of the Harvest Pacific Coast gave more for religious In India the native Presbyterian work among themselves than the church numbers 25,000 communicants; board expended upon them.

in China, 40,000; in Japan, 18,000; in The Greatest Achievement in Minion. Korea, 20,000; in Africa, about !O,- 000; in Brazil, II ,000, and in Mexico, Rev. H. C. Stuntz, foreign mis- 6,000. In all these countries the sionary secretary of the Methodist churches are well organized and while Church, expresses the conviction that not entirely self-supporting, they are the most notable achievement in misrapidly becoming so. sions or any other religious effort was the translation of the Bible into 500 The Fruitful Substitute Idea languages and dialects, making it The substitute idea-i.e., the sup- possible to convey to the people of porting of a native worker on the for- these tongues a message from God in eign field in one's stead-founded by their own vernacular. "No such Mr. Henry B. Gibbud in 1897, and energy has been released," declared carried on by his widow since his de- Dr. Stuntz, "since the morning stars cease, has progressed rapidly. The sang together to make for righteous- total number of substitutes to July I, ness in everything that Christ has in 1909, was 3,729, and the total amount His program as this putting the Word of money received was $98,45°. Ow- of God into the hands of the nations.

ing to differences in local conditions, It is the colossal achievement of the

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 6S

missionary enterprise and has done Methodist Episcopal mission of Canmore to benefit mankind, drive away ada the work at Chung King, West wrong, and raise the race than any China, and by other processes. other single accomplishment." Activity of British Women Foreigners Flooding the South The Church of England Zenana We hear often enough about the Missionary Society publishes monthly hordes of immigrants from the Old Indids Women and China's Daugh- World which flood the North and ters, which in the November issue tells West, but not nearly as often of the of a farewell meeting to twenty-two tide which sets southward. But we missionaries soon to return to their learn from the last report of the home fields and eleven new workers. Its missionary committee of the Presby- income is more than $300,000, and its terian Church, South, that within three representatives in the two countries years 15,000 have come to Norfolk; number more than 200. in Tampa there are 15,000 Cubans and 10,000 Indians in New Orleans Rome As It Was and A. It Is there are thousands of Italians, Spaniards, Syrians and others. In some This che"ering report appears in one Texas counties the court records are of our exchanges: kept in German; in others the Spanish language alone is heard. While a The chief difference which I note after Mexican Presbytery has been success- sixteen years of residence in Rome is the fully constituted in the Synod of attitude of the people toward Protestants Texas, in the French and Italian fields and our faith. They are no longer afraid of Louisiana little has yet been accom- of us, but treat us as friends. To be plished. In New Orleans there are known as a Protestant would once have only one French, one Italian, and two barred one from contact with many per- German churches. The oldest mission sons; now we are respected and gladly work of the Southern Church is received, even in the best social circles. among the Indians, and it has 19 The king himself, a man of much ability churches and 10 pastors among the and broad views, has not hesitated to re- Choctaws and Chickasaws of Okla- ceive in audiences Bishop Burt and the homa. representatives of our work. To the common people we are not devils or pos- EUROPE sest by the "Evil Eye," but are wel- comed as those who can help them. The The London Society Retrenching sentiment in Italy is rapidly becoming friendly toward evangelicals, who are At a recent meeting of the directors, now occupying many positions of promiby instruction from the board that the nence; these same men would have been expenditure during the year com- ostracized and debarred from public life mencing next April be reduced by thirty years ago, solely on account of $50,000 below the expenditure in the their religion. year 1908-09, the finance committee presented recommendations which Persecution in Portugal represented a sum total of $32,000. This result was to be arrived at by British missionary women are conthe handling over of the Vizagapatam ducting Protestant work in many mission in South India to the Cana- towns in Portugal and Spain and find dian Baptist mission, and further, by their efforts often unmolested. In the relinquishment of the Industrial some districts these remain undis- Institution and the central school at turbed; in others virulent opposition Hope Fountain, Matabeleland, South is stirred up by parish priests. These Africa, by handing over to other mis- can only set going actual persecution sions the work at Barkly West, South in places where they can find sym- Africa, by the handing over to the pathy in the mind of the mayor of a town. Madame Emily Lopez Rod- riguez, the English wife of the Rev. Luis Lopez Rodriguez, director of the mission in the province of Gerona, writes that her husband is still in prison, as also are his brother and

their schoolmaster. They are con- his subjects that for years no outfined in a small room lacking ventila- siders were admitted" to the royal tion, and are suffering at night the mosque, but "the present Sultan is betorment of vermin. The case is one loved of his people, and drives freely of wanton persecution on utterly false among them." The seed planted by charges, but appeals have been in vain, the Robert College and other misnotwithstanding that "toleration" is sionary agencies is bearing fruit. supposed to prevail in Spain.-Homi- "Hope and expectancy are in the air letic Review. everywhere," and "the new Turk is pursuing his way steadily, earnestly, Opening of the Firat Protestant Training- and judiciously." school for Teachers in Ru.sia The Presbyterian College in Teheran In Astrachanka, in southern Russia, was held the annual great con- Rev. S. M. Jordan writes in The ference of Stundists near the end of Westminster: September. It was especially important because the first Protestant The Persian boy is fully the equal of training-school for teachers in Russia his American brother in mental ability was opened during the meetings. A and aptitude to learn. He has good stuff large building with light and com- in him, but for centuries he has been fortable rooms has been erected at an spoiled in the making. Nevertheless, he outlay of about $10,000, which amount is capable of becoming the equal of the was raised by the Stundists them- best the world can produce. The young selves. Missionary Jack, of the Ger- men trained in our school are exerting man Orient Mission, who is in charge an influence out of all proportion to their of the mission's work in Astrachanka, numbers. They are found throughout is director of the training-school, being the length and breadth of the land in poassisted by some Stundist teachers. It sitions of honor and responsibility. They is hoped that means for a theological are under-secretaries in the State Departseminary, which is much needed, will ment, and the other departments of the be forthcoming soon. government. They are chiefs of customs and post-offices and telegraphs in various ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS cities. They are found in the banks, for- eign and native. They are teachers and The New Regime in Turkey physicians. They are contributors to the newspapers, and some of the best text- Mr. Ralph Darlington, whose work books in the language have been prepared for the Royal Geographical Society by our boys. of England is well known, has, after knowing for eighteen years the heart The Truth About the Adana Massacres of Constantinople, formed a very decisive opinion as to the new regime in In the October number of the mag- Turkey. He speaks in a tone of sunny azine of the German Orient Mission hopefulness. Only three years ago a number of heartrending particumen in the Ottoman Empire were lars concerning the recent Armenian saying: "If something extraordinary massacres in Adana and vicinity is does not come soon, we are doomed." published. The author of the article The something extraordinary hap- is Dr. Paul Rohrbach, formerly Gerpened in the deposition of Abdul man commissioner of Southwest Af- Hamid and the enthronement of Mo- rica. He visited the district almost hammed V. The result, Mr. Darling- immediately after the massacres and ton says, is "an air of freedom, of made thorough investigations, so that awakening, of joy and zest, and the his report can be considered reliable. pervasion of hope in Constantinople, According to him, between 20,000 and such as has not been witnessed in 25,000 Armenians lost their lives, living memory." One fact he declares many of them after having suffered is enough to support his statement. most brutal cruelties. Almost all Ar- "Abdul Hamid lived in such fear of menian villages and homes between Tarsus and Adana were plundered and burned. The fury of the Mo- hammedan pillagers was so great that they broke to pieces iron plows and

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

farming implements which they could occupied by the Church of Scotland's not use or carry off. Mr. Rohrbach mission, the Church Missionary Sofound complete proof that, like at the massacres of I895, the Turkish sol- ciety, and the American Presbyterian diers partly joined the mob. Absolute mission. The movement began with proofs of the fact that the deposed one man, Ditt by name, who sought Sultan, Abdul Hamid, himself ordered baptism, but refused to leave his vilthe massacres can not be found, but lage. He soon brought his wife and there is a strong suspicion. That the family, and they were baptized. Thus plans for them were made a long time began a work which has added 65,000 before the massacres is well estab- people to the Christian Church, of lished. Dr. Rohrbach calls attention which 32,000 are members of the to the fact that the new Turkish Gov- United Presbyterian Church. The ernment has made quite insufficient writer of this paper has baptized about provision for the sufferers, tho it has one thousand souls this year. The tried to do a little. These homeless movement goes on, and in every misones are insufficiently clothed, and sion baptisms by the hundreds are there is little effort made to provide taking place. at least temporary shelters for them during the cold and wet season. Thus An Ingathering of Shoemakers help is immediately needed, and the German Orient Mission, Gr. Wein- On a recent tour from his station meister str. 50, Potsdam, Germany, at Palni, on the evening of the third appeals for it. day of preaching, at a place called Variapoor, Mr. Jeffery, of the Ma- INDIA dura Mission, had a happy surprize. He write~: Man Movements Multiply I had just put out the light and gone Rev. E. M. Wherry writes in the to bed when a lantern appeared at the Presbyterian: open tent door, and I heard a voice say- ing, "Sir! Sir! may we come in?" I at It is a most significant sign of the once lighted my light and there entered progress of missionary work in India not only the light-bearer, but a body of that, instead of reporting the circum- stalwart men, partly filling the tent. stances surrounding the admission of They were Hindus of the shoemaker single individuals to the Church, the mis- caste. They had come to pledge themsionaries of almost all societies are now selves to Jesus Christ. I stood there in laboring with the problems connected my night-clothes and wrote down the with the admission of great masses of names of 51 persons who that night gave the people to the Christian fold. At a up their bloody idol, Kaliammal, and recent session of the North India Con- took Jesus to be their God. And standference of Christian Workers, held in ing there in the quiet of that consecra- Mussoorie, the whole time of the ses- tion moml'nt, I prayed for them, blest sion, lasting for four days, was taken up them, and sent them, their hearts filled with discussions of questions relating to with peace and with a new sense of bemass movements. ing children of God, back to their homes.

The two leading papers and addresses The next day 30 more names were upon this subject were as follows: added, making altogether 80 new Chris- "The Problems of Mass Movements" tians, in spiritual things feeble as new- born babes, to be nurtured. was discust by Rev. J. N. Forman, in A Buddhist Monk', Disrobing a most instructive paper, which was followed by an address by Rev. Dr. P. The conversion of a Buddhist monk M. Buck. Both of these men have is often reported, but from time to had great experience in village work. time a yellow-robed leader becomes a Christian. In Colombo, Ceylon, on Rev. J. A. McConnellee, of the United Presbyterian mission at Sar- October 3d, in the Maradana chapel gadha, Punjab, gave a brief history of of the English Wesleyan Mission, Uva the mass movement in that province, Kotawera ~tated his reasons for wishbeginning in the bounds of his mis- ing' to renounce Buddhism and emsion, and extending into the regions brace Christianity. He told his story, and then, while the congregation

bowed in silent prayer, he put off his amounted to $II8,ooo ($103,000). The increase in membership was robes in exchange for the ordinary larger among the Telugus than among the Tamils. garments of the Sinhalese man, and Mohammedan Convert in A..am returned as a candidate for baptism. Rev. R. T. Jourdain, S. P. G. mis- As a priest he also practised as a sionary at Sikhar, in Assam, tells of a Mussulman inquirer who came to medical man, and gained a wide repu- his house in Silchar in October, 1907. The earnestness of Chand Mohammed tation for medical skill, especially for (that was his name) made an impres- sion upon Mr. Jourdain at once, but ability to cure snakc-b:te and hydro- he at first suspected him of being really a Christian who had been obliged phobia. He was called in to attend to leave his former abode. However, the suspicion soon vanished. Chand the daughter of one of the Christian had apparently been reading what he could froni a copy of Matthew and sShinehdaildese~uacnhd before she passed away, from tracts given to him by mis- to win him for Christ. sionaries. He received instruction and, together with his wife, was p~e­ Her testimony to the saving power of pared for baptism at the Oxford MIS- sion at Barisal. Both won confidence Jesus, and her exhortation~ to believe and affection by their humility and earnestness, and were baptized on in Christ and live a good bfe, made a Easter, 1908, in the presence of Rev. and Mrs. Jourdain. Since Chand was great impression on .him. . able to read both Bengali and Hindu, Mr. Jourdain put him at once to wo~k Her Bible was given to him after as catechist in the tea-garden at Sll- char. It seemed an unwise experiher death, and he read it in the light ment, but it turned out well, and Chand has proved faithful and zealous. of the dying girl's testimony and ex- He is another illustration of the power of the printed Word of God. perience, and became convinced that Progress in Jaspur the way for him to tread was not the The King of Jaspur, East India, is eight-fold path of Buddhism, but the by no means favorable and friendly to the efforts of the white missionaries way of Christ. among his people, yet his opgosition can not retard the progress of the This man is no ordinary convert, for Gospel. Missionary John made a journey of visitation through the land he has been a priest for a quarter of last May and 719 inquirers appeared before him and were baptized after a a century and was a novice in the searching examination. A short time later 386 more were baptized by a temple several year" J;efore. that. ~e native pastor. Thus 1,105 heathen were baptized in J aspur within a few is proficient in Sansknt, Pall, and Sm- weeks.

ahnaldesBe~ramnad, he has atsraivnelCedeylionn.Ind~iea Movement Toward Christian Union as well The Missionary Herald (American will be more fully instructed, and III Board) publishes these three items: due time will receive baptism.- THOMAS MOSCROP.

Missionary Forces in Southern India The South India Missionary Union publishes a statistical table for 1908 which clearly shows the steady progress of the Gospel amon~ th.e Tamils and Telugus. We publlsh It and place in brackets the figures for 1907, that our readers may judge of the progress them~elves.. ~here were at work twenty-mne missIOnary so- cieties, which employed 564 (542) male and 339 (317) female E.uropean missionaries, which were assisted by 427 (407) native pastors and 13,683 ( 13,582) native teachers and c~te­ chists. The number of theological students was 676 (624) and that of the pupils in the schools 230,030 (206,- 734) . There were 490,706 (466,267) baptized natives and 219,413 (207,- 260) adherents, whose contributions

GENERAL MISSIONARY

1. Union continues to suggest the word CHINA for the trend of events in this mighty Denominationaliam at a Discount empire. The process of enlargement and unification under the British rule has In an interview published by the reached its highest mark up to date. Sunday School Chronicle, Rev. F. B. Railroads, postal service, publications in Meyer gave some impressions derived English and vernacular languages, educa- from his recent travel to the farther East. He thinks that denominationaltional requirements of government, and ism is largely a spent force in the mis- sion fields. "There is little doubt that political discussions have all made steady if the European and American misprogress toward the weakening of caste, sionaries were withdrawn to-morrow, the native Christians (in China) would the destroying of religious, racial, and flow together into one great church, commercial antipathies, and the bringing the basis of which would be Presby- terian, with bishops as perpetual modof the people into a closer life together. erators." He cites the success of the Nationalism, especially among the stu- Y. M. C. A. in China as a further dent classes, continues to assert itself, proof of this and adds: "None of us can lament the decline of denominatho held in check as much by the wise tionalism, but we must carefully dis- Hindu leaders, who know the value of tinguish between that and Chris- British Government, as by the inertia tianity." To the question whether of the masses and the protective meas- Christianity is a spent force he gives ures of the government. India is feeling a decided negative. "If ever the hour her oneness as perhaps never before, in should come that the religion of Jesus spite of great racial and religious dif- should become extinguished in these western lands, I believe that reenforceferences. ments from China and Japan would 2. In all this enlargement and unifica- be forthcoming, and that the East would a second time give to the West tion our India missions have taken no the pearl of immeasurable price." unimportant part in that they have helped The New University for China to elevate the lower classes, to honor womanhood, and to provide proper edu- The demand for advanced univercation for the masses. Our missionaries sity education is growing among the are recognized by intelligent men through- Chinese. As many as 7,000 Chinese out India as devoted and successful la- students were recently enrolled in the borers in the work of bettering Indian University of Tokyo, and large numsociety. Nor has this political agitation bers of them are studying in Europe and America. In China itself schools and national impulse toward more self- and universities are being founded, government been without a beneficent in- but are not very efficient in general, fluence upon the native Church. It has and are, alas! of a strongly materialisproduced more self-respect and independ- tic bias. Hence there is special need ence, tho this is by no means an effect of Christian university training. A as far-reaching as one might suppose large commission, with graduates of who has read the press accounts. Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Colum- bia, Chicago, Stanford, and other 3. Our three Indian missions have ever American universities on it, and a local been at the front in union movements commission composed of representa- tives of various missions, met recently. among the foreign boards and churches It was decided to follow the English at work in the empire. Hardly a year plan of a group of independent colpasses without some new union schemes leges, each more or less complete in being reported as an advance upon those itself, but gathered about a common preceding. We in America would do well to study such movements toward organic unity and federation upon this mission field. This can be said even tho all the plans for union proposed and adopted have not yet become fully operative. Last year we reported a union of Presbyterian and Congregational churches into a "United Church of South India." A Union Theological College for South India is to be started within a few months, to be supported by the missions of the London Missionary Society, the United Free Church of Scotland, the English Wesleyan, and the Dutch Reformed Missions, and if possible by our own Madura Mission. In the Marathi field we hear of a proposed scheme of federation where organized union with missions of other churches is not yet feasible. A union paper is now in vogue in Madura.

center, with a common standard, a several of the localities, the women prescommon examination, and a certain ent and partaking of the communion number of common professorships, outnumbered the men. The other was and to utilize already existing institu- the very different feeling toward our tions in China. The movement is re- work on the part of the people generally. ligious and it includes all those who There was no rudeness anywhere, and call themselves Christian. University nothing of the usual curiosity-attracting professors and teachers must be men crowds. The new railroad, made entirely of strong Christian beliefs and with by the Chinese, makes the traveling keen sympathy with missionary ideals. easier and quicker. The center of one The locality which finds most favor field can now be reached in twenty-four is Wuchang, the seat of the vice-regal hours from Canton, whereas it formerly government of the two great provinces took five days. of Hupe and Hunan, with a metropolitan population in three contiguous Fruita of a Revival cities of over two million people. It is a famous seat of Chinese learning The recent revival in the Methodand contains the educational institu- ist Mission in Hinghwa City, China, tions of four leading missionary so- continued for over seven weeks. The cieties. It is also a commercial and remarkable things about the revival geographical center and its mandarin was the steady stream of confessions dialect is understood by all Chinese. of almost every conceivable sin. The following are a few instances: Chinese Home Missions The first confession was made by a Missions in China are no longer Biblical school student. He confest to wholly the work of foreigners, for the smoking tobacco and to having secured Chinese Congregational Missionary $2.20 of "unrighteous money." He gave Society was started by the Christian his tobacco box and the $2.20 to the pas- Chinese at San Francisco in 1884 for tor. A merchant who had been using doing missionary work in the Kwang- morphine to compound pills purporting tung provinces, from which have to cure the opium habit turned over to come most of the Chinese in the the pastor his entire stock of morphine, United States. While independent in valued at $180. Another merchant turned its organization, the society keeps in over his entire stock of cigarets. An old close touch with the A. B. C. F. M., man confest that when a boy he had takes counsel from the American mis- helped his father to bore out the eyes of sionaries, and relies upon them for a a thief who lived in their village. As the certain supervision in both spiritual victim is still living and in great poverty, and financial administration. It has this man resolved to ask his forgiveness one station, five out-stations, one and share his own living with hm. pastor, four evangelists, and one Bible woman, and supports three schools The Record of One Girls' School for boys and two for girls. Its work is most encouraging. The Fu-chau Girls' Boarding- school, the oldest Methodist school Advance in the Canton Region for girls in Asia, celebrates its fif- tieth anniversary thi" year. Some Rev. H. V. Noyes writes in the Her- interesting facts concerning this ald and Presbyter: school have been carefully compiled by Miss Bonafield and Miss Hu, I held communion services at 20 chap- from which the following are culled: els during my trip, and one of the Chinese ministers at three. I found 19 The enrolment for the present term is of our old Fati students at work at these 182, of which 166 are Christians. The different places. There were also some plant consists of four buildings valued Bible women at work who had been edu- at $10,000 gold, and four and one-fifth cated in Canton. Two things imprest acres of land are owned, valued at $5,000 me. One was the number of women who gold. The staff of native teachers conare joining the Church. Twenty-five sists of 4 Chinese professors and 12 inyears ago they were very few. Now, at structors who are graduates of the school. Altho the school was established in 1859, diplomas were first granted in 1888. Since the latter date there have been 117 grad- uates, 4 of whom have gone to Japan for further study, while 5 have been sent to the United States for the same purpose. Eleven of the graduates are physicians;

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

8 are kindergartners; 23 have become with a personal invitation to accept preachers' wives, and 40 are teachers. Christ as a personal Savior from sin. Five are teaching in government schools. Prayer and daily personal work by each Christian in Korea. Third. A Rome'. Work for the Celestial. wide circulation of the Word of God. Pray that a copy of the Word may The first representatives of the be carried to every home and reach Papacy entered China before the every person in Korea with its inclose of the sixteenth century. In fiuence.-Christian Observer. 18IO the numbers are given as 215,- 000. In 1906 the baptized Christians Progress in I!(orea connected with all the Roman Catholic societies together numbered Remarkable results have been 952,935-after sixty-four years of the achieved by the missionaries of the freedom of treaty rights. In 1902 Northern Presbyterian Church. A the communicants of the Protestant worker writes that during eleven churches numbered II2,80S, and the months ending May 31, 1909, there baptized were probably over 200,000. were 6,532 adult baptisms; 23,892 There were 1,773 Roman priests, for- catechumens are on the roll; 87,177 eign and native, in 1906; and the are in Sabbath-schools; there are foreign missionaries, including lay- 120 students for the ministry; and men and ladies, of the other societies the mission has 840 church buildin 1902 were 2,785. ings. The members, numbering 25,- The Growth of Thirty Years 057, gave $80.499 in United States gold. This, considering the small in- For our encouragement it is well come of the Koreans, would mean at to recall some statistics published at least ten times what it would in the Centenary Conference, giving America, or $800,000. some idea of the growth of the Protestant Church in China the past The Korean Presbytery thirty years: Rev. W. B. Harrison writes in the 1876 1906 Christian Observer of the recent an- nual meeting of this body: Missionaries …………. 473 3,833 Stations and sub-stations.. 602 5,734 It was composed of about 12 Korean Ordained native preachers 73 and 30 foreign ministers, and 65 elders. Unordained native preachers 511 345 The average attendance of visitors was Bible women …… , . . . . . . . 90 5,722 equally as large as the number of dele- gates. The new spacious theological Churches …………… 312 894 seminary building furnished an admira- Communicants ……….. 13,035 ble place for this gathering. The meet- Contributions, Chinese silver 178,251 ing throughout was orderly, earnest and spiritual. A very interesting session of the dollars …………….. 9,271 301,263 Presbytery was held in the Central Pres- Number of societies at work 29 82 byterian Church for the ordination of 8 candidates to the full work of the min· KOREA istry. The congregation was limited to 2,000 by the size of the building. In re- "A Million Souls for Christ" ply to an earnest call, one of these or- dained men is to go as an evangelist to This is the watchword adopted, to the Koreans in Russian territory just October 9, 1909, by the general coun- north of Korea, where several groups are cil of the Protestant missionaries in already established. The salary of these Korea at the annual meeting in evangelists is paid by the Korean Church Seoul. This is one soul a month for at large. In the case of the other or- Christ for each of the 80,000 Chris- dained men, the church or group of tians in Korea. churches calling them provide their salaries. Already plans are being made for: First. United prayer by mission- Presbyterian Part of the Harvest aries and Christians for the outpouring on all Christians and upon the At the annual meeting of the unconverted, convincing of sin, of Korea mission, and the twenty-fifth righteousness and judgment. Sec- anniversary of the founding of Protond. A house-to-house visitation

estant mission work in Korea, held have a membership of over 70,000, in the city of Chai Ryong, a few and the church-membership was inmonths since, the key-note which creased last year by over ten per cent. There are nearly 500 ordained was struck in all the exercises Japanese workers and over 600 un- ordained male workers, and over 200 seemed to be "How wonderfully God Bible women. Nearly 100,000 scholhath wrought." are are being taught in more than 1,000 Sabbath-schools. Seyeral of the At the close of this twenty-five larger churches have organized misyears of seed-sowing and harvest sionary societies which are extend- ing the work in Japan, and some of gathering there are in Korea, in them are supporting evangelists in Formosa, Korea, Manchuria and connection with the Presbyterian China. Church, nearly 100,000 Christians, of whom about 25 per cent are baptized An independent, self-supporting, self-propagating church has been bemembers of the Church. gun, which is rapidly gaining in There are 1,000 helpers, colpor- numbers and influence. The Prot- estant Christians gave for Christian teurs and school-teachers, tut these work last year nearly 300,000 yen do not include the army of unpaid ($150,000). There are nearly 4,000 students in Christian boardingleaders and unordained pastors schools. There are also nearly 600 Christian kindergartens and other found in everyone of the more than day-schools where 8,000 students are 1,000 groups. Ninety per cent of the being taught. About 400 students are being trained in the theological paid workers are paid by the Ko- schools, and 250 women are being reans themselves. taught in Women's Bible schools.

JAPAN Japanese as Toilers and Givers Jubilee Celebration According to The Pacific, the Jap- anese church of Seattle, Rev. M. Rev. J. D. Davies writes as fol- Kubushiro pastor, has received during the year 21 members of lows in the Advance: whom IS joined upon confession of faith, making a total membership of The semi-centennial conference in 46. The pastor is a graduate of commemoration of the planting of Prot- Pacific Theological Seminary. Reestant Christianity in Japan was held in cently Mr. Mayagawa, one of the Tokyo, October 5-10. This gathering foremost Congregationalists of Jawas characterized by the utmost harmony pan, addrest a number of meetings and was largely attended, especially by repre- under the auspices of this church, sentatives of the Japanese churches. The filling a large hall with audiences of spiritual tone of the conference was of high Japanese, many of whom had no preorder, and its results will be of great benefit vious interest in ChristIanity. The to the work in Japan. These are, in treasurer of the church raised $600 brief, as follows: 1. The conference from the Japanese of the city for the showed that, with a single exception, the expenses of these meetings. Protestant churches in Japan are one in heart, in aim, and in work. 2. It showed Miss Alice P. Adams, of Okayama, the cordial union and cooperation of the Japan, has recently been presenting Japanese and foreign workers. 3. It will to audiences of Japanese in the cities be a help toward the union and federa- of the Pacific Coast the needs of her tion of the different churches in Japan. social settlement work. She has not 4. It emphasized the greatness of the work yet to be done.

The one great hindrance to the perfect success of the conference was the attitude of the bishops of the American and English Episcopal Church. They united in a communication to the conference to the effect that, as some of them were excluded by the name Protestant, they could not come into any formal relation to it altho they extended brotherly greetings.

Growth of a Half-century There are nearly 600 organized churches, of which more than one- fourth are self-supporting, including the pastor's salary. These churches

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

appealed to the American churches instruction, the number being limited but to the Japanese themselves; and simply by their strength. It is a most they have publicly thanked her for remarkable record. The urgent need is giving them the opportunity to help for a corresponding work among men. in work for their own country. Miss In Tunis the missionary has done effect- Adams secured recognition for her ive work among both Mohammedans and work and a subscription from the Jews, and the women missionaries have Japanese consul in New York, and not only Mohammedan classes for womfrom the Japanese minister to the en and girls, but also access to about United States. 100 Moslem houses. A more promising opening could not be hoped for. But the A Japanese Institution Berbers or Kabyles are the most reach- able Moslem people-being the descend- In acknowledging gifts toward the ants of the early Christians of Africa, largely European in blood and complexsupport of the Kobe Orphanage, Ja- ion. Independent missionaries, poorly equipped and supported and unorganized, pan, sent by readers of The Christian, have yet won remarkable successes. In Mr. Arthur Stanford gives the fol- one station I visited there was a large lowing information: Christian community. I know nothing like it in Mohammedan lands. The Ber- This orphanage is one of many and bers or Kabyles aTe our opportunityvarious indirect results of missionary la- perhaps the key to the Moslem line. bor. It was started by Japanese Chris- There are a number of qualified Christian tians without suggestion from any mis- Kabyles available for employment as sionary, and during the eighteen years of mission agents. its life has been wholly conducted by these Christians. There is a good plant, How Native Christians Give with healthy' location and buildings; there is a small industrial department, where In a recent letter, Rev. A. F. Hena few of the older boys are taught shoemaking; other older boys are apprenticed sey, of the Foreign Christian Missionto various callings. Older girls are placed ary Society, gives the following inin suitable positions. teresting particulars of the liberality There are about 100 orphans in the buildings-many of whom, boys and of the native Christians: girls, are sent regularly to the public schools. The Christians in charge are The Church at Bolenge understands members of the Kumi-ai (Congrega- that giving is as much a "grace" of the tional) Church. Christian as are brotherly love and prayer and charity, and as such must be AFRICA maintained. The members think of noth- ing else but conscientiously consecrating Assiut Presbyterian College to their Savior and Master a proper pro- portion of their entire income, no mat- A recent report states that the ter from what source it may come. A present session has the large attend- gift is shared even as one would share ance of 600 students. The enrol- a blessing with a friend. There is no ment for the last college year, 1908-09, thought of duty in the sense of an was 787; the enrolment of the Press- onerous burden, but they give because ly Institute~the school for women they feel that it is the only proper way -was 315, making the enrolment and relationship to their Father. for the two schools I,I02, and the indications are that the enrolment Cannibal Now a Preacher for 1909-10 will exceed that of last year. The faculty consists of 27 Royal J. Dye, a medical missionmembership, 14 Americans and 13 Egyptians. Of these the permanent ary of the Disciple foreign board, at American staff now consists of 5 members. work in the Kongo Free State, re- Methodists Work in Algeria lates a story of conversion which is Rev. E. F. Frease reports: worthy to be bound up with the most brilliant chapters of "modern Our women missionary workers in Al- miracles" in non-Christian lands. geria have some 150 French and 150 Kabyle women and girls under regular Bonjolongo, the head of an impor- tant family in one of the most blood- thirsty of the Kongo tribes, served seven years in the native troops of King Leopold. Participant in many of the "puni-

tive raids" ordered by Leopold's of- The Quick and Powerful Word ficials against towns that did not pay the tax, Bonjolongo was especially Kagoma, a native Christian at Luprominent as a leader in the expedi- anza, in the Kongo Free State, can tion against the village of 1saka, be- explain his conversion only in the cause the people there were heredi- quaint words, "I was startled to find tary foes of his own tribe. The raid that Christ could speak Chiluba on that town gave him opportunity (Kagoma's native tongue). I heard to execute a vengeance, that he had Him speak out of the printed page been taught to cherish from child- just as surely as a white man can hood. He feasted gluttonously off hear his father or mother speaking the bodies of his dead enemies. to him in a letter thousands of miles away." When Bonjolongo had served his time in the military levy, he returned While attending the missionary to his own village, and there for the school Kagoma received a copy of first time heard the message of Jesus the Gospel according to John, in his Christ, preached in 1njolo by itin- own language. As he became too erants from Dr. Dye's station at big for the elementary school, he Bolenge. Curiosity led him to visit went his way in sin, but he clung to Bolenge. When he found that he his Gospel as a fetish. Speedily he could not tempt away the native was becoming the usual bleared-of- Christians there to take up the old eye negro in whose unhallowed hut heathen practises again, he was so Jesus Christ is the Great Unmentionimprest that he paid more and more able, but he was reckoning without heed to the Gospel, and finally with God and without the Word of God, his whole heart accepted It. which is not bound, and to which he continued to cling, and which he read. Returning forthwith to his home One day the assertive call, "Follow town, he amazed his neighbors by me!" came from its page to the sinfreeing his slaves, renouncing his stricken heathen. God stared at him plural wives and redeeming at great from every page and shouted in his cost the little daughter whom he ears, until at last, by the power of had sold to be the slave wife of a the Holy Spirit, the simple word of chief-sacrifices that wiped out his God brought about his conversion. wealth. Then he preached to his fellow villagers so earnestly that a An African College Graduate great number of them embraced the faith and joined him in building a Twenty years ago Miss Elizabeth chapel. McNeill, a Methodist missionary at Cape Palmas, Liberia, was the means Opening of the Cairo Y. M. C. A. of rescuing a young woman of the Grebo tribe from a cruel death. The A branch of the Y. M. C. A. was woman was converted and was bapopened in Cairo, Egypt, a short time tized with her baby girl, whom she ago. Its rules and regulations will later entrusted to Miss McNeill with be, as closely as possible, those of the request that the child be trained the Central Y. M. C. A., and the for Christian service. usual activities will be carried on. The membership is confined at pres- Bralah, as she was called, made a ent to men of British and American brief visit to this country in 1892, nationality. The National Council when she was three years old, but of the Y. M. C. A., London, has ap- speedily returned to Liberia and repointed a full-time secretary for mained in the mission until 18g6, organizing the work, who will pro- when she was brought again to this ceed to Cairo at once. The rooms country. After four years in the are at 29, Charia Abd-el-Aziz, in a public schools in Philadelphia, she conveniently central position. went to 1nhambane, Portuguese East Africa, for two years, during

· 1910] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

which her education was continued sionary papers call attention to this under the care of the missionaries. increase of Roman Catholic workers, Then she returned to the United because on account. of the well-de- States and attended the High School fined policy of that Church it threatin Monrovia, Cal., and finally en- ens already existing Protestant mistered the University of Southern sions to a large extent. California, from which she received her degree a short time ago. The Fight Against the Sleeping-sickness in Africa Her case is cited by her instructors as "big with promise for those who The Berlin Missionary Society has believe in a future for the negro received a peculiarly valuable and race." She herself has exprest the most suitable gift. Professor Schillopinion that with the same advan- ing, the great medical authority, has tages which she has enjoyed, and presented to it the manuscript of a with the same tender, loving care as treatise concerning the fatal sleepwas bestowed upon her by her ing-sickness, its origin, prevention, friends, the whole Grebo tribe might and cure. The treatise is to be be changed in a single generation. printed in the missionary printing establishment, and copies are to be Henry Henderson Institute at Blantyre sent to every missionary of the so- An interesting ceremony took ciety in Nyasa, Africa, because the place one day last August, at the fearful disease has been discovered Blantyre Mission of the Church of upon the English shore of Lake Ny- Scotland, which is located in the asa also. God grant that a remedy Shire region, south of Lake Nyasa. for it will be soon discovered. Mrs. Bruce, daughter of the great missionary explorer David Living- ISLANDS OF THE SEA stone, laid the foundation-stone of the Henry Henderson Institute. The A Hero in Life and in Death Institute is to provide facilities for the higher education of native young Says the Interior: men connected with the mission, and it is named after Henry Henderson, Captain A. C. Walkup, the missionary who selected Blantyre so wisely for sailor of the South Seas, who died of the site of that important and re- exposure endured during twenty-two days markably successful mission. Mrs. of drifting in an open boat after his ves- Bruce met with a warm welcome on sel, the Hiram Bingham, was wrecked in this her first visit to the scene of her a storm, was a country preacher in Illifather's explorations. nois twenty years ago. He gave up his charge in order to go out under the Roman Catholic Missionary Zeal American Board as a missionary in the islands of the South Pacific, in a region The German Colonial News reports where mails came and went only once a that the steamer Herzog alone year. His wife died after some years, landed 36 missiona.ry laborers in the and he came back to America with his end of August ill German East three little children, but as soon as he had Africa. Of these four only were found a home for them, he hurried away Protestants, the others all being to his voluntary exile again, far too shy Roman Catholic reenforcements. to accept the many invitations that came The four Protestants, nine priests to him to stay and lecture in the churches and eight nuns went to Kilindini, on his work. The Board made him cap- British East Africa; two priests and tain first of the Morning Star and then of one lay-worker went to Dar es Sa- the Hiram Bingham. But his promotion lam, in German East Africa, and the did not make him a whit more able to other ten priests and two nuns were talk about himself. He still went on his destined for Chinde, Portuguese quiet way, sailing from one to another East Africa. Well may German mis- of the myriad islands. Thousands of the natives he knew by name, and he treated them with a genuine personal brotherli- ness. The story of how heroically he cared for his black crew during these ter- rible three weeks adrift, saving at length all lives but his own, will remain for many a generation one of the most noble stories of missionary martyrdom.

Opium Prohibited in the Philippine. scientific research with regard to them.

The spectacle of a nation renoun- Thus he was a valuable and induscing a large revenue on moral grounds has been before the Eastern trious member of the committee of world for more than a year. The ;,merican Government has prohib- the British aAnsdiaFtiocreSigoncieBtyib,leaSnodcietthy~ Ited absolutely the traffic in opium the Royal in the Philippine Islands, and made its use in any form a crime, and the Royal Geographical Society. possession of it by any person a crime. At the same time, the medi- Mr. Cust's services in India were cal use is safeguarded by stringent laws that do not allow indulgence in especially distinguished, and his stedthe drug. This prohibition of opium has now been· in force long enough fast declaration of his faith in the to make it interesting to our readers to know some of the results. In- L?r~ Jesus Christ was a great aid to quiry from reliable sources shows that the law is enforced, that prohi- mmiIssssiIoonnearryofefAfomrtr.itsaOrn, che~ when combition is absolute, and that Ameri- publicly atcan officials in the Philippine Islands have succeeded in largely stamping tended the baptism of several conout the habit, and they are determined to prevent opium entering the verts. The Calcutta Government Islands by smuggling. called him to order for it, but he boldly So it can be said without fear of contradiction that the opium traffic and successfully vindicated his Chris- tian right to be present.

During the closing years of his life he was closely connected with the work of administration of missions, and be- came a vice-president of the C. M. S.

Committee and a member of the Lon- don J~ws Society Committee, at the sa:n~ tIme always ready to help other ~Isslons ~lso. He had a large share m managmg the General Missionary Conferences of 1877 and 1888.

in the Philippine Islands has been Rev. W. T. Gidney, of London supprest, or, at least, is classed as extra hazardous, and is on a par with The cause of Jewish evangelization dealing in illicit firearms. That such lost one of its ablest and most eloquent results have been obtained is cause advocates when Rev. William Thomas for congratulation to the United Gidney died in London on October II States Government. Would that the 1909. He was only fifty-six years of British Government took a similar a,ge, and for exactly one-half of that stand with reference to the opium time he was connected with the secretraffic, but in India Government has tariat of the London Jews Society. the monopoly of its manufacture. It Graduated in 1875 from Jesus ColleO'e will hav.e fi:st to rid itself of being Cambridge, he held the curacies bof accomplIce 111 the fact before it can several congregations of the Church make the traffic illegal.-Indian Wit- of England until he became deputaness. tIon secretary of the London Jews So- ciety in 1881. Soon he became asso- OBITUARY ciation secretary, then assistant secre- Dr. Robert Cud, of England tary, until in 1900 he was appointed secretary, which office he held until The news of the death of Robert his death.

Needham Cust evokes the feeling that ~r. Gidney. was a very quiet and a truly great man has fallen, He was se!'lOus ~an, dIfficult to get acquainted a wonderful linguist, for he had a WIth, as It seemed to the writer when working knowledge of eight European he. first met him. But he was a 'loyal and eight Asiatic languages. His fnend, whenever he gave his friend- great works on the languages of Af- ship, a true Christian, and tireless in rica and the languages of the East his abundant labors for the Master in Indies laid the foundation of modern the sphere of missionary activity to which he had been called. He was an faltered in her work of love and aid earnest student of the Jewish problem, till the Bishop died. Since then she of sound judgment, and of great his- has lived with her daughter in Japan. torical knowledge as far as Jewish missions are concerned. He was in- Charles N. Crittenton, of New York tensely loyal to his Church and to his society, of which loyalty his many The founder of seventy-three Florbooks bear abundant testimony. His ence Crittenton Rescue Homes and latest and most important work was Missions for Girls all over the world, "The History of the London Jews Charles N. Crittenton, died of pneu- Society from Its Foundation in 1809 monia on November 16, seventy-six to Its Centenary." Vve noticed and years of age. After the death of his praised it in our columns at the time youngest child, Florence, in 1882, Mr. of its appearance. Others of his Crittenton, who had built up a large books are, "Missions to Jews," "Sites wholesale drug business in New York, and Scenes," "At Home and Abroad," decided to devote himself to evangelisand "Jews and their Evangelization," tic work and spend his entire time in which all will continue to prove help- endeavoring to better the condition of ful and stimulating to the student and unfortunate girls. He spent the next the friend of Jewish missions. four years in night work in the slums of New York, but, after a trip to the We have scarcely ever met a Gen- Holy Land to strengthen his broken tile Christian who understood the health, he visited all the larger cities difficulties and hindrances of the work in the world, studying the condition of evangelization among the Jews as of the poor and finding out their needs. well as Mr. Gidney did. He was al- A chain of more than seventy rescue ways seeking to remove the hin- homes and missions in various cities drances, to overcome the obstacles, here and abroad, all bearing the name and to enlarge the work. Under his of Florence Crittenton, was started guidance, by the blessing of God, the and the National Florence Crittenton work of the London Jews Society has Mission was incorporated. The homes prospered, while his influence was ben- are for mothers, children, and helpless eficial to the work of Jewish missions girls. There are two in New York in general. His death will be felt by City, one in San Francisco, one in the cause at large, and our sympathy Tokyo, one in Shanghai, one in Mexgoes out to the London Jews Society ico City, and so on in the big cities. in an especial manner, as its chief About five years ago Mr. Crittenton counselor has entered into rest. purchased a private car and fitted it up as a home for himself and co- Mrs. Schereschewsky, of Japan workers, making a tour of visiting the different missions scattered across the The widow of Bishop Schereschew- continent twice a year. While he was sky died in Japan on August 20, 1909· on such a tour of inspection, he caught Miss Susan M. Waring went to China a bad cold in San Francisco. Pneuas a missionary of the Protestant Epis- monia developed and quickly ended his copal Church in 1867, and two years useful life. later became the wife of Rev. Schereschewsky, who was then just Inspector Rappard, of St. Chrischona commencing his great life-work of translation. To him she was a true The Pilgrim Mission of St. Chrishelpmate indeed. Through the long chona, Switzerland, suffered the loss years of his practical helplessness she of its inspector, C. H. Rappard, on supported and cheered his efforts. All September 20. Born in 1837, he was his private letters were written by her educated in St. Chrischona and in and he frequently mentioned her de- Edinburgh and, after brief missionary voted cooperation. Altho nearly blind activity in Alexandria and Cairo, befor the past seven years, she never came director of Chrischona in 1868. HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN (A). study, both theoretical and practical, By Otis Cary, D.D. 2 vols. Illustrated which are connected with such an in- 8vo, 800 pp. $2. SO, net, each. Fleming stitution. This book contains from H. Revell Co., New York. 1909. eighty to ninety papers, prepared by almost as many writers, and covering Here is a monumental work. It is a wide range of themes, from Semitic an achievement worthy of a man who philology and Oriental archeology, for thirty years has wrought in Japan through the various departments of as a missionary field. Dr. Cary has Biblical study, modern church creeds, spared no pains to give to the public politics, pUlpit and pastoral activity, a careful, candid and exhaustive his- worship, the Sunday-school and young tory of mission work in the Sunrise people's societies, schools, colleges, the Kingdom, and incidentally he has fur- press and its products, the family and nished no small part of the history of social life, home and foreign misthe Island Empire itself. sions, etc. It is in its way encyclo- pedic. Of these two volumes, the first is given to Roman Catholic and Greek Where scores of writers contribute Orthodox missions, and the second to on a vast variety of topics, neither Protestant. The whole work em- unity of sentiment on their part, nor uniformity of acceptance on that of braces nearly 800 pages. When we readers could be expected. Some began to read it, it was not without views, here embodied, are very radical, apprehension of finding it somewhat others equally conservative; some tedious, if only from length, and a re- flavored with extreme "higher crithearsal largely of familiar facts, for icism," and others moderate, reverent, Japan's last half-century at least, has devout and practical. not been hid in a corner. But, despite all that has previously been written THE MISSIONARY MANIFESTO. By Rev. G. Campbell Morgan, D.D. 12mo, 157 pp. on Japan by so many gifted pens, we 75 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., found Dr. Cary to have the rare gift New York. 1909. of clothing much that is old with a new charm, beside bringing to light This is an able exposition of the much that is novel and valuable. great commission of Christ to His dis- dples. Dr. Morgan analyzes the The work is, in a way, an encyclo- words of the Master found in the pedia of the subject it treats, and, so four Gospels and discusses the funfar as we have yet examined, we have damental principles of missions confound these volumes classic in style tained in them-the authority of the and comprehensive in matter, charita- King, the evangel to creation, the bly generous, and judicially impartial, witnesses, the remission of sins and while the author shows exceptional !he resource and responsibility. Here IS an unanswerable statement of the talent in making his narrative spec- duty _of the Church to conduct worldtacular and pictorial in vividness. It wide missions. A pastor who folis not only a great work of reference, lows the argument must of necessity but makes exceptionally delightful become a missionary advocate. The reading.. . cure for lack of interest in world- wide work is a closer fellowship with All lovers of missions will wish to Christ. read Dr. Cary's work, and especially those who are interested in that re- THE ORIGINAL RELIGION OF CHINA. By markabk nation that, more than any Jo~n Ross, D.D. 8vo, 327 pp. Ss, net. other in the Orient, has during the last half-century made mighty strides for- Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier Edinward toward the leadership of Asia. burgh. 1909. '

RECENT CHRISTIAN PROGRESS. By Lewis In the popular mind Confucianism Bayles Paton. Macmillan Co., N. Y. is looked upon as the religion of China-tho it is in reality not a re- The seventy-fifth anniversary of Hartford Theological Seminary suggested a series of papers on recent developments in those departments of ligion but a system of ethics. Dr. Ross commends most highly the Yale and treats of the early religion which pre- Pennsylvania missions as giving unvailed in China centuries before Con- limited opportunity for influence. The fucius and which forms the basis of five millions spent in missionary work their religious ideas. It is the most each year is held by the author to be ancient religion of which there is any a very small return for the trade which trace-The Chinese ruler Fu Hi ante- Europe and America enjoy with China. dating Noah and the flood by five centuries. The early religion, as it The notes on missionary work are was developed three thousand years few but friendly, for the purpose of ago, gives the first clear idea of their the book is not to show what the religious beliefs. The people wor- Chinese need or what is being done shiped and offered sacrifice to the for them, but to show what the Lord of Heaven-the one and Su- Chinese are in character, surroundings preme God. They believed in demons and customs. and spirits, subject to God, and trusted in the care of an intelligent, just, all- FIFTY YEARS IN CONSTANTINOPLE. By wise, benevolent and almighty provi- George Washburn, D.D., LL.D. Illusdence. They used no idols or images trated, 8vo, 317 pp. $3.00, net. Houghin worship; there was one temple ded- ton, Mifflin Co., Boston. 1909. icated to the worship of ancestors, but none dedicated to the worship of God. Dr. Washburn's history throws a An altar to God could be erected any- flood of light on many features of the where. There were no special priests, situation in Constantinople and the goodness was enjoined and wickedness "storm center" of Europe. Probably denounced. Prayer was made not for no living man is better qualified to pardon but for guidance and for fu- write on Robert College than the reture favors. There was a belief in cent president, who resided in the future rewards and punishments, and Turkish metropolis for nearly hal£ a a heavenly life in the presence of God. century. He has known the college from its foundation. The description Here is no evidence of an upward of Constantinople and the story of evolution of religion in China but Turkish history are merely the backrather a subsequent decay. The book ground of the picture and story of is a distinct contribution to the study the colIege. of comparative religion. In a seventeen-page introduction, THE CHINESE. By John Stuart Thomp- Dr. Washburn gives a brief history of son. Illustrated. Maps. 8vo, 441 pp. the progress of events in Turkey' dur- $2.50, net. Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indian- ing the past fifty years and points out apolis. 1909. their influence on the recent revolu- tion. For sixteen centuries Constan- We know of no very recent book tinople has been an imperial cityon China that is of more general in- first, as the chief city of Christendom; terest in its range of topics and that and now, for nearly five hundred at the same time is of such real value years, the capital of the Moslem world. as an introduction to the study of the In the last half-century it has changed Chinese. Mr. Thompson describes from a free, easy-going city of the the daily life, the humor, the politics, Orient to a commercial center with the art and literature, commerce and modern bondage and bustle. In the business, diseases, superstitions and last fifty years the Young Turks have religions of the Chinese. grown in power and American mis- sionaries have brought in new ideas of Mr. Thompson looks upon the r~­ education. This period has been full mission of the Boxer indemnity on the of changes, with bloodshed, riot, part of America as a move of un- tyranny, oppression. A tribute is paid usual brilliance on account of its in- to the ability and energy of the late fluence on China in welcoming Amer- Sultan, Abdul Hamid, while his selfish, ican trade and education. He also cruel and oppressive spirit is recog- CHILDREN OF INDIA. By Janet Harvey Kelman. Illustrated, 12mo, 9S pp. Is, nized. 6d, net. Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, The history of Robert College is Edinburgh. 1909.

remarkable and full of interest. It MISSIONARY HEROES IN AFRICA. By John C. Lambert, M.A., D.D. Illustrated, was founded and built up by strategy 12mo, 155 pp. 75 cents, net. J. P. Lippinand perseverance and, for its size, has cott Co., Philadelphia. 1909. few equals for influence on history. THE SPIRIT OF YOUTH AND THE CITY Here have been trained manv of the STREETS. By Jane Addams. 12mo, 162 pp. $1.25, net. Macmillan Company, leaders in Turkey and the neighboring New York. 1909.

countries-Greece, Egypt, Bulgaria, THE CLOISTl:R BOOK. For Shut-in Wor- shipers and Pastorless Congregations. Rumania. The recent bequest of By David James Burrell, D.D., LL.D. Frontispiece, 12mo, 340 pp. $1.00. $1,500,000 by John S. Kennedy will American Tract Society, New York. mean a useful increase in their equip- 190;>.

ment. HELEN E. MOSES, OF THE CHRISTIAN WOM- AN'S BOARD OF MISSIONS. By Jasper T. NEW BOOKS Moses. Frontispiece, 12mo, 192 pp. $1.00, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New TURKEY IN TRANSITION. By G. F. Abbott. York. 1909. 8vo. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 1909. CHILDREN OF CHINA. By Colin Campbell Brown. Illustrated, 12mo, 96 pp. Is, 6d, IN THE FORBIDDEN LAND. An Account of net. Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, a Journey into Tibet, Capture by the Edinburgh. 1909. Tibetan Lamas and Soldiers; Imprison- ment, Torture and Ultimate Release. PAMPHLETS By A. Henry Savage Landor. 8vo, $3.00. Harper & Bros., New York. 1909. A MODERN PENTECOS,T IN SOUTH CHINA. By William Nesbit Brewster. Introduction LABRADOR-THE COUNTRY AND THE PEOPLE. by Wilson S. Lewis. Illustrated, 56 pp. By Wilfred R. Grenfell. 8vo, $2.25. Single copy 12 cents. Ten for $1.00. Macmillan Company, New York. 1909. Mrs. W. N. Brewster, 64 William Street, Delaware, Ohio. 1909. AROUND AFGHANISTAN. By Major de Bouil- lane de Lacoste. 8vo. D. Appleton & THINKING ABOVE WHAT Is WRITTEN, OR, Co., New York. 1909. THE EXALTATION OF HUMAN WISDOM ABOVE THE WORD OF GOD. By I. M. Hal- NATIVE LIFE IN EAST AFRICA. By Dr. deman, D.D. 30 pp. Ten cents. Karl Weule. 8vo. D. Appleton & Co., Charles C. Cook, 150 Nassau Street, New York. 1909. New York. 1909.

THE CRIME OF THE KONGO. By A. Conan THE NEW RELIGION; OR, ATHENIAN CUL- Doyle. 12mo. Donbleday, Page & Co., TURE AND CHRISTIANITY. By I. M. Halde- New York. 1909. man, D.D. 30 pp. 10 cents. Charles C. Cook, 150 Nassau Street, New York. THE HISTORY OF CASTE IN INDIA. By Shrid- 1909. har V. Ketkar. 12mo. Taylor & Car- penter, Ithaca, N. Y. 1909. THE KINGDOM OF GOD. By Rev. Joseph K. Greene, D.D. 31 pp. Joseph K. Greene, GANGAI'S PILGRIMAGE. By Rev. A. C. Clay- D.D., Constantinople, Turkey. 1909. ton. 2s, 6d. Robert Culley, London. MISSIONS CHILDREN-THEIR TEACHERS AND 1909. FRIENDS. By William C. Griggs, M.D. My TRAVELS IN NORTHWEST RHODESIA. By Illustrated, 57 pp. Baptist Forward Movement for Missionary Education, Rev. G. E. Butt. Edwin Dalton, Lon- Philadelphia. 1909. don. 1909. OUT OF THE DARKNESS. By Andrew D. IN TOUCH WITH CHINA'S SCHOLARS. By Stewart. 3s, 6d. Religious Tract So- Wm. Wilson, M.B., C.M. Illustrated, ciety, London. 1909. 24 pp. 6d, net. China Inland Missions, THE STORY OF ISLAM. By Theodore R. W. Newington Green, N., London. 1909. Lunt. Is, 6d, net. Church Missionary Society, London. 1909. IN TOUCH WITH CHINA'S SCHOLARS. Sup- LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE UNDER THREE plement. Illustrated, 11 pp. China In- CZARS. Struggle for Religious Liberty land Missions, London. 1909. in Russia, 1856-1909. By Robert Sloan Latimer. Cloth. $1.50, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 1909. THE LIVING CHRIST AND DYING HEATHEN- ISM. Translated from the third Ger- man edition by Nell Buchanan. 8vo, cloth. $1.75, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 1909.

The Missionary Review of the World — May 1909

"My soul thirsteth for God; for

living God: When shall I come and appear before God?"

TOMORROW UNITED INTERDENOMINATIONAL EVANGELISTIC SERVICES The Laymen's ,Evangelistic CGuncil of Chicago .. Tirol wlliek 11/1 Clmstian CllurdeJ Aold in lommrln IS 10 far 111 (XUSS of IMI WItJ"d1 uparatrs Ike", fIIal fhr Kitlztiom 0/ God (annol advance upon thi prl'dcking of d'f/,,"nll!I, but only up,,, p,e4ding lIuz~ whic), if luld in common. ..

Suburban Churches DURING THE MONTH OF MARCH CHICAGO LAYMEN'S EVANGELISTIC CAMPAIGK This reduction of a full.page advertisement that appeared weekly in a leading Chicago daily paper show..s one of the methods by which the business men of that city are seeking to arouse the churches in evangelistic effort. This movement could not fail to arrest the attention of many non-Christians to the united interests of churches of many denominations in winning men to Christ. The movement has stirred the city and many have united with these churches. Write for fuller details to the Laymen's Evangelistic Council, 1209 Association Building, Chicago, Illinois, Mr. Andrew Stevenson, General Sec· retary.

CJ:he fMissionary CJ?..eview

of the World VOL. XXXII. No. 5 MAY, 1909 VOL. XXII. No. 5 Oid Series New Series Pui,lished by Funk & ~!Iog-lIall:; Uompany, -+-.I.-t>U K ;!3d St" K. Y. Isaac K. i<'ullk, l'res., A. W. "Yagnalls, " ice-PI'es. and Treas" Robt. Scolt. ~c'y SIGNS OF THE TIMES CIRCLES OF PRAYER to push the campaign for world-wide preaching of the Gospel. The policy These are established all over the auopted by the National Missionary world and are growing in number and Congress states: "In view of the uni- efficiency. To them, no doubt, all versality and finality of the Gospel of other results may be largely traced. Christ, and of the spiritual needs of It is a dangerous thing to pray unless mankind, we believe that the laymen one is ready to give, to senu, anu even of the Church of our generation to go. Dr. James Hamilton said, "The should undertake to obey literally the Christian on his knees sees further than command of Christ to preach the Gosthe mere philosopher on his tiptoes." pel to every creature." Working without praying is atheistic; praying without working is farcical This statement of policy goes on to and illusory, if not presumptive; both affirm the equal responsibility of laytogether are practical and primitive men and ordained ministers to work piety. for the coming of God's kingdom, the duty of Christians to evangelize the The late Dr. Flint, of Los Angeles, home land and to contribute at least used to say: "There is a prayer vision $1,300,000 annually toward home misand prayer contact, a prayer repre- sions and $3,200,000 annually toward sentation and a prayer distribution; foreign missions. there is consequently prayer power, defensive, aggressive, and creative." This is a significant movement in But if such be the effect of prayer which the leading Ch:-istian men of all upon the praying soul, what about its the Protestant denominations of Caneffect upon the object and subject of ada are deeply interested. Four prayer? The beloved Gilmour, of Mon- thousand, two hundred commissiongolia, wrote, "Unprayed for, I feel ers from the churches of the various like a diver at the river bottom, with provinces met in this unique congress. no air to breathe, or a fireman upon a Already there are signs of awakened blazing building with an empty hose." spiritual life and Christian zeal as a result of this movement. A NATIONAL MISSIONARY POLICY The Laymen's Missionary Move- The first National Missionary Con- ment plan a national movement in the gress of modern times met in the form United States for the fall of 1909 and of a great assembly of laymen at To- the early part of 1910, in which all ronto, Canada, March 31st to April Protestant denominations are to be en- 4th. There was evidence of strong, listed. Big campaigns are to be carearnest conviction and determination ried on in fifty-two cities, and lesser work abroad for the last year were campaigns in one hundred smaller cen- about $150,0:J0. Vhen the standard ters. The leading speakers on World proposed by the conference is reached Evangelization are to be engaged, in- these same people will be giving more cluding ministers, missionaries, lay- than $I,soo,ooo.-Thc Spirit of Mis- men. Let Christians pray that guid- SlOllS.

ance may be given to those who have MEN'S MISSIONARY ADVANCE IN this project in hanel, and that a mighty IOWA world-interest, world-sympathy and The Iowa State Convention was world-effort may come from it. held at Des Moines on March 23d- 25 th. iearly 1,000 men were accom- THE LAYMEN OF MINNESOTA AND MISSIONS modated at the opening banquet, while What were called "the greatest hundreds of others were unable to se- series of meetings along religious and cure tickets for lack of space. Fifteen missionary lines ever held in the denominations were represented and rorthwest" constituted the conference all mission boards heartily cooperated.

of laymen held, under the auspices of Iowa has a population of 2,20S,000, the Laymen's Missionary Movement, and the churches represented at Des in Minneapolis, February 4th to 7th. .!YIoines have a communicant member- More than 1,200 men were enrolled ship of about 425,000, who last year and hundreds of them thronged every contributed for religious purposes at session, absorbing the facts of mis- home about $3,925,000. For foreign sions, asking for detailed instruction missions, the Christians of Iowa gave as to the best methods of arousing $27S,000 last year, or about 65 cents others, and uniting in prayer for a per member.

larger vision of and greater devotion The men at the convention felt to the cause of world-wide evangeliza- deeply the failure of their churches in tion. After considering the responsi- propagating Christianity throughout bility of the laymen in the missionary the world, and three hundred took enterprise, the conference exprest its home one-dollar packets of missionary determination to endeavor to enlist all literature for further study. The Christian men in Minnesota to do their official action emphasized ( I) the share in evangelizing the world, and Church's present duty to every crea- recommended that a missionary C0111- ture; (2) the importance of having a mittee of men be organized in every strong missionary committee of men congregation. It advocated the adop- in every congregation; (3) the neces- tion of a rational system of giving for sity of a proper system of missionary missionary support, and exprest a finance in each congregation; (4) the preference for the making of weekly great importance of a personal canvass offerings. It set as a standard for of all members and adherents, by men, Minnesota Christians to reach a mini- ill oreler to enlist the support of the mum of $5 a year from each mem- whole membership in this work; (S) ber. This would involve a large ad- the duty of the churches to multiply vance, since Minnesota has about 350,- their offerings to the work of evange- 000 Protestant Christian communi- lizing the world. An average of S cants, whose total gifts for Christian cents per church-member per week

SlG:'S OF THE TIl1ES 32

was recommended by the convention laws to its subjects in its consular disat Des l'l1oines to be given even by tricts in China, and that each take the .poorer congregations, while an measures for suppressing opium-smoaverage of at least 10 cents per week king in its OWl~ possessions, and amend was urged upon congregations gen- its regulations in the light of the exerally. perience of other lands. lt the sug- gesticn of the Chinese it was further A State Committee for Iowa of the urgecl that all governments having set- Laymen·s ='.Iissionary ,Movement was tlements in China shoulcl close the organized by the Convention. It Vas opium dives there ancl should coopalso urged that a Cooperating Com- erate with China for the entire supmittee be appointed in every city or pression of the opium trade. community.

THE INTERNATIONAL OPIUM These results are far fr0111 effecting COMMISSION all that is needed. They are helps to All frienels of humanity are inter- China in her attempts to rid herself of ested in the meeting of the Opium a curse, but they leave untouched the Commission in Shanghai, where some worst and 1110st discreditable obstacle, steps were taken in the right direction, the British treaties forbidding China altho much more progress is to be de- to interfere with British trade of any sired. The commission agreed that kind, which stand in the ,vay of the opium traffic should be prohibited ex- prohibition of the importation of cept for medicinal purposes. It was opium. Rev. E. V. Thwing, has been strongly advocated that opium-smo- doing g'ood service uncler the auspices king be sl1l-'IJrest ancl all opium-joints of the International Eeform Bureau, be closet!' Equally drastic measures and is to continue his work there as were proposed against the use of mor- secretary for China.

phine. China is evidently in earnest REVIVALS IN CENTRAL CHINA in the effort to stamp out the demoral- izing use of opium amI is making Revivals are spreading all over Cen- strenuous efforts to put an end to the tral China. Almost every letter ancl cultivation of the poppy, the manu- paper tells of the spread of the fire.

facture of the drug and its promis- At no time in the history of the Chris- cuous use. Great Britain still hinders tian Church in China have there been prcgress by refusing to seriously in- tokens of such definite signs of spiri- terfere with the expc,rtation of opium tual blessing. In =-.Ianchuriil., Chili, from Inelia to China, or to allow China Honan, Shantung, and Anhwei prov- to prohibit the importation from Brit- inces, the mission-stations report ish dominions. The greed for gold movements that are almost startling ii1 still hinders the manifestation of the the character of their spiritual awa- spirit of Christian love in the destruc- kening.

tion of any business that injures a Hundrecls of native ministers are re- brother man. ceiving new power, and there is great I. was recol11mencled that every rejoicing. The native Church is receiv- country adopt measures to prevent the ing a vision of the Christ, ancl is export of opium to countries forbiel- taking upon itself seriously the work d:ng it, that each country apply its own of evangelization.

Many of these revivals have begun for Lhasa, where he is expected to with meetings held by Rev. ]. Go- stay, but not to exercise civil functions. forth, who has visited various centers. He vill be treated as a mere eccle- There have been evidences of the siastic, and any communications with Spirit's presence such as have been re- the authorities at Peking must be ported from India and Korea-a deep through the Chinese commissioner, sense of sin, confession, restitution, resident there. This is a significant whole companies praying at once, cry- event, for he has been helel in almost ing for mercy and then voicing their adoration as the Holy Lama, the head praise for pardon. These manifesta- of the Buddhistic system. tions are especially remarkable in China, where everyone is backward vYhile at Peking he wore out his about the confession of wrong for fear welcome, and the vulgarities of the of "losing face." "yellow sect" disgusted all who beheld them. The pride of the Grand Lama Another evidence of the Spirit's has had a disastrous fall, and it would work was the increased solicitude for seem to be the beginning of the end the salvation of others. All seemed of this monstrous system of superstito realize anew the power of prayer tion that has hidden under the disguise and the whole atmosphere of many of secrecy and mystery. stations was changed. Missionaries and native Christians seemed to be The significance of this humiliation drawn nearer together at the throne can be fully seen only as we realize of grace and to be energized with new that for centuries the summit of the power in the service of God. The la- hierarchy of Lamaism has been occutest reports of these revivals come pied by two Lama popes-one the Dafrom Shansi, Honan and Hankow. lai-Lama, or Ocean Priest-whose do- minion is as boundless as the ocean; WILL TIBET SOON BE OPEN? and the other the Tesho, or Dogdo- Lama, whose residence was in the con- The work on the borders of Tibet vent at Bkra Shiss Laun po, and in is going on quietly and unobtrusively, reality much inferior in power. The so that Christians may not be aware Dalai-Lama is, therefore, the supof the great advances that are being posed highest incarnation of Lamaism, made. It is being surrounded by a which may be traced backward in hiscordon of mission stations in India tory for ten or fifteen centuries till its and China. Work in Tibet will thus origin is lost in the darkness of an be made" possible by work on the bor- l1nhistoried past. ders of Tibet. Various missionary societies have located on several sides AN INGATIiERING IN NORTH INDIA of the country, and are drawing nearer to the central territory. The Rev. C. H. Bandy writes to the American Presbyterian Board THE HUMILIATION OF THE DALAI- of Foreign Missions that the mis- LAMA sionaries who have been engaged in the great ingathering in North In- The waning influence of Buddhism dia have been so busy with the t'ask is shown by the loss of power and that they have neglected to write about prestige by the Dalai-Lama, of Tibet, it. He says: "We have been baptizing who left Peking, December 21st, bound

SIG)1S OF THE

people by the thousands, organizing Butrus, the originator and secretary chu,rches, starting day schools, training of the auxiliary, had explained shortly teachers and preachers, developing the object of the movement, and that self-support, starting boarding schools this meeting was their first annual and industrial schools and lifting in meeting, Ekhnukh Effendi Fanus gave every possible way, until lately we a fine addn;ss on the great work of the have found the load too heavy. Bible Society, in which he exprest his "In ten years in the four districts of amazement at the work it had accom- vatehgarh, Etah, :Iainpuri and Eta- plished so quietly.

wah, there has sprung up a Christian PROGRESS IN MOSLEM LANDS community of I5,000, who worship in Gradually the exclusion, fanaticism, forty-five different church organiza- bigotry and medievalism of Mohamtions. In the last four years four mis- medanism is being broken down. The sionaries and their assistants have bap- Damascus to Mecca railway has tized in this area no less than I I,OOO reached Medina, and in a few months people, and have organized thirty-two it is expected that a station will be churches. This work so vigorously be- opened at Mecca itself. This entergun shows no sign of exhaustion. On prise is "one of the most astonishing the contrary, it gains in momentum. events this generation has seen," for The preachers and teachers educated it will make the forbidden city of from their own numbers work with us Islam open to the world and must in the closest harmony and with hopes radically change that religion. about as large as the possibilities and In Morocco also changes have been with the skill of a trained corps. Keep taking place. Comparative quiet has us well supportecl and I see no reason existed there since Mulai Hafid was why this whole caste among whom we recognized as Sultan. This is in are now working, numbering in these sharp contrast to the years of turmoil four districts 40,000, may not in aver)· that preceded. The new ruler is now short time be counted among your and working in harmony with the French my Christian brethren." authorities, and he is reported to have A COPTIC BIBLE SOCIETY a firm grasp upon the reins of govern- A remarkable meeting was recently ment. He is remarkably democratic held uncler the auspices of Copts in for an Oriental, receives foreign visi- Cairo. An Egyptian Auxiliary to the tors cordially and has shown himself Dritish and Foreign Dible Society was friendly to the religious medical mis- proposed by a young Coptic deacon, sions working within his province. The a friend of the late D. 11. Thornton, general situation in 11orocco is at and the management is entirely in the present very much brighter than a year hands of the Egyptians. Kever be- ago.

fore, we understand, has one been THE CLOUDS IN PERSIA founded in the mission field. The Shah's forces and the Nation- A large number of Egyptian alists still continue in conflict in Per- students gathered in the court of the sia, to the great detriment of mission- Towfeek Society, the chairman being ary work. At last reports the Na- the president of the auxiliary, Habashi tionalists still held Julfa, Maraud, If.k:y Miftih. After Basili Effendi KllOi, Salmas and U rumia.

~ missionary writes, February 8th: other son to take his place. From that "The Royalist forces about Tabriz time on she prayed daily for the murnumber 12,000. The l'ationalists derOllS Dataks, and her prayers have have perhaps 6,000 in the city, 2,000 been answered. at 2Iaraud and 2,000 at J ulfa, also 1,000 at KIwi and Salmas. Prices are In the village Lobu Pining the Gosgoing up and there is only enongh pe! is to-day being preached faithfully, ,yheat in the city for two 111onths, and and many of the children of those this can not be found in any quantity murderers have been brought to over the J ulfa roael. So present con- Christ. Among the inquirers, who ditions can not continue more than have asked for baptism, is the chief two months without becoming very Om{)u Tombak, eighty years of age, serious as to rioting for food. 'vVe the son of the leader of the band that hear every day or two that an attack murdered l1unson and Lyman. on the city will be made, but thus far these reports have been false. Ar- The Rhenish llissionary Society menIan revolutionists from Russia has 69 laborers upon Sumatra, and have joinecl with the l'ationalists, so 82,000 native Christians are gathered that in all probabili ty the Armenians upon 43 stations and 357 out-stations. and other Christians will not be safe from being plundered if the Kurds THE WORK OF MEDICAL MISSIONS enter the city." Perhaps no one sign of the times is CHRISTIAN GROWTH IN SUMATRA more impressive than the multiplica- tion of healing agencies on the foreign Seventy-five years ago (in 1834), field. Hospitals, dispensaries, manned two American missionaries, lIunson and equipped most completely and conami Lyman, the first in heathen Su- ducted by mcn of the highest culture, matra, were killed ane! eaten by the are continually multiplying; as fine wile! 13ataks near Lobu Pining. The physicians and surgeons can be found place yhere they were murderee! was in the foreign fields as at home. Some recent!y discovered, and a suitable of the most promising men have gone granite monument was erected bear- forth, both from England and Amering the inscription (in German): ica. There must be some mighty im- "Here rest the bones of the two pulse at work, for there is no adequate American missionaries l1 LInson and temporal advantage that attracts. Lyman, slain and eaten in 1834. J olm 16: 1-3." Underneath these words is Garibaldi said to his soldiers in carved in the natak language, "The 1849: "I can offer you only hunger nIood of the martyrs is the seed of the and danger; the earth for a bed, the Church." sun for a fire; but let whosoever does not despair of the fortunes of Italy It is said that when the mother of follow me." ~Ien of brilliant promise one of these martyrs received the are finding their own life worth the news of the death of her son, she sor- living because losing their life for the rowed not so much because she had sake of others. As Dr. Josiah Strong lost her SOI1, but because she had no says: "Jesus found servitude a badge of dishonor; He made it a badge of distinction. "

A MODEL OF THE SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE, BEIRUT-MADE IN LIMESTONE BY DU. H. H

THE CRISIS IN THE SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE AT BEIRUT BY , FR1E:'<D OJ< THE COLLEGE The recent editorial in THE lY11S- Government, which bestowed certain SIONARY REVIEW on the demands of substantial immunities, including Im- the Moslem students at the Beirut Col- perial recognition of its legal status.

lege suggests that a further and more From the first day of the opening of detailed statement of the situation and the college, in 1866, until the present its significance would be of interest. moment, a period of forty-three years, The salient facts and the documents a regulation of the college has been quoted bearing upon the matter are uniformly and continuously in opera- drawn by the writer from official tion; namely, the requirement that all sources, so far as available, and will students, without distinction of re- serve to summarize the progress of ligious or sectarian affiliations, should events up to the last of :March. attend the stated exercises of religious A clear historical narrative is given worship. This requirement has ap- in a document issued by the faculty plied to certain academic departments of the college, from which I a111 per- for both morning and evening prayers, mitted to quote, as follows: and to certain other professional de- "A summarv of the events which have partments for evening prayers only. led to the pr~sent crisis in the Syrian Such religious services consist of the Protestant College may be given in singing of a hymn, the reading of a three paragraphs dealing with (I) the passage from the Bible, and the offer- traditional policy of the college in the ing of a prayer by some member of matter of religious instruction and re- the teaching corps. No student has at ligious exercises; (2) the contention any time ever been required to take of the non-Christian students; and (3) any part in worship, except to be presthe deadlock existing between the gov- ent, and to observe the ordinary rules erning body of the college and the of good order. These services last for non-Christian students. about ten minutes. On Sunday, in- (I.) The college was founded as a terne students only are required to attend worship, which consists of the Christian, missionary, non-sectarian institution. It was incorporated in reading of selections from the Bible, 1863, under the laws of the State of the offering of prayer by the preacher, New York. In 1907 it received a and a sermon; the entire service last- firman from the Imperial Ottoman ing one hour. Interne students of the

STATUE OF DANIEL BLISS, FIRST PRESIDENT partments to attend classes in Bible study. These classes are a part of the Erected by former students now living in Egypt regular curriculum, and are graded, and the Sudan the examination grades having a cer- tain value in determining the academic Preparatory Department only are fur- standing of the student. ther required to attend a similar hour of worship held on Sunday evening. Aside from the two above-men- On Sunday afternoon a short exercise tioned categories of religious instrucfor Bible study is required of interne tion and worship, all other religious students. A second regulation requires exercises are wholly voluntary. The all students of two of the academic de- college having been founded, and hav- ing uniformly been conducted since its foundation, as a missionary institu- tion, has felt justified in maintaining these two regulations. These regula- tions have been published year by year in the college catalogs, in English and Arabic. It has always been the pur- pose of the college to present to the entire student body a clear statement of the Christian religion, in the hope that it might commend itself to their acceptance.

(2.) As for the attitude of non- Christian students and their parents toward these regulations, it may be said that they have in the past offered sundry objections to the policy of the college in thus requiring compulsory attendance upon Christian services. Such objections have always been met by the statement that the regulations are faithfully published in the annual prospectus of the college, and that, under these circumstances, registra- tion is tantamount to acceptance of college requirements; the inference being that inability to comply with college regulations would mean either not entering the institution at all, or personal withdrawal when the regula- tions are found to be irksome. Until the present year, this simple inference has successfully met the somewhat sporadic objections which have been advanced against college policy. This

CRISIS IN THE SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE AT BEIRUT

year the mental ferment in public they would not again attend a compulopinion which naturally resulted from sory service, nor a compulsory class in the changed conditions in the empire, Biblical instruction; and swearing furserved in large measure as the occasion ther that, in case such action of theirs for the development of a strong move- should lead to the expulsion of any ment among a large number of Mos- or all of them, they would refuse to lem students, of whom there are in the leave the college. There is abundant college a total of about 120, seeking evidence to show that they still furto induce the faculty to alter the regu- ther agreed, whether under oath or lations in favor of voluntary attend- not is unknown, that, should force be ance for ::Ioslcms. After various ne- attempted in carrying out an edict of gotiations, covering many weeks, a expulsion, they would then enlist the petition signed by 98 Moslems reached active support of a large body of sym- STUDENTS COMING :FROM THE ASSEMBLY HALL WHERE CHAPEL EXERCISES ARE HELD the faculty, respectfully requesting the pathizers from among the population withdrawal of the regulations affect- of Beirut city. It is our belief that ing compulsory attendance at religious such support, if elicited, might result services and instruction. The faculty in violence of various kinds. Pracin reply stated its inability to comply tically the entire body of Jewish stuwith this request, and published to the dents, numbering about seventy, later entire body of students a statement of affiliated themselves with the movethe attitude of the faculty toward the ment inaugurated by the Moslems. general subject of religious instruction and the conduct of relig- (3.) The deadlock is serious. The ious worship. A certain number faculty, after prolonged consideration, of Moslem students, perhaps about feels justified in stating that a crisis of sixty, thereupon bound themselves to- unknown and most threatening progether by a solemn oath (and later portions seems imminent. 'vVe desire about forty others have faithfully to state this belief in the strongest promised to cooperate), swearing that possible terms. The apparently simple solution of yielding to the demand of

I NTERIOR OF THE ASSEMBLY H ALL WHERE 900 STUDENTS HAVE GATHERED DAILY, ALL WEAR I NG THE FEZ the students involves matters of far- in dispute. At any moment, however, reaching importance. First, un de r the the crisis may be precipitated by an constitution of the college, the faculty unwi se action on the part of any orie. is legally incompetent to take such a The movement is, unfortunately, not step. Again, yielding to the students confined to students, but is fostered, this wi dely applicable principle o f re- perhaps controlled, by secret cOl11mitligious voluntarism within our ow n tees in the city, and perhaps in Egypt. college would inevitably invite simi- The civil influence of this fact can not lar movements in all American a nd be too greatly emphasized or deplored. Eng lish in sti tutions, thus raising the It is believed that the students are conissue o f the relation of the A merican vinced that their contention is sancand Briti sh governments to the whole tioned by the program of the constisubject of the capitulations as related tutional party in th e government, and to educational institutions, and the that the program foreshadowed in the privileges thus derived. summer of 1908 will presently receive the dignity of law. With this in mind, The faculty is profoundly desirous and convinced furth er not onl y of the of effecting a modus vivendi that may sympathy of th e Moslem public opinavert the impending crisis. Our stu- ion, but also of the sympathy of the dents have conducted themselves with local government, they have appealed remarkable rest raint and courtesy, and their case to high authorities in Conhave mani fes ted exemplary obse rvance stantinople." of all the regulations other than those

CRISIS IN THE SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE AT BEIRUT 33

The foregoing statement was issued where a broad and liberal education at an early stage of the trouble, and should be given, in a Christian atmossince then the facultv has endeavored phere, in practical sympathy with the to exercise tact and patience in deal- evangelical principles of the American ing with the students, seeking to avoid Mission, from which it originated, and an acute crisis, involving violence and in environment of which it has been the perils which, under the present located. government, might attend it. Meanwhile, several of the Moslem journals The Moslem vIew-point has been of Syria and Egypt have commented emphasized, even to the extent that on the situation, with inflammatory the college being on Turkish soil, and partizanship and surprizing bitterness, opening its doors to lVIoslem students, wllile public opinion in Moslem circles has no right to intrude Christianity has apparently not been able to under- into its curriculum, but should either "tancl the view-point of the college au- place itself on a wholly non-religious thorities. Scant attention has been basis, or otherwise should extend to paid to the rights of the instituti.on as Moslems the right to claim facilities an American educational foundation, for Mohammedan worship, such as a initiated and supported exclusively by students' mosque, for example, on its private funds, given by Christian own campus. By logical inference, a friends in America, with the desire similar differentiated provision must and explicit purpose of establishing in be made for Jews, Druses, and all the Vofestern Asia a Christian college, other religious faiths represented among its students, in case they should A GROUP OF STUDENTS IN THE COLLEGE LIBRARY

demand it with sufficient vigor as their attitude of hostility to the Christian right. The proposal was even advo- tone and atmosphere of the college. cated with much insistence that it was That I am not misrepresenting this the duty of the college, uncler the new aspect of the subj ect, I quote from regime of constitutional liberty, to the forty-second annual report of the hand itself over either to the Turkish college, presented by the faculty to the Government, or to the municipal au- board of trustees within a year, as folthorities, who would shape its policy lows: in harmony with the supposed scope of the new constitution, and in accord The supreme object of the college is with that conception of liberty which the promotion of the Christian ideal is congenial to the Moslem mind, It among its students. Vihatever success has already become sufficiently clear we may achieve in other ways, if we fail that liberty as llt1(lerstoocl by the Con- here, we fail in the fundamental point. stitutional Government will not be in- . . . . The college thus believes that terpreted as granting freedom to the a man is not fully educated unless he is :1osle111 to become a Christian, and all educated in his religious nature. It fursigns point to the resolute shaping of ther believes that in educating his rethe new administration in the interests ligious nature the claims of the Christian of Islam, and its propagation, A bit- religion should be brought to hiG ter clisappointment evidently awaits thoughtful attention. The college does the Christian races of the empire, if not believe in proselytizing. It does not they are expecting a fair share of in- believe in denouncing other religions. It fluence and povver in the government. does not compel a student to sing Chris- tian hymns, or to bow his head in prayer The right of the college, as a private -if such acts violate his conscientious American institution founded upon its scruples, but it insists upon a serious and own religious basis, and entitled to respectful attitude on the part of all, and shape its own internal policy, is not strives to make clear that as a Christian conceded. The fact that the enrol- college it is faithfully striving to illusment of students has been entirely vol- trate the spirit of Christ's great motto: tlfttary on their part, and that full in- ··1 carne not to destroy, but to fulfi1." formation has been supplied to them and to their parents as to what was The gist of the matter is that :Mosexpected of them, does not seem to lem and Jewish and Druse students, relieve the situation from the stand- and their parents, desire the educapoint of Mohammedan public opinion. tional advantages of the college, but The fact that there has been no claim, wish to separate themselves entirely and no attempt on the part of the col- from its religious influence, and from lege authorities to force the con- contact with its Christian standards. sciences of the students, or interfere They demand that its plant and endowwith their religious preferences, and ment, so generously provided, to the that all that has been required of them extent of about $1,370,000, its annual was good order, and observance of the income of about $85,000 (including rules regarding attendance upon the fees for board and tuition), its corps public religious services of the institu- of able professors and teachers, numtion, has not seemed to mitigate the bering over seventy, and drawn to its service by Christian motives, its splen- did facilities (including sixteen im- posing stone buildings on its campus of forty acres), dedicated to the expo-

CRISIS IN THE SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE AT BEIRUT

sition and uplifting of Christian ideals, The original charter of the college, should all minister equally to the dated in 1863, declares its purpose to growth and power of Islam, and this be "the establishing and maintaining, by sequestering Christian benefac- or assisting to establish or maintain, tions, and ostensibly in the interests of in Syria, or other adjacent countries, liberty. a college, or other educational insti- tution, which shall be self-governing, The authorities of the college have and founded and conducted upon felt it to be their duty. as trustees and strictly Christian and evangelical pringuardians of sacred interests, to resist ciples, but not sectarian." this onslaught upon its traditional principles and vested rights. They L:nder the guidance of these princihave endeavored to do this firmly but ples the trustees, in cooperation with FIELD-DAY SPORTS AT THE SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE kindly, in a conciliatory and forbear- the faculty, are endeavoring to deal ing spirit, out of consideration to the with this delicate problem, in its envimisguided students and in conserva- ronment of prejudice and passion, tion of the highest interests of all con- backed by forces difficult to control cerned; not least of the entire student under present conditions, and supportbody (numbering in a1l84o) ,and of the ed by an untrained public opinion, Syrian community, and even the Otto- with false views of the real meaning man Empire as a whole. In this era of religious liberty, and strongly prejof misunderstood liberty, political be- udiced in favor of Islam. It is eviwilderment, and transitory administra- dent that a situation has been createel tive policy, through which Turkey is which calls for much wisdom anel selfpassing, it will be a service of no slight control, combined with firmness and value to vindicate the true scope and essential loyalty to a high trust. The significance of liberty, and firmly to trustees, while declaring their corelial' " resist attempts to overstep the bounds, sympathy with the civil and religious and turn liberty into license, or make it <tn instrument of oppression. freedom now happily established in Turkey, and willing to encourage all

wise and profitable aspirations among civil and religious freedom, and which the students and friends of the college, must be largely relied upon for its sucyet at the same time firmly declare cessful development." that "they can not see their way to concede to demands that are at vari- It should be said, in conclusion, to ance with the object for which the the credit of the Christian students at college was founded, and with its in- present in the college, representing variable practise during all its his- numerous Oriental sects and nationalitory." They are convinced that yield- ties throughout Vestern Asia and ing to the demands proposed "would Egypt, that they have behaved during be prejudicial to the true interests of all this turmoil with exemplary digthe country at the present time, and nity, and have refrained from taking false, as well as injurious, to the aims any part in the disorder. It is gratiand efforts of the college; while it fying, too, that a large group of over would also, in no small degree, j eop- fifty graduates of the college, residing ardize the work of all missionary insti- in Cairo, have written to the faculty tutions in the empire. It might thus in vindication and support of the trago far to impair or destroy the eleva- ditional policy, the abolishment of ting effects of the educational and re- which is demanded by the :Moslem and ligious operations which have been a Jewish element among the students, chief factor in creating the desire for and urging that these demands should not be granted.

THE CHURCH AND THE CRISIS IN CITIES EDITORIAL The crisis in cities involves the mis- comes within the compass of the insion of the Church and of society gen- vestigation. erally to the masses, the remedies to be applied to pauperism, intemperance, Picton's maxim was: "Always keep licentiousness, crime; the improvement your center strong; always keep there of the homes of the poor, and the your best men." And the maxim that schools of the ignorant; the shops of is good on the battle-field applies the wage-workers, and the cells of the equally well to the conflict going 011 felons. To study such questions in- on this other battle-ground in the sotelligently we must begin with hered- cial and political world. ity, and then consider environment: no causes that make men and women There is no question that the city what they are, and keep them from is the great menace of modern civilibecoming what they may be, and ought zation. "With its homeless and outto be, 111ust be overlooked. Every con- cast classes, the masses estranged and dition that promotes health of body, alienated fr0111 the rich, the refined, good brawn and good brain, a well-in- and even the nominally Christian; formed mind and sound morals, house- with the strife between labor and caphold comfort and general well-being, ital, tending to anarchy, socialism, and nihilism; with Sabbath desecration, the drink traffic, open vice and secret

CHURCH AND THE CRISIS IN CITIES

crime, slums that breed miasma and can not impeach its profound wisdom reek with moral pollution, with excess- and truth.

ive immigration, but little or 110 as- If the cities are ulcers, the whole similation or incorporation of foreign body is rapidly being overspread with elements; and with consequent diver- them, and the condition of society gence of interest and sympathies, man- may well cause alarm. Our populaners and morals; with practical sepa- tion is increasing with phenomenal ration that amounts to isolation and rapidity, but the relative increase of fosters mutual misunderstanding and cities is much more rapid. The "comalienation; it is not strange if philan- pendium of the Tenth Census" showed thropist and statesman, patriot and that, from 1790 to 1880, our whole Christian, unite to ask, what shall be population multiplied twelve times, but done. The city is here, inevitably and the population as gathered in cities permanently. Are its attendant evils eighty-six times, more than seven inevitable and irremediable? times as fast.

There is no likelihood that in this The Growing Multitudes demand of the cities for a large outlay of both money and effort there will In 1790, one-thirtieth of the people be any abatement. We shall probably in the United States lived in cities of always be in straits. The vigorous 8,000 or more inhabitants; in 1800, child grows; only the cripple and the one twenty-fifth; in 1810, one-twen- dwarf remain stationary. Develop- tieth; in 1830, one-sixteenth; in 1840, ment brings of necessity new needs; one-twelfth; in 1860, one-sixth; in the olel clothes are worn out, or 1870, over one-fifth; in 1880, one- oftener torn out. ,yhat father would fourth. In 1800, only six cities num- want a boy who needed no new suit bered 8,000; in 1880, 286,000.

for his growing body? The rapid Subsequent census returns have growth of cities is in one way a mark shown that a population of less than of health as well as growth; but un- 3,000,000 in 1780, had risen to 50,- guarded, unprovided for, what might 000,000, a century later, and in twenty be a blessing turns to a curse. l1rs. years more to 76,3°0,000; and in 1909 Shelley's Frankellstein shows how a to nearly 90,000,000, with the con- giant may only prove a monster, un- gestion in cities increasing. In 1900, less gigantic stature and Herculean there were 100 cities whose population muscle are ruled by heroic nature and exceeded 38,000, and considerably an unselfish will. As cities grow in over 800 with over 5,000.

population, society must grow 111 An "ulcer" implies inflamed texture, power to cope with all the demands purulent discharge; an abnormal, dis- which such increase makes upon good eased condition, offensive, harmful. Is citizens and true Christians. it not high time, not only for the Thomas Jefferson is credited with statesman and philanthropist, but the the prophecy that the great cities patriot and citizen, to inquire whether would prove to be "the ulcers upon the these are necessary and incurable body politic"; but, whoever originated sores; whether they proceed from local this saying, its doubtful authorship diseases or from constitutional causes;

whether they are "simple," resulting neighborhood of great coal-beds, mines from accidental injuries, or "specific," of ore and sources of productive indus- resulting from specific poisons or par- try; wherever manufacturers are like- ticular and unwholesome habits? In ly to find a good workshop or market, a word, can no physician or balm be there population gathers and centers. found to relieve or remove what is corrupting and even destroying the But there also risks are incurred, virility and vitality of national life? ancl vices are encouraged. There the poor, ignorant, degraded classes are There are reasons why cities nat- massed, who are on the search for urally and almost inevitably threaten work ancl are compelled to cia any- the peace and prosperity of civiliza- thing for claily bread; whose brains tion. There is. always danger in are little developed, and who must demasses, especially if the elements pend almost entirely on brawn, alone; composing them are heterogeneous. who, in the struggle for bare exist- Whatever evil exists in individuals is ence, often become mere machine- concentrated, where they are closely feeders, and turn into mere machines gathered. A city becomes therefore at themselves. There are great factories once a nucleus and focus for vice and and workshops in manufacturing crime. There conspiracies are formed; towns, where, for a score of years, there criminals more easily escape de- human beings have done nothing but tection and evade arrest; there a few perform one mechanical, monotonous designing leaders find the ignorant task, like crowding a bar of iron into multitude ready for use as tools and a "cutter"-in the midst of a confudupes; there contact is close and com- sion and clatter in which thought and munication easy and swift. All these speech are alike impossible. To some and other evils bring increasing risk, of them, no rest-day ever comes, and as land becomes more valuable, rents no respite but a few moments for a higher, accommodations more scarce meal or a few hours for sleep. They and scanty, and the poorer classes are practically know nothing of life but crowded into closer quarters, and the material and the mechanical-and every condition of physical health and the bodily powers are all that are ever moral well-being fast ceases to exist. called into any activity. The mind, heart, conscience, will and spiritual Cities do not grow accidentally, or nature, are asleep, or awake only to arbitrarily, but according to an eter- the suggestions of appetite, vice and nal fitness; they spring up where crtme. travel and traffic find convenient starting-points, halting-points, stopping- The Foreigne~s points and cross-points, so that a sa- The cities are largely the gathering gacious observer can often foresee and places of foreign immigrants. Immiforecast their sites. On the banks of gration is irregular, varying accordnavigable rivers; where fertile valleys ing to the conditions here and abroad, meet and mingle; on the seacoast, the expulsive forces at work in other where fine harbors invite shipping; in countries and the attractions that draw the center of great teeming prairies to our shores. But, on the whole, imand savannahs, on the borders where migration is on the increase, as shown great nations come in contact; in the in successive decades of years. From

1820 to 1830, it reached only about its relation to bodily health, yet with- 150,000. In the next decade, it rose out the healthy body how can we have fourfold to about 600,000; in the next, the sane mind?

threefold more, to about 1,800,000, or These overcrowded populations twelve times what it was from 1820 must be reached and controlled. Some- to 1830; in the next, it went from 1,- times in a herd of 10,000 cattle there 800,000 to 26,000,000; and from 187°- is a panic and stampede, and one can 1880 to nearly three million. Thus the not stop them. The only way is to number of immigrants coming to our ride right into the midst of them, and shores from 1870 to 1880 was twenty little by little deflect their course till times what it was from 1820 to 1830, they run in a circle and so stop.

fifty years before. The Drink Traffic From 1890 to 1900, about 3,850,000 immigrants landed on our shores; The drink traffic constitutes one of from 1900 to 19°7, over 10,000,000, the worst problems of cities. It con- the total from 1820 to 1907 exceeding strains good citizens to arm for the 21,000,000, a number equal to nearly encounter, and forget all party lines one-fourth of the entire present pop- and local limits, in the fight with a foe ulation! that is perhaps on the whole the most The peril lies, as has been said, in malignant and dangerous. Whether it the lack of assimilation. These stran- be the Blue Ribbon, Red Ribbon, or gers import with them foreign no- White Ribbon that we wear; whether tions, prejudices, customs, habits, fa- it be the banner of Good Templars, vorable to a heterogeneous, instead of Sons of Temperance, Father JIatthew a homogeneous, people. Freedom re- or other organizations, under which laxes into license and licentiousness, we march; whether we adhere to the till free speech, free thought, free policy of Canon Wilberforce, with his press, free love, run riot; with no com- renunciation of alcohol even as a med- mon training and culture, common icine; or to that of the late Dr. How- birth, common faith or common church ard Crosby, with his concentration of life to fuse these masses into unity. all forces on the saloon; we must These immigrants naturally drift think only that on which we agree, and toward the cities, where they can most in view of the present and awful peril easily find work and those with whom put a stop to intemperance.

they can associate and communicate Even the slower and conservative in their own tongue. Hence the cities Britishers are waking up to the perils draw the foreign population, and in of drink. There is one church in a Cincinnati, Cleveland, Boston, New Scotch city whose four sllccessive pas- York, Chicago, etc., from six to nine tors were victims of drink, and three out of every ten inhabitants are of for- of them died drunkards-and all, men eign birth or parentage. of brains. The question of suppress- The crowding-the almost crushing ing strong drink presses on all alike.

-of the poorer and working classes in A merchant in St. Louis, urged by a our cities means peril to every inter- temperance deputation to join them in est of body and soul. The question the fight, turned them off abruptly, say- has never been properly considered in ing, "It's no busineos of mine!" Soon

after, an accident on a railway sent of the interior of saloons behind home his own wife and two daugh- screens, and to the attempt to conceal ters mangled corpses, and that accident in the breath the fumes of alcohol by was due solely to rum! Where law is the use of aromatic spices. The new not adequate, we must have legisla- device-clusters of artificial rubber tion; where the law is adequate, it grapes charged with liquors, adver- must be enforced. We must not imi- tised as a "means of stimulation withtate the Irishman, who said in ref- out observation even in the most criterence to certain legislation, "I'm in icising surroundings," and which are favor of the la'<,', but agin its execu- commended to orators, singers and tion." actors, for the "unobserved manner in which they can be utilized to over- The conflict is growing closer and come fatigue," etc.-is not all this a hotter. On the one side not only tem- confession that somehow respectable perance, but total abstinence is gain- people have put the brand of their coning ground with the intelligent and demnation and curse upon the use of virtuous classes. Vine drinking, that intoxicating liquors? was almost universal in 1838, had become exceptional in 1888. Fifty years Few things are more powerful than thus saw it banished from the side- public and pronounced disapproval. board and the table, in thousands of Agitation marshals the conscience of homes where it used to be a common the people not only to mold laws, but fashion to offer it to callers and use to frame the unwritten code of moral ii: as a beverage. Where a quarter usages-to determine what shall be recentury before, not one total abstainer garded as respectable. And many a could be found in the British House man who would not be controlled by of Commons, there were afterward his judgment or conscience, or even fifty. The United States had at least by a law, bows before the common one President in the White House sentiment that prevails in the commuwhose noble wife dared to banish it nity. We must therefore malce popueven from state dinners. Congress- lar sentiment en the drink question men and Senators are not ashamed to that shall make it as hot for a tippler appear on the platforms of great pub- as it was for a traitor in another lic gatherings as the advocates, not crisis of our country. Drink must be only of total abstinence on the part of driven from among men of standing, the individual, but of prohibition on by the brand of curse burned upon its the part of the state. In Scotland, brow by the voice and vote of the fifty years ago, ministers of the Gas- people. pe! got tipsy at installations, where now it would be regarded as a scan- The remedy is not mainly in law, dal and disgrace. unless law be enforced; the dead-letter of ineffective legislation is worse than There are many signs that the use none. Executive and judicial officers of strong drink is fast losing respecta- and police force can not carry out law, bility. A minister quaintly gave God unless backed by an intelligent, eduthanks for tokens of a growing sense cated established public sentiment. of shame ill connection with drinking There has been in many parts laws customs, as evidenced by the veiling sufficiently stringent to have abated if

CHURCH AJ'D THE CRISIS IN CITIES

not abolished the evils of the drink voters, one bakery to 127, and one traffic had those laws been executed; gTocery to 62 ; but one saloon to every but even the restrictions upon Sunday liquor selling, selling' to minors and 70 voters! to habitual drunkards, have often not been enforced because there was not In New York City 1,000 licensed a public conscience that demanded en- liquor dealers represented twenty forcement. The remedy is to be found years ago 40,000 voters, and led Secin no mere improvement of law, un- retary Evarts wittily to observe: "We less we can insure its official discharge have a new LL.D.-licensed liquor of duty. "Seventeen arrests" for vio- dealers." And this was the power that lation, where there were seventeen ruled in the primary meetings, ward hundred offenses, become a mockery caucuses, nominations and final elecof law and set it at defiance. tions. Rum has long in our great cities been dominant at the polls. What could be expected but vagrancy, pauperism and crime in a city Questions like these appeal to where there is one legalized dram- Church amI State for speedy solution, shop to everyone hundred and fifty- and the challenge is becoming more eight of the population! 'Where every and more imperative. vVhile men sleep thirty-second house is a saloon I-in the enemy is awake and on the alert, other words, where every thirty-one and the tares are not only being sown families combine to keep the thirty- but grown, until they leave little space second in the liquor trade! Is it to for any wholesome grain. The crisis be wondered at that in one year in that is more critical every honL vVhen city there were some 50,00:) arrests, will the popular mine! ane! conscience and of them 30,000 were for habitual awake to the awful danger that threatdrunkenness, intoxication and disor- ens not revolt only, but revolution! derly conduct traceable to drink? Ve must pray ancl <('ork, for our While of the remaining crimes of vio- working will go far to make effectual lence, at least fifty per cent. were due our praying. directly or indirectlv to rum? The Some years ago Sir vVilfred Lawcalme;t and matur~st judgment of son tolc! in the British parliament of a little girl who prayed that God those best fitted to speak as umpires, would protect the little birds, and keep charges seventy-five per cent. of all them from entering the trap her crimes to the demon of drink! The brother hac! set. 6,000 saloons that cmst that city averaged $4.500 per annum, or the "Do you think God will answer that gross sum of $27,000,000 for sales of prayer?" she was askecl. drink. "I am sure He will," she confidently In the sixth ward of that city, where replied. the population was estimated at ro,- 000, there was one church to every 290 "vVhat makes you so sure?" "1 smashed the trap!" She had answered her own prayer. Go thou and do likewise.

MISSIONARY DATES FOR

PREPARED DY MISS DELLE M. DRAIN May 1, 1806.-Arrival of Henry :lIartyn . May 17, 1882.-James Hannington sailed for Africa. at Calcutta. See "Life of James Hannington," by Dawson. See any life of iv1artyn. May 18, 1834.-Birth of Sheldon Jackson. May I, 1816.-Birth of Fidelia Fiske. See "Life of Sheldon Jackson," by Stewart. See article in this number. May 18, 1814.-Founding of the Ameri- May 1, 1873.*-Death of David Living- can Baptist Missionary Union.

stone. See. HA History of Baptist ..iissiollS," by 1tIer. nam. See "Personal Life of David Livingstone," by May 18, 1870.-James Gilmour arrived at Blaikie. Peking.

May 2, 1821.-Birth of Bishop ViHiam See "James Gilmour, of 1Iongolia," by Lovett.

Taylor. May 19, 1902.-Death of Bishop Taylor.

See J-IISSIONARY REVIEW, Aug., J902, p. 609. See lfISSIONARY REVIEW, Aug., 1902, p. 609.

May 2, 1844.-Death of Henry Nott. May 20, 1690.-Death of John Eliot.

See "Encyclopedia of lIissions." See "Heroes of the :Mission Field," by Walsh; "Pioneers and Founders," by Yonge; or May 2, 1859.-Rev. J. Liggins, first "Protestant .Missions," by Thompson.

Protestant missionary arrived in Japan. May 20, 1861.-Martyrdom of the Gor- dons on Erromanga. See "Japan and Its H.egeneration," by Carey. See lhSSIONARY REVIEW, July, 1900, p. 508. May 3, 1721.-Hans Egede sailed for May 21, 1832.-Birth of Hudson Taylor. Greenland. See :MrSSIONARY REVIEW, Sept., 1905- See "Heroes of the ::Iission Field," by Valsh. ='vhy 21, 1855.-Griffith John sailed for May 3, 1823.-Death of "IV. A. B. John- China.

son, of Sierra Leone. See ThhSSIONARY REVIEW, June, 1905.

See IINew Acts of the Apostles," by Pierson. May 21, 1891.-Death of James Gilmour.

* May 4, 1873.-Death of David Living- See "James Gilmour, of )"Iongolia," by Lovett. stone (?) May 5, 1808.-Birth of Pastor Harms. May 22, 1869.-Death of Jonas King.

See MISSIONARY HEVIEW, July, 1899, p. 489. See "Encyclopedia of :Missions."

May 5, 18:13.-Death of Robert Whitta- May 24, 1824.-Birth of John G. Paton.

ker McAH, of Paris. See "Autobiography of John G. Paton."

See MISSIONARY REVIEW, Sept., 1893, p. 680. May 26, 1700.-Birth of Count Zinzell- dorf. May 6, 1543.-Francis Xavier landed at See ::IrSSIONARY R£VIEW, lIay, 1900. Goa. May 27, 1830.-Arrival of Dnff in Cal- See "Heroes of the :Mission Field," by Walsh. cutta.

May 6, 1827.-John Williams landed at See "Modern Heroes of the J'.lis:-;ion Field," by Walsh. Rarotonga. May 27, 1862.-Founding of :'Ietlakahtla, See "Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Canada. Islands," by John Villiams. See -MISSIONARY REVIEV, Nov. and Dec., 1893. May 6, 1831.-Birth of Bishop Schere- May 27, 1904.-Death of Fran<;ois Coil- schewsky. lard. See IvlISSIONARY HEVIEW, Feb.! 1907. See lIISSIONARY REVIEW, June, ]904, p. 445. May 7, 1859.-Guido F. Verbeck sailed May 29, 1815.-Founcling of the Basel for Japan. . lIissionary Society. See "Verbeck of Japan," by Gnffis. See "Encyclopedia of lIissions." May 8, 1816.-Founding of the American May 30, 1809.-Henry Martyn reached Bible Society. Persia.

See "Encyclopedia of rvIissions." See any life of lfartyn.

May 9, 1760.-Death of Count Zinzen- May 30, 1821.-Death of Samnel Newell.

dorf. See "Encyclopedia of l.Iissiol1s."

See :NlIssIONARY REVIEW, l-.Iay, 1900. lIay 31, 1792.-Carey's great sermon at May 9, 1834.-Death of V/illiam Carey. Nottingham.

See any life of Carey. See any life of Carey. Also IIrSSIONARY RE' VIEW, Sept.. 1892, p. 644. May 10, 1799.-Founding of the Religious A Suggested Program on Fidelia Fiske Tract Society, London. 1. SCRIPTURE LESSON: How to pray.- See "Encyclopedia of l-..Iissions." Matt. 6: 5-13. May 11. 1879.-Death of Bishop Gobat. 2. HYMN: "lIust Jesus Bear the Cross See "Encyclopedia of .:lissions." Alone?"

May 11, 1887.-Death of 1011 Keith-Fal- A favorite hymn of 1Iiss Fiske.

coner. 3. QUOTATIONS: ."~;aying breath IS never spent 111 vall1. See "Encyclopedia of JIiS5ions." "I t is how we live more than where May 12, 1838.-Death of Samuel llars- we live."

den, of tew Zealand. These two quotations from Nliss Fiske should be memorized and used as wall mottoes. See "Pioneers and Founders," by Yonge. 4. POEM: "If You Love Me, Lean Hard." May 16, 1819.-Baptism of Pomare II. This poem is in many collections of religious of Tahiti. verse. It may be obtained in leaflet form from the .American Tract Society, New York. See ulslands of the Pacific," by Alexander.

May 16, 1828.-Baptism of Kho- Thah- BSyeue. "New Acts of the ApostIes, "by p'lerson.

"In "Last Journals," the date is. )~ay I~t. On the stone in Vestminster Abbey It IS 1vlay 4th. His attendants could not quite determine the day.

FISKE. THE MISSIONARY SCHOOLMISTRESS

Born, May I , 1816 ny IlELLE M . lIR.[N, DETROIT, MICH.

On a spur of th e eastern slope of Living in the old home, of which the southern part of the Grecn J1011 n- her grandfather, a saintly ol d patritain s li es thc little hill town of Shel- arch, was also an inmate, the child burne, Mass., where, on May r, r816, F idelia early became familiar with the F idelia Fiske was born. fam ily traditions of godliness and thrift. "Our grandfather used to F ifty years before, her great-grand- FIDELIA FISKE fa ther , Ebenezer Fiske, Jr. , with hi s hold us many long hours on his wife, Dorcas Tyler, of Cpton, and knees," she wrote to a cous in in [852, their chi Idren, came to th e little town, "and teIl us of Uncle Levi and Uncle and on almost the highest po int o f Pliny and U ncle J ohn . A nd many a Ball Mountain erected a slll all dwell- time have I been incited to diligence ing. r ear thi s spot, in a plain, one- by the articles of our good g randstory farmhouse, his children and hi s mother 's industry, as presented by that children's children dwelt for gene ra- dear g randfather. He used to tell us tions, and here both Fidelia Fiske,* how she spun and wove and used and her uncle, Pliny Fisk, first saw her skilful needles when others would the light. be sleeping. I have seen that beauti- ful pair of long linen stockings which The a tmosphere of the old ancestral she kept in your father's cradle and home was cha rged with prayel". Its knit upon when she was nu rsing him. " inmates could look back on an unbroken line of godly ancestors for Nothing, however, made so deep an more than three hundred years, and impression upon Fidelia as the story upon Dorcas Tyle r, an extraordinary of her great-grandmother's prayers. woman, distinguished alike for her godliness and thrift, the spirit of prayer descended with great power. Notwithstanding the care of Il er large famil y, she was in the habit of setting apart whole days for praye r, and toward the close of her life she prayed almost without ceasing. The g rea t burden of her petitions was that her descend ants might be the children of God down to the very end of time. So abundantIy were these prayers answered that in [857 it was an ascertained fact that more than 300 of her descendants were members of the Christian Church.

* Th e branch of the famil y to which lliss Fi ske belonged usually dropt the final e, but toward the close o f her life she returned to th e original spe lli ng of tilt: name .

As a child she loved to stand beside The one great book of this godly her grave in the old burying-ground household was, however, the Bible. and feel that her prayers for her fond as her father was of other readwould be answered. "I remember ing, he loved his Bible best of all, and what you used to tell me of her when it was largely from him that Miss I was a little girl," she wrote to her Fiske gained her wonderful knowll110ther from Persia. "I often think edge of the Scriptures. It was his cus- tom to assign to each of his little THE BIRTHPLACE OF i'~ 1DELIA FISKE daughters-he had no sons-stated tasks for study and reading, and vathat I may be receiving blessings in rious ingenious devices or incidents in answer to her prayers, for I know that their dail}' lives were used to make she prayed for her children's children them search the Scriptures for themfor all coming time." selves. Vhen they came to him one day begging him to buy a French bed- Reared in such an atmosphere, Fi- stead, he said: "I will think about it; delia Fiske was a thoughtful and ob- but I have read in a certain book about serving child. At the age of four she a king who had an iron bedstead. Can entered the district school close by her you tell me his name?" Vhat the book home, and here for the next ten years was they needed not be told, but were much of her time was spent. As soon soon busily searching for the story as she could read she eagerly de- which was thus fixt in their memories. voured every book that came in her way, not only those that her father The conscious missionary interest of owned, but those he drew from the the child began at three, when her "Social Library" in the town, of which uncle, Pliny Fiske, left the old home he was both a proprietor and a patron. to go as a missionary to the Holy The books were largely religious and Land. The affecting scenes connected far beyond her years-she reae! with his departure made an indelible Dwight's "Theology" through twice impression on Fidelia's youthful heart, before she was eight-yet she testified and no one took a keener interest in in after years to their helpful influence his letters than the little niece who on her. was to follow in his steps. She some- times played that she was a I11ISSlon- ary and was passing through expe- riences similar to his across the sea. One day she ran into the house ex- claiming-, "I have been to Jerusalem in the wheelbarrow!"

At the age of eleven she came into personal touch with another mission- ary-the Rev. Jona5 King, from Greece. vVhile visiting her father, he solemnly laid his hand on her heael and said that some day she must go and teach the heathen, as her uncle Pliny did. "I wish," he added, "that you

I<)OC) ] FIDELIA FISKE, THE MISSIONARY SCHOOLMISTRESS

were old enough now to go with me fore by that matchless teacher, Mary to Greece." She never forgot this, Lyon. She hoped to complete the and years after, when she met NIr. course in two years, but near the close King at Smyrna, on her way to Per- of her first year malignant typhoid sia, reminded him of what he had fever broke out in the school, and said. many of the students, herself among them, contracted the disease soon after On July I2, I831, at the age of fif- going to their homes for the summer teen, she publicly confest her faith in vacation. She was so ill that there Christ, and became a member of the "·(llih III riuv ,{ JIll/ll1t Ilui!Joke F(male SOItlf1ary.

MOUNT HOLYOKE SEMINARY IN THE TIME OF MISS FISKE, ERECTED IN 1837 Congregational Church at Shelburne. was little hope of her recovery, and To the earnest young girl this was a once she sank so low that she seemed step of much importance. At once to be dead-an experience that gave there was laid on her a burden for her a vivid sense of the reality of the the salvation of others which nev- unseen world and had no small influer left her, and with a heart over- ence on all her after life. She reflowing with love, she endeavored to covered, but her father and sister conlead her young friends and compan- tracted the disease and died within a ions to Christ. At the same time, she few days of each other while she was began to cherish in her heart the secret still too ill to leave her bed. hope that some day she might go as a missionary. In the autumn of 1841, after a year at home, she reentered the seminary In the autumn of 1839, after teach- as a member of the senior class. Grading for several years with great suc- uating in 1842, she at once became a cess in the district schools of Shel- teacher in the school, a position in burne, she entered the middle class of which she soon proved herself invalu- Mount Holyoke seminary at South able. But not long did she continue Hadley, Mass., founded two years be- in it, for in a few months she heard

the Master's voice calling her to Per- ley to seek them there. His needs sia. having been stated to Miss Lyon by During her senior year her mission- her pastor, she sent him word to call ary interest had been greatly stimu- at the school at seven that evening, lated by rooming with th~ daughter and then proceeded to take measures of a missionary to the Sandwich of her own to secure the volunteers.

Islands, and by the addresses of a At evening prayers she told the number of returned missionaries who young ladies that two teachers were visited the school. Among these was needed for Persia, and said that if Dr. Perkins, of Persia, who was ac- any present were wiHing to go or had companied by the Nestorian bishop, any interest in the matter they might Mar Yohanan. "The bishop addrest write her a note and leave it in a des- us most affectingly," she says, "and in ignated place. At the end of an hour closing he slowly said, 'While you go no less than forty notes had been re- on to improve, oh, remember us, so ceived! Many of them were quite dark 1 so dark l' My heart responded, long, but one merely read as foHows: 'My brother, thy people will I remem- If counted worthy, I should be willing ber, and gladly would I be spent for to go. Fidelia Fiske. their salvation !' "

Meanwhile the heart of Mary Lyon She was at once chosen as the one was being filled with a longing to see best fitted for the work, but so valu- her beloved seminary a greater power able had she become to the school, it in missionary work. At the meeting seemed impossible to give her up. God (If the American Board in the autumn evidently wanted her, however, and at of 1842, she was so deeply moved that length Miss Lyon consented to her on her return to the seminary she going.

called the teachers and pupils together, When Miss Fiske learned of her and reminding them that the school acceptance, she was radiant with joy, had been largely founded to advance but alas! her mother and sisters, the cause of missions, asked them to backed by her pastor and many join her in reconsecrating it to its holy friends, at once vetoed the project, ,purpose. "The Lord accepted the of- largely because her health was not fering," says Miss Fiske, "but in so very good. Much as she longed to doing asked not only for gold and go, she yielded to her mother's wishes, silver, but that one-half the teachers saying "It is how we live more than with hcr that year should sooner or where we live."

later go in person to the heathen. Another was chosen to go to Persia Miss Lyon often said in after years, in her place, but she, too, was kept at 'I little knew how much that prayer- home by her loved ones. When Miss meeting would cost me.' " Fiske heard this she was much trou- Not long after, an urgent call came bled and that night she could not sleep.

to the seminary for workers. On Jan- N ext morning she declared that even uary 16, 1843, Dr. Perkins, who was at this late hour-Dr. Perkins was to about to return to Persia and was un- sail in less than two weeks-she would able to find teachers for the girls' go if her family would give their con- school at Urumia, came to South Had- sent. "If such are your feelings," said

FISKE, THE MISSIONARY SCHOOLMISTRESS

Miss Lyon, "we will go and see your a foreign mission field. "My heart mother and i>isters." bleeds over the wretchedness which In less than an hour they were on meets my eye," she wrote. "Had I their way to ask "if Fidelia might obey ten thousand lives I would gladly give the Lord's call to Persia." Of the them all to help raise these degraded journey and its result, Miss Fiske's ones."

biographer tells as follows: From Smyrna they went to Con- After a thirty-mile drive in an open stantin')ple and thence to Trebizond, sleigh, on that cold wintry Saturday, where the long journey of more than through snow-drifts in which they were 700 miles overland began. The route several times upset, they reached her was a dangerous one, lying through an mother's home in Shelburne Hills, about unsettled mountainous region infested eleven o'clock at night. The family were with robbers, but on June IS, 1843, aroused from their slumbers to receive the unexpected guests and hold an un- they reached Urumia, where Miss expected consultation. Prayers and tears Fiske was to labor for fifteen years mingled with the solemn discussions of for the Nestorian women and girls. that hour. There was little sleep beneath that lowly roof that night, and the con- The condition of these daughters of sideration of the subject gave a peculiar Persia was far worse than she had sacredness to all the duties and services anti ci pa ted. of the following day. Before the Sabbath closed, that mother, whose heart at "I felt deeply for my poor sisters befirst pleaded so hard against the separa- fore going to them," she says, "but there tion, was enabled cheerfully to say, "Go, was a deeper feeling, even anguish, when my child, go," and the great question I realized, from mingling among them, was definitely settled. how very low they were. I really knew at first very little of the pit into which Returning to Mount Holyoke on the I was descending. I did not wish to following Friday, Miss Fiske found leave them, but I did often ask, 'Can the that nearly the whole school had spent Savior's image be reflected from such every spare minute in sewing for her hearts?' It is one thing to pray for our and had made ready a very good out- degraded sisters while in America, but fit. A farewell service was held that quite another to raise them from their afternoon in the seminary hall, and in low estate. When I saw their true char- acter I found I needed a purer, holier the evening she met for the last timc love for them than I had ever possest."

with the teachers and pupils. The Kotwithstanding their repulsiveparting was a sore trial, for she was ness, she cheerfully began her work dearly loved in the school, and the among them, and ere long there came thought that they might never see her to her heart the "purer, holier love" again filled them with sorrow. The she needed. After two months in Pernext morning she left for Boston, sia, she was enabled to say: where on the following vVedncsday, March I, 1843, she sailed for Smyrna Already I find I am becoming attached with a number of missionaries bound to these poor children. I often feel like for Turkey and Persia, :'dar Yohanan embracing them and loving them as I would children at home. I try to pre- being one of the party. vent their extreme filth and degradation On April 7th, after a voyage of from severing them from me.

five weeks, they reached Smyrna, and The specific purpose for which she Miss Fiske had her first glimpse of had come to Persia was to take charge

of a school for Nestorian girls started Fiske's disappointment. But her sor- by Mrs. Grant in 1838. It was row was soon turned to joy, for look- counted a disgrace for a woman to ing out of the window she saw Mar learn to read in Persia, and mothers Yohanan leading two little girls by the did not wish to have their daughters hanel, Hanee aged ten, and Selby, his go to school, yet under the loving care own little niece, aged seven. At the of its gifted founder, the little school door he said, as he put their little had grown and prospered until her hands into hers, "They be your daugh- death in 1839. After that it was con- ters; no man take them from your tinued under native teachers, but with hand. Now you begin Mount Holy poor success. Oke in Persia."

It had always been a day school; vVith tears of joy Miss Fish rebut seeing the wretched condition of ceived the little strangers and at once the homes, Miss Fiske conceived the began her famous school. The numidea of making it a boarding school, ber was soon increased to six, tho where the girls could be trained in after being in the school for fifteen habits of cleanliness and thrift. The days two of them ran away to their mission approved the scheme, but as homes. Thinking it unwise to follow it was opposed to all the laws of eti- them, she did not see them again until quette and tradition among the N es- ten years later, when, at a reunion of torians, it was declared impossible to all her girls, two strangers came with find the girls. the rest. "vVe were your pupils for fifteen clays," they said, "and we are Miss Fiske was unwilling to give sorry we ran away." Their places up the plan, and at once began to were soon filled by others, and by the search for girls. "The first Syriac end of the year the attendance had inword I learned was 'daughter,''' she creased to twelve. says, "and as I could now use the verb 'to give,' I often asked parents The care of these rude, wild girls, to give me their daughters.·' who studied out loud in school hours and jumped over the benches like wild Fortunately, Mar Yohanan took the goats at recess, was at first a very deepest interest in the project. vVhen heavy burden. They came to her so asked on his return to Persia, "What ragged and dirty and so covered with are the wonders of America?" he had vermin that the first work was to replied, "The blind they do see, the thoroughly cleanse them, comb out deaf they do hear, and the women their tangled hair and put them into they do read; they be not beasts." And fresh, clean clothes. Under this treathe often said, "Of all colleges in ment they improved so much that America, Mount Holy Oke be the their mothers were delighted, and best; and when I see such a college asked again and again, "How do you here I die." make them so white ?"

One day in August he came to Miss The hearts of these children were as Fiske and said, "Yott get ready and impure as their bodies were filthy. I find girls." On October 16th, the Lying, the use of vilest language and day set for opening the school, fifteen thieving were general. At first nothday scholars came but not a single ing was safe even when kept under boarder. Great indeed was Miss

FISKE, THE MISSIONARY SCHOOLMISTRESS

lock and key. The buttons frequently each one carefully, without finding them. disappeared from the week's washing She then proposed to kneel down and and Miss Fiske could not keep a pin ask God where they were. She laid the in her cushion. So sly were the girls matter before the Lord, and as she arose that they were never caught in the from her knees remembered that she had act, and nothing could be proved not examined their caps. She now proagainst them. But at length she con- posed to do this, and one pair of hands went right up to her cap. Of course this FISKE SEMINARY~ URUMIAJ PERSIA ceived of a plan. The story is toid girl was searched first, and there were in "Woman and her Savior in Persia" the six pins so concealed in its folds as follows; that nothing was visible but their heads. The incident did much good. The pupils One summer evening, just before they looked on the discovery as an answer to were to pass through her rooms to their prayer and began to be afraid to steal beds on the roof, knowing that none when God exposed their thefts. like them could be obtained elsewhere, Miss Fiske put six black pins in her cush- The fact that her little charges must ions and stept out till they had passed. be always with her added not a little As soon as they were gone, she found to her burdens. They were allowed to the pins gone too, and called them back. remain in the school only on condition But no one knew anything about them. that they lodged with or near their She showed them that they must know, teacher and never went out except in as no one else had been there. Six pairs her company. vVherever she went of little hands were lifted up as they they went also, and were as closely said: "God knows we have not got associated as tho thev were mother them." To this she replied, "I think God and daughters. knows you have got them," and searched

Engrossed as she was with her rested ever since on those sweet words, work in the school, she found time "If you love me, lean hard." almost every day to go out with her girls to visit the Nestorian women, not Meanwhile a great change was taonly in the city, but also in the sur- king place in the school. The rude, rounding villages. Refined New Eng- wild girls were becoming quiet, stuland gentlewoman tho she was, she dious and thoughtful, neat in appearwent into the filthy, vermin-infested ance and tidy in their ways. They houses, and sitting on a mat on the were, too, learning to love their Bibles floor, preached Christ to the women and engage in daily, secret prayer, and who crowded around her. their teacher was not without hope that, ere long, some of them would She invited the mothers to come to give their hearts to the Savior. her home, and finding that they were unwilling to attend the regular serv- In the autumn of 1845, two years ices of the mission on account of the after the opening of the school, there presence of the men, she arranged a began to be unmistakable signs of a separate service for them in her own deepening spiritual interest. The apartments. At first only five re- girls spent more time in prayer, and sponded, but soon the attendance grew sometimes at night, after the lights to forty. were extinguished and other conver- sation ceased, they could be heard It was in connection with her work talking with God and pleading for the for the women that the following inci- forgiveness of their sins. At length, dent occurred. In a letter dated De- on the first Monday of January, 1846, cember, 1855, she writes: which, according to custom, was ob- served by the entire mission as a day A few Sabbaths ago I went to Geog of fasting and prayer, the blessing be- Tapa with Mr. Stoddard. It was after- gan to descend. Miss Fiske tells noon, and I was sf'ated on a mat in the about it as follows: middle of the earthen floor of the church. I had already attended Sabbath-school We had spoken of passing the day in and a prayer-meeting with my pupils, and "wrestling for souls." But we had only weary, I longed for rest. It seemed as begun to seck, not to wrestle, when we if I could not sit without support through learned that souls were pleading for the service. Then I remembered that themselves. I went into my school, as after that came my meeting with the wo- usual, at nine o'clock, and after telling men of the village; and, oh, how desira- the pupils that many prayers would, that ble seemed rest! But God sent it in an day, be offered for them by friends far unexpected way; for a woman came and away, I prayed with them, and then sent seated herself directly behind me, and them to another room to study with a invited me to lean on her. I declined; native teacher. All but two passed out. but she drew me back, saying, "If you As these lingered, I said: "Did you unlove me, lean hard." And then came the derstand me?" They came nearer and Master's voice, repeating the words, "If I saw that they were in tears. "Have you love me, lean hard"; and then I you heard bad news?" I asked. They leaned on Him, too. I was rested long gave no answer, but coming nearer, before the services were through; then whispered, "May we have to-day to care I spent an hour with the women, and for our souls?" I had no private room after sunset rode six miles to my home. or closet to give them, but the dear I wondered that I was not weary that children would find a place. They went night nor the next morning; and I have

FISKE, THE MISSIONARY SCHOOLMISTRESS

to the wood-cellar, and taking sticks of verts became helpers in the work. wood, made th eir own closets; and there Sometimes as many as fifteen Nestothey spent that cold day, seeking the for- rian women spent the night at the giveness of sins. Nor did they seek in school, seeking salvation through vain; they were soon trusting in Christ Christ. Gathering together cushions, and we were led to hope for yet greater quilts and pillows, Miss Fiske turned blessings.

SOME OF THE GIRLS AT FISKE SEMINARY~ URUMIA ~ PERSIA Not long after this the Holy Spirit her sitting-room-the Bethel, her girls began to work simultaneously in both loved to call it-into a dormitory for the girls' school and the boys', where them. She, herself, prayed with them Mr. Stoddard, the missionary in till midnight, and then, retiring to her charge, had worked and prayed with own room, heard them praying for a faith equal to that of Miss Fiske. themselves until the morning dawned. On the same day, and almost at the same hour, five in each school were The most remarkable conversion convicted of their sins. During the during this revival was that of Dearevival which followed, more than fifty con Gewergis, one of the fiercest and from the two schools accepted Christ. vilest of the N estorians, who in the autumn of r845 had brought his lit- At the end of three weeks the peo- tle daughter to the school. Miss Fiske ple from without began to come to was at first unwilling to receive the the meetings, and the dear young con- child of such a man, but finally agreed

to do so. Such was her fear of the He warned all he met and pointed father that she was thankful when he them to Christ, until he was called to returned to his home in the moun- rest on March 12, 1856." tains, twenty-five miles away, where the deep snows would soon cut him off Regarding the seminary as his spir- from coming again. itual birthplace, he ever loved to pray for it. One evening, after leading the But one Saturday in February, devotions in the boys' school, he ex- when the revival was at its height, he claimed as he rose from his knees, suddenly appeared at her door, drest "God forgive me, I forgot to pray for in his Kurdish costume, his dagger at Miss Fiske's school I"~ and kneeling his side, his belt full of ammunition down again, poured out earnest petiand his gun slung over his shoulder. tions for a blessing on it. Miss Fiske viewed him with dismay, feeling that a wolf was entering her Two months after the beginning of fold. And such indeed he seemed as the revival, it was thought best to he ridiculed Christ's little ones for close the school for a brief vacation. their interest in their souls. But they As they left for their rude, unchriswere so much in earnest that they tian homes, the pupils pleaded with cared nothing for what he said, and their teacher to pray that their love presently his little daughter led him to Christ might not grow cold. "Did away to a private place of prayer, you ever see a new-born lamb cast where she poured out her heart first into the snow and live?" asked one for herself and then for him. At first of the youngest among them. But he thought to strike her, but was mer- most nobly did they stand the test. cifully restrained. The next day, as They not only kept their own hearts Miss Fiske talked and prayed with warm, but led others to Christ and him, he suddenly broke down and con- taught them to pray. fest his need of salvation. Nowhere on the mission field has So mightily did the spirit of God the spirit of prayer been poured out work in his heart that when at last he more abundantly than upon these found Christ all he could cia was to young Nestorian converts, who loved cry, "1fy great sins and my great Sa- to spencl three, four and even five vior !" On Monday morning he re- hours a day in their prayer-closets turned to his home in the mountains, holding communion with God and to tell his friends and neighbors "of pleading for the salvation of souls. sin and of Christ." Henceforth his So intensely in earnest were they that only work was the winning of souls. the pages of their Bibles were often "He went through the mountain dis- wet with tears. tricts many times," says Miss Fiske, "with his Testament and hymn-book During the twelve years that folin the knapsack thrown over his shoul- lowed this first great awakening, there ders. As he entered the passes among was an almost uninterrupted revival in the rocks he sang, 'Rock of Ages, cleft the school. Scarcely a year passed for me,' and when he sat down by the without its period of special interest side of a fountain, he burst forth with, during which scores of souls were won 'There is a fountain, filled with blood.' for Christ.

During all these years the most inti- mate connection was kept up between

FISKE, THE MISSIONARY SCHOOLMISTRESS 35

the little seminary in Persia and its agreed to take up her residence in the prototype in the home land. During school and become its chaplain or Miss Fiske·s senior year, Miss Lyon spiritual adviser, conducting the daily had said to her girls: "Perhaps next devotional services in the hall, and New Year's day will find some of looking after its general religious inyou on a foreign shore. If so, we terests. So abundantly was she blest pledge you a remembrance within these sacred walls"-a pledge that was MARY LYON faithfully kept, not only that year, but during the years following. Founder of ::1ount Holyoke Seminary Wonderful indeed is it to note the in this new sphere, that of 344 sturesults. On that first Monday in 1846, dents in the school only nineteen left when the two little Nestorian girls it unconverted. were making their prayer-closets in the wood-cellar in Persia, Miss Lyon But her heart was ever in Persia, said to her girls at South Hadley, and almost to the close of her life she "Vie must pray more for Miss Fiske entertained the hope of returning to and her school," and many responded her work. This was not to be, for on by setting apart the day for the pur- July 26, 1864, after a period of great pose. By comparing dates, it was suffering, she entered into rest. found that of the subsequent revivals all began on the very day, and some at Fifty years have passed since she the very hour, when prayer was as- bade farewell to her sorrowing girls cending to God for them in the home in U rumia, but her work in Persia land. still abides. The seminary to which she gave so many fruitful years, is still In 1858, after fifteen years of unre- in successful operation, and the seed mitting toil, Miss Fiske's health was she sowed is bearing abundant fruit. so broken that it was thought best for her to return for a time to America. Sore indeed was the sorrow when, on July 15th, in company with several other missionaries, she left U rumia and began the long journey toward home. Never has a missionary been more dearly loved, and rarely has one left so deep an impress on a foreign land.

On December 17th, she landed in Boston, and a few days later, after a separation of nearly sixteen years, she was folded in her mother's arms. Shortly after her return she was urged by the trustees to become the principal of Mount Holyoke. She thought best to decline the offer, but finally

A TABLET TO MOUNT HOLYOKE MISSIONARIES At the recent celebration of Foun- existence, 1837-1887, went as missionders' Day at Mount Holyoke College, aries to the foreign field. this bronze tablet, five feet by seven, was unveiled. It contains the names The maiden names of the missionof the I76 students of the college who, aries are given on the tablet, being in the first half of the century of its preceded by the class and followed by the country to which each one went.

MOUNT HOLYOKE HAS DONE FOR

MISSIONS BY HENRIETTA EDGECOMB HOOKER, PH.D., SOUTH HADLEY, MASS.

The prophetic vision of what is not know all my duty or shaIl fail to most worth while and the power to do it." so choose that, when the years add perspective, the choice seems always She says: "A view of my own indigreater and wiser, is granted to but vidual responsibility rested upon me few souls and they are the truly great. with an indescribable weight. I felt that my duty in my own little sphere, Mary Lyon, the founder of Mount anel with my own feeble ability, was Holyoke, devoted her life, as the more to me in the sight of God than world says, to the "Cause of the the duty of all the world besides. Higher Education for 'Women"; but Could I throw my influence over the closely interwoven with it and, as she whole eonntry, and bring thousands herself says, "as a fire within my into the treasury of the Lord, it might bones," were the interests of foreign not be so important a duty for me as mIssIons. Education anel Christian to give fr0111 my own purse that last missions stiII go hand in hand with farthing which God requires." the hand-clasp every year growing stronger. Whaf two questions of so "Coule! I make my voice heard fr0111 long ago, vital to-day, have more wi- one end of the land to the other and dened their horizon or shown by re- so plead in behalf of the perishing sults that they are more worth one's heathen, that all our missionary conwhile? certs should be filIed with hearts bow- ing together in the presence of God, The only book by Miss Lyon in the it might not be so important a duty 1'1ount Holyoke CoIlege Library is for me, as to carry my own feeble peti- "The Missionary Offering," a smalI tion myself to the throne of mercy, and volume of about IOO pages. This ap- there in the name of our blest Repeared in 1843, a time of stress in the deemer, plead the promises with an finances of the American Board, over earnestness which can not be denied." which Miss Lyon was deeply anxious. It was evidently written with the hope Of others she said: of moving individuals of all classes to feel personalIy responsible that there Is the spirit of anyone stirred within should be no debt at the end of the him in behalf of this cause; let him be financial year with the necessary cur- faithful in his own place, and in his own tailing of work. Perhaps a few quo- way, and for himself alone. Let him tations may best show Miss Lyon's at- carry his own petition warm from his titude toward missions. It is easy to own heart to the throne of mercy, rather recognize their affinity with other than to seek for a friend to carry it in words of hers, often quoted, especiaIly his behalf, and it shan prevail. Let him with that perhaps most iIIustrious sen- give all-an that he ought-either from tence chosen to be placed upon her his abundance or from his scanty store, tombstone, "There is nothing in the rather than to look to his neighbor to universe that I fear, but that I shaH do it in his stead, and the deed shan be remembered in heaven and his work shall not be in vain. . . .

In the great work of saving souls-let us first give up our superfluities. When

that is done, if the Providence of God still ability, did all in her power to assist in calls, let us next give up our conveniences. the preparations for departure of this When we have done that, if souls are still first missionary daughter. The school unsaved and unenlightened, and the door is that she founded still stands, a monustill kept open by divine Providence, wait- ment to her memory, but by far the ing for us to enter, let us last of all give up greatest monument is in the transour necessities to the infinite extremities formed lives of the Nestorian people. of immortal beings. Thus early in the life of Mount Holy- oke the interest in missions became The writer may seem to have given vital by having a representative at the undue prominence to the words of front. Miss Lyon in writing of what Mount Holyoke has done for missions. But From time to time similar and as it is for the reason that the avowed stirring appeals have come. One memand emphasized attitude of any Found- orable one was in I873, when a leter toward great questions or great ter was read to the faculty and the principles can not fail to give a trene! senior class. The letter was so wordee! to the institution founded. The words, as to be almost prohibitive to anyone "Take hold where no one else will," considering an affirmative reply, for have echoee! through all the years at 1Ir. Andrew Murray asked for a Mary Mount Holyoke, since lIiss Lyon's lips Lyon and a Fidelia Fiske to establish first utteree! them, and "culture con- a Mount Holyoke in South Africa. He secrated to service" has been the had been reading the life of Mary watchword to the present day. Lyon and was so imprest by it that he said, "This is just what we need for At first, :Uiss Lyon did not encour- the daughters of South Africa." And age her students to go to foreign lands, his faith was so strong that passage as she felt that consecrated young money was sent before he received asladies had plenty of missionary work surance of a response. to do in their own homes, urging them rather to induce their brothers to go. The Huguenot College in Velling- In I843 a letter came asking for some ton, South Africa, which Miss Abby one to go to Persia, and the letter was Ferguson and .lIiss Anna Bliss went read in chapel with the comment that out to establish, is itself the mother of "if anyone felt willing to go she many other schools in Africa where should write a note to that effect." the principles that Mary Lyon loved Within an hour forty had responded are being inculcated. ane! the briefest note was- The Mount Holyoke in Spain, H counted worthy, I would be willing founded by Alice Gordon Gulick, has become the god-daughter of many of to go. FIDELIA FISKE. the American colleges by their loving interest and practical help so gladly Miss Lyon little dreamed what the given. It is the torch that from its reading of that note would cost her, watch-tower in Madrid provides inspifor in ten days Fidelia Fiske, a young ration and illumination to the daughteacher at 1lount Holyoke, very dear ters of Spain and is already a recogto Miss Lyon, and but recently grad- nized power in that land. uated, was on her way to Oroomiah, the second unmarried woman to be Miss Lyon certainly established a sent out by the American Boare!. Miss Lyon, with hr.:r remarkable executive

9] WHAT MOUNT HOLYOKE HAS DO:':E FOR FOREIGN MISSIO:':S

trend toward interest in missions at During the years when Dr. Mari- Mount I [olyoke which the years have ana Holbrook of Japan and Miss not lowered. There was never an or- Vilder of India were at Mount Holyc ganization for furnishing missionary oke there was a secret society formed helpers, as has sometimes been said, of those who had consecrated thembut now one and then another in de- selves to the service of foreign misciding where her life woulclmean most sions, and they had a pledge similar to for service chose some farther away that of the Student Volunteers, not field of labor either on our own fron- then organizecl. This band was called tier or over the sea, until the roll of "The Yoke-fellows." Miss Wilder told honor grew to include 267 in the for- this to her brother, the founeler of the MOUNT HOLYOKE TO-DAY-THE VESTED CHOIR ENTERING THE CHAPEL IN MARY LYON' HALL elgn service alone, of which number Student Volunteer Movement, and we 69 are not living. of :Iount Holyoke feel that this little society was one of the initial lines that Through the untiring efforts of Miss brought about the Student Volunteer Anna C. Edwards, formerly associate Hanel. Since the organization of the principal, statistics of these missiona- latter, the members at Mount Holyries were made up and the l'vIount oke have steadily increased. Last year Holyoke Alul11me Association erected there were nineteen in college who had a bronze tablet in the new library bear- taken the volunteer pledge. ing the names of those who entered service eluring the first fifty years of In the equipment of the room in use the history of lIount Holyoke, with by the Student Volunteers is a large the date of graduation and of service wall map on which a gold star marks of each. Records are being kept and every station where there is a Holyoke plans made for a similar tablet when worker. Some countries-notably Inthe second fifty years shall be com- dia, Turkey, China, and Japan-are pleted in 1937. very golden; and even the 1110st iso-

lated islands of the sea are not lacking as mission aries during the year has in the suggestion that some one there also had its effect in awake ning a real, is trying " In His Name" to make a every-day interes t in mi ssions." dark place light. From the report of "The Student But some one will naturally ask of Volunteer Board" in the same hanclthe Mount Holyoke of to-day if there book we read: "Every yea r we are foris the same enthusiastic interest and tunate in sending out new r epresentasupport of missions as in former days. tives of the board to foreign countries. Shall we turn for answer to the report This year Katherine Greene, '07, and of the Missionary Department in the Ruth Vard,'03, sailed for Ch ina and STUDENT VOLUNTEERS OF 1907·1908 AT MOUNT HOLYOKE SEMINARY hand-book of the Mount Holyoke Mary Stowe, '98, and Grace Stowe, Y. W. C. A. for I 907-08. '07, went to J apal1. llay Shepard, '08, is already und er appointment for "A vital interest has been present China and sa ils the latte r part of the throughout the department in the two college mISSionaries, Miss Aliee com.ing summer." Browne, of Tungchou, China, and Miss Olive Hoyt, of Kobe College, J a- It may be of interest to add that pan. This interest has been especially one of the present professors at Mount manifested at the time of sending the Holyoke, while on a recent journey to Christmas boxes to them and when let- the far East, met in the empire of Jaters have been received from them." pan alone, eighteen mi ssionaries who These two missionaries are entirely had been her own pupils. supported by the contributions of th e college Y. W. C. A. Another of the departments of the y. W. C. A. is the "Mission Study The report continues: "The fact that Classes." Twelve courses we re organtwo gi rls from 1907 have gone out ized during I907-08. Three of these 'were repeated the second semester and

AND SOCIAL LIFE IN INDIA

two new ones added, with a total en- And this leads up to the thought that rolment for the year of 179 students. not all the missionary work, not even Some of these classes are conducted by all the foreign missionary work of members of the faculty and some by Mount Holyoke women, has been done older students. on other shores. Many a mother whose teacher or friend has done her The Y. "V. C. A. undertake many life work in foreign lands has brought other forms of religious and philan- up her own daughter to realize the thropic work. As about 85 per cent blessedness of such service and to conof all the students join in the work of secrate herself to it; and many a misthe association, and each does the sionary society, in city church or quiet work for which she, or the committee hill town, owes its missionary inspirain charge, thinks she is best fitted, tion and its ability to give largely to much is really accomplished, showing swell the funds that scnd others to the the spirit of helpfulness in the imme- front to the enthusiastic words and diate region anu in the neighboring self-denying example of one who has factory city of Holyoke, as well as in gained at Mount Holyoke what in far-away lands. older days used to be called "The Mis- sionary Spirit." The contribution in I907-08 for distinctively foreign work was $I,306.00.

CHRISTIANITY AND SOCIAL LIFE IN INDIA DY MISS LILLY R. GRACEY A luminous illustration of India au- eloquence." The address of one wovancing by leaps and bounds, as a re- man was reported as having "made a sult of the influence of Christianity, great impression on the audience"; was the representative meeting recent- another speaker to whom he gave spely held of the Indian National Social cial mention was a graduate of the Conferencc, an association independ- Madras University and principal of ent of sects, classes and creeels, but the Maharanis College, Mysore. the evolution of which is directly due to Christianity. Its members are na- Addresses were given in the Tamil, tive born citizens; its stronghold, the Telugu, Marathi, Malayalam and Eng- Madras presidency. The progressive- lish languages. ness of the empire is seen not only in the holding of such a conference, but The stand that the conference took also in two of its distinguishing fea- on questions of national and popular tures, which were that over two thou- importance was recorded in a number sand persons attended; and a remark- of stirring resolutions. It "noted with able fact was that the delegates had appreciation the efforts made by govto pay for admission, and that among ernment, missionary and indigenous those present were two hundred wo- agencies to spread education among men, some of whom took part in the Indian women, and urged the desiraprogram, and whom a native writer re- bility of all members of the Indian ported as having "spoken with marked community cooperating with the edu- cational agencies by making it a rule to send their children to schools where

they exist or by otherwise providing much in the speedy capture of the for their elementary and higher edu- strongholds of prejudice and superstication in their homes." tion, under whose shelter many evil customs thrive. Have we made any The conference urged all communi- adequate organized efforts in this reties to save Hindu widows from the gard? Such work as is now being customary disfigurement; to amelio- done in these two directions, we owe rate their condition by providing them mainly to the generosity of the govwith educational facilities and wid- ernment and to the benevolence of ows' homes, so that they might be- missionary bodies. Yet this is a field come better qualified to be useful and in which all of us, without distinction respected members of society, and that of caste and creed, can join and do they be allowed to remarry. much useful work."

vVith a view to promoting social The annual address of the president ane! national efficiency and material of the conference was a masterpiece. prosperity, the conference advocated a He opened his remarks by rcviewing gradual relaxation of caste rules, and India's progress under British rule, reencouraged tra"el to other countries. ferring to the empire's railroad lines It gave its cordial support to a move- reckoned in thousands of miles, to its ment to better the condition of unpro- millions of acres of irrigation, to its tected children in general, and to an commerce amounting to crores of steragitation that looks to the protection ling; to its improvements in harbors of girls anel young women from being and towns and to the legislative coundedicated to temples. cils open to the people. In sU111ming thcm up, he concludecl: "vVe fix our It went on record as doing all in attention on those permanent, immuits power to raise the marriage age table changes which will operate for both boys and girls. A resolu- through ages so long as India exists. tion adopted regarding temperance It may be safely asserted that out of was as follows: "The conference the turmoil going on we alreacly see urges the necessity of maintaining the emerging around us certain ideals that ancient ideal of total abstinence from will dominate the India of the future; u~ing intoxicating drinks and drugs at one time the Hindu mind did not and urges on the government, the revolt from human sacrifices which heads of different religious and were not unknown in the middle years social reform associations the duty of of the last century, and it even claimed doing their utmost to check the evil of Puranic sanction for them. It tolerintemperance." ated the casting of children into the Ganges; it approved of female infanti- In his address the chairman of the cide. It glorified, and when possible reception committee said: "There is enforced Sati. vVhere cIo we stand pressing necessity for organized ac- at present? The icleals of Western tion. Many of the items of reform civilization are taking firm root. They partake of the nature of frontal at- are not foreign to Indian thought, but tacks on long-standing petrified cus- in India they were for a long time lost toms. The eclucation of women and in oblivion or supplanted by other the betterment of the lot of the lower classes are two flank movements, the vigorous pursuit of which will help

ideals. Now they are cast into a con- but have started girls' schools. There genial atmosphere which is electric are ladies' associations in almost every with the energies that are creating important place in the Circars. They New India. It is impossible to stop take newspapers and hold periodical the ceaseless irresistible flow of Eng- meetings. The members deliver adlish literature into the country, per- dresses on social reforms and religmeating Hindu thought, transforming ious questions, and feed the poor on it in some respects out of recognition, appropriate occasions. altering it in various directions, and even "hen it fails leaving indelible "Recently the members of the marks of the conflict. Vie have to Social Reform party left the class of accept with regret the fact that there dancing girls severely alone, but many are some who still cling to the tradi- efforts are now being made to reclaim tions inherited by them fr0111 of old, them and many marriages have taken undismayed and undeterred by the place among them. The heads of movement of Indian thought. many of the families of that caste have taken a vow to give their girls "Their predecessors in thought op- in marriage and to discard their cusposed the legislation for putting down tomary life. Sati, for permitting widow marriage. In fact, it is difficult to name a single In one community whose heredity step forward taken in India which the profession is prostitution, the members orthodox Hindu Church has not met have resolved to lead the ordinary with hostility. If what I may call the married life. This was only to be exorthodox Hinduism is to be a redemp- pected as there are graduates among tive force for uplifting the Hindus, it them and many boys of that caste are can not be indifferent to the move- receiving English education. A womments vihich svay our thoughts and an of the dancing girls' caste has pubactions. But anyway, educated India lished a pamphlet in favor of reform is not going back to the prison house, which is largely circulated. it is escaping from." "Great impetus to social reform Briefly outlining the position the has been given by the Gaekwar. The Social Reform had taken in different increase in the girls attending the localities, the president noted that in schools is remarkable, and the Gaekthe lIadras presidency it had started war has also ordered that no one ladies' associations, and missions for should be a member of his council the elevation of the lower classes. Con- who observed pollution by touching tinuing he said: "In the Telugu dis- one of another caste. Association in tricts ladies have not only started as- meals between members of different sociations for their own improvement, castes and even of religions is prac- tically enforced by his own example."

MISSIONS IN

BY PROF. WALLACE ST. JOHN, PH.D., RANGOON Professor in the American Baptist College One hundred years of Burman mis- maintained their tribal distinction, but those who have invaded the valleys sions is nearly completed, for 1913 are Burmanized. wiII be the centennial year. Since the All of the tribes as well as the Engtime of Adoniram Jmlson, the cen- tury's investments of human life, lish-speaking peoples, together with heart-anguish and money have borne the Indian and Chinese immi- rich returns. Now Burma presents grants, are ministered to by the missionary efforts in almost every American Baptist Missionary Union, stage of progress, from the large, de- which has in that work nearly two veloped and well-organized missions hundred missionaries, including wives among the Karens to the new or back- and single ladies. The Church of Eng- ward enterprises struggling to prove land, through the "Society for the their worth to the people. These lat- Propagation of the Gospel," supplies ter, still in their day of small things, chaplains for the military posts and are sometimes located beside others maintains one Karen mission station, which are enormous hives of educa- several small Burmese stations in tional and evangelistic activities. The both Upper and Lower Burma, a few slow, measured tread of the Burman enterprises for Eurasians and one work is in contrast with the sporadic mission to the Burmanized Chins. The and marvelous quickening among the Wesleyans in Upper Burma and border tribes of Lahu (l{uhsos) and American Methodists in Lower Burma Was. The Shans and Bunnans are have a small number of promising inconservative, having their history and terests among the Burmans, and Eu- Buddhistic lore and ordered priest- rasians tho greatly handicapped by a hood, while the Karens and Kachins, lack of native workers. A small miswho are animists, and without litera- sion is conducted in the interest of the ture, are dependent upon the mission- Talains and Burmans by the British aries for whatever enlargement of vi- "Churches of Christ." The Roman sion or development of powers they Catholics have long been at work in receive. A large majority of Burma's Burma, having large investments in 12,000,000 souls are Burmese. The buildings and many laborers. Handi- Shans have a broad but sparsely pop- capped by their lack of a native literaulated territory. The Kachins, inclu- ture and by their attempts to develop ding Singphos, are scattered in hun- Christian character through a system dreds of thousands on the hills of the of compulsion, they do not attempt to north. The Karens, originally on the conceal the discouragements which southern hills, have many of them de- result in the defection of many of their scended to the lowlands among the European workers. Burmese, only to partake of the Burman's ways. The Talains, or Pe- In the Karens, Kachins, Chins, and guans, are fast becoming assimilated border· tribes of Lahu and Was the into the Burmese stock. The Chins missionaries found virgin soil. These on the hills toward the northwest have animists or spirit worshipers, being without literatures, had all, excepting

courtesy of The Baptist kli.ssio1Lary Magaz:ne

FORMS OF NON-CHRISTIAN WORSHlP IN BlCR1>1A 1. Idols i n Thirty Caves Sagaing 2. The ) lud-pagoda 3. Baptist Chapel-school House at Tha rra wad dy 4. Buddhist monk at his devotions 5. ~lohammedan ~fosque. Rangoon SC!;lfB ON THE CAMPUS OF TH~ BAPTIST COL~EGE, RANGOON, HOME OF THE EURASIAN DEPARTMENT

CHRISTIAN MISSIONS IN

the Chins, reached a stage of develop- Hanson, seconded by his fellow ment in which they felt the narrow- Kachin missionaries, has practically an ness of their borders and looked for intellectual monopoly among these something better. people, which power is exercised for the truest good of the people. Chris- When the Sgaw Karens began to tian communities are flourishing in embrace Christianity, Dr. Jonathan both the Bhamo and Myitkyina dis- Wade reduced their language to wri- tricts. Many non-Christians have ting and with Dr. Francis Mason learned to read and thus are imbibing began a literature for them. Through the pure Christian thought of the misthe evangelistic efforts of Ko Tha sionary author. Byu, Sau Quala and Dumoo, together with the missionaries Vinton, Whita- The Lahu (Muhsos), and Was, ker, Harris, Abbott and others, a great along the eastern border of the Shan movement toward Christianity set in. states, within the present decade be- Now these vigorous people have some came receptive to Christian truth. large stations with associations con- Missionaries to the Shans gave attentaining as high as ISO churches, 134 tion to them. Several thousands were day-schools, with as many as 299 na- baptized yearly for three years. Comtive workers, with 2,000, or even 3,000 petent native workers from Lower sometimes in attendance upon the an- Burma, Rev. Ba Te being prominent nual meetings of the association, with among them, have entered this work, the total contributions for a year in greatly to its effectiveness. This mass one case amounting to more than $26,- of baptized people, scattered far and 000. Primary and middle schools wide, is ministered to under difficulty. have about kept pace with the The need of organization into churches churches, and in some cases have been together with that of the establishmaintained entirely by the churches, ment and conduct of schools, presses tho conforming to the Government sorely. Educational Code and inspected by the government. The Chins upon the hills long re- sisted the claims of the Gospel, but The Kachins received and provided now have begun slowly to receive it. houses and food for the first mission- These animists were too coarse and aries to them. These missionaries debauched to be attracted readily by were Karens sent by the Bassein Ka- the Gospel's lofty features. In some quarters the dull apathy has given way ren Christians. Dr. J. N. Cushing to a spirit of aggressive opposition. The ability of the Christian teachers visited their chiefs and secured this to endure persecution and the scores cordial reception for the teachers, re- who are asking baptism betoken a duced the Kowrie dialect of the bright future for the mission. Kachin to. writing and made a very small beginning of a literature. Later Burmans and Shans had long been Rev. O. Hanson took up the literary devoted religionists. With yellowwork, put the more generally known robed monks thronging the city streets ]hingpaw dialect into writing, having and village lanes, with substantial and in it a key to the minds of all the imposing monasteries in every com- Kachin tribes. Having the coopera- munity, with an enormous Buddhist tion of the English Government, Mr.

literature, partly taught m their as theological students of the various schools and partly recited in the theat- races, were earnest helpers in these ricals, they were not open to invita- meetings. tions to embrace a foreign religion. In the days of Burman rule they felt all The barrier of prejudice has large- ly passed away. The imperfections OUTDOOR SERVICE AMONG KARENS IN A and weaknesses of Buddhism even the BURMESE JUNGLE priests are not unwilling to admit. In general they are not troubled about the waning authority they have over their people. The dwindling of their schools to attend mission and govern- ment schools they take as a matter of course. A few traveling preachers of morals, stirred by the spirit of Chns- ti::tn propagandism, have arisen among them. In Rangoon a little coterie, headed by a coarse, vituperative, Brit- ish wearer of the yellow robe, carries on an active antagonism to Christian- ity. Burmans exemplify the Buddhist doctrine of passive resistance. With sufficient. ~ow, if not self-satisfied BURMESE VILLAGE CHAPEL AND SCHOOLHOUSE they do not generally wish to make the effort necessary to shake themselves such a friendly attitude in most quarclear of their social shackles and ad- ters the call for the living preacher is just themselves to Christian condi- loud. Many are needed. Further, a tions . As young people they flock to spirit of skepticism, introcluced by certhe feasts and the plays and as mature tain government officials, enlarged men and women they build monaster- and fostered by the "no religion" polies and pagodas, support priests and make pilgrimages. Still they are no longer unready to hear the Gospel. In Lower Burma especially missionaries and native preachers get a hearing without difficulty.

During the month of January the Baptists conducted a strong evangelistic campaign among the Burmans of Rangoon and vicinity. At some of their street meetings as many as six hundred listened attentively for hours at a time to missionary and native preachers, yellow-robed priests being among the number. Christian students from the Baptist Coi!ege, as well

icy of the Burma Government College calls for is rare. Only a few men are and lower schools, is an element which found to enter such seemingly tame must be counted on. It makes the but really heroic endeavor. Overpresence of a positively Christian col- worked station misisonaries are often lege imperative. obliged to act as pastors for these churches for long periods. Here is a Work for the Eurasian population field for the investment of a few strong lives. A noble spirit with mod- A MAT BURMESE PRIEST erate scholastic training probably fits one best for this service. Notice his mat of hair that has never been combed Immigrants from peninsular India are flocking into the more prosperoU'i is carried on in several of the larger and less populous province of Burma. cities. These people of mixed blood, The Indo-European features, in blacktho much looked up to by the natives est hue, mingle freely with the less of unmixed bloods, are often disap- clearly defined features of their yellow pointing to those who invest their own neighbors. The Indians are more induslives in their spiritual betterment. The trious and frugal. The Burman, with patient devotion which this service nature pressing her bounty on him, can not cope with the Indian who has had a lively tussle with starvation. The Indian in Burma is merchant, house servant, railway employee, car- riage-driver, common laborer, and sometimes agriculturist. Of these, Ta- mils, Telugus and Hindustani receive special attention from the missionar- ies. Schooling is given and evange- lists are employed for them. The many tens of thousands in the city of Rangoon alone could not be ade- quately served by the entire force en- gaged in the work.

Besides the China Inland Mission's single small station at Bhamo, the Chinese, of which there are large num- bers in every large town (40,000 in Rangoon), have almost no provision save two Chinese churches with pas- tors in Rangoon. Calls often come for these pastors to preach in other places. The Chinaman is the most welcome foreigner in Burma and rightly so. Chinese blood mingles with the Bur- mese to the very best advantage. The children enter the mission schools for

the Burmese, but provision for the employing a force of two hundred and adults should be made in their own fifty. Its superintendent, Mr. F. D. languages. Phinney, tho a missionary with a mis- sionary's meager support, is a promi- After nearly a century of labors by nent member of the Rangoon Board of Judson, Wade, Mason, Stevens (Sr.), Trade and of the Port Trust; an ex- Brayton, Cross, Haswell, Cushing, pert in business and mission manage- Stevens (Jr.), Smith and Hanson, ment. these various peoples have been provided with most of the primary helps. There is one Christian college-the THE VINTON MEMORIAL CHURCH, RANGOONJ BURMA Dictionaries, grammars, Bible transla- Rangoon Baptist College-affiliated tions, hymn-books as well as school- with Calcutta University.. The govbooks and beginnings of a general lit- ernment college, the only other college erature, including periodicals, are pre- in Burma, tho most' of its staff are pared to meet the needs of all except Englishmen, in its efforts to be nonthe mountain Chins. If there be fur- religious, the influence fluctuates, ther exceptions they are the Lahuo and seeming both to patronize Buddhism vVas who mingle with the Shans and and to undermine it. The net result may reasonably be expected to utilize is irreligious. Just now the Baptist the literature of the Shans. The hope- College is completing its three fine ful day has come when devoted Bur- structures known as Cushing Memomans are undertaking to produce a rial Hall. Tho the number of pupils few Christian books. who have been engaged in the two years of college work heretofore of- The American Baptist Mission fered has not been large, the comple- Press is a large modern publishing tion of the new B. A. Department house, working in nine languages and

1909J CHRISTIAN MISSIONS IN

buildings and the meeting of the uni- schools, most of them being under versity requirements as to staff, to- Christian anspices. The demand for gether with the fact that Baptist mis- Christian teachers is far beyond the sions in Burma have only a little less supply, notwithstanding the fact that than 700 schools, are an assurance the government has prest upward the that Calcutta University will continue salaries in the aided schools, as well its affiliation and raise it to the B. A. as raised them in its own schools. grade. The principal, Rev. L. E. Christian teachers, prepared in mis- Hicks, Ph.D., is a prominent member sion schools, are led into the governof the Government Educational Syndi- ment schools by offers of large in- FACULTY OF THE RANGOON BAPTIST COLLEGE, BURMA cate, as also is Principal Best of the comes. Thus the teaching force in the S. P. G. High School. mission schools is depleted on the one hand, and on the other the Christian High schools flourish in most of the teacher, under the direction of a govlarge towns of the province. Not a ernment manager, is apt not to be an few of these are controlled directly active Christian worker. by the government. Notwithstanding they lack positive Christian influences, In a very large number of the mis- Christian students frequently pass sion schools girls are admitted. Not through them and go on to the Baptist infrequently the Buddhist, whose re- College, as occasionally do Buddhists ligion thoroughly despises womanalso. Scholarships are earned in these hood, now sends his child, his son, to a which are available in either of the woman teacher. Girls' normal schools Rangoon colleges. Tho Englishmen are attaining excellent results. Several and Americans are the college teach- large and well-conducted girls' schools ers, natives of Burma do most of the are located in Rangoon, Moulmein, teaching in the high schools. and Mandalay. Toward these the mis- sionaries look with special hopeful- Burma is supplied with normal

ness; for the trained Christian woman ers are effective preachers also, has is an effective refutation of Buddhism. made teaching attractive to those mo~e Schools in Burma have been im- ambitious spirits. Since some hold portant evangelizing agencies. The prominent government positions, and Bible is taught from the beginning to at the same time devote much atten- the close of their courses. In a few tion to Gospel preaching, another out- years the pupil in a mission school is let is found for aspiring Christian saturated with Bible thoughts and is youths. Yet the small incomes and in- apt to catch the spirit of a devoted adequate training has not doomed the teacher and seek personal salvation. ministry to inefficiency. lIany of There are those, it is true, who hope these Karen leaders gain a remark- to gain favor by accepting Christian- able fitness to preach. In an associa- ity and must be carefully and wisely tiona1 gathering in 1908 I heard ser- treated. The major part of the pupils mons of singular beauty and power.

are from Buddhist homes, even strict Three elements were strikingly pre3- Buddhists often preferring the mission ent. They were redolent with Scrip- schools where both Buddhist and gov- ture; happily illustrated from nature, ernment schools are provided. and arranged in good order. A well- The preparation of the native min- known pastor of New York City, istry is delegated by the Baptists to hearing a sermon in a large Karen the Karen and Burmese theological church, on being told the content of schools at Insein and by the Church of the sermon, remarked that its thought England to a small catechist's school would have done credit to any New at Kemendine. The healthful Karen York pulpit.

spirit not only has supplied as high as This flourishing Karen theological 125 pupils at a time for their school school is somewhat in contrast to the at Insein and as many as 40 to com- less-developed Burmese school upon plete the course in one year, but it has the same compound. Tho the bulk of supplied a considerable portion of the the population is Burmese, and all expense of the school. Pupils well races, not Karen, are included with qualified to take the course of four the Burmese, this school is scarcely years are earnestly sought by the sem- one-third the size of the Karen. Here inaries, but it has seemed impossible is the location of a great need. From as yet to require, as a condition of every part of the province piteous entrance, even six years of training in calls are coming for preachers. So the vernacular schools of the province. heavily is this burden pressing upon Courses have been offered to pupils some that they are wrestling in prayer who have passed the Calcutta Univer- with the Lord of the Harvest that he sity examination and also to those who may send forth laborers into His har- have passed the First Arts examina- vest. Burman Christians, much more tion of the university. Up to the pres- than the Karens, are attracted by gov- ent a disappointingly small number ernment positions and the larger in- have entered these higher courses. comes of teachers. The longings of The high salaries offered to teachers the Burman workers are beginning to in the Anglo-vernacular schools, to- materialize in the erection of a much- gether with the fact that many teach- needed building for class work. Two

MIs SIONS i N

Bible schools fo r young women are hospitals and dispensaries. At times sustai ned. The end soug ht first has the government has commended it been to fit them to be promot ers o f the highly. In some cases, Gove rnment Christian religion. As they go out has even given grants in aid of hostwo by t wo into the villages to wo rk pitals. The greatest drawback is the among the women, they gain also in ability to keep the medical posts supthe qualifications that make them home plied when medical mi ssionaries have helpm ates for the native preacher s and gone on furlough. A hospital that has t eachers. served a community conspicuously well and has gained special favors has E xcept such simple work a s mi s- fallen temporarily into the hand s of a sionaries do fo r the board ers in their missionary not a physician with the schools, the medical and surgical work THE BINDERY OF TItE AM ER ICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, RANGOON IS carried on at the fronti er sta tions help possibly of a native hospital asonly. The purpose of the E ng li sh sistant. Government to provide such a id for the people affords encouragement in E lements of encouragement are this. S ince the raison d' Nre of medi- seen in Burma's mISSIOns. Not only cal mi ssions is to open a channel for missionaries but not a fe w native evangelistic work, the better facilities Christians put the inter ests of the which th e government supplies in the K ing dom first. To the mi ssionaries in more developed sections makes it easy developed fields important tasks press for the missionaries to give up this upon each other so rapidly and resistwork and r ely on educational work for lessly that they are well-ni gh overthe evangeli stic opportunity that can ,vh elmed. Some of th ese missionaries not be gained directl y. Most excellent are superintendents o f g reat central work has been done in these mission- schools, ad visers o r overseers for a hundred or more smaller schools in the

villages, managers of immense mission The remarkable success among the properties, custodians of mission and Karens and the more remarkable spirit association funds, counsellors for a of giving which Christianity has hundred pastors as well as general aroused in sections of the Karen traveling preachers. The duties at the churches are among the wonders of station may make journeying through the last century. Still it is true that the district impossible, and then the only a small part of the small tribes longing to do that which is impossi- of the Karens are yet Christians. Outble may wear more heavily than the side of the Karens the darkness is crowded tasks that consume much of very dense. Enormous labors for the the nights as well as the days. The Burmans and Shans are yet called for, cheerfulness with which these condi- and the prospects are brilliant. Hosts tions are met and the crushing respon· of these people are now waiting for sibilities borne by station missionaries some One to press upon them the shows a fine devotion. At the other claims of the Christian's Savior. The extreme are able men and women who commercial future of Burma will be in establishing new stations continue great. Commerce is now making proby the side of their successful neigh- digious strides. The Shan states are bors plodding along in the midst of destined to be one of the gardens of discouragements with the same faith- the world. May Christ be enthroned fulness that characterized the founder there before the days of material of the Burman missions. wealth arrive.

THE UNION EDUCATIONAL SCHEME OF WESTERN CHINA BY. REV. W. F. BEAMAN, KIATING, SZCHUAN, CHINA Missionary of the American Baptist Missionary Union When educational reform started destroyed. To-day the city has an in China, Chengtu, Szchuan, was up-to-date police force, beggars from among the first great cities of the the streets are corralled and given country to tear down its ancient ex- work, electric-light and water-supply amination halls and build new schools plants are being established. out of the old material. Lying in the midst of a great rich plain, the city is One of the most practical questions the political, commercial, official and connected with mission work in this educational center of West China's section is being met in the solution of eighty or more millions. Many cen- the educational problem, which covers teries before America was discovered all courses of study and must meet the this citadel was built for the capitol needs of all classes of students. of the empire and ranks to-day among China's greatest cities. Less than fif- I. Primary and Secondary Courses. teen years ago the missionaries (the -The missions established in this field only foreigners there) were all driven have united in working out courses of out and everything belonging to them study for all mission schools of the primary and secondary grades. Each school registers under its own distinct-

THE UNION EDUCATIONAL SCHEME OF WESTERN

ive name, and once a year submits a Christian uni~ersity in Western its examination papers to.a Board of China. Thousands and thousands of Examiners appointed by the respect- young men and women are being eduive missions belonging to the Union. cated to-day who get the opposite of The certificates issued by this Board Christian instruction. They read the are interchangeable among the schools opposite of Christian books, and are of the Union, so that pupils changing taught by those who are not only not residence can enter another school in sympathy with Christianity, but are without affecting their courses of opposed to it. They are given the study. The courses fit for college. best technical educational advantages possible. In the days to come these II. Ad7'allced Courses.-For the scholars will constantly come in conpurpose of doing higher educational tact with the Christian Church and work a union Christian university for with those who are to be the future undergraduate and postgraduate work Christian preachers and teachers of IS being established at Chengtu. China. If these preachers and teach- A lot of over sixty English acres has ers are not educated according to the been bought for the site. Four of the best and highest standards, their inleading mission boards of England, fluence and usefulness will be greatly Canada and the United States have handicapped. agreed to unite in the scheme. Universities in Western countries are also In the near future railroads will interested in the project, and some of make it possible for the citizens of them want to share in the work by Yunnan, Kweichow, Kansu and other providing a central plant on the lot provinces to reach this great center of for postgraduate work. Each mission learning. To it will also come the is building on a section of the lot sons of wild aboriginal tribes yet unassigned to it a set of dormitories and taught; and, too, the brawny scholars recitation halls. The students will all of Tibet will come seeking modern be domiciled on the mission sections. knowledge. With an almost unlim- Each department will be assigned its ited power for modern progress and work by the University Senate, so the upliftment of China, will go out that there will be no duplication of from these halls trained men to exone department by another. plore the untouched mineral resources of the kingdom, or to span the great The aim of the university is to give chasms and scale the rugged steeps men and women a Christian education with railway and engineering projthat will offset the influence so dis- ects; to give scientific direction to tinctly non-Christian in the new learn- agricultural pursuits, or direct indusing now pervading the empire. The trial development; to become great adoption by China of Western educa- jurists and able statesmen; or greattion as shown by the abolition of the est of all, to preach and teach and lead ancient examinations, the establish- the people to higher moral standards ment of the modern school system, the and Christian living. These, and education of women, the demand for many other agents of advancement, books, and the sending of young men this Union Christian University will and women abroad to be educated em- accomplish. phasizes all the more the great need of

OF' SIAMESE WOMEN IN THIRTY YEARS '"

BY MRS. EUGENE P. DUNLAP, SIAM, 1875- (1.) Improvement in homes.-There husband and wife together 1ll life's were a number of good Christian journey the better." women whom I early learned to love very much. Most of them have gone It is my pleasure to write that, to the better world. Many of their now, we see husbands and wives walk- daughters, however, are in homes of ing together, and riding in the same their own, and these homes are de- carriage, or automobile. The Siamese cidedly cleaner, better furnished, more gentleman now takes pleasure in in- homelike than those of surrounding troducing you to his wife. And we families. These parents are anxious to never see them with a long line of see their children brought up in school slaves following, as we used to. and church. We often see diningtables in these homes, comfortable It was then possible for the huschairs, bedsteads, musical instruments, band to sell into slavery not only his bookcases and books, and the sewing- children but his wife, in order that he machine is kept busy. They have a might have money with which to gambeautiful hospitality and are most cor- ble. Now no one can own a slave in dial in receiving guests. I well re- Siam. Then, woman was the slave of member when it was not easy to man in every respect. She had no invite the women to our homes, espe- rights that she could call her own. If cially to meals, because it was so em- she displeased her lord, it was his barrassing to them. Now many of them, whether as hostess or guest, prerogative to beat * her into servile show refined ease in their manners. Itinerating down tLe coast, I am often submission. The crying of abused consulted as to how the women may women was often heard in the land. do better housekeeping. We rejoice that this form of cruelty has now been prohibited and the wife One of the greatest hindrances to is protected by law. true home life is polygamy; but we have seen even this evil modified. We (3.) Gain in modesty.-Women hope and expect greater things in the have been influenced to dress more future. modestly and to practise habits of industry in their homes. Formerly, (2.) Position of the wife elevated. but few women wore dress waists; -In Siam, women used to be spoken they had simply a sash thrown over of by their husbands as, "Masters of their bare shoulders and very many the kitchen," or "Mothers of the chil- wore not even that. Now, we seldom dren." One would never see a wife see women anywhere without the alongside of her husband. He always waist; even away in the interior they walked ahead of her, the wife carrying often ask me for patterns and want the burdens behind. I remember, me to show them how to make the garshortly after reaching the country, ments. In Bangkok we see them Mr. Dunlap and myself were out on wearing those of the latest fashion, the lawn at home for a walk and I beautiful and costly. had his arm. In the evening, I was reproved by being told that it was not (4.) General respect for woman right for me to walk in that manner increased.-When the King of Siam, with my husband, for it was contrary whom we all admire for the many reto Siamese custom. I quite resented forms he has introduced, made his this and my reply was : "We are here first tour in Europe, he left the Queen to show these people Christian ways as Regent in his absence. She won of living. The sooner we can lead the admiration of the people. Before this, we had often heard Siamese men * From Woman's Work (Presbyterian). make sneering remarks about England '* He whipt her with a broom or a sandal; either weapon was considered disgracefu1. being "ruled by a woman." Now, we kindly received and loved by all. She hear them speak of "noble Queen Vic- stands for high ideals in Christian life, toria and her prosperous reign." with both high- and low-caste people.

The Siamese formerly had a prov- She has given to the Church in Siam erb which was in every man's mouth, some of its sweetest hymns and, in "Woman is a buffalo, only man is order to present an ideal of Christian human." The Siamese Minister of womanhood, she is translating the Education, in a speech at the closing "Life of Queen Victoria." Maa Tuan, exercises of the Harriet M. House mother of the lamented Boon Itt, was School, once said: "Through the in- one of the earliest Christians to labor fluence of your school and teaching of for the better condition of women in the American missionary women, we her native land. She taught in the have thrown that old proverb away Royal Palace.

and our government is founding General intelligence has increased schools for the education of girls." among Siamese women. Their views (5.) Progress in educatioll.-Then, of life are much broader and their but a small proportion of the women sphere has been enlarged since I first could read, and I well remember how made their acquaintance.

mothers opposed having their daugh- (6.) Christian progress.-In relig- ters educated. It was difficult, even by ion, the women of Siam are the faith- paying rewards, to persuade them to ful. When preaching is held on send girls to schools. N ow we meet sacred days in Buddhist temples, we many women, even in interior dis- see attentive audiences of women; few tricts, who not only can read but de- men, often none. The women are sire to have their children educated most faithful in merit-making, trying and are willing to pay the cost. When to work out their own salvation. In we are touring in the far interior, itinerating, I find them much more in- mothers often come to beg me to start telligent about Christianity and more schools for their daughters. approachable than when we started The Wang Lang or Harriet M. out many years ago.

House School, as we now call it, has The Christian women manifest been one of the greatest factors in the commendable interest in the welfare progress of women in Siam. It has of the Church. They are liberal in furnished many teachers, and several their gifts to support Christian work.

of them have founded schools and A good proportion engage in Sabbath- made them self-supporting. Most of school work and some have contrib- these teachers are Christians and, uted stories in print for the children.

whether in government schools or pri- Some are regular contributors on re- vate schools, they are faithful for the ligious topics and others to the mis- right. Only out of Harriet House sion magazine, Day Break. Some are School could the Ladies' Club have "King's Daughters," and through this been developed. It indicates how the society do practical Christian work.

standard of thought and aspiration has At the last annual conference of been lifted up during threescore years. Christian Workers, women came from My first work in Siam was teach- all the stations in Siam. More than ing little girls in my home, and this half the members were women. They effort was a feeder to Wang Lang. manifested the spirit of prayer in a One of the pupils we brought to wonderful manner and took active America at the time of our first fur- part in services and in discussions.

lough, and after her schooling in this Some who had gone astray for a time country, she returned. She is zealous were brought to the feet of Jesus, and untiring in work for her own peo- weeping. Many were led to a fuller ple. She is constantly among them, 'consecration to the Master's service.

FACTS AND FAITH OF BUDDHISM *

BY EDWARD A. MARSHALL Founder-Date-Place.-Guatama, It is what they call the "western para young Indian prince of northern In- adise," full of sensuous enjoyments. dia, was born 552 B.C. In after years he assumed the name of Buddha, View of H ell.-The purgatorial which means "enlightened." He died punishments which Buddhists suffer in at the age of eighty from eating too their normal round of births and much pork given to him by some of deaths constitute the Buddhist hell. his disciples. Its purpose is the preparation for final absorption into Buddha. The problem Fou11der's Reason for Its 1llaugura~ of Christianity is, "What shall I do to tioll.-Guatama was distrest over the be saved?" while that of Buddhism is, mystery of suffering and death. He "Vhat shall I do to be extinguished?" left his wife ane! child ane! became an ascetic pilgrim in order to discover, if View of Man's Duty to Man.- possible, some solution to the mystery. Buddhists are very careful to be kind to insect and beast, but are neglectful View of God.-Guatama said: "I and often cruel to their own kindred, see no one in the heavenly worlds, nor for fear they may encounter the wrath of the spirits which are punishing them among gods or men whom it would for sin. be proper for me to honor." Treatme1lt of Womell.-In child- View of the Created Universe.-It booe! a girl must obey her father; after is materialistic. Knows no creator. marriage her husband, ane! if a widow, Creation was effected by the laws of her son. She dare do nothing without nature, cause and effect. Destruction her lord's permission.- She has no soul and renovation are constantly going and her only hope of heaven is to be on by the forces of nature causing reborn a man. continuous changes everywhere. Character of the S:rste11l.-Bud- View of Mall.-Man is formed of dhism is atheistic. It denies that there two essences, matter and spirit. Mat- is an eternal God. It asserts that God ter but for a short time. Man's spirit is nothing, man is nothing, life, death is transmigratory and its good or bad and eternity are nothing. God has left conduct determines the body it will the universe and law now reigns. have in each succeeding birth. "Self Education.-Ignorance is considered is an error, an illusion, a dream." (A bliss. To cease mental activity is the Buddhist saying.) goal of their ambition. However, in spite of its theory, Buddhism in its View of Sill.-Sin consists in "de- early days of conquest excited considsire." To desire anything is sin. The erable awakening in primitive educaonly freedom from it is to become en- tion. tirely lost in meditative contemplation and become absorbed into Buddha in Attitude Toward Christianity.- Nirvana. Buddhists in Japan have strenuously opposed Christianity. The Boxer move- View of Salvatioll.-Existence is the ment in China was accompanied by cause of suffering'. The only way to Buddhist edicts, threatening Chris.tianovercome all evil is to cease to exist. ity. Buddhists have imitated Chris- Inward culture through right belief, tianity to hold their adherents. resolve, language, behavior, livelihood, exertion, mind and meditation will Present Head of Authority.-It is greatly divided, doctrinally and ecclesave. siastically. The Emperor of Japan is View of Heaven.-Nirvana is the said to be the head in that country. Usually each temple has its own offiheaven of Buddhism. There the personality of the Buddhist is absorbed into Buddha through contemplation.

* From The Missionary Witness.

AND CHRISTIANITY

cers independent of others. Delai and the quiet peaceful expression of Lama is Buddhist pope in Tibet. face depict their teachings.

The Priesthood, etc.-The priests of SuperstitioJls.-A common water- Buddhism are exceedingly corrupt. 'Snake is believed to be the embodiment The Japanese papers openly con- of the god of the floods, so when the demned them for immorality. They, rivers overflow, these snakes are like the Jesuit priests, take the vow of sought out and worshiped. Even Li poverty, chastity and obedience. Hung Chang went to a temple into which one had crawled and wor- Sacred vVritillgs.-The "Tripata- shiped it. ka," written in the Pali language, a dead language, as is the Latin of the Peculiarities. – Buddhism considers Catholic Church. They consist of animal life as sacred. Wear beads as Buddha's sermons, his moral teaching charms. Have images of Buddha only. and philosophy. Tibetan Buddhist Make many pilgrimages. Worship books differ considerably. relics of Buddha. Priests are paid for saying prayers. God t"Ind Gods.-Buddha had no god higher than a perfect man. He de- Specific Defects.-It exalts the beast clared that he knew no one he ought above women. Annihilation is its goal. to worship. His followers have erected Destroys human affection. Believes his image in every Buddhist temple and millions offer their prayers before in transmigration. them. Sects.-It is much divided. In Ja- Services alld Worship.-Worship is pan alone it has "nine principal sects offered three times a day over Bud- and fortv-two sub-sects." The Buddha's relics, etc., with an offering of flowers and perfumes with music. Sins dhism of Tibet differs greatly and is are publicly confest at the new and full moon. The laity attend for "COll- called "Lamaism." That found in fession" abd to hear the sacred book Siam is still another varietv. read. At times of pestilence people come for worship. Histor''.-It came from "a man dis- satisfied "with the surrounding relig- Prayer.-Prayer is offered to Bud- ious teachings of his day. It has dha by means of prayer-flags, also by spread throughout all Asia and has wheels turned by hand or by mountain the largest following of any religion brooks. These contain the words, of the present day. "One Mani Padme Hum" (Oh, the jewel in the Lotus. Amen) . Priests N umber of F olloweys.-Bl1ddhists are paid for offering prayers. number 137,935,ooo–Africa has 11,- Symbols.-The image of Buddha 000; North America, 5,000; Asia, stands out clearly as a symbol of the faith wherever Buddhism exists. The 137,900,000; Australasia, 4,000; position of the image (always sitting) Oceania, 15,000.

Countries in Which Buddhism EJ:- ists.-North India, Tibet, Southern Siberia, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Indo- China, China, Korea, Japan and wher- ever Buddhists have immigrated.

BUDDHISM AND CHRISTIANITY * BY CHIYO YOSHIO (A MISSION-SCHOOL PUPIL, AGED SIXTEEN) Religion is a system of faith and furnishes one of the strongest motives worship out of a sense of dependence to human action. For we know that upon a superhuman power and a rec- thirst for and aspiration toward God ognition of that power as an object of come from God, His Spirit working worship. Religion establishes a rela- within man's heart. Therefore we tionship between God and man, and should treat every religion with honor • Condensed from The Missionary Link.

and respect as well as with a feeling The splendid Buddhist age lasted of sympathy. We must know hm" our for a thousand years. It was an age fellow men think and believe in order of freedom from idol worship, of no- to help them. They are, many of ble humanity, and civilization. Then them, earnest seekers after God, fol- Buddhism was driven out from the lowing the ways of the Spirit along land of its birth, finding new opportu- different lines, searching if haply they nities for growth in eastern and north- may find Him who is the true Light of ern Asia, and a still more surprizing the world. development in Japan.

Tho Gautama's system included no N ever had a new religion a more in- definite teaching about God, yet Bud- viting field than Buddhism had, in dha was far from being an atheist, and stepping from the "Land of the Morn- upon his death he was straightway ing Dawn" to the "Land of the Rising deified, and Buddhism now includes Sun." While Buddhism taught the many another god within its category. Japanese gentleness of manner, kind- Buddhism is one of the protests of ness to living creatures, it also covered the world, for it represents a revolt the land with images, temples, and against Brahmanism and Hinduism. monasteries.

There is, perhaps, no sadder chapter Christianity had its birth in the land in the history of India than that pre- of Judea. It represents a new dIspen- ceding the rise of Buddhism. The sation when the God of the Jewish whole nation was bound by an iron nation was revealed as the Creator system of caste. The worship of N a- and Father of all.

ture had degenerated into the worship Christianity is now recognized as a of new and less pure divinities. The real force throughout the empire and priests were mostly ignorant and su- numbers its followers by thousands.

perstitious and believed in their own Buddhism is pessimistic, while Chris- divine right, tho very few of them tianity is optimistic.

were well educated or in any way fitted Buddhism ignores the necessity of for their sacred office. They had abso- accounting for the Great First Cause.

lute power, while the people" were cred- Christianity comes to reveal a larger ulous and submissive. At such a time universe and One who not only ful- Gautama was born, of a princely fils the law, but reveals a Lawgiver.

family. The keyword of Christianity is LOVE, As with other famous men, marvel- and its message is GRACE. It says, ous stories are told about his miracu- God is all; while Buddhism says, All lous birth. But we know little of his is God. It says, destroy the passions; life until he reached his twenty-ninth while Christianity says, control them.

year. Gautama then suddenly aban- The Buddhists' watchword is Nir- doned his home, to devote himself to vana, or extinction, while Christian- the study of religion and philosophy. ity's is eterml life in Christ Jesus.

His doctrine taught that "birth is sor- Self is the means of salvation, not the rowful; growth, decay, illness, death, suffering of a Redeemer. But Bud- all are sorrowful; separation from ob- dhism seems to be less a religion than jects we love, hating what can not be a system of philosophy; brought face avoided and craving for what can not to face with the problem of the be obtained, are sorrowful." Salva- world's evil and possible improvement, tion can only be obtained by crushing it evades it and prays "Deliver us out the desir"e to live. This desire may from existence." Christianity, prays be extingished by I. Right belief. "Deliver us from evil." The Great 2. Right aspiration. 3. Right speech. Captain and Leader says: "'I have 4. Right conduct. 5. Right means of overcome the world.' Go win it for livelihood. 6. Right endeavor. 7. Me and behold I am with you all the Right memory. 8. Right meditation. days even to the end of the age."

NEW BUDDHISM *

BY THE REV. G. OWEN, PEKING The wheel is the sign of Buddhism, The first "Noble Truth is that sen- and no better sign could be chosen. tient life or individual existellce is a Things have no beginning and no end. misery." Pain, sorrow, and death are There is ceaseless movement, but no inherent in it. Behind the sorrowprogress; only endless repetition. The laden present lies a measureless, soruniverse is full of vast world-systems, row-laden past, and before it a measeach system having gradually evolved ureless, sorrow-laden future-birth itself out of the ruins of its predeces- and death, death and birth for ever sor, become fairer and better till it and ever. "What think ye, my discireached its full splendor, and then ples ?" asked Buddha. "Which is gradually decayed, getting worse and more: the water in the four great seas, worse, till at last it became a chaotic or the tears which ye have shed in this ruin, out of which another world-sys- long pilgrimage ?" tem just like the old one has again sprung. The universe is a great The second "Noble Truth" is that wheel, ever revolving, ever changing, this sentient, suffering life springs yet ever the same. from desire. We love life, thirst for its pleasures, lust for its wealth and Life, too, is a wheel. It is vain to power, and thus, like those who -drink ask whence life came, for the eternal of the false salt water, we deepen has no whence. It passes ceaselessly the thirst and increase the woo from one form to another-now an insect, now a man, and now a god-and The third "Noble Truth" teaches having reached the highest it descends that escape from this suffering life is on the other side, and the god may possible through the destruction of deagain become a man and the man an sire. Life is false, and is fooling us; insect. unmask her, and expose her frauds; conquer love of self and lust of life; . . . While turns this wheel invisible, tear out the "seven passions and the No pause, no peace, no staying-place six desires," and thus for ever still can be; the inward strife.

Who mounts will fall, who falls may The fourth "Noble Truth" reveals mount; the spokes the way to do this. It is by the "eight- fold path" of right doctrine, right Go round unceasingly. thinking, right speaking, right living (the religious mendicant Ii fe ), right It was the merit of Gautama Bud- acting (the ascrctic-moral course) , dha that he discovered a way of right meditating (mental abstraction), escape from this ceaseless round of right remembering, and right practisbirths and deaths. He was born a ing ("the good law"). prince and heir to an Indian throne; but, distrest by the miseries of men He who treads this eight-fold path and of all sentient things, he re- will dispel illusion, conquer self, upnounced his rank, fled by night from root desire and attain Nirvana. his palace, and went forth into the wilderness to seek a way of deliver- All life is lived for him, all deaths are ance for all living things. After six dead; years of bodily suffering, moral conflict, and mental anguish, he discov- He hath escaped the ever-revolving wheel ered the cause and remedy of human of Transmigration. woo These he announced in the "Four Noble Truths" which form the basis The discoverv of these "four noble of Buddhism. truths" by Buddha is called the Great Illumination, through which light '* "The Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana broke on a darkened world, and de- Doctrine-The New Buddhism." Translated from liverance came to all suffering, senthe Chinese by the Rev. Timothy Richard, Litt.D. tient things. When it was announced, Condensed from the Bible in the World. heaven, earth and hell, gods, demons, men, beasts, and creeping things, all

gathered in rapt silence around Bud- and by which everyone reaps just dha to hear the glad, awe-inspiring what he has sown. news. But the human soul, on leaving its Primitive Buddhism was little more present body, does not immediately enthan an expansion of these four ter another. The dead man has first "truths"; and the "glad news" which to appear before the dread judge of Buddha announced to the listening Hades. If he has led a virtuous life he universe was that there is a way of enters paradise for a season, or is reescape from the ceaseless round of born into some happy condition; but birth and death through the "eight- if his good and evil deeds are about fold path." But never was path so equally balanced, he is in due time straight, so narrow, so hard to tread. reborn a poor man, or a woman. Those Anyone of those eight conditions whose evil deeds greatly outweigh would be fatal to most men; the eight their good ones are condemned to suftogether must be fatal to all. The path fer in one of the many hells which requires not only the renunciation of exist in the under-world. There are the world, the flesh, and the devil in burning hells, freezing hells, and hells the ordinary sense, but in the monas- of bubbling filth, the tortures in which tic, ascetic sense. How far the path are varied and terrible. Men are is possible to the monk and the hermit bound to red-hot cylinders,. plunged in we will not say, but it is manifestly boiling oil, pounded to jelly in morimpossible to all others. Probably tars, impaled on spears, and endure a primitive Buddhism did not contem- multitude of nameless horrors similar plate the salvation of the laity, but only to those described by Dante in the "Inof the priesthood. The Buddhist ferno." In the larger Buddhist tem- Church consists of its priests and ples in China there is usually a "Chammonks, and by this eight-fold path ber of Horrors," where these tortures there is deliverance for none else. All are depicted in plaster figures with the most devout layman can hope for gruesome vividness. is to climb just one rung higher on the long ladder that reaches up to Nir- Nirvana is the only state in which vana. the soul can find eternal rest. But what is Nirvana? Negatively, Nirvana is But to our Western way of think- defined as absolute freedom from birth ing the layman does not seem to lose and death, pleasure and pain; posimuch, for the promised deliverance is tively, as the highest spiritual liberty not from death but from life, or rather and bliss, and absolute immortality by from the wheel of life-transmigra- the absorption of the soul into itself; tion. The doctrine of transmigration philosophically, it is defined as neither is much older than Buddha; it was a existence nor non-existence, neither a common tenet in India long before his state of consciousness nor unconscioustime. But, in adopting it from Brah- ness. It is nothing. To the Buddhist minism, Buddha gave it a moral basis. philosopher it means annihilation, to The soul's numberless migrations from the commonest -people, so far as they one body to another depend upon char- grasp it at all, it means rest. acter. Everv soul must be materially what it is spiritually; the bodily form This is the old Buddhism, as it was must correspond with the inner self. before the Christian era, and as it The body is not a mere cage or prison, largely is stil1 in southern Buddhist but the natural clothing of the spirit, lands-such as Ceylon, Siam, and its material counterpart and visible Burma. But about the beginning of embodiment. A beastly man is reborn our era, or a little later, as Buddhism a beast and a saintly man a sage or began to spread northward into other a god. lands, a new school of thought sprang up, called the M aha:yana, or the Great This is Karma, the moral fate by Conveyance, which very much modiwhich all sentient things are ruled, fied the tenets of Buddhism. This

1909J THE NEW BUDDHISM

school, which was founded by the blest beyond compare, and contains all Fourteenth Patriarch, exalts abstract that a pure heart can desire. Unlike contemplation above the old asceti- Nirvana, the entrance to this glorious cism and places it first among the place is wonderfully easy. It is not methods of salvation. "An hour of necessary to pursue the "eight-fold such contemplation," says the book path"; all that is necessary is to call under review, "surpasses thousands of devoutly upon Amitabha. A sincere the mightiest reforming deeds." The worship of this Buddha, with frequent missionary and the ascetic may be as repetitions of his name, will save men much victims of the senses as a plow- from the ceaseless round of transmiboy. Only by abstraction, by the turn- gration, and raise them to paradise. ing of the mind inward upon itself, Contrary to the old Buddhism, which can man rid himself of illusions, know C:enied salvation to females, women the truth, and be free. It is recorded can be saved by calling upon Amita; of one illustrious member of this but before entering paradise they are school that he sat motionless, with his changed into men. Both these schools bee to a wall, for nine years. With further claim the power of delivering the growth of the meditative school, souls already in hell, by means of ritualism grew also. Worship became priestly masses and the use of magical more elaborate, the priest more impor- formulas. By the mysterious influence tant and the use of magical formulas and magical power of these, the very more common, till at last, about 400 gates of hell fly open and the doomed A.D., there arose the Tantra school, come forth. which still further exalted contemplation, ritual, and magic. In both schools the repetition of sa- cred names and magical formulas is Great changes followed the spread common; but in the Tantra school this of these schools. Karma, or the doc- custom, as seen in Tibet and Mongolia, trine of moral retribution, was largely has reached gigantic proportions. In modified, if not set aside, by the crea- those countries every man and woman tion of a god or goddess of mercy some part of the day, and the devout (first regarded as a male, afterward all day, cry with monotonous iteraas a female) endowed with a thousand tion: hands and a thousand eyes, who saved all who called upon her. This mighty "Om-mani-padme-hum." goddess throbbed with pity for suffer- ("0 Thou of the Precious Lotusing men, driven to and fro on the "sea flower.") of misery" (life), and the utterance of The temples are provided with her name brought instant help. She prayer-wheels, which the worshipers is spoken of and invoked as "The All- turn as they go in and out. The peopitiful, All-merciful One, Savior from ple also have small hand wheels, which distress and wo, the Prayer-hearing they turn as they sit or walk, mum- Goddess." To the ordinary man Kar- bling as they do so: ma spelt doom, but Kwan Yin meant "Om-malli-padme-hum." hope, and her name fell like music on The wheels or drums contain a roll the ears of men. Her creation was the of paper or silk covered with repetiresponse of Buddhism to the cry of tions of these mystic words, and each the weak for help, and of the sinful turn of the wheel sends up 10,000 for a Savior. prayers. The words are also written on flags, and placed upon the tops of Another and equally important in- houses, tents, trees, and poles, so that novation was the modification of the the very winds may murmur as they old Nirvana doctrine by the invention pass: of a Western Paradise, ruled by an "Om-mani-padme-hum." imaginary Buddha called Amitabha or Is the new Buddhism so much bet- Amita. This paradise is beautiful and ter than the old?

EDITORIALS

REACTION AT CONSTANTINOPLE Prophet and his Holy Law." This be- ing interpreted means, No Equality On Tuesday, April 13th, a new of civil rights for Christians. Meanpolitical upheaval took place at Con- while, Sultan Abdul Hamid profits by stantinople. Some thousands of troops this upheaval. As soon as the solmutinied in the night under command diers' mutiny hac! accomplished its of a sergeant; they surrounded the purpose, he covered the men with an Parliament House, deposed the Presi- amnesty and publicly thanked them dent of the Chamber of· Deputies; for their patriotism. The soldiers, forced the officers of the Ministry to however, were out for a good time resign, and dispersed the "Committee and they had it. Vhile injuring few of L'nion and Progress" which has except by accident, some thousands of controlled public affairs in Turkey them carried panic through the streets since July, 1908. of Constantinoplc by shooting up the city like playful cowboys on a spree. Upon this the Sultan appointed a The roar of musketry was as if a new Ministry composed of third-rate fierce battle was raging. By nightfall men whom he can control. Through of the second day Turks and Christhe cloud of phrases which always tians alike were ready to give up their obscures from one at a distance the liberty to the Sultan if he would only actualities of an "event" in Turkey, spare their lives. The Sultan's hand one fact is clear: not only has the is long. It probably supplied the mil- Young Turk party been ousted from lion cartridges used by the soldiers to power-at least temporarily-but its scare the people into judging that they program of liberty, brotherhood, must make choice between liberty and equality and fraternity has been torn life. up and thrown into the waste-paper basket. Of course there is a possibility that the Second and Third Corps of the The Constantinople newspapers of Turkish Army may comc from the last weeks of March seem to indi- Adrianople and Salonica with the purcate that the basis of this revolution is pose of undoing what has been done Mohammedan reaction against equal- this week, but fully one half of the ity for Christians. A party of relig- First Army Corps in garrison at Conionists, screening themselves under the stantinople favors the Sultan's absoname of Liberals, grew bolcler and lutism. The Sultan has restored these bolder in claiming that military service regiments to the guardianship of his i, a privilege of Mohammedans and palace, whence they were removed by in protesting against the law about to the Young Turk party. The offibe enacted as to recruiting Christians cers of the Second and Third Corps for the army. About four weeks ago will think twice before facing such Ali Riza Bey, president of the Cham- odds in a civil war. ber of Deputies, in an after-dinner speech, denounced members of this ,yhat is to be feared is anarchy and party as traitors. Thereupon the bloodshed in the distant provinces, newspaper, Serbesti, organ of this where the ignorant people have the Mohammedan party, retorted with a anarchists' view that license belongs direct threat of civil war and declared with liberty. All missionaries as well that of the seven army corps of Tur- as all Christians in Turkey are now key, four and a half would support for a while in serious danger from the party of Islamism, while the local outbreaks of fanaticism. Already Young Turks could connt on only news of the revolution in Constantitwo and a half corps. nople has produced some such out- bursts. On the other hand, the Sul- The events of the week (April 12- tan, content with having regained su- 17th), confirm the impression produced by these papers. The war cry preme controll will undoubtedly try to of the mutinous soldiers was "The preserve the peace in order to prevent I give my money, or my time, or my European interference, and will prom- people, or myself for that work, my ise to observe the Constitution in answer is emphatically yes. It is a order to hoodwink his own people. work profitable in the past, and will AN HONORED VISITOR FROM IXDIA be even more profitable in the future. "In the Indian's home you see Sir Andrew Fraser, who was until last December governor of 80,000,000 bright, lively little girls, but you see no people in the province of Bengal, In- woman-they are hidden in the zedia, has recently visited America in nana. This does not show a lack of the interests of the Laymen's Mission- respect among the Indians for women; ary Movement and of the World's quite the reverse, and that is the dif- Missionary Conference to be held in ficulty. Edinburgh in 1910. "The man goes out and sees the Sir Andrew is a gentleman of unusual world and learns and he sees the folly intelligence, culture, ability and Chris- of his own idolatry, but back in the tian character and speaks with no un- home the woman, the grandmother, certain note of praise about the work calls him to worship in the old way, of the Protestant missionaries in In- and he dare not refuse, and this, of dia. At a meeting in New York, course, in the class that leads-the up- March 28th, Hon. Seth Low presided per class. We can only talk to the and introducing the speaker, said: women through a thick curtain, but the work of conversion in the zenana "Sir Andrew's opportunities for must go on, for everyone knows the gaging the value of Christian mission- influence of the mother and the wife. ary work to the people of India has You can only reach and teach them in been unusual. He went to India, in the the zenana. Indian Civil Service, in 1871, and did not leave till the end of 1908. He rose "Christianity is taking hold. The steadily to the post of Lieutenant-Gov- Indian congregations are realizing that ernor of Bengal, the highest he could aggressive work from them is needed. attain, the ruler over 80,000,000 per- Weare learning that the work can sons. It is well known that last year, only be fully carried out by the peoas he was entering the Y. M. C. A. at ple themselves. I have worked side Calcutta, an attempt was made on his by side with Indian elders. I have life. A man came up to him and snapt known an Indian, converted, to go into a revolver twice at his heart, and twice a region untouched by the missionary it missed fire. Before he could again to found independently a school and a pull the trigger, a Rajah, standing be- church. There are many secret dishind Sir Andrew, swung him around ciples. The Christian principles are so that his own back was between the being promulgated through the coun- Governor and the assassin." try, making a firm foundation for the rearing of the churches." Sir Andrew Fraser then addrest the audience as follows. CURIOUS CALCULATIONS "India is not one; she is many na- The Fireside News gives some in- tions, with many different tongues and structive comparative estimates. Great traditions. It is absurd for a person Britain's drink bill for the year 1887 who knows one province to talk of amounted to 1124,952,680. Weight of India; he must know all. I have the amount in sovereigns, 978 tons.

served on two commissions that took Time to count it, at the rate of one me twice each year "over the entire sovereign per second, 3 years, II country, and I have studied the months, 21 days. The height of a schools, the churches, and the hospi- pillar, if the sovereigns were placed tals. I know the missionary-I have face to face, 116 miles. The length watched him at"work. of a chain, if the sovereigns were "If you ask if it is worth while that placed edge to edge, 1,725 miles.

MISSIONARY

AMERICA Sailed Volunteers for 1908 The Big American Problem Three hundred and twenty-six stu- dent volunteers are reported as having Some time bcfcre his election to his sailed during the year 1908. They are present position. Rev. Frank Dyer, connected with 47 missionary agen- secretary of the CLngregational cies. By countries they are distributed Brotherhood, gave utterance to these as follows: In Africa, 38; China, 124; just and weighty words: India and Burma, 58; Jap:ll1, 33; Ko- The most undesirable citizen is not the ignorant, foreign-burn, foreign-speaking, rca, 2<); South America, H); Turkey, hard-wurking lill111igrant; it is he who, 12; Alaska, 6; Philippines and Vest American-born, is commercially success- Indies. 27; Mexico. 12; other coun- ful, thriving upon our Christian civiliza- tries, 21. The total number of sailed tion, but who refuses to liY(~ by the com- volunteers is now 3,861. mandments of Jesus himself, and is thereby unfitted for any share in the Summer Missionary Conferences for Young moral progress of our beloved country. The vast number of such among our cit- People izens const'tutcs the big American problem. Sufficient time has not elapsed to The Young People's Missionary prove to our wealthier class the hollow- Movement of the L:nited States and ness of the materialistic life. hence they Canada has in view the training of have not to any large extent turned with leaders who can take the initiative in avidity toward the kingdom of God. mIssIonary education in Sunday- schools, young people's societies, and Sixteen Nationalities in One Church other church organizations. One of the chief means to secure and train The Foster Avenue Church in Chi- these leaders is the summer confercago, organized in April of 1906, is ence. Five of these gatherings will located in what is known as North- be held in 190C): west Ravenswood, a new section of the city. the people all belonging to Whitby, Ontario, Canada, July 2-9. the "industrial" class. In thisficld, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, July 2-11. which at present contains 2,000 peo- Asheville, North Carolina, July 2-11. ple, there is one other Protestant Silver Bay, Lake Gcorgc, "'cw York, church and one Catholic church; ad- July 23-August 1. jacent to it is a German Lutheran Sunday-school and Missions. Silver church. Here are the nationalities Bay, Lake George, New York, July 15-22. represented in our Sabbath-school: Swiss, Sweck. GE'LTIan, Irish, Scotch, The special features to be noted are English, Webh, .I-"merican (two fam- as follows: ilies) , Canadian, Pole, Hungarian, Belgian, ~orwegian. French, Italian, 1. Mission study, in small groups and Hollander. To leave these people under experienced leaders. to the proper spiritual care of their old countrv would mean uS different kinds 2. Conferences on methods, under of chu'rches in a small area. Noone men and women in actual contact with nation is sufficiently strong to support conditions in local churches. such a church. and there must be added to that natiol1ill array the fact 3. Platform meeting-s, on devotional that a Swedish Lutheran w~uld never themes, for the deepening of the spiriworship in a Swcrlish Baptist church tual life. nor any other Swedish church, never; neither would a Swedish mission wor- 4. A survey of world-wide missions, ship in a Swedish Methodist church. in a series of addresses by missionnever. The same is true of the Ger- aries fresh from their fields of labor. man and all others.-United Presby- 5. Rest and recreation during- each terian. afternoon, with ample provisions for everv form of outdoor exercise under careful supervision.

For information concerning- any of these con ferences, address the secre- tary of either the Home or Foreign Mission Board or Societ" of "our de- amount to which the Presbyterian nomination, or the Yo~ng- 'People's Church is officially committed: This Missionary Movement, 156 Fifth Ave- would mean an in:rease of over $400,- nue, New York City, 000 per year frcm this constituency. It is doubtful whether money for mis- The Baptists' Share of World Work sionary extension could multiply itself faster than in such an educational The Northern Baptists have figured campaign. out their share in the responsibility of evangelizing the world, based on the Toledo Newsboys ratio of their membership to the mllTIber of people in non-Christian lands. February 22d a newsboys' building Counting these at 1,000,000,000, they was opened in that city, costing $roo,- estimate their share to be $6 1,000,000. 000 (said to be the only one in the The Baptist membership is 1,125,000. world), and furnished with a gymna- To care for their proportion will re- sium, a fine auditorium, office equipquire 1,227 men and 1,227 single ment, etc. This phenomenon is the women, not including wives of mar- achievement directly and indirectly of ried men. This will give one man and John E. GunckeL a single woman to 50,000 people. They now have 237 men and 123 sin- Seventeen years ago 102 newsboys gle women, so they will need 990 were gathered at a Christmas dinner more men and 1,104 more women. by Mr. GunckeL It required seven They will also need a total of 28,221 policemen to preserve order, and one native workers, men and women. The of them was put out of the building! amount of monev needed for the un- Last summer 2,000 newsboys had their dertaking is estil~ated at $12,378,°50. annual outing at Toledo Beach, and The average yearly contribution of the not a policeman in seventeen miles! Northern Baptists is now about $0.60. The Association now has 2, roo active This will need to be increased to $9.88. members, a total of 60439 having been enrolled during its history. Within Congregational Growth Abroad two and one-half years lost articles found by the boys, approximating The American Board has recently $32,000 in value, have been returned published these encouraging figures to their owners. The success of the relating to the growth of fifteen years Toledo movement has leel to its extenin the foreign field: sion to other cities and the organiza- tion of the National Kewsboys' Asso- Missionaries (including wives) . 69 248 ciation. 44 Pl-incipal stations ……….. 20 General William Booth 32 7 Other stations ……….. ,… 205 April roth was the eightieth an111- 13 1 versary of the birth of General Will- Ordained natives ………… 58 iam Booth, founder and leader of the 687 world-wiele Salvation Army. This Lay natives …………….. 372 event was celebrated with appropriate I I ,170 ceremonies in every institution under Communicants . 0"' • • •• • • • • • • • 3,833 the Army's cOl1tr;l, as well as by Added during the year….. 329 I,3 6 J thousands outside the Arnw, who have been influenced by the Ge;eral and by Schools ,……………….. 105 201 the Salvation Army.

Pupils …………………. 3.679 7,489 In connection with this anniversarv 43 an endowment fund of $1,000,000 was Students for the ministry….. 35 started for a proposed University of 10 Humanity, which will be' for the train- Hospitals and dispensaries…. 4 ing of y~ung men and women for all I TO,933 sorts of social service. Patients treated …………. 25,998 $604,45 I Appropriations for I year ….. $224,835 Stirring Up His Brethren Mr. Henry P. Crowell, a far-sighted Presbyterian layman of Chicago, has decided to invest $7,500 a year in a campaign of missionary education among the Presbyterians of his own State, in the effort to lead them up to an average of $5.00 per member for the work abroad, this being the Temperance Growth in Manach&set's Japan, Korea and the Philippines. Visits, with evangelistic services, will The recent elections in Massachu- be paid to such cities as Melbourne, setts towns and cities show as great Ballarat and Sydney. progress in temperance reform as in any other part of the country, and in The Pacific Coast and Missions some respects greater, The total vote gives about 26,000 majority against The Pacific Coast States should have licensing saloons. Of the 33 cities in a particular interest in missions to the the commonwealth, 20 have voted no- Orient, as they are destined to come license. Six of the ten largest cities into closer and closer contact. New in the United States in which the sa- interest has recently been awakened by loons have been closed are in Mas- a successful tour conducted by the sachusetts. Of the 321 towns, 270 missionaries. have voted against the saloon. Nearly all the temperance gains of the last The tour of the Pacific coast by Dr. twenty-five years in the State have Horace Underwood, Dr. Avison, Rev. been made since the No-License Earnest Hall and Prof. Homer B. League got to work ill 1906. Its Hulbert in a special campaign for efforts have been reenforced by mo- funds to meet the great crisis of evantives which have been strengthened by gelism in Korea. The broad-visioned recent legislation not directly intended philosophy of the missionaries respectto promote temperance. ing the interrelation of the Orient and the coast States of America made a Bishop Thobum's Semicen!ennial profound public impression in all the cities visited, and particularly in Port- In 1859 Rev. James M. Thoburn land. The business men of these went out to India as a missionary. In cities realized the immense significance 1888 he was elected the first mission- of the question the missionaries asked ary bishop for southern India. The them-whether they were willing that fiftieth anniversary of his going to the development of the Orient should India occurs in April, 1909. At the be wholly a material development unrecent General Conference, held in relieved by any spiritual factor. In Baltimore, Bishop Thoburn was placed money returns the tour brought imon the retired list, and since that time mediate pledges of $100,000 and he has resided in Meadville, Pa. It "there's more to follow." is proposed by his friends to present to the bishop, at the close of his half A New Missionnry Maguine century of service, a home in which he may live during the closing years The Board of Foreign Missions of of his life. The people of Meadville the Reformed ( German) Church in are contributing generously for this the United States has this year bepurpose, and it is thought that many gun the publication of an excellent and other friends of the bishop will be attractive monthly magazine called glad to share in this gift. The Outlook of Missions (Philadel- phia). It is well printed, well illus- The jubilee was marked also by an trated, well edited with brief paraanniversary celebration at Allegheny graphs, news from the mission fields College, when addresses were made by and from the churches, "Quiet Hour" prominent men and women. quotations and book reviews. We wish the Outlook a bright future. A World-wide Revival Tour The International Missionary Union March 25th Rev. J. Wilbur Chapman, Mr. C. M. Alexander, and nearly The well-known I. M. U., of which a score of other workers sailed from our honored co-editor, Dr. J. T. Vancouver on a tour planned to cover Gracey, is president, is to hold its the better part of a year, and to in- 26th annual conference at Clifton clude the Hawaiian Islands, Fiji, Aus- Springs, New York, June 8th to 14th. tralia, New Zealand, Tasmania, China, Over roo missionaries are expected to

GENERAL MISSIONARY

be guests of the sanatorium, and Indians involved in the proposal to many others will attend the meetings. place carpet wool on the free list.

This is a rare opportunity for mis- This tribe is dependent upon its sheep sionaries on furlough to combine rest, industry. The attention of the Board social fellowship and opportunities for was also called to the need of a fur- conference. Those who expect to at- ther safeguarding of the property tend should write immediately to Mrs. rights of the Indians, with a view to H. J. Bostwick, Clifton Springs, N. Y. a more adequate protection of their interests.

Secretaries to Visit Asia and South America Dr. Arthur J. Brown, secretary of Oklahoma as a Mission Field the Presbyterian Board, will go to the Oklahoma has an area about equal Far East this summer, sailing from to that of Ohio and Indiana combined.

San Francisco in August. He will It has vaster resources than those represent the board at the celebration States with which it has just been of the quarter centennial of Protestant compared in extent, and about a milmissions in Korea, which will take lion and a half of people. The growth place in Seoul. Dr. Brown is planning is rapid. Here is a civilization whose to spend two weeks in Japan, four record is unparalleled in history. weeks in Korea, and four weeks in Where 18 years ago was virgin prairie China, making a total absence from without a sign of human habitation, New York of about four and a half now a city of 40,000. Another city of months. A friend has offered to pay 6,000 on a spot which was wilderness all the expenses if the board will send six years ago. These are not camps, three of its secretaries to attend this not clutterings of shacks; they are quarter-centennial. modern cities.

Mr. Robert E. Speer is also to spend The population is 86 per cent white, some months visiting the neglected and the enormous immigration in- stations of the "Neglected Continent," cludes only a slight foreign admixture.

South America. He starts earlv in Of the alien immigration to the May. Next year lfr. Speer gives the United States only six-tenths of one Duff Lectures in Scotland. His sub- per cent reported Oklahoma as the ject will be "Christ and the Nations." destination.

The opportunity for the Church is The Needs of the Indians right now. Set the church life mov- Representatives of the Protestant ing right, and the business is done, Home Mission Societies in conference so far as outside assistance is involved. with the Board of Indian Commission- The Church in Oklahoma will speedily ers, in vVashington, D. C, February take care of itself once it is well set 18th, made the following recommen- upon its feet. Men and means for the dations: start, that is all needed from the dis- tance. 1. The enforcement of laws preventing the sale of intoxicating liquors to In- There are over 40 growing towns dians. which have no organized religious work of any name. 2. The suppression of the Mescal cult.

3. Desirability of increasing the force of field matrons. Religious Progress in Mexico 4. Advisability of suppressing the The signs of progress in Christian boarding-school dance. work are always encouraging, espe- cially in a difficult field. Mission work S. Instruction of Indians in dry farm- mg.

6. Need of a larger force of physicians in Roman Catholic countries is reon reservations. garded as exceedingly difficult, and of The attention of the Board of In- these fields Mexico has been one of dian CommIssioners was called to the the hardest to work. But as affording question of the interests of the Navajo a contrast between the old times of

persecution and opposition, we are in- EUROPE formed that "thirty years ago Protestant missionaries were stoned and Another British Missionar), Exhibit driven out of Guanajuato." But in this same city recently over 600 Prot- Great Britain is more conservative estants of all denominations gathered in most respects than is America, but for a convention of Sunday-school in promoting intelligent interest in workers and young people's societies. missions that country is more invent- The convention was not only not mo- ive if not more progressive. Thus lested, but the visitors were received there was held in London last year an with nothing but courtesy on every elaborate display and object-lesson hand, and the governor of the State presentation of mission work in the met with and cordially welcomed a Orient. Mission stations, converts, committee of the young people and heathen rites and customs, were present a pleasant message to the con- sented true to life, and a great pageant vention. was conducted at intervals. Another exhibit is being prepared for next Conditions in Cuba summer to be called "Africa and the East." General Gomez is now president of the Cuban republic, and Governor- A special leaflet, "Africa and the General Magoon has returned to the East Notes," is to be issued from time United States. Some three thousand to time for the assistance of the many Gnited States troops still remain in secretaries and workers of all kinds, the island, but are to be withdrawn. who are making elaborate preparations President Roosevelt saluted the Presi- for the event. The Chinese street, the dent and Congress of Cuba with these Japanese village, models of church words: "Upon the occasion of this missionary society churches and instifinal act, I desire to reiterate to you tutions, the industrial mission exhibit the sincere friendship and good wishes -all these and many other features of the United States and our most will contribute to what is expected to earnest hopes for the stability and suc- be the most extensive missionary excess of your government. Our fondest hibit that has ever been held. hope is that you may enjoy the blessing of peace, prosperity, justice and Still another method employed to orderly liberty, and that the friendship awaken interest and diffuse intelliwhich has existed between the republtc gence is the organization of a modified of the United States and the republic parliament which is conducted on the of Cuba may continue for all time to plan of the British parliament. Miscome." sion fields are divided into depart- ments and assigned to separate mem- In Cuba the race problems will prob- bers of the parliament whose duties ably grow more difficult of adjust- require that they study their fields and ment. President Gomez has shown inform the entire membership through himself an agitator of the Latin- meetings conducted much after the American type, not always scrupulou~ plan of the legislative body of the emin the means he has employed. It pire. President Gomez convinces the more conservative people and property own- Mr. Meyer', Tour m Misaion Land. ers of the island that his administration is capable of good and honest Rev. F. B. Meyer was advertised government, in the interest of the to leave London for Turkey on March whole island and not merely of his 17th, and two days later to reach own personal ambition, the second Philippopolis to hold a three days' Cuban republic will be stable, but they mission, and on the 23d to arrive at can not be counted on unless they are Constantinople, where' he is to hold controlled by true Christian principles. meetings for missionaries. He wlll also speak at Smyrna. Mr. Meyer leaves Port Said by P. and O. steamer on April 21st, and is expected on ]Iay 6th at Penang, in the Malay Set- ciety has already enabled several hun- tlement. In June he will hold a ten dred men to become self-supporting.

days' mission at Hongkong, and in The society runs a small printing J ul y and August he is to visit towns office, which serves the double purpose in China. At the beginning of Sep- of supplying new recruits with em- tember he starts for home by the ployment and of printing the organ of Trans-Siberian Railway. It is ex- the movement, La Erode. M. Haute- pected that in China he will address feuille, the founder of the society, some 1,200 missionaries at health re- hopes soon to start another publica- sorts, where the meetings arc being tion, which will advocate the establish- planned. The expense of this part of ment of a National Free Church, open the tour will be borne by the Council to all worshipers, without reference of the Keswick Convention, in whose to creed.

interests the deputation has been Kaiserwerth Deaconesses arranged. The work begun in 1836 by Pastor The Church of Scotland Not Decadent Fliedner at Kaiserwerth is one of the The Scottish Established Church is glories of Germany. Its ministrations able to report that "financially 1908 of mercy have reached out to all lands has been, by a long way, the record by the kind and tender hands of the year in the history of the foreign mis- deaconesses, and it is good to know sion. In 1907 the total contributions that its work continues to extend.

available for foreign mission commit- From the Guild Supplement to Life tee purposes were 129,642. In 1908 and Wark for December, 1908, we they have reached 138,846. From all take the following, written by a recent parts of the country, from individuals visitor to Kaiserwerth: and from congregations, has the re- The work so modestly begun in 1836 sponse come. In many cases the one- has grown to extraordinary dimensions, fourth addition which was asked for and is still growing. Kaiserwerth is has been exceeded; in some cases ever lengthening her cords and strengthwhich have already come under no- ening her stakes. All over Germany, in tice last year's contributions have been other parts of Europe, and in the East doubled, and in a few they have been -Constantinople, Smyrna, Alexandria, trebled; and altho a considerable num- Cairo, Jerusalem, Beirut-she has flourber of congregations, doubtless for ishing hospitals and schools. Then you reasons of their own, have refrained find the sisters in various city hospitals throughout Germany, the directors of which had applied to Kaiserwerth to from sharing in the effort, the wide- provide them with a nursing staff. So spread character of the response is a much is paid for the services· of each feature which is in the highest de- sister, and the money thus obtained goes gree encouraging. and which gives to headquarters. evidence of the Church's determination not to fall behind in the great Twenty-five years ago there were in work of wor1cl-evangelization to which all over 600 sisters, of whom about 500 she is called." were deaconesses and 145 probationers. At the close of 1906 there were 1,250 sisters, of whom almost 1,000 were dea- conesses and nearly 300 probationers. At French Priests Renouncing Rome the close of that same year there were 6 "mother-houses" for the accommoda- So many French priests have left tion and training of the sisters, one at the Catholic Church under the impuL Kaiserwerth with 44, and 5 elsewhere of modernism and nationalism that a ·vith 21 sisters.

society has been founded under the Annual Reports of Netherlands Societies name of Anciens Pretres Catholiques, In America little is known of the for the purpose of finding ex-priests. missionary work carried on by the In the face of clerical opposition and churches. of the Netherlands.

popular prejudice the ex-priest has a The Netherlands Missionary 50- htrd time, but in the course of the two ciet:y, founded in 1797, is the oldest of cr three years of its existence this so- the missionary societies of Holland. Its report for the year from July I, Mennonite Union for the Propagation 1907, to June 30, 19Q8, published in of the Gospel in the East Indian Posits organ M aalldbericht, is an inter- sessions of Holland, and the Union for esting and carefully edited document. the Propagation of the Gospel in In Java it is carrying on an extensive Eg;,'pt, a!"e carrying on missionary missionary and educational work, un- work among the inhabitants of the der 35 European missionaries, of countries named in their titles. whom one is sent out by the Java Committee and one by the Netherlands An Excellent German Periodical Missionary Union, while 87 native Christians are employed. The success Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift (a is seen from the fact that the 80 con- general missionary magazine, or one gregations have a membership of not 'published. in the interest of any 12,678, and that 698 baptisms were partIcular sOClety), with such firstperformed by the missionaries during class authorities upon its editorial staff the completed year. The educational as Warneck and Grundemann, easily Christian work was carried on in 78 takes rank among the foremost of misschools with 5,218 pupils. The income sionary publications. The March numof the Society from all sources was ber is especially valuable, with its $51,290. Its missionary training- nearly ~fty pages almost wholly covschool is at Rotterdam. ered WIth these three scholarly arti- cles: "The Fifty Years' Work of the The Mission of the Reformed Netherlands Missionary Society," Churches in the Netherlands, pub- "The American (United) Presbytelish statistics in H et Zendingsblad. rian Mission in Egypt and the Sudan," On the islands of Java and Sumba, and "The Mission of the Berlin Sogroups of congregations are support- ciety in German East Africa." ing particular stations and laborers. A Church Most Unique The Utrecht Missionary Union was founded on April 13, 1859. Its fields The Moravian Church, like the of missionary activity are New ~arIy Christian Church at Jerusalem, Guinea, Halmaheira, and Buru (Dutch IS small at the trunk, but wide in its East Indies). From New Guinea its branches. Of its 64,567 communiannual report brings the refreshing cants, but 6,197 live in Germany, tidings that the movement toward while 32,478 are upon the foreign Christ among the heathen, of which its fields where its missionaries labor. It missionaries reported the first signs in numbers 17,820 members in the 1906, is continually increasing in force, United States, and 6,457 in Great so that it seems as if a great revival is Britain. In every country its adhernear at hand. There were 3 mission- ents are from three to four times its aries upon 4 stations in the work upon membership, since only the most zeal- New Guinea, while 10 missionaries la- ous of its converts are fully prepared bored upon the 8 stations upon Hal- to assume the conditions of life which maheira, and 1 missionary occupied prevail in a Churc11 so thoroughly Tifu, the station upon Bum. The in- evangelistic. come of the Society from all sources Germlln Students' Conference was $33,789 in 1907· The Auxiliary to the Salatiga Mis- The fourth annual conference of the German Student Volunteers for Forsion (of the Neukirchen Missionary eign Missions was held in Halle, from Institute of Germany), contributed April 16th to 20th. A number of during 1907, $8,928 for the support of well-known missionary leaders were the prosperous work upon that station on the program, and of the many sub- jects to be discust we mention, "Imin Java. portant Missionary Problems in In- The Ermelo Missionary Union is dia," "Urgent Problems in Africa," "Open Doors in East-Asia." engaged in missionary labors in Africa, while the Java Committee, the

John R. Mott in Scandinavia be illustrated by a few facts which are all the more significant in view of the Dr. Karl Fries, the chairman of proverbial lack of expression on the the World's Student Federation, part of Scandanavian students. After writes in the Student World: one meeting in Copenhagen, Mr. Mott "There was a marked difference in invited those who wished to believe in the reception given to Mr. Mott at this visit as compared to the visit ten years Christ, but felt conscientiously unable ago. Then he was looked upon with to do so, to meet him in a private some distrust even by those who pro- house situated at a considerable disfest to be Christians, while those op- tance. At the late hour of I I P.M., posed to Christianity kept aloof from about thirty came together and listhe meetings. Now the Christians re- tened for more than an hour to Mr. ceived him with confidence and the au- Mott on overcoming doubts. In He1diences included students of all possi- singfors on~ hundred and seventy ble shades of opinion. In Christiania, students who had not previously been a professor of jurisprudence invited in touch with the Christian Union sigto his home the leading men of the nified their intention of beginning a athletic, social, political, and profes- new life with Christ as their personal sional clubs to meet Mr. Mott. As Savior. a result men from all these groups attended. A large hall was crowded to "In each of the places visited Ml'. the utmost at every occasion. The Mott ende,j with a meeting of the first meeting was attended by the King, leaders and aimed at putting the rewho invited Mr. Mott to a private sponsibility on them and giving them audience on the following day. An- guidance regarding conserving the reother day the Student Corporation, sults. Great stress was laid on organwhich includes nearly all the students izing Bible circles. In Copenhagen, of the University, arranged a recep- there were already before Mr. Mott's tion which was attended' by at least visit seventeen Bible circles, but it was five hundred. resolved to aim at doubling this num- ber and similar resolutions were taken "In Stockholm the first meeting was in the other places. attended by nearly one thousand students and older schoolboys and girls. "Much prayer had been offered by At a meeting open to the public about the students who were responsible for three thousand people crowded the the organization of the meetings and church. by many other friends in various coun- tries who faithfully uphold Mr. Mott "The attendance not only in Upp- in his work." sala and Lund but in all the universities was far beyond expectation, and ASIA in many cases the biggest halls of the cities were crowded. In Copenhagen Orient and Occident Coming Together Mr. Mott found the largest student audience which he has ever addrest in The ditch through the sand fr01l1 the Occident, fourteen hundred men, Port Said to Suez has changed the drawn from the university, the poly- course of the world's commerce, and technic, and the colleges. On several the bronze hand of Ferdinand de Lesoccasions nearly equally large num- seps points not at the canal, but tobers of men gathered and on one occa- ward Europe, from which the best sion three thousand people of the things for the East are constantly comgeneral public filled a church tho ad- ing. All along the line from Yokomitted only by ticket. A similar num- hama to the Mediterranean great ships ber attended one of the meetings in are carrying to the West the products Helsingfors. -tea, coffee, silks and myriads of other articles that the world wants, "The intensity of the interest may and taking toward the East the prod- ucts of the highest civilization the world has ever seen. It looks strange

at first to see a Cinghalese acting as and Afghanistan, and they, with wamotorman and a Chinaman as con- ning strength, exercise little or no inductor on an electric-car at Singapore t1uence in world political questions. or Colombo, or a native of Sumatra as chauffeur of the latest build of auto- Mecca's We:come to Liberty mobile, but they are doing it, and ?oing it well, and seem to be catch111g The Sacred City of Mohammed, on to the growth of the rest of hu- where the Kaaba Stone stands as the manity.-REv. C. C. ADAMS, in The goal of pilgrims, has welcomed the Pacific. constitution that destroys the boasted supremacy of the Sultan in religion, The Sultan as Ruler of Islam judicature, and public administration. The Arabian press reports that in Secretary Barton has recently said former times llecca was known as that "the influence of the Sultan of EI-Balad ttl ameen, the "city of lib- Turkey over .Moslems of all races far erty"-liberty for man and beast and surpasses that of any other living tree. No offender against the law man, however much we may question who took refuge there could be aphis ability to inaugurate a general holy prehended; no wild creature could be war against infidels, or questio.n his hunted; no tree could be felled. But right to be called the representative of during the late reign of terror estab- MOhammed. It is a significant fact lished by the government at Constanthat negotiations for the peaceable tinople, Mecca has been a pandemosubmission of the Moslems in the nium of misery. The natives of the Philippines to the government of the land have been robbed and their land- United States were carried on at Con- ed property usurped by the sheriff of stantinople between the United States Mecca. The pilgrims coming from all Minister and the Sultan of Turkey. It parts of the Moslem world have b~en is known that a communication from subjected to every sort of extortlOn the Sultan to the Moros advising them and inconvenience, to accept quietly the sovereignty of the United States accounts for the We read in the Arabic paper, El fact that they have caused us no more Lewa (Constantinople): trouble than they have. It is reported in the daily press that the good offices On the 18th of August, 1908, the indigof the Sultan of Turkey have been nation of the upholders of despotism sought by the British Government to against the populace reached its limit, keep the Moslems in India in ?:der and their nerves were stra1l1ed to a while the present disturbed conditIons breaking-point by hearin~ so freq~ently prevail." the word "liberty," publtcly mentIOned. So, the Kaim-Makam, or the Lieuten<l:nt- Political Power of Islam Waning governor of Mecca, convened a meetmg of the officials at the Government-house, Turkey and Persia: these two countries are the only remaining independ- with the object of deciding on the arrest ent Mohammedan governments of any considerable significance. Other Mos- of everyone who uttered the word "liblem powers once playing an important erty." part in the politics of the world have come under the protectorate or control The streets were thronged with of Christian nations, like the Mogul crowds of people shouting "Liberty," Empire of India, and the kingdom of and the Sacred City seemed suddenly Zanzibar and Algeria, or have pass~d transformed into a revolutionary out of existence, like the Moors 111 Paris. Spain. There remain to-day practically only two independent Mohamme- INDIA dan governments besides the two we have under consideration, Morocco United Theological College Perhaps the most importan~ ~nd far-reaching step taken on the miSSlOn- field in recent years is in the direc- tion of a closer union of one Chris- tian body with another. The Church of Japan would seem to have taken the lead. In India there has been thi.s tanica is not appreciated as it ought coming together of the several Presby- to be, for the simple reason that we terian bodies; while our own London are not able to recognize the worth Mission, and the .Madura American of any benefit till it has gone.-Mos- Mission have been stretching out lCIn Herald. their hands. A United Theological College for the higher training of In- Missionary Honon dian Christians-preferably graduated -through the medium of English, is Rev. Henry Forman, of the Ameri- to be started in the near future in can Presbyterian Mission, has recently Bangalorc; the L.l1.S., the American been given the Kaiser-i-Hind medal lIadUl"a, and also the Vesleyan Mis- for service in famine-relief. The same sion-it is hoped-each contributing a honor has been given to Dr. ]. P. professor; while the most opportune Jones by the British Government, for Arthington Fund has promised a lib- "distinguished service in India." Dr. eral grant. Such a college must here- J ones is at present taking active part after exercise a powerful influence for in a campaign in America. good on the life and thought of the Indian Church, and do for the South, Latest News from the National Socie'y on a modest scale, what the imposing scheme for a great Christian univer- The immediate opening of work in sity, with its theological degrees, at a new field has been decided on. This Serampore is expected to do for the makes the third field of the society North.-Lolldon Chronicle. and is situated in western India, while the other two, it will be remembered, Religious Feuds in India are in northern India, one in the Pan- jab and the other in the United Prov- The recent affrays in Calcutta be- inces. The new field comprises the tween Hindus and .Mohammedans are Karjat Taluk of the Ahmednagar disone more proof that the tension of trict and the Karumala Taluk of the feeling between the two communities Sholapur district. The work is to be is becoming more and more acute, and commenced by sending there the Rev. emphasizes the necessity of penna- Savalramjee Salve, who has been for nently providing against the recur- nine years pastor of the Ahmednagar rence of such untoward incidents. first church. His support is guaran- That fracases of this sort seriously in- teed by the church which he now terfere with business is undeniable. leaves to go out to the mission field. It is equally true that the innocent Immediate appeals are being issued to suffer for the sins of designing per- secure a qualified Indian missionary to sons. Time and again attempts have take charge of the mission. A fourth been made to reconcile these two large field has also been selected to be sections of the Indian population; but worked on behalf of the Mar Thoma the differences have not been sunk. Syrian Church. It is in the southern Whv? Because evidentlv there is no borders of the Nizam's dominions. love' lost between the two" classes. We The Syrian community has already would suggest the appointment of a forwarded Rs. 5IO as its first instalcommittee to investigate into the ment toward the cost of this mission. causes of these yearly outbreaks, and -I1ldian Witncss. to find out the best means of bringing about peace between the divided com- C. E. Convention in India munities. It is plain from what has hitherto taken place that British Gov- The World's Christian Endeavor ernment is the only security for peace Convention will be held at Agra, Inand tranquillity in this country. The dia, November next. The Makhzan moment John Bull leaves these shores I Masihi says: "One great aim of the chaos would reign in India. Pax Brit- Convention will be to let the thousands c:f young converts see that they be- long to a great army with branches in every province of India, as well a[

throughout the world. – Woman's The head priest of the temple came out Work. to see me, and asked about things he saw lying about. He came upon a book Indian Women in Congress and wanted to know what it was. Being told that it was a book, he wanted to The part which Indian women know whether it was English or French, played in the recent national congress and was surprized to find it written in the is causing comment. Over 100 Ma- most beautiful Laos characters he had dras Hindu ladies assembled at the so- ever seen. "Who wrote it?" "Not writcial congress, when several read pa- ten, it is prinkd." "How did they do pers before a large audience of men. it? What is it about?" Being told that "This is the first time that a caste it was a dream that a man who was in woman in Madras has ever spoken in prison had written out, he started to public," was (he comment of a Brah- read. When he was compelled to leave man lady. The faces of the men were he asked to borrow the book. Next an interesting study, for the large audience seemed to be vastly amused, mornins he brought it back to ask perastonished and pleased to think that their women folk could speak so well mission to keep it longer; he had read it in public. The papers read showed all nig-ht, and had not finished. It all that thoughtful and careful considera- ended in his accepting "Pilgrim's Progtion is now being given by Indian ress" as a present, and the fame soon women to important domestic subjects. spread through the neighborhood, and we The papers were on "Marriage expen- disposed of all the literature we had ses," "The raising of a marriageable brought with us and two loads more, but age for girls," "Should English be as brethren from the north were coming taught to our girls," etc.-Madras through Pen Nyow they camped by that Statesman. temple. The prie~t called on them and told of the book, and that it had been Progress Among Indian Women stolen from him during a Shan raid_ He wanted another, and also a copy of the A most interesting proof of prog- Bible to which the book referred. The ress, and that among the 'Women of old priest received the books with Mysore, was given me by an old marked gratitude, and seemed especially Hindu priest whom I knew intimately, pleased to get the Bible. Weare praythe founder of an important temple in ing that God will use His Worel to the the city, of some generous charities, salvation, not only of the priest, but also and of a remarkable Oriental and of many of his followers. mixed library and reading-room. This reading-room was, at the time of my Soon Itt Memorial. Siam visit, closed every day of the week from three to five to men, and open Progress is reported on the Boon Itt only to Indian women; a social gathering of ladies, Indian and European, Memorial building in Bangkok. The started by the educated wife of this beautiful red tile roof is on, the walls 'enlightened man, is held every Saturday afternoon, when papers are read have been plastered both inside and by the Indian ladies on social and religious questions.-Chrollicle. out and are now ready for the white The Laos Reading the Word ccat, which will be tinted a delicate yellow. The floor will soon be laid Rev. Hugh Taylor gives in All The W or/d, an instance showing how the throughout the entire building. The Word of God satisfies heart-hunger among the Laos of Siam: building from the outside is very pretty and presents a very striking ap- Four years ago we were camped by pearance. one of the chief temples of the district. The Board of Directors of the Boon Itt Memorial has authorized Dr. E. P.

Dunlap, the president of the organi- zation, to confer with the Board of Foreign Missions in New York with a view of raising at once $3,000 gold, so as to get the building ready for occu- pation and finish it along lines laid out from the first.

The Boon Itt Memorial will also be called the Young Men's Institute. It has a board of fifteen directors, a con- stitution modeled after the Y. M.

MISSIO~ARY INTELLIGENCE

C. A. work in America, with the the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said in same evangelical basis that has been the course of an address: .. It is stated the Gibraltar of that noble orgamza- that the population of China numbers tion. 400,000,000. But, if one deducts from this figure the Chinese women and con- CHINA siders them as ciphers, China has but half of its inhabitants. . .. The woman The Celes!ial Empire Census who remains in ignorance wrongs not only herself, but also her family and her Hitherto we have had only esti- country." mates, but now China is about to take a census of the uncounted millions Chinese Girls Graduate in Medicine within her borders. In accordance with the program for constitutional Seven young Chinese women gradreform, an edict, which has been re- uated recently from the medical colceived at the State Department, has lege of the Presbyterian Board at Canbeen issued directing police and pro- ton. The Taotai, or mayor of the city, vincial treasurers to enumerate the in- was present and delivered an address dividuals and families of the empire. which closed with the wish, "May you The returns for the census of families female students all pluck up your must be completed by 19IO and for courage!" No doubt they will do this, individuals by 1912. After returns are all over China. It is a new day for made the records of families will be that old empire when Chinese women reviewed each two months and the physicians from Christian missionary records of individuals every half year. institutions are sent forth to their pro- The edict provides that the communi- fessional work with the official approties not yet organized into provinces, val of their rulers. such as Inner and Outer Mongolia and Tibet, must be enumerated by A Religious Bank Opening their respective officials, who will report to the Board of the Interior. Two Christian Chinese opened a bank at Chefoo, last summer, and Chinese Women Coming to Their Own marked the occasion by a religious service. Mr. Elterich says that every Not a few signs appear that Chinese opening of a heathen business firm is women will ere long attain to their attended with superstitious practises. intellectual and social rights. Anti- He understands that one-twelfth of footbinding societies have been estab- the profits of this .Christian bank are lished; numerous young women's to go to the Lord's work, one-twelfth clubs have been formed, and some of to the employees, and the balance to the members have boldly proclaimed the firm. What would be the result if themselves as "girls who follow their our church-members at home would own will." At Peking and Shanghai conduct their business enterprises on a "gazette for young women and this basis.-Woman's Work. girls" has appeared; and in a recent number one reads the following: JAPAN AND KOREA Oh, ye 200,000,000 of Chinese, our sis- Social Changes in Korea ters, listen! In China it is said that man is superior and woman inferior; that man Yesterday a wedding was performed is noble and woman vile; that man in the First Methodist Church here, should command and woman obey…. the contracting parties of which were But we are not under the domination of both Koreans. The groom is the diman. The nature of man and of woman rector of the Educational Bureau of is the universal sense of Heaven. How, Korea, and the bride the daughter then, can one make distinctions and say of the Governor of Chemulpo. Many that the nature of man is of one sort, prominent men and women were presand that of woman of another? for the ent. The dividing curtain between the Celestial principle has neither form nor men and the women was down its full figure. :Recently the second wife of the length for the first time in the history of Korea. Among the higher-class celebrated Yuan (:he-k 13ai, pre§ideut of guests present was a prince who sat beside his wife, one of th~ ladies-in-

waiting at the palace. Truly, it is Koreans. We know, many good Korean startling to think of the contrast be- people want to be our church member, tween the Korea of twenty years ago but there is one thing to hinder them and the Korea of to-day. There sat become our Church member. That is many ladies who had always been so they can not speak English well enough. carefully nurtured and so completely We all don't learn from service and can secluded that one naturally thought it not understand words of the sermon. It must be a frightful ordeal for them. seems to us very hard to increase our Yet seemingly it was not so, for they Church membership. Therefore we ask chatted and laughed and seemed to in favor that you let us have a own place feel as much at home in the gaze of to worship God and appoint a priest who the world as do their "tVestern sisters. can speak us by our own language. This Hail to the new Korea !-World-Wide is our anxious hope. J'Iissiolls. Korean Students in Japan Spiritual Marvela in Korea From The Chillese Student in Japan In a recent r¥estminster, Minot C. for November, 1908, arc taken the fol- lowing facts: Morgan tells of two "experiences" he had in Korea, of which the first was There are at present 700 Korean in Seoul. "Wednesday evening we students living in Tokyo, Japan. Their attended prayer-meeting. There were studies embrace the practical subjects of 600 present, and this is only one of a law, commerce, agriculture, medicine, number of churches in the city. Six theology and technical courses. The hundred, think of it, ask yourself what average age of the student is nineteen. it means. It means that Christianity The intense desire of these young men looms large to these people. It is the to fit themselves for spheres of honor whole thing, and they know it. The and usefulness is evident from the fact whole congregation comes to prayer- that out of the total number there, only meeting, to Sunday-school, to church eighty-one are at the expense of the govtwice on Sunday, and how they listen." ernment. As Tokyo is conveniently near and as it offers excellent facilities for But his Sunday in Pyeng Yang mental advancement, it is more than brought his "greatest experiences." likely that some years to come there First came the I I o'clock service for will be a steady increase in the number women in the Central Church, with of students. This year there is already more than 1,000 present, and Pastor an increase over last year of two hun- Kim, a native Korean, presided. "At dred. In the various centers of learning 2 P.M., we were back for the men's the progress of the Korean students is service. It was full, about I AOO pres- not a whit behind that of their compeers. ent. Think of it, a total of at least Mr. Kim, Young Men's Christian Asso- 2,400, and in a town which was wholly ciation secretary among the Koreans, a and unanimously heathen only four- capable and active leader, gives a report teen years ago, with the reputation of full of encouragement. In every branch being the worst town in Korea!" of the work there is a steady increase. The enrolment of students both in the Korean Pastor Needed in Hawaii English and in the Bible classes is over 100. Since the secretary began his work The Spirit of Missions publishes more than twenty of the students have this appeal addrest to Bishop Resta- become earnest Christians. rick, and signed by 93 Koreans in Jubilee Conference in Japan Honolulu: The Church of Christ in Japan rep- Please hear our supplication: for resents the Reformed and Presbyabout three years, we have an advan- terian cults. The Kumi-ai churches tage to attend to the Episcopal Church in Honolulu. There are about ninety or stand for independency. The Methmore most religious Koreans in St. Elizabeth's House and St. :vIary's School and odist Church of Japan was formed by other plantations. We believe that God bless to succeed the faithful work for a union of the Methodist bodies, and is now presided over by Bishop Hon- da, a native Japanese. The irenic and unifying ministry of the standing committee of cooperating- Christian missions in Japan continues its active and useful service in various depart- ments of religious work. At its last

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

general meeting, the committee pre- no means dying, tho it has lost much sented plans for holding a Jubilee of its power. He gives us a dark pic- Christian Conference in the year I909, ture of the decline in morality in J ato celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of pan, of increasing theft and murder, the opening of Christian work in gross immorality and disastrous prosmodern Japan. This jubilee confer- titution, and the immense increase in ence will be representative of all suicide. Mr. Schiller's article is a Christian churches and evangelical strong appeal for more missionary organizations in the empire-a united work in Japan. jubilee, to commemorate the entrance of the blest religion of the one Lord AFRICA and Master of us all among the Japanese people.-Prcsb),tcrian. Mr. Roosevelt in Africa Christian Situation in Japan Ex-President Roosevelt's expedition to Africa is to be for the purposes of The Zcitschrift fiir 1lJissionsku1lde science, but his coming is hailed with und Rcligionswisscncschaft has an ar- delight by missionaries, as they are ticle by Rev. Schiller, missionary su- assured that he will be a keen observer perintendent of the German General and will be fearless in his denuncia- Evangelical Protestant Missionary So- tion of evil and outspoken in his comciety at Kyoto. mendation of the good that he sees. :Mr. Roosevelt's route will take him to American missionaries, Mr. Schil- Mombasa on the East Coast, from ler tells us, retain the leadership in thence through Uganda and down the Japanese missions to-day, and Ameri- Nile by way of Khartum, Luxor and can influence in Japan means Prot- Cairo. He will thus have an opporestant, Christian influence. Such state- tunity of seeing the work carried on ments are very complimentary to all by the Church of England on the East our missionaries and ourselves. J ap- Coast, and the remarkable results of anese Christianity has been created missions in "Cganda, together with the "through the skilful, industrious, and excellent work of American United often far-seeing labors of American Presbyterians and the Church Mismissionaries." sionary Society in Egypt and the Egvptian Sudan. We will await Mr. The Japanese Parliament of 380 Ro~sevelt's return and the publication members contains I4 Christians, or of his reports of journeys, as they are four per cent, while the number of to appear in Scrib1lcr's Magazinc. Christians in Japan is about 0.45 per cent. Of these 14 members of Par- In the course of January the Methliament 7 are Presbyterians, 2 llethod- odist Episcopal Church in America ists, and 5 Kumiais (native Congre- celebrated at Washington the Diagationalists) . Among them are Shi- mond Jubilee of its work in Africa, mada Saburo, editor of a great daily and 11r. Roosevelt was the chief paper; N emoto, the leader in the speaker, and referred at considerable temperance movement, and Yokoi, length to Africa. He said: formerly president of the Doshisha. There is a question that is larger than Japanese Christians are divided into either government or trade, and that ,is orthodox and liber:tl, and, if we can the moral well-being of these vast milfully accept the statements of Mr. lions who have come under the protec- Schiller, who might be classed among tion of modern governments. The repthe liberals, the liberal sentiment is resentative of the Christian religion must increasing. We gladly hear that the have his place side by side with the American Presbyterians (including all man of government and trade, and for Reformed), and the Episcopalians are generations that representative must. be the stronghold of orthodoxy in Japan supplied in the person of the foreign to-day. missionary from America and Europe. Civilization can only be permanent and Buddhism, Mr. Schiller says, is by continue a blessing to any people if, in addition to promoting their material

well-being, it also stands for an orderly the keen and strong Mohammedan individual liberty, for the growth of in- whites. telligence, and for equal justice in the administration of law. Christianity alone Politics and Missions in Morocco meets these fundamental requirements. A strong spirit of Moslem fanati- The responsibiiity of America toward cism prevails among all the tribes of Africa is emphasized because of our past Morocco, only waiting to be fanned history, and because of the number of into a flame by some spirited leader. our citizens who are of African descent. Therefore while we can only commit As a result of the African slave trade, the future to God who rules the naand of two and a half centuries of sla- tions, the political situation surely de- very in America, the United States has mands the prayers of all who love nearly 10,000,000 of colored people as a Christ's kingdom. part of its citizenship. No other coun- try outside of Africa has so large a While foreigners can reside with a negro population; and, what is more, degree of safety in the cities and travel there are no other 10,000,000 negroes in between them and the coast, a large the world who own as much property part of the country is inaccessible to and have as large a percentage who are Christians and that in no part is there intelligent, moral and thrifty. The edu- any real religious liberty. cation and uplift of the American negro now going forward should be accom- The government uses its influence panied by the increase of the missionary to hinder the work of missionaries and and Christian forces on the continent especially to keep us from going to from which his ancestors came. It is the Berber tribes. The people are not unreasonable to suppose that a large strongly opposed to the Gospel and few share of the leadership for the evangeli- are willing to be seen listening even to zation of the continent will be furnished a private conversation on the subject from among our own colored leaders in of religion. Is it not time then for America. definite earnest prayer that, whatever political changes come to Morocco, The Largest Diocese in the World more freedom may be given for the preaching of the Gospel and that the William Taylor, of world-wide hearts of the people may be inclined fame, preceded Bishop Hartzel! as to read the Scriptures which are now Bishop of Africa. He engaged in being published in their dialect ?-F. C. ENYART in The Gospel AIessage. forty years of devoted service, twelve The Kongo Question of them being in the dark continent. Bishop Hartzell's introduction to Af- The conditions upon which the rica, twelve years ago, was fortunate. Kongo territory has been transferred 0nder Bishop Hartzell's leadership the to Belgium provide little hope that the natives will be more humanely treated. work has been greatly enlarged, until Reports from British and American consuls published in the recent 'iVhite now 6 centers are occupied in 500,- Book-(Africa 1-I909)-state that there is no improvement in the state 000 square miles of territory, among of affairs on the Kongo. 'Vice-Consul Armstrong says: "LTnder the condiwhich are IO,OOO,OOO of pagans and tions existing to-day in the Kongo Free State the native can aspire to Mohammedans. A leading London nothing more than remaining forever the slave of the concessionary compamagazine has called it the largest dio- nies and the State." cese in the world. These 6 districts include Liberia, that negro republic An examination of the figures pro- vided by Consul W. G. Thesiger so closely related to the United shows that the burden borne by these States, over which Rev. Isaiah Scott, also a Methodist missionary bishop of Africa, presides; Portuguese Angola, a plateau country inhabited by the intelligent Kimbundu and other Bantu tribes; the Madeira Islands, "The Pearl of the Portuguese Crown,"

Portuguese East Africa; British Rho- desia, where Anglo-Saxon govern- ment and the Christian Church are working together for the uplift of the native races; and Algiers, where dwell

unhappy people is as follows: "They question has been: How shall we do must bring in monthly 40,500 kilos of it? By a loose federation or by a cen- rubber, which, according to the State tralized government? The latter idea'

regulation, represents the work of 13,- has triumphed. The draft-constitution 500 able-bodied men, yet in the whole follows the Canadian, not the Ameri- district there are not 3,500 ! can or Australian models, in giving to "Those who refuse are punished, the Central Government all powers not . 'native villages are de- delegated to the provinces. The colo- stroyed and such prisoners as can be nies are to retain their present names, taken sent in chains to work on the with the exception of the Orange railway 'des Grande Lacs.' " River Colony; it is to be called the In spite of these facts the Belgian Orange Free State Province.

Colonial Secretary has declared to the Members of both Houses of Parlia- Belgian House "that the situation (on ment must be British subjects of Eu- the Kongo) is at the present moment ropean descent and have resided in the satisfactory." The real truth of the Union for five years. No voter is to Belgian position is found in the words be disqualified because of race or color.

of M. Lorand, the Progressive Liberal The existing judiciary is to be unified leader: "The Belgians don't care, and by the establishment of a Supreme can't be made to care, and you are sim- Court of South Africa, from which an ply deluding yourselves if you think appeal shall lie only to the Imperial otherwise." Privy Council.

France and Germany have recog- Pretoria, the present capital of the nized the transfer of the Kongo to Transvaal, is to be the executive capi- Belgium. Great Britain has firmly re- tal of the Union, and Cape Town, the fused to sanction it until definite guar- legislative. Bloemfontein is to be the antees are forthcoming that a radical seat of the judiciary.

change will be made in the adminis- A serious criticism concerns the ex- tration. The United States also has clusion of natives from Parliament.

notified Belgium that she withholds Some radicals would like to see the her recognition of thc transfer until Cape franchise extended over the such guarantees have been given to the whole of South Africa, but in the pres- British Government. In the mean- ent state of general feeling not even time, the tragedy goes on-villages the best-educated natives would be burned, homes broken up, the sancti- deemed suitable members of Parlia- ties of sex violated, pillage and mur- ment. Any forcing of the issue would, der on every hand. in our opinion, have indefinitely de- The Christian Church should work ferred South African union. At the and pray more earnestly still if the same time, however, the Cape policy remnant of the Kongo people is to be may gain favor, because there is to be liberated from slavery and saved from in Parliament a nucleus of men repre- extinction.-JoHN H. HARRIS in The !':enting the natives. These men will Baptist Missionar3' Herald. desire to extend to the natives, who Unifying South Africa constitute the vast majority of British subjects in South Africa, some direct or The Constitutional Convention has indirect voice.-The Outlook. been in session at Durban, the chief city of Natal, and at Cape Town, the ISLANDS OF THE SEA capital of Cape Colony. Men in Cape Volcanic Devastation in Samoa Colony, Natal, the Orange River Col- Rev. A. Hough, of the London Mis- ony, and the Transvaal have long been sionary Society, Samoa, gives an ac- convinced that, politically, socially, count of a visit to the most active vol- economically, and commercially, the cano in the world, which has recently colonies would gain by transforming devastated a large part of the island themselves into a single state. The of Savaii, where important mission work was conducted. The volcano be- London Mission of the Messrs. Torry gan in August, I9'-'5, in a hollow about and Alexander, was responsible for eight miles from the sea. It has built much of the success of the work. We up a crater which to-day stands over have known few men of finer mis- 2,000 feet above the sea level, and the sionary spirit than 1V1r. Putterill. As whole country between it and the sea the Secretary of the Central Associa- was covered with lava. Mr. Hough tion, he reached out in every direction . writes: "There was rock-bound coast, and influenced the associations which thirty feet high, being formed every radiated from this great metropolitan moment under our very eyes. It was center. He was widely beloved, as a huge black mass, weird and fantas- well as highly esteemed. tic, but repulsive and awful. Village, after village lies buried beneath that W. H. Millard. of China fearful mass. Their existence can only be known from the fact that now and On March 9th, a cablegram brought again the tower or spire of a church the news of the death of Rev. W. H. is seen above the lava. The most fer- Millard, one of the most promising of tile land in all Samoa lies buried and the younger group of Baptist missionlost, and perhaps will remain so for aries in China. Mr. Millard was born hundreds of years." at Waltham, Mass., in 1877, was grad- uated from Harvard in 1899 and from One purpose of Mr. Hough's visit Newton Theological Institution in was to advise the friends in Savaii as 1902, receiving that year appointment to the continuance of mission work to missionary service. For five years there, but the question was settled by he was stationed in the city of Hangthe words of the missionary's wife, chow, where Wayland Academy is lowho said, "So long as our people stay, cated. In the fall of 1908 he was we stay." The volcano is situated transferred to the Shanghai Baptist about four miles behind the mission Theological Seminary to teach New house, but the flow is toward the east, Testament and theology. so that for the time the house is safe. Hitherto the lava has only come very Rev. John Husband. of India slowly, and as yet no life has been lost. Samoans have had time to save The Scotch Presbyterian missionary, their goods, and in some cases have Rev. Dr. John Husband, died at Ajmer had time to dig out the large posts of on November 2 I st. He had been failtheir houses. All the churches have, ing for some months. A slight attack however, been lost. of malaria hastened the end. "He was an ideal colleague," writes Dr. R. G. OBITUARY Robson, "and he will be greatly missed both by his colleagues and by the J. H. Putterlll. of London whole native population of Ajmer."

In March, Mr. Putterill, General Dr. Husband was born at Cupar, Secretary of the London Y. M. C. A., Scotland, and his early training well suddenly died at the age of fifty-three, fitted him for the career he afterward after being actively engaged in relig- chose. ious work in London for more than thirty years. Twenty-one years ago During his preparatory medical he became assistant to J'vIr. R.obert studies in Edinburgh he labored with Bunn, then Secretary of the London much acceptance with Dr. Burns Y. M. C. A., and, six years later, be- Thompson in the Cowgate Medical came the General Secretary. He was Mission, until his services were sea man of unusual powers and not only cured by the United Presbyterian conducted the affairs of the association Church, and in October, 1870, he was with singular skill, but, during the sent out to Rajputana, where he labored for 38 years.

THE MISSIONARY

My AFRICAN JOURNEY. By Winston Spen- been written, which would seem to cer Churchill, M.P. 16mo, 250 pp. and 61 illustrations. $1.25, net. George H. leave almost nothing yet to be said Doran, New York. 1909. that is new and striking. This He who desires a journey with one book certai?ly contains a great deal ?f the most entertaining of compan- that to us IS both novel and fascina- Ions and keenest observers from ]lom- til:g.. It is, not .written purely from a basa to Cairo straight down the Nile m!sslonary s pomt of view. It gives Wider scope to the narrative in a perand through Uganda Protectorate sonal knowledge of the Dark Contishould buy this book. The style is nent, through travel and contact with vililvuisdt,ratthieonfsactasreareasupgtoooddatae~ and the the natives, with the consequent study photo- of their habits, customs and character- istics; and it is interspersed with much graphs. It is not a missionary book, common sense and much vivacious hu- . mor. ~lr. Milligan has his own way not even a chapter is devoted to mis- si?ns, but the author has ful1 sympathy with the enterprise. "The Kingdom of Uganda," he says, "is a fairy tale. of lookmg at men and things, and his You climb up a railway instead of a methods of treating his themes are beanstalk and at the end there is a original and fascinating. He seems to wonderful new world. . . . More kn?w how to strike at the interesting POl?ts, .and pass by many things of inthan 200,000 natives are able to read fenor mterest and importance. We and write. More than 100,000 have embraced the Christian faith. There follow him in his voyages along the hwcoihsaesertx,epinenorihewinshcteirtseavomeflatshnethhpraoedruieglsvheatrnhdbeeneBon~ueslih­~ is a. court, there is a regular system of ties of such travel. At the camp-fire, natrve law and tribunals, there is dis- cipline, there ispeinacdeu.strvI~ there is cul- where so many superstitions seem to ture, there is fact, I ask be illumined by the light of the flame he gives us clear insight into the Bush ~nyself whether there is any other spot p~o'ple, the Kruboys, and their super- stitions. He draws an interesting con- 111 the whole earth where the dreams and hopes of the negrophile, so often mocked by results and stubborn fraeacltis~ have ever attained such a happy zation." And the author admits that trast between the whites and the the chief factor in this wonderful blacks. He tel1s us about the fetish worship and. the prevailing witchcraft, transformation has been the mission- and lets us mto the difficulties of the ary. The last chapter of the book pro- mission schools and churches. The poses and pleads the extension of the present railway to L:ganda throuO'h most interesting part of this book to Uganda, and linking it to the Egy;t- us is his description of the Fang Sudan Railway, because, compared people, of whom we had never heard much before, and his charming story. ~ith "a jogging, grunting, panting of N dong Mba, which we count one of lme of tottering coolies, any line of the most beautiful brief biographies s~eam communication, however primi- we have ever met in missionary litertIve, however light, however inter- ature, and which we will reproduce rupted, is heaven." almost in full in a subsequent number JUNGLE FOLK OF AFRICA. By Robert H. of this REVIEW. If any of our read- Milligan. IllustratUl. 8vo, $1.50. e~s ,;ant a most intere'sting and fas- cl11at1l1g book on African life we can Fleming H. Revell Co. New York 1908. ,.

T~is is a somewhat unique book, al- cordially recommend Mr. Milligan's tho It treats of a continent upon which "Jungle Folk."

a~1 eyes have been turned, especially A PARSON IN THE AUSTRALIAN BUSH.

s1l1ce the days of Livingstone, and Matthews. Arnold, London. 1908.

about which numerous books have Mr. Matthews was vice-president

of the Brotherhood of the Good age. The story of his preparation, his Shepherd, in New South Wales. The call, his battle with evil and hardship Australian Bush problem has been on the frontier show a man of high found very difficult, and' the extent of ideals, strong personality and many the area and the fewness of Christian resources.

laborers made it difficult to bring re- Charles W. Gordon as a biographer ligion into successful contact with the has not, however, the fascination of people that they desired to reach. The Ralph Connor, the novelist. The in- various forms of mission Christianity terest is not sustained, being inter- had, for some reason, failed in Aus- rupted by an undue amount of detail tralia. This book is the unfolding of unimportant to any but the hero's clo- a partially successful effort to reach sest friends. In about half the space the people, and solve the problem by Mr. Gordon might have told the life cooperative labor. A number of An- story and portrayed the character of glicans went out and undertook Mr. Robertson so that every line Brotherhood work. They had a would count. Among the most stri- brotherhood-house, with a large din- . king portions are the descriptions of ing-room, dormitory for priests who how he handled men.

were at home, a large study, a sort of MISSIONS IN THE PLAN OF THE AGES. By chapel, visitor's room, offices, etc. W. O. Carver, M.A. 12mo, 289 pp. This was the brotherhood center and nucleus. There they met and from that $1.25, net. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1909. point they dispersed and radiated their forces through the country; and to this If anyone has doubts about the point, from time to time, they re- Bible being from beginning to end a turned. The narrative is very inter- missionary book, those doubts should esting, especially for giving some in- be forever dispelled by these Bible sight into the condition of the Bush studies. They are careful, systematic, people and their settlements. It is progressive presentations of the place very strongly Anglican and rather of missions in the revealed plan of high church, and to us there is some God. They are sound and convincing, inconsistency in encouraging dances but might have been made vastly more and even public balls among the peo- interesting if enlivened and enforced ple as a way of accomplishing eccle- by occasional incidents and examples siastical results, and gathering funds from missionary history. About seven for church purposes. To those who hundred passages of Scripture are are interested in the question of how used to show the Biblical basis of the to reach the scattered population of argument. It would mean much to the Australia, this book can not but have future of missionary endeavor if every a double interest. It is published in pastor were well grounded in this course of lectures.

London, by Edward Arnold. INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. By THE LIFE OF JAMES ROBERTSON. By Charles Thomas Cary Johnson. 12mo, 220 pp. W. Gordon (Ralph Connor). 8vo, 403 Presbyterian Committee of Publica- pp. $1.50, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., tion, Richmond, Virginia. 1909.

New York. 1908. One evidence that Christian missions James Robertson is the Scotch-Ca- are being given a more prominent nadian Home Misisonary hero whose place in our theological seminaries is character and experiences furnished seen in the increasing number of the basis for Ralph Connor's well- books on the subject from theological known works of fiction. For twenty- professors. Dr. Johnson's lectures five years Mr. Robertson was mission- show the missionary purpose and ary superintendent of the Northwest character of the Church, and describe Territory, and in his travels and briefly the history of the missionary achievements manifested the elements movement through Paul, the Nesto- of greatness, self-sacrifice and cour- rians, Raymond Lull, Erasmus, and the

THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY

Roman Catholics down to the present customs and superstitions, give a clear time. The great motives to mission- and entertaining view of real pioneer ary endeavor are summed up as fol- work. The work is as difficult as was lows: (I) Love to God; (2) love to the taming of tribes of the most warman; (3) love to one's self-for con- like Indians bv small bands of settlers sistency, self-interest, reputation, the in the early ~lays in America. The reflex influences of missions and the results of Christian teaching and ex- development of character. ample are already evident in the changed lives of individuals and the Such a logical and historical pre- more friendly attitude of the people. sentation of the subject is a valuable study, calculated to touch the will BIBLE CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL. By Dr. through the intellect rather than through the heart. It is an appro- C. r. Scofield. Three volumes pubpriate text-book for theological seminaries. lished by Francis E. Fitch, New York.

THINGS KOREAN. By Horace N. Allen. We have seen no contribution Illustrated. 8vo, 256 pp. $1.25. nct. to Bible study which on the whole Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. equals these three volumes. Dr. 1908. Scofield has about 5,000 students in correspondence with him whom he Dr. Allen was first a pioneer mis- has carried more or less completely sionary and then Cnited States Min- through the course of Bible study ister to Korea. His twenty-two years' from Genesis to Revelation by quesresidence there and his intimate asso- tion and answer. The first two volciation with official classes give au- U1nes cover the Old and New Testathority to his statements. Dr. Allen ment books and are a careful exsympathizes with Korea and strongly amination of the contents of each criticized the failure of the American book. They show how to study the Government to keep their promise to Scriptures. They give most valuaprotect Korea from Japanese absorp- ble hints as to the laws of interpretion. tation within safe limits and con- servative methods. Then in the last The purpose of the book is not, how- volume we have some twenty-three ever, political, but is a collection of great words of Scripture, reminding incidents, humorous, tragic, and pa- us of Bengel's remark in his Gnomon, thetic, that have been gathered from "That to understand a score of words knowledge of native life, experiences in the Bible is to solve largely the of travel, and the history of missions mystery of Scripture teaching." and politics. The missionary com- Under these great words of Scripments are forceful and discriminating, ture, Dr. Scofield gives us a brief and some of the incidents furnish ex- but complete system of Biblical cellent material for reading in mission- theology. Then he treats the Trinary meetings. ity, showing the different functions and offices of Father. Son, and Holy TIBETAN OUTPOSTS. By David P. Ekvall. Ghost. Then he takes up the sub- Illustrated. 12mo, 227 pp. $1.00. Al- ject of the Sects, their present strifes liance Press Co., New Yark. 1907. and their fnture difficulties; and the last section of the book is taken up The Christian and Missionary Alli- with prophetical epochs and facts, ance is one of the few societies work- and is a very careful study of esing- on the Chinese borders of Tibet, chatology. After fifty years of study waiting for an opportunity to enter of the Bible, we feel like joining this the still closed land. In steamer, by correspondence class ourselves. This river boat, sedan chairs and on horse- is a book that any disciple may study back, the author made his way with immense profit, and which we to western Kansu. His adventures should be glad to see translated into among the Tibetan nomads and en- every living language and put into counters with highwaymen and ferocious dogs, his descriptions of strange every school where Christian truth By Rev. James Wells, D.D. Illusis taught. It would be invaluable in trated, octavo, 419 pp. $1.50, net. Hodmissionary lands for the training of der & Stoughton, London. George native converts in the knowledge of H. Doran Company, New York and the Scripture, and especially of stu- Toronto. 1909. dents for the ministry. rVe hope that some missionary teachers will ex- THE LIFE OF DR. GEORGE BROWN, Pioneer amine these volumes and consider Explorer and Missionary. An Autothe expediency of making them biography. Illustrated, large octavo, available in the instruction of those 536 pp. $3.50, net. Hodder & Stoughunder their training. Dr. Scofield seems to us to have been raised up ton, London. George H. Doran Comof God and trained for this specific pany, New York and Toronto. 1909. work, to which he has given the bulk YOUNG CHINA. A Book about Children of his energies during twenty years. of China. By Archdeacon Moule. Il- lustrated, 8vo, 83 pp. $1.00. Hodder TRUSTING AND TOILING. Volume 14. A & Stoughton, London. George H. Magazine of Jewish Missionary Effort. Doran, New York and Toronto. 1909. Mildmay Mission to the Jews, London. THE LIFE OF S.UIUEL ADJAI CROWTHER. 1908. The Black Bishop. By Jesse Page, F.R.G.S. Preface by Eugene Stock, The Mildmay Mission to the Jews D.C.L. Illustrated, octavo, 440 pp. is one of the most successful and best $2.00, net. Hodder & Stoughton, Lonconducted of those working for the don. George H. Doran Company, salvation of Israel. The yearly volume New York and Toronto. gives much valuable and interesting in- A STUDY IN MISSIONARY IDEALS AND formation on Hebrew beliefs and cus- METHODS. D. M. Thornton. By W. H. toms, reports of conferences, stories of T. Gairdner, B.A. Illustrated, 12mo, conversions and letters describing con- 283 pp. $1.25, net. Hodder & Stoughditions and work in Russia, Morocco ton, London. George H. Doran Comand elsewhere. pany, New York and Toronto. 1909. My AFRICAN JOURNEY. By Winston THE CONVERTED CATHOLIC. Bound vol- Churchill, M.P. Illustrated, 8vo, 266 pp. ume 26. Edited by Rev. James A. $1.25, !lct. Hodder & Stoughton, Lon- O'Connor, 331 West Fifty-seventh don. George H. Doran Company, Street, New York. $1.00. 1908. New York and Toronto. 1909. DAYBREAK IN KOREA. A Tale of Trans- Here is a volume of unusual value formation in the Far East. By Annie for those who are working for the L. A. Baird. Illustrated, 12mo, 123 pp. Christian enlightenment of ignorant 60 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Comand superstitious Roman Catholics. pany, New York. 1909. Mr. O'Connor speaks from an intimate AMONG THE WILD TRIBES OF THE AFGHAN knowledge of the fallacies and failures FRONTIER. By T. L. Pennell, M.D., of Romanism and from a wide and B.Sc., F.R.G.S. Illustrated. 16s, net. long experience in leading inquirers Seeley & Co., Great Russell Street, into the light and liberty of the simple London. 1909. Gospel of Christ. This volume con- THE RELIGIOUS ATTITUDE AND LIFE IN tains many interesting stories of re- ISLAM. By Duncan Black MacDonald, formed priests. M.A., B.D. $1.75. The University Press, Chicago. 1909. NEW BOOKS BENARES. The Stronghold of Hinduism. By Rev. C. Phillips Cape. Illustrated, NEW ANNOTATED BIBLE. Dr. C. 1. Scho- 12mo, 262 pp. 2s, 6d. Robert Culley, field. 8vo, 1,362 pp. $2.00 to $10.00. Ox- ford University Press, N ew York. 1909. London. SPAIN OF TO-DAY FROM WITHIN. By Man- HISTORY OF THE LONDON SOCIETY FOR PRO- MOTING CHR[STIANITY AMONG THE JEWS. uel Andujar. Illustrated, 12mo, 220 pp. Rev. W. T. Gidney, M.A. 4s, 6d, net. $1.25, net, Fleming H. Revell Co., London, 16, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W. C. New York. 1909. STEWART OF LOVEDALE. The Romance of BESIDE THE RED MOUNTAIN. By Kingston Missions in Africa told in the Life of James Stewart, D.A., M.D., F.R.G.S. De Gruche. Illustrated, 12mo, 197 pp. 1s, 6d, net. Robert Culley, London. 1909. THE MARTYRS' ISLE, or Madagascar, the Country, the People, and the Missions. By Annie Sharman. Illustrated, 174 pp. 2s, 6d. London Missionary So- ciety, London. 1909. AN AFRICAN GIRL-The Story of Ma Eno.

By Beatrice W. Welsh. Illustrated, 12mo, 96 pp. Is, 6d. Oliphant, Ander- son & Ferrier, Edinburgh. 1909.

The Missionary Review of the World — March 1909

HEKHY HARRIS JESSUP, D.D

The grand old missionary of Syria. Dr. H. H. Jessup has been working for the evangelization of Syria since 1855, and is one of the most revered and beloved men in the Levant. He has recently ceIebl-ated his golden Jubil ee of service and has completed a history ~f the Syrian ~Jission.

8.lIiss{onary 'l(ev{ew

of the World VOL. XXXII. NO.3 MARCH, 1909 VOL. XXII. No. 3 Old Series New Series l'ul)Jjsheu IJy Funk & 'Vag-nails Company, 44-(;0 E. ;:3d St., N. Y. Isaac K. Flink, Pres, A. V. ''''agnail", rice-Pres. and Tr~ns., Robt. Scott, See'y SIGNS OF THE TIMES AN ENCOURAGEMENT TO PRAYER her task, and is confronted by an open world. Ephesians iii., 20, is a good watchword for our encouragement. There A world-wide commerce is developwe learn that God is able to do ing world-wide facilities for mission- ary undertakings. Livingstone was All that we ask. six months reaching the Zambesi from All that we ask or think. Cape Town. You can now make the Above all that we ask or think. journey by rail in four days. Rail- Abundantly above all that we ask or roads and steamboats are opening up the Dark Continent from four sides. think. China is operating 3,700 miles of rail- Exceedingly abundantly above all that ways, and has 1,600 miles under con- struction. we ask or think. A large part of the non-Christian How the apostle emphasizes the world is now under Christian governpower of God to answer prayer! ments, so that the Gospel has free course. In every other part religious CALLS TO PRAYER toleration prevails. Russia, since the recent edict of toleration, affords a PAGE missionary opportunity of the first magnitude. China is a great open Signs of Life in Turkey.. . . . . . . . . .. 162 door. The Christian missionary, eight Stirring Scenes in India ………….. 164 years ago driven out by the Boxer Laymen's Movement in South Africa .. 165 revolution, can now go anywhere un- Evangelization in France…………. 165 der the protection of the government. What the Missionaries are Doing in Turkey swings into line at last, and by the revolution of July 24, 1908, Turkey …………………… 167 opens wide the door for Christian ed- The Missionary Without a Message 181 ucation and evangelism.

TIlE NEW ERA IN MISSIONS * The breaking down of opposition to Christianity on the part of adherents The Church to-day is face to face of other religions is an event of unparwith the opportunity of the ages. alleled significance. Japan despairs of Never were the conditions more fa- finding in Buddhism a sufficient ethical vorable for the spread of Christianity. and spiritual basis. The native news- Never has the Bible prophecy of a uni- papers of China are urging the people versal kingdom under Christ seemed more certain of fulfillment. Never has it been more evident that Christ alone can be the religious leader of mankind.

The world is now explored. With the opening of Tibet there is no longer a hermit nation. The Church knows '* From an American Board leaflet. to give up idolatry. The idol temples From Asia Minor comes the report in many districts are neglected and in from one province with an average of disrepair, while not a few of them have one Protestant to 64 Moslems, many been turned into public schools, the villages having no Christians. There idols being thrust into a closet. India is, however, evident a spirit of friend- shows both a political and a religions ly inquiry into Christianity. Groups awakening. of Moslems are studying the Bible, and many others are secretly inquir- The varions mission boards, finding ing into the truth of the claims of the whole world thrust upon them Christ. The spirit of brotherhood is under such extraordinarily favorable growing and one great danger is that conditions, have come to an agree- Moslems may seek the fruits of Chrisment by which, in the leading conn- tianity without its roots. Still here tries, exclusive fields for work have and there Moslems, men, women and been set apart for each board. children, are confessing Christ and are ,howing their changed hearts in their While not in any degree neglecting faces and their lives. Through the the direct appeal of the Gospel to in- hospitals, Bible distribution and dividuals, the boards have been broad- schools the Truth is spreading and ening the work to cover all depart- taking root. ments of life, so as to constitute it a mighty agency for Christian civiliza- The following is a true story, with tion. a still truer prophecy, narrated by a colonel in the Turkish army: With all the new motives and conditions which offer encouragement, our "A thoughtful Turk, some thirty strength lies to-day, as it has in the years ago, studied with a holy teacher past, in the leadership of Jesus Christ, of great learning in the city of Adana. "the same yesterday and to-day and After his course of training, he was forever." But a new fulness of time sent by his teacher to Aintab to labor is upon us. Conditions are similar to there. He found the place hard and those in the first century, when Chris- the ignorant people dead to higher tianity spread with such marvelous things. In considerable discouragerapidity. Then it was the Roman Em- ment he returned to Adana to the prespire which was open. Now it is the ence of his venerable teacher. He reworld. No greater opportunity can lated his difficulties and told how dead ever come. No new factors are likely the city was, and ended with the stateto arise. It only remains for the ment 'Aintaby diriltmek Hazret-i- Church of Christ to go out and con- Isaya makhsonss dyr'-'0 Illy Jesus quer. Himself can bring Aintab to life.' The reply of his· teacher was: 'You must SIGNS OF LIFE IN TURKEY go back to Aintab, and there }'OU must be a Jesus.' He came, and has recalled The signs of prog~ess in the Otto- the tens of thousands to a living pracman Empire are not all in outward tise of the glorious faith of Islam." reform. Some are evidences of spiritual awakening, others are the results Rev. Stephen Trowbridge, of Ainof the spirit of independence which tab, writes: may make trouble for the missionaries -at least for a time. A group of five or six Turks are com-

SIGNS OF THE

ing to-morrow night for the third time THE ISLAM IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA for study of the New Testament. Last time they came I freely discust with The reports of the German societhem the possibility of founding a Turk- ties, whose missionaries are laboring ish church, laying emphasis upon sin- in German East Africa, direct attencere repentance and strength of convic- tion to encroachments of Islam, that tion in the Deity of Christ as essential great enemy of Christianity. From for such a step. They said they often one district, U saramo, comes the enwished to attend the churches, but held back because the churches are Armenian couraging news that the failure oi -the and in some measure foreign. native revolt against Germany in 1905, On Thurs.lay eveaing, the day of the in which the Mohammedans took a opening of the Turkish Parliament, Dr. prominent part, has greatly decreased Shepard and I attended a memorable the confidence of the natives in the mass-meeting of Moslems and Christians power of the religion of the false in which the utmost fraternity was prophet. Signs are rapidly multiplyshown by all, and an opportunity for all ing that the wide circles of heathen speakers who wished to take part. Sev- who espoused Mohammedanism at eral brief and stirring addresses were best but superficially are beginning to made by Young Turks (military officers), get tired of its laws and ceremonies, and by three of our college professors. and the missionaries of the Berlin So- The guests of honor were Dr. Shepard ciety, stationed in Usaramo, are preof our hospital, and the brigadier-general paring for more aggressive work in or commandant of the city regiment. the near future. About fifty of the Moslem clergy were present in long robes and white tur- From all other points of the wide bans. Most of them are extremely con- field, however, come disquieting reservative and keep very quiet these days. ports of the progress of Islam. The But a few are liberal, and Thursday workers of the Society for German evening exprest their feelings in very East Africa say, "Quietly the Mohamfine literary language. One read an ad- medan doctrines enter our people dress upon "Duties of Citizenship," and deeper and deeper. The most influanother an original poem which cele- ential circles, those of the chiefs and brated the overthrow of tyranny and the merchants, are their adherents with coming of the new liberty by very clever but few exceptions. Since the followand apt similes. ers of Mohammed keep themselves en- tirely separate in their external mode When we remember that last year any of life, it naturally comes to pass that eight or ten men who met in a private those who are connected commercially home for an evening were liable to sus- with the chiefs and merchants picion and trial for treason, these large also espouse Mohammedanism. The and free-spoken gatherings are truly re- strongest movement has its center at markable. Mlalo, the great heathen village near Hohenfriedeberg. The chief tax-col- Several of the Christians who made lector, Mbukusi, started it. The meraddresses used verses from the New chant Swaka continued it. This Testament and several Mo-lems verses month a great Ramadan celebration from the Koran, much in the same way was held in Mlalo. Many Mohamthat Abraham Lincoln clinched his ar- medans came long distances and guments with passages from Scripture.

At noon on Thursday 101 guns were fired as a salute to the new Parliament from the city fort; at the same time the bells of the Gregorian, Protestant and Roman Catholic churches all rang out together. We have never had such a common cause before!

many Mohammedan baptisms were I do not suppose we shall be able to performed. The position of the accommodate all who apply for admispopulation in general seems divided. sion." Thus reports Woman's Work. The older people say, "When once we praise God, we become Christians. Rev. J. N. Wright wrote from Ta- Islam expects too much in the out- briz, September 29: "About one-third ward life and appearance, but Chris- of our Sunday morning congregation tianity is for poor people." is now made up of Moslems.· They generally fill one row of pews from The missionaries of the Berlin So- back seats to the front, and give fine ciety speak of the political danger of attention. Often we have two large Islam with great emphasis. In Lindi classes of them in Sunday-school. One, a conspiracy of the Mohammedans a teacher for years in Moslem schools, against the German Government was is an interesting inquirer. He has discovered last summer. An Arab written three Turkish hymns of a good from Zanzibar, Hamedy, son of a fa- order and thoroughly evangelical." mous slave-trader, started it through English missionaries at Ispahan dea letter which was said to have fallen clare: "Doors are widely open." from heaven in the holy city Mecca. It was read in the mosques at Lindi, STIRRING SCENES IN INDIA Tanga, and in other places. Finally, an attempt was made to approach the Rev. Alden H. Clark, of Ahmednative soldiers, who are mainly Mo- nagur, India, sends stirring news of a hammedans, and to cause them to spiritual awakening in that important participate in a holy war against the misslOnary center. Two months ago Christians. But the soldiers were Mr. Clark became aroused to a loyal, and the planned revolt failed to sense that missionaries and large come to pass. native Christian communities in Ah- mednagur were too much absorbed in An immediate political danger does schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc., not seem to exist, but the whole situa- and were giving too little attention to tion in German East Africa sh0ws the the great masses of non-Christian peoaggressiveness of Islam, which is bit- ple living at their very doors. In one terly hostile to everything Christian, of the missionary prayer-meetings Mr. and it calls for increased activity m Clark spoke of this to the other misthe cause of Christ in that country. sionaries and they met the suggestions in a spirit of consecration. They began SIGNS OF LIGHT IN PERSIA carrying on street preaching in sev- The constitutional party triumphed eral prominent centers in the city. All over the reactionaries at Tabriz, after at once this street preaching began to nearly one hundred days of civil war. take on a different tone. The native Consequently, the scattered Moslem preachers became more earnest and boys came flocking back to mission effective and the people listened with school. From Teheran, Rev. S. M. marked attention. Several invitations Jordan wrote, October 27: "School came from little Hindu communities to opened with the largest enrollment in come and preach to them. its history. Now, there are about 225 m attendance; a number have been One missionary was led to start a kept away by the month of Ramazan. Bible class for educated Brahmins, which has proved full of promise and

OF THE

has brought some of these young men raised in coIlections and promises, and to very serious thought about Chris- unions were started. tianity. Dr. R. A. Hume invited some leading Brahmins of the city to a con- CRISIS IN THE KONGO ference which proved a unique one in the religious history of the city and Rev. Wm. Morrison, of Lueba, has been followed by several more of writes that it is almost impossible for similar character. Men were led to people in the home land to realize all think about prayer, and to engage in that the Belgian rule may mean to prayer with a little group of us Chris- missionaries. He says: tians. High-caste boys who are in Mr. Clark's English class began to For years we have been praying that come without any special urging to some relief would come to the poor na- talk about Christianity. Everywhere tives, and that the door which had been there are encouraging signs of new closed to the spread of the true Gospel spiritual interest. might be again opened. We believe a brighter day is dawning in this great LAYMEN'S MOVEMENT IN SOUTH darkness, which has been the seat of so AFRICA much cruelty and oppression and double dealing. A six weeks' tour by a deputation, consisting of the veteran Rev. Andrew For many months we have been pro- testing to the officials of the Company Murray, the mission secretary, Rev. J. about the situation of affairs, but all has been in vain. They indignantly deny the du Plessis, Professor Marais, and existence of the evils. others, has just been concluded. In the Transvaal and Orange River Col- In this time of crisis we ask the ony the principles of the movement prayers and the interest of all God's peo- were explained, and the calling of the ple. It seems that the hand of God is Church emphasized. At Johannes- here and that He has determined to dis- burg about 100 delegates gathered play His power. Not only is He crush- from different towns and villages, in- ing, as we believe, this iniquitous gov- cluding some thirty ministers and mis- ernment, but He is opening up before us sionaries. Great enthusiasm was wonderful doors of opportunity. Two of aroused on the King's birthday, when the greatest chiefs in all this region, the church was filled by attentive audi- both of whom had always maintained a ences; II9 members of the Union were stern spirit of opposition to the Gospel, secured, 'who promised to do what they have now had their hearts softened. To could to start and continue a branch the village of one of these we are send- in their own town. At Bloemfontein ing three evangelists. One last word: smaller, but successful, meetings were Pray for the brighter day in this dark- held. The deputation in the Colony ness! aimed at raising $12,500 to cover the deficit, and so to increase enthusiasm EVANGELIZATION IN FRANCE . as to raise the permanent income from $75,000 to $90,000 for the extension The problem of the evangelization of the work. Their appeal met with of France under the new conditions, hearty response. At Oudtshoorn, an and the need for outside help in this ostrich-farming center, $5,000 was work, are concisely outlined in' the fol- lowing extracts from a private letter, written by Pastor C. W. Cremer, the secretary of the Evangelical Society of France: "Since the Law of Separation was passed, the French Protestants have risen as a whole to the level of the

situation. They have subscribed con- ALASKA'S AWAKENING scientiously .the amount of the grant which the State no longer made to The Alaska exposition to be held them; and none of their good works this year in Seattle has stimulated have suffered much in this time of wide-spread interest in the marvelous cnsls. development of the vast territory to the north. Tens of thousands of peo- "This shows vitality amongst us; ple will be able to see an exposition but it is to be noted as regards evan- that will show the work of the people gelization, that the work is scarcely who have civilized Alaska-the work more than blocked out. There are in of the missionary, the miner, the rail- France 700,000 Protestants with a lit- road-builder and the thousands of tle over 1,000 pastors. One for 700 pioneers from every State in the would not be a bad proportion if the Union who have helped to bring 700 were always in some one locality, Alaska to a point that justifies them in in city or country; but the Protestants petitioning Congress for better repreare scattered amongst 38 millions of sentation at Washington, and for as Catholics-nominally so at least. Thus much of self-government as is allowed with I to 54 of the population it is a Territory. very difficult to keep up services, and the churches consequently are weak, Alaska has a population of 100,000. and find it hard to provide for their Its commerce increased twenty-four own needs. When it comes to evan- per cent. last year and it is prophesied gelizing the 38 millions of their fellow that before 1925 Alaska will have a countrymen, they are unequal to the population of 1,000,000. task. To-day in twelve cities are good ho- "All that our evangelization societies are together able to do is to send tels and all modern improvements. Jusome I 20 or I 30 workers amongst these 38 millions, and this is evidently neau, Nome, Fairbanks, Douglas, very little. Chena, Skagway, and Treadwell have- their homes, schools, churches, libra- "Yet it is something. The work is ries, telegraph, electric lights, watera very interesting one, and it needs de- works and telephones, and their upvelopment because the door is now to-date department stores. open; and being a spiritual undertaking, it can not always be estimated by The discovery of gold led to the first its expenditure or the number of its knowledge of what Alaska really is. workers, but it should rather be val- Before that the popular impression ued by its influence. was that Alaska was a land of ice and cold. But in the ten years in which "Another point which should not be N orne alone has produced more than overlooked is that the evangelization $30,000,000 in gold, people have of France has also its importance be- learned that Alaska is a' habitable cause of the influence which France country in all parts in summer, and exerts over the Continent of Europe." in nearly all parts in winter.

Now is the time to establish Chris- tian churches and schools in Alaska.

OF T H E MAKERS OF NEW

T he officers and teachers of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria Rev. Dr. Daniel Bliss, P resident Howard Bliss and George E. Post, M.D., are in the centCr o f the front row.

WHAT THE MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN TURKEY * BY REV. CHARLES T. R IGGS, CONSTANTINOPLE, T URKEY Missionary of the American Board Leaving out the neighboring coun- used to refer to the territory as far tries, which were formerl y under the east as the Persian frontier, and Syria Ottoman rule, but are now otherwise may include Mesopotamia. Thus the governed, the Ottoman Empire con- total area under consideration will be sists , roughly speaking, of five parts- about 1,150,000 square miles, with an European Turkey, Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, and Tripoli (in Africa) . estimated population of t 24,000,000. European Turkey comprises Albania, on the Adriatic coast; Macedonia, in From the subtropical heat of Busrah the center; and Thrace, bordering on (or Bassora) and the Red Sea littoral the Black Sea. The Ottoman Empire to the snows of Mt. Ararat and the includes only a small part of A rabia- long winters of Erzero um , a ll sorts of a narrow strip running to the Persian climate are found. Constantinople is Gulf on the east and another inclu- in the same latitude as New York, and ding most of the Red Sea: coast with the Black Sea is chilled by the icy the sacred cities, Mecca and Medina. winds from the steppes of Russia, so Tripoli in Africa (including also that Turkey is not a subtropical land, Beng hazi ) stretches indefinitely south but has a distinctly t emperate climate. into the desert. Asia Minor may be The most important large cities that are centers of Protestant missionary work are Constantinople, Beirut, Jeru- '" It is not the object of the presen t article to furni sh an historical sketch of missionary effort w ithin the present bounds of the Ottoman Empire. Such a sketch would have to begin from the day when our Master felt that "He must needs go through Samaria"; and include His visits to Tyre and Sidon ; and follow up the journeys of the apostles through Asia Minor, Thrace and Macedonia. For a ll these places a re now parts o f the Ottom an Empire. We mu st n ow confine o urselves to a hasty and somewhat s uperficial s u rvey o f the present situation. In our revit:w we omit certain lands once under Turkish rule but now otherwise governed. Thes e include Bulgaria. Bosnia, H erzegov ina, Crete and Egypt.-C. T. R.

t "Daybreak in Turkey," by Dr. 1. L. Barton, p. 16.

salem and Smyrna. But many of the nites and Shiites are as far apart as most marvelous results have been in ] ew and Samaritan were in the time smaller places, farther from the de- of Christ; while there are numerous basing influences of the seacoast. sects of dervishes who are not re- garded by other Moslems as orthodox. The Races and Languages The great majority of Ottoman The geographical distribution of Moslems are Sunnites, as those of races and languages is also worth re- Persia are Shiites. While Islam exmembering. A line drawn from Alexan- alts the idea of God as creator and dretta east by north, between Aintab ruler, it has no conception of Him as and Aleppo, will divide the empire Father. Submission to the divine will, linguistically; north of that line t~le and the performance of certain cerecommon language is Turkish, whtle monies are the essentials to salvation; south of it Arabic is practically uni- it deg:ades woman to the level of a versal. Albanian is spoken patriotical- slave, and has no word for home; it ly throughout Albania; Bulgarian a~d prescribes washing of face, hands and Servian near the borders of Bulgana feet five times daily, but demands no and Servia; Greek along the shores cleansing of words or imagination. of the JEgean, Marmora and Mediter- vVherever Islam has ruled, progress ranean, as well as in the Archipelago; has been impeded and the people have Armenian and Kurdish near the Per- stagnated. sian frontier a3 well as in the streets of Constantinople; while many another Of the various branches of the sotongue is spoken by considerable num- called Christian Church in the Ottobers in various parts of the empire. In man Empire, the Greek Orthodox: Macedonia, Greeks and Bulgarians Church is the largest. This again is are perilously equal in numerical divided, but on national lines; and the strength; but there is not a single world has recently seen the spectacle province of Asia Minor where the of Greek and Bulgarian forgetting Turks are not in the majority. Large their unity of church affiliation as they colonies of Jews live in Constantinople, tore each other's throats in Mace- Salonica, Smyrna, and various parts donia. It is a church with a creed of Palestine, especially in and around rather than a life, and with so many J ernsalem; villages of Circ~ssian~ are forms and ceremonies that no space scattered over western ASIa Mlllor; is left for content or vitalizing force. and Nestorians on the Persian border, It holds to baptismal regeneration, and and Syrians, Bedouin and Arabs in knows no other gift of the Holy Spirit Syria serve to swell the number of than that conferred on the eight-day- old babe by anointing with the holy n~tionalities in this composite Otto- ointment, and salvation it holds to be impossible outside the Greek Orthoman Empire. It is wrong to call all dox Church. these people Turks; it is more correct to call them all Osmanli. Separated from this church by racial lines and historical happenings, rather The Religions than by creed or polity or life, is the Armenian Gregorian Church. There The prevailing religion is Isla~, is to-day more of real spiritual COl1but among the Mohammedans there IS such variation of belief that the Sun-

THE MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN TURKEY 16g

tent and of effort at true reform in Then there is the Jew, the ubiquithis Church than in the Greek; yet tous Jew, first cousin to the Arab the careful observer of the effects Moslem, like him the son of Abraham. of both Gregorian and Orthodox Most of the Jews in the Ottoman Emchurches on the daily lives of their pire came there as a result of persecuconstituents must admit that the mes- tion in Christian lands-from Spain, sage of the Spirit of the Church of from Poland, from Rumania, from Sardis (Rev. 3) applies to them as Russia, and elsewhere. well, "I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead." Scattered among these faiths are small tribes like the Druses, the Yezi- TRANSLATING THE WORD OF GOD Dr. Bowen and assistant translators in Constantinople Before the scornful gaze of the Mos- dees, the Nusairiyeh, and the Kuzzullem are exposed still further the di- bash Kurds, whose forms of belief are visions of the Church of Christ by as yet but partially understood, but who the presence of Roman Catholics, are said to retain from idolatrous an- Greek and Armenian Catholics, Maro- cestors certain heathen forms, and nites, Copts, Nestorians and others who can not therefore be correctly who claim to be Christians; while the classified as Moslem, Christian, or only ones for whom the Moslem has Jew. any respect are the Evangelical Christians, who will not tolerate the venera- Missionary policy has necessarily tion of pictures or images in their been dictated largely by the peculiar churches, nor pay idolatrous worship state of affairs in the empire. The· to the Mother of God. story of Jesus is already known, in Qutline, ~o most Armenians, Bul-

HOME' TRAINING FOR THE YOUNG SYRIANS Bedtime in the dormitory of the Beulah Home, Sidon Orphanage garians and Greeks; while even the The Missionary Beginning. Moslem honors Jesus as the miraculously born Word of God, a sinless When missionaries first went to prophet of God. But the ignorance Turkey, they were welcomed by all and degradation of the people are ap- nationalities as reorganizers of the palling; and Mohammed's system schools of the country on a saner basis. owes its origin to his revolt against the These pioneers had oversight of purepractical idolatry of his day, which ly Moslem schools, in barracks and out, wore and still wears the mask of in the capital. When, however, they Christianity. Education is therefore opened schools of their own and berightly more prominent in the pro- gan to make even a nominal charge gram of mission work in Turkey than for tuition, very few came to them. in most other lands. Evangelization Naturally these first schools of eighty is certainly needed, and great atten- years ago were very elementary; but tion is paid to this; and education is it was not long before the English prest as a means to this end. The language and higher branches began cure of the body is likewise made an to be demanded and taught, till now opportunity for the cure of the soul; we see a network of some eleven fulland all public.ation work has as its fledged colleges, mostly with Ameriultimate aim the publishing of the can charters, and largely maintained Gospel of Peace. Nevertheless, it re- by foreign funds. Robert College, in mains true that the majority of all Constantinople, the oldest of all, has missionaries in the empire to-day are done a remarkable work among some connected with educational work, fifteen nationalities, especially Bul- garians, Greeks and Armenians. It has to-day some forty instructors and con-lights in the darkness of illiteracy, 450 students in the preparatory, col- and furnish an example and incentive legiate and commercial departments. to increas.ing native effort. Then The Syrian Protestant College, in Bei- there are theological seminaries at rut, is doing an equally noble work, Marsovan, .Marash, Harpout and Beiespecially for the Arabic-speaking rut, and occasional theological classes races. It has a fine medical depart- are formed elsewhere when needed. ment, and in all branches-medical, There are also many high-schools, and pharmaceutical, commercial, collegi- more than 500 common schools, these ate, preparatory and training school last largely under native control, all for nurses-it has 59 instructors and of which are a direct outcome of mis- 827 students. Euphrates College, in sionary work and are constantly being Harpout, has a thousand students in urged to a higher grade of efficiency all departments, practically all Ar- as feeders to the high-schools and menians. Anatolia College at Marso- colleges. van, Central Turkey College at Aintab, International College at Smyrna, St. It is interesting to note the reflex Paul's College at Tarsus, Asia Minor influence that these evangelical schools Apostolic Institute at Konia, the Eng- have had on the other communities. lish CoUegeat J erusalem,theAH1.eri- Not alone among Armenians and can College for Girls at Constanti- Greeks and Bulgarians, but also nople, and the Central Turkey College among Jews and Turks better schools for Girls at Marash, all sta~d as bea- are rising up, as a direct result of our work. Often these are intended to 'IHE PRODUCT O'F AMERICAN EDUCA.TION IN THE LAND OF THE llA'REM Some of the graduates from th~ Native College for Girls, Constantinople

draw pupils away from missionary President Tracy, of Anatolia College, schools, but in order to do this the said: "It was you Americans who, rival schools must have a good pro- coming here to Turkey, found us in gram, at least, besides being free. darkness and showed us the way to the With hardly an exception, missionary light." A Turkish official at Harpout schools charge tuition, while very few said to a great audience of Armenians of the schools of other faiths do. Yet and Americans at Euphrates College: the pupils prefer to come to the evan- "Hitherto only the Armenians have gelical schools. Parents repeatedly been able to avail themselves of the testify that nowhere else can they find privileges of this college. We Turks the same high standard of morality have been forbidden to send our chil- TRAINING THE FUTURE LEADERS The Girard Institute Schoolroom , Presbyterian Mission, Sidon, Syria taught and practised, and that they dren here. That is all changed now, regard the training of character as of and we will share with you in the enmuch greater importance than the ac- joyment of what this institution offers quisition of knowledge. to all who come within its doors."

The Testimony of Moslems Some Results of Millions It is also interesting to note the As a result of missionary activity, a wide-spread testirnony of Moslems, native Protestant Church has come since the constitutional regime came in into existence, which now claims more last]uly, to the influence of missionary than 20,000 communicants and perschools. During a recent jubilation haps four times that number of adat Marsovan over the opening of the herents. It was not the intention of new Parliament, a Turk, addressing the earliest missionaries to separate any

THE MISSIONARtES ARE DOING IN

persons from the communion of the . gorian Church has been because of old churches, but rather to cooperate its contact with a strong Evangelical with their clergy in spiritually reform- Church-as even some of the high ing those churches. The Archbish- Gregorian ecclesiastics have acknowlop's Mission to Assyrian Christians, edged. The present Patriarch, Mgr. through the friendly cooperation of the Ismirlian, is a man of fine spiritual Catholicos, or Patriarch, of the Nes- and patriotic temperament, a friend to torians, Mar Shimun, has been able the missionaries. And the hope of the to retain this attituue. But the bitter Orthodox Greek Church lies in the denunciations and fearful anathemas Greeks who have been trained in the HEALING 1MB BODY In the operating-room at American Boa rd Mission HospitaJ, Talos, Asia Minor of the Greek and Armenian Patriarchs Evangelical Churches and schools. It hurled out of those churches a band of would not be just to give the faithful ones, who thereby lost their entire credit for the growth of the rights to baptism, marriage and burial, Protestant churches wholly to the and all legal "rights or privileges in missionaries, under Gou. Preachthe empire that anyone was bound to ing and evangelistic work have always respect."* The governmental recogni- bulked large in the program of mistion of a Protestant community was sionaries, but except under very special thus forced by the hierarchy of the circumstances they have not acted as old churches. The results show clearly pastors of such churches. From the the finger of God. Whatever of ref- very first, one prime object of foreign ormation has taken place in the Gre- endeavor has been the training of a corps of native pastors and teachers? * "Daybreak in Turkey," by J. L. Barton, D.D.! and all honor is due to the faithful p. 168. work of these servants of God-many empire where hitherto such work was of them men of signal ability as well utterly impossible. Moslems are atas of deep consecration. Nearly two tending evangelical services, and in thousand trained native laborers are increasing numbers are coming to misthe leaders in the church work of to- sionary schools and colleges. The reday, while the missionaries are in- markable official declarations of the creasingly coming to regard them- equality of persons of all faiths before selves as the temporary advisers and the law has opened up a new world of helpers of these workers. If the Ot- activity for the Church of Christ; aTjd RESCUING THE ORPHANS The missionaries work for the orphans. Children, after th e massacres, come for rescue to the r merican Boa rd Mission, Vall.

taman Empire is to be led to Christ, it the restrictions heretofore put on remust be by its own native leaders. ligious gatherings of all sorts are There is to-day at least one converted henceforth removed. Just how much Moslem among the ordained clergy- of this nev spirit of justice anel framen in the empire-a man who, until ternity is due to the work of missionthe newly proclaimed liberty made it ary institutions it were impossible to possible for him to go to Constanti- state, but a connection is undoubtedly nople, had been for many years faith- traceable. fully preaching in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Bulgaria. He, and such Publication and Medical Work men as he, must be the human channels for the flowing of God's mercy to Another most effective fonn of misthe long-thirsting Moslems. In this sionary work is that of publication. connection it is inspiring to witness The two great centers for this work the wo·nders of the present day in the are Beirut and Constantinople. A newly opened doors resulting from a press was set up in Harpout some liberal government. Direct and open thirty years ago, but was speedily evangelistic effort for Moslems has sealed up by the Sultan's order, and begun already in many parts of the has only within the last six months been unmuzzled, to speak and praise God. Local work has been done at

THE MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN TURKEY

other points, such as Smyrna, but in that illiteracy-these books pave the inconsiderable quantities. The whole way for an intelligent acceptance of Bible has been given to the people in the personal Savior. Aside from practically all the languages of the em- books three weekly newspapers and pire. Large parts of it have also been one monthly are published at Conprinted in raised type for the blind. stantinople in three languages, and And a great quantity of text-books of have a wide circulation, with many all sorts has been provided for the subscribers even outside the empire. A schools; for these were almost totally periodical in Arabic is published at lacking. Other books printed include Beirut to disseminate Christian truth. commentaries and other helps for the An evangelical Greek paper, published study of the Bible, church histories, in Athens, enjoys a considerable cirhymn-books, liturgies of the Nestorian culation. These presses have been Church by the Archbishop's Mission, greatly helped in their issuing of and books on a variety of scientific and tracts by grants from the Religious historical topics. It would be difficult Tract Society of London and the to overestimate the importance of this American Tract Society, as well as literary work, to which the lives of from private funds. The generosity a noble line of missionaries have been of M. Leopold Favre, of Geneva, devoted. The printed page goes Switzerland, should be specially menwhere no laborer, native or foreign, tioned in this connection. Of late has ever been; and in spite of pre- years, individual churches, young vailing illiteracy-nay, by conquering men's Christian associations and other TEACHING THE BOYS A TRADE The carpenter shop at the Presbyterian Mission, Sidon, Syria

native organizations have begun the hospitals in the empire is impossi- the publishing of Christian literature ble here. There are more than twenty- at their own expense. five. Special mention should be made Perhaps the most attractive sort of of the self-sacrificing work of the missionary service is the medical work. deaconesses of Kaiserswerth, as nurses From its inception this has always had in the hospitals of Beirut, Constanti- a direct and powerful evangelistic pur- nople and elsewhere. A hospital for pose; and the results can be measured lepers, just outside of Jerusalem, is only by Him who sees all. No agency under the care of the Moravians.

has been more potent in breaking . Training-schools for nurses have also down prejudice, in securing confidence, been established at Beirut and Mar- in gaining genuine gratitude, and in sovan, and one is soon to be started softening hard hearts for the reception at Constantinople. The medical de- of spiritual truth. Not actual patients partment of the Syrian Protestant Col- alone, but relatives and friends as lege at Beirut has trained a large num- well, are deeply influenced by the self- ber of efficient Armenian, Greek and effacement of the trained physician Syrian physicians, and has now over a and surgeon and nurse who devote hundred in training.* themselves day and night to Christly Rescue and Industrial Work ministries for the body as well as for the soul. The lessons in cleanliness Some fifteen years ago, the dire and personal purity, in mutual re- disasters of the American Massacres spect and helpfulness, in hygienic and left thousands of orphan children didietetic habits which the patients learn rectly accessible to missionary care; during even a brief stay in the wards, and a considerable number of orphanare of immense value to the homes of ages were started through the generosthe people. The value of clean cloth- ity of individual friends in America, ing, well-cooked food, fresh air, and Great Britain, Switzerland and Gerfrequent baths can not be overestima- many. Many hundreds of these waifs ted. But, above all, the opportunity for were gathered in, and in the course of convalescents to hear the Word of twelve to fifteen years have been God as it is read or preached or ex- trained into positions of self-support plained or sung into their souls is a and honor. The immediate and presspriceless one. Many of the hospitals ing need of this form of philanthropic allow no in-patient to leave with~ut a work has passed away to a consideracopy of the Bible, in whole or in part; ble extent; and orphanages in Brousa, and on the backs of prescriptions given Marsovan and some other places have to out-patients is printed a Bible text been closed, releasing the missionaries to remind them of the truth. The mis- for other forms of activity. But there sions vary as to the question of free are always orphans to be cared for; medical attendance; some of the hos- and many of the missionaries still pitals are practically free, while others have at least a superintendence over support nearly or quite the whole of orphanages, where a sweet and fruitthe staff from the medical fees. In ful form of Christian work is going any case, the destitute poor are not * See article on "Medical Mission Hospitals ·of Palestine," THE MISSIONARY REVIEW, December, turned away. A complete list of all 1907.

WHAT THE MISStONARtES ARE DOING IN TURKEY

on. The Germans have also established No sketch of missionary work in several orphanages in Asia Minor. the Ottoman Empire to-day is com- Among independent institutions of this plete without more than a mere passkind Miss Taylor's Orphanage at Bei- ing reference to the work of three rut deserves mention. The example societies which are not technically misof these foreign orphanages has insti- sionary societies, but are doing incalgated the Turkish Government to start culable good in cooperation with all at least one of its own at Constanti- the others. These are the American nople, but much could be desired as Bible Society, the British and Foreign to the management of it. Bible Society, and the Bible Lands Missions Aid Society. The Levant Another form of philanthropic work agency of the American Bible Society closely allied to the missionary work is CARING FOR THE OUTCAST LEPERS Morning prayers in the lforavian Leper Home, Jeru salem the industrial or self-help department includes in its field of labor Bulgaria, connected with many of the schools. Egypt and the Sudan in addition to Here boys and girls are taught trades the Ottoman Empire. During the past that will enable them to support them- fifty years, this Levant Agency has selves, and in the meanwhile they issued more than two and a half mil-. learn also the dignity of labor. The lion volumes of the Scriptures. Its weaving of cloth and of rugs, carpen- thirty colporteurs go where no fortering, cabinet-making, shoemaking, eigner has penetrated, and its emistinsmithing, cooking, dressmaking, and saries place the Word of Life in the other branches are taught; and by such hands of hundreds who are not acwork the pupils can earn a part of cessible to preacher or teacher. Its their tuition while preparing for a life- efforts have resulted in translations of work. the whole Bible into practically all the

languages of the empire. In spite of One of the most interesting reflex efmany hindrances by overzealous gov- fects of the work of the American ernment officials, the booksellers, sta- Bible Society is seen among the Bultionary and peripatetic, have kept faith- garians. The Holy Synod of Bulfully at work, thankful if permitted to garia has issued a large and finely labor unmolested, and likewise rejoi- printed volume called "The Twelve cing when called upon to suffer shame Gospels," comprising those parts of for the Name. Often the missionaries the four Gospels that tell of the crucithemselves act as distributors, and fixion 'and resurrection, in the vernacuthere is always the full est and most lar; and sent this to every Bulgarian TEACHING THE BLIND TO READ In the American Board School for the Blind at Oorfa natural cooperation between the Bible church with orders to have it read at societies and the missionaries of all the Easter services in place of the boards. An interesting' phase of the Slavic version which had always been Bible societies' work has been the used hitherto. By the time this article supplying of Scriptures to the prison- appears, the full four Gospels will ,ers in prisons. Free grants are also have likewise been given to the Bul- made of copies to orphans in or- garian Orthodox Church in its own phanages, And the giving of the Bible language, to the great joy of all. to the blind is deeply appreciated both by the blind themselves and by their Similar activity in the Greek Ortho- friends . Many are the testimonies of dox Church, tho along a slightly dif- how the Word has transformed the ferent line, has resulted as an attempt lives of those who have read it, both to offset the work of the British and Jew and Greek, Armenian and Turk. Foreign Bible Society. For the first time in its history, this Church has put

OF THE PRINCIPAL SOCIETIES WORKING IN THE OTTOMAN

– – – – – _.. _ – – – – – – —- I m I 1 Foreign Workc}'s l'/ath'c vVorkers '0 '0" 1 ~ 0 0 .S vw "- 'C ~-5-5ti ~ ~Ul J PRINCIPAL SOCIETIES "' b '8 O/J >.1fJ -5 w "~ .::: II ,~ .5 -" I "[f) iIi d "v0 I~ " I'" r:; .§ ~ " "' "'§ '0 U C Cv "0 '"' – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – .~ w J; " w S 3 h U w ,;~; J~IJ6911 Am. Goard of Commissioners for F. )..1 … S oj d ~ 0 ] h ""0 ~ ~ w w O/J w ~ "0 '" ,~ " "" "" -5 <U 's" m ~ ~ O/J 0. " "' '-" " "" "" " " "" " '" ~ v ~ v 0 .5 ."~ "'" .~ V w W 0 ~ v ~ 8 ~ ~ '"' II Po. '0 ' 0p oj ' 0p 8 ~ 8 .~ pd., "'2 1v-< M <>U <) " "'0 '0 8 '0 ;":. 1;; £~ ,S oj " en en p0o en 0 0'" 0 Po. 0 ~ Po. C (fl 0 0 U 0 en q oj 0 <) b U U U '"' '"' 1 I 4168 52 12 I II I 1 194 728 124 1046 I 63 199 5 JS 8 1,132 4113.368 311 16,191120,861 130 15,748 1 12,683,0001 7 156,556 I :1 I :1 15 American Friends' J..fission ………….. . 2 12 5 15 1 7 3501 50 41 Christian and Jiissionary Alliance ……. . 11 152 9 3 51 9 I 5,941 Presbyterian Church (North) ……….. . 5' 102 13 2 211 14 42 40 154 194 1 5 1 827 100 34 2.819) 1 22,392,843 )S,205 5,OS: Reformed (Dutch) Church in America, .. . 12 21 6 13 8 2 13,397 l{eformed Presbyterian Church' (USA). 11 7 3 6 1 17 7 27 8 42 1 6,707 11 4 463 7 333 I 796 360 Archbishop's ?!fission to Assyria .. , .. ,…. :2 3 3 1 I 1 32 71 800 832 140 Church 1-Iissionary Society ……. ,……. oS 12 8 8 5135 14 74 8 132 1 60 4 218 S3 2,702 2,980 90s! 8 86,147 2 17,425 41 Church of Scotland Jewish Mission …… , 42 311014 26 5 1,197 1 40 1,237 1 4 1671 2,964 Friends' Foreign 1lis5io11 Association….. 4 1,469 1 3 12 4 20 1 39 8 48 2 14S 15 994 1,139 107 2 9 11 22 2 3 33,621 Jerusalem and East llission………….. 6 7 2 12 10 1 32 1 3 London S. for Prom. Christ. Among Jews .. 7 3 411 2 27 3 Presbyterian Church of England ……… . 11 2 1 7 3 11 2 Ref. Presbyterian Church of Ireland…. .. 2 4 3 7 1 19 20 4 560 560 1 2 30 18 50 1 32 6 768 800 1 United Free Church of Scotland_ … ~.'~ __4_1_ II 41 3 1 9 1 16 1 Includes work in South Bulgaria. :! Includes work in Cyprus. 1. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 2. American Bible Society. 3. Asia Minor Apostolic Institute. 4. Christian and Missionary Alliance. S. Friends' Foreign Missions Association of New England. 6. Mennonite Church. 7. Presbyterian Church, North. 8. Reformed (Dutch) Church in America. 9. Reformed Presbyterian Church. 10. Seventh-day Adventists. 11. Archbishop's Mission to Assyrian Christians. 12. Baptist Missionary Society. 13. Beirut Orphanage.

14. British and Foreign Bible Society. 15. British Jews' Society in Adrianople. 16. British Syrian Mission Schools. 17. Church Missionary Society.

18. Church of Scotland Mission to Jews. 19. Edinburgh Medical Mission Society. 20. Friends' Foreign Mission Association of London. 21. Jaffa Medical Mission and Hospital. 22. Jerusalem and the East :lIission, 23. London Society for the Propagation of Christianity Among Jews. 24. Miss Dunn's Home. 25. Miss Proctor's Mission and Schools. 26. North African Mission, 27. Presbyterian Church of England.

28. Palestine and Lebanon Kurses' Mission. 29. Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and Scotland. 30. Tabeetha Mission Schools. 31. United Free Church of Scotland. 31Y;. Presbyterian Church of Ireland. 32. Deaconesses of Kaiserswerth. 33. German Hiilfsbund. 34. German Orient Society. 35, Judischer Verein. 36. Moravian Church, MISSION STATIONS. OR PLACES WHERE MISSIONARIES RESIDE The figures refer to the Societies occupying each Abeih, 7. EI Mouktareh, 18. Mt. of Olives, 17. Acre, 17. Erzerum, 1. N ablous, 12, 17, Adabazar, 1. Es Salt, 17. Nazareth. 17. 19, Adana, 1. Famagusta, 22. Nicosia. 9, 22, Adrianople; 15. Gaza, 17. Oorfa. 1. Ain Karim, 4. Hadjin, 1, 6. Ramallah, 5, 17. Aintab, 1. Haifa, 17, 22, 23, 35. Ramleh, 17, Alexandretta, 29. Harput, 1, 33. Ras el M eth, 20. Aleppo, 27. Hasbeiya, 18. Safed, 23, 31. Antioch, 29. Hebron, 4, 31. Salonica, 1. Baakleen, 28. Jaffa, 4, 17, 21, 23,30,35, Shefamer, 17, Baalbek, 18. Jerusalem, 4, 17, 22, 23, 32, Shemlan, 17. Bagdad, 17. Shweifat, 25, Bardizag, 1, 10. 36. Sidon, 7. Busrah (Bassora), 8. Kefr Yasif, 17. Sivas, 1. Beersheba, 4. Kessab, 1. Smyrna, 1, 18, 23, 32. Beit Mari, 20. Kochanes, 11. Suk el Ghurb, 7. Bethlehem, 17, 24. Konia,3. Tarsus, 1. Beirut, 7, 13, 14, 18, 22, 32. Kortcha, 1. Tiberias, 31. Bir Zeit, 17. Larnaca, 9, 22. Tirana, 1. Bitlis, 1. Trebizond, 1. Brousa, 1. Latakia, 9. Tripoli (Africa), 26. Brummana, 20. Marash, 1, 33. Tripoli (Syria), 7, Cesarea, 1. Mardin, 1. Constantinople, 1, 2, 14, 18, Marsovan, 1. Tyre, 18. Mersina,9. Van, 1, 11, 33. 20, 23, 31, 32, Monastir, 1. Zahleh, 7. Mosul, 17. Damascus, 18, 19,23, 31 y;. Moush,33.

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in circulation a complete New Testa don, is the present secretary. This ment, in the original Greek, without society sends out no missionaries, but note or comment other than a short many thousand pounds are contributed preface, issued by the Ecumenical through it for the maintenance of Patriarch. It is an excellent text, and, specific objects of all sorts, which withdespite the fact that it is not in the out such aid would have to be disspoken language of the people, has continued or dangerously curtailed. attained quite a sale. "Some preach Christ even of envy and strife . . . of The Outlook contention not sincerely, supposing to add affliction to my bonds." The The evangelization of the Ottoman British and Foreign Bible Society is Empire has only begun. Two-thirds ably seconded in its work in Mace- of its population are still followers of donia by the National Bible Society of the false prophet. Perhaps a million Scotland. It also does considerable are Jews. Nine-tenths of those who Bible distribution among the Greek are called Christians have no concepislands of the Archipelago–a difficult tion of Jesus as their personal Savior. field not otherwise reached. In its Probably seventy-five per cent. of the work in the Ottoman Empire, center- entire population are illiterate. Eighty ing at the capital, it encounters the years of missionary effort have same difficulties as the American Bible wrought under God miracles in the Society, and has very much the same spiritual and social and political turnblessings. Each of these two great ing upside down of much that was Bible societies placed in the hands of wrong side up. But the work has the people during 1907 about 46,000 only begun. Please God, it will go copies of the Word of God. on hereafter more rapidly. Such native movements as the Kurdistan Many years ago, under the name of Missionary Society, the Asia Minor the Turkish Missions Aid Society, an Apostolic Institute, the Adabazar organization was started in London Girls' High School, and others must with the object of securing funds and be strengthened and developed. The prayers in behalf of already existing native evangelical church must be work in the Turkish Empire. Later guided wisely and speedily to self-supthe name was changed to the Bible port. Colleges and theological semi- Lands Missions Aid Society. A com- naries must be, for many years to plete record of the objects helped come, under missionary supervision, along by this society would include and must be still further developed. nearly every enterprise under mission- The Christian press must be made ary supervision in the empire. The very much more efficient. And, above indefatigable zeal and devotion of its all, let a great volume of united prayer late lamented secretary, W. A. Essery, arise to the King of Kings, that this are commemorated in the Essery recent overturning in the Ottoman Memorial Orphanage, a monument Empire may prepare the way more erected to his memory in Salonica. fully for Him, whose right it is, to Rev. S. W. Gent1e-Cackett, of Lon- come and reign. IS THERE A PLACE FOR HIM ON THE FOREIGN FIELD?

REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., NEW YORK Candidate Secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement The evangelization of the world in philosophy and our latest discoveries this generation is a watchword which in science may be superior to all that is more and more being adopted, not which the Orient possesses; they only in the student world by those who may transform men's surroundings are offering their lives to go out as and awaken their admiration, but they missionaries, but by all Christians. can not change character or bring This watchword, however, does not peace to the conscience.

only aim at a high ideal and demand The Gospel of Jesus Christ is the on the part of those who adopt it the one fundamental thing in missions. So surrender of their lives to Christ, but true has this been in the history of it presupposes that those who use it the Church that it has become almost have an evangel to carry to the world. an axiom: "The church that ceases to A missionary is not only one who be evangelical will cease to be evan- is sent, but one who is sent with a gelistic." We can not evangelize the message. The great commission was world without an evangel in this, or given before the apostles were com- in any other, generation. If the mis- missioned to carry it into the world. sionary who goes out to the Orient The true missionary, therefore, is he has no larger and fuller message in who not only has a message, but is the regard to God and the other world living embodiment of that message than that already possest by those and the incarnation of the gospel he who believe the non-Christian relig- proclaims. Like an ambassador at a ions, and believe them with ardent de- foreign court, the missionary not only votion, it is perfectly evident that, carries credentials from his own gov- when he comes in contact with those ernment, but is loyal to that govern- to whom he is sent, the overflow of ment and is the representative of its faith will be in the wrong direction.

ideals and ideas to those to whom he The Mohammedan who believes is sent. It is the message that makes that God has spoken, and that we have the missionary: the missionary does His Word as our sufficient guide to not make the message; he only gives salvation, can give a real message to it. The evangel with which the the man who believes neither in revela- Church of Jesus Christ was entrusted tion nor inspiration. The Hindu would by the Master Himself is "the Gospel be able to demonstrate both the rea- of the glory of the blessed God." sonableness and the necessity. of a Civilization is good and can effect divine incarnation to the man who de- much, but it can not regenerate char- nied that it was possible for God to acter or transform humanity, and appear in the flesh, and even the Bud- much of our so-called Western civili- dhist might contribute some element zation is, after all, so Christless, cruel of religious faith to the so-called and self-centered that to export it Christian agnostic.

would not be to confer blessing upon At the present time, when the those who received it. Our Western study of comparative religion (instead of positive religion), has become ceived, how that Christ died for our almost a fad and tends to suggest to sins according to the Scriptures; and many minds that Christianity, altho that He was buried, and that He hath the best of religions, is only the prod- been raised on the third day according uct of evolution and one of a number, to the Scriptures." He tells the Cowe need to remember the striking rinthians that this Gospel is sufficient statement of Dr. Parker: "There may for their salvation. The Apostles' be comparative reltgions, but Chris- Creed has in a sense become the least tianity is not one of them." Chris- common denominator of the creeds of tianity is the oJZe religion and its mes- Christendom, and has been accepted by sage, the Gospel, is the one thing the Church universal as the statement needed to evangelize the world. Un- of its belief for centuries. The man belief does not trouble itself by con- who does not hold with conviction futing any other religions besides even this modicum at Christian faith Christianity. We never hear of ag- surely has no message large enough nostics or skeptics writing against Mo- and strong enough to warrant a hammedanism or Buddhism with the journey to the antipodes. purpose of proving their falsehood. This is a remarkable proof of the When the heathen in his blindness unique character of Christianity. Be- asks "What is Christianity?" he has cause Christianity claims to be the a right to an answer that, tho brief, absolute religion and affirms that it is shall be definite and authoritative. If a matter of spiritual life or death at the mandate of the most destructive whether men accept it, opponents can of higher critics we throw overboard not leave it alone, because Christianity not only our ballast but good prowill not leave them alone. It is this visions and costly cargo, they themunique character of the message that selves must grant that we still have makes the missionary's sphere as uni- left something of Mark's Gospel. But versal as the needs of humanity. one can not read even the first chapter of Mark without seeing that this Evangelical Christians may differ residuum still proclaims the superamong each other in regard to the natural character of our faith, the interpretation of the evangel, but in deity of Jesus Christ and the necessity regard to the fundamentals of the for the atonement. Christian faith they have always been agreed. The least common denomi- The struggle is an old one. In nator of the Gospel as Paul under- every age there has been the danger stood it is given by him in these of the Gospel being curtailed or adulwords.,: "Now I make known unto terated. "In apostolic days," said the you, brethren, the Gospel which I Bishop of Liverpool at the Student preached unto you, which also you re- Conference in 1908, "men advocated ceived, wherein also ye stand, by which a Gospel without the Cross. But St. also ye are saved; I make known, I Paul would have none of it. In the say, in what words I preached it unto fourth century Arius taught a Chrisyou, if ye hold it fast, except ye be- tianity without a perfectly divine lieved in vain. For I delivered unto Savior, and the Church would not you first of all that which also I re- have it. In the fifteenth century the Renaissance, intoxicated by the discovery of Greek and Roman litera- on the fundamentals of the Christian ture, despised the 'jargon of St. Paul,' faith himself because he himself has and would have paganized Christian- experienced its power.

ity, but the Reformation brought It is strange that this should not northern Europe back to ·the Scrip- appear axiomatic to those who are tures and to the Christ. To-day men filled with philanthropic love for hu- are proclaiming a Gospel without the manity and think that they can do supernatural. They are asking us to good service on the foreign field. Yet be content with a perfect human it seems that there are men in the Christ; with a Bethlehem where no pulpits and men in the colleges who miracle was wrought; with a Calvary think that they can help to evangelize which saw sublime self-sacrifice, but the world without an evangel. A mis- no atonement for sin; with a sepulcher sionary candidate recently wrote: "I from which no angel's hand rolled do not feel free to force my individual away the stone. But we must have opinion on my fellow man, nor do I none of it. We will hold fast, we will believe that by proselyting the heathen transmit the faith once for all de- we benefit him. Yet, etc."-such a livered to the saints. We will hand man misses every qualification of an down to our children, we will proclaim ambassador. The missionary does not to all the tribes of the earth, Christ force his individual opinion on any Incarnate, Atoning, Risen, Ascended, man, The true missionary has no our Intercessor at God's right hand, opinions, but convictions, and his con- waiting to come again to judge the victions are the product of his experi- quick and the dead." ence. He has a message because he The man who thinks he can help has heard The Message.

evangelize the world without the old There are also men who think that Gospel will not only disappoint those character can take the place of creed who send him, but would himself re- and that the non-Christian world will gret ever having gone to the foreign find Jesus Christ without the message field. Throughout all the East thou- of the Cross. Such an one recently sands have lost faith in their old re- wrote: "I should like to take the posi- ligions, and are longing for guidance, tion of a medical man rather than of not to new doubts but to a new faith. a missionary, as I am not only not The spiritual hunger of men in Korea versed along religious lines, but am will not be satisfied by philanthropical primarily a medical man at heart. I effort for their temporal needs. The believe that character is a more im- educated classes in Egypt who have portant consideration than mere re- lost faith in the Koran as the very ligious belief. . . . I attend church Vord of God will not find rest for but am not a member, and am thor- their souls and help in temptation oughly of the 'new school' in my be- from those who have lost faith in the liefs concerning the Christian faith."

inspiration of all scriptures. Men's The Foreign Mission Boards would hearts everywhere are hungering for be saved many a costly mistake if all the Savior. men were as frank in expressing their There is no one who can guide them lack of interest m vital Christianity a but the man who has thorough grip and their desire to practise medicine rather than to preach. A medical It was Henry Martyn who, when a practitioner might do excellent serv- Mohammedan was speaking derisively ice on the foreign field as weII as at of Christ, said: "I could not endure home along philanthropic lines, altho existence if Christ were not glorified. the fierce temptations of the Orient It would be hell for me if He were aland the non-Christian atmosphere ways to be thus dishonored." Raymake it very hard for anyone out of mund Lull, Robert Moffat, James Giltouch with Jesus Christ and His mour, David Livingstone, John G. power to retain Christian character. Paton, James Chalmers and all the other heroes of the cross have been The non-Christian world, however, able to say with the Apostle Paul, "We needs not only medical skill but preach Christ crucified." Everyone the skill of reaching men's hearts of them, however diverse in call, with a message of hope. The talents and environment, attained misonly men who have worked mod- sionary success because they had a ern miracles on the foreign field message, and that message the Gospel. have been the men with a message. "There is only one aim before us mis- Mr. James Monro, K. C. B., who sionaries," said Donald Fraser, speak- established a strong mission among ing from the heart of Africa to the the Mohammedans in India, in a rehearts of American college students cent letter about a man without a mesat Nashville, "it is the presentation sage, said: "This man's belief conof Jesus Christ to the world. I do not sisted in nothing but stark infidelity, for a moment fancy that such an aim unblushing adherence to the theories of in any way limits the methods which evolution in religion and commendawe may use. Everything which ele- tion of the same to his audience. What vates the social conscience, whicl! puri- answer could missionaries trained in fies administration, which sanctifies such a rationalistic school give to Moslaws-every method of that sort may lems when they impugn the authenticbecome an avenue to lead to Jesus ity and genuineness of the Scriptures? Christ. But this I say, that these Instead of fighting against Islam, such things by themselves are useless; that false teachers would simply be fighting unless these avenues lead directly to for it. To win the Mohammedan the living Christ, we are only doing a world to Christ we need men who temporal work which will not last will take the Bible as the inspired through the ages. I say, too, that if Word of God and give its message we who lead along those avenues are as it was given by the Church of not to end in a maze, we must step Christendom throughout the ages. side by side with Jesus Christ, that the From my own experience I wish to people may at last reach to Him. Let emphasize the necessity for missioname press it. The supreme end of the ries everywhere, and especially among missionary can not be attained by any- Moslems, being sound in the faith thing else than by spiritual methods, by once for all delivered to the saints, spiritual ambitions, the elevation of the and accepting the Bible as the inspired human race until it returns to God and Word of God. If they do not so the face of God is again formed in regard the Scriptures, on their own man," heads be the responsibility, but do not let them go to join the ranks of those character of his message, he is ready who are fighting against Islam, when for any hardship and patient under they will really prove to be nothing any adversity. He knows the Chris- more than traitors in our camp." tian faith is a reality; that his faith is the "substance of things hoped for, These words are none too strong. the evidence of things not seen." He A man who has mere opinions, and believes that God has worked miracles not even settled opinions, in regard in the past and can work miracles to- to the Bible and the Christ, and no day. He knows that Christianity in convictions of his own, is a man with- its origin, history and effect is from out a message. The man who expects first to last supernatural. But the man to go out and represent the Christian who denies its supernatural character Church in the non-Christian world can not be a missionary. The mis- must carry with him and in him the sionary spirit will not abide without old evangel. It is the one indispen- the missionary message. The giants sable part of a missionary's outfit. in faith have been the giants in faith- fulness. The Christian Church has established and supported the missionary "The priest inspired by the missionary enterprise to give the non-Christian spirit," says John Talbot Smith, in "The world the Gospel of Christ as it has Training of a Priest," "is a man without been received and interpreted by that a country, a race, a single prejudice Church. Those who do not accept the against any human being, or in favor of message, tho they may call themselves any special plan of labor. He is equally members of a church, have nothing to at home in the city and the country, in take to the foreign field, and mani- the savage village and the civilized comfestly instead of representing the munity. He knows and sees but one Church, would mis-represent the thing: the bringing of alI men to the church that sends them. knowledge and love of their Master. To achieve this thing he bends all his facul- Is there not a danger at the present ties. Such a man has the true missionc time of emphasizing the physical and ary spirit, the spirit of one sent, the intellectual qualifications of candidates very spirit of Christ. He will try a hunfor the foreign field, while we take for dred plans and fail, and yet remain granted too readily that those who undiscouraged." apply are spiritually qualified? Yet only spiritual men are a real acquisi- "DEUS VULT" tion and reenforcement in the conduct of a spiritual enterprise. Unless the (The Challenge of Peter, the Hermit, to the missionary's first love is his love for Crusader.) Jesus Christ crucified and exalted, he will lose his first love, grow lukewarm, The cry of the old crusaders and finally cold when surrounded by Comes down through a thousand years; the atmosphere of heathenism. The real missionary spirit is the Holy Once more go forth the invaders Spirit. He Himself gave us the mes- At a cost that is greater than tears. sage in the Scriptures and enables us to interpret it to others. Once the You will look in vain for their coats-ofmissionary recognizes the supernatural mail, For their lances burnished with gold; For they turn their thoughts from the weapons that fail, To those that are spirit-bold.

Those battles of old had their glory In the hosts of Saracens slain; But to-day the victorious Story Brings life to the populous plain! -Stephen van Rensselaer Trowbridge. PREPARED BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN March I, 1835.-Edicts against Christian- March 20, 1836.-Baptism of the first Fi;i converts. ity in Madagascar. See "Pacific Islanders," by Pierson. See article in this number of the REVIEW. March 21, 1844.-Birth of Mackav of For- March I, 1843.-Fidelia Fiske sailed for mosa.

Persia. See "From Far Formosa," by George Leslie Mackay. See HErninent Missionary Women," by Mrs. Gracey. March 25, 1812.-Birth of Stephen R. Riggs. March I, 1847.-Death of Hannah Marsh- See "Encyclopedia of Missions." man. March 25, 1855.-Patteson sailed for Me- See "Eminent Missionary Women," by ~Irs. lanesia.

Gracey. See" Life of Patteson," by Jesse Page.

March 1, 1854.-Arrival of Hudson Tay- March 26, 1888.-Death of Bishop Parker.

lor at Shanghai. See the UEncyclopedia of Missions."

See "The Story of the China Inland Mission," March 27, 1881.-First convert baptized at Livingstonia. by Geraldine Guinness Taylor. See "Daybreak in Livingstonia," by J. w.

March 2, 1908.-Death of Jacob Cham- Jack.

berlain. March 28, 1849.-Martyrdom of eighteen Christians in Madagascar. See MISSIONARY REVIEW, Aug., 1908, p. 578. See article in this number of the REVIEW. March 3, 1843.-Marcus Whitman ar- March 29, 1739.-Baptism of Kayarnak, rived in Washington. first convert of the Moravians in Greenland. See "Marcus Whitman," by Mowry, and MIS- See "Moravian Missions," by Thompson, also, SrONARY REVIEW, September, 1902. "New Acts of the Apostles," by A. T. Pierson. March 4, 1797.-Arrival of the Duff at March 29, 1840.-Birth of Isabella Tho- Tahiti. burn.

See "Pacific Islanders," by D. L. Pierson. See "Life of Isabella Thoburn," by James Thoburn. March 5, 1849.-Death of Mary Lyon. March 31, 1742.-Baptism of Schmidt's See "Eminent Missionary Women," by Mrs. first convert in Africa. Gracey. See "Daybreak in the Dark Continent," by March 7, 1804.-Foundation of the British Naylor, and "Moravian Missions," by Hamil· and Foreign Bible Society. ton.

See MISSIONARY REVIEW~ January, 1904. March 31, 1820.-First missionaries ar- rived at Hawaii. March 7, 1823.-Death of William Ward, See "Transformation of Hawaii," by Brain. of Serampore. March 31, 1854.-Signing of Perry's See "Encyclopedia of Missions." treaty with Japan.

March 7, 1836.-Birth of Bishop Tho- See "Japan and Its Regeneration." burn. Undeted Events See HPicket Line of Missions." March -, 1799.-Vanderkemp arrived at March 8, 1698.-Founding of Society for Cape Town.

Promoting Christian Knowledge. See IvfISSIONARY REVIEW) June, 1895.

See "Encyclopedia of Missions." Suggestions for a Program on Madagascar March 8, 1892.-Death of James Calvert. 1. SCRIPTURE LESSON: Martyrs for Christ. Ca) On earth, Heb., 11: 35-38. Cb) In See "Life of James Calvert," by Vernon. heaven, Rev., 6: 9-11; 7: 9-17.

March 9, 1835.-First penalties inflicted 2. QUOTATION: "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church." on Christians in Madagascar. To be used as a wall motto and memorized. See article in this number of the REVIEW. 3. HYMNS: (a) "The Son of God Goes March .9, 1872.-Mackay of Formosa ar- Forth to War."

rived at Tamsui. (b) "Take My Heart for Thine, J eho- vah," sung to the tune "Zion." This See "Prom Far Formosa," by George Leslie hymn was written by a famous Malag- asy hymn-writer. Mackay. See MISSIONARY REVIEW, July, 1901, p. 509. March 9, 1889.-Death of Mary Louisa The words are also found in "Fifty Mis· sionary Programs," p. 111. Whately. (c) "Lord, Dismiss Us With Thy See "Eminent Missionary Women," by Mrs. Blessing," sung by the Four Malagasy nobles who were burned to death, Gracey. March 28, 1849.

March 9, 1898.-Death of Guido F. Ver- beek, of Japan.

See "Verbeck of Japan," by Griffis.

March 10, 1872.-First Protestant Church organized in Japan.

See "Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom," by De Forest.

March 11, 1889.-0pening of the Sharada S ada nMISRSIOa NmAaRbY aRi 'EsVIhEoW~mAe pfriol,r widows.

See 1904.

March 13, 1701.-Founding of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.

See the "Encyclopedia of Missions."

March 18, 1882.-Baptism of first five converts in Uganda.

Sec "Uganda's White Man of Work," by Fahs, or "Life of Mackay," by his sister.

March 19, 1813.-Birth of David Living- stone. See any life of Livingstone.

NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS IN

MARCH 28. 1849. MARTYRDOM OF EIGHTEEN MALAGASY CHRISTIANS BY MISS BELLE M . BRAIN, DETROIT, MICH. Author o f HII o ld ing the R opes," etc.

The story of missions in Madagas- they, too, fell a prey to the fever, the car begins with a dream. One night, baby dying on January 24, the father early in the last century, Dr. P hillips, on January 3 r, and the mother on the godly principal of a theological February 3. Thus, in less than two school in Cardiganshire, Wales, after 1110nths, five of the little party passed reading much about Madagascar, had such a vivid dream of the great island lying in heathen darkness that he re- lated it next morning to his school.

"Now, who will go as a missionary to Madagascar?" he asked abruptly at the close.

" 1 will go !" rang out the voice of David J ones without a moment's hes i- tation . "And I will go!" came almost as quickly from the lips of Thomas Bevan.

As the London Missionary Society had long been desirous of establish- ing a mi ssion in Madagascar the offer of these young Welshmen was g ladly accepted and in 1818 they left Eng- land, each accompanied by a wife and baby. Landing at Mauritius, the wives and babies were left there while the two young men made a prelimi- nary visit to Madagascar.

Two months later, on October 13, 1818, David Jones and his family THE P[CTUR E THAT MADE A MISSIONARY landed at Tamatave, the principal seaport of Madagascar, and, unaware of The hurling of Christian martyrs fr om the precipice in :Madagascar From "Mission Stories from Many Lands"

the deadly climate of the lowlands away, leaving the one survivor at the along the coast, began work at An d€!- very gates of death.

vorante. The rainy season was com- But David Jones did not die. Going ing on which added to the danger, to Mauritius to recruit his strength, and ere long the entire family was he returned to Madagascar in Sep- stricken with the dread Malagasy tember, 1820, th.,is time to begin work fever. Early in January, 1819, when in Antananarivo, the capital, on the the Bevans arrived, they vere met by highlands in the interior, where the the appalling news that Mrs. J ones climate is not so trying.

and the baby were dead and Mr. J ones A rriving in A ntanana rivo on Oc- not expected to recover. Very soon tober 3, he found the king, Radama I.,

ready to receive any number of Eng- the matchless story that has melted lish mIssIonaries, provided skilled hearts throughout the world.

artizans came with them to teach his II!- 1827, when Radama died, one people to be "good workmen as well of his wives-he had twelve-seized as good Christians." To this the Lon- the throne and ascended it as Rana- don Missionary Society wisely gave valona 1. She was a wicked and un- heed, and of the fourteen men sent scrupulous woman, who hated Euro- out in the first eight years, no less peans and their ways and was devoted than eight were pious working men, to idolatry. Her first act was to put skilled in' carpentry, weaving, tan- to death all who had, in the remotest ning, blacksmithing and printing. degree, a claim upon the throne, and Chief among theql was James Camer- during her reign the land was on, whose great practical ability won drenched with blood.

him the lasting regard of the people. Her first thought was to banish In 1821 David Jones was glad- every European living in the island, dened: by the. arrival of David Grif- but on account of the training the peo- fiths, another' young Welshman from ple were receiving in the useful arts, Dr. Phillips' school. Together they she deferred this for a time. At the reduced the language to writing, be- end of six months' public mourning gan the work of translating the Bible for Radama, during which the schools and other Christian- books and opened .and chapels had been closed by order schools to teach the people how to of the court, she gave the missionaries read. As time went by, and reen- formal permission to resume their forcements came, the mission grew work, saying that she, like the late and prospered. Tho for eleven long king, wished the people to be wise and years no converts were baptized, there clever.

were many whose faces were turning But ere long, actuated partly by a toward the Light. fear that the missionaries were politi- There were, of course, many dis- cal agents in the employ of Great couragements to be faced. The people Britain, and partly by a spirit of de- were deeply sunk in heathenism, and votion to the idol-worship of their Radama 1., tho a capable and pro- fathers, the heathen party rose in op- gressive ruler ,was a cruel and despotic position to the new religion. Char- one. When the Gospel by Matthew ging the Christians with "praying to was completed, a copy was sent to the the white man's ancestor, Jesus king. It was read to him by a young Christ," and other acts of disloyalty, Malagasy noble, who had been taught they inflamed the mind of the queen in the mission schools, but he showed against them. At the same time the no interest in it until the story of the royal idvl-keepers warned her that the crucifixion was reached. "Crucifixion gods were angry, and would send -what is that?" he asked. On being famine and pestilence and other calam- told he said, "That is a capital mode ities unless Christianity was rooted of punishment. I shall use is here- out.

after"; and calling the head carpen- The missionaries would have been ter he ordered a number of crosses to dismissed at once had not the queen be made. Such was his reception of in some way gotten possession of a

NOBLE ARMy OF MARTyRS IN MADAGASCAR

bar of English soap-there was no Promptly at the end of a week they soap in Madagascar in those days- came again, and there waiting for which pleased her so much that she them were two bars of soap made enwished her people to learn to make it. tirely from materials found in the She accordingly asked all the mission- island! aries to assemble at one place, as she had an important communication to These two bars of soap saved the make to them. Messengers were then mission for the next five years. The s~nt, who thanked them in the queen's queen was so delighted that she at name for what they had done for once made a contract with the mission Madagascar, and inquired if there was to supply the government with soap and teach some of the young nobles THE CAVE IN MADAGASCAR TN WHICH TH~ BIRLE WAS HID FOR 20 YEARS anything else they could teach the peo- how to make it-a contract which took ple. To this they replied that the Ma- nearly five years for its fulfilment, lagasy still had much to learn and men- doubtless because it was not hurried tioned several branches, among them very fast. Hebrew and Greek. The messengers then withdrew, but presently returned Knowing that at any time they to say that the queen did not care might be driven from the island, the much for languages which nobody missionaries now redoubled their efspoke. Was there not something use- forts, their greatest desire being to ful they could teach the people-for leave the entire Bible in the hands of instance, how to make soap? the converts should they be compelled to go away. In March, 1830, the first The missionaries were dismayed. edition of 3,000 copies of the New But James Cameron came to the Testament was ready for distribution, rescue. "Come back in a week," he but the Old Testament was still far said, "and perhaps we may be able from completion. tu answer Her Majesty's question." About this time the spiritual re-

suits of the mission began to be spire the people with awe and strike most encouraging. The attendance terror to the hearts of the Christians.

on the meetings steadily increased, At dawn the cannon began to boom, and on Sunday, May 29, 1831, and 15,000 soldiers were drawn up, David Griffiths had the great joy of part on the plain and part in two lines baptizing the first twenty converts in a mile in length on either side of the his chapel at AmbOdin-Andohalo. One road leading to it. As the assembled week later, David Johns, a fourth thousands stood in anxious silence, the young Welshman from Dr. Phillips' chief judge delivered an address in school, who joined the mission in the name of the queen, in which she 1826, received eight more in the chapel forbade the worship of God in the at Ambatonakimga. After this the island. The Christians were then number of converts steadily increased. ordered to come forward and accuse But at length the dark clouds of themselves. A few did so, but the persecution began to gather. The first majority kept silent. At this the indication of the coming storm was a judge announced that unless this order proclamation issued in July, 1834, for- was obeyed within a month-the time bidding the people to learn to read was afterward shortened to a week- and write anywhere save in the schools the penalty would be death. At first established by the government. Others the Christians hesitated, scarcely followed which were evidently aimed knowing what to do, but before the against the Christians, and in January, week was over 2,000 came forward 1835, the following charges were pre- and heroically confest their faith in ferred against them before the chief Christ. About 400 of them were per- judges-charges which give strong sons of prominence, who held official testimony to the purity and consist- positions. On March 9 these were de- ency of their lives: 1. They despise graded in rank, while the remaining the idols. 2. They are always praying. 1,600 were subjected to a heavy fine.

3. They will not swear by the opposite Thus began a quarter-century of per- sex. 4- Their women are chaste. 5· secution in Madagascar which has They are of one mind in regard to rarely been equaled in the history of their religion. 6. They observe the the Church.

Sabbath as a sacred day. During the week following all who On February 26 official notice was had books of any kind were required sent to the missionaries forbidding to give them up. They were then them to baptize converts or hold meet- subjected to a rigid examination. The ings of any kind. At the same time Bible was taken first. No fault was notices were sent far and wide sum- found with the opening verse, but as moning the people-all above a cubit the second contained the word "dark- in height-to a great Kabary, or mass- ness," which the queen did not like, it meeting, to be held on Sunday, March was placed under condemnation. The I, on the plain of Imahamasina, the hymn-book came next, but as the word great open space west of the city, capa- "Jehovah" was found in it, it too was ble of accommodating from one to proscribed. Tracts and catechisms two hundred thousand people. containing the words "Jesus Christ,"

Everything possible was done to in- "hell," "Satan," or "resurrection"

NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS IN

were likewise placed under the ban. pelled to leave the island. Part went Books in foreign languages were then in June and part in August, but two, taken up. Tho not a word of them Messrs. Johns and Baker, at great was understood, all were condemned risk, remained a year longer in the on one pretext or another. These were hope of aiding the poor disciples. In eventually returned to the mission- July, 1836, having been ordered to go, aries, but in the meantime they were they sorrowfully withdrew to Maurikept in a building infested with rats. tius, leaving their little flock not only So great was the danger of their being as sheep without a shepherd, but as eaten that the soldiers were ordered to sheep in the midst of ravening wolves. procure a number of cats, a weekly allowance being made from the royal Much to the amazement of the treasury to provide them with meat. queen, she found her plans for ex- terminating Christianity failing most The native books were then burned, signally. She had closed the schools, and a decree made that anyone seen stopt the worship, burned the Bibles in company with a missionary should and punished the Christians. But she be put in chains. Spies were also ap- could not drive the Holy Spirit from pointed to inform on the Christians their hearts. Under His gracious inand search for any books that had not fluence they continued to hold secret been given up. meetings for prayer and praise, and their number was increasing every Knowing that at no distant day their day. labors would be ended either by expulsion or maryrdom, the missiona- Greatly incensed, the queen resolved ries now worked day and night to com- on sterner measures, and the infant plete the entire Bible and place it in Church of Madagascar was soon bapthe hands of the converts. The Old tized in blood. Testament from Ezekiel to Malachi and parts of Job were not yet finished, In 1836, shortly before Messrs. and so great was the haste that even Johns and Baker left the island, the the ladies of the mission were prest bitterest of the persecution was directinto service. ed against Rafaravivy, a woman of high rank, at whose house, one of. the Before the end of June the race largest in the capital, the Christians with time was ended, and 1,000 copies met for their secret seasons of midof the Bible were ready for distribu- night prayer. Betrayed by her servtion. Most of these were given to the ants, she was arrested and sentenced faithful disciples, some of whom to death. Through the influence of walked more than 100 miles to get influential friends at court her life them. Knowing that many of these was spared, but she was heavily fined would, in time, be wrested from their and warned that should her offense be owners, seventy copies were placed in repeated, she would certainly be killed. boxes and buried in the earth. "It Nevertheless, she continued to pray was precious seed over which God and allow others to meet for prayer in watched," says Mr. Cousins, "and her house, her only precaution being which in due time produced a glorious to sell her home in the city and buy harvest." one in a retired spot in the suburbs. About a year later she was again ar- The missionaries were now com-

rested, together with a number of her among the rocks and in caves in the friends, and sentenced to death. This hillsides. In the province of Vani- sentence, however, was never carried zanga, forty miles northwest of the out, for on the eve of the day fixt for capital, where many found a refuge, her execution a great fire broke out in the favorite hiding-places were the the capital, which caused so much con- rice-pits under the floors of the huts.

fusion that she was forgotten for the Many of these were connected by time. When order was restored, the underground passages, so that if an hour set for her death had passed and officer was searching the house above, she was sold into slavery instead. those concealed beneath could crawl The first martyr was R'tsah'tma, a to the next pit and make their way young woman who had been arrested outside.

with Rafaravivy. On the morning of For greater safety secret watch- August I4, I837, after being cruelly words were adopted by the disciples, tortured for hours, she was led away the question found in Jeremiah 38 :I5 to a fosse or hollow in the hillside at and its answer in the verse following AmbOhipatsy, and while· kneeling in being used for the purpose.

prayer, was speared to death. So calm During the whole period of the and joyous was she to the very end persecution, the Christians kept up that one of the executioners exclaimed, their secret meetings for prayer. The "There is some charm in the religion depths of the forests, the tops of the of these white people which takes mountains, lonely huts far out in the away the fear of death." Tho most country, caves and dens, and even of Rasalama's friends were in prison, tombs-all were used as sanctuaries in or in hiding, Rafaralahy, one of the which the people worshiped God.

truest and best of the Christians and Many walked twenty, thirty, and even a leader among them, stood near her forty miles to be present at the serv- till the end. As he turned sorrowfully ices, and often whole nights were away he said, "If I might die as happy spent in prayer and study of the Word.

and tranquil a death, I, too, would But only on dark and stormy nights, willingly die for the Savior." One when the queeri's spies were not likely year later, showing the same fortitude to be out, and when the torrents of and joy, he was speared to death on tropical rain would drown their voices, the very spot made sacred by her did they dare to sing a Christian hymn.

blood. Many were the devices that were So bitter was the persecution that resorted to to save the precious Book many now left their homes and went from hands that would destroy it.

into hiding, but nowhere were they At the village of Fihaonana, where safe from suffering and sorrow. Some they had one of the few complete went to distant parts of the island, Bibles that had been saved, it was only to meet death or torture at the kept for twenty years between two hands of hostile tribes. Others fled slabs of granite in the dark corner of to the forests, where many fell a prey a cave used as a hospital for small- to fever. Still others went to the pox patients, where the queen's of- mountains, where they eked out a ficers would be afraid to look for it.

scanty subsistence for years, hiding Vv'hen it was needed it was taken out

NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS IN MADAGASCAR

and then carefully put back again. ing the Christians. "They looked at· This Bible was afterward sent to Eng- me and smiled," he says, "and their land, where it may now be seen in the faces shone like those of angels." museum of the British and Foreign Bible Society. After a time of comparative quiet, what is known as the Great Persecu- In 1839 a little company of refugees, tion broke out in 1849, during which of whom Rafaravavy was one, made at least 2,000 Christians suffered their escape to Mauritius, where they penalties of various kinds. Some were met by their old friend, David Johns, who took five of them to Eng- THE PALACE CHURCH, ANTONANAR1CO land with him. On the way they stopt at Port Elizabeth in South were fined, others were thrown into Africa, where they met a number of prison, sold into slavery, loaded with Hottentot converts. Tho unable to chains or forced to work in the quarconverse with one another, they sang ries. Eighteen were condemned to hymns to the same tune, and used die. their Bibles as a medium of communication. Thus, when the Hottentots ¥ednesday, March 28, 1849, the pointed to ] ohn 16 :33, "In the world sixtieth anniversary of which occurs ye shaH have tribulation," the Mala- this present year, was a day which will gasy replied by pointing to Rom. 8 :35, never be forgotten in Madagascar. In "Who shall separate us from the love the morning the queen caused the folof Christ? shall tribulation or distress, lowing proclamation to be read: "Conor persecution, or famine, or naked- cerning these eighteen brothers and ness, or sword?" sisters whom I have interrogated and examined, they wiII not foHow the When the little company reached doings of you, the majority of my sub- England, they quickly won the esteem and love of all with whom they came in contact, and their presence at a great mass-meeting at Exeter Hall, held ] une 4, 1839, aroused great interest in mISSIOns. In 1842 they returned to Mauritius, to work among their fellow countrymen in that island.

In May, 1840, encouraged by the success of Rafaravavy and her companions, a second company of sixteen endeavored to escape to Mauritius. But they were discovered, and on July 9, 1840, nine of them were put to death. Most nobly did they endure their martyrdom. On the way to execution they were taken past the house of David Griffiths, their beloved missionary, who had returned to the capital as a trader in the hope of aid-

jects, therefore I shall put them to hand while for the last time they were death. Some of them shall be burned asked, "Will you pray?" At each triand the rest I shall fling over the umphant "No!" the rope was cut, and precipice." When the condemned a moment later the body lay mangled heard this they began to sing a favor- on the rocks below. As they fell, some ite hymn, "We are going home, 0 were heard singing praises to Him God." whose face they were about to see.

Four who were of noble birth- One was spared-a young girl two of them a man and his wife- named Ranivo, who had been a favorwere then taken to Faravohitra to be ite of the queen. In the hope of savburned. As they ascended the hill, ing her, she was placed, by the queen's their faces were calm and joyful, and orders, where she could see her comas they were being bound to the stakes panions as they fell, and at the close they joined in singing: was led to the edge and shown their bodies on the plain below. But she Lord, dismiss us with Thy blessing. remained true to her Lord, and plead- Fill our hearts with joy and peace. ed to be thrown down as her friends had been. At this she was declared in- Then, as the flames leapt up around sane and led away. them, their voices were heard in praise and prayer. "0 Lord," they cried, On March 28, 1874, the twenty-fifth "receive our spirits; for Thy love to anniversary of this terrible event, there us has caused this to come to us; and was opened at Ampamarinana, on the lay not this sin to their charge." The very spot made sacred by the martyrs' day was a stormy one, and once at faith, one of the four memorial least the fires were quenched by falling churches erected for the Malagasy by rain. As the spirits of the martyrs Christian friends in England. were about to depart, the clouds broke, and a wonderful triple bow ap- After the great persecution of 1849, peared in the sky, one end of which the lot of the Christians became someappeared to rest on the stakes to which what brighter. This was partly due they were tied. The crowd, awed by to the death, in 1852, of Rainiharo, the the sight, fled in superstitious terror prime minister, who had ever been a from the spot. bitter foe to the new religion, and partly to the influence of Prince Ra- Meanwhile the remaining con- koto, the only son of the queen, to demned ones, fourteen in number, whom she was devotedly attached. wrapt in dirty mats and their mouths Tho not a Christian himself, the young gagged to prevent their talking, were prince was in sympathy with them and taken through the streets to Ampama- had attended many of their meetings. rinana, the precipice at the western crest of the hill on which the city So favorable were the reports which stands, which has a descent of 1 So reached England that the Rev. Willfeet to a rock-strewn plain below. Ar- iam Ellis, the foreign secretary of the riving at the place, ropes were tied London Missionary Society, made around their bodies and one at a time three visits to the island in the hope they were suspended over the edge, of reestablishing the mission. But the the executioner waiting, knife in time had not yet come. In 1857 an- other period of persecution began,

LAST KABARY: READING A PROCLAMATION AT A GREAT PUBLIC ASSEMBLY, ANDOHALO

J

fully as terrible as those preceding it. had been to them a special source of It was largely due to a plot to depose strength. Within a month eleven the queen and place Rakoto on the houses were opened for divine service throne which originated with a in the capital alone, and Sabbath after Frenchman named Lambert. When Sabbath each was crowded to excess. it was discovered the blame was laid on the Christians, tho they had had no Very soon the Rev. William Ellis connection with it whatever. reached the island, and in August, r862, he was followed by a company Greatly infuriated, the queen now of missionaries from England, who resolved to stamp out the hated relig- took up the work laid down in r836. ion in the island, cost what it might. Menmrable, indeed, was the first Sab- Soldiers were sent far and wide to bath after this arrival at the capital, bring the Christians in, and thousands when the renewal of the work was were punished with the greatest sever- inaugurated by a great communion ity. Fourteen were stoned to death, service in which between 700 and 800 eleven of them on July r8, at Fiada- of the Malagasy took part. In r836 nana, an open space a third of a mile there had been 2,000 adherents of the from the city. "They were first Christian faith i now there were 40,- bound to stakes," says an eye-witness, 000, a great increase of twenty-fold. "and at the word 'Fling!' a shower of The little company of persecuted bestones, darkening the sky almost like lievers, with no missionary save the a cloud of locusts, was hurled at Bible, had gone everywhere preaching them." the Word, and this was the result. The eagerness of the people for re- But deliverance was at hane!. On ligious services in these first days was Friday, August r6, r86r, the old queen very great. The Rev. William E. died and Rakoto ascended the throne Cousins says: as Radama II. Almost his first act was to proclaim religious liberty to "It seemed as tho they could not all his people. "The sun did not set spend too n';J.ny hours in the house of on the day he became king," says Mr. God. After so many years of perse- Ellis, "before he had declared that cution, during which all meetings had every man was free to worship God." to be held with the greatest secrecy, The penalties inflicted by the queen the enjoyment of sitting in broad daywere now revoked. Slaves were freed, light-listening to God's Word, joinproperty was restored and exiles al- ing in prayer, and, above all, singing lowed to return to their homes. When their hymns without the dread of some the good news reached them, hun- enemy overhearing them, seemed to dreds of poor, hunted, outcast Chris- afford the most intense delight. Books, tians came out of hiding, and many of course, were very scarce. Happy long supposed to be dead were re- was he who possest even a few leaves stored to their friends. of a Testament, or part of a Psalter, or a hymn-book, or a catechism, soiled Great indeed was the rejoicing. The and ragged tho it might be. Very very first evening many gathered in a few complete Bibles remained, not house in the capital and spent the more than a dozen or so, and these, night in prayer and praise and in read- thumbworn and patched tho they were, ing the entire book of Jeremiah, which

THE NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS IN MADAGASCAR

were regarded as priceless treasures." ample was quickly followed by the On May 12, 1863, having proved people, and there was a general con- flagration of gods throughout the cenhimself a weak and unwise ruler, tral provinces of the island. The re- Radama II. was strangled to death, sult was a great demand for teachers. and his widow ascended the throne as In response to this more than a hun- Rasoherina I. Tho a devoted idolater, dred native preachers and teachers she did not interfere with the Chris- were sent out, and the London Mistians, and during the five years of her sionary Society added to its force of reign the work prospered greatly. At workers, but it is a sad fact that there her death, on April 1, 1868, her cousin were never enough laborers to gather Ramoma ascended the throne as Rana- in the waiting sheaves. A great work valona II. Tho not a Christian at the was done, however, the fruits of which time, she soon became one. At her have never passed away. coronation, on September 3, 1868, no From ,. Christian Mf~sionB and Social Progress ." F. H. P..evell Ce.

THE MARTYR PRECIPICE J N' MADAGASCAR idols were brought out, but on a small The later history of missions In table at her right hand was a large · Madagascar is full of sadness, owing Bible, together with a copy of the laws to the encroachments of the French, of Madagascar. On the four sides of who seized the island in 1895 and althe magnificent canopy which covered lowed the Jesuits to interfere with the the throne, inscribed in letters of gold, work the Protestants were doing. For. were the mottoes: "Glory to God," a time the fires of persecution were "Peace on earth," "Good will to men," relighted, and several missionaries and "God shall be with us." many native Christians lost their lives. Now, however, a better state of things On February 21, 1869, the queen exists, and it is hoped that brighter and her prime minister were publicly ·times are in store for this great island baptized, and on the 8th of the Sep- ·so deeply stained with martyr blood. tember following the royal idols were burned by her command. Her ex-

ON FOREIGN MISSION

THS SIXTEENTH CONFERENCE OF THE FOREIGN MISSION BOARDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA BY THE REV. STANLEY WHITE, D.D., NEW YORK Secretary of the llresbyterian Hoard of Foreign Missions. U. S. A.

This conference, which met in New the Boards. Among the questions York City, January 13-14th, was en- referred to it this year were the fol- tertained by the Foreign Department lowing: of the International Committee of the (1.) Inauguration of an American Y. M. C. A. Movement similar to the "China Emer- gency Appeal Fund," of Great Britain. One marked characteristic of the conference was the spiritual tone that (2.) The question of church union in was lent to all of its sessions by an Japan, India and other fields. attempt to emphasize the devotional (3.) The expatriation law. side of the work. The devotional (4.) International Conference at Shangmeetings were most helpful and uplifting, and the hour that was specially hai on the opium traffic. (5.) Chinese indemnity. (6.) The Kongo Independent State.

set apart, when the Rev. James I. (7.) Character of American diplomatic Vance, D.D., of the North Reformed and consular representatives in non- Church in Newark, spoke on the Christian lands.

"Spiritual Stimulus of Missions," was This committee deals with great one of the most satisfying of the many questions and such as are often inti- helpful hours of the conference. mately related to governments. It Among the reports that were con- requires vigor in action and yet great sidered this year which relate to the caution lest the work of the Church work of Foreign Missions in the vari- be involved in matters that are out- ous Boards were the subject of "Lan- side its sphere. The appointment of guage Study," prepared by the Rev. a committee on Christian Education in Charles R. Watson, D.D.; "The China and one to confer with Presi- Forces Needed," prepared by the Rev. dent-elect Taft, urging that diplo- A. W. Halsey, D.D.; "Salaries and matic and consular representatives of Allowances," reported by the Rev. C. the United States in non-Christian H. Patton, D.D.; "The Mohammedan lands be men in sympathy with the Problem," by the Rev. Charles R. Wat- great uplifting and Christian move- son, D.D.; "Anglo-American Com- ment of the times, were two practical munities," by Mr. Robert E. Speer, outcomes of this committee's work.

and the "Laymen's Movement," re- Dr. Arthur J. Brown gave a volumi- ported by the Rev. A. W. Halsey, D.D. nous report of the progress of the In addition to these reports there arrangements for the World's Mission- were several that were perhaps par- ary Conference to be held in Edin- ticularly opportune at this time. Chief burgh in 19IO, and it was very clear among them was the report of the to those present that this conference Committee on Reference and Counsel, is likely to be one of the most far- which is a standing committee and reaching of any that has ever been considers in the interval of the Con- held in behalf of missions. The whole ferences, questions of moment to all field is to be covered in careful review, and the purpose of the conven- Church everywhere through its prac- tion is to permanently strengthen the tically unanimous commitment to the working force of Foreign Missions. spirit of unity and the undenomina- Another innovation in the confer- tional ideal. While granting freely ence was the discussion of "Effective the difference of temperament that Missionary Literature." A paper pre- makes divergence in thought and habit pared by Mr. W. R. Hotchkin, of worship natural, those in charge advertising manager of the John of the Foreign Missionary enterprise, Wanamaker store, was read to the con- both on the field and at home, have ference. Mr. Hotchkin had previ- recognized that the only way that the ously been given specimens of the great battle of the forces of good literature from all the Foreign Mis- against those of evil is to be won is sion boards, and he had examined by presenting a united front to the them with painstaking care. He enemy. This was brought out again proved his friendship and the truth and again in the conference, and of the saying "faithful are the wounds reached its climax on Thursday after- of a friend" by dealing unsparingly noon, when, under the topic "The Pres- with what he thought was deficIent ent Crisis and its Requirements," the and at the same time approving where Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., the Rev.

approval was possible. The paper Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D., one of the was received with eagerness by the Congregational and the other of the conference, and a committee was ap- Protestant Episcopal Church, pleaded pointed to take into consideration the with passionate eagerness for the questions raised by Mr. Hotchkin and unity of the Church of Christ. What to report to the conference next year. appeared in the conference is but an Another point of special interest echo of that which is sounding was the discussion following the re- throughout the forces of Christendom port of the Laymen's Movement pre- to-day and is most manifest upon pared by Dr. A. W. Halsey. The the foreign field. It would seem as if conference heard of the great success God were calling in unmistakable of a national movement in Canada, terms, asking His followers to sub- and of the plans for a similar move- merge everything that might be ment in the United States. Mr. J. termed non-essential and merely in- Campbell White spoke to the confer- dicative of personal preference, and ence, and no one could have heard him to permit to emerge the great cardinal without feeling that through the men truths for which the world is, uncon- of the Church there is going to be sciously perhaps but none the less cer- an opportunity for the Spirit of God tainly, longing, and which are repre- to work great things in the coming sented in the person of our Lord and of the kingdom. Savior Jesus Christ.

Three or four things about this con- The second point is the broadness ference stand out with conspicuous of the outlook. Several times one clearness. One would put first the heard the delegates at the convention spirit of unity. It is hard to exagger- use, in connection with the plans that ate the influence that Foreign Missions were made, the expression, "That is at the present time may have upon the statesmanlike." It was a term well

chosen. No one who is intimate with sions a few years ago and then thinks the Foreign Missionary enterprise to- of such a gathering as on this ocday can fail to realize that it is being casion, the heart is filled with hope planned on broad and splendid lines not only that the work of Christ is to which have been thought out in the be carried on effectively, but also that moment of vision and worked out with the great Chinese nation is not a practical end in view. going to be given over to materialism, but that it is destined to join with The third point is the increasingly others under the motto, "Progress prominent part which the laymen are under the Banner of the Prince of taking in the Foreign M issiol1ary work. Peace." This was brought out in connection with this conference at the subscrip- The next conference will be held in tion dinner held at the Hotel Astor New York City by invitation of the on Thursday evening, the last eve- Student Volunteer Movement in Janning of the conference. The subject uary, I9IO, and it is confidently hoped was "Christian Education in China," that there may be an even greater inand the dinner was under the care of terest manifested than this year. a committee of laymen selected from the different churches of New York Perhaps one could not conclude this City. It was well planned and called brief survey better than by quoting together a company of four hundred the words from the introduction to of the most earnest and thoughtful the report of the Committee of Referpeople in our churches. ence and Counsel, which are a call not only to the representatives of the mis- The Rev. Dr. Edward Moore of sion boards, but also to the whole Harvard Theological School presided, Church. and speeches were made on the subject of "Christian Education" by Rev. The year has been a momentous one Harlan P. Beach, M.A., Rev. J. E. in many respects. The development of Williams, the Rev. Frank W. Bible, the plans of the Japanese in Korea, the Mr. Howard Richards, Jr., the Rev. vast changes that are swiftly taking A. L. Warnshuis, Mr. Robert E. place in China, the increasing unrest in Speer, and by Mr. B. K. W. Koo, the India, the political movements in Pereditor of the college paper at Colum- sia and the amazing transformation in bia University. As a type of the best Turkey are profoundly affecting the young manhood of China, Mr. Koo whole world. They are enormously inmade an earnest plea for the taking creasing the opportu~ty of the missionup of responsibility on the part of his ary enterprise and are giving to its work fellow countrymen, and imprest every- an element of urgency which it never one with the tremendous possibility before had. They call for the exercise that lies locked up in the head and of Christian statesmanship on the largest hearts of Chinese young manhood. scale, while they emphasize anew the im- portance of both missionaries and boards When one remembers the difficulty making a careful study of the great of stirring the interest in Foreign Mis- movements of our time in their political, economic and intellectual as well as their religious aspects.

TO MISSIONS WITHIN THE

flY HEV. WILLIAM CHA~MEHS COVERT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The greatest barriers to missionary mands make such incessant clamor progress in the world are not to be that the call of greater needs, farther found on the foreign field, where the away, is not heard, or if it is, response missionary is in close-ranged struggle to it becomes irksome, and giving a with native heathenism. There is a process in duty not a worshipful joy. vast deal in the obstacles met by the Until churches learn to moderate their worker in the open field calculated to local desires architecturally and otherstimulate his resolution and enhance wise, and magnify their world-wide his evangelistic ardor. He girds anew obligations, this barrier will continue his faith and feels his heart freshly to dishearten the missionary. aglow with enthusiasm when he finds himself face to face against the local 2. The worker, also, often sees obstacles, so peculiar, so stubborn, yet church finances in the hands of offifinally so unresisting before his mes- cers who are not church-members, and sage. Amidst what might seem dis- are without interest in a world-wide heartening conditions his heart finds evangelism. The property and curmany counterbalancing confidences. rent-expense funds of many churches Out of the very vastness and tedious- are under the care of men interested ness of his great enterprise he is con- in the local church but not communistantly winning reactions of hope and cants. While the congregation as a encouragement. whole assists in the general work of the Church, a word may be said on But the obstacles that he can not behalf of its official representation reach and is powerless to remove are where possible, but the danger lurkon the home field. These he feels most ing here too many churches have diskeenly. These often breed in him a covered to their sorrow and confusion. loneliness and a pathetic fear border- Men zealous and skilled in business ing on distrust, not of God but of the but untouched by our Lord's universal Church, and force upon him a solici- love, and ignorant of the substantial tude concerning the progress and per- reaction always follow iug systematic petuity of his work. giving, are found in places of such influence as to be able to discourage I. He sees home churches in debt and hinder the true missionary work and harassed by financial difficulties. of the Church. The expanding and This is a condition characteristic of the self-denying spirit of the Gospel is modern business world. People want hampered. This discourages the mismore than they can readily pay for. sionary. They have tastes they can not afford to gratify, but insist upon gratifying 3. The worker sees the generally them. Churches have not escaped this uninformed condition of the men in lamentable feeling. Hence there are the Church relative to missionary churches everywhere, apparently pros- matters. This is a condition painfully perous, struggling under the burden obvious even upon slight inquiry. The of debt. This with rare exception women of the churches are going formakes a church a self-centered body. ward, year by year, to a broader knowledge of the world's spiritual It draws in the horizons. Local de-

needs and to more effective work in and indiscriminating writers, who are its behalf. They are evolving more only utilitarian and for the present add fascinating and compelling methods impulse to this subtle undermining for quickening and informing the of confidence in foreign missionary minds of the women. All the arts and work. Until a sincere and consecrated inventions of wise workers are being interest in saving the world shall disused in educating the women of the place this passive skepticism, this will churches and with gre::tt success. But continue to constitute a discouraging the men of this day, engrossed in the barrier. absorbing life of its complicated business, catch what they can from papers S. The far-seeing, home-turned eyes and occasional public discourses. The of the missionary, hungry for sympagreat bulk of men, in anq out of the thy, see a low type and a meager Church, remain entirely ignorant of measure in the giving of the Church, the interesting personality and heroic when the needs of the field and the devotion of the missionaries, the provi- ability of the Church are considered. dential openings on the field and the There is no need to labor to present a facts connected with the inspiring startling array of contrasting figures progress of the kingdom in the ends in order to show how much we spend of the earth. for luxuries and how little for the spread of the Gospel. We are no 4. The missionary detects in the longer easily startled and can stare home churches something akin to a the most astounding and rebuking subtle skepticism as to the use and figures out of countenance. But the expediency of foreign mlsslOnary disheartening fact remains that there work. This may appear upon the is a most unjustifiable discrepancy besurface as lack of interest in a tween what we give to spread the subject of which but little is known. kingdom of Christ and what, in view But it is a practical and fatal skepti- of the needs of the world and the cism no matter how harmless and re- ability of the Church, we ought to spectable it may appear. It is a give. No virtue stmggles against paralyzing suspicion of the worth of severer odds in its effort to assert itself the work for which Christ died, and than generosity enmeshed as it is with for which the Church, in her noblest all the uncertain and positively selfish and bravest, has been dying through motives of men. The quality of the the centuries. This unchristian atti- giving may be as discouraging to the tude is fostered by the frequent dero- missionary as the meagerness of the gation of the missionaries themselves quantity, for a man's heart is worth through the flippant and cruel humor more to the kingdom of God than his of the news and comic papers, and the money. Until the character of giving pseudo-patriotic call to work among is lifted to its place of a wholesome heathen at home. There are the super- worshiping act will the quantity of the ficial "globe-trotters" and ill-informed giving continue meager, the motives sailors who bring home contradictory unworthy and the healthful stimulatestimony the tone of which is likely ting reaction faint and uninfluential. to cast suspicion upon the permanency and progress of mission work; facile 6. Strange as it may appear, there are in Olristian pulpits ministers who

JOTTINGS FROM GARENGANZE, WEST AFRICA

are reluctant to urge the cause of tians standing still and philosophizing foreign missions and plead for self- about the tedious processes of worlddenying gifts from the people. Hap- saving. He hears much that conpily the number of such timorous and vinces him, that while the coming of faithless undershepherds is growing the kingdom is, in a general indefinite less. But too few at best who stand way, a great desideratum, yet it inbefore the people, present the cause volves so much time and money and of the dying world with that per- deferred hopes that it is, after all, a sistency, that resistless fervor, that consummation far away down the urgent pleading that the interests in- years, and the Church of this day can volved demand. Pastors must not try hardly be expected to be confident of to make the yoke of Christ more easy anything great or immediate relative for the people than Christ Himself to it. Hence the unexpectant tone of made it. There should not be evasive the petition. Hence the sluggish labor generalities, nor the cautious and hesi- and meager giving of Christians. tating presentation of the causes that call for the people's hearts and the The worker in the foreign field giving of their money and lives. There views these and other similar condiis no way to secure so surely the tions in the Church at home with feelprompt and steady payment of local ings of alarm and discouragement. obligations than for a pastor to enrich They suggest a disloyalty in the hearts the springs of unselfishness by making of his Christian brethren that begets wise, earnest pleadings for larger into his human heart a sense of painful generosity, especially for the work of isolation coupled with forebodings. As the kingdom. the Church loves her consecrated workers and the precious work en- 7. The missionary detects through- trusted to her by her Lord, she must out the Church the lack of confident hasten to right these wrongs and unand expectant prayer. He hears her burden the hearts of her valiant sons pray "Thy kingdom come," and he in the distant fields. Let us be loyal sees the Church and individual Chris- to the cause of Christ.

RECENT JOTTINGS FROM GARENGANZE. WEST AFRICA EXTRACTS FROM MR. F. S. ARNOT'S JOURNAL* Kavungu, or Nana Kandundu, as people, fond of having women chiefs, the Portuguese call this station, has fishing, working in copper and iron, been one of the most difficult fields of sober, and preferring litigation to service in West Africa. Work was bloodshed. The work, however, had begun here in 1892 by Mr. and Mrs. hardly begun to tell when the Portu- Cyril Bird and two companions. Then guese, knowing nothing of the place a year later Dr. and Mrs. Fisher ar- before the missionaries went there, derived from Bihe. The outlook was cided to plant a fort alongside of the at that time most favorable. The mission station. The queen left the Baluvale or Baluena are a peaceable district with her people, and ever since * Mr. Arnot WiS lh~ fOln<!er of the Garenganze MiS~iQn,

the influence of the fort has been On the roth of May last year, I paramount, and has been brought to visited Kazombo, the station opened bear steadily against the work of the by Dr. and Mrs. Fisher, thirty miles Gospel. God has been pleased, how- from Kavungu, on the banks of the ever, to give peculiar trials to these Zambesi. The site is certainly beau- Luvale workers, the fevers have tifully situated, but proved, in the proved fatal to several, others who early days, even more unhealthy than joined our brethren and sisters have Kavungu. Here Mr. Copithorne died, had to leave, Dr. and Mrs. Fisher and several were disabled. However, opened a new station thirty miles the loss of the Kazombo district has away, and now Mr. and Mrs. Schin- been the gain-I trust eternally-of dler alone remain of the early mission- many Balunda, who live in the more aries; but they have Miss lng, and two mountainous country enclosed by the brethren, Edwards and Hornby, help- great horseshoe bend that the Zaming in the work. besi makes-north, west, south-ere it finally makes up its mind to flow off Trials and Encouragements in an easterly direction to the Indian Ocean. These Balunda are the people But what trials have come from in- that I had hoped to reach twenty-four roads Satan has been allowed to make years ago; but Liwanika chief of the among the profest converts! The Barotse, objected to any white man emphasis laid by Peter (Acts IS :20) visiting his "dogs." as the one sin of the Gentile is understood here; still if the trials have been After spending a few days at Kapeculiar, so have the encouragements, zomba, I left for Kalunda Hill, where for some of our brightest and best Mr. and Mrs. Cunningham have behelpers in the Gospel, both in Bihe gun work. I reached there on the and in the Garenganze, have been the fourth day, passing by on the way fruit of work at Kavungu. And Mr. several groups of the huts of these Schindler has the help of three native timid, wild-looking people, who have Christians from the East Coast of been preyed upon-probably for cen- Africa, who came to Kavungu as tra- turies-by all the tribes around for ders and Mohammedans, but who, in- supplies of slaves. Certainly, judgstead of being allowed to teach the re- ing by the number of children seen on ligion of the False Prophet to these every hand, they are not a dying-out Luvale people, as they would have tribe, in spite of all their hardships. done, were all converted and are now We had to be careful how we ap- "true men." Well, when staying here, proached these villages, or in a I decided to give up the thought of twinkle all would flee. When taken going on this year to the Garenganze by surprize, the women and children, stations, and now I am looking for- with wonderful presence of mind, hid ward to spending six or eight months themselves, so that in an instant, a with Mr. Schindler, after visiting dozen or so together, whether in field Kazombo, and the two new stations or village, would suddenly appear to among the Balunda; namely, Kalunda, evaporate. After a little, I was able in the center of the Lunda country, to distinguish a child of four or five and Kalefie, near the source of the years hiding like a young partridge Zambesi.

1<)09] RECENT ]OTTlNGS FROM GARENGANZE, WEST AFRICA

behind a tuft of grass, or pot, or bas- the body of a man who had just been ket hardly big enough, you would killed by another in a jealous rage. think, to hide a rabbit; there a woman And a few days later I passed another would be standing straight up behind shot through the head for theft. All a small tree or post in the ground, this seems very dreadful to the civi- or crouching among the cassava lized mind, but better such crude law plants. When all heard, however, that and punishment than none at all. And I was going to Mr. Cunningham's, or so far both Mr. Cunningham and Dr. that I was the brother-in-law of Dr. Fisher are able to say' that the Ba- Fisher, the scene quickly changed, lunda do not steal, and no locks are and a woman in one village seized a required on their doors, either at Ka- fowl and brought it to me as a pres- lunda or Kaleiie. Our earnest hope ent to "Dotolo's" brother, for had not is that ere another year goes by some "Dotolo" redeemed her, and sent her may come forth to strengthen the back to her own people. hands of our Brother and Sister Cun- ningham; or, rather, to put the matter Sitting in the Cunninghams' little plainly, make it possible for them to cottage on the top of Kalunda Hill, it hold on. was difficult to believe that I was not in the Highlands of Scotland, the air Leaving Kalunda Hill my road lay was so cool and bracing, and our along beautiful valleys, and some bar- brother and sister, with dear Mrs. ren and some fertile plains, for six O']on's two little girls-their visitors days in a northeasterly direction, and -looked the picture of health. There, there in the last bend of the Zambesi, however, the comparison must end, or a few miles from the actual source, I let friends at home take it up, and came to Kalefie, the same hill that I imagine a solitary missionary couple had seen far to my left when on my in some mountain-say, in Perthshire first journey to the Garenganze, -and then mark down Dr. Fisher's named in my map "Border Craig." Station at Kalefie as being somewhere Kalunda Hill stands by itself like a in the south of Ayrshire, and filling sugar-loaf, but Kalefie appears to be all the rest of Scotland with scattered a bluff standing out on the shore of Balunda villages, then ask themselves what, at one time, was a great inland the question, "What can these two sea. From the south the country slopes couples hope to do so far apart?" gently up to the crest of the hill. .And, indeed, Mr. and Mrs. Cunning- ham have reached a point where they A great deal of money has been can not hold on alone much longer, spent at Kazombo cutting down the but God has already begun to bless bush and draining the marshy strip their work-over one hundred people, along the edge of the Zambesi River. old and young, climb the hill every Also the improved supply of milk and Sunday to hear the Gospel, and four butter is a great help to health, and have already profest conversion. with care in the use of the mosquito net-with an occasional change to the The Balunda seem to be a much Lunda stations-the risk of malarial more moral people than the Baluvale. and black-water fever in the two Lu- Certainly they seem to be more jealous vale stations Stems to be greatly reof one another's affections. I passed duced.

One's interest in both the Baluvale ervation." When all was over the and Balunda tribes increases, however, chief and his people sat down and the more one sees of them. When at listened to us, and the following con- Kaleiie I visited some of the Lunda versation ensued: villages with Dr. Fisher. At one we found all were busy worshiping the "How many ancestral spirits do you spirit of some ancestral hunter who Balunda worship in this way?" had enabled a fellow villager to kill two large antelopes. By the time we "We don't know." arrived an offering had been prepared, "How many gods have the Baconsisting of native bread, and cooked lunda?" antelope meat; the lump of soft bread "There is only one God over all was held at the end of a stick and men, white and black." looked like a handful of wool on a "Which is the greatest, God or the distaff. The chief of the village held ancestral spirits?" the stick of bread, and all danced in "Of course God is the greatest," the front of a fetish horn stuck in the chief replied. ground, behind which a hat-stand like "Then if God is the greatest, why do reredos rose up, hung all over with you not worship Him? Why worship horns, skulls, and jawbones of ani- only these ancestral spirits, who were mals killed i~ the chase. The chief made by Him?" then allowed the dancers to pick off a At this the chief turned to the group piece of bread, and with a little bit of men sitting by him, saying, "Listen of antelope meat, make each an offer- to this," as much as to say, "Dr. Fisher ing to the ancestral spirit; then all and his friend have got me into a nice knelt down, and with clappings and fix, what answer can I give?" Then bowings gave to the spirit all the turning round, he said, "We would honors due to a great chief. The worship God if we only knew how." hunter then took his stand on the head Of course Walter told him that that of one of the slain antelopes, and all was the reason for his coming to live danced before him. Then the stick of among them, to tell them how they can bread was handed to him, he ate a worship God. little and handed the loaf back to the I witnessed a very touching sight, chief; so the dance continued. But on my six days' journey back to now a little unwashed "village boy" Kavungu. On reaching a Lunda vilwas allowed to join in, and all went lage we found that a woman had died merrily on for a few minutes; then the night before, and they had set her the village boy, playing his part well, body up on a mat outside her hut. A seized the bread and rushed off with spirit doctor was present in full proit; the men followed in a mock chase fessional costume, and her husband until they reached the village bounds. was holding her hands and imploring The imp of a boy joined his com- her (so my boys told me) to deal panions in the bush, and all sat around kindly by them, and to remember how in a ring and ate the "sacred" loaf. they had fed and clothed and cared for And so these rude but clever savages her. Then long strings of beads were got over the difficult question of "res- wrapt about her arms and neck. Truly these people need the Gospel of Sal- vation.

SUGGESTED BY A MISSIONARY'S

BY A NEW MISSIONARY The new missionary was sitting by and sin have made a rank growth here. his study window looking out on his It would be a mere waste of time to little garden. His spirit was bur- sow seed in a garden without first dened with the work entrusted to his clearing away the weeds and breaking care. He longed to see his effort up the ground. producing effect in the lives of those who attended the services, many-oh! There is not the certainty of a harso many of them came and went, not vest even in the garden that one aconce nor twice, but many times and customed to planting might think. seemingly without receiving any per- When those beans were planted it was manent impression. He arose wearily, very wet, so only a small part of the brushed his hand across his brow and ·ground was properly prepared. Where fixt his eyes upon the garden. There only a small furrow was opened the in the different beds were vigorous seeds were planted where the water plants which a fortnight ago were only collected, the seed rotted so that they seeds. A longing surged through his had to be replanted in a more favorasoul; a fervent desire which voiced ble time. Is it possible to be in too itself in the cry: "Would to God we great haste to plant the spiritual seed could sow the good seed of the king- and thus cause a needless waste? The dom and see it grow up as quickly and mission field is vastly different from certainly as these seeds." the home field in the preparation needed for the Gospel. The ideas Quickly a voice seemed to reply: "If of religion held by many on the you understood and observed the laws foreign field are difficult for Christians of spiritual seed-sowing as well as to understand. For many religion is you study and obey those of the a mere superficiality, a nominal belief, natural, could you not have the same having a form of godliness but denysuccess ?" "But," objected the mis- ing the power thereof. Under such sionary, "in 'sowing the spiritual seed conditions it is necessary to spend we encounter the obstacles interposed time in breaking up the hard beaten by the human will, as strong and free ground, in gathering out the stones, in as our own. It can not be forced; it rooting out the weeds, before undermust be won and its consent secured taking the more positive work of seedat every step." The voice replied: sowing. "Are there not laws for this also? Do you not meet difficulties in sowing It is pleasant to see the plants comseed even here in your garden?" ing up, but if the soil is not prepared and they only come up to be choked The missionary began to think. It by the weeds or to dry up in the hard is true that when one plans to sow cloddy ground, is it not better to dematerial seed he must first prepare lay the sowing a little and spend more the ground. All ground is not the time in preparation of the soil? The same-some is comparatively clean temptation comes to the missionary to and some is very rocky or very foul. be in haste to report some definite and The weeds of unbelief, indifference, visible results of his labor. Neverthe-

less, the true missionary desires per- one-half of which is full of fine plants, manent success rather than passing re- while the other half has nothing tho sults, and that can be secured only it has been sown twice. The ground when the good seed is properly sown was equally well prepared and the in good, well-prepared soil. Cer- same care taken to make it productive, tainly the false, preconceived notions but not a plant has appeared. The of religion must be rooted out and seed had no vitality-no power within destroyed before the truth can be re- which should have made it take adceived. vantage of favorable conditions for life and growth. It is better to begin by preparing the soil. Teach plainly, showing by God of the harvest! are thy servreason, science, example, experience, ants sometimes guilty of sowing lifeand, above all, by the Word of God less seed? Does God put us forth to what sin is, and what are its results. preach and not give a message? If Then the hearers will be ready to the message is without vitality and hear about and accept the remedy of- power, is it not because the laborer has fered by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. put himself forth without having the This teaching can not, of course, divine command or has not made sure usually be made effectual in one ser- of having the Word of God? If the mon. Line upon line and precept upon minister is without a message it must precept is needed; here a little and be because he has not been in touch there a little. All the ugliness, hei- with the divine mind. What a great nousness, awfulness and exceeding sin- responsibility this places upon the servfulness of sin and vice must be pre- ant of God. If he is faithless and has sented till it is believed, seen and felt no living word for his hearers to by the people. Then the ground is whom will they turn? He is the only prepared to receive the good seed of representative of the Gospel in all his the kingdom. Then the offer of par- district. Certainly the supply of seed don, peace and power will be appreci- is not short. Let us go often to the ated. Then the need of a new birth storehouse and replenish our seedwill more readily be realized and the baskets. opportunity of experiencing it will be esteemed as a privilege. The sum total of a missionary's work is to proclaim the Gospel, but The soil having been properly pre- the divine Master said: "Be ye wise pared and the seed sown, the ground as serpents," and Paul exhorts Timo-' must still be cultivated and the weeds thy to be a workman that needeth not kept out. Why not give the same care to be ashamed, rightly dividing the to the tender manifestations of life in word of truth. What worker would the hearer of the Word as with earthly not be ashamed to have his field, about seed? There will be men ready to sow which glowing accounts had been pubevil seed at the first signs of growth. lished, visited after some few months Root out these weeds as soon as dis- or years and no fruits of his sowing covered. I f not destroyed they will be visible? Happy is he who goeth destroy the tender plants and doom forth with weeping, bearing the preciyour hopes of a bountiful harvest. ous seed, and cometh again with re- joicing bringing his sheaves with him. In the center of the garden is a bed

AFTER THE LIGHT IN DARKEST

BY REV. ADOLPH W. KRUG, BULU LAND, CENTRAL AFRICA Within the last few months there back every day, a distance of from has been manifest in the vicinity of five to six miles.

Elat a growing hunger and thirst for The eleven town schools 111 their the Word of Life. Not only has this last session had an enrollment of 550, shown itself by the large attendances and now four or five more have been at the preaching services, but there started, two of them in towns 55 miles has been, on the part of inquirers, a away to the southwest and northeast.

greater sense of shame for sin, a These schools are not only places for.

quicker response to the exhortation to instruction in books; but, best of all, make past wrongs right and to show they are outposts of missionary activ- fruits of repentance in changed lives. ity and centers of light and life. A At the time of Dr. A. W. Halsey'S few years ago these towns were in visit to the mission in 1905 there were densest heathen darkness, but now 1,568 people present at the service from everyone of them come people which he held at Elat. Recently on to Elat to be enrolled as inquirers.

five Sabbaths out of fourteen there From the first all of them have been have been over 1,000 people at the fully self-supporting, the people first morning service. On the last com- built the schoolhouses, and the tui- munion Sabbath there were 1,61 I tion paid by the pupils has been used counted at the close of the service. to pay the small salaries of teachers.

About thirty of these had come be- There are now ten other towns tween twenty and thirty miles, and where the people, in many of them many more came ten miles or more. the head men, or so called kings, are The offering on that day amounted to asking to have schools started. So 140 marks, or $35 American money. in every direction the influence of the Since Mr. Dager's return in July he work is spreading. With the increased had personally met over zoo people opportunity to reach out into the dis- inquiring the Way of Life. We realize tant towns comes also willingness on that all these are not yet ready to be . the part of teachers to respond to the followers of the Christ, as we wish calls. A few days ago, when a teacher them to be some day, but it shows that was told that there was a place for the preaching of the Word is still with him in a town fifty miles away, he re- the same power, and that they are plied: "All right; if you say so, I go.".

hungering for a better life. Three years ago no Bulu would have In the school also there is a greater been willing to venture so far away spirit of earnestness, a willingness to from his home town.

work harder and find less fault. The There are open doors all around us, enrollment at the station school is 500, but altho a place has just been chosen out of which 120 are women and girls, for a new station, we must wait and hope 50 of the girls being in the boarding- for a better day, for the orders from school of the station. From the rest home are not "Forward," but "Halt."

the remainder come from the near-by It is for Christians at home to say towns,some walking to school and how long the advance must be delayed.

IN PERU-ROMAN AND PROTESTANT *

BY MISS GERALDINE GUINNESS, LONDON The Roman Catholicism of Peru is even the best book-shops in the capi- a political power, touching national tal do not stock The Book.

and social life at every point, but in Is it strange, then, that the people this land where she reigns supreme of Peru are starved, and that they there is spiritual famine. listen with wonder and new joy to the Rome has denied the Bible to Peru. Word of God which they have been When others would have introduced denied?

it, she used all her forces to prevent In America and England, Roman- them. At her instigation they were ism is morally compelled to give some mobbed, stoned, shot at, libeled, im- kind of Christian preaching from her prisoned, and even murdered; the pulpits; in Peru she is not. That when printed Word of God was maligned, the Bible is shut preaching inevitably torn to pieces, and burned. Whatever degenerates, history confirms.

defense Rome may make, whatever The worst which can be said of excuse concerning an "adulterated Roman Catholic lands in their darkest Protestant Bible," the fact remains that hours is true of Peru. In the villages she has given the land of the Incas no of the Sierra, sermons are of very rare Bible and no part of the Bible. Nor occurrence; but in Arequipa the two does this surprize us, for the same parts of the Misa. Mass are divided by policy has been pursued in other Ro- a sermon in one church at least every man Catholic lands for many centuries. day, and on a feast-day in every To-day, what do Peruvians know of church. The subjects usually chosen the Bible? The well educated have are the lives of the saints, or the his- heard a number of isolated texts from tory of a feast and the benefits which the Psalms and the Prophets, twisted its celebration brings.

so as to apply to the Virgin Mary; A fundamental principle is involved they know well the two sayings of our in the fact that these sermons have no Lord upon which the dogma of infalli- practical exhortation. Rome has over- bility is built; if they have been edu- emphasized the outward: works not cated in a convent school they will faith; what is seen rather than the doubtless remember, with a great deal heart; ceremonies in place of conse- else of legendary character, a few cration. The conception is general in Bible stories-two or three from the Peru that virtue does not consist in Old Testament-and a brief outline being good or doing good, but in punc- of the birth and death of Christ. tilious attendance to religious cere- The priests do not possess and have monies.

never studied the Bible. Members Is it a wonder that the works of of their own communities have told Christianity are not seen in the lives me that theological students are re- of the professing Christians of Peru?

quired to know only a few isolated They are starving! They have been texts. Devotees of the Church pos- denied both the Holy Scriptures and sess many lives of saints, devotional the preaching of the Gospel.

poems to the Virgin, and prayers to But surely the Church conducts be said before various images or relics; prayer and worship! Is there not food but I have never seen a verse of Scrip- for the hungry in her services? Alas, ture quoted in one of these books. the overdevelopment of ceremonialism Sermons are commenced by the reci- but marks the decay of the life it once tation of a text with which they fre- exprest. The spiritual is almost com- quently do not deal at all; school cate- pletely materialized.

chisms teach nothing of the Bible; Even amongst the most devout and * Text and illustrations are from a remarkable book, by a nineteen-year-old author, "Peru; Its Story, Its People and Its Religion." Fleming H. Revell Co. These selections are taken from five chapters. enlightened, intercourse of the soul tom of the people, and denotes how with God does not appear to exist. real to them are the personalities with Latin formulas of eulogy and suppli- which they invest their idols of wood cation are totally incomprehensible to and paint.

the worshipers, and Spanish prayers Each town has its popular "saint"

concerned with virgins, saints, images, or idol. E ven Callao, which may al- or their miracles, and add rest more most be called a suburb of the capital, frequently to creatures than to the Creator, are obviously incapable of im- parting spiritual comfort or inspira- tion. The mechanical worship of Peru tends to soothe the conscience, but not to satisfy the soul. Oh that I could adequately picture to you some of these pathetic and paltry ceremonies so far removed from the simple serv- ices of Protestant and some Catholic Church we know in England!

Amongst the educated classes in Peru, saint-worship is very common.

Devotional books comprise stories of the lives of Santa Rosa. Santa Cata- lina, or Santa Teresa, and sermons are occupied with the intercessory powers of San Antonio, San Sebastian, or Santo T oribio. Numerous relics and images assist the imagination of dev- otees as they render prayers and adoration to glorified saints.

But the poorer classes of Peruvians have no devotional books; they live in A SOUL IN PURGATORY villages where sermons are of exceptional occurrence; and their curas do This ima~e 3!1d collection-box bangs outside not teach them either evangelical th e c hu rcb tn Lima, Peru. It represents a soul truths or tt·aditions concerning the in the flam es of purgatory and a padlocked money- box is to receive gifts to free it from torture.

saints. Yet the homes and churches is given up to the worship of O ur of these people teem with images, the Lord of the Sea. The wooden image names of which are household words. thus nam ed was found, it is said, on "Our Lady of Bethlehem" is worship- . the shore, where it had been washed up ed by those who have never heard from the wreck of a village destroyed about the young mother who laid her by the sea. It now ·stands in the baby in a manger. " Our Lord of the Church of Santa Rosa, sumptuously arrayed and adorned with jewels. Sea" is revered by many who do not Hundreds of poor superstitious men know whom we mean by the Lord and women daily pray to it as Nuestro Jesus. O ne virgin is distinguished Senor ("Our Lord"), for it is supposed from another in Peru by her features that only by his miraculous power is and her jewels; one saint from an- Callao guarded from earthquakes and other by the village to which he be- tidal waves. E very year a solemn longs. Thus images cover no historic procession is organized, in which the reality. They themselves are real; image, mounted upon a highly decothey are idols. A fter residence in rated stage, is carried down to the sea. Peru one naturally uses the personal Lighted candles borne by blackpronouns denoting either masculine shrouded women; pungent incense asor feminine gender when speaking of cending from the swinging censors of the images. This is the invariable cus-

acolytes; a canopy held on hig h above jng. A nun had first observed the a number of gorgeously robed priests; wonder, and in a few days it was diffi- the town band, a company of soldiers, cult to cnter the building for the and crowds of dancing, drunken dev- crowds which were worshiping the otees attend the procession of "Our image.

Lord of the Sea" as he goes to be One day, while the excitement was dipped in the waves, thus to pacify still high, a missionary visited the them for another year. church, and he thus describes what The common people have never he saw:* "At the foot of the altar transgrest the wishes of the priest- steps was a wooden image supposed to represent Christ. It was the usual style of hideous idol. The figure had long black hair reaching past the wai st. On its shoulder was a large cross painted green and yellow, under the weight of which the Lord was sup- posed to be staggering. Crowded around were numbers of women on their knees, striking their breasts and crying: Aye! Dios mio, Dios mio!

(,Oh! my God, my God!'). The ig- norance and superstition on their faces was painful to see. On the outer edge of the crowd were ladies of the better class who had visited the church out of curiosity, and now watched the scene with a sort of incredulous smile on thei r faces. R ound about stood THE SWEATING IMAGE many men, laughing and sneering at hood by thinkillg, and to them the the whole deception. "saint's" effigy represents nothing. It " I managed to get quite close to the has a personality of its own; it is an imagen, or miraculous idol. image, but could see no sweat. The face was colored with a shinv enamel In November, 1906, a most striking paint. The reflecti on of hu~dreds of incident occurred in Lima. The late flickering candles and lights might President of Congress had removed easily make the credulous believe that the crucifix from the table of the this was sweat. The image could only House, and in revenge the Archbishop be seen through the smoke and vapor refused him a public requiem at his of candles. death. A vote of censure was passed against the Archbishop for this act, to "Altho there was no perspiration which the Church of Rome answered falling from the 'saint: that did not by the organization of a monstrous prevent three miserable dirty negro but most profitable farce. altar-attendants from doing a roaring trade in front of the image, sell ing The old sacristan of the church of small pieces of cotton wool 'wet with El P rado was one morning dusting the sweat of the "saint," ' and all nicely the images stored in a back room of wrapt up in colored tissue-paper. This the building. A figure of Christ faIl- cotton wool was said to be very efficaing beneath the weight of His Cross cious in curing every imaginable dishe decided to renovate, and after ease. painting it, set it up in the church. The report was then circulated that an "As I turned to leave the church I image of Christ in the church of EI glanced through the open door of the vestry. There, in full view of the per- Prado was so affected at the Arch- • This extract was kindly furnished fr om the bishop's treatment that it was sweat- diary of ~fr. J. S. Watson, missionary of the R.B.M.U. in Lima.

IN PERU-ROMAN AND PROTESTANT 21

splflng image and the sweltering her divinity become, that in the year 431 the Council of Ephesus decided crowd, the old parish priest was en- that the Virgin was truly the Mother of God, and therefore on an equality tertaining a young priest with wines, with God.

coffee, and cake-joking and laugh- In Peru, this mistaken worship has for nearly four hundred years ening, wholly indifferent to the poor de- thralled the people. In every house are pictures of the Virgin; her amuluded people at the foot of the altar lets and charms are worn by rich and steps." COME TO MARY The worship of such relics is a part The stone above the Jesuit Church in Cuzeo, Peru. The inscription reads: "Come to Mary, all of the same degradation as are the you who are laden with work and weary under the weight of your sins and she will reli.eve you." Peruvian images. In a professedly poor alike; almost every girl bears Christian land the poor and ignorant her name ; Jesus Maria! is the com- monest exclamation; "Hail, most holy have been allowed to fall into idolatry. Mary!" and the reply "Conceived without sin!" is the only Indian greet- Romanism is a sliding scale : at one ing; hospital wards are ornamented with images of the Virgin; figures of end is devout tho distorted Christian- her and of the child Jesus stand on the desks of normal schools; and every ity; at the other, paganism. It is church has its miraculous Virgin.

always easier to worship the visible The Goddess of Peru is honored by various means, but perhaps the most and tangible than to commune with important are holidays, feasts, pil- grimages, and sisterhoods. the invisible God. For the better in- On nearly every feast day, however structed Peruvian devotees, the sup- unimportant, some Raudy image of the Virgin is carried through the streets, posed miracles of relics and images and educated men stand bareheaded, eclip!"e the works of their Creator and Redeemer; while the poor and igno- rant, in a blind search for the divine, have been allured by tangible evi- dences of the supernatural, and are now lost in idolatry as pitiful as that of any Burmese priest or Fiji islander.

Mariolatry is the most popular form of saint-worship, and the most liable to degenerate into idolatry. The ideal of Peru is La Virgen (The Virgin).

To the educated she is the Mary of Roman Catholicism the world over; but to the ignorant masses she is mere- ly a personification of ideal tenderness.

IHt aissein*teproeisnttisngoutot, notice, as Herr von that "a little plant used from ancient times as a love-po- tion has borne in succession the names of Capillus, Veneris, Freya's herb,t and Maria grass.

Thus we may trace the Peruvian worship of La Virgen from its pres- ent idolatry back to the instincts of primitive races of mankind. Glancing through Church history, we reali.ze how this evil has crept into Chns- tianity. In the second and third cen- turies, women who manifested ex- travagant adoration of the Virgin were looked upon as heretics. But so generally accepted did the belief 111 * Karl von Rase. uHandbook to the Controversy with Rome," Vol. I I.

t Freya, in Norse mythology, was the goddess of fruitfulness, of faithfulness, and love.

while the women kneel or follow in Father tells us that when he studied her train. the Gospels he found nothing about Our Lady of Intercession; the evan- Mary is not merely the Goddess of gelists made it clear that Christ, not the common people, she is their fa- Mary, came to save the world; that in vorite idoL The following questions the days when Jesus and His mother which I put to the old sacristan of the lived on earth sinners went directly to church at Puno, and the answers he Him without imploring her intercesgave, will serve to show how the coun- sion. If, then, Mary had not in heaven try people regard Mary's images: assumed the power which Christ had lost the father reasoned, then Jesus "What are all these images?" was still the best friend, and Catholics "Oh, they are virgins; that is the were mistaken in going for salvation Virgin of Perpetual Succor; that is to one infinitely less powerfuL the Virgin of Sorrows; that is the Seated Virgin." Mary is worshiped as the Mother "Is the Mother of Jesus here?" of God and honored with feasts, pro- (Scratching his head dubiously and cessions and pilgrimages. The many consulting another Indian.) figures made of her represent only "N0, no ! there is no Mother of Jesus ideal motherhood to the ignorant here. But perhaps~yes, she would be masses who have no knowledge of the the Virgin of the Immaculate Concep- historic personality of Mary of Nazation, who is above the high altar." reth, but believe the Bible, which they "Who receives the chief worship in have never seen, to be almost exyour church? Jesus or His Mother? clusively about her. Mary or our Savior?" "Oh, the Virgin!" This goddess usurps the place of "And which of the Virgins IS the our Lord. Mary, not Christ, is the greatest ?" Savior of the world, for she "gave "It must be the Mother of Jesus, life to all sinners on Calvary." Mary, because she is placed above the high not Christ is the overcomer of the altar, over alL" devil, for the Church tells us that "she "And the other Virgins, are they shall bruise the serpent's head." Mary, different or all the same?" not Christ, is the object .of chief wor- "They are different, all of them; ship, and intercessor before the throne placed in the church for their mira- of God. cles." The Church not only denies the In Peru, Protestantism must face Gospel stories to its children, but it not only a pretentious ceremonialism, perverts Scripture to impress upon but also the moral corruption which it them the greatness of the Virgin. fails to cover. Two mistaken princi- Above the door of the Jesuit Church ples form the foundation of this sysin Cuzco are these words: tem of evil; firstly, sacerdotalism; and "Come to Mary, all who are bur- secondly, celibacy. dened and weary with the weight of your sins, and she will rest you.' Peru has one archbishop, seven A picture of Our Lady of Copaca- bishops, and friars and priests of every bana lies before me, and above it is description, apparently without numwritten: ber. In addition to the numerous "We have seen the star, and are convents and monasteries which these come to adore her"; and below: possess, they own a large number of "Come to me all who suffer, and I the wealthiest haciendas, and through will console you." their agents, control much of the busi- Oh, that the priests and people of ness of the country. In Arequipa, Peru, like Father Chiniquy, would there is one priest or friar to every search and see whether or not these thirty individuals, and the number is things are so! In his life-story the continually increased by those who have been expelled from France, and who are now having· a pernicious in-

fluence on the Peruvian Catholics by the Bible Society's Gospels and Testa- inciting- their animosity against men of ments and burned them in the public Liberal ideas. plaza. Beneath the walls of the In- With few exceptions, the priests of quisition building in Lima it was so; Peru are of a low class, uneducated, in Arequipa, Sicuani, Ayacucho, and illiterate, and vulgar. In the villages numerous other centers of popUlation.

of the desert and of the Sierra they are often so isolated as to be practi- cally independent, and by the Indians are treated as kings and gods. They are held in reverence by ladies of the most influential Peruvian families, and in spite of growing spiritualism and agnosticism, still maintain their sway.

The priests are the leaders in im- morality, and their despotism makes anything else impossible. The curas with whom one comes in contact in the villages of Peru are drunken, de- graded, illiterate, and notoriously wicked. So great was the scandal in connection with the life of a priest in Urubamba (where public opinion is not easily shocked i), that shortly be- fore I arrived in Peru the town folk rose against him. Three young men met him, held pistols to his head, and bade him leave the place within half an hour. Nor did they let him out – of their sight until the command was obeyed. ONE OF THE RELIGIOUS LEADERS OF PERU It has been truly said that con- ventual establishments have proved a In Callao and Arequipa colporteurs terrible scourge in all Papal countries, were imprisoned; in Tiahuanuco and certainly of the monasteries of another was stoned and left for dead Peru no truthful description fit for at the roadside; in Bolivia a native publication can be written. Lack of worker was murdered; in all parts occupation drives the unfortunate of the Sierra these brave Bible-sell- novices to quarrelling and immorality; ers have been molested and often yet the priesthood of Peru is supplied wounded.

by those who have lived from perhaps In their view of sin, the priests eleven years of age in these schools show mental deformity: the reading of vice. of God's Word, charity to needy The intemperance of the Peruvian Protestants-these are sins for which priesthood is proverbial; even a short only many months of penance can stay in the country is sufficient to con- atone; but crime at the instigation of vince one of the fact that the priests the priest- the murder of heretics, for are leaders in drunkenness. Religious example-is acceptable to God. Thus festivals are the great occasions for do the priests strain at a gnat and drinking, and this practise is allowed swallow a camel!

and sometimes required by the minis- Of the avarice shown by the Peru- ters of the Church. vian priests in their dealings with the In nearly every town and village of poor, examples too numerous to record Peru, some zealous cura has collected come to mind. Suffice it to refer to

Don Fernando Casos,* who from ex- to me! Here are chests of drawers, perience knew that the curas "live for wardrobes, arm-chairs, stoves-all the making money and trading on the handiwork of the missionaries them- people." selves.

I have stood in the Inquisition build- Perchance you have heard the ex- ings of the New World; have seen the pression: "Only a missionary's wife."

diabolical instruments of torture with I stand amazed at the lady missionary!

which the limbs of heroic men, yea, of She goes out alone to dens of iniquity, women, were racked; have walked the perhaps at the dead of night, in way those doomed "heretics" were led; answer to the appeal of some poor and stood where the "faithful" stood sufferer. She plays the organ and to watch them burned. I have seen leads the singing in the meetings. She the table at which death-warrants makes her own and the children's were signed; the hole through which clothes, and educates the little ones barbarous sentences were spoken. I herself. Moreover, she deals with have stood in cells where suffering Peruvian servants, which is, without Christians lay, and seen the flag-stones exception, the most appalling problem on which they breathed their last; I which I have ever encountered.

have stood askance before the shrivel- It is not possible to exaggerate the ed remains of some unknown woman force of Satanic power which is -built alive into a convent wall! Hor- brought to bear upon the missionaries rible! Horrible! Horrible are these in Roman Catholic lands. So little is facts concerning the former workings Tesus Christ known there that the of "Christianity" in the New World. devil seems fearless in his attacks. One The Protestant Missionaries is conscious that the powers of dark- ness are at work on all sides; the mis- My first impression was that mis- sion-house is the center of the conflict; sionaries are very ordinary people; my and before any soul is brought into second was that missionaries are very the kingdom, its redemption has been extraordinary people. sealed by a victory in a missionary's heart. Look round the comfortable little missionary home. If you know the Strain-physical, mental, and spiriallowance with which this has been tual-is upon the workers; isolation, kept up, you will confess yourself ab- uncongenial associations, and dissolutely unable to reconcile the two. couragement are often inevitable; and This clean board floor was laid by a through all of these the Enemy tries mISSIonary; the mud walls were to destroy the life of the soul. smoothed and painted by the present owners; the canvas ceiling was sewn Answered prayer is the missionary's by them; baby's high-chair is home- chief reward. Well I remember one made. Our missionary devised the night when we rose from our knees plan of sticking newspapers over the and went into the little meeting-room, mud floor to keep the room cleaner; convinced that God was about to she laid the linoleum herself; con- answer us and give a blessing. No one verted a deck-chair into this pretty was there. The sight of the empty piece of furniture; improvised these hall sent one short chill through us, book-shelves with several boards and but faith could not be damped. We a strap; transformed an old packing- knew God was going to answer our case and a tin trunk into this wash- prayers. But altho we played and stand; and hid the crumbling walls sang, no one came. It was five minwith photos of well-known and much- utes to meeting-time-the hour-:1 quarter of an hour past-and still the loved faces. hall was empty. Two native Chris- This house is a continual wonder tians came up at last. and sat down • "A Discourse on Liberty of Worship," by Dr. D. sadly. "No bites to-night," they said. Fernando Cas6s, delivered in the National Assembly, 1867. They had been toiling and had taken

MEXICO: THE LAND, THE PEOPLE, AND THE CHURCH

nothing. Still against all probabili- washed hall was fuller than it had been ties, we believed that God was going for months. The singing died away, to give us a good meeting. We could not bring ourselves to doubt it. Had and the speaker's heart was full a8 we not prayed? he said, "Oremos!" (Let us pray).

A hymn was given out to the empty He had learned more of prayer that hall, and we sang cheerily. night than in all his previous reading on t~e subject. He might forget At the end of the second verse there theories and arguments, but never this was a sound of feet on the stairs; experience. At every step of my stay the music of the third went a little with the missionaries in Peru, the wrong because the organist was so excited at the newcomers; and before power of prayer was proved. The the hymn closed, the little white- missionaries are men and women of prayer.

MEXICO: THE LAND, THE PEOPLE. AND THE CHURCH * BY THE REV. LEFFORD M. A. HAUGHWOUT Mexico, the land of the Aztecs, is As a result, Mexico has every variety a country of no mean dimensions. Its of climate, from that of the tropics at Vera Cruz, to that of the cold area is 767,005 square miles, which is temperate zone. It is possible in a equal to that of all the United States single day's horseback ride to pass east of the Mississippi River, with the from orange and banana plantations exception of Visconsin. It is equal to the regions of wheat, corn and frost. to the combined territory of Great By rail, it can be done within an hour. Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Holland, Belgium and Switzerland. When People. Hbtol'7. e.nd Relipon Bishop Aves, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, wishes to travel between The people of Mexico are for the the two missions of Ensefiada and most part descended from the ancient Salina Cruz, he must cover a distance Aztecs, and other aboriginal races. Alas great as that from Boston to Salt most two-fifths of them are pure- Lake City; and then he is a thousand blooded, and a somewhat larger nummiles short of Mexico's most easter- ber have an admixture of Spanish. ly shore. And when it is taken into The balance are foreigners-Americonsideration that this vast country is cans, English, Spanish, French, Gerno wilderness, but is inhabited by man. President Benito Juarez, the some 14,000,000 people, and that many greatest ruler Mexico has ever had, points can be reached only by horse- was a full-blooded Indian, a descendback or stage, it is apparent what an ant of the original possessors of the overwhelming charge it is for a single land. President Diaz is about three- quarters pure. Even those who are bishop. partly Spanish take chief pride in their But Mexico is notable not only for Indian ancestry. As one of our native priests once remarked, "If it were its horizontal extent, but likewise for possible, I would take every drop of its altitude. From both its eastern and Spanish blood from my veins." The western shores, the land rises abrupt- term "Mexicans" is applied officially ly to a great central plateau, which to alI the citizens of Mexico, whether comprises the greater portion of the of pure or mixed blood. But the Mexicountry. This mighty table-land cans of pure Indian descent, especially ranges in elevation from 4,000 to 9,000 those who still speak the old dialects feet, with snow-clad peaks almost 18,- and retain the primitive costume, are 000 feet above the sea. The City of Mexico has an elevation of 7,350 feet.

• Condensed from "The Spirit 01 Missions."

commonly distinguished from the nations, has led to a wholesale reothers as "Indians." But, of course, bellion against this travesty of the the significance of the term "Indian" Christian religion. Of those who are in Mexico is very different from what responsible for Mexico's great adit is in the United States. Spanish is vancement in the past fifty years, the the common language of the country, majority have broken with the Roman but Aztec and other aboriginal dialects Church, and are openly hostile to it. are still spoken extensively. The most enlightened ones of the nation, in other words, have renounced The Spanish conquerors gave to the only religion they have ever Mexico a veneer of European civiliza- known. tion, and likewise a veneer of Christianity. The latter was a great im- Religious Reform provement upon the old paganism of the Aztecs, but it was very far from It was due to the low condition of rebeing what it ought to have been. The ligion and morals that a movement for images of heathen deities were simply reform was started during the adreplaced by those of Christian saints, ministration of President Juarez. This and the conquered people were as movement was a spontaneous one, and easily led to transfer their devotion to was not due to anyone source or these greater and more powerful leadership. "Evangelical" congrega- "gods." There might have been some tions, as they were called, sprang up apology for this as a beginning, if in many places; and, as might have it had been followed by a clear ex- been expected, most of them went to position of the difference between great extremes. But this was not the idolatry and Christian worship; but case with all. Out of the first conapparently the Spanish monks were fusion there gradually emerged a little well satisfied to have won the outward company of earnest and sober-minded allegiance of the Indians, without in- men, to whom President Juarez himquiring too deeply into the true char- self and other members of the Liberal acter of their devotion. party gave encouragement and sup- port. A Mexican missionary society Until within a very short time ago was organized in the United States, the old pagan dances still survived as and through them an American priest a feature of the worship in the great was maintained in Mexico, as agent of church of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the society. Large sums of money Mexico City; and they are still prac- were contributed. The famous old tised in some of the smaller churches church of San Francisco was purof the immediate vicinity. chased for about $30,000, and that of San Jose de Gracia (since reconse- In view of this terrible degradation crated as San Pedro) was practically of the Christian religion, it is little presented to the reformers by Presiwonder that the morals of the people dent Juarez. The great popular have suffered in a corresponding de- preacher, Manual Aguas, a canon of gree. Marriage among a large pro- the Roman cathedral in Mexico City, portion of the poorer classes is looked having been appointed to oppose the upon as a useless formality, an ex- reform movement, was himself conpensive luxury which they can ill af- verted. and at once assumed a position ford. This is due to the exorbitant of leadership. Adhesions now came fees which the Church demands under from every quarter, and many new penalty of excommunication; and congregations were organized. Under partly, also, to the openly immoral the influence of Aguas, the reformers lives of many of the clergy. Baptism organized "The Church of Jesus," and is also very widely neglected because he was elected as the first bishop, exthe people are too poor to pay the fee. pecting to receive recognition and con- It is no wonder that the intellectual secration from the bishops of the stimulus which Mexico has recently received, through contact with other

MEXICO; 1HE LA~D, THE PEOPLE.. AND THE CHURCH 2I9

American Church. He died suddenly, are marked by a simplicity which is however, in I872, before this could almost austere, and it is on that Lasis be accomplished. that they have waged their fight.

In spite of the efforts of the Amer- The native Episcopal clergy now ican Episcopal vicars, the Mexican number 8 priests and 5 deacons. There Church never recovered its former are I,05I communicants, and 30 parprestige and vigor; and its condition ishes and missions, with 16 churches became most deplorable. But a better and chapels. Including the Englishday was about to dawn.. In I904 the speaking commtmicants, Mexico is the Rev. Henry D. Aves, D.D., was con- second largest foreign mission of the secrated as Bishop of the Protestant American Church. Episcopal Church., not for the Mexicans, but to shepherd the great nUlll- Mexico has a comprehensive system ber of Americans who had gone to of free national schools; but except in .Mexico for the purpose of exploiting the larger cities it is very inferior, and its undeveloped resources. True to even at its best it is very far below the Catholic principles which had the educational standards of England always guided them, the native clergy and America. So m11ch so that it is asked to be received under his juris- absolutely necessary for us to have our diction. This was accordingly done own schools, for the mere instruction, in February, I906. Thus the way as well as for the Christian training, was opened for the Board of Mis- of the young people. sions to give the native lHexican work the status of a regular foreign mis- There are said to be 50,000 Amerision. cans alone, more than IO,OOO of whom reside in the City of Mexico. There Regular appropnatlOns are now are also great numbers of English and made for the support of the Mexican Scotch. The majority of the Englishwork. Previously it had been sup- speaking residents are engaged in ported throllgh unofficial SOllrces. mining or engineering, and most of theln are scattered throughout the In becoming a mission of the more remote and inaccessible parts of Church in the United States, the the country. The work among these native Mexican Church was obliged people is almost identical with that in to forego, for the time, its independ- the mining regions of the western part ence. But it still thinks of itself as of the United States. the Church of the Nation, the one faithful representative of pure Catho- The work in the great Republic of Mexico is a work of peculiar difficulty, licity in the land of Mexico: and so but likewise of peculiar promise. For it continues to proclaim itself by the Mexico is only awakening from the popular title, "La Iglesia Cat61ica sleep which has held her bound so M exiwna." The clergy and people long. She is throwing off the ignohave a profound conviction of the su- rance and superstition of the past four premacy of sound Church principles. centuries, and is seeking for better They have drawn their inspiration things. What she needs more than from a direct study of primitive Chris- anything else is pure religion. This will tianity, yet their churches and services be the cure for many of her troubles.

EDITORIALS

THE DEMAND FOR PEACE ously extravagilnt, but it is wasteful of Henry L. Rogers, LL.D., of the gold, not of blood. Its chief offense Yale Law School, speaking in a synagog at New Haven, Conn., "Peace against the Christian ideal lies in perand War," positively affirms that the death-knell of war has been sounded. petually preoccupying the brain of man- The leading nations, like the United States, England, France, etc., are open kind with preparation for slaughter which to universal arbitration, and it is the duty of the American Congress and seldom takes place. ' the English Parliament to check the movement to increase their armaments. Referring to the same subject, a re- We quote the following paragraph: markable calendar is published by the Peace Society of New York City, tra- The nations are to-day looking for cing through the months of 1908 more some way to be rid of war. The world than 50 distinct measures tending to approves arbitration as a substitute, and the peace of the. world, including the scheme by which it is to be accom- treaties of arbitration, movements in plished would certainly be worked out the direction of closer affiliation under the leadership of England and among the nations, the formation of France and the United States. The universal peace societies, the establishleading and practical question is the lim- ment of actual courts of arbitration, iting of armaments. We may take it the repression of hostilities, the adopfor granted that England and the United tion of definite laws to regulate war States will continue their efforts to bring or to prevent conflict, the settlement the nations to some agreement concern- of the rights and duties of neutral ing such a limitation. But in the mean- states, the reduction of appropriations time is the United States to go steadily for battleships and armaments, conferahead increasing her armaments? In this ences on arbitration, the remonstrances country two-thirds of the national rev- of various organizations both secular enue is consumed either in preparation and religious, the erection of buildings for war in the future or in the payment for peace purposes, the holding of of pensions or interest on the war debts great conventions and public meetings, of the past. To go on increasing arma- etc. It appears that the United States ments while we await an international alone has signed eleven treaties of agreement for a limitation of armaments obligatory arbitration. The program involves a wicked squandering of a na- is interesting as a revelation of the tion's treasure. There is not a nation rapid progress of the peace movement in the world that thinks of attacking the throughout the world. We should be United States. Our possessions in the glad to see it extensively circulated Far East do not endanger our relations throughout all civilized countries. to any power. No nation wants them. It is high time that the peace-loving peo- M. Gervais, after making calculaple of America should call a halt on tions for a report to the French Govtheir naval expenditure. ernment of the average military expenditure of the six principal Eu- Mr. W. T. Stead, the able, and ropean powers – Russia, Germany, erratic editor of the British Review of France, Austro-Hungary, Italy and Reviews, has given a strong utterance England-finds the total expenditure on the subject of modern war appro- to be 1,000 million of dollars, and priations. the probable force available for the field 31 million. The German army It is not two centuries since every estimates show an increase of 13 mil- "heart of oak" that was launched from lion, being fixt at 210 million, and an English dockyard was certain to be the French army estimates for this called upon to face the broadside of the year 145 million. Germany has a total enemy. In our time, England has been of over 34,000 officers and 603,000 building ironclads for seventy years, and men. France 27,300 officers and about not one of them has ever fired a shot 512,000 men. The average cost per at a hostile ship. The German army is man in Germany is $260, and in the most powerful fighting-machine the France $220. world has ever seen, and for thirty-five years it has never fought a battle. Our modern system of armed peace is ruin- THE JEWISH PROBLEM IN THE cities. If our movement for UNITED STATES the elimination of the Bible from the A little more than a year ago (THE public schools is to succeed, then the MISSIONARY REVIEW, January, 19(8) we called attention to the agitation of committee of the conference that has our Jewish fellow citizens against Christmas and the mention of the this matter in charge should organize name of Christ in our public schools. In a large number of our cities simul- active compaigns in all the metropolitaneous efforts against what is called "sectarian teachings in public schools" tan cities." were made by rabbis, mainly Refonn and other Jewish leaders. Energetic No active campaigns were organprotests came from Christians in every part of our land, and the order of the ized, but quietly and steadily a camauthorities of New York City to comply with the Jewish requests was paign of education was carried on. modified, while in other cities no action of any kind was taken (except in The tract published by the Central Chicago, where an effort to introduce a book of selected readings from the Conference of American rabbis, but Scriptures into the public schools was defeated by the rabbis and those who marked only "Committee on Church followed their leadership). Thus it seemed to Christians as if the efforts and State C. C. A. R," which is quite of the Jews to thoroughly secularize our public schools had been defeated, misleading to non-Jews, and entitled, so that no more efforts would be made by them for some time to come, and "Whv the Bible should not be read in they rested quietly upon their oars. But while the Christians thus rested, the public schools," was distributed the Jewish leaders continued their destructive work quietly but energeti- broadcast, and the Jewish papers cally. In The American Israelite, of March 19, 1908, Rabbi Zielonka, of brought frequent articles on the sub- El Paso, Texas, wrote: "The stand taken by the Jews of N ew York be- ject. fore the Christmas holidays deserved the support and commendation, not When the Christmas season of 1908 only of Jews, but of all who have the welfare of our public-school system approached, it became apparent that at heart. Wise and necessary as the step was, yet it was ill timed! When the Jewish leaders agreed with the the feeling of the populace has been aroused by the sentiment that the sentiments of Rabbi Zielonka. In the Christmas season brings, the task of eradicating religious instruction is city of Philadelphia only, as far as we almost impossible. . . . The school year is drawing to a close. Without know, the agitation broke out again, delay we ·should ask the various school boards to adopt the proper regulations but the protests from Christians were on this subject. Now men will reason and consider arguments; before Christ- so strong that the efforts to eliminate mas few would listen. And this work must be undertaken first in the large the mention of the name of Christ failed. At the same time, some facts came to light which showed the quiet persistency of the Jewish agita- tion against everything pronouncedly Christian in our public schools and in our country. We refer to the actions and discussions of the biennial session of the twenty-first council of the Union of America~ Hebrew Congregations, held at Philadelphia on January 19, 20 and 21.

The Union of American Hebrew Congregations was organized in 1873, and at the present time its member- ship consists of 209 congregations (American Hebrew, January 22, 1909, p. 31 I ) . It has been well called the Organization of Reform Judaism, for the Union of Orthodox Jewish Con- gregations of the United States and Canada, founded in 1898, tries to .unite the orthodox element, but it is a most representative and powerful body, tho its resolutions are not binding for all the Jews of the country. All the great Reform Jewish congregations of our

country, with all their influence and them up on the Lord's day. The main power and with their masterful leaders arguments brought forward by the and rabbis arc members of the U. A. Jewish Committee were the hardships H. C. At the meeting, "the committee and the inalienable rights of the on sectarian teaching in the public minority. While we believe that the schools advised an emphatic protest majority also has some inalienable against all religious teaching and Christian rights, we submit to our practises in the public schools, and readers the following actual observa- urged the adoption of a policy of edu- tions made in the old Jewish quarter cation on the subject. A committee of New York on January 30, in the was appointed to act in conjunction afternoon. It was the Jewish Sabbath, with the Central Conference of Ameri- yet many Jewish stores were' open if!

can Rabbis for the publication and dis- Stanton, Rivington, Ludlow, Norfolk, tribution of literature" (A merican and other Jewish streets, and it was Hebrew, January 29, 1909, p. 3 II) . very apparent that in a general sense An acrimonious debate, if we may ac- the Jewish Sabbath was kept strictly cept the newspaper report, occurred by no means by the majority of this and the question, if ours is a Christian vast Jewish population. At 5 P. M.

nation, was answered emphatically in we walked along Rivington street, and the negative. Thus the great confer- there we saw a spectacle that was sur- ence went on recorr! as willing to adopt prizing, to say the least. According a policy of education for the seculari- to the printed schedule in our hands, zation of our country, and thus the the sun was to set at 5.15 P. M., so Christian element of our country may that, strictly speaking, the Jewish well prepare itself now for the battle Sabbath was not yet over, but never- in defense of our Christian institutions. theless the pushcarts of the Jewish But religious education was not the pedlers were coming on in masses, and only subject of vital interest to Chris- crowded closely one to another along tians which was discust by the Jewish one side of the street. Masses of Conference. The subject of Sunday Jewish customers were already ap- legislation was also brought up. It proaching the pushcarts, and the was decided to agitate against such Saturday market in the most strictly legislation, and a policy of education orthodox Jewish quarter was in full on the subject was also recommended. swing before the Jewish Sabbath was Vigorous protests are said to have ended. All these pushcart men were been made by members of the confer- Sabbath breakers, even tho they had ence upon the floor against the use refrained from business fron1 Friday of the words, "the Lord's Day" or evening till Saturday about 5 P. M.

"Sunday" in the statutes and laws of (but had they not started from home the different States and of the United long before that hour?), and they States. were selling their wares throughout This action on "Sunday legislation" the hours of the Saturday which are becomes the more significant, as a J ew- considered the most valuable for ish Committee approached the com- mercenary purposes. Why should we mi.jisioner of police of the city of New surrender our Christian institutions to York on the same subject a short time them-why permit them to desecrate ago. The members of the committee the Lord's day?

stated that a vast number of the Jews As I walked through that thronged in the city of New York close their Jewish quarter and saw the poverty- stores and shops on the Jewish Sabbath, stricken men and women, from whose so .that the Sunday laws work great faces the hunted look, caused by the hardships upon them. The commis- bloody persecutions of Russia through- sioner is said to have given permission out the years, has not yet vanished, that Jews who keep their shops and my heart was moved. Once more I stores closed on Saturday may open saw the duty of the Christian people of our wide country clearly before us, not excited in face, word, or gesme, to receive these refugees from ture. It was the most picturesque tyranny with open arms, to keep them thing I ever saw·. It was Jeremiah free from persecution, and to love the prophet breaking the earthen botthem with that true Christian love tle and saying, 'Thus saith the Lord which offers the Gospel to those yet of Hosts: Even so will I break this without Christ. But I also perceived people.' " more clearly our Christian duty to maintain our Christian institutions Garrison's flaming earnestness could against the attacks of Jews and in- not always stop to distinguish between fidels, and to demand honor to our the end sought and the means by Lord's word and day from everyone which it was to be reached. Had his who enjoys the freedom of our coun- advocacy of disunion prevailed, slavery try, which is based upon the Gospel. might have remained to this day. But God decreed that not his political We stand face to face with the views but his passion for freedom Jewish problem. Let us meet it In should prevail. When he started the Christian steadfastness and love! Liberator, the conscience of the North was asleep, drugged by false self-in- A GREAT AGITATOR terest and timidity-but, with a cour- age of conviction, that reminds us of A few years since, the hundredth Wilberforce and his fifteen years of anniversary of the birth of William persistent struggle, he persisted at Lloyd Garrison was celebrated by peril of life. He vindicated his motto: meetings in many parts of the land, "I am in earnest; I will not equivothe race he helped to emancipate mani- cate: and I must and will be heard!" festing marked interest in one, Booker The human race has, implanted in the T. Washington, whom they regarded inmost heart, an innate reverence for and characterized as the Moses of heroism and genuineness; and men their Exodus. Many tributes were will forgive any number of mistakes paid to Garrison which are of perma- in trying to be true, sooner than one in nent significance. Moncure D. Con- being false. Was it not Carlyle who way recalled an incident of fifty years said that the bottom quality of all real before, when at a banquet in Boston heroic character is' absolute sincerity? in r853, Mr. Garrison said: "Gentlemen, if you have been so fortunate as REV. THEODORE CUYLER, D.O. to find a Union worth preserving, cling to it with all your souls. I have It is interesting to notice in connecnot been so fortunate. With a price tion with the 84th birthday of this set upon my head in one State, out- well-known American preacher and lawed in the South for my hatred of writer that he has been for more than slavery, you will pardon me if I am 60 years a contributor to religious pasomewhat lacking in loyalty to the ex- pers, has published over 4,000 articles isting Union." Another incident, both in America and other lands, in which occurred on July 4, 1854, Dr. the English and other tongues, which Conway also described: have had an aggregate circulation of over two hundred million of copies. "After burning the Boston court And when one remembers what Dr. judgment that had just returned An- Cuyler has done for the word of God, thony Burns to slavery, he held up the and the truths of the Gospel, it is a Constitution, struck a match, and striking example of what one man can burned it to ashes. Then he said, 'Let accomplish in a lifetime even outside all the people say 'Amen.' There of his special work of preaching. were hisses mingled with amens, but there stood Garrison, beaming upon

MISSIONARY

AMERICA 637 ministers, 61 churches, and 100,- 303 communicants. The Catholics are Re1igioUi StatUtia for 1908 credited with a gain of 432 ministers, Statistical report on the religious 275 churches, and 340,393 communiprogress in the United States shows cants. The Christians show a decrease the net increase for 1908 as 2,835 min- of 260 ministers, 41 churches, and isters, 1,874 churches, and 720,647 9,265 communicants. A remarkable communicants. Each of these items, decrease is also noted in the German explains Dr. H. K. Carroll in The Evangelical Protestant body. The re- Christian Advocate (New York, Janu- turns give 65 ministers, 92 churches, ary 14), is much smaller than in 1907; and 15,000 communicants; showing a but in that year the Roman Catholic decrease of 35 ministers, 63 churches, increase was abnormally large. In and 5,000 communicants. The Methstriking an average of the gains in odists (18 bodies) gained 1,010 minischurch communicants for the past six years the figure is 912,718. Last year's ters, 817 churches, and 149,569 comshowing is therefore below the aver- municants. Other leading denominaage; but is, the statistician thinks, "no- tions show the following increase wise discouraging." in communicants: Congregationalists, 13,000; Lutherans (24 bodies), 60,- Six new denominations are noted this year. The Evangelical Christian 161; Protestant Episcopal, 23,555; Science Church is a new body, headed United Brethren (2 bodies), 8,5 I I, by Bishop Oliver C. Sabin. They and Disciples of Christ (2 bodies), hold that "God heals the sick, but gave 10,300. The denominational families no superior revelation to Mary Baker numbering over 100,000 are ranked Eddy." The Pentacostal Church of thus: the Nazarene holds "holiness or a distinct second work of grace" as the Denominational Families. Communi- Communileading doctrine. It was organized cants, cants. last October by union of three similar organizations in the East, West, and 1908. 1909. Southwest. It is Methodistic in usage. The Congregational Methodist Catholic ••.•..•.•.•..• 12,394,731 6.257,871 Churches, North, is a small body Methodist •……..•.• 6,838,779 2,589,284 formed in Pennsylvania and New Jer- Baptist …………… 5,413,945 3,717,969 sey resembling a cognate body in the Lutheran …••••…… 2.Jl82,766 1,231.072 South. The Christian Church, Col- Presbyterian …••.•… 1.831,854 1,278,362 ored; the Disciples of Christ (Con- Uisciples ……•..•..• 1,295,423 servative), resulting from differences 641,051 concerning church benevolences; and Episcopal …•…•.••.. 893,972 the General Conference of the New Reformed . . .. . . • . . . . • 432,248 540,509 Jerusalem Church, separated from the 309,458 Church of the New Jerusalem, are the Mormons ……••….• 399,500 three remaining. United Brethren……. 300,269 166,125 225,281 Statistics when sought were "cour- Evangelical …….•… 177,416 teously refused" by the Christian Jewish •…..•.••.•… 143,000 133,313 Catholic Church (organized by the Dunkards ………… 122,332 130,406 late John Alexander Dowie) and the Friends ………….. 119,176 Church of Christ Scientist. 73.795 107,208 From a scrutiny of Dr. Carroll's general table of denominations we Our Wealth and What Follow. glean some of the most striking facts exprest in terms of gain or loss. The The increase in material wealth in Baptists (14 bodies) report a gain of the United States is beyond ordinary power of comprehension. At the last report, made in 1904, the wealth of the country was put at $107,000,000,- 000. In 1850 the whole wealth of the country was $7,000,000,000. The prod- ucts of the soil in 1908 amounted to $7,778,000,000, or more than the whole country was worth in 1850. But not only is the sum total rapidly increas- ing, but it is increasing more and more rapidly. From 1860 to 1890 the aver- age daily increase over all consump- tion was $4,600,000. From 1890 to 1900 it was $6,400,000; and from 1900 to 1904 it was $13,1.>00,000. It be- depositors in New York savings-banks comes increasingly evident that this came as immigrants. These people do material wealth must be consecrated live under undesirable conditions- to high and spiritual purposes or we and whose the fault? – and the will come under the power of it and preacher of socialism, and not Chris- become alarmingly materialistic. From tian socialism either, is active and him to whom much is given much • zealous and competent where city mis- will be required. sionaries are weak, or the churches Concerning Our Greatest City have given up the task. From a sec- tion in one city into which 300,000 im- The following facts are taken from migrants have come, 40 Protestant a magazine article on "New York, the churches have moved away in as many Giant City": years.

The population of New York City is The Gifts of a Year now larger than that of 16 different States and Territories. Within a radius of About $r20,000,000 were given to twenty miles are living 10,000,000 people. various good causes during the year Within fifty miles are 2,364 towns and 1907. Of this more than $61,000,000 cities, with a population, including that went to education, of which John D. of New York itself, of one-fifth the Rockefeller contributed more than population of the entire United States.

The increase of the city's population one-half. Altogether, Mr. RockefeIler last year was about 400,000. It entertains every day an average of 150,000 gave $42,315,000 during the year. Mrs. transient visitors, the number sometimes Russell Sage gave $13,83°,000; H. C. mounting to 300,000. Here are found Frick and P. A. B. Widener each gave more Irish than in Dublin, more Italians $ro,250,ooo; Andrew Carnegie, $8,- than in Rome and Venice, and more 957,000, and Miss Anne T. Jeanes Germans than in any city save Ber- more than $2,000,000. Women gave lin. One city block contains 63,000 about one-fifth of the total sum. Fifpeople. One square mile has an average teen persons, four of them women, of 447 persons to the acre. It is es- timated that in 1950 the city will number each gave $1,000,000 or more. Some 25,000,000 people. The city has 50,000 of the leading gifts of the year were persons on its pay-roll, including 7,178 the $ro,ooo,ooo given by Mrs. Sage policemen, 3,000 firemen, and 2,900 street- for general philanthropies, with the sweepers. It has among its residents 2,000 millionaires, as against 28 in 1885. especial thought of investigation of Its schools number 16 high and 496 the causes of poverty; the $r,ooo,ooo elementary, with 700,000 pupils and I I ,000 given by Miss Jeanes for negro teachers. schools, and the $2,000,000 given by Mr. Rockefeller for medical research. Immigrants Not All Bad Next to education, the greatest sum was given for. galleries and museums, The Rev. Charles SteIzle and Prof. $22,000,000. For miscellaneous chari- E. A. Steiner, weIl-known experts on ties, $15,186,3°0 was given; for hosthe question of immigration, in the pitals, homes and asylums, $7,882,500; recent Council of the Federation of for churches, Young Men's Christian Churches, were careful to correct the Associations and home missions, $6,- common opinion as to the character of 265,000; and for libraries, $2,132,000. recent immigration. These people from southern and eastern Europe are not abnormally diseased, weak, or criminal, nor are they of lower than The Work of the American Board average intelligence. Mr. SteIzle said Says The Missionary Herald, organ that there are actually fewer illiterates of the American Board: proportionally among those of foreign We can report that, in addition to the birth than among those of native par- 572 sent from this land into foreign re- entage. Over forty-four per cent. of gions, there have been raised up on misthe members of Protestant churches sion ground 4,145 native agents who are in New York are of foreign birth. cooperating in this work of evangelizing Seventy per cent. of the two miIlion the nations. They are preachers, evange- lists, and Bible women, trained in our schools and doing effective work. Nu- from $82,000 to $140,000 per year. The merically this native force is seven times chairman of this committee is 11 r. Samgreater than that sent from America. uel Usher. If the churches centering There are 580 organized churches, and about the 11 ub have not already heard over 1,700 places where Christian wor- from Mr. Usher's committee, they are ship is regularly maintained. These likely to do so in the near future. The churches have an enrolled membership plan is for the members of the comof 68,952 communicants, to which were mittee to go, two by two, in a visitation added on confession the last year 6,331, of the churches. an average of over 10 members to each church. In the 13 theological schools Bishop Thoburn's Semi-centennial there are 172 students for the ministry. In our 15 colleges there are over 2,600 On the 13th of next April will ocstudents. In 113 schools of higher grade cur the fiftieth anniversary of Bishop there are over 8,000 pupils; of the lower grades there are 1.241 schools; under in- J. M. Thoburn's first sailing for India. struction in schools of all grades a total of 65,152 scholars. Allegheny College, the Bishop's alma mater, will celebrate the event, April If the number of additions on con- I 1-13. On Sabbath morning, the fession be divided by fifty-two, it will eleventh, which will be the fiftieth anniversary of his ordination for misappear that every Sunday an average sionary service, the Bishop will preach of more than 120 members were re- a semi-centennial sermon. On 1'1on- day and Tuesday will occur two notaceived. ble conferences, one on the relation of the college to foreign missions and The Way of the Methodists one on the relation of the college to home missions, including social serv- Rev. A. B. Leonard, of the Metho- ice. The formal jubilee exercises will occur on Tuesday afternoon, April 13, dist Missionary Society, writes: when there will be addresses and a response by the Bishop. In the eve- The "twin" envelop which we are of- ning a banquet will be held in Cochran fering free for the first year, in order Hall in the Bishop's honor. to introduce the week-by-week method of raising money for missions, as well as Presbyterian Wark for Indians current expenses, is proving immensely popular. At the time of this writing The Presbyterian Church sustains we are well on in the distribution of missions among our aborigines in 16 the third hundred thousand edition of States in behalf of 43 tribes scattered this envelop, and before this is read we between New York and 'Washington, will probably have passed the half mil- Arizona and Wisconsin. The churches lion mark. There is no reason why and preaching stations number 138; there should not be five millions of these useful little agents at work gathering the toilers, 118, of whom 55 are missionary money. The treasuries of the missionary societies will soon feel the Indians. The communicants number force of this "stream of money for mis- upward of 6,000 and the adherents sions," and the Sunday-schools which are about 16,000. Besides these there are thus taking seriously the last command in Alaska 7 ministers and 979 comof Jesus will be rejoicing in a stream of municants. blessing from the throne .of God. Missionaries Not Overpaid Planning for Enlargement At the conference of the mission Says The Congregationalist: boards recentIv held in New York Following the great meetings of the City, Rev. C. H. Patton read a paper Laymen's Missionary Campaign in Boston during November, the denominations on "Salaries and Allowances." He engaged in that effort are now organiz- stated that on an average the salaries ing their forces for a follow-up cam- of unmarried male missionaries was paign. The Congregational laymen do less than $600, and of unmarried not propose to be left in the rear in this women something less than this; effort. They have appointed a strong while married couples do not recommittee of fifteen, which may add to ceive over $1,200, with an allowits number, for the purpose of visiting the 143 Congregational churches of Greater Boston and laying before the laymen of these churches the present extraordinary missionary situation, with the hope and expectation that the Boston churches will lift their gifts for foreign missions ance of $50-$150 a year for each ligious growth. Therein lies the dan- child. The Dutch Reformed Society ger. The large cities and schools are pays $725 to each single man, on an fed by villages and ranches. In these average; to married couples, $1,I75, it is our privilege to place native work- with $50-$150 for each child. ers. There comes to the writer's mind a large ranch in the heart of the Sier- Beneficent Work in Cuba ras. The influence of the teacher there is a great one. The adjoining That the intervention of the united ranches feel it. The Sundav-school States in Cuba has not been without aJ:d the teaching of Goel's wo;d there, beneficial effect is proved by the be- WIll meet and conquer the infidel ginning of the withdrawal of Ameri- teaching that awaits some of these can troops from the island. The com- young people as they go out into the pleting of the withdrawal will leave world. the island republic to the management of its own affairs again, with rather As we teach Christ, either by direct better hope of stability and success preaching or by visiting in the homes; than upon the first endeavor. Doubt- by the preparing of native workers, or less there will still be disturbances. A by the sending out of evangelical Iit~ subject people can not be brought to erature, we are meeting the needs of proper self-government in a few years. Mexico to-day-our day of opportu- But Cuba is so much in the course of nity, as it is hers of need.-The Mis- modern national life now that it mav sionary. be expected the experiment of self- government will be more hopefully Hawaiian Chinese Fighting Opium carried on than at first. And the in- tervention of the United States has There is a Chinese anti-opium league been fully justified. in Honolulu, Hawaii, which is uniting its efforts with the anti-opium crusade Mexico'. Need in the Celestial Empire. It has been busy obtaining facts about the use of In Mexico we see a rich country opium in Hawaii, of which the fol- with many undeveloped possibilities; lowing is a summary: There are 98 we find a strong government anxious places in Honolulu alone for smoking in every way to facilitate education; opium; there are 14 importers of but also we find a people born in the opium, who import each year about superstitions of the Catholic Church. 400 boxes; there are about 2,500 And where a higher education has Chinese who smoke opium, about 38 rendered belief in these an impossi- American men and women and over bility, we find either an outward pro- 30 Hawaiians. On the plantations fession, with no heart belief, or a prac- and at other places in Hawaii, there tical infidelitv. There are some cases are many who use the drug. These where there is sincere belief-the seiz- facts indicate that the United States ing of the reality in spite of the shams Government needs to enact some anti-· that conceal it. But these cases are opium legislation. rare, indeed. The majority who wor- ship in the Church of Rome give A Buddhist Temple in Honolulu greater honor to Mary than to her Son, and to the saints than to Christ. The Jodo sect of Buddhists in Hon- olulu dedicated a temple recently with Mexico needs Christ-not His sem- ceremonies peculiar to such an oc- blance on the crucifix, but a living casion. It was marked by a proces- faith on the Son of God. She needs sion of Japanese boys and girls in to realize that obedience to God's carriages through the principal streets commands must precede even the high- of the city. The boys were drest in est civilization and morality. The deep blue kimonos with yellow sleeves more thoughtful realize that the edu- lined with silk, and over these an an- cational and intellectual growth in tique style of white kimonos. The girls Mexico to-day is far ahead of any re- were garbed in purple in an archaic

style, while on their heads were £18 16s. 4d., in addition to a remitcrowns of gilt cardboard bespangled tance for a number of Welsh Bibles with emblems of Buddha. On the and Testaments which are being disheads of the boys were liberty caps patched to our friends in this remote of stiff gauze. The services embraced region for their Sunday-school. The weird chants, symbolical genuflections, colonists themsel ves speak Welsh and and particularly the unveiling of the English; their children are being image. There was a financial hour, brought up to speak Welsh and when gifts were announced by placard. Spanish. The audience proper took little part in the services, employing the time in EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN smoking and visiting. Britain's Contribution to Medical Mis.ion~ Protestant Progress in Brazil As usual at the beginning of each In The Missionary Rev. R. D. Daffin year, Medical Missions at Home and says: Abroad gave in January a list with the present addresses of all medical mis- To the Presbyterian accustomed to see sionaries of both sexes holding British other churches stronger in number than degrees or diplomas. They number his own, as happens in the South, Brazil 38S, or, for some reason unknown, is a relief. There are more Presbyterians less by 10 than last year. Of the 40 in Brazil than Methodists and Baptists societies named, C. M. S. has the and Episcopalians combined. We are largest number, 73; the United Free only outnumbered by the German Lu- Church comes next with 60; the Lontheran and Roman Catholic churches. don Society, 39; Baptist, 21; Wes- The latter we regard as an apostate leyan, 20; Presbyterian Church of church, and baptize her members when England, 19; Irish Presbyterian, 19; convinced of their conversion. Church of Scotland, 18; Church of England Zenana Society and Propaga- The Presbyterian Church, unfortu- tion Society (S. P. G.), 16, etc. nately, however, is divided into two branches. They are the General Assem- Twenty Years' Growth of C. M. S. bly of Brazil and the Synod of the Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil. The income of this greatest of mis- The first named is composed of native sionary organizations was $1,106,6SS ministers and churches and missionaries in 1898, but last year reached $1,880,- of the northern and southern Presbyte- 520, and in all the other items given rian churches. The latter is the result the figures have doubled in two decof a nationalistic movement in the Church ades; thus the stations have increased against the foreign workers. Failing to from 294 to SS4; clergymen 273 to be heartily supported in this by the mem- 413; laymen, 283 to 948; total workers, bers in general, they grasped the difficult 4.4S2 to 9.492; communicants, 47,83 1 question of Masonry and succeeded in to 97.489. The schools now number leading off quite a number of members. 2.465, with 146,038 scholars.

STATISTICS OF VARIOUS CHURCHES IN BRAZIL Members Presbyterian, General Assembly ……… 9,000 Presbyterian, Independent. Synod …….. 5,000 Methodist ………………………… 6,000 ~~fst~~~al" ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: :: ::: ::: :::: 5,~gg Welsh Saints in Patagonia A Great Meeting of Missionuies The Welsh colonists in Patagonia Not long since Rev. David Brook, are by no means unmindful of their president of the National Free Church hereditary connection with the Bible Council, had what he called a "very Society. There are several Welsh extraordinary experience" at the churches among them, and we have llemorial Hall, when missionaries just received in London a generous from various parts of the globe, in contribution from two Calvinistic large numbers, and belonging to many Methodist congregations in the settle- denominations, passed before him and ment on the River Chubut. The were introduced by the secretaries of church at Glan Alaw sends £7 12S. 4d., their respective societies. "I do not and the church at Bryn Gwyn sends think I have ever had five minutes'

GE~ERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

experience so full and thrilling as cords that are binding their country." while these brethren were going be- Opponents of total abstinence have fore us," remarked Dr. Brook. "I declared that the wine-and-beer-drink- must confess my mind is almost be- ing people of Europe show less drunk- wildered as it has been taken from one enness than the Saxon races. But it place to another, which, in each case, is now appearing that these are suf- conjured up some interesting scene fering from serious evils in conseor recalled some interesting event." quence of regularly partaking of in- toxicants. This informal march past followed a pleasant social gathering in the Li- A MiSiionary Jubilee brary, when missionaries on furlough and officials of the various Free On October 20 and 21, 1908, the Church missionary societies and the Paris Missionary Society celebrated officers of the National Free Church the day on which its wonderfully Council had opportunities for meeting prosperous work among the Basutos and fraternizing. The guests were was started seventy-five years ago. received by Mrs. Evan Spicer, Mrs. The celebrations were held in Morija, Brook and Mrs. F. B. Meyer. and consisted in a number of meetings held in the open air because no church L. M. S. Million Shillings' Fund could have accommodated the as- sembled multitudes. Upon the plat- A generous gift of £300 from a form were seated the representatives lady, and 1,000 shillings from another of the British Government, of the friend, helped to swell the growing Paris Missionary Society, and of other total of gifts for the fund sent direct missionary societies. There were also to the Mission House, in advance of the faithful French missionaries, the the sums collected in the churches, to chiefs of the Basutos, and a repre- 37,000 shillings ($<),250), at which en- sentative of King Lewanika of Bacouraging figure it stood at last ac- rotseland. About seven thousand nacounts. The promising movement, tive Christians, who had come from which was originated last year by the far and near, and many heathen visitors campaign committee of the L.M.S. for composed the audience. More than enlisting fresh interest in foreign mis- fifty different speakers addrest the sions among university men, is being multitudes during the two days' continued during the present month meetings, and the European visitors by visits from missionaries to various were struck by the marvelous order seats of learning. and the attention with which the black men listened. It is told that only THE CONTINENT three men had to be requested to re- frain from smoking in the meetings, Intoxicants in France and all three were white men. At the twelve immense tables, where black A Vestern exchange remarks: "In and white men were seated together, Paris alone there are 50,000 drinking- no disorder of any kind occurred, but places, and in 1906 there were in the drinks of all kinds were forbidden to provinces exactly 524,486 of them. white and black alike. The whole That works out a tavern for everv 20 meetings were permeated by gladness male inhabitants of France. In° the and praise, their keynote being, "The north of France there is a drinking- Lord has done great things for us." place for every IS men. France has The representative of the British Govnot yet awakened to the fearfulness ernor-General acknowledged publicly of her state. While other nations are that the missionaries had contributed stirring the fires of temperance op- much in every way to the prosperous position, she is resting, apparently and happy condition of the Basutos. with no alarm, while the trade is on He praised the missionary schools and the increase. But the time will come when those people will rouse from their drunken stupor and snap the

the good influence of the missionaries tians was put at 43°,284,500; of Jews upon the native chiefs. Thus the at 7,000,000; of Mohammedans at jubilee had a very happy influence 230,000,000, and of heathen at 794,- upon all those who were present. 000,000.

It will interest our readers to know Fifty Years of Missionary Service that the Paris Society has in Basuto- lane! 22I schools with I2,000 pupils, On November 23, I908, mission in- and that the native Christians con- spector A. Merensky, D.D., of the tributed in I907 more than $30,000 Berlin Missionary Society, completed for the support of the Gospel. The fifty years of active service in con- native Christians in Thaba-Bossin nection with the great society. Sent contributed each about $1.80, far more out to South Africa in I858, he spent than the average American church- twenty-four years among the heathen member. The native church of Basu- in that unhealthful climate. Then he toland is becoming self-supporting returned to Germany and labored in and self-governing very rapidly. the home land in the interest of for- eign missions, until in I89I he was se- Bibles from Berlin lected to lead the first laborers of the Berlin Society toward Lake Nyasa. At Berlin there is one binding estab- Thus he became the founder of the lishment where on an average 520,000 prosperous work among the Condees. volumes of Scripture are bound for In I893 he was made inspector and the Berlin and Foreign Bible Society contributed much toward the present every year. Most of the Bibles, Tes- prosperity of the Berlin Society. Dr. taments and Portions intended for the Merensky has done much literary use of the people of Central Europe work, and has interested especially the are printed in Germany and sent to young through his well-edited Misthis establishment in sheets, ready to siollsfrculld. On January I, I909, he be folded, edged and enclosed in neat withdrew from all active effort, exand convenient covers. Through the cept literary and lecturing work in behands of the workmen in this bindery half of the Berlin Society. We wish pass copies of the Scriptures in twen- him many more happy years of Christy-five different languages, spoken in tian service in the great work in which Europe. he has been one of the leaders in Ger- many. The Great World-religions Christian Endeavor in Spain Dr. Zeller, director of the Statistical Bureau in Stuttgart, has again Rev. F. E. Clark writes as follows: been working on the Religious Census of the vVorld, and presents us with The place was Barcelona and the occathe results of his investigations. He sion was the third national Christian Enestimates that of the I ,544,5 IO,OOO deavor Convention of Spain, held durpeople in the world, 534,940,000 are ing the very last day of November. For Christians, I75,290,000 are Moham- a long time preparations had been in medans, IO,860,000 are Jews, and progress for this great meeting, and it 823420,000 are heathens. Of these, soon became evident that the largest 300,000,000 are Confucians, 2I4,000,- Protestant meeting-places of the city 000 are Brahmans, and I2I,000,000 were entirely inadequate to accommodate Buddhists, with other bodies of lesser the throngs of people that would attend. numbers. In other words, out of From Castile and Aragon they came, every I,OOO of the earth's inhabitants, from Valencia and Andalusia, many from 346 are Christian, I I4 are Mohamme- Catalonia, and from nearly all the other dan, 7 are Israelite, and 533 are provinces of Spain, as well as one or of other religions. In 1885, in a table two delegates from the Balearic Islands estimating the population of the world and Morocco. at I46I,285,50o, the number of Chris- The convention had all the features of a national convention in any land. A jnnior rally, which was attended by many hundreds of children, some 250 taking part in it, was one of the features;

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 23

while eloquent addresses were given not real homes instead of harems and only upon methods of work and distinc- practical slavery; they want to receive tively Christian Endeavor themes, but visitors, to dress in modern civilized upon good citizenship, missionary exten- style, to reorganize social customs and sion, and all the lines which are so usages, to educate their daughters, to familiar to the Endeavorers at home. transform not only their drawing- rooms but their kitchens and to make One of the most interesting sessions the monotonous Turkish menu, with was the roil call of the societies, when its cloying sweets, hygienic and ateach society responded and presented a tractive. They are looking forward to beautiful banner representing the district a social emancipation quite as comfrom which it came. The reports, which plete as and possibly more far-reachwere almost uniformly encouraging, and ing than the reforms for which their some of which showed remarkable prog- husbands and brothers are now workress, were received with enthusiastic ap- ing in the political field. plause. More than 1,200 people attended this meeting, and the numbers would ASIA have been far larger had the theater where it was held been able to accom- Counsel Sought from Christian Men modate more-and this in Spain! An evidence of the part which our A Serious Phase of the Turkish Situation missionary colleges are to play in the reconstruction of Turkey is found in The Turkish Parliament, which the appointment of two professors in opened on December 17, is the most Euphrates College on a committee to diversified body of law-makers in the consider educational measures for one world. The Turkish Government re- of the large interior provinces. One, cognizes about 12,500,000 electors, Prof. N. Tenekijian, several years ago which are divided as follows: served a term of six months in prison, being falsely accused of disloyalty, and Arabs (Bedouin) ………….. 5,000,000 Professor 1'ahigian studied for a time Turks ……………………. 2,850,000 under President Angell at Ann Arbor. Bulgarians and Greeks ……… 1,050,000 Both are scholarly and earnest Chris- Arnaouts …………………. 650,000 tian men. The same governor has Bosnians and Serbs … ,. . . . . . . .. 700,000 also asked Dr. H. N. Barnum, the Kurds ……………………. 650,000 veteran missionary of the Am~rican Greek Orthodox Christians.. . . . 500,000 Board in Eastern Turkey, to suggest Armenians ……………….. 450,000 what in his judgment wiII promote Jews ………………………. 350,000 popular education and social reform, Protestants ……………….. 100,000 Circassians ……………….. 100,000 INDIA J enkana …………. , . . . . . . . .. 100,000 Hatred Between Hindu and Moslem 12,500,000 The conflicts in India between Hindus and Moslems, which have lately The Chamber of Deputies numbers been conducted with such terrible about 250 and the Senate, or Upper bitterness and even bloodshed, should House, will contain about 80 mem- serve to show that the time has not bers. The senators are appointed by yet come when the native races can the Sultan. be entrusted with full self-manage- ment. Those who condemn so unspar- Turkish Women Breaking Their Bonds ingly British rule in India view all questions from the political side. But Turkish 'omen have seemingly con- it is quite evident that religious quescluded to live up to their privileges tions enter far more deeply into the under the new constitution. Finding matter than these critics allow. The sanction in the advice of a distin- hatred between Moslems and Hindus guished ntollah or Mohammedan in India is deep-seated, and were it not priest, they have begun to discard the for the restraining power of an enyashmak, or Turkish veil, and thousands of them are now going about as Europeans and Americans do, with faces uncovered. But they want more than this-they are clamorous for reform in the domestic life; they want

lightened government there would be compulsion. They are, however, the great more than mere riot. The religious pioneers and successful prosecutors of animosities of the East can scarcely Western higher education, and, being dibe understood by colder Westerns. vested of official prestige, give us object- Until there is greater natural cohesion lessons of British home life and morals. between the various parties, a firm yet They are sincere in their beliefs and kind guiding hand is needed. enable us to correctly appraise the intrin- sic social position of the Britishers. who An Indian Becoming a Missionary are drest in brief authority ove"r us. They moreover sympathize and mix with The growth of a real missionary us in many a social and public function, spirit among the Indian Christians and we have much to learn from them is manifest in the National Indian to improve our general condition. Their Missionary Society organized about colleges and high-schools hold their own three years ago. All its officers are among the best in the land, and some of native Christians, as also those by the best among our men of light and whom its operations are to be superin- leading are the alumni of these institutended and carried on. Each mission tions. We ought always to look upon of the society is to be affiliated with these unselfish workers as India's real some branch of the Christian Church friends.-C. M. S. Gazette. in its vicinage. The first of these missions was started in the Punjab in How the Hindus .. Cheat" God Northwest India, and is affiliated with the Church of England. The second Rev. F. W. Hinton, of Allahabad, was in North India, and is affiliated relates this story: with the Presbyterian Church of America. The Marathi Mission has A young Bengali student came to me offered the National Society a field the other day to ask for an explanation between Ahmednagar and Sholapur of difficult passages in a book he is readdistricts, but work there has not yet ing. When I asked him his name he been organized. said, "Sat Korl," which means "seven cowrie shells," and explained the reason Sunday, October 4, was a red-letter of this curious name. His mother had day in the history of the Christian had several children before him, but all community of Ahmednagar, for on had died; so, like many other Hindu that day the pastor of the First Church mothers, she thought God or the Evil of that city, the largest Indian Chris- One had a grudge against her, and, if tian church of western India, where he could, would take this last little one about 1,300 people worship every Sun- also. But if he could be brought to day, offered himself for missionary think the child some one else's, or not service in connection with the new worth taking, he might leave it alone. So society.-Missionary Herald. she called the nurse who attended her in her illness and sold the baby to her Missions as One Hindu Sees Them for seven cowrie-shells (less than a tenth of a farthing), and, lest the transaction In a recent contribution to the should be forgotten, gave the boy the Mysore Review these unqualified name of "Seven Cowries," by which he words of commendation are bestowed has been known ever since. I asked him without solicitation by an Indian gen- if he thought it had made any difference. tleman, which certain critics will do He said, "Perhaps-at any rate, I did well to read, note, mark, and inwardly not die." So a university undergraduate digest. He says: more than half believes that one can We take this opportunity of entreating cheat God by a trick like that !-c. M. S. our countrymen not to "misunderstand our European missionary friends, and to Gazette. impute to them sinister motives for the work they are doing in our midst. They Mohammedan Superstition do not mask their object in comt'ng to India. It is avowedly to evangelize her children In a recent letter Dr. Brocklesby by conviction. They do not use force or Davis of Amritsar tells of a visit he had paid to Tank, on the Northwest frontier, and of a case which had re- cently occurred there: At Tank, the out-station of Dera, Is- mail Khan, a Mohammedan had been bitten badly about the face by a mad dog. He was offered R.30 by a government official to go to the Pasteur Institute at Kasauli. He asked permission before ac- cepting the money to consult his religious teachers. He went to the tomb of a

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Mohammedan saint in Tank, and asked home I had many miniature gods and goddesses, which I every mornthe advice of the mullah there. His ing washed, clothed, and even fed advice was to refuse the money, which with sweetened rice. I went round the man did. They then rubbed the patient's nose against. t~e tomb ~nd told him to go to the mISSIOn hospItal and the sacred banian-tree a hundred get medicine from Dr. Williams, and he times daily to please the gods. I detested the non-Brahmans, and would get quite well. Dr. Williams warned the man that there was no ho~, every time I touched them I imbut, moved by his entreaties, gave h1m a bed in the hospital. Within a week the mersed my self in a tank to remove patient was writhing in the throes of the pollution. I was a strict vegehydrophobia. His relations and friends tarian, and a very strict teetotaler. then came and took him again to the "pir," or tomb of the saint, where they "A European missionary of tht; once more rubbed his nose and face, but Church Missionary Society spoke to the patient died in agony. me of Christ, and gave me a Bible.

Cases of Consecration I read it for two years, and with the help of that Padre Sahib I became In 1874, Rev. Mathoora Nath Bo?e a Christian, and was baptized. My gave up good pr<;spects <l;s ~ pleader In parents and other relatives have con- Calcutta to begm a mISSIOn among sidered me ever since as a social the Namasudras, who inhabit some of leper. I had severe persecutions, but the swamps in Bengal. God blest his God gave me grace to stand all. My labors, and tho he himself was called father disinherited me, tho I am the to his rest in I90r, the work is con- eldest son. I am now the pastor of tinued by his family. Recently the a Tamil church in Madras. I restaff has been strengthened by the joice in God, and I thank Him beaddition of one of his daughters, Miss cause He brought me out of dark- Kamala Bose, who obtained the B.A. ness and from blindly and foolishly degree of the Calcutta University with worshiping idols to the great light, honors in philosophy, and the uni- to worship Him alone, and also to versity gold medal awarded to the first work for Him in His vineyard." woman graduate of the year, but who has relinquished any worldly ambition, Representative of Indian Womanhood to devote herself to the industrial Pf- The Christian Herald gives a training of the Namasudra women, in- ture of Miss Lilavati Singh, the diS- fluenced by these words of her de- tinguished Methodist East Indian parted father: "If their Indian Chris- educator, who is now visiting this tian sisters will not have pity on them, country. She is professor of literature who will? And what, in that case, is and philosophy in the Isabella Tho- the worth of the religion the former burn College at Lucknow, India, and chairman of the Woman's Section of profess to have?"

A High.caste Brahman's Testimony the World's Student Christian Federa- tion. We recently had the pleasure The Rev. K. R. Gopalah Aiyar be- of meeting Miss Singh, and hearing longed to a high-caste Brahman or her in a most instructive and moving priestly caste in Cochine, South address. She told us very effectively India. From his childhood he says how deep was her own impression that he had a great desire to love when she first came to America and God and be saved, tho he did not discovered how the women here were know the true way. "I used to get planning, giving, and studying for the up at 4 A.M., daily in hot weather sake of their far-away sisters in and cold weather, and with many heathenism. It was a revelation to her others bathe in the temple tank. that went deep into her heart. She For nearly two hours I used to re- says of her own work: peat prayers in Sanskrit, the mean- Graduates of our school and college ing of which I did not know. I wor- are found in charge of government shiped many idols, and in my own schools and as inspectresses of sc;hoQls.

There is hardly a mission school of no modern post-offices outside the North India that has not obtained its foreign legations, now there are 2,- principal teachers from Lucknow. It is 500, and they are being opened at the impossible to meet the demand for teach- rate of one a day. Six years ago, ers. Not only as teachers, but as evan- gelists, doctors, and as wives and moth- when in Japan, Mr. Mott noticed a ers, the girls educated at Lucknow are the leaders of the women of North India. few Chinese students in his audiences, but there were then less than 20 in One of a Great Missionary Family that country; now there are several The Rev. Jared W. Scudder, M.D., thousand Chinese students in Japan, who has just retired from active work the future leaders of the proudest in connection with the Arcot Mission, nation under heaven coming from after 53 years' service, is the sole sur- their seclusion to sit at the feet of their vivor of seven missionary brothers, conquerors to learn the secret of their the sons of Dr. John Scudder, who greatness! And they are in America sailed from Boston in 1818 as the first also and in Great Britain; he himself medical missionary from the United has met 25 at Yale, 30 at Cornell and States to any foreign country. This 40 at the University of California.- patriarch labored 35 years in India C. M. S. Review.

and Ceylon, and had daughters as well Moslems in China as sons. Of the three daughters, two became missionaries, and a merchant Few people realize that the Chinese obtained the father's permission to empire embraces in its immense popu- marry the third on the condition that lation a multitude of Moslems. Ache should support a missionary sub- cording to the Statesman's Year Book, stitute as long as his wife lived. Of there are "probably about 30,000,000 the seven brothers, five graduated in Mohammedans" in China, chiefly in medicine. Several of Dr. John Scud- the northwest.

der's grandchildren are now missiona- Writing from Yunnanfu – 2,000 ries in Arcot, and some of the great miles inland from the eastern coast of grandchildren may be expected to join China, the Rev. F. Herbert Rhodes the ranks before long. During his says: "I note that your Society has latest term of services Dr. Jared W. very kindly granted us 25 Bibles and Scudder has been principal of a theo- 500 Gospels in Arabic. These will all logical seminary at Palmauer. be employed, God willing, for the sale CHINA use of Moslem priests and students at the mosques. In Yunnanfu, which is Phenomenal Overturning. a Mohammedan center, we have access Robert Hart has recently said that to many mosques. Moslem leaders of his fifty years spent in China, dur- and mollahs visit us here, and urgent ing the first forty-five he felt as tho requests for Portions of Scripture in he was in a close room with every Arabic come from mosques as far dis- door and window tightly shut, but the tant as thirty days' journey away. I last five made him feel as one occupy- have long desired to place an Arabic ing a room with every window and copy of the Word of God in each of door open and the breezes sweeping the principal mosques. Some years through from every quarter of heaven. ago I did this in one Moslem strong- Comparing what Mr. Matt found a hold, and since then I have often been few months ago in China with the asked by some mollah or other for an state of things when he visited it Arabic Bible, but have always had to twelve years ago; then there were 200 refuse. My own copy I keep for the miles of railway, now there are 4,000, use -of visitors, and have marked it so and 4,000 miles more projected; then as to be able to turn up Old Testa- the telegraph-wires had gone to a few ment predictions of our Lord Jesus provinces, now there is a network of Christ for the benefit of Arabi<; them all over China; then there wen~ sc;:holqr:;,

"On my first visit to the Mcham- have since provided services at a good medan quarter of this city, after re- many places in the island. They have turning from furlough, I sold more taken a step further, and formed a than forty Chinese Gospels in an hour; Japanese presbytery in connection these were bought by the rank and with the Presbyterian Church in file of Moslems outside the mosques, Japan. The Canadian mission, which who understand no Arabic. But the occupies the northern part of For- Chinese Gospels are within their mosa, has also recently strengthened reach; for altho rice and food stuffs its staff. It has 4 ordained Canadian are terribly dear, owing to a succes- missionaries (one of them a doctor) sion of bad crops, we are able to sell and 2 lady missionaries, and makes the small Chinese Gospels at the rate itself responsible for the evangelizaof twenty-five copies for 3d. The tion of about half as many people as Light is spreading; and whether by the English Presbyterian mission the sales of the Chinese Gospels, or seeks to reach.-British Weekly. by the gift to mollahs, priests, and students of the more highly priced KOREA Arabic Gospels, we are striving to lead these poor deluded Moslems to 'the Education of the Blind in Korea Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world.' "-The Bible in the Rosetta S. Hall, M.D., of Pyeng World. Yang, writes in the Woman's Mission- In a recent Missionary Herold Rev. H. D. Porter gives this as an inci- ary Friend: . dent of his life in the Celestial EmpIre. He says: There are many blind people in oKforteha~ but owing to the healing hand I have always had great interest in the Mohammedans of China. In our C.hristian physician and the better hy- Shantung field, as well as in Peking and Tientsin, there are large communities of gIene that is beginning to prevail, there Moslems_ Quite near our Pang-Chuang station there are many villages, divided is less blindness than twenty years ago. between the Han and the Man, as the Chinese and Moslems call themselves. The condition of blind Korean children One of the best friends I ever had in China was the Intaunt or Ahun of a is J?itiable. They are often neglected by mosque at Ku Shui Pu, three miles east of us. There are three such mosques theIr own parents, who would like to be in that village. Mr_ Yu was a strong, ri~ of them; they are never taught anypowerful man, with an elegant and masterful air about him_ He became inter- thmg useful, but both boys and girls ested in me through the hospital and used to visit me often. I had an Arabic even in well-to-do families are made vile grammar and the New Testament in Arabic, and Sir Edwin Arnold's "Pearls of sorcerers. For the blind, who walk in real the Koran," with headings of chapters printed in Arabic. The man, tho unused physical darkness amidst the mental and to print, soon found that he could read these easily_ He was delighted with the spiritual darkness of Korea, even more Gospel of John, and used to come to see if my explanation agreed with his. than for the seeing, Christian education is Presbyterianism in Formosa the only help and the only hope.

There are now three Presbyterian Upon my return to Korea, in the fall churches at work in Formosa-the English, the Canadian, and the J apa- of 1897, I set about adapting the New nese. The Japanese Presbyterians opened a church in the capital (Tai- York Point system to Korean and had nan) in the month of July, and they succeeded in transcribing the alphabet, the syllables, and a number of lessons besides the ten commandments. During the last decade ten blind girls have bene- fited by training and some are a great help in teaching others. Books and other helps have been prepared, and Miss Perry's class for blind boys in Seoul and Mrs. Moffatt's in Pyeng Yang, have grown out of this work.

Progress in Korea "The report of the Korean mission for the year ended June 30, rgo8, is a most remarkable missionary document. In spite of disturbed political condi- tions, 5.423 communicants have been added. The native contributions amounted to $6r,730.There are 797 self-supporting churches in the mis- sion, and 454 schools entirely supported by the Koreans; 12,264 pupils village gathered together 15 girls and are reported as under instruction in started a school which has but grown the various schools. In the hospitals and increased in efficiency with the and dispensaries under the care of years. A few months ago Mr. Ye, the mission, 46,366 patients were who was teaching our large boys' treated. school at Hamchong, with a good salary, said to me that he must leave. The Korean Marvel Growl When asked why he replied: "0, you know we have a small church in my A word about the Koreans from Dr. home village in Samwha county, and Underwood: they want to open a boys' school."- The native Korean convert is zealous J. REV. H. PETTEE. to study his Bible. Bibles are not given away in Korea, nor sold for a small frac- JAPAN tion of their cost, but fetch the full cost of their production. Yet, in spite of the Commercial Argument for Mislions Korean's poverty, so great is the demand that last year, when the Bible Committee The following from the Wall Street had ordered a new edition of 20,000 cop- ] ournal presents a commercial arguies of the New Testament, the whole ment in favor of missions. The inedition was sold before a word had been stance mentioned is but one of a long printed. Koreans will endure great pri- list which have appeared in missionary vations and travel for days to attend a history. From the standpoint of busi- Bible class, and these classes, varying ac- ness it pays to send missionaries. cording to locality from 250 to 1,180 enrolled members, will continue from ten The government of Japan in furtherto fourteen days. Then the attendants ance of its South Manchurian railway upon these larger classes in their turn scheme went into the English money hold smaller classes, so that one station market and borrowed $50,000,000. When in the north reports during the past year the British found out that this money, as many as 192 of these smaller classes borrowed in London, had been spent in with an enrollment that exceeded 10,000. the United States for railroad supplies, they kicked up a pretty row in the House Korean Passion for Service of Commons. But there was nothing to be done about it, so the question was For a Korean Christian to get new dropt. light and hide it under a bushel is an unheard-of thing. Having heard a The reason why the Japanese Governbit of new truth or a choice illustra- ment spent English money in the United tion from the foreign teacher, he can States was due solely to the fact that not rest until he has told it to someone the Japanese engineers in charge of the else, and often puts it in a far more work had been educated in the United telling way than that in which it was States at the expense of the American given to him. In 20 Bible classes two- missionaries, and had there imbibed Yankee notions which made it impossithirds of the teaching was done by ble for them to build a railroad along persons who had never done such any other than American lines. Therework before, and, altho in some cases fore at one fell swoop American comthey were not so well prepared as we merce reaped a direct return of $50,- would wish, they were so earnest and 000,000 from missionary effort. sincere, that through them "God broke forth much new light from his holy A Japanese School Word." For a Christian boy or girl or young man or woman to attend one Kwassui Jo Gakko, Nagasaki, Jaof our higher schools means that dur- pan, has an enrolment in all departing vacation he or she will go back to the home village and give-mostly ments of 432. There are 145 boarders without pay-to the less fortunate who are all Christians. It continues to boys and girls what has been learned. be a cosmopolitan school. There are Out of a class of 55 such boys, 30 were a number of Chinese girls, who are thus engaged during a summer vaca- pulling hard toward graduation, at tion. And two years ago a girl twelve least from the academic course. One years of age going back to her home is the daughter of a rich Chinese in Shanghai, and plans to graduate next year. She is carrying three mathe- matics, besides science, history, and

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

other studies; she has attended some come Christians, one couple, one family classes taught in Japanese and speaks of three, two young men and a boy. Japanese very well. The little Korean How they came to the meetings, 50 and girls are jewels. How they do study, 60 strong-SO stayed to Holy Commupreparing to be teachers on their re- nion on Sabbath, and all this right in the turn. One is the daughter of a min- midst of their busiest days of all the ister in Seoul. Two are supported by year-mint harvest and mint distillingthe church in Chemulpo, and one is one acre of mint yields one kerosene can supported by her mother. It is a real of oil-of-mint, for whIch they get about joy to teach them and see them de- forty dollars, gold. velop. In the junior class is a bright Russian girl, who has been in the Honor to Dr. DeForest school since she was quite small. For a number of years she attended only Last December the Emperor of classes taught in Japanese. She Japan conferred the Fourth Order of speaks Japanese, English, German, the Rising Sun upon Dr. DeForest and Russian, and has studied two or soon after his return to work in that three other languages. Besides, she country. The ostensible occasion was is very bright in mathematics as well the aid rendered by Dr. DeForest to as other studies. Beside these there the soldiers of Manchuria and his reare other Russians, English and Ger- lief work during the famine. But no man, Eurasians, and American chil- doubt his good offices in promoting a dren as well as Japanese. In the many- friendly feeling toward Japan while sided work no part receives more in this country figured large as an attention than the spiritual. Weekly underlying consideration. A J apaclass meetings, semi-weekly prayer nese daily paper exprest the common services, daily Bible study, Sunday- appreciation of Dr. DeForest's serv-' school work, are instructive and prac- ices' in counteracting what it calls tical.-Northwestem Christian Ad- "Hobsonism" in the United States: vocate. There was a great work to do for those In Japanese Wilds who loved humanity, and Dr. DeForest took up the work. From the pulpit and Mrs. G. P. Pierson writes from a in the press not a day did he spend idly, post-house in the wilds of Kitami, but Japan's standing as a nation was Province, Hokkaido, between Gaku- fully explained. Many began to open den and Hokkosha: their eyes, and his words, coming from thirty years' experience in Japan, had My third sheet, and not a word about much effect in turning the tide which the people-the dear, loving, hearty coun- once threatened the traditional friendship try Christians. Why, it was like Korea! of the two nations on the Pacific. To They and the warm spiritual atmosphere our mind his work was worth more than in the meetings. The one in Aquila and Sperry's sixteen battleships in cementing Priscilla's house-a lovely new thatched that friendship, and in this sense we excottage in a beautiful little dell in the tend to Dr. DeForest, our now national woods-was the best of all. Thirty of benefactor, warm welcome hands. us sat crowded together on the floor of their one room (besides a big-roofed in- AFRICA kitchen and stable combined). Mr. Pierson and I spoke. I told them of the Native Christian. as Givers Korean revivals and the recent news of Manchuria. And then followed such The Basel Missionary Society has warm, earnest, hearty prayers, "Aquila" published some figures which throw could hardly speak for tears. Priscilla light upon the frequently touched quesprayed out her whole soul in longing tion, how much the native Christians over the many un-Christian farmers in contribute toward the support of the her neighborhood. The "woman who preaching of the Gospel among them. had smoked secretly" had walked five or six miles to the meeting, and her prayer On the Gold Coast, Africa, the Sowas the most moving of all. Before we ciety has been at work now eighty got through, 8 of the non-Christians years and the native Christians numpresent had told us they wished to be- bered 21,663 in 1907. These contrib- uted about $13,000 for church purposes during the year, or more than $1.50 per member, while the contributions in

1962 were just a little over $1.08 per the country came. The conference lasted member. Thus there is a pleasing in- only one day, from 8:30 A. M., to 11 :30 crease of contributions, altho the Basel P. M. The speakers were Dr. Coppedge Society expends yet almost five times and Mr. W. B. Scott, a representative more in the country than the native from King Sukenga, Prince Maxama- Christians contribute. linga and chiefs from six villages. Mrs. Morrison presided at the organ and Mrs. In Kamerun, where the Basel So- Sheppard sang a beautiful solo in native ciety commenced work twenty-one tongue. years ago, 7,068 native Christians gave about $2,250 in 1907, while the Society There was not a hitch nor did the conexpended thirty-eight times more ference lag the whole day. The two secmoney for the whole work in Kam- retaries were your own trained native erun. However, in comparing the girls. Not a word in English from start contributions of native Christians in to finish. Six chiefs led by Prince Maxthe two places the reader should re- amalinga spoke in this strain: That they member that the cultivation of coco felt the mission had been carrying them brings much money to the people on long enough and that they desired to the Gold Coast, but none to those in give the entire support to their teachers Kamerun, and that the work in Kam- and evangelists. Chiefs of many other erun is almost sixty years younger Bakuba villages asked for evangelists, asthan the other. In general, we be- suring us that they would support them lieve the figures mentioned above entirely. prove a remarkable liberality in native Christians, who receive very little The conference was two months ago, actual money after all. and those villages have sent in their money (shells), bought cloth from the A Picture of Heathenism mission and have paid their teachers and evangelists. God bless you, good friends A missionary writing from Nigeria at home. We out here are as happy as draws the following picture of the na- can be. In these villages and at your tives' "happy methods of life" : central station, Ibanj, there is not the sound of a drum or the beating of corn, Some ask why we go to the heathen or the whoop of the hunter heard on and disturb their happy methods of life. Sunday. Tell me, can true happiness exist when standards of purity and true honor are Honor to the Founder of Lovedale unknown? Feathers, and piles of dirt, and old earthenware pots are the ob- The coming Moderator of the Genjects of worship. Blood of birds and beasts is sprinkled in some of the king's eral Assembly writes of Dr. Stewart: houses as a sacrifice for offenses against the deity. Fatalism cuts the nerve of all We of the Church of Scotland, to effort. Men are improvident because whom that mission (Blantyre) has been they believe in an allotted destiny which transferred, cherish the memory of those does not require effort on their part. who endowed it and of those who, in Women are slaves of men. I do not the course of their hal d labor, suffered know of one woman who is independent and died for it. Earliest of these names in earning a livelihood. . . . There of honor we place that of Dr. Stewart of are no cemeteries. The dead are buried Lovedale. Indeed, Dr. Stewart's memory under the floors of the houses on the is the common possession of all branches day of death, and no memorials are of the Christian Church. His was a large erected. catholic spirit, too keenly occupied with building up the kingdom of God in Af- From the Upper Kongo rica to be concerned over-much with the disputes which divide good men at home. A recent Christian Observer con- The story of his career reads like a tained these inspiring words from romance; and it is far finer than any Rev. W. H. Sheppard: romance, for, if there be one note pre- dominant in Stewart's lifp, it was that of We have been working exceedingly reality, of sound, shrewd, practical judghard these last months, and in close com- ment. He found a wilderness; he left a munion with the Master. Eight weeks great civilized community. Lord Milner ago we had a large conference here at said of him once that he was "the biggest Ibanj. Bakuba men and women from all human in South Africa." General Gor- don loved him with an intense feeling of comradeship. A dispassionate visitor to his mission, Lord Rothschild, wrote: "I think our visit to Lovedale was the most interesting part of our journey in South Africa." Trouble on the Kongo well equipped for the duty, has been sent to pave the way; Mr. Barlow will A recent letter from Mr. Robert follow soon; and it is hoped that ere Whyte, of London, informs us that his long. another missionary, preferably a attention had been called to a dispatch medIcal man, may be found to join in a Belgian paper stating that our him.-Life and Work. missionaries at Luebo had been arraigned by the authorities of the ISLANDS OF THE SEA Kongo Free State on the charge of defamation. We can only guess what A New Miasionary Vessel' this may mean. It is well known that all of our missionaries in Africa have A little vessel of the American been outspoken in reporting the atroci- Board has recently sailed from San ties perpetrated by agents of King Francisco on a voyage of 5,000 miles Leopold that had come under their to the Gilbert Islands. The vessel is observation. The wonder has been schooner rig, with auxiliary gasoline that they have not long ago been made power, in command of Captain Walkthe subject of an attack of this kind. up, who for years carried on evangelis- It is a fortunate circumstance that our tic work among the Gilbertese by State Department, about a year ago, means of a little launch called the sent out a special consul to investigate Hiram Bingham, named for the venthe charges which had been made by erable and beloved apostle to these bethe Americans in the Kongo, and nighted people who went to the islands which had been denied by agents of on the first Morning Star in r856. the Kongo State, both at home and The new vessel is named Hiram abroad.-The Missionary. Bingham, NO.2. The children of the Congregation'll churches in Amer- A Call to Kenia ica are endeavoring to contribute its entire cost of $6,704; thus far they In British East Africa, ninety miles have given about $4,000. The hold of from Kikuyu, up toward the slopes of the Hiram Bingham, No. 2 went out Mount Kenia, dwells a section of the full of Bibles in the Gilbertese lan- Kikuyu people, 50,000 strong. Until guage. It is interesting and pathetic within the last few months their land that on the very Sunday, October 25, has been closed to the Christian mis- when hundreds of Sunday-schools sionary. Now a door has been opened, were using the special exercise deand the call has come to our missiona- scribing Dr. Bingham's work, "The ries at Kikuyu to go in and possess the Appeal of the Little Isles," and when land for Christ. The call was an offerings were being taken to build the urgent one, demanding, for certain ship which was to bear his name, the weighty reasons, an immediate answer. soul of Dr: Bingham departed from At first it seemed as if that answer earth. The children in reality are wouJrl have to be-No! There was building a monument to this heroic the old difficulty-lack of funds. But man one of the last of the old-time a way has, in God's good providence, missionaries on the Board. been found; friends have come forward who, by their liberality, have Ten Years in the Philippines made it possible to obey the call, and the foreign mission committee have The ten years of the Philippine Misthus been able to authorize entry into sion's life have been exceedingly fruitthis splendid sphere of work. Means ful under the blessing of God. Three have been especially provided to en- hospitals, one of them now a union inable the work to be entered upon and stitution with the Baptist Mission, are to be carried on, albeit on a modest treating 40,000 people a year, minisscale, without any drain upon the ordi- tering to the beggar on the street as nary resources of the committee. A well as to the high government official, native catechist from KikuY11, a man and winning everywhere the good-will of the people; and that on a largely self-supporting basis. Silliman Insti- Missionary Society), $14,000 ; the tute, through the generous support of Harris Deaconess Training School Dr. Silliman, is expanding so that in (Woman's Foreign Missionary So- another year it will give industrial and ciety) , $13,000. This property alto- academic instruction to 500 boys. It gether has a value of $132,000.

has more than 25 students for the min- OBITUARY NOTES istry, while in Ellinwood Training School, which is united with the Meth- Rev. W. S. Ament. of China odist Training School, some 40 other young men and women are being pre- Rev. William S. Ament, D.D., enpared for Christian work. Five men tered into missionary service in China have been ordained to the ministry and under the American Board in 1877, these, together with the missionary and on January 7, 1909, in Lane's force of 38 men and women, direct a Hospital, San Francisco, while upon force of 227 native workers, most of his. way home for special treatment, them unpaid or supported by the na- he entered into rest. These thirty years mark the span of service of a tive Church. In 96 chapels and man who was freely accorded first place, not only among the missionaries preaching-places they have gathered in of the American Board, but among the nearly 10,000 converts, and men and missionaries of all denominations in women are pressing into the kingdom China. at the rate of over 2,000 a year.-REV. The Chinese and the missionaries PAUL DOLTZ. and the officials, native and foreign, Methodiam in the Philippine. loved him, and with one accord ac- On October 4, IgOI, the Methodist knowledged his masterful leadership, missionaries in Manila bought a corner and mourn his death with a profound lot on which to build a church for our consciousness of the loss they and the own American "exiles" in those is- cause of Christ in China have suslands. It was the first bit of land tained.-The Congregationalist.

actually purchased by any Protestant Dr. John F. Dodd. of New York Church in the Philippines. The neces- Dr. John F. Dodd, who retired re- sary $3,250 was raised in Manila. The cently from the position of assistant parcel of ground IS worth nearly twice secretary of the Board of Foreign that sum to-day From that modest Missions of the Methodist Episcopal beginning the miSSIOnaries have gone Church, died in Phillipsburg, N. J., on as God's stewards have aided them, February 2, at the age of seventy-one.

and now among the larger properties When the Newark Annual Conference which anchor our Methodist enterprise met for its first session, in 1858, at in that metropolis and its suburbs are Morristown, N. J., John F. Dodd was the following: First Church (Filipino, the youngest of ten men who entered seating 1,500), $40,000; Central the conference on trial. He served as Church (American), $25,000; St. pastor for thirty-five years. In I8g2 Paul's Church (Filipino), $7,500; Gif- he entered the service of the Board of ford Memorial Church (Filipino), Foreign Missions, in which he contin- $1,000; three missionary residences, ued until 1908, when he was granted $17,000; the Florence B. Nicholson retirement from the position of assist- Bible School, $14,500; the Johnston ant recording secretary because of Memorial Hospital (Woman's Foreign impaired health.

The Missionary Review of the World — February 1909

TABER NACLE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, SALEM, MASS., AS IT APPEARED ON FEBRUARY

181 2, WHEN .~DONIRAM JUD SON AN D HIS FOUR COMPAN IONS WERE ORDAINED PREPARATORY TO THEIR DEPARTURE AS MI SSIO NARIES OF THE AMERICAN BOARD (Loa ned by courtesy o f The Baptist Afiss-ionary klagazine) ( See page 100)

<The 8l{ss{onary 'R…ev{ew

of the World VOL. XXXII. No. z FEBRUARY, 1909 VOL. XXII. No. z OIJ &ries New Seri,s Publi!hed by Funk & Wagnalll!l Company, 44-60 E. 23d St., N.Y. [sase K. Funk, Pres., A. W. WagnallsJ "'lee-Pres. and Treae" R<Jht. Scott, Sec',.

SIGNS OF THE TIMES FOOLISH MISSIONARY PRAYERS the United States, and the freedom of intercourse between the two hemi- In Lucas's "Empire of Christ" one spheres is increasing. By an agree- ment, recently entered into between paragraph indicates the danger and Minister Rockhill and the Chinese Government, the Boxer indemnity is folly of many of our prayers for mis- to be used for sending 2,000 students to this country to be educated. One sions: hundred are to be sent annually for four years, and fifty annually dur- We have the remarkable spectacle of ing the time of the indemnity. Eighty per cent. of these students are the establishment of prayer unions be- to be trained in the manual arts, and the others in law and government; and seeching God for more success, side by a Chinese Educational Commissioner, with five assistants, is to have charge side with the recognition of our utter of the work A similar commission, operating at Peking, will determine the inability to provide for the success He schools to which the students are to be sent. These students will vary in has already granted. We send age from twelve to twenty years. Such measures will not only do much up a prayer to heaven for more work, for China, but will help to correct misunderstandings between Oriental and we send out a message to the field and Western peoples. The indemnity is surely to be put to a good use. announcing a reduction of grants. We RECENT SIGNS IN CHINA-COMMERshould be dumbfoundered if we received a CIAL AND POLITICAL request from the field asking us to re- Some figures published lately by the Chinese Postmaster-General show the duce our prayers, on the ground that stupendous progress of the great heathen empire during the past years. they were quite unequal to provide for Five years ago there were only 446 post-offices in the whole empire, which the answers already granted. handled 20 million pieces of mail. In Prayer is indispensable for any mis- sionary advance, but its main objective just now must be the Church and not heathendom.-H. P. BEACH.

CALLS TO PRAYER Page Recent Signs in China……. . . . . . . .. 81 Japanese Growth ………………. 82 Developments in Korea ………….. 83 News from India ……………….. 83 Christian Literature Society for China II3 A Chinese Christian Circle………… 125 Opportunity and Responsibility ……. 131 THE ORIENT AND THE OCCIDENT These are ceasing to be distinctive as of old. Witness the vast numbers of Chinese and Japanese that are coming to America. If the exclusion laws permit, there will presently be a large influx of Chinese students into 1906 there were 2,096 post-offices, hospitals and public institutions old which handled 113 million pieces of jealousies and frictions are swept mail. And in 1907 the number of away, and the workers meet daily to post-offices in China increased to 2,803, pray for their own weak hearts and which handled 167 million pieces of the coming of the kingdom. Enemies mail. have been reconciled; old feuds healed up; gamblers have been restored; It is planned to construct nine pub- opium-smokers reclaimed, and men lic stations for wireless telegraphy in made new. the province of Canton at once, and to add six other stations between Can- "Of permanent results it is too early ton and Shanghai soon. Since the yet to speak. So far the movement Russian stations in Manchuria are not has been mainly within the church, but for the use of the public, and Japan it is already spreading, and naturally has only two public stations, China, must spread to those without; so that the land which tried to exclude every- this year should see a vast ingatherthing foreign hitherto, is the most pro- ing." gressive country, as far as facilities for commerce are concerned. JAPANESE GROWTH-MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL With this news of progress comes the disturbing intelligence of the dis- The president of a steel rolling-plant missal from office of Yuan Shih Kai, in Hokkaido recently returned fron.. the most progressive official in China. a tour of England and America, where The European and American govern- he became imprest with the moral adments fear lest this may mean reac- vantages of the laborers. He contionary plans on the part of Prince ceived the desire to improve the moral Chun and hostility to foreign interests. tone of the laborers under his care, We do not, however, anticipate this. and has offered to provide a home for a missionary and to equip him for his CONTINUED REVIVAL IN MANCHURIA work among the six thousand employ- ees. There will also be Bible classes "The revival still goes on," writes among the officials and their wives. Rev. Walter Phillips, of the Presbyterian Mission, "and whereunto it will This is a wonderful opportunity to grow no man can yet tell. bring the Gospel message to a large company of men! The little Presby- "The whole Manchurian Church terian church in the same town also seems stirred to its depths. The lead- gives a fine opportunity to turn these ing men are transfigured, and their men to the church already established ideals of sin and prayer have moved in their midst. as from pole to pole; the members are one and all filled with a new zeal to At the recent conference of Kumi-ai go forth and tell their friends and (Congregational) churches in Japan, neighbors. The very schoolboys are there were large meetings held in the in the streets preaching and selling city hall. At the communion service books. The girls, under charge of on Sunday 600 Christians were pressOllie matron, spend their half-holiday in tramps to outlying villages, where ent. Rev. J. D. Davis writes: "When they gather the women together and preach and pray half the night. In I think back thirty-three years, when Joseph Neesima was the only Chris- tian in the city, and when for six years

OF THE

we could not rent a building in the with the United States, Britain and city for Christian services, I realize Germany. The king, the next year, the great change. This body represents 121 churches and chapels, 67 of sent an imposing embassy to the capthem entirely self-supporting, with a total of 15,000 members." itals of the great nations, to promote friendly relations, and, from that date, Mr. T. Harada, the President of the vVestern ideas took rapid root, as Doshisha College at Kyoto, in a recent address said there were three great shown in a new educational system, functions which Christianity has to fulfil in Japan. I. It must preach the army reorganization, etc. Notwith- Gospel of individuality. In Japan the standing the uprising in Seoul, <in family and the State have been made 1888, which was soon quelled, the poso much of, that comparatively the individual counts for little. Christian litical and religious development of teaching is especially designed to cor- this nation has been steadily advanrect this mistake. 2. Christianity must purify and beautify Japanese family cing, and it is difficult to keep track life. The home life in certain Christian countries is rightly held up for of it. Take two examples among admiration throughout the civilized many: world. 3. Christianity must teach humanit)" must seek to overcome Mrs. S. A. Moffett writes from hatred and class distinctions. Pyeng Yang of progress made in the DEVELOPMENTS IN KOREA mission: In this nation, that was so long During the past nine months we have known as the "hermit nation," for its seen the organization of the Presbyterian extreme exclusiveness, since 1880 the church in Korea, and of the first Presmost rapid strides toward a prosperity bytery, installation of the first Korean such as distinguishes Occidental peo- pastors, first graduations from Pyeng ples have been going on, and with a Yang College and Seminary, and the celerity that seems to make even Medical School in Seoul. The normal Japan's progress slow. It was no class for men has an attendance of about longer ago than 1866 that a violent two hundred; the Theological Seminary persecution broke out, entailing the an enrolment of ninety-eight. The indeaths under torture of nine French gathering into churches both in city and Roman Catholic priests, with their country promises to be larger than ever bishops, and thousands of converts. It before. Central church in this city has was ten years later, in 1876, before, been crowded all this year. after 3,000 years of rigid exclusion, Korea yielded to Japanese and Chi- The native Christians in Korea nese compUlsion, and admitted the right of free intercourse with foreign- everywhere exhibit great liberality. ers on her own soil. This innovation provoked, in 1882, a brief revolution, NEWS FROM INDIA-GOOD AND ILL hich, however, eventuated in treaties Some see in the present unrest rea- son to fear another uprising in India.

Natives have become educated far enough to discover that th~y are not reckoned among the powers of the present world, and are coming to think that they ought to be. Rev. Geo. H. Brock, of Kanigiri, writes as follows: That there still exists a good deal of unrest in India has been very rudely brought to the attention of all in the at- tempted assassination of the Lieutenant- Governor of Bengal a week ago. Sir Andrew Fraser, a brave and earnest

Christian gentleman, went to the Y. M. and testified before their friends, and C. A. hall to preside at a lecture, and know what salvation means!" So is God just as he reached the platform a young blessing the toil of the faithful ministers Bengali rushed up to him and, presenting of the Church in India, and only the lack a revolver within a few inches of his of workers hinders from a great extenbreast, attempted to shoot j but, fortu- sion of this blest work. May the Church nately, the revolver missed fire twice. here rise to its splendid opportunity in Mr. Barber, of the Y. M. C. A., who was that, as well as in other mission lands standing nearby, grappled with the youth, to-day! and others coming to his help soon secuted him. An Indian raja, seeing the A WEEK OF PRAYER FOR ISLAM danger of the Governor, pushed him into an anteroom. A feeling of horror 'has It is proposed by the Arabian Misgone throughout the country at this new sion of the Reformed Church in Amerexhibition of the evil spirit among the ica to set apart the last week of Febpeople. ruary, from the 2Ist to the 28th, for united intercession on behalf of the Sir Andrew Fraser has ever been a Moslem world, especially rememberfriend to the people of India, reluctantly ing the present crisis in Persia and the putting into operation the repressive new development and liberty in Turmeasures of the last two years. But this key, Arabia and Egypt. is the third attempt on his life. What God has wrought since last Only a few days after the attempt on July in the Turkish Empire by opening Sir Andrew Fraser, a police inspector, doors and giving freedom to the press; a native, was murdered on the streets of what He is doing in Arabia by prepar- Calcutta, and no trace of the murderers ing highways for His Gospel in the has so far been found, tho a large re- building of railroads; what He has ward has been offered. This inspector done and is doing in Persia, Egypt and had been active in capturing the persons Morocco by the plowshare of His who had thrown the bombs in the recent providence in preparing the soil for the outrages. sowing of His Word-all these great events, not to speak of revived interest Another symptom of the unrest is the among Moslems in Christianity and sympathy of many people for the mur- answered prayers at many mission derers. stations, prompt us to urge this appeal and ask God for even greater things. On the other hand, Mrs. William All societies working among Mo- Butler writes of better tidings: hammedans are especially invited to observe this week of prayer, both in A bit of glorious news from India the family and the pulpit, and if possimust be shared with all who toil for ble by special united intercession. that needy land. One of the most re- "Father, the hour has come. Glorify markable sights at the Jubilee at Bareilly Thy son that Thy Son also may was the baptism of 523 converts. These glorify Thee." were not hastily gathered, as some might have feared, but only a small fraction of MADAGASCAR AND THE FRENCH those being prepared by their pastors for acceptance of Christianity. The follow- Rev. James Sibree, at Brighton, ing year over 200 of these men brought England, recently gave a most lamenttheir wives for the sacred rite, and now able picture of the condition of mis- Bishop Warne informs me that 2,000 sion work on this great island. The ha';e now come as the direct result of the work done by those baptized at the Jubilee. More than this, the preachers did not hesitate to declare at the District Conference that hundreds of these, who had taken that as the first step toward Christ, had now "found the new heart

OF THE TIMES

work there began in 1818, ninety might be no Christian church in years ago. The London Missionary Madagascar. All this fits us to un- Society sent Messrs. Bevan and Jones, derstand Mr. Sibree's picture of the with their families, as their first mis- condition of mission work in that sionaries. island. He said: When Ranavalona 11., in 1868, was Twelve years ago they had a larger enthroned the reign of the first Chris- number of people connected with their tian queen was begun, and shortly congregations and of children in their afterward the final blow was struck schools than now, with a greater numwhich insured the supremacy of ber of pastors and teachers than in all Christianity in the island, with 50,000 the other stations of the London Miscommunicants, and thrice as many ad- sionary Society put together; but with herents, and thirty times as many the appointment of the present governor, seeking religious teaching. This in 1906, a regime of bitter hostility to island became known as the "Crown all missionary effort commenced. The of the London Missionary Society." Y. M. C. A. had been broken up, school- teaching in the churches had been pro- Then succeeded attacks upon Mad- hibited, with the result that three-quaragascar by France. Absurd demands, ters of their day-schools were closed; backed by a military force, which and the official school-teachers were in- Ranavalona died in 1883 resisting, structed to gather the children on Sunand which her successor, Ranavalona days for secular lectures. Altho games IlL, for two years more continued to and sports and debasing amusements oppose with force of arms, till in were permitted on the Sabbath, "if 1885, defeated at all points, she was twenty-one Malagasy met on the Lord·s compelled to accept French protect- day to study the Bible they were liable orate. Eleven years later this be- to imprisonment." came annexation to the French Colonial Establishment, and in 1897 the The London Christian is right in its queen was deposed by the French conclusion, that the matter calls for governor and the Malagasy nationality action on the part of the English Govceased to exist. ernment. It is hardly conceivable that the French administration would not It was not too much to say with listen to a representation, and refuse Professor Warneck that from that to extend to the island the religious time -Protestant missions virtually re- freedom which they have legalized in ceived a death-blow. French occupa- France, and which is extended to tion gave the Jesuits the chance they French subjects in all British colonies. had coveted for nearly half a century, It is hoped that some Christian memof feeding a grudge against the Brit- bers of Parliament will bring the matish, cherished by French fanatics and ter before the House at an early date. colonial politicians. Evangelical Ch…:stians and native pastors have been RELIGIOUS CONDITION OF FINLAND charged with crimes, imprisoned and put to death; mission property con- News has come of renewed persecufiscated, evangelical schools wrecked; tion of Jews in Finland. Hundreds, and but for the Paris Missionary So- driven from home by Russian officials, ciety, which came to the rescue, there are said to be starving in the fields. They are barred from citizenship.

Of the general religious conditions the Rev. Gustaf A. Riden writes:

The Finlanders are a sober-minded of Protestant work there is the Greek people, with a great amount of reverence Catholic Church with about 50,000 ad- for God and divine things, and are not herents, with few exceptions Russian ashamed of speaking about matters con- natives. cerning their soul. THE BIBLE AND GOSPEL IN SPAIN The Catholic Church now and again solicits the assistance of the civil author- Great transformations have taken ities, in order to prohibit some one from place since Borrow wrote "The Bible preaching the Gospel who is not offi- in Spain," and even since Mrs. Gulick cially authorized by the State, but such opened her school for girls a quarter steps are usually ignored by the com- of a century ago. Many daughters of munity in general and especially by the prominent Catholics have found there political press. a Christian training. But, tho Pastor Fludner was permitted before the last Several important religious bodies century's close to begin his great work have not tended to point out the direct under the shadow of the Escurial, the way to the purpose aimed at. On the Protestant gospel still finds not a few contrary, poor souls have been led a hindrances from indifferent, if not winding, roundabout way in search of hostile, authorities in the state, and salvation. priests in the Church who do not dis- guise their antagonism. The oldest of these, "The Pietists," teach that perfect assurance of divine In September last the Reformed adoption can never be obtained in this Church of Spain addrest a message life. to the Congress of Deputies, setting forth the wrongs to which Spanish "The Evangelicals" say that the work Protestants are often subjected by the of grace in the soul is wrought in bap- authorities-entirely contrary to law tism. -and demanding religious liberty, in the name of the Constitution. "The Laestadians," whose founder was a clergyman in Sweden named Lae- Among the instances of outrage stadius, is a kind of Romanism sprung are the following: A young man, in up in the midst of Protestantism. Their the province of Saragossa, for not doctrine teaches that "outside the baring hi~ head when the Host was church"-their small circle-there is no carried through the streets, was consalvation. demned to ten days' imprisonment, a fine of 75 pesetas and costs. Another These bodies have this in common, who was working in the street when that they are strictly ecclesiastical, in- the Host was carried by, and went on compatible toward those who hold dif- with his work without saluting, was ferent views from themselves, and often condemned to six days' imprisonment, live in a state of disharmony one with 40 pesetas fine and costs. the other. Religious liberty was decreed in Th ~ Baptists began to work here Spain forty years ago, and immeabout thirty years ago. About ten years diately afterward, in Madrid itself, a their junior is the so-called Free Church Protestant Church of the Redeemer Movement, which is something between sprang into being. Services had been the State and the Free Church. The held 111 a small hali, at risk to adherents wish their names to remain on the ecclesiastical rolls, but, at the same time, being dissatisfied with the religious life and ritual of the State Church, they form separate societies for the breaking of bread. They have no special confession of faith, neither have they any kind of organization, so that it is difficult to say what the future results will be.

In addition to these different branches

OF THE

the pastor, if not to the congregation. count of the failure of the papacy. The With the decree of religious liberty, Presbyterian Church (North) has one the hall became too small and a church station, with two missionaries; the was built and opened January, r869. Christian and Missionary Alliance, Religious liberty soon became only the South American Evangelical Mis-.

tolerance, but ten other churches and sion, the Plymouth Brethren and the missions were founded, and united to American Bible Society also are seek- form the Reformed Church of Spain. ing to do some work in the republic.

A chapel has been opened in Valencia It is in the darkness of medievalism.

fulfilling the desire of Bishop Cabrera, A REVIVAL IN GREENLAND who found Christ through the study of the Bible, and left the Roman The Lutheran Church in Greenland, Church to devote himself to the which took over the Moravian mission Protestant ministry. years ago, reports a revival of religion among the Christian Eskimos. Former THE CRISIS IN VENEZUELA Moravian helpers have been active in connection with this movement, and The despotic rule of President Cas- the revival has stirred ~ them up to tro-practically a military dictator- publish a church paper in the Eskimo, has at last been overthrown in Vene- that their countrymen may be more zuela. His power depenaed not on his widely reached. ideals or work for the benefit of the nation, but on his ability to control The Danish Missionary Society has the army and his compromise with the transferred the care of all its conrabble and with mountain bandits. gregations in Greenland to a committee With his departure to Germany for of members of the Danish churches surgical treatment he was deposed (undenominational). The memberfrom the presidency and Vice-Presi- ship of all these congregations is dent Gomez stept into Castro's place. ro,8r8, and the congregations trans- With this change of government it is ferred to the Danish Society by the to be hoped that the exploitation of the Moravians in r900 are included. The country to benefit a private purse will committee will look after the spiritual cease, and that increased prosperity needs of these congregations. The and full religious liberty will mean a Danish Missionary Society expects, new era for Venezuela. The new however, to preach the Gospel to the president has taken steps to reach a heathen which still inhabit the eastern peaceful settlement with Holland. and northern parts of Greenland.

This Republic covers a large terri- tory, six times the size of New York INTERDENOMINATIONAL HOME State-larger than France and Ger- MISSION CAMPAIGN many together-and has a population The Home Missions Council, con- of between two and three millions. It sisting of the Home Mission Boards is comparatively neglected from a mis- of the Evangelical denominations sionary view-point. The Roman Cath- throughout the United States, has olics, who include most of the popula- planned for an extensive publicity tion, are still under the shadow of campaign which will be conducted in superstition and corruption. Atheism two series, the first being as follows 5 making progress among them on ac- (two days in each city) :

Brooklyn, January 25th and 26th; Hart- B. Grose, D.D.; Mr. J. Ernest Mcford, January 26th and 27th; Buffalo, J "n- Afee; Rev. Howard J. Melish; Rev. uary 27th and 28th; Cleveland, January W. D. MacKenzie, D.D.; Rev. Floyd 28th and 29th; Pittsburg, January 31st Tomkins, D.D. and February I st; Baltimore, February 1st and 2d; Atlanta, February 3d and 4th; AGAINST COEDUCATION OF WHITES Philadelphia, February 9th and loth. The AND BLACKS second series will be in the Central West as follows: Cincinnati, March 21st and Berea College, in Kentucky, is one 22d; Nashville, March 22d and 23d; St. of the first educational institutions Louis, March 23d and 24th; Kansas City, which made the attempt to educate March 24th and 25th; Omaha, March whites and blacks in the same school. 25th and 26th; Minneapolis, March 28th In 1904, the Kentucky Legislature and 29th; Chicago, March 29th and 30th. enacted a law forbidding the attend- ance of blacks and whites at the same The following subjects will be dis- school. It was a severe blow to the cust: "To-day's Outstanding Prob- college. The question was taken to lems of Home Missions"; "The Unity the Supreme Court of the United states, which has just given a decision of the Church in its Mission to Amer- that the law is valid. The opinion of ica"; "A Christianized America-for Chief Justice Brewer applied the law Nation Building"; "A Christianized only to corporations, and not to indi- viduals, so that a private individual America-for World Redemption" ; may maintain a school for both whites and blacks, but no board of trustees "The Backward People"; "Our Ex- under a State charter. Justice Harlan dissented on the ground that the depanding Frontiers"; "The Immigra- cision does not meet squarely the questing and Emigrating Peoples"; "The tion whether it is a crime to educate Church and Its Resources-the Men whites and blacks together.

and the Means"; "City Evangeliza- It seems as tho race antipathy were taking, nowadays, a hydra-headed tion"; "The Church and rne Labor form, and no sooner is one matter of controversy settled than some new one Movement." The evening of the sec- emerges. Berea College has won for ond day will be devoted to denomina- itself a name and fame in its noble tional rallies which will be arranged work that should suffice to protect and vindicate it. We believe, however, for by the various denominational that this action against Berea will also work out for good, and that there will Home Missionary societies. be two Bereas in place of one if Among the speakers who have al- Christians rally to the support of negro education. ready consented to take part in this campaign are the following: Rev. Charles E. Jefferson, D.D.; Rev. H. L. Morehouse, D.D., LL.D.; Rev. C. L.

Thompson, D.D., LL.D. ; Bishop E. R.

Hendrix, D.D., LL.D.; Rev. James I. Vance, D.D.; Hon. Joshua Levering, LL.D.; Commissioner Robert Watchom; Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D. ; Rev. H. C. Herring, D.D.; Rev. L. C.

Barnes, D.D.; Rev. Frank Mason North, D.D.; Rev. Charles Stelzle; Rev. W. S. Holt, D.D.; Rev. Howard

J … CKSON'S FUR SUIT FOR SU),l:MEJ< l.'SE IN

From "The Life of Sheldon Jackson." By Prof. Robert Laird Stt:wart. Copyright ]908 by Fkll1ing H, Hevell Company

W ESTMINSTER COLLEGE, SALT LAKE CITY

1. WOMAN'S BUILDING. 2. CONVERSE HALL (ADMINISTRATION BUILDING) From "The Life of Sheldon Jackson." By Prof. Robert Laird Stewart.

Copyright 1908 by Fleming H. Revell Company

BEACON-LIGHTS IN MISSION

SHELDON' JACKSON. THE APOSTLE OF THE NORTHWEST * EDITORIAL About a half-a-century ago, in the Mexico; and, finally, he became the chapel of Princeton Theological Sem- apostle of Alaska-that farthermost inary, the eloquent Dr. McGill de- limit of the American nation; that livered a masterly sermon on the archipelago of the great northwest subject of Missions. He was a re- Pacific. markable preacher, and, in the course of his address, as tho inspired by some It will thus be seen that his labor sudden impulse, he looked straight in has ranged through nine States and the faces of the students before him, four Territories, in the new West bestretched out his long arm, and said yond the Mississippi, where it may be these memorable words : "Young truly said of him, like the Apostle man, if you can not be first, be fore- Paul, "In labors abundant, in journeys most." They were winged words and often, in perils of waters," he has they found their way both to the served his Jfaster and the destitute mind and heart of a young man who peoples of this great Western domain. was present; and who, from that moment, lived and labored in the spirit Dr. Jackson has lived a nomadic of this maxim: If in the race of life. His missionary career has been life he has not been first, he has cer- largely on foot, or in the most crude tainly been among the foremost, road vehicles; and on horse- or mulepressing always to the front in pio- back. Some attempt has been made neering work and laboriously endeav- to estimate the aggregate of distance, oring to carry the Gospel into the covered by his journeys, and it is Western wilds. thought that during the half-century he must have traveled at least That man was Sheldon Jackson. 1,000,000 miles! Vhile he resided in His life of service now covers a full Colorado, each trip to J·lontana must half-century, during which his labors have covered 1,500 miles, and southhave been very widely extended, and ward to Arizona fully 2,000. Durthe variety of his activity a positive ing thirteen continuous years he travphenomenon in the missionary world. eled nearly 350,000 miles, an average He first labored successfully as a for- each year of nearly 30,000. eign missionary in the Indian Territory among the Choctaws; then, after Extensive Travels a short period, he removed to the frontier lines of Iowa and Nebraska, While engaged in the purchase of where for a dozen years or more, as reindeer, in behalf of the Governhas been said of him, he "marshaled ment, in the decade of years between the advance guard of the Church 1890 and 1900, he made one trip to along the slopes of the Rocky Moun- the capital of Kamchatka, and thirtytains" from the northern border of two trips to northeastern Siberia; he Montana to the northern border of made twenty-six journeys to Alaska, each of which involved nearly 20,000 miles of travel; five times he went as far as Point Barrow, the northern- H4The Life of Sheldon Jackson," by Robert L. Stewart, $1.25, net. Fleming H, Revell Co., N. Y. 1908.

most settlement on the Western Con- There were many necessary perils tinent. Not only has his travel been involved in the travel, in exposing constant, but the most of it under his person to intensest cold and most conditions often very unenviable. violent storms of hail and snow, as Railroads were, of course, in their in- weIl as the dangers of ice on the river, fancy in the West, and the traveler traveling amid rapids and dangerous was glad to get a stage-coach, buck- floes. He has crossed mountains at board, lumber-wagon, mule team or a height of from 11,000 to 13,000 feet, ox-cart, and sometimes a reindeer- and has been ground amid ice-floes sledge on the land, and a dugout or and by the ice-packs in the arctic seas. canoe when no better vessel was at Three times his death has been rehand for water transportation. ported, and once he had an oppor- tunity to read his own obituary. Yet in this self-denying explorer, Sheldon Jackson, patience, courage His addresses have numbered thouand sacrifice have never given out. sands, his written reports hundreds, He seems to have had a remarkable and, in addition to all else, for ten power of adapting himself readily to years he edited The Rocky Mountain any variety of circumstances. He Presb),terian, and later on The North counted no ordinary discomforts as Star. Add to these countless letters worth mentioning, and submitted even -personal and official-and equally to the cramped positions necessary countless visits-personal and official in stage-coaches or on buckboards, -and we have some conception of hemmed in with baggage and the "abundant labors," if not of "stripes companionship of the most reckless above measure." and often profligate classes. Some of these trips lasted for days, often a Contributions to Science week or more of uninterrupted travel. Dr. Jackson is interested in every- Not only did Sheldon Jackson en- thing geographical, historical, palceodure discomforts, but he dared dan- logical, and, in the course of his misgers which were incident to the con- sionary tours, has discovered much dition of the territory through which valuable information and secured rare he journeyed, and the rough classes specimens of minerals, pottery and by whom it was partiaIly settled. He curios of various sorts which have enhas ridden with a rifle on his knee riched, for example, the Museum of or a pistol in his pocket in the midst Natural History 111 Sitka and in of murderous Apaches, or equally Princeton. murderous robbers and bandits, narrowly escaping death on more than He has been also a great orone occasion, and once himself taken ganizer; he has organized churches, for a robber or highwayman, with a presbyteries and synods. He has dozen revolvers pointed at him at seven times been a commissioner to once. In one case, the vehicle in the General Assembly, which also which he was riding plunged over a gave him its greatest honor in electsteep preCIpIce, he escaping only by ing him Moderator. So great has leaping out a moment before the been the confidence felt, both in plunge. his integrity and sagacity, that he has been commended by the Government to gather Indian pupils for the schools

BOREALIS, PRESBYTERIAN MISSION AT POINT BARROW~ ALASKA

BY DR. JACKSON} 1890. NORTHERN MOST V1LLAGE AND MISSION ON THE CONTINENT From "The Life of Sheldon Jackson." By Prof. Robert Laird Stewart. Copyright 1908 by Fleming H. Revell Company

SHELDON JACKSON LANDING THE FIRST HERD OF DOMESTICATED REINDEER

AMER I CA, JULY 4. 1892. 2. TH;E HERD. 3. THE FAMILY TEAM From "The Life of Sheldon Jackson." By Prof. Robert Laird Stewart. Copyright 1908 by Fleming H. Revell Company

BEACO~-LIGHTS IN MISSION

at Hampton and Carlisle, as well as to of the public. He has lived down purchase reindeer in Lapland, and misrepresentation and antagonism. render like service in the interest of He has been spoken against as an science and government, exploring evil-doer, but by his rood works which new fields, preparing the ground for men have beheld he has silenced acoccupancy, organizing and harmoni- cusation, and his consistency and conzing elements that were already disor- stancy have been his vindication. ganized, securing acceptable pulpit supplies and donations of money, the No doubt he has faults, and, like land for houses of worship and other well-meaning men, he has made schools, enlisting outside help for the mistakes, but they have not been misneeds of the great field beyond the takes due to insincerity or self-indul- "Father of Waters." Eleven thou- gence. sand Presbyterian churches have been organized in this Western region as He might have amassed wealth, but the result of his missionary labor. He he has traveled to enrich others; he has been called the pioneer, prospect- might have achieved worldly sucor and administrator all in one. We cesses, but he has preferred to proare not sure but he deserves the title mote the kingdom of God, and he has given to Livingstone in the Dark Con- been nowhere without leaving a blesstinent-"a missionary general and ing behind him, and the seecl that he statesman"; for the work he has done has sown abundantly has sprung up in the West strongly reminds us of in abundant harvest. the work of the great African explorer in the midst of the black men A Hero of Faith of the Dark Continent. The late Francis E. -Willard said, Mr. Charles Halleck, the well-known "You are one of my heroes. You editor and author, ventures to say of have stood for all our Gospel means, his power in this great home mission- not in a luxurious parish or splendid ary work that it is undoubtedly with- college, but out yonder on the edge out parallel in human history, not of things, where God's most friendonly in its religious and philanthropic less children turn toward you the eyes aspects, but in the extent of the itin- of pathos and hope." It was long erary, the diversity of labor and the ago said by a distinguished man "that multifarious services rendered on the the modern history of missions furside of one's fellow man. We have nished the twenty-ninth chapter of the serious doubt as to whether it is Acts of the Apostles," and another proper to speak in high terms of en- has said "that there is a new roll-call comium of any living individual, and of heroes in the record of home miswe feel sure that Dr. Jackson, humble sions which may be added to the and modest, would thus reply against eleventh chapter of Hebrews"-that any excessive praise, or even merited vVestminster Abbey of Old Testament expre69'ion of oblig'ation; but it is a saints. Our Lord's great command joy to see him, while yet living ancl to His disciples was: "Occupy till I active, enjoying the appreciation of come." This motto is specially aphimself and his work upon the part plicable to the western part of our great national heritage.

It is beyond the Rocky Mountains that the civilizations of the world, as

with conflicting tides, have met and upon the foundations he has laid, the dashed against one another. Mor- gold, silver and precious stones of a monism in the Salt Lake Valley, consecrated, acceptable service. The paganism, socialism and anarchism, pioneer stage has not yet passed, for with all other accompanying sons of there is plenty of work to be done in Anak, have their strongholds even the ever-increasing and extending teryet on the Western slopes. Suspi- ritories of the West, but there is much cion, ignorance, immorality and idol- work also to be carried on on the basis atry are still rampant beyond the Mis- of what has already been done, and sissippi, and it is owing to such a man God is looking to His Church, in as Sheldon Jackson that the strong- these days, to embrace the great opholds of these Anakim have been cap- portunity-which is at once a field tured and occupied for God. for home missionary and foreign missionary effort-home missionary What we need now is for men of in its location and often largely forlike spirit to follow up this courage- eign missionary in its population. ous and devoted pioneer and build, ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MISSIONARY WORK AMONG THE JEWS THE CENTENARY OF THE LONDON JEWS' SOCIETY BY REV. LO"UIS MEYER With a number of great gatherings tionalistic tendencies of the times. All in London from February 8 to 15, the other efforts to bring the Gospel to centenary year of the London Society the Jews, which were insignificant at for Promoting Christianity Amongst best, were practically at a standstill. the Jews (or London Jews' Society, A few faithful ministers of Christ in as it is commonly called), will come Germany and England remembered to its close. The greatest of all the the Jews, who were living in their missionary societies, organized for the parishes, and preached special serspecific purpose of preaching the Gos- mons to them, which in some instances pel to the Jews, now looks back upon were printed and distributed by them a century of earnest, faithful, fruitful as tracts to other Jews outside their service for the Master. The history parishes. But it might well be said of its work is a means of strengthen- that no organized efforts to bring the ing of our faith and incites us to an Gospel to the Jews were in existence increase of our efforts in the Master's as the nineteenth century commenced work for the Jews throughout the its eventful career. But the Lord was world. already preparing the instrument which He intended to use in the organ- The close of the eighteenth century ization of that great Jewish missionfound the great Lutheran Jewish mis- ary society which, by His blessing, sionary work in Germany, the Institu- was to become the mother of all modtum Judaicum in Halle, founded in ern missionary effort among the Jews. 1728 by the pious Professor Callenberg, abandoned on account of the ra- On May 8, 1798, a young Bavarian

IC)OC) MISSIONARY WORK AMONG THE JEWS

THE LONDON JEWSJ SOCIETY GIRLS SCHOOL IN TUNIS" NORTH AFRICA Jew, Joseph Samuel Levy, acknowl- Frey had a most remarkable dream, edged his faith in the Lord J eSl1S which he thus describes: Christ in public baptism in the large Lutheran church at New Branden- I read in a newspaper that the two burg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and received, according to the common prac- brethren, Palm and Ulbricht, as well as tise, three additional names, so that he myself, were to preach in London; that was henceforth known as Joseph Sam- the Jews in particular were (in a most uel Christian Frederick Frey. The affectionate manner) invited to the disprovidence of God led him into the course which I was to deliver. The apcompany of deeply spiritual men, and pointed day approached; an immense as he grew in years, the earnest desire crowd collected, and I was enabled to to become a missionary to the heathen preach to them with great freedom and took hold of him, so that he entered to lift up. my voice like a trumpet. I the missionary seminary of Janike in thought that the effect of this discourse Berlin. Having been rejected by Dr. was, that I was afterward desired to stay Knap of Halle as a candidate for the in London to preach both to Jews and work of the Danish Missionary So- Gentiles; to which I replied, that I could ciety "on account of his having been not possibly part with my dear brethren, a Jew," Frey, together with Palm and Palm and Ulbricht, and let them go Ulbricht, was sent to London in Sep- alone, but, that if the directors would tember, 1801, that the three might send for another missionary to accomenter the service of the London Mis- pany those brethren, I would consent; sionary Society and go to the assist- and with which the directors having comance of Dr. Van der Kemp in Africa. plied, I resolved to remain in England.

On September 15, rSor, while wait- That remarkable dream became ing in Gravesend to go up to London, true, for five months later, the direct- ors of the London Missionary So- ciety, having learned that Frey was a Jew and had shown great interest in his Jewish brethren in London, asked him if he would like to stay in

the city and preach to the Jews. Frey spiritual concerns of the Society con- consented, but asked that he be per- nected with the chapels, the schools, mitted to prepare himself for the and the education of missionaries be work at the famous Gosport Mission- henceforth separately conducted by ary Seminary. In May, 1805, he the churchmen and dissenters respect- commenced his regular labors as a ively," proved a failure. The raising missionary of the London Mission- of funds became more and more diffi- ary Society among the Jews in Lon- cult, so that the Society was $70,000 don, and three Jews, the first fruits in debt at the beginning of the year of his labors, were publicly baptized 1815. Then the dissenters decided to in September, 1806. Soon, however, withdraw in favor of their brethren difficulties arose in regard to the ques- of the Established Church, and on tion of temporal relief for Jews, and lIarch 14, 1815, the Society was de- a society was formed on August 4, clared to be exclusively a Church of 1808, for the purposes of visiting and England institution. Churchmen have relieving the sick and dis trest, espe- been the sole managers of the Society .cially Jews, of which Frey became since then.

president. This undenominational Sir Thomas Baring became presi- society was renamed "The London dent; Lewis Way paid $50,000 of the Society for the Promotion of Chris- Society's debt from a bequest left to tianity Amongst the Jews" ( subse- him, and friends quickly paid the re- quently modified into "for Promoting maining debt of $20,000, so that the Christianity Amongst the Jews"), on London Jews' Society entered upon its February 15, 1809, and Frey severed existence as an institution conducted his connection with the London Mis- in strict conformity to the liturgy and sionary Society and became the lec- formularies of the Church of Eng- turer of the new society. He began a land unencumbered and free from debt.

course of lectures in the French- Frey had to step out, receiving an an- Protestant church which attracted nuity of $500 for the first year and large congregations, among whom $250 for the next ten years. He went were from two to three hundred Jews. to the United States, where he became A considerable number of Jews pub- intimately connected with missionary licly con fest Christ in baptism. work among the Jews scattered But soon internal discord and theo- throughout the East and South, and logical differences arose among the died as pastor of the Baptist Church members of the undenominational in Pontiac, Mich., on January 5, 1850.

society, for churchmen and dissent- The business of the reconstructed ers were unable to agree. The foun- Society is managed by a committee dation-stone of "Palestine Place," the composed of from eighteen to twenty- famous chapel of the Society in Beth- four lay members of the Established nal Green, had been laid by the Duke Church of England or of the Church of Kent in April, 1813, and the church of Ireland, the patron, the vice-pa- had been solemnly dedicated on July trons, the president, vice-presidents, 16, 1814, but non-conformists could trustees, treasurer, secretaries, and of not officiate in it. An attempt to solve all such clergymen as shall have been the difficulties by resolving that "the five years members of the Society. At

WORK AMONG THE JEWS

present the patron of the Society is emperors, kings, and princes at Aix- ~he Archbishop of Canterbury, while la-ChapelIe, and asked that equal civil the great majority of archbishops and rights be granted to the Jews every- bishops of the Church of England in where. In 1821 he placed at the So- Great Britain and its colonies, and a ciety's disposal Aldsworth House, few Lords (among them the Earl of Stanstead, in Sussex, where the sem- "berdeen, who is an elder of the inary for the training of missionaries Church of Scotland, we believe), are was located, and in 1829 he presented its vice-patrons. Its president is Sir his valuable library of Hebrew and John H. Kennaway, and its secreta- other Jewish books to the seminary.

ries are the Rev. W. T. Gidney and Lewis Way died on January 23, I 840, the Rev. F. L. Denman. "the best earthly friend, out of many Immediately after the reconstruc- good friends, whom Almighty God tion in the year 1815, famous church- has vouchsafed to the Society during men came to the aid of the Society, its hundred years." "The providen- and among its most active helpers tial circumstances under which Lewis were found the great Charles Simeon, Way was led to take an interest in the famous Legh Richmond, the elo- the Society were of a strange and quent W. Marsh, and many others. romantic character, and the following The auxiliaries, founded in the differ- account of them was furnished by a ent parts of the kingdom between member of his family. Two friends, 181O and 1815, were reorganized upon himself and another, were riding one a church basis, and the support from day, in the winter of 18II, from Ex- church people gradually increased, so mouth to Exeter, when their atten- that within five years after the reor- tion was called to a group of oaks.

ganization the annual income rose to They were told that a Miss Jane Par- more than $5°,000. The enthusiastic minter, who had lately died, was so Lewis Way, who had led so mag- deeply interested in the welfare of the nanimously in the paying of the debt, Jews that she left a clause in her will traveled at his own expense through that those trees should not be cut the countries of the Continent and down until the Jews had returned to Palestine in the interest of the work. their own land. This striking story In Berlin the British minister, Sir about the "Oaks of a la Ronde," as George Rose, took a lively interest they were called, so imprest Way that and a local mission, with the great an interest and spiritual concern for Professor Tholuck as the Society's the salvation of Israel at once sprang representative, was established a few up in his heart. He made inquiries years later. In Russia the Czar, whether any Christians had ever done Alexander I, granted him an inter- anything in this direction, heard of view, and received him so graciously the London Jews' Society, which was that on July 20, 1817, the committee then struggling along, and at once decided to establish a mission among came to its rescue in the princely way the Jews of Russian Poland; but already recorded. The fact which Warsaw, the first station, was not oc- transpired many years later (in cupied until 182I. It was Lewis Way 1882), that no such clause as that to who appeared before the gathering of which 'Nay's notice was called existed

in Jane Parminter's will, does not in- Girls' schools, and several residences.

validate the other fact, that his love In the Jews' Chapel, which was dedi- for the Jews was the result of what cated on July 16, 1814, 1,765 persons he heard, even tho it was but a pious of the Jewish race were baptized in fiction." * the eighty-one years of its use. It had We have no space to follow the seen the formation of the first exclu- missionaries of the Society as they sively Hebrew Christian Association, occupy or traverse the different couu- "The Children of Abraham," on Sep- tries where Jews are fouud, and simply tember 9, 1813. It had been the spir- give the names of some places and itual home of the converts of the the year in which the work there was' Society, the boys and girls of the mis- begun; Holland, India, Palestine, and sionary schools, the students of the Germany, 1820; Russian Poland, Missionary College, and the inmates 1821; Prussian Poland and Hamburg, of the Operative Jewish Converts' In- 1825; Asia Minor, 1829; Algiers, stitution (a kind of industrial school 1832; Austrian Poland, 1833; Tunis, for converts founded in 1829). Almost 1834; Turkey in Europe, 1835; Bag- every Lord's day afternoon and on dad, 1844; Rumania, 1846; Egypt, all the great Jewish feasts a service 1847; Persia, 1851; Abyssinia, 1859; in Hebrew, followed by a sermon in France, 1869; Italy, 1870; Austria, German, had been held in it. In the 1871; Montreal, 1902. To-day the schools multitudes of Jewish boys and London Jews' Society has 46 stations girls had received Christian instruc- in Great Britain, Germany, Holland, tion. Yet the cause of Christ among Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, the Jews in London was served best Russia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Pal- by its surrender before the lease ex- estine, Syria, Persia, Abyssinia, pired in 1910, and thus Palestine Egypt, Morocco, Tunis, and Can- Place is only a memory of the past.

ada. It employs a staff of 222 No new Jews' chapel has been missionary workers of all kinds, and erected, but the missionary schools the aggregate income from all sources have found a beautiful and comfort- amounted to more than $246,000 in able home on Streatham Common, 190 7. London, S. W., while the Operative Of all the stations the most im- Jewish Converts' Institution is no portant and best equipped is London. longer subsidized by the Society since Palestine Place, in Bethnal Green, 1893, and has found a permanent whose foundation-stone had been laid home in Bodney Road, Hackney.

by the Duke of Kent in 1813, re- Since 1895 the mission hall in White- mained the center of activity until chapel is the center of the work in 1895, when its ninety-nine years' London, while six parochial missions, lease was relinquished. It contained in Spitalfields, Whitechapel, Stepney, _ a group of institutions; namely, the and Canonbury, are trying to reach Missionary College, the Operative those Jews in London who can not be Jewish Converts' Institution, the fa- reached from the mission hall. The mous Jews' Chapel, the Boys' and the total number of workers now em- • Gidney, "History of the London Jews' So· ployed in London is twenty-eight, and ciety," p. 151. eleven Jews were baptized in 1907.

MISSIONARY WORK AMONG THE JEWS

Next in importance is the work of and is really the father of the whole the London Jews' Society in Pales- work; while Stern came in 1859, and tine, especially in Jerusalem. In J eru- persuaded Flad to become connected salem are thirty mIssIOnary agents with the London Jews' Society. In employed in the Boys' and Girls' 1862 the first twenty-two Falashas Boarding Schools, the Honse of In- were baptized, among them the fadustry, the Inquirers' Home, the Med- mous Debtera Beru. Then some difical Mission and Hospital, and the ficulties arose. The Queen of Engpreaching of the Gospel. The sta- land failed to answer a letter of King A LONDON J£WS' SOCIETY MEETING IN THE MISSION HALL} ROTTERDAM tions outside Jerusalem are Siloam, Theodore of Abyssinia, while Na- Safed, Haifa, and Jaffa. poleon's answer gave great offense, so that the King was angry with all The most romantic field of the So- Europeans. Stern, in his book, ciety is Abyssinia, where its mission- "Wanderings Among the Falashas in aries took over the work of the Chris- Abyssinia," spoke of Theodore's humchona Brethren (commenced in 1855), ble origin and aroused the anger of among the Falashas, the black Jews the monarch still more. Soon after, of Abyssinia, in 1859. The names of in 1863, Stern was received by the Martin Flad, the pioneer missionary, King, and he ordered Stern's servants and Herman A. Stern, the martyr of flogged, because their mode of inter- Abyssinia, are closely connected with preting was obnoxious to him. Stern it. Flad reached Abyssinia in 1855, became nervous and bit his finger, ways emphasized the necessity of unaware that such a gesture in Abys- good missionary literature, tho it has SlUm meant revenge. The King be- not done much free distribution of it. came incensed. Stern was struck In 1817 the first issue of the Hebrew down, bound hand and foot, and con- New Testament appeared (revised in signed to prison. Four years and a 1838), while the translation of the half he was to suffer heartrending and Old Testament into Jud.eo-Polish heartbreaking martyrdom. Soon he was published in 1830. "The Pilwas joined by his helper Rosenthal grim's Progress" was printed in Heand his wife, the English consul, Mr. brew in 1844. Many tracts for Taland Mrs. Flad, and a number of oth- l11udical Jews, and lately some for ers. Flad was released and sent to modern Jews, have been published, the Queen of England. Days, months, and the Yiddish missionary publicayears of suffering and peril of life went by, until at last an English army tion K ot M -bhasser, edited by Rev. A. under Sir Robert Napier arrived. Then Theodore released the prison- Bernstein in London, is greatly appreers. A decisive defeat of the husky ciated by Jews everywhere. monarch followed; Magdala, the stronghold, was stormed and cap- The results of the hundred years' tured, and Theodore took his own work of the London Jews' Society life. The missionaries returned to can not be given in figures. The Europe, and Flad settled in Canstatt, number of Jews baptized by its faith- Germany, watching for an opportu- ful missionaries or as a fruit of their nity to return to the Falashas, but consecrated efforts can not be ascerfaithful Debtera Beru carried on the tained. But among its converts we work among his brethren in the mean- find Hebrew Christians whose names time. The time for the return of the are known the world over, among European missionaries to Abyssinia them Bishops Alexander, Hellmuth, has not yet come, neither King John and Schereschewsky, Moses Margonor King Menelek being willing to liouth, and many others. Among its grant permission for it, yet faithful missionaries we find the great Mc- Falasha Christians have carried on Caul, author of the "Old Paths," a the work with much zeal and success. book that has not been answered by Mr. Flad still keeps in touch with his the Jewish rabbis; Ewald, Guinsburg, spiritual children in Abyssinia by let- Bruehl, Eppstein, and a galaxy of ter, and in spite of opposition, and other noble, consecrated Jews and even persecution, the Gospel has pros- Gentiles whose love to Christ has pered among the Falashas, of whom forced them to preach His riches to 1,513 have been baptized in the Abys- the Jews throughout the world. The sinian Church, indirect fruits of the results of their labors upon the J ewwork of Flad and Stern. ish hearts none can even estimate.

The London Jews' Society has al- Our prayer at this centenary is that the Lord will abundantly increase the usefulness and strength of the So- ciety to the salvation of Israel. PREPARED BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN Feb. 1. 1801.-Birth of Titus Coan, of Feb. 17, 1818.-Death of Obookiah. Hawaii. See "Transformation of Hawaii," by Brain. See "Adventures in Patagonia" and "Life in Hawaii," by Titus eGan. Feb. 18, 1781.-Birth of Henry Martyn, of India. Feb. 1, 1801.-Birth of George Dana Boardman, of Burma. See "Pioneers and Founders," by Yonge; HModern Heroes of the Mission Field," by See "Encyclopedia of .Missions." Walsh; and "Men of !light in India's Mis- sions," by Holcomb. Feb. 2, 1807.-Birth of Eliza Agnew, of Ceylon. Feb. 18, 1867.-Death of William Good- dell, of Turkey. See "Eminent Missionary Women," by Mrs. Gracey, ;lso, 'THE MISSIONARY REVIEW, See "Encyclopedia of Missions." August, 1890, p. 596. Feb. 19, 1812.-Adoniram Judson sailed Feb. 6, 1812.-0rdination of Judson, Hall, for India. ~ ewell, N ott and Rice, the first foreign missionaries from America. See I'Life of Adoniram Judson," by Edward Judson. See article in this number of REVIEW, p. 100. Feb. 20, 1873.-Japanese sign-boards with Feb. 8, 1890.-Death of Alexander 1-Iack- edicts against Christianity removed. ay, of Uganda. See "Gist of Japan." by Peery, and "All See "11ackay of egallda," by his sister, and About Japan," by Brain. "Uganda's Vhite l'1'Iall of Work," by Fahs. Feb. 21, 1869.-Public Baptism of Rana- Feb. 8, 1903.-Death of the Rev. Boon valona II., in Madagascar. Boon Ttt, of Siam. See :MISSIONARY REVIEW, November, 1890, p. See MISSIONAHY REVIEW, May, 1904, p. 375. 808.

Feb. 9, 1818.-David Jones and Thomas Feb. 22, l870.-James Gilmour sailed for China. Bevan sailed for Madagascar. See "James Gilmour of Mongolia," by Lovett. See ".Madagascar of To-day," by Wm. E. Cousins. Feb. 22, 1875.-Mtesa's request for mis- sionaries given through Henry M. Feb. 10, 1822.-Death of Levi Parsons, of Stanley. Syria. See '4Mackay of Uganda," by his sister. See "Encyclopedia of :Missions." Feb. 23, l719.-Death of Bartholomew Feb. 10, 1870.-0rdination of James Gil- Ziezenbalg, of India. mour, of Mongolia. See "Protestant Missions," by Thompson and See uJames Gilmour of llongolia," by Richard "Men of ~right in India's Missions," by Lovett. Holcowb.

Feb. 11, 1831.-Death of George Dana Feb. 25, 1812.-Completion of the Per- Boardman. sian New Testament, by Henry Mar- tyn. See "Encyclopedia of 11issions." See references given for birth of Martyn. Feb. 11, 1889.-Religious liberty pro- claimed in Japan. Feb. 28, 1797.-Birth of Mary Lyon, of Persia. See "Japan and Its Hegeneration," by Cary. See "Eminent Missionary Women," by Mrs. Feb. 12, 1878.-Death of Alexander Duff, Gracey. of India. A Missionary Anniver.ary Program See "Life of Alexander Duff," by Smith; "Modern Heroes of the Mission Field," by for Febl'UaI')". (See p. 100.) Walsh; and ":'lien of Might in India's Mis- sions," by Holcomb. SCRIPTURE LESSON; "The Ordination of the First Foreign Missionaries;' Acts 13: Feb. 13, 1798.-Death of Christian Fred- 1-5. erick Schwartz, of India. QUOTATIONS: (To be memorized, or used as See "Pioneers and Founders," by Y onge j wall mottoes.) "Protestant 1-fissions," by Thompson; "He- roes of the Mission Field," by Walsh; and "We can do it if we will."-SAMUEL J. "Men of :Might in India's Missions," by Holcomb. MILLS. "The prospects are as bright as the prom- Feb. 14, 1831.-Birth of James Stewart, ises of God."-ADONIRAM JUDSON. of Lovedale, South Africa. MAP: On a Mercator's map of the world See :MISSIONARY REVIEW, April, 1906, p. 290. trace the journeys of each of these first foreign missionaries from Amer- Feb. 14, 1792.-Birth of William Gooddell, ica, marking their final destination with a star. It will add to the interest if of Turkey. cords of different colors are used to indi- cate the journeys-red for the Judsons, See "Encyclopedia of lVIissions." blue for the Newells, pink for Hall, green for the Notts, and yellow for Rice. Feb. 15, 1809.-Founding of the "London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews."

See ~rticle on p. 92 of this number of the REVIEW.

Feb. 15, 1865.-Birth of the Rev. Boon Boon Itt.

See M,SSIONARY REVIEW, May, 1904. p. 375. AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONARIES Ordained February 6, 1812. Sailed February 19, 1812.

BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN, DETROIT, MICHIGAN Author of HAdventures with Four-footed Folk," etc.

In the Tabernacle Church at Salem, up, was continued under a haystack lTass., there is a quaint old settee that in the meadow. As some of those is carefully preserved as a sacred and present were studying geography, the precious relic. On it sat Judson, thought turned upon the continent of Hall, Newell, Nott and Rice on that Asia and its deep moral darkness. memorable day in February, 1812, Mills, whose great life purpose was when they were ordained to foreign ever uppermost in mind, at once pro- missIOnary service. Above it hangs posed that they themselves send the a picture of the scene as quaint and Gospel to these benighted peoples. curious as the bench itself. "We can do it if we will," he added, most earnestly. Great as was the proj- The formal setting apart of these ect, the little company at once asfirst foreign missionaries from Amer- sented to it, and the meeting closed with fervent prayers for the realiza- THE FAMOUS MISSIONARY SETTEE tion of their vision.

ica marked the dawn of a new era in Little did these young men-the the world's evangelization. The events "Haystack Heroes," we call themwhich led up to it were as follows: realize the greatness of their action. As theirs was the first definite resolu- In the spring of 1806, Samuel J. tion, so far as known, made on this side of the Atlantic to send the Gos- Mills, an earnest young Christian in pel to the heathen, that sultry Saturwhose heart the desire to be a mis- day in the summer of 1806 is regarded sionary had become a ruling passion, as the birthday, and the haystack in entered Williams College to prepare the meadow as the birthplace of for his chosen calling. A revival was American Foreign Missions. The date in progress there, and during the sum- has been lost, but the site of the haymer which followed a little group of stack is marked by an appropriate students, of whom Mills was one, met monument of marble. twice a week for prayer in a grove near the college. One Saturday after- The next definite step was taken noon, late in July or early in August, two years later, when, on September it was so hot and sultry that five only 7, 1808, after months of prayer and deliberation, five young men, two of -Samuel J. Mills, James Richards, whom had been present at the hay- stack, met under the leadership of Francis L. Robbins, Harvey Loomis Mills and organized a society known and Byram Green-were in attend- as the Brethren, each member of ance. The meeting began in the which took a solemn pledge to go to grove, but, a thunder-storm coming the heathen. Public opinion being opposed to missions, its organization was kept secret and its constitution dra wn up in cipher.

AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONARIES

Early in 1810, when Mills entered men from America. This aroused Andover to complete his preparation, Mills to action. he found there was not only some of his old associates from Williams, but "What!" he exclaimed, "is England also three new men-Adoniram J ud- to support her own missionaries and son, Jr., from Brown; Samuel Nott, ours likewise? Oh, shame!" Jr., from Union, and Samuel Newell, from Harvard-in whose hearts God At his instigation, and acting on the advice of the faculty and several prominent pastors, four of the volun- By courtesy of the Missionary Herald ORDINATION OF THE MISS[QNARIES ]N 1812 had planted the same holy purpose. teers-Judson, Nott, Newell and These soon signed the constitution of Mills-appeared before the Massathe Society of the Brethren, which chusetts General Association of Conhad now been transferred to the sem- gregational Churches, in session at inary. Bradford, and on Thursday after- noon, June 28, 1810, presented a paper There was thus a band of college- drawn up by Judson and signed by trained men ready to go to the field, the four, in which they made known but as yet no society in America to their desire to go to the heathen, and send them. Becoming impatient of asked if they might hope for support delay, in April, 1810, Judson, whose from a society in America. Two brilliant intellect naturally made him others, James Richards and Luther a leader, wrote to the London Mis- Rice, had at first been included, but sionary Society to ask if they would their names were withdrawn lest the be willing to send out several young

Association be so alarmed at the honor man from Williams, was glad prospect of supporting siX' foreign to take his place) were appointed missionaries as to immediately veto missionaries of the Board "to labor in the project! Asia, in the Burman empire, in Surat, in the Prince of Wales Island, After long discussion the matter or elsewhere, as Providence shall was referred to a committee, with the open the most favorable door." The result that on the following day, June salary was fixt at $666.66 for a mar- 29, 1810, an American Board of Com- ried couple and $44445 for a single missioners for Foreign Missions was man. No time was set for their deappointed to look after the whole mat- parture. They were merely counseled ter. Thus was born the famous Amer- to continue their studies and wait paican Board, which for almost a cen- tiently for future developments. tury has taken so large a part in the world's evangelization. Its first meet- Of the four, Hall alone expected ing was held at Farmingham, Conn., to go out unmarried. Judson's promon September 5, 1810, around a little ised wife, Ann Hasseltine, was a very mahogany table which is still pre- beautiful girl, of many accomplishserved in the rooms of the Board in ments, whom he had first met on that Boston. memorable day when he and his com- panions appeared before the General The first question that faced the Association at Bradford. Judson's infant Board was one of means. The son tells about this meeting: men were ready, but there was almost no money. In view of this, in January, "The story is told that during the I8I1, Judson was sent to Eng- sessions the ministers gathered for a land to confer with the London Mis- dinner beneath 1fr. Hasseltine's hossionary Society relative to prosecu- pitable roof. His youngest daughter, ting the work jointly with that body. Ann, was waiting on the table. Her The directors wisely declined to form attention was attracted to the YOLlng any alliance with the Americans, but student whose bold missionary projagreed to receive their missionaries ects were making sLlch a stir. But until their own support could be man- what was her surprize to observe, as aged. she moved about the table, that he seemed completely absorbed in his "We hope," they said, "that when plate! Little did she dream that she the American churches know that had already woven her spell around four of their own number have en- his young heart, and that he was, at gaged in the service, they will give that very time, composing a graceful so liberally that not only four, but stanza in her praise." forty may go forth." Harriet Atwood, Newell's bride, But the proffered help was not was a charming girl, scarcely more needed, for the Board decided to sup- than seventeen, when she promised to port its own missionaries. At its sec- go with him to far-off Asia. Born in ond meeting, held September II, a neighboring town and educated at 1811, Messrs. Judson, Hall, Newell the same academy, Ann Hasseltine and Nott (it was deemed expedient was her friend and companion, and for Mills to remain for a time in this it was largely through her that her country, and Gordon Hall, a first-

AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONARIES !O3

thoughts had been turned to the suIt, persecution and perhaps a violent heathen. Both felt called to the field death? Can you consent to all this for independently of their husbands, and the sake of Him who left His heavenly both were ready to lay down their home and died for you and for her; for lives for the cause. Soon after deci- the sake of perishing immortal souls; for ding to go, Harriet Atwood wrote in the sake of Zion and the glory of God? her journal: Can you consent to all this in the hope of soon meeting your daughter in the N ever before did my dear mamma and world of glory, with a crown of rightmy brothers and sisters appear so dear eousness, brightened by the acclamations to me. But God commands me. How of praise which shall redound to her Sacan I ever pray for the promotion of vior from heathen saved, through her the Gospel among the heathen if I am means, from eternal wo and despair? unwilling to offer my little aid when such an opportunity is given. . . . Oh, At length, most unexpectedly, the could I be the instrument of bringing one time for their departure arrived. In degraded female to Jesus, how I should January, 1812, HaIl and Nott, who be repaid for every tear and every pain! were studying medicine in Philadel- phia, came to Boston in great haste It is hard to realize what it cost to to say that the H armany would sail be a missionary in those early days. in two weeks for Calcutta, and would No one had as yet left America to go take them as passengers! Shortly to the heathen, and public sentiment after it was learned that the Caravan, was opposed to it. For a man it was bound for the same port, would sail regarded as absurd in the extreme; before long from Salem, and would for a woman, entirely "inconsistent take the rest of the party. These anwith prudence and delicacy." The nouncements threw the Board into a voyage was long, the climate of In- great state of perplexity. There was dia unfavorable, and the character of only $r,200 on hand and $5,000 at the natives so little known that life least would be neecled. Yet opporitself seemed in danger. Then, too, tunities for obtaining passage to India letters fro,n home must necessarily be were of stich rare occurrence that infrequent, and the engagement was they dared not let these pass by. Fifor life, with no provision for fur- nally, in fear and trembling, they loughs. Yet these young missionaries resolved to sencl the missionaries out, had fully counted the cost-how fully Luther Rice, at his urgent request, may be inferred from the following being added to the number. Well it letter written by Judson to Mr. Has- was that they came to this decision, seltine when asking for his daughter's for in June war broke out with Great hand: Britain, which would have delayed their going for years. I have now to ask whether you can consent to part with your daughter early The ordination service, which took next spring to sec her no more in this place, as has been said, on Thursday, world? Whether you can consent to her 17ebruary 6, in the Tabernacle at departure to a heathen land, and her sub- Salem, was a solemn and impressive jection to the hardships and sufferings of occasion. The sight of five young a missionary life? Vhether you can con- men-no mention is made of the sent to her exposure to the dangers of young women-whose talents were the ocean; to the fatal influences of the such that they might have filled promclimate of southern India; to every kind of want and distress; to degradation, in-

inent pulpits at home, giving up their Board was able to meet all expenses earthly prospects to go to the heathen, for passage and outfit and give to moved the great audience so deeply each missionary more than a year's that many shed tears. salary to take with him.

That same evening Messrs. Hall On June 17, 1812, :lfter a long voyand Rice, with Mr. and Mrs. Nott, age of four months, the Caravan, with left for Philadelphia to be in season the Judsons and Newells on board, for the sailing of the Harmony. arrived at Calcutta. Here they were Messrs. Judson and Newell, with welcomed by Carey, who invited them DEPARTURE OF THE aCARAVANU FOR INDIA, CARRYING THE JUDSONS AND THE NEWELLS 'It This little vessel sailed from the harbor, Salem, Mass., February 19, 1812 their wives, remained, expecting to to become the guests of the missionsail early the next week from Salem. aries at Serampore while they waited Both vessels were unexpectedly de- for the coming of their colleagues. tained. The Caravan finally sailed on Kind as he was to them, the great the 19th, and the Harmony on the Baptist missionary did not form a 20th; but the latter, owing to con- high estimate of their ability. They trary winds, was obliged to put back were delicate, slender, refined-looking into port, and did not get away until people, and all seemed so youthful. the 24th. This detention, tho trying "I have little hope from the Amerito the missionaries, was evidently in cans," he wrote. "If they should reaccordance with the providence of main in the East, American habits are God. So great was the interest too luxurious for a preparation to aroused by their departure that money live among savages." Little did he began to flow in from all quarters. know the heroism of which these New By the time the vessels saile~ the Englanders were capable.

.. The picture is from an exceptionally fine steel engraving which appeared in a book known as the "Judson Offering" printed in 1846 as a memorial of Judson's visit to the United States. The cut js loaned by the courtesy of the Baptist Missionary Magazine.

AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONARIES

The stay in Serampore was most she was released from her sufferings restful after the long ocean voyage, and laid to rest in Port Louis.

but not long were they allowed to Thus passed away the first Amer- remain there in peace. India was at ican foreign missionary martyr-for that time under the control of the martyr indeed she was, a victim of the East India Company, which was hos- East India Company's persecution.

tile to missions, and almost immedi- Hers is one of the saddest deaths on ately Judson and Newell received or- record, yet one of the most glorious ders to return to America at once in and fruitful. From the beginning she the vessel that had brought them. knew she could not recover, yet she Through the intercession of friends in Serampore and Calcutta, they ob- tained permission to remain, but for a brief time only. The next question was where they should go. Burma was distracted by war, and the gov- ernment so cruel and despotic it seemed useless to think of establish- ing a mission there, and permission to settle elsewhere in India was denied them. Finally, having heard of a pos- sible opening in the Isle of France, now called Mauritius, on August 4, Mr. and Mrs. Newell took passage thither. As the vessel could accom- modate but two, the Judsons re- mained at Calcutta, hoping soon to ADONIRAM JUDSON follow. First American lIissionary to Burma The voyage proved long and disastrous. Owing to storms they were never murmured nor regretted the driven about for more than a month step she had taken, but talked calmly in the Bay of Bengal, and at length of death and the glory that was to were obliged to put in for repairs at follow. Tho not permitted to be "the Coringa. Again delayed by storms, instrument of bringing one degraded Mrs. Newell became the mother of female to ]tcSUS," her consecrated life a little daughter while on shipboard. and early death did as much as many All went well for a few days; but a long life spent in the service. Her another storm coming on, both mother story was told far and wide in Amerand baby took cold, with the result ica, and the tenderest feelings of adthat the baby died and was buried at miration and awe gathered around the young New England girl who died a sea, and the mother contracted hasty stranger in a strang" land before she consumption, from which she never was twenty. Christians of her day recovered. Early in November they were moved to give and pray as never reached their destination, and three before for missions, and so many weeks later, on November 30, 1812, mothers named daughters for her, in

the hope that they might catch some- ond great missionary society of Amer- thing of her spirit, that more than one ica came into existence.

Harriet Newell has told the love of Cnable to secure passage to the Isle Christ in heathen lands and won the of France as they had promised Hall souls she hoped to win. and the Kotts were forced to remain at Calcutta. In October, however, On August 8, four days after the they resolved to attempt the estabdeparture of the ~ewells, the H ar- lishment of a mission in Bombay, mOllY, with Hall, Rice and the Notts where there was a new governor faon board, arrived at Calcutta. Almost vorable to missions. They obtained immediately they, too, received orders permission to depart in the ship C0111to return home in the vessel that had merce; but on November 17, when brought them. Only by the most ur- their baggage was on board and their gent appeals did they obtain permis- passage-money paid, they were orsion to remain until passage could be dered to embark in one of the East Insecured to Port Louis. But this was dia Company's vessels for EnglanJ.

only the beginning of their troubles. They succeeded, however, in evading ~Jot long after, the J udsons made the this order, and on February II, after startling disclosure that, as a result a voyage of eleven weeks, arrived in of a study begun on shipboard, they Bombay. Here difficulties almost in- were about to sever their connection surmountable awaited them. Again with the American Board and cast and again they were ordered to Eng- their lot with the Baptists! A little land; but after nearly a year, through later Rice confest that, tho on a dif- the kindly offices of the Christian ferent vessel, he had been led in the . governor, they obtained permission to same way and felt impelled to take remain in Bombay~ The llarathi Mis- the same action. sion of the American Board-the To all concerned-the J udsons first Protestant mission on the west themselves, their associates in India, coast of India-which they were thus and their friends and supporters at enabled to establish, has continued in home-this event was most trying. successful operation until the present Yet in this, as in all else connected day .

.with this first little band of mission- Rice and the J UdSOI1S, who also had aries from America, the hand of God been unable to get away, remained in was manifestly guiding. vVhen the Calcutta until the end of ?ovember, news reached America, the Baptists, when the East India Company, becom- then a small and scattered denomina- ing impatient, they were peremptorily tion, were so fired with enthusiasm ordered to England. Just then, how- that, on May 18, 1814, they met in ever, the Creole arrived, bound for Philadelphia and formed the organi- the Isle of France, and by the use of zation now known as the American strategy they got on board and made Baptist Missionary Union, one of the their escape. Six weeks later they first acts of which was to adopt the reached Port Louis, little knowing Judsons and Rice as its missionaries. what had befallen the Newells. Un- Thus, through an event that appeared der date of January 13, 1813, Mrs.

at the time most disastrous, the sec- J uelson wrote:

AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN

Have at last arrived in port; but, oh, by the Baptists, they had no one to turn what news, what distressing news! Har- to for guidance. It was finally decided riet is dead. Harriet, my dear friend, my that Rice, whose health was impaired, earliest associate in the mis;rion, is no should return to America to arouse more. 0 death! thou destroyer of do- interest among the Baptists, while the mestic felicity, could not this wide world afford thee victims to satisfy thy cra- J udsons remained to enter any door vings, without entering the family of a soli- which God in His providence should tary few, whose comfort and happiness open before them. On March 15 depended much on the society of each Rice sailed for America, where he other? Could not this infant mission be succeeded in creating unbounded enshielded from thy shafts? But thou hast only executed the commission of a higher thusiasm for missions. Two months power. Be still, my heart, and know that later the J udsons sailed for Madras, God has done it. Just and true are Thy only to find on arriving that the East ways, 0 thou King of saints! Who India Company was more hostile than would not fear Thee? Who would not ever to missions. Knowing that as love Thee?

N ewell, broken-hearted and alone, soon as an order could be received bereft of wife and child, and cut off from Bengal they would be arrested from his friends by denominational and sent to England, Judson inquired barriers, sailed for Ceylon on Feb- the destination of every ship in the ruary 24, where he hoped to establish harbor. The only one that would sail a missioG. Here he remained, doing ill season was the "Georgianna," bound what he could, until January, 1814, for Rangoon. Thus strangely did God when, having learned that Nott and choose their destination for them.

Hall had been allowed to rcmain in They had been led to regard Burma Bombay, he joined them and became with feelings of horror, yet rather identified with their mission. Shortly than be sent to England and fail in after his arrival N ott, who was un- their mission, they commended them- able to endure the climate of India, selves to God and embarked on June returned with his wife to America, 22. The Georgiallna was "a crazy where both did what they could to old vessel" with no accommodations advance the cause of the mission. whatever, and the voyage a stormy Newell and Hall remained at their one, during which Mrs. Judson was post until God called them up higher. so ill it was feared she would die.

Strange to say, both died of cholera Yet at the end of three weeks they -Newell on May 30, 1821, and Hall reached their destination in safety.

on March 20, 1826-contracted while On July 13, 181 3, Mrs. Judson was ministering to the needs of the na- carried ashore, and work was begun tives. Their careers, tho short, were for the Burmans. The ontlook was eminently useful, and the names of dark and discouraging, yet God had both are fragrant in India. made no mistake. In this dread land, Left alone at Port Louis, Rice and where it was death to renounce the the J udsons found themselves facing faith of Buddha, Judson was to plant questions which greatly perplexed one of the most famous and snccess- them. Where should they go? What ful of missions and his wife to prove should they do? Cut off from the one of the greatest heroines of his- American Board and not yet adopted tory.

The early days of the mission were months followed, the horrors of which marked by trials of many kinds, and are almost past description. Eleven for six long years there was not a months they were kept in the death- single convert. Yet during this time prison at Ava, a filthy and loathsome Judson's faith never once faltered. In place, nine months in three pair and the darkest hour he wrote to Rice in two months in five pair of fetters.

America: At the end of this time they were If any ask, What prospect of ultimate chained two and two and driven like success is there? tell them, As much as slaves a distance of ten miles to the there is an almighty and faithful God country prison at Oung-pen-Ia, where who will perform His promises and no their condition was, if possible, worse more. If this does not satisfy them, beg than at Ava. them to let me stay and try it, and to let you come and give us our bread; and During this whole terrible period, if we live some twenty or thirty years, Mrs. Judson put forth unceasing they may hear from us again. This is efforts in behalf of her husband. Day a filthy, wretched place. However, if a by day, regardless of danger, she trod ship were lying in the river ready to the streets of Ava, interceding with convey me to any part of the world I government officials and members of should choose, I should prefer dying to embarking. the royal family for his release, and In January, 1824, a second station endeavoring by gifts and womanly en- was opened at Ava, under such favor- treaty to soften the hearts of his jail- able circumstances that it was hoped ers. Day by day, too, she traversed the the long night of suffering and trial weary two miles between their house was ended. But alas! it was only the and the prison, carrying food and min- beginning of sorrows. Shortly after istering to his wants in every way their arrival at Ava, war broke out possible. Once, only, there was an with Great Britain, and Judson was interruption in her visits. When at arrested on suspicion of being a spy. the end of twenty days she came Without warning, an armed band, one again, it was with a tiny, blue-eyed of them a public executioner, entered baby, wailing in her arms. No sadder his house, threw him to the ground, picture can be imagined than that of bound his hands behind him and Judson, loaded with fetters, painfully dragged him off with them. Moung making his way to the door of the lng, a faithful disciple, followed to prison, to welcome this new-born babe see what became of his master, while of his sorrow.

Mrs. Judson retired to her room to But at length British victories se- pour out her heart to "Him who for cured the release of the captives, and our sakes was bound and led away Judson with his wife and baby sailed to execution." Moung lng presently down the lrawadi from A va, their returned to say that his master and hearts full of thanksgiving to God.

Dr. Price, his colleague in the mission, The work at Rangoon having been together with a few Englishmen re- broken up by the war, it was decided siding in Ava, had been thrown into to begin again at Amherst in territory the death-prison and loaded with fet- ceded to the British. The work be- ters. gan most auspiciously, but, not long An imprisonment of twenty-one after, while Judson was absent at Ava,

IN STONY PLACES IN CHINA

whither he had reluctantly gone to 12, 1849, when, having undertaken a endeavor to secure a clause granting short ocean voyage in the hope of proreligious toleration in the treaty, Mrs. longing his life, he died on shipboard Judson was stricken with fever. and was buried at sea. After a short illness, she passed away on October 24, 1826, and was laid to Thus passed away the great Aposrest under a hopia or hope tree, near tle to the Burmans, one of the ten Amherst. foremost missionaries since Paul,* and undoubtedly the greatest that has After that Judson was never quite as yet been sent out from America. No the same. He plunged into work with better summing up of his career can unabated ardor, and married twice be given than that which appears on again, but the loss of his beloved a memorial tablet in his native town: Ann, coming so soon after his suffer- "Malden his birthplace, the ocean his ings at Ava, broke his heart and sepulcher, converted Burmans and the undermined his constitution. N ever- Burman Bible his monument, his rectheless he continued in the work, ord is on high." achieving great success, until April * See MISSlONARY REVIEW. December, 1900, p.

900.

SOWING IN STONY PLACES IN CHINA BY REV. A. J. MCFARLANE, HANKOW, CHINA Head Master of the L. ),1. S. College In our Lord's parable on the prog- It may be of interest to notice some ress of the kingdom of God, He of the striking parallels between those showed that fruitfulness depended not who heard our Lord's words and only on the quality of the seed, but on those who listen in China to-day. the condition of the soil. If this were always remembered we might better The Nation understand the results of mission work, and would not be surprized that The Jewish nation was punctilthe world is not more speedily con- iously religious in practise and outverted. Some ground is prepared and ward appearance, but was like a body some not. The "good soil" had once from which the soul had fled, a mere been stony ground; and after ages of shell under the sway of corrupt and storm and rain, sunshine and frost, disintegrating forces. Like them, the the primordial rock and stony strata Chinese have the greatest regard for had been slowly softened into the rich the letter of moral and ceremonial and fruitful earth. The work of the laws and traditions, while their lives sower is to sow the seed; God's work are full of political disorder and social is to send the sunshine and rain to corruption. make soil out of rock. The greatest of all teachers left only eleven picked The Jews, after the exile, had disciples and a few hundred other fol- evolved into a kind of sacred nation, lowers. a church, with all their daily life per- meated by their religion, and built up round the books of the sacred law. The Chinese are on an ethical plane

what the Jews were on the spiritual; have their sacred text in the letter, they are a nation built up round a and keep it-appropriately only in the written law, the classics. Two thou- letter! Let us Christians not make sand years ago the classics became the same mistake, but having the theiF rule of daily life, and all that is Scriptures, let us recognize that their necessary for this life was to be found interpretation will grow as spiritual therein. life deepens; so we will rely not on The Scriptures a word, a book or a creed, but on a But when a sacred volume attains Savior who is the Word, and on the this high authority two courses are. spirit that is the life that quickens all.

possible in dealing with it. It may To such a people our Lord preached, or may not be amplified to meet the telling them that the "letter killeth"; detailed requirements of daily life. and by fact and parable, by argument, The Jewish law was so expanded and humor, or scathing sarcasm, by any explained by ever-growing books of and all means, tried to rouse them commentaries, which were regarded from their sleep of death into believ- to be as binding as the orig- ing on Himself, as the living Message inal text. Whereupon the J ew- from God on high.

ish nation by degrees found itself The Pharisees "hedged around" with an infi- The spirit of the Jewish nation was nite complexity of details, till almost incarnate in the Pharisee. He stood every act of a man from birth to in very name and fact for Jewish ex- death had to be performed according ciltsi7JCness. He felt that the Jew was to authorized tradition; and the bur- a man apart from the outer worlc!, den became so "grievous to be borne" his nation was the chosen and favored that it practically prevented its own race of God. His exclusiveness he observance. The Chinese classics, on imagined to be a holy patriotism, his the other hand, have not been so self-satisfied conceit he called the worked out in detail. Commentaries favor of God. So whereas the Jews have never received the unhesitating said they were chosen by God, they acceptance that the original writings meant that God was appropriated by demand. The words of the masters them. They would have kept God to are the necessary basis, tho commen- themselves, and left none of Him at taries are largely repeated by heart, all for the rest of the wic!e world!

also, in Chinese fashion, but merely as The Pharisee had the utmost con- a help to the possible or probable tempt for other nations and nursed meaning; while where the text is the assurance that the Messiah would vague or uncertain, it simply has to some day come and lead their nation remain so-incomprehensible, with to the proud clominion of the earth. A awful potency! The result in the two narrower and more loveless miscon- cases is much the same-binding and ception of the Providence of God limiting the human mind to a narrow could not be conceived; but it is sphere of thought and action, without closely paralleled by the Chinese to- "promise or potency" of expansion. day. W c, they say, more especially The Jew had endless rules and was the scholarly class-we are the people bound to keep them all; the Chinese who know right and wrong, and all

else worth knowing. We have the cause their significance is unknown, truth enshrined in our ancient clas- and all the spirit has departed from sics; anel all the rest of the worlel are the dead shell.

ignorant barbarians and savages, poor The Synagogs "devils!" We Christians can not be Another parallel is to be found in angry with them; we can only pity the synagogs of the Jews and the uni- such ignorance and pride, and do our versal school-system in China. The best to let in the light. Our Lord had synagogs, where the Scribes were the perhaps a harder audience to deal with teachers, and the whole nation the than missionaries in China, because scholars, might have been, so it has the wrong was on a more spiritual been said, one of the most potent or- plane-the perversion of a higher ganizations for imparting knowledge truth. The mistake of the Jews and that man has ever devised; but the op- of the Chinese was and is in suppo- portunity was lost, and the veriest sing that spiritual or moral worth can stones were given for bread. So in be attained apart from character and China we have the great educational apart from the change of character and examinational system, whereby that is signified by repentance of con- the humblest may rise to the highest scious sin. In each case the more post of honor, a unique and wonderful they tied themselves down to form machinery, which could make of and ceremony, ritual and dead regula- China the most learned of great na- tions, the more freedom they left to the tions; but thus far ending in hollow- soul and spirit to wander unchecked ness, a beating of the air, a palace of and unguided into "by-path and wood and straw, a house founded on meadow'·; into superstition and cor- the sand!

ruption, vice and the outer darkness. The Sadducees: and the Break with A musician may give his whole mind, the Past at first, to learning a beautiful piece But let us leave that subject, with of music; but after playing it over the hope that after the sad dark night and over again, he may come to a the dawn of a new era will break; stage wherein the execution is purely and let us make one more comparison, mechanical; and at last he may play in conclusion, that will bring us fully it while his mind turns to other things, up to date and even a little beyond.

or even to thoughts of evil, while the The Sadducees were a mixed class, music runs on as before-no, not as the product of their times; they were before; the music suffers indeed, and the pretended reformers, the icono- a trained ear knows how great is the clasts, the scoffers at traditions, and difference! That is the danger in- at the Pharisees who represented separable from all forms of ritual. them, the agnostics and materialists There are signs and words that have and freethinkers. of their day, who deep significance; their potency de- made light of all religious observ- pends on the correlation of forces ances, and believed in no resurrec- that throng us round, and may be tion. They welcomed new ideas, but called into action by them; but the without "depth of earth," and they error is in relying on the form or the aped the manners and borrowed the word, when their value is lost be- ideas of the Romans and Greeks

around them. Nothing cared they (heathen) officials to make way for for the hope of Jewish supremacy in new schools. On alI sides unprincithe world, but they toadied to the pled men are crowding round both abhorred conquerors of .their country; Protestant and Catholic missionaries, and, the Herodians more especially, ready to profess any belief if they became the sycophants of the foreign can gain the authority of the foreigncourt, selling both their individual and er's support to promote their selfish national existence for a life of ease and money-getting plans. and luxury, wealth, indolence and self-indulgence, without patnotlsm Surely, then, the same forces are or religion, without law or a God. at work to-day in China as were at In China there is not such a work in Palestine. It needs no deep class to be widely found to-day, insight to see behind all the mighty but its beginnings are here, and it may and inevitable struggle of the powers easily spread under political changes. of darkness and of the Prince of this While some of the reformers are pa- World against the VVord made mantriotic and enlightened men; with ifest, and all the legions of Light. others the break with the past is such The very fact that the foe is brought a shock that they are likely to fly off to make so great a fight is for us a into space at a tangent, beyond all sign of hope; for the issue, the outorderly control. There are many come, the victory, can not for a moscholars, for instance, in Nanking ment be in doubt. So did the clouds who are reading and translating and gather and the opposing forces press disseminating Huxley and Spencer round our Lord at the end of his and Haeckel and all the soulless phi- work; and when the very disciples losophy of the West. There are many had proved faithless, and the darkenlightened men in China who feel ness seemed triumphant in the final that their country is in a sad and tragedy, He gave up His spirit with hopeless condition; but unless they the words that proved Him, after all, come under the influence of the Gos- the victor, "It is finished!" Not "it pel, they do not know where to turn has been in vain," or "it has been a when they have turned away from the doubtful issue"; but the victory is past. Alas for them if the evil spirit won, and the Hope of all the long finds the house swept and garnished, after ages is secured! Come, then, but empty! all you who may hear the call; let us sow the good seed broadcast over In Hankow recently (April, I904), good sailor bad, abiding in the asa thing was seen such as has never surance that the Master will not cease been known before, the wholesale to inspire and help His followers, till burning of a heap of idols, which had in His own good time the consumbeen cleared out of temples by the mation is made complete.

"Present·day Problems in China," by the China Inland

THE POPULATION 0:1:' CHINA AND OTHER CQUNTR[ES All the people of the countries mentioned could be placed in the Chinese Empire on the same basis as the present population. These total 405 millions, while Chlna, according to the latest census, has 407 millions THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR CHINA REV. DONALD MACGILLIVRAY, SHANGHAI, CHINA Our books are intimately associated be roughly classified as follows: (I) with all our other agencies. Our con- Preparatory, in which the chief agenverts are brought in by the truth of the cies employed are preaching, schools, books. The native Christians are spiri- philanthropy, and literature; (2) tually fed on them. The schools are evangelistic or penetrative, using trained by them. The churches are preaching, healing and literature as founded and disciplined by them. The agents; (3) educational, or constructreligious work of hospitals and dispen- ive, which include preaching, schools saries is conducted through them. The and literature. In all three branches general enlightenment of the people and we find literature used by the living the undermining of idolatry are promoted worker as a multiplier of the agent, by the same agency.-Rev. S. L. BALD- and as an instrument of preparation, WIN, D.D., at the Shanghai Missionary penetration and edification. Every Conference of 1877.

The objects of mission work may

missionary, as a matter of fact, no Henry Drummond beautifully dematter what the particular form of scribes the "program of Christianity" his energy, consciously or uncon- by our Lord's quotation from Isaiah: sciously, moves along these three "To preach good tidings to the meek; lines. Hence it goes without saying to proclaim liberty to the captives; that every missionary is naturally in to bind up the broken-hearted; to sympathy with the objects of Chris- comfort all that mourn; to give unto tian literature, and the Christian Lit- them beauty for ashes, the oil of joy erature Society is in line with the for mourning, the garment of praise efforts of all classes of missionaries for the spirit of heaviness." in the empire. Here, then, is the missionary pro- The Christian Literature Society gram. The aim of our literature is was founded twenty years ago by to proclaim that these blessings can Alexander Williamson. It proposed only be found in the Lord Jesus a broader program than that of the Christ. What an illimitable field is already existing societies, and is, in here outlined! The Christian Literafact, an enlarged tract society. Its ture Society aims to cover the whole constitution defines its object as, "The ground; it would do the work of publication and circulation of litera- hosts of Christian publishers at home, ture based on Christian principles, and besides publishing, it must keep throughout China, her colonies, de- its own staff of authors. Truly it is pendencies and wherever Chinese are unique. Would that it had the capifound-especially periodical and liter- tal of some home enterprises. Ultiature adapted for all classes-as the mately, why should it not? resources of the society may permit." In actual practise the Christian Lit- How, then, is the ideal of the soerature Society goes beyond "litera- ciety to be realized? Our catalog is ture based on Christian principles" to growing in length, but as yet only literature specifically expounding the a beginning has been made. Scat- Christian faith and Scriptures. In tered workers swell the lists of books, fact, the constitution of the home so- but perhaps the great hope of the ciety expresses the object more fully Christian Literature Society is in the as follows: free federation of missionaries com- posing what for want of a better Object name is called its "Editorial Staff." The object of the society shall be to These are supported by their own promote Christianity among the Chinese missionary societies. Here, with the by aiding in the preparation and circu- utmost individual freedom to follow lation among them, in their own lan- one's leadings, all are loyally workguage, of: ing together for one end. Yet each 1. Suitable publications of a distinctly is free to hold his own opinions, and religious character. to produce along the lines of his own preference. z. General literature written from a We need scarcely say that the cir- Christian standpoint; scientific and other culation of literature is only a means works suited for the more cultured to an end, and that end is, consonantly classes; and school- and other text-books; with the wide field proposed, "converand 3. Literature, chiefly religious, illustrated and otherwise, specially suited for Chinese women and children.

CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR

sion by the million." By this much been made before proclaiming his misunderstood phrase is not meant message. The two things must go merely superficial changes, such as hand in hand, for no one can tell who social and political reforms which is prepared to receive it NOW. But leave untouched the religious needs of he learns the rudiments of Chinese the nations, but regeneration by the etiquette, he displays a picture or a Holy Ghost and faith in the Lord sign, he hangs up a map of the world, Jesus Christ. What enlightenment is he helps in famine relief, he tries to worthy of the name if it leaves the drive out the opium traffic-these spiritual eye unopened? We long to things are not preaching the Gospel, see conversions on the largest scale, but we all hope they are opening a and so does the whole Christian way for it.

world. Hitherto the units, the tens, Our literature seeks to remove bar- the hundreds have been converted; riers-e.g., pride, ignorance, supersti- but if a nation is to be born in a day tion and prejudice-and, by the bless- millions will have to come in, but each ing of God, such mental barriers of the million will be the conversion have in many cases disappeared. We of an individual. seek to educate public opinion on a.

But let us consider the Christian Lit- wide scale by our papers-e.g., the erature Society work more closely as, Ta Tung Paa and by free grants to ( I) propcedeutic, or preparatory. Goel students. We have many books on prepared the world for Christianity God in history, fruits and evidences by Providence and Grace. Thus of Christianity, the various religions there were the Old Testament, the compared with Christianity, the ab- Jewish dispersion, Greek philosophy, solute religion. This literature of Roman imperialism and law. By such ours has been compared by Dr. A. H.

means He prepared a material, mental Smith, in his book "Rex Christus," to and moral background for His Gos- aqueous vapor pervading the atmos- pel. Similarly, in European history phere, which, tho it makes no external the devout student can trace the ante- display, is preparing the way for fu- cedent preparation for a Renaissance, ture preCIpItation. Besides immedi- a Reformation, a French Revolution. ate results, we look further ahead; Can we doubt but that God has pre- we look for mass movements in pared and is preparing China for the China; and when they do come, the Gospel? And we missionaries are wide dissemination of our literature coworkeq with God along this line. will surely be a contributory cause.

Even Robert Morrison and William The second division of Christian Lit- Milne issued tours of the world, and erature Society endeavor is the pene- geographies to be forerunners of the trative, or directly evangelistic. But we Gospel; and, to come down to the must not overlook the fact that a book present day, Griffith John L.ls some may be indirectly evangelistic, and even such literature in the list of his tracts. more effective as such with a certain Every missionary in a thousand class of readers than the directly evan- ways is preparing the way of the gelistic. But as that ground is so Gospel. True, he does not wait till fully covered by the tract societies, it he thinks sufficient preparation has happens that the Christian Literature

Society does not need to greatly en- ably to such has not been granted the large its list of works of this char- glowing vision of golden harvests acter. from all this sowing, which dazzle the eyes of the seers among us. In itself The third division is the construct- a book is dead; fructified by the Spirit ive, or educational. What we have of God, what will it not accomplish? in this line has been the subject of a Nevertheless, in our enthusiasm for special article in the March "Bulle- our specialty we need not exaggerate tin" of the Educational Association of its importance. It is merely an indis- China. Suffice it now to say that be- pensable auxiliary to the living host sides works for schools, and station- which is marching on to victory. It classes, for special and general read- is not a short and easy method of ing, we have a long and growing list converting China, any more than the of books which are intended to com- distribution of a million Testaments, fort and edify the Church. For this which people once fondly hoped would class of books there is a demand convert the Taipings, and with them which grows with the growth of the all China. It is sometimes said, let Church. Andrew Murray, S. D. Gor- as flood the land with literature. don, Storrs, Krummacher, Dr. Glover, That could have been done once when A. B. Bruce, George Matheson, Will- every book was given away, but obiam Arthur and many others have a viously that policy has gone forever. vast audience in China by means of The problem is, how to flood the the Christian Literature Society. It is country with books under the new evident that the Christian Literature conditions. The only solution is the Society is more than a mission to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, who higher classes; it is a mission to the alone can create a thirst for the Gosreading and thinking people of all pel; otherwise even floods of literaclasses in the Church and out. Our ture will be unappreciated. The misaim is indeed high enough to cover sionaries, "average" and otherwise, the needs of the highest, yet low must be the agents of distribution, enough to instruct even the child in unless in addition we ever get the the primer. To all must the truth be means to use colporteurs, as the Hanpreached, and as they are able to bear kow and the Bible societies do. That it; but, without books and papers, may be a future necessity in the face how can they be reached? The provi- of competition. Would that all were dential order is sometimes stated as as keen on book-selling as the late being from the lower to the higher, C. W. MitchiI, an "average missionbut no one doubts the tremendous influence of the higher on the lower. ary." * We make our appeal to the mind of China, as well as to her conscience The Christian Literature Society and heart. The leaven must leaven needs more men to join its federation the whole lump. in Shanghai. There are two views which are often set against each other, There are signs that Christian lit- but which are not necessarily antagerature is coming to its own at last. onistic. The first says: Stay at your But perhaps the~e are some who think we exaggerate its importance. Prob- i!- See "A Century of Missions in China," pp. 93, 94·

A CHRISTIAN CONVENTION IN MID-INDIA II7

station and do literary work. This If we had more men we could at course may be the only possible one once employ them somewhat as fol- for many, and has certain obvious ad- lows: vantages. The second view says: 1. To read Japanese books sent into Come to a center and associate your- China, and follow their effect. We ought self with other workers in the same to know what they are doing. They are department. Surely we need both also after the soul of China. sorts of workers. Nevertheless, the 2. To read Chinese newspapers, and central cooperative society sorely needs strengthening. There is a great books of the secular press. We ought to lack of a definite policy toward this watch the trend of native thought, and meet it adequately and continuously.

3. To revise some books of ours and work among most of the boards, and bring them up to date, and generally act this should be promptly remedied. The as editorial secretary. advantages of the cooperative policy in a center are such as these: 1. Pa- 4· Men to edit the "Daily" which was pers and books can be better edited. We so much talked of at the Centenary Con- ference, but which could never begin without new men.

lost the Wan Kuo Kung Pao chiefly 5. Men to travel among the missionbecause we had no one to take over ary centers and conventions, and make Dr. Allen's work. 2. Consultation with our books known. colleagues. 3. Large libraries to consult. 4. Leisure for special studies. 6. To be the mainspring of our central book depot in Honan Road.

7. To produce new literature in con- 5. Best writers obtainable, salaries junction with the ablest Chinese scholars paid by the Christian Literature So- that can be procured.

ciety. Such help is generally beyond There are great difficulties in the the reach of individuals in the inte- sudden increase of any class of work- rior. 6. You get the empire touch, as ers; but the above is surely sufficiently differing from the local touch, by the sane, and let it be noted that it points daily press, English and Chinese. rather to an increase of efficiency and The West China Conference, held quality, rather than to any phenom- recently, called for fifty recruits for enal increase of the quantity of litera- literary work for West China alone. ture. That must be supplied only as The Christian Literature Society is fast as the reading public is wiIling more modest, and in its last report to assimilate it. Here as elsewhere suggests that it can use twelve more the law of "supply and demand" must at the center of the empire. rule.

A CHRISTIAN CONVENTION IN MID-INDIA BY RICHARD BURGES, JUBBELPORE, INDIA The Christian convention held in missionaries came from isolated sta- tions, and the eleven hundred Indian Jubbelpore last autumn was especiaUy Christians who attended likewise had their cups of joy filled to the brim. enjoyable because it brought the mis- Usually Christians in India have a sensation of being in the minority, for sionaries so near to their Indian breth- ren. Most of the one hundred European

in all India they are less than one to make known existing literature. A per cent of the population. To have tent was set apart for this purpose, in a feeling o f being in the majority was which there were books, etc., on sale. distinctly exhilarating. The sight of a huge tent, kindly loaned by the gov- The executive power during the ernment, containing a multitude of convention was given into the hands Christians, put enthusiasm into them of Rev. E. A. Hensley, of the C. M.

S., and Rev. J. Lampard, of the M. E.

A MEETING IN THE CONVENTION TENT AT -JUBBELPORE, INDIA which sometimes "bubbled" up and Missions. Speakers came from great could not be restrained. Frequently distances, chief among whom were the the shout of v£ctory to Jesus found expression in the Hindu words: "Jay, Rev. J. Pengwern Jones, Rev. J. B. Jay, Jay, Jay, Masih Ki Jay." Our hearts beat faster as the multitude Fuller, Rev. P. S. Hyde, Lubbhu stood and lifted their arms to empha- Mull, Rev. S. Rahator, and a numsize the shout. ber, eminently' useful, from nearer home. "All one in Christ Jesus" was th e Hindu motto which hung near the Among the many tents which were speakers' dais, and verily denomina- pitched on the grounds none were tional differences "interfered with more effective than those marked fellowship as little as lines of latitude prayer-tents. One who knew the inner and longitude interfere with naviga- side of the whole affair said, "It was tion." The gathering of such crowds, the power-house of the convention." most of whom had never had such an It is now known that some hardly left experience, provided an opportunity these tents night or day, but used their time as Aaron and Hur did when they held up the hands of Moses.

HSI-A MIRACLE IN CHINA*

BY EDWIN LESLIE In a humorous essay, Israel Zang- lawyer in endless lawsuits, prachsmg medicine in a small way; but in the will imagines a state of pre-natal ex- silences the voice still whispered, "To what end?" istence, where the children choose He searched the writings of his not only whether or not they will be nation to find what the wise men could tell of the hereafter and the imborn, but also who will be their par- mortality of the soul. Confucius could not enlighten him, for while he ents. If Hsi had had the ordering formed elaborate rules for conduct during life, he canfest that he knew of these circumstances he could nothing of the hereafter, and did not even know if there was a God. scarcely have entered life more aus- N either could the Buddhists, with their idolatry, nor the Taoists, with piciously according to Chinese notions, their magic, enlighten his mind. A Chinese proverb expresses the popular for he made his appearance in the skepticism of these religions: midst of a family of scholars. Worship-and the gods are there.

China, wiser than Western nations, Vorship not-there's none to care.

believes that men are not born great, As a young man of thirty Hsi faced the future, sick in body and restless but are made so by their own efforts. in mind. He began to smoke opium to obtain relief from pain, and for a To every young man she says, "Would part of every day the poppy-fairy spirited away his difficulties and you wear spurs, then you must win touched with a sunset glow the dull stubbly patches of ordinary life. But them." So, tho Hsi's parents belonged the gloom between the visions was a darkness that could be felt. The Chito "the gentry," he could remain one nese say that "it is not the man that' eats the opium, but the opium that of the literati only by obtaining a eats the man." So it was with Hsi. The opium ate his brain power; it ate degree. his health; it ate his industry; it ate his farm lands. The boy was therefore sent to The years of 1876-79 brought the school, and was urged to study. He famine to North China-a famine so wide-spread and long-continued that learned rapidly and his father and it was said that at one time seventy brothers stimulated him to do his best, telling him that he could win wealth and fame, and finally become a great mandarin. He was fond of both books and play, but was subject to pensive moods, when he would wan- der off alone, and ask himself the old questions, "What is the use of living in this world? Men find no good. And in the end ?" Altho he studied faithfnlly and won the degree of Bachelor of Arts, he often asked of himself: "What use is there, after all, in be- ing a mandarin? Sooner or later one must die."

Hsi married and became a man of affairs, managing his farm, acting as * Pronounced Shee. This sketch is prepared from that fascina.ting book by Mrs. Howard Taylor, "pastor Hsi., Scholar and Christian," China Inland Missions.

millions of human beings were starv- and twenty names Hsi's stood foreing. The poor died as the leaves die most. in the autumn, and the rich lived on the coarsest of food. Somehow Hsi In fear of sorcery and in dislike of managed to exist during those tortur- meeting a foreigner at dose range, ing years. He heard often of two Hsi went to receive his money from foreigners who had come to the town Mr. Hill. The only universal lannear to distribute alms to his needy guage is the one written on the faces neighbors, but the proud aristocrat of men. What Hsi read at the first thought starvation preferable to help glance in Mr. HiIl's countenance disfrom such a source. One of the de- pelled all prejudice and banished all spised foreigners was Rev. David fear. His heart beat faster, for he HiIl, the man with the beautiful face feIt that he had found in this alien and the character without fear and one near of kin. Mr. Hill gave him without reproach. the money, complimented him in a few graceful words on the ease and Mr. HilI wished to find a point of vigor of the style of the essays, and contact with the haughty literati, the Hsi bowed himself out and returned real rulers of China. Learning, theirs home. and his, seemed the only common ground, therefore he offered prizes of A few days later a messenger came a considerable sum of money for es- to Hsi asking him to go and see Mr. says on subjects which he assigned. Hill on important business. The With each subject was a bundle of business was none other than a proliterature to aid the writer in his posal for Hsi to become Mr. Hill's theme, and the bundles were given to teacher in matters Chinese. Hsi was the competitors for degrees who were wiIling, even flattered, but the women up for examination at the capital of of his household joined in such a Shansi. chorus of disapproval that he must needs hesitate. A brother of Hsi returned from the city and, presenting him with one of "What?" said they. "Go to be Mr. Hill's packages, said: teacher to the foreigner? Read his books, live in his house? Help him in "Here is your opportunity, old fel- his mysterious affairs? Who ever low. Who can compete with you in heard of such reckless madness? wntll1g flowing, elegant Chinese? Surely you must be bewitched already And who is in greater need of funds? to think of it. It is simply throwing There may be witchcraft, as they say, yourself away." about these foreigners, but their silver will pass for as much on the market Confucius laid down rules for the as anyone else's." weaker sex in China, which every member of it, however ignorant, Hsi was impoverished and reading knows; namely, that woman is subthe literature woke his scholarly ject to man. She can not herself ditastes. He worked night after night, rect any affairs. She must obey her all the while feeling that some power husband. She may not presume to higher than his own was aiding him follow her own judgment. And yet, in the writing. When the results tho the tenets of Confucius have were published, among one hundred echoed through twenty-five centuries.

PASTOR HSI-A MIRACLE IN CHINA

even in China a woman, perhaps just This was the crisis which altered because she is a woman, influences her the whole manner of thinking of the husband to a remarkable extent. proud Confucian scholar. From henceforth he tried to pattern his life Hsi did not accept Mr. Hill's offer. after that of the meek and lowly But times were hard and the argu- Jesus. ment of the foreigner's silver potent, so finally the ladies consented to a At night Hsi presented himself to ten-days' trial. Mr. Hill and wished to confess that he was a Christian. Hsi watched Mr. Hill narrowly during those ten days. Before mis- "This is a sudden experience; there sionaries had homes of their own in might be a reaction; better wait until China no privacy was possible. Sure- you are sure of your ground," cauly only the noblest souls could stand tioned Mr. Hill. approved in that glare of publicity. No chance to relax from the tension But Hsi, who knew all that that of "being nice to people"; no chance experience before his open Bible to indulge in moods of joy or sor- meant, said firmly, "From this day row; no chance to commune with until death and beyond I will never, one's own heart and be still. It was never draw back." like keeping a check-rein on a horse all the time; or like the governess in Years after, in recalling that night, "Elizabeth and her German Garden," Hsi said: who found her hardest duty the having to be an example to the children. "Returning from worship Mr. Hill was extremely pleased. Oh, how But the more Hsi saw of Mr. Hill, kindly he treated me! I loved him as the more he admired him. The ten a father; he loved me as a son." days lengthened into weeks and months, and Hsi began to read the The first lion in Hsi's new path New Testament laid so conveniently was his opium-smoking. Mr. Hill to his hand. He found in the Gos- said to him: pels what he had been searching all his life to know. There was a God, "You are a distinguished member of and that God had become man and a scholarly family. I deeply regret dwelt among men that they might live to see you brought to so enfeebled a righteously on earth and hereafter be condition through opium. If you do with Him forever. not cleanse yourself how can you be an example to others." The story of the life of Jesus enthralled, entranced him. There came Hsi knew full well the opium must a day when he read it reverently upon be given up. But how? Anglo-Saxhis knees; and, following the last suf- ons are familiar enough with the ferings and agony of our Lord, he struggles of the drunkard to do withfelt as if there in the room the out his liquor; but breaking off the wounded Lamb of God stood close opium-habit is said to cause more beside him. acute suffering and a mightier effort of the will. "Take me, 0 Jesus! I swear allegiance to Thee forever," he cried. Hsi's trial seemed greater than he could bear. He was a prey to faint- ness, giddiness, shivering, aching pains and burning thirst. His eyes and nostrils streamed down water,

He could neither eat nor sleep, and world the Confucian gentleman and medicines helped him but little. And scholar lost caste sadly by becoming always worse than the worst of pain a Christian. was the craving for just a few whiffs of the pipe. He would groan aloud. Hsi was much too happy and too "Tho I die, I will never touch it busy to be concerned as to what his again." In utter weakness, he cried neighbors thought of him. He comunto God and felt that his prayer was bined in one nature the qualities of answered. He broke out into a pro- the mystic and the practical man of fuse perspiration and the struggle was business. By night he saw visions ended. His words after were: and heard inaudible voices, and by day he regulated his estate down to the "If you would break off opium, most trivial detail. In obedience to don't rely on medicine, don't lean on his night revelations, he brought his man, but trust only in God." stepmother back to his home, made up long-standing quarrels between him- Christians in New York may hear self and his brothers, he wrote hymns, a similar testimony from reformed he sacrificed the profitable opium crop drunkards in Jerry MacAuley's and refused to rear pigs because they prayer-meetings. were dirty; and in obedience to his plans by day, he hoed, herded cattle, To commemorate his victory, Hsi winnowed grain, and gathered fuel gave himself a new name-"Demon- until his neglected farm began to pay Overcomer." profitable dividends.

On his next visit home "the Demon- One by one opium-smokers came to Overcomer," in spite of opposition, Hsi to inquire into the causes which took down the idols from their ped- had led to his reform. He took these estals-the god of riches, the god of enslaved men into his home and war, the kitchen god, and the goddess treated them with native medicines. of mercy-and burnt them on the To Hsi a fight with opium was a rubbish pile in the back-yard. The fight with Satan himself, and victory idols were passive and dumb: but the without much prayer and fasting was women folk clamorous and vitupera- impossible. His experience proved tive. Verily, a calamity like this had that only in those who became Chrisbeen what they had too truly fore- tians was the cure permanent. seen when he went to live with "foreign devils." In a near-by village a "cultivator of virtue," named Fan, whom Hsi had Hsi, instead of storming passion- helped into the truth, started an ately in return, as was his wont, was Opium Refuge. It was a project simall gentleness and patience, and lured ilar to that which Hsi had been conthe scolding women into listening to ducting in his own home, and he stories from the Gospels. "He had frequently went over to aid his overnever asked to read anything to her taxed friend. We pray for guidance from the Five Classics," Mrs. Hsi and often the answer is revealed to inwardly commented. The stories us by doing the duty which lies nearwere beautiful and the man of the est. The success of this Opium Refhouse so much more comfortable to uge led to Hsi's establishing others live with that the women were fain to forgive him; but in the outside

HSI-A MIRACLE IN CHINA

and yet others, until they were dotted the maintenance of the temples. If over the country to the east and west you will stop worshiping the idols for and the north and south. In the man- a year I will be happy to serve you."

aging of them and caring for the spir- This was a poser, but they finally itual concerns of the inmates Hsi agreed. The village prospered under found full scope for his business sa- Hsi's clear-sighted sway, and he held gacity and his address in dealing with office for three years. When decli- his countrymen. With employment ning reelection at the end of that pe- which satisfied the cravings of his riod he remarked with grim irony, nature there came a great content, and "By this time the idols must be quite the troublesome question, "What is starved to death. Spare yourselves the the use of living?" presented itself to effort to revive them."

him no more. Those who became Christians in But work, even congenial work, Hsi's Refuges needed shepherding when a man gives to it the best that when they went out of them, and he is in him, is not easy. In his lifetime was appointed as pastor. Mr. Haste, Hsi established more than forty Ref- of the China Inland Mission, had the 1lges. The thought, the labor, the oversight of Hsi's work, but he was self-sacrifice, the patience, he ex- wise enough to allow this masterful pended art these institutions were man to go his way in most matters.

measureless. He walked many foot- Hsi was not an easy man to work sore miles; he spent days and nights with. Imperious, sure of himself and in fasting and prayer; he bore hu- his methods and backed by the love of miliation and obloq1ly; he put off the hundreds whom he had helped, he silken robe and fur-lined garments chafed at control or criticism. For which accorded with his position as years after his conversion he was un- a gentleman and scholar and wore the able to restrain a certain irritability coarse blue gown of the peasants. toward his wife. Chagrined, he Some of the Refuges paid and some prayed much about this failing. He did not. Hsi never cared for money believed when at last unity of heart for himself, only for his work, and prevailed that it was in direct answer he used the surplus of one place to to prayer. And so it was. But there supply the deficiency of the next. were secondary causes which aided, The logic of facts appeals to the tho Hsi never took account of sec- hardest-headed Chinaman. The in- ondary causes. Mrs. Hsi learned to habitants of Western Chang recog- read, first the Bible then other books.

nized as years went by that Hsi was When her husband was away from the most able and energetic man in home she took upon herself the man- their village. The time came when agement of the household numbering a strong hand was needed at the helm fifty or sixty; she even opened Opium of affairs, and the Council called upon Refuges for women. With these em- Hsi and asked him to become the ployments her mind broadened; she village elder. had community of aims and ideas with "I am a Christian," he answered, her husband, and therefore jarring "and as such I can not attend to part was impossible.

of an elder's duties-the caring for Angered by Hsi's arrogant and self-

confident manner, his old friend Fan in the self-willed autocrat, until in set up rival Refuges, undersold Hsi his later days he grew so gentle a. in his medicines, and tried to wreck little child might have led him. his work. It is said that misfortunes come always in doubles, and just at At length his multiplied labors and this time several patients of Hsi's fastings wore out his frame, never too died. But Hsi was a sincere Chris- robust, and he sank for six months tian, tho not a perfect one. He into a state of complete nervous prossearched his heart, learned his lesson tration. An English carpenter in his and kept on working. Fan, whose mo- last illness said, "I am glad as I lie tive was jealousy and whose principles here to think that there are many were unbusinesslike, of course failed, folks warm and comfortable because while Hsi emerged from behind his I did my work wei!." Hsi, lying helptemporary cloud brighter than ever. less, thought thankfully of the many He extended his Refuges even among hundred lives reclaimed because he the high-born of Shensi and the con- had not slighted his work. servative of Honan, giving to the many the same exact care he had for- In February, r896, Pastor Hsi merly given to the few. passed to his reward, but his influence still lives, and the story of his life Time and experience and study of will long be a powerful force in the perfect life wrought their changes awakening missionary interest and deepening spiritual life.

AN AMERICAN-CHINESE CHRISTIAN CIRCLE BY C. T. WANG Secretary of the Chinese Christian Students' Association of America In our Christian life and experi- fluencing the most influential young ence we must have felt at one time men of to-morrow. God has called or another the mysterious power of us to direct as many of them as posthe Holy Spirit, but it is with absolute sible to Christ our Lord, who is the certainty that this power is felt when Way, the Truth, and the Life. With Christians work in unison with God. all our faults and weaknesses, it is The first great manifestation came on no easy thing to let these fellow stuthe day of Pentecost, when "they were dents see Christ through our lives. all together." In order that we may be empowered to live consistent Christian – yea, Among our Chinese fellow students Christ-like lives; and that we may pursuing their education in America, pray more intelligently and work we find Christians scattered. This is more effectively and unitedly, I beg providential, for God wants to use us to propose that we form an "Inner as leaven to raise the whole lump. Circle," or Chinese Christian Band. But altho we are scattered we must be "together" through mutual prayer If any reader knows of any other and sympathy and active cooperation. Chinese Christian students in Amer- We have unusual opportunity of in- ica, we will be pleased to invite them

A SIGN OF THE TIMES IN TURKEY I25

to come into this "Inner Circle." Sug- interest in religious things. Many lives gestions as to ways and means and have been led to Christ through work of changes in the plan will be very wel- this kind. come. Pray that the Lord will richly bless our efforts to bring our fellow 3. Keep in touch students to Christ. May glory and honor be to His name forever. A. A list of all Christian students will be furnished to each and will be made Outline of the Proposed Phm out from time to time-say quarterIy- containing the things which the mem- I. Prayer bers of the '·Inner Circle" wish most to pray for. A. Daily individual prayer for Christian students, that we may lead good and B. Also a list of those persons in whom clean lives, and that our spiritual interest one of the members is most interested, may grow more and more day by day. persons who need special prayer to help them make the decision of decisions. B. Also prayer for those Chinese students who have not yet accepted our 4. Organization Lord. A. The Student Secretary in America C. Weekly prayer-meeting. This is of the General Committee of the Young possible whenever there are two or more Men's Christian Associations of China and students studying at one institution. Korea might act as general correspond- Time and place for meeting may be ing secretary, and his work will be to chosen by the persons concerned. furnish the addresses, to keep all the members in touch, to bring the opinions 2. Work and suggestions of different members to one another. A. Bible study class. To awaken the spiritual interest of the students the best B. In a locality where there are more thing is to conduct some Bible study than two Christians, then elect one to class for them. be local corresponding secretary, so as to relieve the general secretary some- B. Personal talks. This has been what, as in this way he may write to the found to be the most effective in break- secretary, who will bring the contents of ing down opposition and in creating an the letters to the other members.

B. Bible study committee.

A SIGN OF THE TIMES IN TURKEY A SERMON PREACHED BY ISMAIL HAKKI EFFENDI IN THE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, JULY 31. 1908 TI<.NSLTED BY LOUTFI LEVONIAN AND REV. STEPHEN VAN R. TROWBRIDGE Within a few days after the an- as a liberal exegesis of a certain pasnouncement of constitutional govern- sage in the Koran a·nd as an expresment for the Turkish Empire the sion of the advanced thought of a regular preacher in the mosque of St. leading Mohammedan doctor. But in Sophia, Constantinople, preached a these interior provinces we, who are sermon which has since been widely working as missionaries of Christ, quoted and commented upon. No value the sermon for its marked indoubt this sermon has intrinsic worth fluence upon the common people.

One secret of this influence is the to the exclusive privileges which the excellent Turkish style which Ismail Apostle of God grants to His own Hakki Effendi uses. The language is followers. clear and forceful, and free from arti- ficial rhetoric. But the chief secret But, again, the effect of enlightened of this message is its timeliness. At advice from such papers as the Sirat-i- the very crisis when Mohammedan Mustakim was so profoundly felt that bigotry threatened to counteract and the next Friday, the last of the Ra- destroy the large-hearted national mazan, the tone of the addresses was movement for liberty, all the local clearly in favor of the new statesmanpreachers and teachers in the seventy ship of the Young Turks. It is needmosques in this city and in the tens less to urge-because the fact must of thousands of mosques throughout be already clear to American readers the interior were looking attentively -that these constitutional liberties toward the religious doctors of the open up an unparalleled field for pregreat Constantinople mosques. Here- senting the life and message of the tofore the imperial censor's oppress- Cross to the Mohammedan populaive methods had prevented any wide tion. publication of such sermons. But with the new liberty of the press a news- The Sermon paper entitled Sirat-i-Mustakim (The Upright Highway) has come into ex- With the name of God the most istence. Its avowed purpose is a re- merciful I take refuge in Him from ligious interpretation of current events the curst Satan. The text is as foland national movements. But the lows: "It was by mercy from God point of view and the principles are thou didst deal gently with them, for so generous and broad-minded that no hadst thou been rough and rude of room is left for the Mohammedan heart they had dispersed from fanaticism and bigotry which are around thee. But pardon them, and prone to exert themselves against all ask forgiveness for them, and take forms of Christianity. counsel with them in the affair. As for what thou hast resolved, rely upon It is safe to say that most of the God; verily God loves those who do sermons which have been preached in rely."-(The Koran, III., 153.) the mosques of Aintab, Aleppo and other cities of Central Turkey have The first is God. The last is God. taken up and urged home this mes- The outward is God. The inward sage of fraternity and justice. IS God. And that which IS 111 the Prophet's heart is God. His During the month of October a help in both worlds is God. strong wave of reaction swept along God whose existence is indispensable, from the provinces east of the Eu- in His honored Koran, which He sent phrates, and reached here just before down to our Lord Mohammed-e1the close of the Ramazan Fast. The Mustafa by His ambassador, Gabriel second and third Fridays of the fast says, "It was by mercy from God that the people were' urged from many pul- thou didst deal gently with them." pits to abandon the notions of fra- With the divine mercy of your Lord, ternity with Christians and to return with His divine success, and by no other means, thou, my beloved, mine apostle, hast been very gentle. Thou

A SIGN OF THE TIMES IN TURKEY

hast dealt with thy friends with ten- "Pardon them and ask forgiveness derness. All thy work and conduct for them." Then, 0 my beloved, parand dealings have been gracious. don them all their faults against thee. They do sin against God. For this This verse was sent down after the also ask God's forgiveness. Intercede battle of Ahed. In the beginning of for them. Try to keep thy people free that battle the Moslems were victo- from sins. rious. But some of the soldiers, who had been commanded to stay and wait "And take counsel with them in the in a certain place, abandoned their po- affair." Thou that art a glorious sition and because of the love of prophet, thou that receivest revelaworldly wealth went after plunder. tions, thou to whom all truths and se- They acted contrary to the command crets are revealed, consult with men of the Prophet. Then the enemy at- of understanding. Talk with them. tacked their rear. The Moslems won In all affairs do not depart from conthe victory again, but about seventy sultation. were slain and the blest tooth of the Prophet was broken. The Prophet Some people have restricted this was angry with them, but he did not command to the affairs of war. But rebuke or reproach them. And now the word here is general. Tradition God extols him in this verse, and says also shows it to be so. Therefore the that this tenderness was all by the spe- great doctors explain it in the general cial favor of God. sense: In all things consult with thy people. Ask their vote. Thus their "And if thou hadst been rough and heart will become quiet and they will rude of heart." 0 my beloved! If love thee warmly. thou hadst not been so tender, if thou hadst been hard-hearted, if thou hadst Vhen this verse was sent down broken their hearts by coarse words, Abdullah-bin-i-Abbas asked the inner if thou hadst dealt oppressively, trust- meaning of it. Our Lord the Prophet ing in thy miracles, "they had dis- replied in this way: "0 my people, persed from around thee." They my friends! God the most glorious would not !lave cared that thou wert commands me that I should consult a prophet. All would have left thee with you in worldly things, that I and would have gone away. should ask your vote and talk with you before any action. But you know Look! Tho his miracles were as already and the truth is plain that bright as the sun, yet he is com- God and His Apostle are not in need manded to deal gently. Yes, thou art of consultation. With the grace of not able to conquer hearts by thy mir- God I have no need of counsel. But acles. If thou seest always the faults why does He command this? Natuof the people, if thou dost not deal rally, for a blessing to my people. That gently, if thou dost not deal equally is, this will be a precedent, and my with the rich and with the poor, no people until the day of judgment will one remains with thee. But with thee act with consultation. The taking of the rich and the poor are equal. And counsel shall be an essential rule for it is this justice and this equality that them. To everyone revelation does makes thee glorious in the eyes of thy 110t come from heaven. To everyone people Gabriel does not bring the Koran.

This method of consultation began know this blessing to be from Him. in the time of the Rashid Caliphs. 0, my fellow countrymen! Let us For this method a special "sura" had thank God as much as we can. But come down and was called "shoura" thanksgiving can not be by merely (counsel). "What is with God is saying "Thanks." We must try to help, better and more lasting for those who everyone according to his might-the believe and who upon their Lord rely rich with their money, the heroes with and whose affairs go by counsel their might-of-arms, the preachers amongst themselves" (xlii., 36). In- with eloquence, the authors with the asmuch as this is said for all affairs, pen. We must try to keep our libit has relation to the whole body of erty! Oh, how sorrowful was our Moslems or to the non-Moslems also, condition! This oppression and desand thus to the whole of humanity. )otism had filled our earth. These in- quisitions had turned the country into In every event take counsel with ruins. But, thanks to God, the divine one another. As a matter of fact the victory arrived! A breeze brought Arabs did so. This word "mesh- the fragrance of liberty. The oppressweret" (consultation) means to take ors were astonished. They thought out honey. It means that I get the it to be a dream. But on earth men, honey out. I get rid of the bees. and in heaven the angels, tried to- Then there is sweetness in consulta- gether, and God brought all the option! It is picked out of thorns and pressors down. Thanks be to God! poison. It is the pure essence which is taken out. So the Arabs say, If those sad conditions had been "Thank God, I picked out the honey. prolonged how miserable would be I succeeded." our condition! We would be heavily responsible to God. Islam abhors God has now given this blessing to such oppression and despotism. Acyou, my people. If this is God's bless- cording to our faith, every man is ing there is no greater gift. There- obliged to put away this despotism. fore we must undertake consultation Our law commands liberty, justice in everything. Those who accept con- and equality. There are non-Moslems sultation shall get every kind of bless- among us-Armenians, Greeks, Buling. Those who abandon it shall un- garians and Jews. They are God's dergo every kind of woo trust to us. We will try to keep their rights even more than our own. Our Our King has now really dealt ac- religron commands us to do so. There cording to the Koran. According to are three last admonitions of the the advice of the Prophet, with full Prophet. The first of them is tc tenderness, without any severity, he keep from oppressing the non-Moshas followed the Prophet's track. lem citizens. What a noble ordi- nance! They have the same rights There are causes. But it is God which we have. We must leave them who creates the causes. Many pa- free. Their good is exactly our triots, and especially the Third Army good; their loss is exactly our loss. Division, tried very hard, night and day, and saved millions of the opprest. If we do not protect their rights the Prophet will be our enemy. And But God did it. Men must not be proud. We must not forget God. We must trust in Him. We must

SIGNS OF PROMISE TO THE INDIANS

if 'the Prophet becomes our enemy thy hands and, God willing, our em~ will success attend our life? Really we had come to such a pass that three pire will be nobly exalted in the near months would not have passed before future. Your duty is now moderathe Ottoman Empire would have gone tion and thanksgiving. Do not forget down in ruin. Hereafter the king~ to give thanks to God every moment. dom will pass into able and trustwor- a God! Secure the peace of the peo- ple. Affirm it with justice!

SIGNS OF PROMISE TO THE INDIANS BY JOHN W. SANBORN, FRIENDSHIP, N. Y.

Both in the United States and Wilbor, presiding elder of the Metho- Canada there is a substantial increase dist Episcopal Church in the Buffalo of the Indian populatit1n. In Canada district, held his first quarterly meet- there are 109,394 Indians, of whom ing at the Seneca Indian Mission 74,000 are identified with the various Church. Several hymns were sung in religious denominations, and the pro- the Seneca language, and the presence portion is about the same among the of the Holy Spirit was felt in the 291,581 Indians of the United States. service. r Government schools have enrolled Bishop Whipple, speaking of the 24,762 Indian children, and in the mis- transforming. power of Christianity sion and day schools there are 3,736 upon the Indians, once said, "The more. Christian home has taken the place Several years ago the Presbyterian of the wigwam, and the poor, de~ Board offered a prize of a morocco- graded Indian woman has been bound Bible to every Sunday-school changed to the Christian wife and pupil who should learn and repeat mother. With justice, personal rights, without prompting the entire Shorter and the protection of law the Gospel Catechism. From one of the largest will do for our red brothers what it city Sunday-schools of New York has done for other races-give to there were I I successful competitors. them home, manhood and free- In the New York State Indian school, dom."

on the Cattaraugus reservation, out God has a loyal following among of 80 children of school age 55 won the Indians, and some of the rarest the prize. jewels in the Savior's crown will be On the 7th of July last, Rev. Dr. J gathered from our Indian tribes.

IN THE EAST. RESPONSIBILITY

THE WEST* BY REV. C. A. R. JANVIER, PHILADELPHIA, PA. For fourteen years a missionary in India In God's language the same letters during the last half-century, still more that spell opportunity spell responsi- ~luring the last quarter-century, more bility; wherever God gives opportunity 111 the past ten years, and most of all there He holds to responsibility. If in the last five, God has been arousing we look at Syria, Arabia and Persia, these nations in one way or another. Afghanistan and Hindustan, Siam, Tonquin and the Philippine Islands, Take the Philippinc Islands. Note China, Japan and Korea, we see that the change that took place immediately this series of nations, forming the after the Sunday morning when the western, southern and eastern part of guns of Dewey boomed. Think what Asia, contains more than one-half of that awakening was for the islands! the population of the entire globe. What it means to pass from the bond- More than that, we have here more age of Spain into the hands of the than three-fourths of the to-be-evan- American Republic! gelized population of the world. God has placed the sick of the world in this Take Tibet, the nation that has great dispensary, and opened the doors been the mystery of the countries. wide for us to go in and heal them by Who would have predicted five years bringing them to the knowledge of ago that in the forbidden city of Lhasa the Master. a foreign army would force the sign- ing of a treaty? Whatever may be Those nations have through many thought of Colonel Younghusband's centuries been marked by a spirit of expedition, its result can not fail to moral torpor and lethargy, of deadly be a new, an awakened and an accesindifference to all great spiritual ques- sible Tibet. tions. They have constituted the great "valley of dry bones." Be not car- Take China. Do you remember ried away with the common statement how we bowed our heads before God that the people of Asia are intensely as that awful uprising swept over religious. There is a religious tend- China a few years ago ? We said: ency among them, but it is largely a "How is it that God has aJlowed this religiousness of form and ceremony great retrogression? All the labor of and superstitious fear. As to spiritual all these years has gone up in smoke religion, there is indifference and dead- and blood!" But out of that Boxer ness. These nations, beginning at rebellion comes a new China! The Syria in the west, and running round president of the Reform Association of to Japan on the east, have been in China said recently: "There are now this condition of moral torpor and 20,000 young Chinese following the indifference with no true public spirit higher courses of modern education in or deep religious life. China; 50,000 modern schools of lower grade existing in the province of Can- A emu of Unrest and Inquiry ton alone; 4,000,000 of the Chinese can speak English: 10,000 modern text- In recent years God h'as been arous- books from England or America or ing these nations from this sleep of Europe have been translated into Chimillenniums. There has been "a nese, and are now in the hands of shaking up"-yes, "an earthquake." the students." During the last century, increasingly Similar movements are taking place in Siam and Persia and Arabia, and * From the Christian. Obs.erver. other lands into which one after an- who have no rights that anyone is other God has come and is touching bound to respect. To these "outcasts,"

them into an awakened life. found in every city and village of In this series of nations there <,re the country, neither Hinduism nor Mo- two great centers of influence. One of hammedanism can hold out the faint- them is Japan. Formosa is a part of est hope. But the light of Christ has Japan. Korea and Manchuria are un- begun to shine into their deep dark- der Japanese control. China has been ness, and tens of thousands have come HJapanized." Equally true is it that in to the Christian Church, and other the south India is the center of power, hundreds of thousands have their faces not only from its political standing as turned toward the sun rising. In In- a part of the British Empire, but be- dia, then, there is not only the crisis canse of its religious position. Linked among the educated and intelligent- to the East by its pantheism and to the the unrest and the drift toward agnos- West by its Mohammedanism, it is the ticism, but there is this other crisis key to the religious situation. King among those who are reaching up from Edward VII rules over more Moham- the lowest depths for the new life and medans than any other monarch in the light given to them by the Christian world, more than the Shah of Persia, religion.

or the Sultan of Turkey. The Two Grer.t Christiani:l;ing Powen These two centers of influence, which stretch out their hands over the The last great fact to which I call outlying nations until they link hands your attention, I pray you weigh together, are also special centers of prayerfully and solemnly. God in His crisis. If there be crisis in all na- wonderful dealings with nations has tions, there is a deeper crisis in Japan brought into vital contact with these and India. 'vVestern religion, Western two centers of influence in the height thought, Western ideals, Western of their intense crisis the two great standards, these all have in peculiar Christian evangelizing powers of the degree in Japan and in India come in world, England and America. Follow contact with the old life, sleeping history down through the recent cen- through the centuries, and have turies, and you will be struck with the brought about a crisis which no one way that God has been unfolding His can fully understand who has not been plan in the Far East. The develop- in it. ment is one that no one would have Education has been one of the most dared to predict, and yet it is mani- potent factors in producing this unrest, festly no accident. Take Japan. You especially among young men. Occi- might easily expect that America dental education is destroying the would have influence in Japan, for foundations of false faiths and hoary America discovered and has largely superstitions. Young men have lost con- molded modern Japan. But who fidence in the old systems; they have cut would have predicted a few years ago loose fr0111 the old moorings, they have that England would be found in an not yet found anchorage in the Lord offensive and defensive alliance with Jesus Christ, and are drifting out into Japan, one of those but recently de- the darkness of atheism and agnosti- spised Oriental powers? The situation cism. The same is true of J apan. Th~ is accurately symbolized by a scene not situation is almost identical in the two long since enacted in one of the great countries, except that the temperament cities of Japan, when the intensest en- of the Japanese and that wider spread thusiasm was aroused by the display of education make the unrest more in- of the emblems of England and Amer- tense. ica on either side, with the Japanese In India, however, there is another emblem in the center.

aspect of the crisis. There are nearly Then turn to India. You would ex- fifty millions of people, out of all caste, pect to find England there, because

India belongs to England. But the G?d is marching on! He is showing startling fact is that side by side with HIS purpose. He has been fulfilling England is the United States. Where and is now bringing to the consummathere are perhaps two thousand or tion of its fulfilment the promise that more English missionaries, there are the kingdoms of this world are to be fifteen hundred American mission- the kingdoms of the Lord and His aries. What is true of the missionary Christ. Are you and I ready to keep situation is in a measure true of the step with God? Alas, we are not half commercial and even of the political. awake to the meaning of the voice of God as He speaks through His Notice: Three-fourths of the world working among the nations. gathered in half a continent, aroused from the sleep of millenniums, to a Responsibility is a tremendous word; crisis of unrest and inquiry; two great but there is one word more tremencenters of influence, themselves the dous, and that is the word of God's centers of more intense crisis; and love for souls. Face it out with God into vital contact with them now and ask Him what He has for you to brought the two great Christianizing do for the meeting of this responsibilpowers of the world, England and ity, for the manifestation of this infi- America. What does it mean? He nite love for the winning of the world is deaf indeed who can not hear God to Him who so loved it that He gave saying, "Forward, march " He is His only begotten Son to save it from deaf indeed who, if he listens, does not death and despair. "Go ye into all the hear above the deep "Forward, world, and preach the Gospel to every march" the shrill call, "Double quick " creature."

THE CHINESE DRAGON"S AWAKENING* BY REV. E. 1. DOTY, CANTON, CHINA The Dragon awoke early, but ere seized upon it and made it the the morning hours were past the advance agent of civilization; they Dragon slept, not the healthy sleep even used it to break down the that is the reward of toil but the sleep barriers the Chinese themselves of one hypnotized. Centuries long the had set up against them. In a Chinese followed the same ideals with word, while China slept the world steady gaze until there fell, like a worked on. But the tide of progress, mantle, close and dark, the long deep beginning in the Orient, seemed ever sleep. While China slept, the great to march westward. It entered Eupowers of to-day were born and fought rope from the East and permeated their way to accomplishment. That every kingdom. With the colonists it long sleep was a period of philoso- came to America, and in spite of phical and ethical dreaming-and bloody tomahawk crossed the States those dreams have deepened the leth- one by one. It is crossing the Pacific argy unto this day. It was a period and Atlantic and entering the Orient of invention, but not one of develop- once more. Should all the blood in ment. China invented printing, but living veins to-day oppose its progress, never developed it to any consider- it will permeate China to the very cenable degree of perfection; other na- ter. The impact of this tide has tions took it up and made it one of caused the Dragon's awakening. the greatest factors of progress. She invented gunpowder, but did not de- Note some of the changes that have velop its possibilities; other nations taken place. Probably first among these is the student movement, for * From Tlte Chinese Recorder.

CHINESE DRAGON'S AWAKENING

here governor and governed have met the opportunity is coming to Christian on common ground, The old school young men and women to guide the has passed away, It is most significant nation's youth into paths of knowledge that in the historic city of Canton and and progress. This may not seem at in other centers as well, the famous once an opportunity to be grasped, examination booths have given place inasmuch as the Church loses their to halls of the new learning, It is services as preachers and teachers. But significant because it stands for the however well a preacher may preach, fact that throughout the provinces ed- or a teacher may teach, the life is a ucation in new subjects is required, Christian's grandest witness, and en- This we may suppose was a forced tering the door now open this testi- step. The government saw itself mony may be given in high places drawn into the whirlpool of interna- where words can seldom reach. And tional competition and coolly sacrificed this testimony will be examined and the life work of her present genera- compared in a manner that must prove tion of scholars for the greater good its worth.

of the Middle Kingdom. But the de- The multiplication of schools cree revolutionizing the educational throughout the provinces is important.

system did not arrest China's ambition, It is the voluntary response of the Its goal was changed. The nation's common people to the higher call. It thought found a new channel, and we speaks for reaction that the teaching have an army of youth with its face in these schools is so deficient and the set earnestly toward the new learning. tendency so revolutionary, but it All this has created a great oppor- stands for a growth that, whatever the tunity for the Church, because at the opposition, can not be entirely over- present moment the mission schools thrown. Each school building is a alone are fitted adequately to meet the reflector, more or less polished, which conditions. I would not depreciate has caught some ray of light. And other schools where real instruction is that ray wil1 be turned by it to its own given, but wish to emphasize the op- place that all the land may be light.

portunity open to Christian institu- Throughout the whole educational tions. The government and the pri- movement there is a depreciation of vate schools stand rather for the new the old mode of doing things and a idea than for anything like the work- distinct approval of the vitalizing ing of it out. They are not efficient. methods of the West, but there is as The subjects are poorly taught. With yet little evidence of reformation of a few notable exceptions, the in- moral character, without which the structors are not instructed. It is new system must fail to bear its nor- left for the Christian school to supply mal fruit.

that new basis of character, without In connection with education we which all the equipment of the twen- note the increasing use of the English tieth century must fail in its purpose. language. The Chinese are seeking to And to the Christian school is coming learn English at present because it is a class of students from hitherto un- worth money to them, and the future reached levels of society. They may demands will be greater than those of not become Christians, but their asso- the present. The tendency seems to be ciation with us and the resultant un- either toward English or a revision of derstanding of our purpose ought to the native tongue. The time may not lessen opposition and bring into wider have arrived when we should teach repute the cause which we came to English in all our schools, but many establish. do teach it, and we also find English Chriltian Instr.lctions schools under purely native control.

Recognizing the superiority of Along with the study of English has Christian instruction, the new schools come a noticeable change of address are applying to us for teachers, and and manners. The last generation of

educated Chinese was a generation of and so changing the outlook of the scholars, the next is likely to be a gen- East that hardly a soul in all Christeneration of soldiers and diplomats. dom is not affected by the advance. Students are visiting other great powers, and Japan especially, where mil- The Government Circles itarism is at white heat and that phase of war exhibited by the peaceful pa- If we turn to government circles rade of uniformed soldiers with flying we find strong evidence of a similar flags and rattling drums is found most movement. The commission that was tempting. The time is at hand when sent abroad to study Western institu- China should develop statesmen who tions was a select body of men repare wil1ing to decrease that the nation resentative of the official class. This may increase. has ever been the conservative ele- ment, and such an action indicates the But the renaissance is not confined awakening consciousness that the old to the student alone. Socially it institutions are inadequate to stand touches China at every point. The the stress and strain of coming years. newspapers and magazines have more Call it what you will-anything from to say about the middle class than any self-defense to calm appreciation of other or even about the government what is noble-it was in the right itself. The student movement is a la- direction. It was a master-stroke. It tent force with boundless possibilities. made for world-progress.

But the middle class presents the real The commission investigated the inbattle-field of progress. The student stitutions of different countries and theorizes and winces under a yoke that made such suggestions to the throne does not rest upon his own shoulders. as seemed warranted by the knowl- It rests where there is vested property edge gained. To that commission we right. The student travels abroad and owe many of the reforms already urges certain enterprises. The busi- begun. ness man incurs the risk of the venture and experiences the immediate One of the most startling reforms gain or loss. The student is the agi- decreed by the government is the tator, the working man the real re- abolition of opium. The annual reformer. The work of this class is port of the Anti-Opium League gives found in the history of industrial de- quite fully the history of the movevelopment. Here should be mentioned ment and how the government came railways, binding the provinces to- to take up the matter. An Internagether by bands of steel and making tional Opium Commission has been easy and attractive the intercourse agreed to by all the leading powers, which shall drive away interprovincial making it incumbent upon both hemhatred and mistrust. Here should be ispheres to suppress the evil. Thus, mentioned the telegraph, instantly not only will the events of r840 be flashing information to all the chief impossible of repetition, but China will centers of the empire, and the tele- enjoy the moral support and sympaphones and electric lights, foundries, thv of the whole civilized world in her glass-works, and other such industries. attempt to shake off this great Here too should be mentioned the slavery. gilds and different societies formed for mutual aid and protection of par- Another instance of sweeping reticular industries. Space forbids the form is the promise of a constitutional treatment of these things in detail, ex- government. This promise no doubt tremely interesting tho they are to was made for reasons of political exevery student of social conditions. pediency, but apparently it was made Everyone of them tells the story of in good faith. Recognizing the naa reform changing the immediate tional spirit manifest in education, deconditions in the lives of thousands, fense, politics, and even in religion, it is an unmistakable mark of credit to the late Empress-Dowager that she

GREAT AWAKENING IN MANCHURIA

withdrew from the reactionaries and soli dated revolt of the eighteen provjoined hands with the forces that inces. And indeed there is reason to make for progress and unity. But fear. People of all classes are more just here is a very grave danger that or less discontented with the present the people will wrest the legislative status quo, and if opportunity offers power from the throne before they are are willing to abet any movement able to wield it. The people need to aimed at the reigning dynasty. There be patient until such changes can be is no doubt that a revolution is pendmade with safety. The progressive ing and that some are against any party would seize in a year what the compromise less radical than the com- West waited centuries to gain. Sour plete evacuation of Chinese territory indeed will they find the fruit plucked bv the Manchu. too early from the vine. – The missionaries have come with one message. vVe must seek to de- But notwithstanding all the prom- liver that message in such a way that ises of the throne, we find the people the Chinese will be edified. We must still discontented. It is a matter of teach them that a Christian experience serious doubt whether the conciliatory and a high moral life walk hand in reforms of the government, removing hand. We must teach them well the as far as possible all differences be- lesson that until the Law of God is tween the races, will be able to cast written on the tables of their hearts, out of the Chinese mind the intense they must be in subjection to that writhatred of the Manchu. The Chinese ten on tables of stone. In all our idea of patriotism is to drive him back endeavor, let us strive to build up the over the great wall whence he came. new creature, to present every man Much as the government fears a for- perfect unto God. eign foe, her greatest fear is a con- THE GREAT AWAKENING IN MANCHURIA* BY REV. PAUL PATTON FARIS, ICHOWFU, CHINA The mO'{ement began in February, ness is what every experienced mis- 1908, in Liaoyang, spread at once to sionary understands. Mukden, and, soon after, to Haicheng, Fakumen, Newchwang, and number- The particular Christians touched by less towns and villages and hamlets of this revival had in many instances a less fame-and no one dares predict special reason for public acknowledgwhere it will end. ment of their sins. In the peculiar stress of Boxer persecution in Man- A mighty outpouring of the Holy churia not a few Christians-poorly Spirit came to the Christians immedi- instructed because of a lack of missionately after the opening of the meet- aries for their adequate supervisionings, and His power became manifest proyed less heroic than their martyred at once in heart-breaking confession of fellows, temporarily denied their Lord, sin; then in outbursts of prayer, both. and saved their lives, tho losing all the petition and intercession, in great joy, property they owned. It was strong and, finally, in thank-offerings to God evidence of God's presence in the reof money and of service. It was a vival, then, when many of these Chriscase of complete surrender to God. tians with tears and lamentations con- fest their recreancy of eight years ago. That there are occasions for confession of sin among Christians recently "Not only did I worship the idols converted from heathenism's igno- myself," sobbed one poor man, "but I led myoId mother to the temple, and rance, degradation, and moral weak- • From The Christian Endeavor World.

made her do the same-and she is three separate occasions, but each time dead !" And he refused to be com- in vain. I have been like a fierce dog forted. frightening souls away from the fold of Christ. May God have mercy upon Another confest to having stolen me! God have mercy upon me!" And money and goods when Mukden was he threw himself to the ground in an burned in 1900, and a third told with agony of weeping. tears of his having actually been a member of a Boxer band, tho at first Immediately the whole congregation ignorant of its full purpose, and of his broke into loud lamentation; scores of eight years of misery ever since his men and women rushed forward to the escape from the band after his disillu- platform, fell on their knees, and made sionment. abject confession of sin.

But there were other sins also, re- When a moment of quiet came, a quiring presentation to the Lord; and voice was heard from the woman's these too were confest publicly, not side. Simply and tenderly this one easily nor willingly, but evidently as woman was beseeching forgiveness for the result of the Spirit's gracious com- the repentent elder; it was his wife! pulsion. In one place a Christian had been associated with highway robbers, Such prayers as hers were often and had been arrested and subjected to heard, whether for others or for the six months' savage tortures, and had suppliants themselves. The first reyet confest to nothing until one flash course of the tortured sinner was to of divine light showed him his lost the throne of grace. Eagerly his condition, and he writhed in agony on friends would join him in petition, and the floor. it was not long before requests for prayer began to pour in to the leaders Such experiences came to hundreds, of the services. They included those even thousands, of other Christians in mentioning fathers, mothers, hus- Manchuria this spring. Elders, agents, bands, wives, sons, daughters, employdeacons, evangelists, members young ees, the backslidden; they came from and old, inquirers, backsliders, canfest individuals, from hospital and other to having committed one or another of helpers, schools, and chapels in which all the sins in the decalog. Secret idol- prayer unions had been formed. atry, fraud, theft, opium-smoking, gambling, deceit-these were the bur- Each request was written, and was dens from which many a heart was very explicit. freed. "Chu Ching Ho," began one, "a One Example miserable sinner who has been a Chris- tian for twenty years; denied Christ At one meeting the actions of Elder and worshiped idols at the Boxer time, S. were noticeable; he seemed over- has been indifferent ever since. Pray powered with emotion. for me and for my wife, who is not a Christian. Alas! I have never done Twice he sprang to his feet and anything to induce her to become one. made an attempt to speak, but twice sat Pray that God may have mercy upon down again, burying his face in his me." hands in great distress. The people were as quick to respond At last he rose, sprang to the plat- to these requests as they were eager to form, and said in effect: "I can bear make them. When their own sins had this burden no longer! Before the been con fest, they seemed to have no Lord and the congregation I must con- desire but that all others in Manchuria fess my iniquities. Years ago, as all you people know, I was an earnest and should share that happiness. sincere Christian. But alas! I fell. My Whole congregations bowed in inwife spoke to me about my great sin, and at last I could stand her no longer, tercession. Of the Mukden congregaand made up my mind to get rid of tion it is related that not infrequently her. I mixed poison with her food on seven or eight hundred people were praying audibly at once.

A TABLE THAT TALKS

Nor was there any sense of discord, "Men's hospital, $roo; women's hos- wonderful as it may seem. "On the pital, $ roo ; Missionary and Bible So- other hand," writes Mr. Webster, ciety, $roo; education, $200; evangel- "there has sometimes been the most istic agencies, $200. striking harmony. It sounded, indeed, like the most beautiful music, as of a Three characteristics distinguished wind-swept Eolian harp." the Manchurian awakening.

Painful to witness as many of the As has been intimated, there was scenes of confession had been, the pain first of all a deep, overpowering sense was borne by the penitents that peace of sin, compelling confession, usually and forgiveness might be enjoyed. in public. Some day the young Chi- And peace came to the people like a nese church will pass beyond the stage great flood. Communion services were where public confession seems essenobserved with new experience of God's tial, but now most of the Christians in presence; it seemed that the very peace this land find no peace until their asso- ciates, who know their lives as few of a forgiving God was among the re- lives in America are known, witness pentant communicants. their penitent attitude before God.

A necessity for thanksgiving swept The exaltation of the Holy Spirit over the many congregations. Praise forms the second great characteristic. in song, gratitude exprest in offerings Early in the meetings at Mukden, as of money and jewels, and offers of a check on native impulsiveness it was service came from all quarters. One suggested that only those who had rewoman made a vow to give the Lord ceived "the grace of the Spirit" should two full days of service every week lead in prayer. More than once confor the rest of her life, and another gregations were brought back to first gave two dollars to buy books for in- principles by a sermon or an exhortaquirers, since she could not speak to tion on the one theme, "Not by might, them herself. One poor man gave a nor by power, but by my Spirit, saith dollar; another, six; a third, five bush- the Lord." The Spirit, thus exalted, els of grain. Many offered a tenth early made His presence manifest, and of their income to the Lord. One man the mighty blessing followed. offered five hundred strings of cash; another, the rent of two small houses. The third feature of this movement Salaries of helpers were provided for; worthy of note is the prominent part salaries were promised to new evan- that was taken by the Chinese pastors, gelists and pastors; and buildings were helpers, and other leading Christians. offered rent-free for church purposes. It seems that except at the beginning A young merchant tithed his property the missionaries had little to do but of $7,000, and divided $700 as follows: stand still and see the wonderful work of God through Chinese leadership.

A TABLE THAT TALKS BY S. M. ZWEMER, D.D.

The accompanying table tells of im- who fears he can not stand "the climediate needs on the foreign field. It mate" has here a choice of every sort is eloquent with facts and figures that of climate, from Alaska to Siam and speak louder than mere words.. It from West Africa to East China. Here emphasizes the dearth of missionary candidates, and speaks to those who are opportunities for the preacher and could go if they would listen. the physician under every kind of flag and civilization, and to every kind I. The table meets a whole series of non-Christian religion-Moslems, of objections and difficulties. The man Buddhists, Hindus, idolaters. Here

are places for those who covet a diffi- 3· And the table speaks of urgency. cult speech, like Arabic or Chinese, It is the day of opportunity in every one of the lands on this list. China is and for those with moderate linguistic m transition. Japan IS m the balance. capacity in Spanish or English. The India is in upheaval. There IS a Mosman or woman who IS waiting for a lem menace in Africa. Unprecedented "definite call" can run his fingers down ~—-l1EN—-~ ~—–WOllEN—–~ ~ ~ '@ Africa …………. . o"0 5 Alaska …………. . 4 Arabia …………. . I Asia Jlinor …….. . 2 Assam …………. . I Brazil …….. to ••••• Bulgaria ………… . 2 Burma …… . 0 •••••• 5 Ceylon …………. .

China ………. t_ •• 24 I4 4 I6 Cuba …………… . 3 Chile ………….. . 2 India •………….. 10 7 4 4 8 Japan ………….. . 22 I2 2 8 Korea ………….. . 3 Macedonia ……… _.

Mexico ………… .

Palestine …….. 0 ••• Philippines ……… .

Peru ………….. .

Porto Rico ……… . 4 Siam to .0. ,_ ……. . I Syria ………….. .

Turkey ………… .

U. S. America …… .

Miscellaneous ……. . 2 98 26 23 I3 9 IO 5I 2 Men…………………………………………………………. ISO Women………………………………………………………. 110 260 these columns and hear two hundred opportunities are opening in Turkey. and. sixty Macedonian voices. The cry from Korea is that of a dead ripe harvest field, while other lands 2. The table shows clearly the wide are awaiting plowmen to turn the virdiversities of gift now in demand and gin soil. These doors for the investthe multiform character of present-day ment of life are open now. The qualievangelism. Ordained preachers for fied man or woman must enter speedily regular pulpits in large cities or un- or that particular door will be closed. They are immediate needs, not the touched districts are wanted. Men for needs of future months or future the work of a bishop or with theo- years. Everyone of the items in the logical acumen to teach native preach- taMe is tip to date. If it is up to date ers; teachers of every grade, from kin- and you have the missionary spirit, it dergarten to applied science; men of is up to you. What are you going to business ability and captains of indus- do about it? trial training. When was there a wider, more varied, stronger call for leadership than that offered here?

EDITORIALS

THE "D. M. R."-A HELP TO PASTORS terest in foreign missions. Dr. Mor- gan's conclusion is that "we ought to The Presbyterian Church has re- abandon all methods spectacular, spascently published a valuable pamphlet modic, and special and give ourselves giving letters from mission fields to quiet, patient, determined instrucshowing the "Distinct Missionary tion of our own people." He adds, it Responsibility" of that denomination is absolutely certain that the very life for the evangelization of the world. of the Church depends upon her obe- Pastors and laymen should study this dience to the will of the Lord, and report with its presentation of oppor- unless we can go forward to the retunities in non-Christian lands. gions beyond, our own life is sure to suffer. This question is in very large A leaflet of practical value, giving measure a minister's question. If the twelve suggestive studies in this pam- ministry of the Church lacks definitephlet, with references to other recent ness of conviction and enthusiasm of literature, has been prepared by Secre- action, we can not expect the people tary Halsey. These twelve studies of the congregation to be other than would make ideal topics for monthly indifferent to this great work. Spirprayer-meetings. itual life is the secret of missionary work. The topics include: (I) The World Field; (2) China and the World; (3) BOSTON'S CHURCHES Light in the Dark Continent; (4) The Unrest in India; (5) The Unique Po- Rev. C. D. Gray writes in The sition in Siam and Laos; (6) Our Standard that Congregationalists at Southern Neighbors; (7) Responsi- the "Hub" barely hold their own. bility in the Philippines; (8) A Mis- Fourteen of their strongest churches sion Study Meeting; (9) The Advance dropt last year from 7,134 to 6,991. in Japan; (IO) Persia and its Prog- Young people seem especially to be ress; (I I) Christianity in Korea; drifting into other churches and Chris- ( I2) The Needs of Syria; The Sun- tian Science. The Methodists have day-school and World-wide Evan- about 30 churches, mostly small, only gelism. 7 numbering over 300. Five leading churches are in a "moribund" condi- These leaflets may be had from the tion. The blood and fire of Methodism Presbyterian Board, 156 Fifth Avenue, have disappeared. The Baptists have New York, for a two-cent stamp. It neither lost nor gained numerically. In is of value to other denominations as IO years there has been only about 300 well. Anyone will benefit from its study. advance. Dr. A. J. Gordon's church, DR. CAMPBELL MORGAN AND that gave over $20,000 in one year to missions, last year fell to $IS0! Rug- MISSIONS gles Street and Dudley Street, Mr. Gray thinks likely to unite. Tremont This well-known London Congrega- Temple, now pastor/ess, is a great tionalist has been trying to educate his preaching center rather than a strong great flock by weekly addresses on the church. Protestant Episcopal churches great missions and missionaries of the have made the most progress in ten last century. years, 19 parishes increasing over thirty-two per cent., and in the suburbs In a series of meetings in West- the growth has been as great if not minster Chapel he confest surprize and greater. These are facts to be studied. disappointment at the attendance. The vast majority of his own people were THE OPIUM QUESTION IN CHINA conspicuous by their absence; and those present were already interested We look with intense interest to the in world-wide evangelization. In all report of the International Opium parts of Christendom, only very few Commission which met in Shanghai "who profess and call themselves Christians" manifest any genuine in-

on the first day of the new year. life. Sunday is largely given up, even Three months before, in a report by by nominal disciples, to secular plans Mr. Leech, counselor to the British and occupations. Much that is apolo- Legation at Peking, it is stated that gized for as rest consists in Sunday in many provinces the area under excursions which only bring more expoppy cultivation is reduced, due, it is haustion and depletion of nervous believed, to increase of taxation, fine strength. Man gets away from God's and punishment. It has been found laws and ideals only at his own peril. difficult to enforce prohibition, on ac- Even a liberal thinker like Dr. Brooke count of the commercial value of the Herford said: product, and the entanglement of officials in the opium habit. In some "It is a mistake to argue for the provinces the effort to banish the drug weekly rest day on the ground of rehas been honestly made, and in Kwei- ligion. It rests in the permanent need chau it is said it can not be bought. and general sense of men." He was On the same day when the commis- in favor of enforcing it legally against sion met the decree prohibiting the im- all the common work of the world portation of morphia into China be- which can not give account of itself came operative-another foe to public as necessary or for some clear public welfare considered by some even more good. But just as earnestly he pleaded dangerous. for every restriction to be taken off from quiet, innocent recreation. On Why should not Christian America the other side, Mr. Charles Hill, of make as decided an effort to stamp out the Workingmen's Lord's Day Rest intoxicants as heathen China is ma- Association, invited the clergy and king to be rid of the curse of opium. ministers of London to preach a ser- mon on one Sunday in November in SABBATIC REST favor of Sunday observance, and against the opening of museums and President Roosevelt has directed places of amusement. Rev. J. B. that Sunday work, in the departments Meharry, preaching in his church at in Washington, be restricted to what Crouchhill, said we were not told that is of an emergency character or abso- anyone day of the week rather than lutely necessary to public interest and another was to be dedicated to God's welfare. Accordingly Postmaster- service. It did not matter on what General Meyer, in whose department day Christians met together to wormore work has probably been done on ship their God provided thej- paid rethe weekly rest day than in any other spect to the spirit of the moral law, branch of the Government, has issued and, above all, to the great goodness an order in compliance with the Presi- God showed for His creatures in dent's directions; the heads of other urging them, commanding them, to departments will undoubtedly do like- take rest. wise. The closing order is the President's response to an appeal from the MAILING MANUSCRIPTS AND Sunday Observance League of Washington, which sent a delegation to the MAGAZINES White House, headed by Justice Harlan, of the Supreme Court, to plead I f in mailing printed matter. manuscript and for a stricter observance of the day. proof, and exchanges, rolling and unnecessary folding could be avoided, it would save not a little We believe that· few things are inconvenience to the editors. We especially recmore needful in our day for the pro- ommend to those who are sending out by post motion of every interest of Church monthly magazines that arrangements be made to and State than a wide-spread and send them as the MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE radical reform in this direction. But WORLD is always sent, in wrappers of the full the movement should begin in the in- size of the magazine. The Church Missionary Redividual and the {ami!:}', if it is to be 7.'ieuo, for example, is printed on heavy paper and permanent in ecclesiastical and social then folded lengthwise in the middle, and when opened refuses to lie flat. Other exchanges are rolled up in tight wrappers, and prove similarly intractable. If a uniform system of wrapping can be ~dopted, icaving the magazine, when not .too large to be sent without either rolling or foldmg, a gr~at favor will be done not only to the editors of this REVIEW but to many others. CHINA China Times calls "one of the leading educators and philanthropists of Tien- Chinl'l and the Millennium tsin city," has roused much comment Sir Robert Hart, who is now in in various government circles in China. England, said at a recent luncheon that the Chinese hated fighting, but circum- Mr. Chang was formerly associated stances would force it upon them, and with Yen Han-lin, first vice-president he prophesied that there would come of the Imperial Board of Education at the day when China would do something extraordinary. They might have Peking. He is now under orders to a great deal of fighting to do, but pos- investigate education in the United sibly in one or two hundred years would be as strong individually and States, Germany, France and England, nationally as Germany, and then and also to make a study of foreign would turn round to the rest of the world and say, "Gentlemen, there fisheries for the Chinese Government. must be no more fighting." They The Rev. Carl A. Felt, of North would throw in the force of their arms China, writes concerning Mr. Chang with the country attacked and against as follows: the country that made war, and he believed that in that way the millennium He has been at the head of an interwould come. mediate school in Tientsin for some' years, and has been very successful. For How to Hasten China's Redemption the past two years or more he has been becoming more and more interested in After a half-centurv of most inti- Christianity. It was at first a very abmate acquaintance with China and its stract study in his case, but has gradpeople, Sir Robert Hart has been tell- ually taken on new interest until it being where the emphasis should be put gan to glow and burn in his heart. He in missionary work. eventually came to a full realization of his privilege in Jesus Christ. He was The measures which he specially all aglow with peace and joy, nor did urges upon missionary societies are an he hesitate a moment in making his deincreased force of medical mission- cision known. Mr. Chang's acceptance aries and trained nurses; the opening of Christianity at once became the topic of new schools and colleges; the en- of conversation in all g-overnment circles. largement of work among women and He went to Peking to resign his position. girls; the establishment of more philanthropic agencies to help the blind, Chinese Officials Interested deaf, and dumb foundlings and lepers; and the sending of missionaries spe- Miss C. J. Lambert, principal of the cially qualified to influence the ruling and literary classes through lectures, girls boarding-school, Fuchau, in literature, and friendly intercourse. The result of such measures, he is con- which there are 220 Chinese girls, fident, will be hopeful and rewarding. "Until now," he says, "we have been sixty of whom are over eighteen years merely feeling the way and preparing foundations, but the new generation is of age, wrote home: going to build, and China's pagoda will tower high among the nations." The Chinese officials have been taking a great deal of notice of our school of A Prominent Chinese Converted late, whereas before they would have nothing whatever to do with mission- The recent conversion to Christian- schools. They were so pleased that they ity of Mr. Chang Po Ling, whom The sent every girl a piece of material, and asked that they might send the teachers of their new government schools to see our school and watch the children drill. They are now approaching me with a view to getting some of our girls to teach in the new girls' schools, as they said they had had a teacher for two years, and she could not yet get the chil- dren to stand straight; and they wanted one also to teach mathematics. and one to take the head! Of course, it is just what we have been longing for, to get some of these new schools under Chris- tian influence.-C. M. Gleaner. Missions As Seen by a Consul China Mission was founded in 1879, and reports that it now has two sta- The evidence is steadily accumula- tions and three out-stations in the great ting that the grace is spreading and empire. Six European workers are becoming prevalent of rating missions assisted by six native helpers, and 100 at something near their true value in professing Christians (76 communienhancing the well-being of human cants), are the fruit of their labors. kind. In the last volume of the "Re- During 1907, 16 Chinese were bapport of the Commissioner of Educa- tized, while 22 remained under instruction" stands an article entitled "Edu- tion preparatory to baptism. Nine nacational Activity in Fuchau, China," of tive teachers were employed in the which a large portion relates to the va- seven missionary schools, where 120 ried educational work of the Ameri- children received Christian training. can Board, the Methodist Episcopal The printing-press located in China Church and the Church Missionary proved a most valuable help in the Society, by Julian H. Arnold, late con- work. sul in charge. This competent and unprejudiced authority says: The China Alliance Mission had 10 stations, 26 out-stations, and The salutary effect of missionary effort ~I preaching-places in the provin China is entirely underestimated. mces of Che-kiang and Kiang-si Some day, when China gets upon her feet, she will gladly erect monuments to at the beginning of 1908. Its 29 the memories of those ardent missiona- white missionary laborers were asries whose whole lives have been devoted to the uplifting of the Chinese sisted by 44 paid and a number of people. Much of the adverse criticism voluntary native helpers, and the numdirected against missionary effort in ber of communicants was 358, while China is based upon ignorant prejudice, 222 inquirers remained, after 68 adult rather than a knowledge of facts. It is heathen had been baptized during through schools and hospitals on the 1907. Five of the stations were with- Western model that the more enlightened out missionary schools, and the seven missionary bodies are striving to Chris- schools in the other stations had only tianize China. Their work has been I I7 pupils. It may be mentioned as quiet and unostentatious, but the Chinese a most encouraging fact that the few are beginning to recognize the superior- Chinese Christians of the mission COl+- ity of these institutions over their own. tributed about $400 to the work of the Lord during I907. Growth of Methodism in China In connection with the work of the The Chinese Recorder for November gives some comparative statistics Berlin Missionary Society in China a showing the advance made by the China Missionary Union of Christian Methodist Episcopal mission in many Youths and Young Men has been particulars, and these among others: founded in Berlin. Its purpose is to The missionary force was 156 in 1903, interest the Y. M. C. A.'s and other and in 1907 had risen to 228; Chinese Christian organizations of the East in workers, from 1,283 to 1,653; full missionarv effort and to further the esmembers, from 12,085 to 17,597; those tablishme~t of the Y. M. C. A.'s within who have left heathenism, from 34,063 the sphere of activity of the Berlin to 56,385; schools, from 319 to 453; Society in China. scholars, from 7,558 to 13,519; hospitals, from I I to 23; dispensaries, The missionaries of the General from 14 to 29; native contributions, Evangelical Protestant Missionary Sofrom $32,288 (Mex.), to $362,445 ciety of Berlin in China call especial (Mex.). attention to the encouraging progress German Societies in China which China is making. They men- tion among other encouraging things Two of the less-known German so- the following facts: (I) The governcieties engaged in missionary work in ment has been entrusted to the ablest China are the Kiel China Mission and reformers, so that there is good hope the China Alliance Mission. The Kiel of the final success of the reform pro- The speaker stood upon a table, and gram. (2) The opposition of the gov- amid breathless silence, broken only ernment to the use of opium is most by occasional exclamations of assent, determined, while cooperation of the spoke on the fourth commandment people is apparent everywhere. (3) and preached Jesus Christ. He was The necessity of a thorough education followed by one of the elders, so that is acknowledged by all, and an ever- more than 1,000 Chinese heard the increasing number of men is demand- Gospel because one Chinaman, when ing a better and more suitable educa- sick, had heard and believed it.

tion for Chinese girls and for the Methodist Missions in Korea elevation of Chinese women to the position which belongs to them. The first missionaries reached Ko- rea in 1885, and the work was or- In "Reports of the Rhenish Mission- ganized into an annual conference in ary Society" we find especially at- 1908. The statistics are as follows: tractive and encouraging descriptions Missionaries, 41; native ordained from its sphere of activity in the great preachers, 6; local preachers and workers, 29; Sunday-school scholars, heathen empire. In Tungkun a 14,967; communicants, 24,244. They Chinese, Tai-yin, from a neighboring ask for 1909, $66,861. Received in village with I I ,000 inhabitants, was 1908, $28,465; increase asked, $38,396. operated upon in the missionary For new property, $25,75°; increase hospital three years ago. When fully asked for work as it is, $8,730. In recovered, Tai-yin returned to his no pagan country have we had the home, having received the good seed same success in the same length of of the Gospel into his heart while sick time as in Korea, and perhaps there and suffering. It brought forth fruit, is no pagan country in the world that and ofttimes he returned to Tungkun is so ripe for Christian evangelizato hear the story of salvation by faith tion. The growth of the work has in Christ. His house was cleared of been phenomenal and has far exceedidols, and to the neighbors he was ed our ability to give it financial known as a Christian man, tho he was support. One year ago the General not baptized. His aged mother be- Committee authorized a call for specame sick, and he asked her a short cial relief in Korea, amounting to time before her death if she would be $10,000, and about that sum has been satisfied to have omitted all heathen received. Six new missionaries have usages at her funera1. She gave her been sent out during the year, pracconsent, and Tai-yin came after her tically exhausting for outgoing and death to the missionary and asked support the entire special fund.- that he come and at the funeral ex- World-Wide Missions. plain to his relatives and neighbors why all heathen, idolatrous usages were omitted. At first the relatives Presbyterian Work in Korea were very angry because Tai-yin was The report of the Korea Mission leaving his mother without nourish- for the year ended June 30, 1908, is ment, as they thought, and when the a remarkable missionary document.

missionary and three of his elders ap- In spite of disturbed political con- peared they were greeted with the de- ditions, 5,423 communicants have risive shout, "foreign devi1." But, lo! been added. The native contribu- soon the street was filled with people tions amount to the sum of $61,- and the wide space in whose midst the 730.99. Last year the number of coffin stood was crowded with an adherents was placed at 54,987; this immense multitude, which waited ex- year 73,844. There are 797 self-sup- pectantly for the message of the mis- porting churches in the mission, and sionary, the first news concerning 454 schools entirely supported by Christ ever heard in that large place the Koreans; 12,264 pupils are under from the lips of a white missionary. instruction in the various schools. In

the hospitals and dispensaries under tions, with instruction covering every the care of the mission 46,336 pa- branch of learning, and special emphasis is tients were treated. Has there been laid on instruction in religion and morals. anything in the history of missions The factory owners have been so imprest with the effect of this home on both the from the Day of Pentecost to the health and condnct of the girls that they present equal to this advance made have persuaded Mr. Omoto to open schools in other boarding~houses. in a single year in Korea? SIAM AND MALAYSIA Social Changes in Korea The Fruit of Twenty-.even Years From Seoul comes a pleasant ac- In his annual report, says the Macount of how "the older order changeth, yielding place to new" in laysia Message, the Rev. J. A. B. the land of Korea: Cook, who has seen twenty-seven Yesterday a wedding was performed years of service as a Presbyterian in the First Methodist Church here, the missionary in the Straits, records some contracting parties of which were both of the things that have cheered him Koreans. The groom is the director of and his colleague, Mr. Murray, in the the Educational Bureau of Korea, and year's work among the Chinese: the bride the daughter of the governor of Chemulpo. Many prominent men and Despite the general business depreswomen were present. The dividing cur- sion and corresponding straitened cirtain between the men and the women cumstances of agricultural members, they was down its full length for the first have averaged two dollars per member time in the history of Korea. Among in their gifts. One of the oldest Chinese the higher-class guests present was a members and a former preacher, who is prince who sat beside his wife, one of still a voluntary local preacher, gave the ladies-in-waiting at the palace. Tru- $lOO to the Preacher's Fund as a thanksly, it is startling to think of the con- giving for special mercies received. Antrast between the Korea of twenty years other Chinese friend made a free gift of ago and the Korea of to-day. There sat land at Seletar, a country district on many ladies who had always been so Singapore Island, where work already in carefully nurtured and so completely se- existence will now be pushed. Another cluded that one naturally thought it Chinese friend gives the privilege of fellmust be a frightful ordeal for them. Yet ing wood, another gives planks from his seemingly it was not so, for they chatted sawmill, and yet another Chinese gives and laughed and seemed to feel as much $60 toward the building. at horne in the gaze of the world as do their Western sisters. Hail to the new All these, so far, have not declared Korea !-World-Wide Missions. themselves Christians; but there are scores and hundreds of Chinese like What One Japanese Has Done them there and in China, who have come under the spell of Christ, and of Says The Christian Work and Evan- whom many will before long come out gelist: clearly and show themselves to be Christians by name as well as by sen- We can not refrain from speaking of timent and conviction. Mr. Omoto's remarkable "Factory Girls' Home," at Matsuyama. Mr. Omoto, Progress of the Gospel in New Guinea when a young man, had been banished from his father's home because of his The Neuendettelsau Missionary drinking habits. One night he left a Society sent its first missionaries to drinking-house to break up a service a New Guinea, the great island east of Christian missionary was holding in the the Dutch East Indies, in r886. Since city. He was attracted by the remarks then the progress of the work has been of the missionary, and ultimately became continuous, until there are now I3 a convert to Christianity. He found em- stations, where 23 missionaries and I I ployment in a factory, and soon rose to helpers have gathered I,637 native a responsible position. He at once no- Christians, 536 catechumen, and 569 ticed the dreadful conditions under which scholars. In the spring of r905, there the factory girls lived. With the aid of were only 8 stations, I6 missionaries, Mr. Gulick and Miss Parmelee, two of and 3 helpers, 73 native Christians, I03 our most capable missionaries, he started catechumen, and 259 scholars. The a home for these girls. Here they lived under immensely improved conditions, and at very low rates. Then Mr. Omoto began a night school for the girls. The horne has now grown to large propor-

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

increase of native Christians in three Bible teaches; to go to the source of years, from 73 to I,637, is especially Christian faith and judge for them- remarkable. It is to be regretted that selves. Three-quarters of a million the income of the Neuendette1sau of Indians-Hindus and Moham- Society has not increased as the work medans-reside in Burma. Their progressed, so that the society is now separation from their Indian homes threatened with a considerable deficit. has also freed them from many re- Items from Siam and Laos straints of caste and custom that bound them there, and were fetters In one Laos town, service was an- hard to break. In Rangoon, where nounced by the town crier, the mon- these men, educated away from their astry drum was beaten to call the audi- superstitions, occupy a foremost ence together, and Rev. Howard place in all responsible positions, Campbell preached standing within a there has arisen a spirit of inquiry few feet of a large image of Buddha. and a seeking after Bible study that deserves recognition. The only suit- The Governor of Chieng Mai has able response is a school where they deeded half an island, his own land, to the mission for a leper settlement. can study the Bible carefully and It is a tract of I60 choice acres, where prayerfully, where they can learn to the Governor's pet elephant has long know the God of the Bible. been sole monarch, for he was so vicious no one dared approach him; The proposal to establish in Ran- goon a branch of the New York he would push over a house or kill a Bible Teachers' Training School man that stood in his way. Mean- has met with a hearty response from while lepers roamed everywhere beg- Dr. W. W. 'White, the president, and ging for food, 'a menace to the public. funds are needed to start and carry Buddhism regards leprosy as retribu- on the work till it becomes well tion and never relieves its victims. established. This Bible School is to The Third Church, of Bangkok, now meet the need of educated men who uses an individual communion set, can pay for it when they know its presented by a Chinese member. value. It is not primarily for the The Boon Itt Memorial is in course training of mission helpers, as each of erection; a two-story brick building mission prefers to train its own. It with verandas on both floors. The is for those for whom at present no management will be on the Y. M. special provision is made, and who, C. A. Plan.-Woman's Work. when reached, can do more for their INDIA countrymen than any other class.* An Indian Christian University A Bible School Needed for Burma The proposal to convert Carey's col- Bible Schools are the outcome of a lege at Serampore into a Christian new phase of development in the university for India is one which must Christian Church. The need for an appeal to all lovers of missions. If interdenominational Bible School it is carried out, as we believe it will has arisen of late years in India, be, then Carey's original intention will where government has given a be accomplished. He always meant it sound English education to a mass to be something bigger than a Baptist of Indian youths who have had no training college, and one making an opportunity to study the Bible or to appeal to the entire population. An learn anything definitely of the interdenominational committee has Christian religion outside the mis- agreed to the scheme, and the prin- sion schools. The fact of so many cipal of the college has come to Eng- ·diverse forms of Christianity which land to interest British people therein.

work to evangelize the country has given educated men a curious desire '* Contributions or inquiries may be sent to Mrs. to seek for themselves what the W. F. Armstrong, 541 Lexington Avenue, New York.

This project should receive the heart- from Gulbarga, South India, comes the iest support from our people. The report of another Sadhu convert, advantage to India of such a university whom the Rev. J. H. Garden calls "the can not be exaggerated. Every close most earnest convert we have ever student of Indian questions must per- had." "Tho he has been a Christian ceive that the native population is des- for only a little over a month, he has tined more and more to do its own committed to memory the Creed, evangelization. The people, emanci- Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandpated through British rule, are feeling, ments and I~uch of the Catechism. He as never before, their own power of has also read a great part of the New self-government, and this is as true Testament and the whole of 'Pilgrim's of the Church in India as of the State. Progress.' He is able to confound If the Church of the future is to have from their own books his former cowise leadership, its promising youth religionists and we hope great things must be trained in a Christian univer- from his zeal and devotion and learnsity. The quarter of a million pounds ing." asked for to complete the scheme ought to be immediately forthcoming. Success in a Methodist Mission It is one of the most important pieces of work ever undertaken in our great The Multra District Conference of dependency.-London Christian. the India Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church was held the latter Death of an Eminent Saint part of August, and the workers re- ported there had been more than 1,600 Writing on the death recently of the people baptized in nine months. The first convert from Zoroastrianism in itinerating band had visited 246 modern times-Dhanjibhai Nauroji- villages, taught 7,663 Christians, Principal Mackichan (Wilson College, preached to 32,424 non-Christians and Bombay) says that tho the Indian torn down 1 IS shrines of evil spirits. Church has lost its most outstanding Jineteen pastors are supported by the personality, and one of its most trusted people whom they serve. leaders in spiritual things, he was an Indian to the core-lover of his A Present from a Traveler country and his people. His acceptance of a new faith did not change At the mission-church at Kotgur, in the framework of his mind and spirit. the Himalayas, on September 13, the He gave to Christ and His religion world-renowned explorer, Dr. Sven all that belonged to him as an inherit- Hedin, who had just returned to civance from the national life of which ilization after his travels in Tibet, was he formed a part. His theology was one of the congregation. Before leavsuffused with elements of value that ing Kotgur for Simla on the followcame to him from this long ancestry. ing day he generously presented the His stanchness was worthy of a mem- Rev. H. F. Beutel with the gold watch ber of a nation which, like the Jews, which he had used throughout his two has survived so many vicissitudes of years' journey, in token of his sympauntoward national condition; and his thy with and appreciation of missionconsciousness of God, his sense of a ary work. The watch, as Dr. Hedin divine all-embracing Presence, was desired, is to be sold for the benefit of also a part of his Eastern inheritance. the work in Kotgur.

Hilldu .. Holy Man" Converted A Missionary Church The October number of World-Wide The sixteenth annual report of the Missions contained an account of the Tinnevelly District Church Council for conversion of the Sadhu (or holy man, 1907 has recently come to hand. The of one of the Hindu sects), Ram Das, agents of the council include 41 Indian in Rurki District, Northwest India, pastors,1O inspecting schoolmasters, 31 and of his zeal as a Christian. Now evangelists, 151 catechists, 419 school- masters and 162 schoolmistresses. In the district there are 60,000 Chris-

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

tian adherents, some I5,000 of whom Kurds, Servians, Syrians and Turks.

are communicants. In the 456 schools And by creed-and creeds in Turkey there are I5,I46 scholars. The con- represent separate political entities- tributions of the Indian Christians to there are Moslems, Greek Orthodox, the funds of the Council (exclusive of Armenian and Protestant Christians, school fees) amounted to Rs. 64,412. Jews and Druses. The Senate, of In the report the missionary efforts of from sixty to eighty members, is ap- the church are dealt with under three pointed by the Sultan-that is, under heads; namely, "voluntary evangelistic the regime of the moment, by his min- work,·' "work of the Missionary Asso- isters. The deputies in the lower ciation," and the "work of the Indian house are supposed to represent con- Missionary Society." The advances stituencies of 50,000 males, and will made by the latter during the year un- number about 250. With all these dif- der review have been noted from time ferences of race and faith go varieties to time in our pages. The work of of dress and tongue, which add to the the Missionary Association is carried complexity and the difficulty of the on by 32 evangelists, one of whom is problem. Turkish is the official lan- in the Vynaad. In the Palamcotta guage of the government and of de- Circle, 30 voluntary bands went out bate, but Arabic, Greek, Armenian, preaching, and all the villages within Bulgarian, Servian, Albanian and ten miles were visited.-C. M. S. other tongues are spoken by delegates.

Gleaner. It is evident that if we had not assimi- TURKEY AND PERSIA lated our immigrants as they came to us we should have a like problem on Congratulations to missionaries in our hands. On a smaller scale it is Syria and Turkey, especially to those the problem of South Africa, with who after the long night of toil-three- its Dutch and English tongues. It score, fifty, forty years-now see this would be a serious question in China, day of victory for truth. Others la- where the written language is one and bored and died not having received the the spoken dialects many, and for promise, yet this victory is theirs also. India, if parliamentary government Levi Parsons and Pliny Fiske, Goodell, were to come.-The Congregation- Dwight, Hamlin, Bliss, Calhoun, Van alist. Dyck, Isaac and Wm. Bird, the Eddys, father and son, they are all in Free Speech in Turkey this victory; and most fully those of them who best revealed the Father Now that the censor has lost his job and, to antagonistic races, showed the in the Turkish Empire, words tabooed meaning of "brotherhood," the new for over thirty years will come troopword which stands out on to-day's ing into print again. A postmaster banners of rejoicing. – Missionary once held back The Independent on ac- Herald. count of its editorial on "Thanksgiving Turkey." No geography might con- tain "Armenia." Tho thousands of The Make-up of the Turkish Parliament men and boys were named "Murad,"

The list of racial names comprised it has not been allowed in the lan- in the membership of the new Ottcr guage, not even on deeds of property, man parliament is formidable, and since the present Sultan deposed his indicates the initial difficulty which brother Murad. "Youth" was a fatal the leaders of the Young Turkish word; it suggested Young Turks.

movement will have in guiding and Mention of any "Society" was forbid- unifying so motley a company of rep- den; so were "statue of liberty," "re- resentatives of such diverse tongues, public," "revolution," or anything that creeds and interests. To take them sounded like "constitution." So dan- alphabetically by race, there are Al- gerous was the word "freedom," that banians, Arabs, Armenians, Bosnians, even "free alcohol" was banished from Bulgarians, Circassians, Greeks, Jews, a work on chemistry, It was of no use to translate, "The Son of God goes Persian Mission. forth to war" ; choirs will soon be sing- Persia is undoubtedly one of the ing it. neglected mission-fields. It is more than one-third the size of India, its A Tuberculo.ds Sanatorium for Syria area being 630,000 square miles, with upward of 12,000,000 inhabitants, The long-planned-for sanatorium against 1,500,000 square miles in Infor which Dr. Mary Pierson Eddy has dia. Yet comparatively little missionbeen working has now been opened ary work has been done in the counnear Beirut. Dr. Eddy writes: try. Modern missions in Persia were begun in the sixteenth century by Ro- For three months I had been preparing man Catholic monks among the Arthe house and grounds, and two tent- menians. There are at present from houses were already up. Later we erect- 8,000 to 10,000 Roman Catholics in ed a large tent-house, called by the Persia. The earliest Protestant mispatients "the Hotel," and two white can- sionaries were Moravians, who in 1747 vas tents. The sanatorium itself was not came to labor among the Parsees. used at first, except as an administra- They were, however, unable to remain, tion building, as we planned that our owing to the disturbed condition of patients while still few in number should the country. The first permanent sleep, eat, and remain during the day in Protestant mission was established in tents, tent-houses, or among the pine- 1835 by the Rev. Justin Perkins and trees by which the house is surrounded Dr. Asahel Grant at Urumia for the on three sides. special purpose of winning the N es- torians to evangelical Christianity. In All went well at first; the patients 1871, Teheran was occupied; Tabriz gained splendidly, until one day we be- in 1873; and Hamadan in 1881. gan to hear rumors of stealthy steps Through the endeavors of Dr. Bruce, around the tents at night. Our midnight an Indian missionary, the Church Miscallers became bolder, our patients more sionary Society established themselves fearful, and then carne a memorable in 1869 at Ispahan; and later at other night when the wild beast walked boldly places in the South. In 1895, the under our very windows and uttered total number of Protestants was estimost blood-curdling howls. Next night mated at over 3,000 communicants and the very last patient slept indoors. Later about 10,000 adherents. we found it was a large wolf. As summer advanced, we were pleased that Lutheran Work in Persia people came, in ever-increasing numbers, from every part of the country to see the The Hermannsburg Missionary Sosanatorium. ciety has conducted missionary work among the N estorians in northern The sanatorium has two homes. One Persia since 1880, its missionaries beis on the mountains of Lebanon, over ing three natives who have received 3,000 feet high, where patients can stay their theological training in German from May until November. The other Lutheran institutions. The Swedish home has winter quarters at Junieh Bay, Lutheran Church in America has also where buildings are now being erected, labored among the Nestorians since as a memorial to the late Teunis Hamlin, 1888. A special conference on Persia D.D., of Washington, D.C. followed the General Evangelica1- Lutheran Conference at Hanover, The Girls' Seminary at Sidon which was held from September 15 to 17, where an appeal from the Nes- One of the potent forces for uplift- torians for increased means for the ing Syrian women is the Sidon Sem- work and for enlarged activity was inary. Fifty years ago it began with diligently discust. It was decided that ten girls. The influence of the school the Hermannsburg Society and the has not been shut up to Protestants, for a recent report shows among the students 38 Protestant, 30 Greek, 18 Catholic, 5 Maronite, II Moslem and 1 I J ewtsh girls. The seminary has grown to the limit of its buildings in spite of frequent enlargement. In response to a recent appeal, funds were provided to buy adjoining property, and the seminary now enters on a new era of wider usefulness. Swedish Lutheran Church (Augustana The horrible Hamidian despotism is Synod) send two representatives to over, and under the Constitution Persia to thoroughly investigate the this band of Turkish youths has conditions there before enlarging the hastened to enjoy the privileges hithwork. This was wise in view of the erto forbidden.-Homiletic Review. fact that some criticism has been made of the methods of the native mission- AFRICA aries. Progress of Missions in Africa Mohammedan Missions Sixty-seven years ago David Liv- Dr. George Adam Smith, preaching ingstone penetrated into the heart of before the Baptist Union of England, Africa, where he established his first teaches us there is an unwonted re- mission. During the next ten years he vival of life and religious thought and moved about through a region inhabtolerance among the Mohammedans. ited by several tribes without marked Instead of that faith forming a well- success, so far as the conversion of the nigh impenetrable wall to everything natives to Christianity was concerned. Christian, it now transpires that Set that beginning in contrast with a the opposite is true. The leaven of description by Rev. Donald Fraser, a Christ is seen in the fact that there minister of the Livingstonia Presbyis demanded the liberation of woman terian Mission in Africa, of a recent from the hitherto and seemingly im- convention held by the native church. penetrable darkness of her condition Those who attended, several thousands and life; in the fraternizing of Chris- in number, camped in booths erected tians and Moslems in the Turkish Em- in the woods. On Saturday 190 adults pire. This is surely the actual for- and I2I children were received into the saking of some of the essentials of church. Early Sunday morning the Mohammedanism. Lord's Supper WaS celebrated by 934 . communicants. Later a preaching Young Turks in Robert College service in the open air was attended by about 7,000 persons. In the after- The latest report states that there noon the church was packed with a are now 34 Turkish students in Rob- congregation of 3,000 for a missionary ert College, that noble institution meeting, and twenty-four native teachwhich stands high up over the Bospo- ers offered themselves as missionaries. rus in full view of Yildiz Kiosk, and One of the impressive scenes of the so has from its foundation been an Pageant at the Orient in London last eyesore to the Sultan, who did his best summer represented Livingstone surand worst to hinder the establishment rounded by blacks in Africa declining of this famous Christian college by Stanley's proposal to escort him to the Dr. Cyrus Hamlin and the other sea and back to his home in England. American missionaries. Think what is This word-p:cture drawn by Mr. meant by such an innovation as this Fraser would be a fitting sequel to entry of 34 youthful Turks, all Mos- that scene; and yet it must be rememlems, within those walls! Such an bered that modern missions are yet in event is one of the most startling the period of seed-sowing. A generaamong all the recent revolutionary in- tion hence this scene of to-day may cidents transacted in the near East. be regarded as only one of the first Under the tyrannical rule of Abdul signs of the accomplished conquest of Hamid and h-is corrupt ano cruel cam- a great continent for Christ.-The arilla, no Turkish students were ever Congregationalist. free to come under the beneficent shadow of the great American center How The" Suffer in Africa of Christian teaching in Turkey, which during a whole generation was educa- The late Bishop William Taylor ting those fine Bulgarians who now narrated the following: lead the civilization of their nation. I saw a woman who had been accused of witchcraft, and condemned to death by ferocious ants. She was bound to an the work is among the Portuguese Roanthill-often from IO to IS feet high- man Catholics. Two centers are on aud kept there all day. The cries of her the east coast-Portuguese East Afinfant were such as to cause her release rica, a wide-open field for the extenat night. The victim usually dies in two sion of the Gospel among the native days, but this woman was bound and Africans; and Rhodesia, a colonial emtortured for five days, and then driven pire under the British flag, where away because "she was too hard to kilL" Anglo-Saxon civilization is helping the She crawled in a terrible condition to advance of the Cross. In North the mission station, and the missionary Africa, lIethodism has been led to betold me she was the most pitiful sight gin a frontal attack on the lIoslem he ever beheld. After careful nursing stronghold in the continent. These for months she recovered, and this various territories, which have pracwoman, so terribly scarred and disfigured, tically been assigned to the Methodist was converted at my services. The re- Episcopal Church, include half a milcital of such scenes may seem terrible lion square miles of territory, and to civilized nerves, but how much more more than IO,OOO,OOO pagans and Moso is the endurance of them by millions hammedans for whose evangelization of helpless human beings? "Jesus Christ ~1ethodism would seem to be responcame to destroy the work of the deviL" SIble. They represent opportunities Pray daily that Africa shall speedily among whites and blacks, among know Him whom to know aright is life pagans, .l10hammedans and Roman Catholics. God calls Methodism to eternaL make a forward movement in the con- quest of Africa. Work for Women in Egypt Presbyterians' Share Missionary work in the Nile Valley has availed somewhat to usher in a Says the Assembly Herald: new day for Egypt's womanhoou. There are schools for girls which ilIore than 800 men, women and chiltouch some 5,000 lives, while Bible dren confest Christ in a year at one women going into the harems carry church-a thousand attend. Practically the glad story of salvation to more all the churches having native pastors than 5,000 others, both girls and wom- have come to self-support in the past two en. Already there have been gathered years. Schools are crowdecl in Kamerun into the Church a membership of 9,895, interior. Four hundred students at Elat of whom 4,727 are women. And the So of them girls. Scores are turned signs of progress among the women of away. Pupils pay a tuition. Girls can this Christian community are most en- no longer be prevented from attencling couraging. A missionary recently vis- schooL German Government forbids the ited a native congregation at an out- marrying of little girls. Polygamy is station, and when asked to speak to the crumbling before civil law and divine women's missionary society was sur- gospel; 20 candidates for the ministry. prized to find some 80 women present. Thinking it would be well to call on Our denominational responsibility is some one or two for prayer, the mis- the evangelization of 5,000,000 in Africa sionary asked the pastor if there were in the present generation. Sane and anyone who could be relied upon to Scriptural proposition. Men and means render this service. "Oh," said the are desperately needed. Ours to raise up pastor, "just call on any of them."- a native ministry and evolve a self- REV. C. K. WATSON. supporting, self-propagating church and schooL Methodism's Share of Africa The Situation in the Sudan Methodism is now established in six important centers. On the west coast This district in North Central there is Liberia, the negro republic, Africa, "as large as the United States demonstrating the abilities of the black and more densely populated," is torace in government and civilization ex- day almost untouchecl by any Christension; Angola, a vast and health- tian missionarv effort. In the Sudan ful plateau with great opportunities proper, there ~re estimated to be still among the intelligent Bantu and other 50,000,000 people who know 110 more of Jesus Christ as Savior of the world races; and the Madeira Islands, where than if He had never come. A few monwealth at Chisamba, West Central missionaries of the Sudan United Mis- Africa. Here, under the leadership of sion and of the Church Missionary seven workers, the various sides of a Society have in the past few years en- Christian community are being fortered the western border-lands of this warded. The Gospel is preached, vast untouched district. The e nited scholars are taught, the sick are doc- Presbyterians have planted one or tored, the farmer and mechanic are two stations on the epper Nile in the trained. There are 180 church-mem- East; but these are only solitary light- bers, a Sunday congregation of 1,500, houses piercing the dense gloom of 850 scholars in six schools, 19 evanheathen darkness which stretches for gelists regularly visiting a district of fifteen hundred unbroken miles from 10,000 population, a hospital with cot- tages under two doctors, and an industhe most inland station in the west to trial department-all maintained for the nearest lonely station in the east. $5,000 a year, or 50 cents per church- The Church Missionary Society, of member. The work will shortly be England, also has a few missionaries enlarged.-Missionary Herald. on the southwestern border, in A Wonderful Opportunity Nigeria. Nearly two years ago a dispensary Why Leopold Grants No Reforms was opened by the missionaries of the English Church Missionary Society at The answer is given by Mr. John the foot of Mount Kenia, in British Daniels, the corresponding secretary East Africa, and this has since develof the Kongo Reform Association, in oped into a permanent medical misthe December number of the North sion. Dr. T. W. Crawford writes: American Review, in a clear-cut article upon "The Kongo Question." The We have a wonderful opportunity here, reason for Leopold's incorrigibleness, as we come in touch with hundreds says Mr. Daniels, is brief: every day, and we have a congregation of from 300 to 400 on Sundays. Our work King Leopold has achieved world- has grown so much that I am making wide repute as a promoter and financier arrangements to extend my in-patient of extraordinary ability. The Kongo department to 50 beds. We have gener- Free State is his supreme business suc- ally from 25 to 30 in-patients all the cess. The profits yielded by the merciless time, and only IS beds. We have comrubber system to Leopold and his menced a day-school with 40 scholars. copartners in their non-official capacity as chief shareholders in the concession- A Convention in Africa ary companies are, as is proved even by the published figures, enormous. The Rev. Donald Fraser writes from Belgians have won fame only as a the Livingstonia Presbyterian Misnation of keen merchants and traders. sion in Africa: Leopold's business associates in the Kongo investment include many of the We have just closed one of the greatforemost citizens of Belgium. Undoubt- est conventions the native church has edly the institution of genuine reforms yet held. It was much the largest in in the Free State would appreciably di- point of numbers, and in sustained attenminish the profits from the colony, and tion, quiet, earnest decorum, and in pracmight even necessitate temporary grants tical results it will rank with the best. in aid. Leopold and his fellow stock- We made preparation for the accommodaholders are averse to any reduction in tion of thousands of visitors by the their present profits. Leopold's dividend- erection of booths in the woods. About loving subjects are not only disinclined 5,000 visitors came, and 011 Saturday we to be money out in the Kongo bargain, received into the church by baptism 190 but see in it no contemptible opportunity adults and 121 children. On Sunday, in for increased income. The net result the early morning, 934 Christians sat at of this hearty accord between the busi- the Lord's table. At ten o'clock we ness king and his business people is held our worship and preaching in the that Belgium, unforced, will not intro- open air with a congregation of 7,000 duce reforms in the Kongo. gathered about us. In the afternoon the church, which will hold 3,000 people, was A Christian Commonwealth packed for the usual missionary meeting. Twenty-four of our teachers offered The Canadian Congregationalists themselves as missionaries. The leadare partners in a little Christian coming subject during the convention was only. The only rea50n given for the "Christian Love." continued closing of 38 houses of wor- ship is "on account of higher political Perse(;ution in Madagascar reasons." Thus the missionaries in Madagascar are still threatened and Speaking recently at the annual persecuted by the Governor-General. meeting of the Brighton auxiliary of the London Missionary Society, Rev. EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN James Sibree, of Madagascar, gave a lamentable picture of the condition of A Million Shillings' Campaign mission work in that island. He said that twelve years ago they had a An effort which has been made by larger number of people connected the friends of the London Missionary with their congregations and of chil- Society to render Dr. Wardlaw dren in their schools than now, with a Thompson's year of office as chairman greater number of pastors and teach- of the Congregational Union a special ers than in all the other stations of missionary year is to culminate in the the London Missionary Society put raising of a million-shillings' fund betogether; but with the appointment of fore March 31St. To this end an the present governor, in 1906, a re- appeal is being addrest by Dr. Wardgime of bitter hostility to all mission- law Thompson to all ministers of Conary effort commenced. The Y. M. gregational churches and supporters C. A. had been broken up, school- of the society. The fund is needed, teaching in the churches had been pro- not for launching out in new direchibited, with the result that three- tions, but to provide for the normal quarters of their day-schools were development of the work upon which closed; and the official school-teachers the society is engaged, and to obviate were instructed to gather the children the necessity of reducing expenditure on Sundays for secular lectures. Mr. by withdrawal from some large field Sibree added that altho games and of labor, which would be regrettable sports and debasing amusements were in face of the phenomenal opportunipermitted on the Sabbath, "if twenty- ties for the extension of its work preone Malagasy met on the Lord's day sented by events, particularly in the to study the Bible they were liable to East. One donor has already given imprisonment." Dr. Wardlaw Thompson the first 10,000 shillings, and has promised the The Difficulties in Madagaacar last 10,000.

Friends of Protestant Missions in An Inspiring Offering Madagascar had devoutly hoped that their protests to the French Govern- We hear so much of the decline of ment would bring a change in the at- interest in regard to foreign mi~sions titude of the Governor-General, M. that it is always gratifying to know Angagneur, after his return from his facts which point in the contrary dijourney of consultation with the gov- rection, and testify to the existence of ernment in France. No change for wide-spread sanctified enthusiasm in the better has come yet, as is apparent respect of Christ's command to profrom a letter of an American Lu- claim His Gospel to every creature. theran missionary, Pastor Picard, pub- It has just been announced that the lished in the Journal des Missions amount of the fund which it was de- Evangeliques. M. Angagneur had cided to raise in celebration of the given the American missionaries rea- jubilee of the Women's Auxiliary of sons to expect permission for the re- the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary opening of some twenty of their closed Society was found, on Thanksgiving day, to have reached the noble sum houses of worship (of 43 houses of of £25,967 8s. Ild. No wonder the worship, 42 were officially closed in opening hymn at the gathering was 1906), but permission was granted for the triumphant "All hail the power of the reopening of 4 houses of worship Jesus' name!" As Dr. Barber finely

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

said, the women who took part in the gling with an inadequate income, and creation of the fund have been "linking the loving heart of England with meeting our liabilities from sources that the aching heart of heathendom" ; and could not be permanent, we have tried to convince the Church of our critical financial position. Last year there was it may be added that they have been a noble response to a call from the helping to link that burdened heart to Synod. Congregational contributions the yearning heart of the Savior.- were increased substantially, but not by London Christian. any means sufficiently. This year there is a serious falling off again. Have we Gifts for Medical Mission. hesitated too long? Has our faith been rashly imprudent? In any case the blow It is interesting to note that the has fallen, we can not help ourselves.

medical mission auxiliary of the Next year our mission will receive, for Church Missionary Society organizes the prosecution of its work, £1,000 less support for endowing 1,500 cots or than it needs to maintain it barely, acbeds in its mission hospitals, and in cording to the present outlook, on the present scale. And that is but a begin- 1906-07 collected 130,000 for the sup- ning of our reductions.

port of its 76 doctors and 52 nurses. Golf Balls VS. Foreign Missions The sum raised by the Baptist Mis- The people of this country spend on sionary Society's Auxiliary increased golf balls-the balls alone, apart from from 1432 to 19,522 in five and a half the upkeep of links, etc.-as much as years for the support of its 21 medical they do upon foreign missions, said missionaries and its 6 nurses. This Dr. Horton on a Sunday morning. society also organizes support for 183 The discovery had come to him as a endowed cots or beds. These are the great shock. By self-denial simply in only two societies which possess a the matter of this single luxury, the medical mission auxiliary. treasuries of all the missionary socie- Falling Off in Receipts ties might be filled to overflowing. The Congregational churches contribute Says the C. M. S. Gazette: for foreign missions on an average three cents a week for each of their In our committee-room we have been members. Everybody knows the misobliged to cut down the estimates once more, till now the total estimated expend- iture for the year ending March, 19IO. sionary zeal of Dr. Horton's own constands at 1370,000 as compared with gregation, so that it is not surprizing to hear that in the case of the Hamp- 1377.000 in 1904-05. and 1382,000, 1391,000 stead Church the contributions to the and 1379,000 in the subsequent years. In other words, the committee have been obliged to decide that in the year London Missionary Society amount to an average of 18 cents a week for each ending March, 19IO, the expenditure is member. It does not seem at all an to be 17,000 less than five years before, impossible thing that that average and if we look a~ the staff of missionaries we find that it has not been maintained at the strength of two or three years should be reached by many of, if not ago. It should be borne in mind that by all, the churches of the denominathese comparisons must be viewed in tion. the light of the fact that in the previous John R. Mott in London years there was an income increasing at the rate of about lro,ooo a year, and an During his recent campaign in Eng- increase in the staff of about 50 each year. land, Mr. Mott spoke often, especially Presbyterian Retrenchment to students, and always with great The Presbyterian Church of Eng- power, among the rest in London and land is in the same sorrowful case. Albert Hall. Of this meeting the The convener of their Foreign Mission British Weekly says: Committee has to head an appeal with The students were there, row upon row, thousand upon thousand. It was the word "Retrenchment." He goes on to say: not at all the gathering one associates with-let us say a missionary May meet- The word is written with deep pain, ing. The greater part was composed- but there stands the humbling fact. and that was the wonder of it-of young Time and again the warning- note has men and young women. Mr. Matt had been sounded. Year after year, strug- asked for the ear of the students of

London. It was given him. Mr. Matt is sent up to the Lords, with a majority one of those convincing optimists who of 237 in favor of its third reading. do not minimize the powers of evil, but There, however, it met what may who, watching with wide-open eyes the prove its death-blow, and its enegreat world movements, see above and mies are now classed as the "Beeramid them all the movement of the Holy age and Peerage." We feel disin- Ghost. In a few rapid sentences he clined to pass a sweeping judgment pictured the growth of the Church in upon matters so mixed up with com- Japan, in Korea, in China, the Philip- plex politics. But for a long time pines, and Ceylon. Christianity was daily there has been great unrest in making stronger appeal to the brain as Britain as to the frequent and deswell as the heart of India. This was the potic overruling and overriding of the strategic time, the time to bring up the popular will by this body of heredireenforcements, for the enemy's lines tary legislators. Steps are now bewere wavering. I challenge the strong- ing taken to reform the House of est men of the universities of the British Lords and make eligible to seats Isles to prepare themselves for leader- only those who have already been ship; I challenge you to a proper com- members there or are elected to it, prehension of the imperial sweep of our or have served a term in the House plan, of our resources; I challenge you of Commons. This will no doubt to a larger unity. In my judgment a increase the efficiency of the Upper proper plan of cooperation would be House of Parliament. more than equivalent to doubling the present missionary forces. THE CONTINENT The Education Bill in England The Temperance Wave Strikes Europe Few subjects have begotten so The marvelous wave of temperance bitter and wide-spread a controversy sentiment and principle that is now in England as this matter of religi- passing over America, and bringing ous education in public schools. The tidings of victories so rapidly that we Minister of Education, Mr. Runci- have difficulty in keeping up with the man, has been consulting with rep- history of the movement, is not conresentative leaders on both sides, fined to the western hemisphere. Even such as Dr. Clifford, and the Arch- continental Europe, with its low ideals bishop of Canterbury, seeking to find of morals that have to do with drunkthe maximum of concession each party enness, is being affected. In Germany, would yield, and the minimum of de- the home and almost possession of mand each would insist on. A com- beer, a tremendous indictment of the promise has been effected, and is traffic and its effects upon the people embodied in a bill, the substance of has been drawn up by a number of the which is that the denominationalist leading scientists and college professparty, mostly Anglican, give up their ors, and in Denmark the physicians of schools to be public and elementary, the land have drawn up and issued a statement to the effect that in that the standard of religious teaching to little kingdom the death of one man be undenominational – i.e., simply out of every seven is brought about Biblical; and that, where parents so by liquor-drinking; Switzerland at a wish, denominational teaching be late electicn by an overwhelming magiven on two days a week, b~t. not jority ordered the banishment of abat public cost; and that religIOUS sinthe, tho the country loses an imtests for teachers be abolished. We mense amount of revenue thereby. devoutly hope some such measure England, hesitating about passing a will prevail, for antagonism has been bill that does nothing more than bitter for seven years. slightly reduce the number of public houses, is lingering far toward the rear The House of Lords and the License Bill in this reform.

The government bill, on the subject of licensing, which in the eye.s of the friends of temperance promIsed to work great and beneficent changes, and which took three years to prepare, was by the Commons

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Medical Missions and German Christians their final accounting for deeds done The German Institute for Medical in the body, whether good or ill.

Missions held its annual meeting at Questions Before the Duma Frankfort-on-the-Main on December 2, where it became apparent to all The second session of the third friends of the cause that the interest Duma has been productive of sensain Medical Missions continues to grow tional incidents. All the Liberal orrapidly in Germany. The building gans agree that the present Duma for the Institute at Tubingen has been feels that substantial results must be so far finished that it can be dedicated accomplished in its second year, if its perhaps in April, 1909, and the work usefulness and prestige in the country of training medical missionaries for are not to be destroyed beyond reall German missionary societies can habilitation. The principal items to be commence at once. The means avail- acted on are the following: able amounted to about $50.000, but another $10,000 is urgently needed The restoration of the ordinary law, for the finishing of the building. An- the ending of martial law with the tyrother building for the training of lady anny of local governors resulting from it. medical missionaries and deaconesses is planned at an expense of about Abolition of capital punishment, so $15,000, half of which amount has as to do away with wholesale executions been promised by a friend of medical in political cases. missions in Bavaria. Universal elementary instruction. Monnon Activity in Norway Reconstruction of the local administra- tive and judicial systems. The Mormons are carrying on mis- Revision of the press laws in the in- terest of free speech. Personal immunity and protection of citizens against arbitrary' acts of the police. Religious liberty and equality of sects sion work in Norway with a venge- and creeds before the law. ance. Lately they held a meetir.g Temperance legislation.

in Christiania, at which 400 persons First Methodist Deaconesses in Russia are said to have been enrolled.' The president of Scandinavian missions In the history of Russian Methodand 33 missionaries from Utah were ism the first Sunday of November, present. Plans were devised for car- 1908, will ever be remembered as a rying on an active and extensive mis- "red-letter day," marking the formal sion work over all Europe, where, it opening of Bethany Deaconess Home is said, 2,000 missionaries are at work in St. Petersburg. More than fifty teaching Mormon doctrines and indu- friends of five nationalities gathered cing people to migrate to Utah. Their in the humble quarters, and brought headquarters seem to be in Norway, words of greeting and encouragement where there are 1,200 adherents, of to the five plucky deaconesses who whom 400 are said to live in Chris- had begun their work here during the tiania. awful cholera epidemic.

The Disaster in Italy On this same Sunday a communion service was held in the First Methodist Seldom has there been such a sud- Episcopal Society in five languages, den and appalling loss of life as in and 22 persons were received into the the reccnt earthquake which shook Si- church. The Bethany Home is a hand cily and southern Italy, bringing which our church is extending to the almost instant death to more than people of this great metropolis, a hand 150,000 men, women and children. of Christlike love and mercy which Messina and Reggio, with a score of shall reach down even to the lowest, other towns, are in ruins. Christians and minister to the physical and spiri- have hastened to the relief of the sur- tual needs of everybody, regardless of vivors, but it is too late to save those race, color or creed.-REv. G. A.

who have so suddenly been called to SIMONS. AMERICA mission will operate in Peking, and A Unique Missionary Tablet settle the matter of the schools to which the students are to be sent. At Mount Holyoke College on These students will vary in age from Founders' day, November la, there was twelve to twenty years.-Episcopal unveiled a bronze tablet inscribed Recorder. with the names of her daughters who served as foreign missionaries during Sound Doctrine on Federation the first half-century of her history, At the recent Federal Council in 1837-87. These women numbered Philadelphia, while the matter was up 178; they went to 18 different coun- concerning sectarian divisions on tries, under the auspices of 14 Boards. the mission field, Robert E. Speer They founded scores of schools, said he had no desire to extend including Fidelia Fiske Seminary, Presbyterianism in the Orient, and Persia, the Instituto for girls in Spain, he wondered why the assembly and Woodstock, India. Among them should be so slow to indorse what were Olive J. Emerson, M.D., who had already taken place on the gave a noble life service to Burma, and foreign field. He thanked God that it 8 other graduate physicians who all was impossible to translate into Orienwent out in the second twenty-five tal tongues the denominational names years. The first missionary grave at of many Christian bodies in America. Gahoon was Zeviah Walker's; Mary He wanted to see a living, spiritual L. Partridge ('86) was martyred in corporate union of disciples. He was particularly impressive when he said, China. This tablet is 7 feet high by 5 feet in closing: "The younger men-and I wide; it was cast by the Gorham Com- know their hearts-have their own day pany and is erected by college alumna!. coming, and when it comes Christian It is the only memorial of the kind unity will be near. They do not think ever established. The names of these that loyalty to the past means disloymissionaries and their adopted coun- alty to the future. The past is good only as it makes wav for a better tries are arranged in the order of ~ classes. The oldest now living is from future."

the class of '44, Mrs. R. G. Wilder, Mr. Speer was hardly more Catholic still in India (with Miss Grace Wil- in his utterances than his colleague on der). the platform that evening, Rev. Ar- thur S. Lloyd, D.D., secretary of the Chinese Students Coming Episcopal Missionary Society, and one of the broad-minded men in that com- There will soon be a large influx of munion, who is doing evervthing in Chinese students into the United his power to promote the growth of States. An agreement was recently the brotherly spirit. He said he conentered into between Minister Rock- sidered it one of the best signs of the hill and the Chinese Government times that when Christians get towhereby the Boxer indemnity was to gether they apologize for being apart. be used for the purpose of sending 2,000 students to this country to be educated. One hundred students are The TMk on Hand for Laymen to be sent annually for four years, and It is a hopeful sign of the times fifty annually during the time of the that the Laymen's Missionary Move- indemnity. Eighty per cent. of these ment should have made such a tri- students are to be trained in the man- umphant entry into the city of Boston.

ual arts and the remainder in law and A series of enthusiastic meetings were government. A Chinese educational held, concluding with a men's mass- commissioner, with five assistants, is meeting in Symphony Hall. Mr. J.

to have charge of the work in this Campbell White, the organizer and ex- country, but need not of necessity re- pounder of mission enterprise, was side in Washington. A similar com- present, and the assemblies of earnest, busy men caught inspiration from the en's colleges. The smallest proportion eloquence of facts and arguments pre- are in medical schools. The same is sented bv him. He names, as the true of per capita gifts (Bible and standard ~of liberality for America, in missionary training schools excepted).

sustaining world-wide mission enter- Wellesley reports 1,000 students out prise, the annual sum of $50,000,000. of 1,800 contribute $2,257.

That amount can be subscribed most Lincoln Memorial University any day in Vall Street to build a rail- road or capitalize a mining enterprise; The university, established about ten why not invest that much within a year years ago near Cumberland Gap, foro the evangelization of the world- Tenn., is housed in the fine large an enterprise in comparison with building erected for the "Hotel of the which railroads and ship canals are Four Seasons." It is conducted for child's play? the benefit of the mountaineers, and an An International Opium Conference effort is being made to raise an endow- ment of $500,000 in commemoration Everything that helps mankind is of the one hundredth birthday of pleasing to God. Secretary Root has Abraham Lincoln. Among those in- made another contribJ-ltion to the wel- terested in the progress of this univer- fare of man and the progress of the sity are General O. O. Howard and kingdom of God through his sugges- President Roosevelt.

tion of an international conference on the opium question. Great Britain, The New Y. P. M. M. Secretary France and Germany accepted the sug- Mr. Harry Wade Hicks, who has gestion,and the conference was to meet recently returned from a tour of the in Shanghai in January, 1909. At the world, has accepted the General Sec- request of President Roosevelt, Bishop retaryship of the Young People's Mis- Brent agreed to act as chairman of the sionary Movement of the United American delegation to the conference. States and Canada, and entered upon It is hoped that Mr. Root's suggestion his duties December I, 1908. Me may result in concerted effort to di- Hicks has for six years been associate minish still further the damage secretary of the American Board of wrought by the drug, especially in Commissioners for Foreign Missions, China. and previous to that period was close- The use of opium in Canada and the ly identified with the work of the United States has increased alarm- College Young Men's Christian As- ingly of recent years. It has been both sociation as student secretary for the imported and manufactured for use by East under the International Com- Americans. mittee.

Student Gifts to Miasions Mr. Hicks brings to the movement excellent executive ability, experience The faculties and students of insti- in the work at home, a knowledge of tutions of higher learning in United young people, a first-hand knowledge States and Canada, for the year 1907- of the foreign mission work in the 08, contributed $116,712.59 for mis- united States and Canada.

sions, an increase of $8,759.65 over last year. The reports show that 22,- Statistics of Churches in Brazil 172 students out of 294,682 are among Members.

the contributors, and they average Presbyterian, General Assembly….. 9,000 $3.00 each per year. The largest pro- Presbyterian, Independent Synod …. 5,000 portion of students contributing are in Methodist ……………………. 6,000 theological schools and next in wom- Baptist ………………………. 5,000 Episcopal …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. goo LEADERSHIP. By the Rt. Rev. Charles H. ence more and more proves Him to Brent. 16mo, 260 pp. $1.25 net. Lvng- be-the Way, the Truth and the Life." mans, Green & Company, New York, The rare union of breadth with depth 1908. in the treatment of this theme is here found in a remarkable degree. It is THE FUTURE LEADERSHIP OF THE CHURCH. an ideal book to put into the hands of those who are hungry for power but By John R. Matt, M.A. I6mo, 193 ignorant of the price that must be pp. $1.25. Student Volunteer Move- paid to secure real power with God ment, New York. 1908. and with men. It is a heart-searching book, and some of the chapters can It is a long time since two books be read best in the closet. Appearing have appeared which are of such real simultaneously with Mr. Mott's book, and practical value to all who study "The Future Leadership of the the problem of securing laborers for Church," it emphasizes the quality and the harvest. The books are on kin- cost of such leadership. dred themes, and emphasize the demand respectively for quality and Mr. Mott's book, which has already quantity in the Christian ministry. received wide and complimentary re- Both will prove of special value to the view by the Christian press, deals Christian student who aspires to leader- with the vital question of how to ship in the Church of God. The secure able Christian ministry. This latest volume by Bishop Brent con- problem, he says, is one of "transists of the William Belden Noble scendent, urgent and world-wide Lectures delivered at Harvard Univer- concern. It involves the life, the sity last year. The object of the growth, the extension of the Church founder of this Lectureship was "to -the future of Christianity itself." extend the influence of Jesus as the Way, the Truth and the Life." In The opinion of one who, tho himnone of these six lectures does the self a layman, has proved by his writer, who is himself a leader of men, Christian statesmanship and missiona scholar and a missionary bishop, ary effort among educated men lose sight of this high aim. After dis- throughout the world that what he cussing the metaphysics of leadership, says bears weight, will surely arrest and showing how the world is greedy attention to this problem and help of leadership and that men are keen solve it. The first chapter discusses to be led, he defines a leader and dis- the problem, showing the almost unitinguishes him from a mere demagog versal falling off of candidates for the by showing that the real leader has in ministry in practically all lands and him the power of the single motive, churches. In the chapter on "The the power of the human will, the Urgency" the reasons are given why power of the blameless life and the more and better ministers are needed power of fellowship with the divine. in the various fields of effort, while Each of these attributes of leadership the third chapter treats of the obstaforms the subject of a succeeding lec- cles and sets forth all the possible ture, and all of them ·are finally seen hindrances that face young men who in their full perfection and divine are considering the ministry. Among glory in the representative Leader of these he sums up as chief obstacles: men and Leader of leaders, Jesus The lack of proper effort to lead men Christ. "Whatever gifts a man may into this calling; the attraction of possess, whatever efficiency he may other pursuits; the utilitarian spirit develop by industry and application, of the age and the lack of an adaptawhatever genius he may have for tion of preparatory school studies for leadership, his power climbs to its those who contemplate the study of throne only if, leader of men as he theology. Among the favoring inmay be, he is also the follower of Him who claims to be that which experifluences he mentions the power of ex- creation. The pictures are not ample, the maintenance of a Christian pleasant but they are good for atmosphere in the universities, and es- thoughtful girls to see.

pecially the work of smaller denom- MISSION STUDIES. Outlines of Missionary Principles and Practise. By Edward inational colleges, which are to-day furnishing the bulk of candidates for Pfeiffer. 16mo, 279 pp. 75 cents the ministry. The last chapter is the net. Lutheran Book Concern, Colum- strongest one in the book. The barb bus, Ohio. 1908.

on the hook, the point of the spear is This scholarly attempt to furnish a "The Propaganda"-what to do and text-book of missionary principles and how to pray that the Lord of the har- practise for the use of students in vest may send forth more laborers theological seminaries is the first of made sufficient by Himself for the its kind in the English language. Mr. harvest. The things he suggests are Robert E. Speer's book, which has a so simple, practical and so thoroughly similar title, consists of essays on a in accord with the best counsels of the variety of missionary topics. This present leadership of the Church that book, by the professor of theology in the outlook surely is hopeful. the Evangelical Lutheran Seminary, is more like Dr. Warneck's celebrated Every missionary should possess "Evangelische Missionlehre," and both these volumes. The high ideals treats the subject both theoreticalthey set forth apply with equal force ly and scientifically with Teutonic to the ministry of the coming native thoroughness. It is not a historical Church in every foreign field, and the narrative to be read for an hour's enfuture leadership of the Church of tertainment, nor a thrilling story to God is not a problem of one continent carry the reader along by the fascinaor of one race.

ON THE WINGS OF A WISH TO THE BANKS tion of great events in missions. Its OF AN INDIAN RIVER. By E. Mabel F. value is for those who desire to dig Major. 12mo, 196 pp. IS. 6d. Church beneath the surface and reach funda- Missionary Society, London. 1908. mental principles. Here are some of Here is a bright, attractive, in- the themes discust: Is there a science structive description of an imaginary of missions? what is its scope? the trip to India taken by boys and girls place of missions in theology; in the under the guidance of a lady mis- Church; the unity and diversity of the sionary. The chapters are chatty missionary enterprise; the missionary and entertaining, the descriptions call and aim; the real ground of misare vivid. The author describes sions (Scriptural, dogmatic, ethical CIties, trains, manners and costumes, and historical) ; missionary means and Hindu temples, idol worship and methods; home missions: its field and missionary life. It is a book calcu- object; the nurture of missionary life lated to interest young people and in the home Church. To each of these to awaken in them a desire to carry subjects the author gives careful conthe Gospel to those in sunny India sideration and writes as a teacher who have not the light of Chri~t. should. The book is well adapted for use in advanced study classes, is OTHER GIRLS. By Edith K. Snell. 12mo, thoroughly evangelical and (notwith- 127 pp. IS. Church Missionary So- ciety, London. 1908.

Many Christian girls and women standing some German terminology), never stop to think what they owe strongly American. Careful foot-notes, to Christ. This book will lead them a selected bibliography and an index to think by showing the dark pic- add to the great value of this unpre- tures of the girls in heathen lands tentious manual. It will give all who -girls who are bought and sold, master it an intelligent grasp of the who have crippled feet, are eternal greatest work in the world and prove prisoners, are slaves of men, and an incentive for progressive study of are despised as a lower order of the science of missions. THE MISSION STUDY CLASS LEADER. By the heroic sacrifice and conquests of T. H. P. Sailer. I2mo, 140 pp. 25 the pioneers. cents paper, 50 cents cloth. Presby- terian Board of Foreign Missions, New Mr. Platt has packed his book full York. 1908. of information. It is planned for a text book for young people, with The mission-study movement has supplemental questions and refergrown to large proportions and is ences, but it is good for anyone to still growing. The great difficulty read and study. One will come from has been to secure trained leaders. such study a better citizen of the The Young People's movement has United States and a better citizen developed a few, but more are of the kingdom of God-with a needed. Dr. Sailer has proved one more clear idea of the way in which of the most efficient leaders of these the American nation has been diclasses. He has learned how to do vinely guided and of the possible it by study and experience. In this future of the great republic. brief manual he gives many valuable hints on theory and method that NEW BOOKS should be of immense help to those planning to organize these mission- INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF COMPARAstudy classes. 'After stating some of TIVE RELIGIONS. By Frank B. Jevons. the fundamental principles, Dr. 8vo, 283 pp. $1.50 net. The Macmillan Sailer gives definite practical sug- Co., New York. 1908. gestions on the preparation of the leader, the assignment of lessons, EIGHTEEN YEARS IN UGANDA AND EAST the conduct of the class and the se- AFRICA. By the Right Rev. Alfred R. curing of results. Every leader Tucker, D.D., LL.D. 2 volumes, illusshould have this little book and trated. 8vo, 359-388 pp. $8.50 net. should study it. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 190 8. Briefer pamphlets are also prepared for the help of leaders-in- A PARSON IN THE AUSTRALIAN BUSH. By cluding some excellent dramatic pro- Charles H. S. Matthews. M.A. Illusgrams to accompany Dr. Brown's trated. Crown 8vo, I6-3II pp. $2.00. "The Why and How of Foreign Longmans, Green & Co., New York. Missions." 1908.

THE FRONTIER. By Ward Platt. Maps, DAYBREAK IN TURKEY. By Rev. James L. Illustrated. 12mo, 292 pp. 50 cents Barton. Illustrated. 8vo, 240 pp. cloth; 35 cents paper. Young People's $1.50 net. Pilgrim Press, Boston. 1908. Missionary Movement, New York. 1908. TIBETAN OUTPOSTS AND BORDER SKETCHES. By David P. Ekvall. 12mo, 227 pp. "World navigation and world his- $1.00. The Alliance Press Co., New tory may be divided into three York. 1908. stages: the Mediterranean, which stands for past history, the Atlantic THE LIFE OF JAMES ROBERTSON. By Charles which means the present and the W. Gordon (Ralph Connor). 8vo, 403 Pacific which holds the future." The pp. $1.50 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., horizon of man is expanding and the New York. I90B. frontier of yesterday is the home base of to-day. There is no more THE CHURCH AND THE SLUM. By WiIIiam fascinating history than the story Henry Crawford. I2mo, 75 cents. of the winning of the frontier-dis- Eaton & Mains, New York. 1908. covery, exploration, settlement, conflict, cultivation, achievement-with A MAN'S FAITH. By Wilfred T. Grenfell. I2mo, 50 cents net. The Pilgrim Press. New York. 1908.

TOM, DICK, AND HARRY. By Miss Frances Boyce. 2S. 6d. Marshall Brothers, London. 1908.

My FATHER'S EUSINESS. By Miss Marion Fiske. Illustrated. I2mO, 80 pp. IS. 6d. net. China Inland Mission, London, N.

1908-

The Missionary Review of the World — December 1908

Cf"he 8lissionary CJ?eview

of the World VOL. XXXI. No. 12 DECEMBER, 1908 VOL. XXI. No. 12 Old Sed" New Series Publillhed l.ly Funk k WagnlUs COlllPllllY, 4-1-60 K. :J:1d St., N.Y. Isa!loc K. Funk, Pres" A. W. "'~agnalb, "ice-Pres, and Treas., RoM. Scott, Sec'y SIGNS OF THE TIMES KNOWLEDGE AND PRAYER rather than on quantity. Most of the positions fall for exceptional qualifi- "He who would pray aright must cations, and can be filled only by men pray for something-that is a truth as who have a thorough education, natsimple as it is often neglected. If ural gifts of leadership, spiritual prayer for missions is not to be power and the mind of Christ. empty of meaning, and is to be preserved from the danger of becoming The number of native workers on mere phraseology, we must possess the mission field who possess spiritual, some knowledge of missions, some intellectual and administrative efficienparticular knowledge, moreover, in cy and power is increasing year by' order to know for what to pray at this year. "Many of these on the mission present moment, in order to be able fields," says Robert E. Speer, "are the to make definite needs, definite neceS- peers of the missionaries not only in sities, and definite people the object of spiritual devotion and intellectual abilsupplication and intercession; only ity, but in the ability to set work going such knowledge renders it possible to and in the ability to manage and hanmake prayer concrete and individual." dle the work." After mentioning men -Prof. Warneck. like Morales in Mexico, Reis in Rio Janeiro, Ibuka and Demura in Japan, CALLS TO PRAYER and Dr. Chatterjee in India, Mr. Speer goes on to say: The Kind of Missionaries Wanted .. 881 Kongo Reform in the Balance…….. 884 "The day is passing, if it is not 'Ihe Outlook for Jewish Missions .. 901 already long past, when missionaries The Coming World Missionary Con- can stand any more on the strength of their racial superiority or on the ference ……………………. 925 strength of their administrative con- The Universal Week of Prayer …. 941 trol of the funds of the home churches. A Conference of Jewish Workers ….. 941 They have got to stand now on the-ir moral superiority, on their intellectual THE KIND OF MISSIONARIES superiority, on their spiritual supe- WANTED riority, on their superiority as men, or they have no superiority on which to Rev. S. M. Zwemer, D.D., Can- stand." didate Secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement, writes that there is There are men and women in our a large number of calls for workers American colleges who can, with whom the missionary boards are ready to send out to the foreign field. In this call emphasis is placed on quality God's help, measure up to the high can not be tabulated. The Khasis standard of requirement thus set forth, are fast becoming the most cultivated and young men and young women nation in India. Female education is should covet earnestly the best of more advanced than in any other part these opportunities for leadership in of the country. They have now subthe fields where their work will count stantial buildings, good artizans, newsfor most. papers, and other marks of civilization, who, less than three generations ago, Practically all of the boards are were unlettered, and used bows and asking for trained men and women- arrows. Several great-grandchildren ordained, medical, teachers, nurses, and zenana workers.* Among the of that class of men are now n. A.'s of two hundred and eleven asked for are eighty-four ordained men, twenty-eight the Calcutta university. The remark physicians (men), twenty-two teachers about the educational condition of (men) and four industrial and other women was officially made by Sir superintendents; also of women seven William Hunter twenty years ago. nurses, eight physicians, forty-three From the beginning girls have kept teachers and fifteen evangelistic work- pace with boys in the Mission schools. ers. These are wanted for missions in India, Ceylon, Burma, Assam, Siam, A GREAT-MISSIONARY GATHERING China, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Arabia, Africa, South America, Mexico, The most significant convention Alaska, Cuba and Porto Rico. held during the month of October was the ninety-ninth annual meeting of With such a variety of occupations, the American Board, which met in climate and conditions there is reason Brooklyn October I3-I6. It was a to believe that every volunteer who is great convention in which great men prepared to go will quickly respond discust great themes. What a vast "Here am I, send me." transformation has taken place since this society was founded nearly one GROWTH SEEN BY ONE MISSIONARY hundred years ago. Then the great body of the Church was ignorant of The Rev. Mr. Pengwern Jones, and indifferent to the claims of the commenting on the life of the veteran heathen. N ow with our missionary Welsh missionary, John Roberts, who societies of laymen, women and young died at Cherrapoonjee a few weeks people, our missionary volunteers and 19O, gives the following figures of the vast number of books, periodicals the state of the Khasi Mission when and leaflets distributing literature on Dr. Roberts came to India, and its the subject, the Christians indifferent state when he died: to the cause of world-wide evangelism are becoming apologetic rather than Communicants ……………. . 73 9,358 antagonistic as formerly.

All in the Church, including chil- Evangelization includes, in a grow- ing degree, education (industrial dren, members on probation. . . . 347 25,1155 and intellectual), medical relief, and Bible and Tract translation and distri- Hearers ………………….. 595 28,623 bution. In some instances the tem- poral overshadows the eternal 111 Day Schools………………. 17 411 the effort to better present conditions, Scholars ………………….. 524 8,964 Collections (for the year) ….. Rs. 160 Rs. 25,637 There are other changes also that * Candidates are invited to correspond with Dr. Zwerner (125 East 27th Street, New York).

SIGNS OF THE

but as a rule the missionaries are un- the same as to "Sing ourselves away surpassed in their efforts to save men to everlasting bliss." But the ideal for this life and for the life to come. for God's glory has been made clear by the life and teachings of Christ- The outlook in missionary lands has to glorify God is to lift up the fallen, changed most of all in these hundred strengthen the weak, rescue the perishyears. When the American Board ing, teach the ignorant; in a word, it was founded there was scarcely a non- is to bring men, women and children Christian land that was open to the nearer to God and to His ideal for free preaching of the Gospel; now them. there is scarcely one that is closed. The greatest recent change is, of course, The Mohonk Conference, which for in Turkey, but this is only a sample over a quarter of a century has met of the way in which missionaries led on the enchanting mountain top at the by the Spirit of God have by prayer invitation of Mr. Albert K. Smiley, and perseverance won the day-train- has already been instrumental in acing the young to higher ideals of complishing much in the elevation of Christian liberty, and by their lives the Indians and has recently taken silencing the objections of those op- under its wing the other dependent posed to their work. By international peoples in Porto Rico, Hawaii and the treaties, travel and commerce the Philippines. The methods employed spirit of brotherhood has increased are chiefly the arousing of public inand material and political agencies terest, suggesting needed legislation have been used to advance the King- and bringing pressure to bear on dom of God. Government officials. This plan has been productive of splendid material President Howard Bliss, of the and educational results, but has pre- Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, cluded emphasis being laid on the most gave a typical instance of the progress important need of all, the spiritual in the contrast between forty-two uplift and the eternal welfare of these years ago, when his father began the undeveloped races. This limitation, work with sixteen pupils in a hired which may be necessary in view of room, and the present magnificent the plans of procedure, should be group of buildings with nine hundred borne in mind in considering the topics students frOll1 many lands and various discust, the speakers and the platform creeds-all under Christian influences. adopted.

Similar tidings came from India, The recent conference considered China and Japan, Africa and the the intellectual, moral and physical Islands of the Sea-all presenting welfare of the Indians and the steps manifold reasons for thanksgiving taken for their improvement. Comand encouragement and a clarion call missioner Leupp introduced a number of opportunity and responsibility. of agents, among them Miss Clara True, who has proved better than FRIENDS OF DEPENDENT PEOPLES twenty men in her fight for the en- forcement of the liquor laws among According to the shorter Catechism, the Indians of San Bernardino, Cali- "Man's chief end is to glorify God fornia. The conference approved the and to enjoy Him forever." By some this has been misunderstood to mean

government policy of placing empha- September 9 the Senate adopted the sis on the need of reservation, in place same measure, and King Leopold conof non-reservation, schools and ad- sented to the transaction. vocated the coeducation of Indians and whites. But the Kongo Reform Association reports that annexation of the Kongo For Alaska, that pioneer apostle, to Belgium on the terms proposed Dr. Sheldon Jackson, was present and would be a complete thwarting for spoke earnestly for the work of Chris- the time of the struggle of years to tian missions in the great peninsula. secure a real betterment of conditions The conference presented the need for in this most misgoverned section of larger appropriations for educational Africa. The articles of transfer utand sanitary improvements and for the terly fail to provide guarantees of the enforcement of rigid laws to suppress fundamental reforms which the best the liquor traffic. public opinion has demanded, which are: the abolition of forced labor; the The situation in the Philippines and dissolution of the concessionary com- Porto Rico was viewed with reference panies; the restoration to the natives to the opportunity presented to the of the land and its produce; the es- United States for establishing liberty tablishment of freedom of trade. and justice in these island possessions. The religious needs were scarcely men- Not only do the articles of transfer tioned out of deference to the Roman fail to institute these reforms, but they Catholic members of the conference. actually perpetuate thl:! abuses. The treaty specifies that the concessionary The immediate needs of Hawaii are companies, in which Leopold is chief held to be: a modification of the coast- stockholder, and which his own Comwise shipping laws and of the immi- mission of Inquiry testified "have an gration laws which now hinder Euro- view profits, and not civilization or pean immigration. humanitarian ends," shall be contin- ued intact. The Colonial Charter pro- These conferences are of inestima- vides that the colony shall be made ble advantage to these dependent entirely self-supporting, that Leopeoples in temporal things. It would pold's full staff of corrupt officials be an even greater boon could such a shall be retained, and that all existgathering of able, sympathetic and in- ing legislation in the Kongo, not at telligent Christian people meet annu- variance with the terms of the articles ally to discuss with equal ability, ear- of transfer, shall continue to have full nestness and thoroughness, the means force of law. The first of these provifor promoting their spiritual and eter- sions means that the miserable Konnal welfare. Man is not a body who golese would be driven to the point has a soul, but is a soul and for a of death in a never-ending drudgery time inhabits a body. to save the State from incurring a deficit. The second provision means KONGO REFORM IN THE BALANCE that the same men who under Leopold have perpetrated the abuses are under The situation in the Kongo State is Belgium expected to carry out sweepnot as hopeful as at first appeared ing reforms. Finally, the clause prowhen King Leopold agreed to turn over the control to Belgium. It is true that in August the Belgium Chamber voted to annex the State. On

OF THE TIMES

viding that all existing Kongo legisla- Post-offices, telegraph and telephone tion shall continue to have full force systems are now to be found every- of law means that the "open sore of where, and in some cities· electric the world" will still run and fester in light. Cities are given parks and all its disgusting horror. gardens, the streets widened, sewage systems laid; modern waterworks are The supporters of the Kongo Re- found in three of the largest cities, form Movement should, by letter, and a first class Kagan-road 300 miles make known to Han. Elihu Root, Sec- long has been built through the entire retary of State, at Washington, their length of the island, besides 4,000 demands in this great humanitarian miles of other roads, with 3,000 issue. bridges. Harbors, breakwaters, docks and light-houses are all built or build- MATERIAL ADVANCE IN FORMOSA ing, where there was only delay, danger and shipwreck. The Govern- If the Japancsc work in Formosa is ment has started a model tea-farm duplicated in Korea there will be great and an experimental cane-growing advancement in material things. The station. Formosa is now practically Japanese found the Formosan Chinese self-supporting. The Government is in a pitiable condition-ignorant, monopolizing and operating tobacco, suspicious, bigoted, emaciated, im- salt, camphor, opium, railroads, tele- poverished, dirty and diseased; ninety graphs and telephones. per cent. were illiterate, all were un- derfed. The tax-gatherers had taken SOME RESULTS OF THE TURKISH • everything but skin, bone and filth. REVOLUTION The Japanese dropt the former of- ficials, who joined the insurgents, and As one result of the recent revolu- with their aid made things unpleasant tion the Pan-Islamic bubble has burst for the Japanese for some years. so far as the Sultan of Turkey is con- cerned, says Dr. Franklin E. Hoskins, N ow there are 100,000 Japanese in of Beirut, in a recent letter. As a Formosa, and they are reported to constitutional ruler he can never again have effected a marvelous transfor- assume that role. When Christians are mation. The people are employed in- received into the Turkish army, the stead of being unemployed, and re- possibility of that army ever being ceive one-half more wages than before employed in a Moslem "holy war" and they generally now eat three against the Christians is past forever. meals a day. Justice is for the first If Christians and Moslems are alike time obtainable by the poorest coolie. available for military service then the There are 165 common schools for bitter opposition of the Turk to a Chinese boys and girls, and 24 for the Moslem becoming a Christian drops Japanese; one high school for girls out of practical politics. only, one for boys only, a normal school for teachers, a medical school, But the most important result for two agricultural schools, and one missions will come from the "freedom police school. Religion is entirely free. of the press." Under the censorship To the 40 miles of railroads ten years it had become almost impossible to make a statement concerning Chris- ago 220 have been added by the Japa- nese, and 60 more are under construc- tion.

tian faith, especially about the Person IS THE RETURN OF THE JEWS AT of Christ, but now there is promise of HAND? liberty and freedom of speech and teaching, and publishing. Already the These signs of the times have remissionaries have made good use of cently appeared in print: the opportunity. The examination of books going out or coming in is also Zionism promises to benefit maabolished and at least one hundred terially by Turkey's political liberation boxes of Arabic Bibles have gone un- of Hebrews, who under the regime molested to Egypt. The examination of Ottoman sultans have been forbidand stamping of every single copy of den to buy land in Palestine. They God's Word has been an indignity now are buying openly, and it is stated which is now abandoned and the that a Jewish syndicate is negotiating Word of God is free. for a large part of the Sultan's private domain now in the market, compris- Under the rigid censorship news- ing the whole length of the Jordan papers were hardly worth reading, but valley from Tiberias to the Dead Sea. now they are teeming with items and There is little doubt that the Jews news of the most fascinating interest. will soon repossess the site of ancient New journals have sprung up, and the Jericho, which was the first fruit of streets of Beirut and Constantinople the Israelitish conquest of Canaan. The have been filled with newsboys selling greater part of Jerusalem outside the papers and telegrams. walls already belongs to Jewish capi- talists, Zionist pioneers, who bought· The right of public assemblage has at various times secretly, notwithintroduced public speeches and ora- standing the Sultan's prohibition. tions that have been flowing like liquid fire. "Speakers denounced the old THE FIRST HEBREW CHRISTIAN regime in language that knew no ENDEAVOR SOCIETY bounds," says Dr. Hoskins; "then came attacks upon individuals and ec- A number of Hebrew Christian clesiastics until the wiser heads have young men in Toronto, Canada, met begun to counsel moderation. The recently at the Jewish mission in that pent-up feelings of the past thirty-one city, and organized a Hebrew Chrisyears have relieved themselves in tian Endeavor Society, with fourteen eruptions that are volcanic. members. The president is Louis A. Gredy~, and the secretary-treasurer is The outlook is one of promise but Miss L. B. MacDowell. The society has signs of a coming storm before is undenominational, and as far as we the atmosphere can be cleared. There know is the first Hebrew Christian are many desperate problems to be Endeavor Society organized on this solved; the old forms of iniquity are continent. The members are taking not dead. The missionaries and the up the work with earnestness and en- Church at home must face the situa- thusiasm, believing that the society tion and be ready to accept the new will be used of the Master in extendopportunities that come with free ing His kingdom among the Jews of press, liberty in education and itinera- Toronto. They request the earnest tion and evangelistic work. prayers of Christian people for the advancement of the cause of Christ.

courtesy of The Baptist .Nlissionary

SOME OF THE BOYS AND GIRLS OF MISSION LANDS WORTH SAVING

CllRISTlAN TEACHERS [N THE METHODIST GIRLS' SCIIOOL CHIN KIANG, CENTRAL

AfRICAN BOYS AT THE PRESBYTERIAN MISSION SCHOOL IN ELAT

The Baganda at Home, by C. W

FACE TO FACE WITH THE PROBLEM IN AFRICA CHILDREN'S WORK FOR CHILDREN BY .MISS KATHERINE R. CROWELL .i-uthor of Japan for Juniors~ China for Juni-ors, etc.

Myriads of children' all over this back the answer from the happy world of ours-gladsome and blithe, children to these brothers and sisters with merry eyes unshadowed by com- across the sea. ing sorrows, in Japan; sad-eyed and sorrowful in India; crusht, spirit- It is not too much to say that milless, with eyes held to the ground- lions of children are now under such these are in Africa; dull eyes in China, training by the various mission boards millions on millions; eyes waiting to of the world. At least these boards be brightened with hope in Persia, decide what the training shall be, and Syria, South America, the Isles of the in general supply material for it. Sea-the list is too long to write- But multitudes of leaders, with faith dl these little children call for help. and love and zeal, devote .bright That is one side. minds. and varied talents to such use of this material that the ears of the But millions of children-happy, children are trained to hear, their sparkling-eyed, eager, when they hear hearts to respond and their hands to the call, to help-this is the other side. help.

Sweet and sparkling eyes, ears We must take it this way-Hthe sometimes dull of hearing-but not boards," all of them. Only so may so when trained to listen! Then like we hope to put a girdle round about far-off silvery bells floats to them the the earth in forty minutes. For it call of the sad-eyed ones; and glad has come to this- the missionary and gleeful and to some purpose rings training of Christian children does

closer succession, but continuing for . a shorter period, g row in favor, but are not always practicable, because of school exactions. Just now, in the plans of boards and societies, looms large the study of missiol1s in the Sunday-school; th e sta rting-place, it would seem, of such study rather than its culminating point, since the greatest of mi ssion text-books is al- ways in use. But the difficulty has been to study thoroug hly in the time available "what J esus began both to do and to teach," and to add to this the continuance of the doing and teaching as shown in the facts of mod- ern missions.

To bring these facts into the scheme of Sunday-school instruction is the present aim; and plans fo r reaching it at this moment so fill the very air that it would seem that simply in breathing the world-sympathy of the children will be expanded.

A SAM PLE OF YOUNG J.PAN now actually encircle the earth. T WO BONTOC BOYS WATCH[NG THE COM ING MIS" Should we say every mission board, SIONARYI BI SHOP BREN T the process would require forty hours at least. So the more interesting individual treatment of plans and methods must give way to their consideration in the lump–so to speak; and the lump bears one word-education. Broken up, the pieces show "organization"; "giving" ; "study."

As to the organization, the general preference-inasmuch as with children interest must be not only aroused but kept awake-is for the mission "band," whose meetings are usually held twice each month and devoted wholly to missions. Once-a-month Junior Christian Endeavor meetings, perhaps, come next in choice. Mission study classes, with meetings in

CHILDREN'S WORK FOR

For the carrying out of the plans, The most nearly perfect way, perthe powers that be allow in some haps, is to organize the school into schools five minutes a Sunday. In a missionary society holding monthly some-the cases are rare- ten min- meetings. Where the regular school utes. Great possibilities lie within session is in the morning and afeven five minutes. The very best ternoons are free, this plan i~· easy kind of missionary story may, after of accomplishment, and delightful in a little practise, be capitally told. results. Five minutes of brisk question and answer, if persevered in, will do The really important thing is not the time allowed, but the choi<;e of A RESULT OF MISSION ARY GIVING IN AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOLS A village Sunday·school. Methodist Episcopal Mission. in Kandawglay. Burma wonders. Another form of concession the missionary committee. A good is fifteen minutes once a month. committee with precisely the right With this, under a good leader, twelve leader will make a success of almost classes certainly can in a year's time any circumstances. All these organibe aroused to "an interest in missions." zations-bands, junior societies, study Fifteen minutes once a month is a classes, Sunday-schools, even baby splendid opportunity. bands and cradle rolls-are training the children. Answering the question In some schools there is surren- "How?" letters and printed plans dered to missions the entire session on hailing from Boston, westward around one Sunday in the "quarter." Fine the world and back again to Boston, this is, especially for creating' enthu- lie before the writer. siasm, but many good leaders agree that a little time every Sunday is best. Many and varied are plans and

IN THE NATIVE SCHOOL-JAPANESE TEACHER AND PUPILS methods, but at one point at least instrument. Its evolution is interestmost of these authorities "federate." ing. Not to go back-as we might- In training the children, they say, the to Bible times for early and attractive cold abstract truth that "heathen" appearances, we look for it first-a childhood is generally wretched and grotesque little "object," indeed, bearmiserable, and always in need of the ing an English name and wearing gospel, must in some way be made English clothes-in the wilds of concrete and warm; and that doing, Africa; for here the Church Missionor giving, helps the process greatly. ary Society in the days of its youth Hence the necessity of what is tech- had this brilliant inspiration-to nically known as the special object. arouse the Church at home and at the same time rescue forlorn children Sometimes at a concert we choose from slavery by suggesting their to withdraw our thoughts from the' support to individuals in England, whole great orchestra that we may whose liberality would be rewarded for a little listen to one small instru- by the possession of a namesake in ment, hearing for the time nothing Africa. The plan did work happily but its sweetness. for a time, and West Africa soon boasted most extraordinary numbers So are the little people, because of Zachary Macaulay's, William Wilthe majestic symphony of foreign mis- berforces, Hannah Moore's and other sions is overwhelming in its power members and friends of the society. and grandeur, trained to hear sweet (From these names one would surstrains, now from one instrument now mise that in those days children did from another. Gradually the little not work for children.) instruments will blend with one another and with all the great or- But results, then and afterward, chestra into glorious harmony. were not always satisfactory. For The special object is such a little

CHILDREN'S WORK FOR

one thing, this English or American who has generally been expected to patronage was inj urious to the "object" itself, yet the seductiveness of grow straight up out of his inheritthus possessing a namesake in India or Africa or the Isles of the Sea long ance of heathenism into not merely a kept alive-tho, as will be seen, one source of trouble has been that it good man-that were miracle enough could not keep alive-this particular -but into a good man and an elophase of special object. Many boards followed the example of the Church quent, persuasive marvel of a Missionary Society for long years, preacher. If, perchance, he show but their methods are changing. In the documents above mentioned, one signs of falling short of this ideal, as comes to expect the declaration "We do not now give out" "na- his benefactor's own children octive scholarships"-"native workers" – Hpreachers"-HBible women." The casionally do, he is discarded and his reiteration becomes diverting-"formerely we did, but 110t 110W." "support" withdrawn. Or, with the A few letters- there might be many best intentions and prospects, he may -may make clear some of the difficulties and serve to explain in a meas- die young. This result is, in his caure the passing of the special object in this form of native beneficiary, pacity of special object, almost as disastrous as the other calamity.

Vide the letters aforesaid. Here they are: DEAR SIR :-On behalf of the Christian Endeavor Society of the Church, I write you this letter, in order to find out if, through your Foreign Board of Missions, we could have assigned to our society the care and support of a young male child in India. Not too young, but one that could enter the schools, and be IN TlIE MISSION SCHQOL-A PRESBYTERIAN KINIlERCARTEN IN OTARU , JAPAN

trained up with the intention of entering ginning to remember his name we would the ministry. T he desire of the society have a new one t o learn all over again, is t o have a young b oy t o support in w h ich caus ed so m e o f our m emb ers t o India, w;th this object in view-tha t he lose interest.

A t our last business m eeting th e so- ciety voted to t ake up thi s work again, and it was suggested that through our church board w e mi g ht have better suc- ~ ess in keeping a boy.

P lease g ive m e a ll th e informa ti o n pos- sible in r ega rd to t his m atter, a nd if we can have a boy, let m e know how old a boy we can g et. Perhaps if we did n ot have one too young he would be more h ealthy, and w oul d n ot die so qui ck, a nd would be more likely to stay and com- plete his education.

If we have a boy assign ed to tiS do you thi ng we coul d ge t hi s picture ? E ve n if it was ever so little a one. VI/ e could have it enlarged and hang up in the room wh er e our society me et s. . . . .

My DEAR SIR AND BRO. :-Perhaps I shoul d address this communication to one of the boa rd's secretaries, b ut n o t knowing just which one, will ask y ou to r efer it to the proper one.

Well, w e have a n ewly form ed mi ss ion- ary soc iety, th e Missio n Cir- cl e, comp ose d o f girls, w h o a r e ge ttin g greatly interested in missionary work.

My wife has charge of it, and she has the foreign-missionary spirit so thorough- ly that the Circl e has th ought most favora bly of takin g a n Indian o r pha n t o educa t e. This wi ll, perh a ps, be a ll th ey can undertake for the present, with some a id t o home work. They wish fo r a girl who is looking forward to b ecoming A GOOD CH ILD TO HELP a Bi ble woman o r a mi ss ionary, w h o will Child Labor in ' Korea obligate herself, in w hatever way m ay w ill be train ed up t o becom e a preacher be cust o ma ry, t o do s uch r egula r wo rkof the Gospel of our Lord J es us Christ. not merely to ma rry some good man. A few years ago the society took up this work through the – – – – – – – – ·Will you please let us know what the But the m embers becam e discouraged becau se about the time th ey got inter- minimum cost would be for such a g irl, ested in a boy we would get word that he ha d di ed, or disappeared, o r was not wh at steps are n ecessary to secure her? healthy enough to continue his studies. So in the course of a year or so we had et c. 'liVe want her t o be unde r th e care t hr ee or four different boys assig n ed t o us, and just about t he time we were be- of our own boa r d, and desire th a t this church may have cred it for expenditures on h er behalf.

Another thing. A number of months ago, while at – – – – – in thi s Sta t e, I wrote the board in reference to an orphan that we, my wife and I, are sup-

CHILDREN'S WORK FOR

A GOOD "SPECIAL OBJECT" IN INDIA vVhat suggestion can the hoard make us in regard to this girl of ours? How A Little Girl in Madras Sending Her Love to the can we also secure a girl or woman who Children of America really expects to be regularly in the gloc rious work, instead of the girl we now have? And we want her aid to go through our own board, mind you.

Vlon't you please have these matters at- tended to just as soon as possible, so we may hear?

DEAR SISTER:-Your letter to our sec- retary of missions absolutely startled us. On the evening of December I lour Mis- sionary Substitute Company voted to adopt Jang Wong King, according to your suggestion in a former communica- tion. That night my wife gave birth to No.8, the sixth boy. She wanted him called Lawrence. I urged the proprie- ty of commemorating our forward step in missions by naming him "King," after our newly adopted native preacher. We amicably settled the matter by dubbing the youngster Lawrence King, and all por~ing at Kolhapur, My wife had her before we were married-now about four years ago, My wife had gotten her through the —- —-, We wished her to be under the care of our board, and that remittances be sent her through board, We so wrote the board, but they did not think it advisable to take her from under care of the —- —- When we saw Dr, in Sacra- mento, we talked the matter over with him. He thought the board ought and could· help us out in it; that. we could give her up, and then through the board secure. the same girl again. He urged.

us to get the board to do this; bu~ we have delayed attending to it. The girl is now about sixteen-perhaps nearly seventeen-she has done well in her stud- ies, and seems bright and capable. But the last report is that she is looking for- ward to getting married, and not to the actual work of the missionary. We are much disappointed; she was to be our substitute ; and we hoped to be able to give more toward her support when it became absolutely necessary in order to A "CHINESE CORRESPONDENT"

fit her for the work. A Chinese Christian of the Second Generation

liberation, we settled that his name should be "King" anyway, in honor of Nank ing, where our man is supposed to be located. So, you can see, there are perils connected with the celebration of events in " home" and foreign mISSIOn Ue. Now let us consider that incident closed.

CHINESE BOY SUFFERING FROM HIP DISEASE At all events, the special object in the guise of a native boyar girl is Hunan Hospital, China nearing extinction. Specimens are rare. Yet it should be said that in went serene as a marriage bell till your some cases the plan has worked letter startled us out of our serenity. well, as in a children's society in When you informed us that through an Tennessee, which has for twentyoversight or handwriting of a mission- five years, while its own ranks ary our man was not "King," but have been filled by many successive "Ching," it threw us into cOlolfusiol1. It sets of members, supported the saine was self-evident that no American boy special object, first as a native girl in could survive his school days with such a school, and now for many years a a name as "Ching." So, after much de- Bible woman doing useful work.

But "shares" are popular with the children now. As, for instance, in the admirable "station plan" of the American Board, "in buildings," as in the Christian Missionary Society; in orphanages, schools and colleges of the Presbyterian and other boards; or in the "share plan" of the Forward Movement in the Presbyterian Church, South.

But most appealing to the children of all the forms that the special object now takes are kindergartens. and chil- "THE DOROTlIy"-50 MILES FROM DAKARA, ON THE GABOON RIVER. AFRICA

CHILDREN'S WORK FOR

dren's hospitals, or children's wards see the extent of children's work for in "grown-up" hospitals. A "share" children one must travel over the in medical work will usually cover the world to do it. It would be interesting cost of a bed or cot for a year, and could an itinerary be so arranged as to make every stop on Christmas day. "CHILE PEPPERS" Far in the snowy northland, for in- stance, in the region of the Macken- From ((Child Life in New Mexico" zie River, where fur-clad children are on this day enjoying presents and "goodies" which have somehow trav- eled to them over the icy trail, through mountain passes and over frozen rivers. The children of the Episco- pal Church of Canada sent the boxes.

Or, in our own land, where the light from sparkling Christmas trees reflects itself in the faces of children from almost every nation of the earth, for whom this is the first American the happy-eyed boys and girls are A YOUNG HOPEFUL OF lLEXICQ now helping on to health of body and mind and heart thousands of children who but for their gifts would still be suffering. In the hospitals, kindergartens and orphanages, the cold abstraction becomes warm and living and comprehensible in the person of one little child.

Next in fascination as special objects are mission-ships and boats and launches. We all know that the children of our Congregational churches have raised the funds for the constellation of M omillg Stars; that English children paid for the John W il/iallls of the London M issionary Society; and children of Australia for the well-loved Dayspring o f the New Hebrides Mission. But many other such carriers of the gospel not so well-known as these have also been built or are supported by children's gifts, . A ll these "objects" there ' are, and many more; and if one would really

Christmas day. On Indian reserva- not now glued to the ground; blind tion too, and in Mexican adobe houses, children and children of lepers in in sunny Porto Rico-in all these are China-of all these the children of the happy children, helped to be so by Church Missionary Society, and of children of the Presbyterian Church, other English societies, are mindful and of other churches. Children of when Christmas day comes. the Methodist Church make known Christmas joys come also to many ENJOYING THE FUN OF TR.AVELING IN HUNAN, CHINA the joy of Christmas to little Chinese an island in the sea. Children of and Japanese in California. New Zealand and Australia see to that. Other islands, too–Hawaiian In Brazil, where it is mid- children send gifts to them-and so summer, the little Brazilians sing up and down and all around this earth Christmas carols in the midst of lilies until we come to the land of the first and jasmine and magnolias. The Christmas day and of the first carols and the knowledge of what really happy children-those who Christmas means came to them from first heard the words: "Suffer the our children of the Episcopal Church. little children to come unto me." Many children are happy no.w, for the Again, over in Japan, where in a Syrian day-schools are a special obcertain kindergarten the gay little j ect of our Presbyterian children, who butterfly children are in ecstasies over do not fail to give them joy on Christtiny dolls sent them by a Presbyterian mas day. Everywhere there is singing: "band" in America. We may almost hear this joyous anti- There are many orphanages in India; little tots in Africa, their eyes

CHILDREN'S WORK FOR

CHILDREN AT PLAY IN LAOS LAND horizon of the children, For example, the W, R lVL 1., Chicago (Cong,), phonal chanting of the Christmas song has seven objects for the children's by our children and by the children gifts, aile for each country in which over the sea whom they have taught the board ca,rries on work, as follows: to sing, Africa-The "Children's" Mission- The special object is often so ary. used as to widen the missionary China-The Bridgman School in Peking.

India-Village: schools. Japan-The "Glory" Kindergarten. Mexico-School s. Micronesia-The Morning Star Mission. Turkey-The Hadgin Home (a boarding school for girls). Materials for Study- Leaflets (up- to-date); letters from missionaries; pictures, maps, Department in Mis- sion Studies; Day-spring. The W. R F. M., New York (Pres.), brings to the children under its care a near vision of their special objects; namely, medical work in China, day schools in Japan, orphan- LAOS GIRLS AT WORK IN THE SEWING SCHOOL, PRESBYTERIAN MISSION. LAKAWN

A ROW OF MISSION TEXT-BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS ages In India, and the missionary Do you ask how money for these launch Dorothy in Africa, by means objects-special or otherwise-is colof illustrated sketches, and the charm- lected? Again answering for "all" ing little Foreign Post, issued twice the boards, one word is sufficienta year. I t contains fresh items about sj'stematical/y. Theoretically suffithe special work, the bright letters of cient at least. Whether the children the children's missionary and appro- really are as systematic as it is hoped priate illustrations. Each number they will be is, perhaps, a question. has an item or article designed to Certainly they are growing toward carry the thought out beyond the spe- system. "Regularly paying from an cial to the general work. The "Sta- allowance," "earnings," "investments," tion Plan" above mentioned has so the letters on my table say, and its "Station Correspo11dent," almost the receptacle for their savings is enough of itself to accomplish results, surely a mite-box, for round and but maps, pictures and sketches of sta- square, pyramidal, octagonal and tion and missionaries also do their "haystack," suit-cases, grip-sacks, share. even barrels of oranges and apples, the specimens kindly contributed make And, after all, some boards have an interesting array. 110 special objects! In the Sundayschools of the United Presbyterian Ingenuity has exhausted itself, it Church, for instance, the whole work evidently being considered that the of the Foreign Board is systematically more "cute" and enticing the form, and delightfully presented by means' the greater the ingathering. One of a travel scheme. In the first year feature is common to all, the slit of ,such teaching, contributions from through which to drop in the pennies, the scholars increaseci from $177 to and some designers would seem to be $2,24I; the second year the amount more trustful and less suspicious than given was $2,902. others if one must judge by the com- parative width of the slits. And the children of the most "missionary" church of all, the Moravian, In the Protestant Episcopal Church, also listen to the symphony as a whole the principal mIssIOnary collection -not to its separate parts-but, then, from the children is the Easter offerthe Moravians are musical, as well as ing-a very large one. We all know missionary. the Spirit of Missions, and especially

CHILDREN'S WORK FOR CHILDREN'

admire the annual "Children's Num- prayers follow the attainment of ber." One hundred and forty thousand knowledge of the need for them, progcopies of the issue for 1908 were sold ress in missionary endeavor will be by the church children, who thus ac- by leaps and bounds. complished the double good of introducing the magazine to the older For this training is mindful of the people and swelling the sum in their future and the understanding of the own mite-boxes-a pyramid for the whole great enterprise of missions. Easter offering. In line with the mite- The resources now at command inbox are the more recently devised coin clude every kind of inspiration for the cards. These, sent out to Sunday- work. First of all are books, thrilling' schools, with special services for books, some lately written, and first Thanksgiving Day, Christmas or among the books are perhaps the Easter, have, by the efforts of child- biographies of master missionaries; collectors, added many thousands of there are lantern-slides and lectures, dollars to the Mission treasury. But curios, pictures, maps and charts, the armies of children now under short sketches and brightly written training will be men and women leaflets where time is too limited .for presently. It is inspiring to take the reading of books; treasure-houses, a mental look ahead to the time indeed. Of all the variety of bright when they shall themselves be adaptations of this wealth of material strong leaders, carrying forward to children's need, who can tell? the work. Surely, when that day comes, if it be true that gifts and There are also now in readiness for children's systematic study, mis- sion text-books, with helps for leaders; SOME OF THE COIN CARDS FOR MISSIONARY GUTS

and last, but not least, are the chil- we know so well, where the Master dren's own bright and charming mis- takes in His arms the little children sionary periodicals. Nothing less who eagerly press to Him, .as tired than a careful examination of a "Mis- with his journey He rests for a little sionary Exhibit" can fully show what by the well; and that other, lovely too, are the available helps to leaders of with joyous children gleefully scatchildren. Many plans of many tering flowers in His path, and boards and societies for the training brightly singing His praises. These of mind and heart and hand, unwill- are the bright springing source of ingly left out of this paper for want children's work for children. of space may be found in the Exhibit. There is a third picture; we see Still are there millions of sad and the tender skies of sunset reflected pathetic little children to be helped, on Galilee, and long shadows from but many sorrow-shadowed eyes are the western hills reaching out softly brightening; and the sparkling eyes over the water. There is a little fire of our happy children are the sweeter of coals on the shore. The Master for the sympathy that shines in them. stands by, and in the stillness His vOIce sounds clearly: "Lovest thou As we think of them we seem to me?" Then, "Feed my lambs." see two pictures: the beautiful one BLACK CHERUBS FROM PORTO RICO

OUTLOOK OF JEWISH

BY REV. LOUIS MEYER Humanly speaking, the success of contain something adverse to Jewish any measure depends on the confi- Missions, something liable to destroy dence with which the movers begin whatever little Christian zeal is now it, on the amount of encouragement manifested toward them. Even the given by those who are outside the daily press seems to take satisfaction movement, and on the favorable out- in publishing only facts which are by look. This is also true in religious no means suited to increase the in- work to a great extent. One reason terest in Jewish Missions. Thus, we why Jewish Missions are far more are not surprized that many Christians neglected than any other branch of are little or not at all interested in missionary work is undoubtedly the the evangelization of the Jews. How wide-spread idea that the outlook of to overcome that lack of interest, Jewish Missions is distinctly unfavor- which frequently amounts to opposi- able. We need not wonder at the tion, is a question of great importance.

latent feeling, yea, the avowed con- We are fully conscious of the fact viction of many, that the preaching of that it takes the omnipotent power of the Gospel to the Jews, tho benevo- our God, the miraculous influence of lent in its purpose and final effect, is, the Holy Spirit, to fill the hearts of to-day at least, visionary and unwise. His people with the necessary burning The work is still in its infancy, and zeal for the evangelization of the Jews, thus far comparatively little has been but we are also persuaded that the in- done by Protestants in the United terest of Christian people must in- States and but little more in Europe, crease, as they become better ac- to present the claims of the Lord Jesus quainted with the facts in the case, Christ to the Jews in a systematic especially with the outlook of Jewish manner. Missions. The following statement Foreign missions met with the same of the outlook of Jewish Missions is objections, until the work passed out not a roseate description of the out- of its infancy and the zeal for the look, but a plain statement of facts, evangelization of the heathen, by the encouraging and discouraging, and is added blessing of the Lord, became given in order that our readers may burning and took hold of the vast ma- judge for themselves after prayerful jority of the membership of the consideration of the facts.

churches. Jewish Missions, however, are not only in their infancy, but the I. The Outlook of Jewish Missions in the Light of the Word of God encouraging results achieved are scarcely ever brought before the pub- To the believer it is naturally of lic in a just manner. Writers in our supreme importance to look into the religious magazines pay little atten- Word of God and see what the Lord tion to this branch of the Master's says about the outlook of our efforts work, partly on account of lack of to preach the Gospel to the Jews.

information. The Jewish newspapers, Ve find at once that there is no dif- especially in the United States, pub- ference between the Jew and the lish scarcely a number which does not Greek (Rom. x., 12); namely, that

both are sinners and need faith in the to them and to their children (Acts Lord Jesus Christ to be saved unto ii., 39). In Rom. xi., there is set beeternal life. Thus there must be the fore us the practicability (verse 23), same hopeful outlook for Jewish Mis- the probability (verse 24), and the sions as there is for Foreign Missions, certainty of Jewish Missions (verses even tho the opposition met and the 26 and 27). obstacles encountered were a thousand times larger among the Jews than To those who believe that unfulamong the heathen. Human opposi- filled prophecies concerning Israel tion and tremendous obstacles may be shall find their literal fulfilment, a difficult to bear and overcome, but most explicit assurance is given that they are no reason for declaring the tho only a remnant, small or large, work impossible and the outlook hope- according to the election of grace, is less, for, after all, we are colaborers to be saved from among the Jews in with God as we go out to preach the answer to the preaching of the Gospel unto the Jews as well as we Gospel now, the nation shall yet be are in going out to the heathen. converted to Christ, and the preaching of the Gospel to the Jews to-day is But in regard to the Jews, God has preparatory to the great future event. spoken to us most clearly. He declares them to be under sin (Rom. But to those also who believe in the iii., 9), dead in sins, because of their spiritual interpretation of unfulfilled rejection of Christ. He states that prophecies, the outlook of Jewish Misthere is no love of God in them, that sions is peculiarly bright, because they they are in a deep sleep (Rom. xi., 8), form a most important branch of the blind and deaf (Acts xxviii., 27, Rom. glorious work of preaching the Gospel xi., 7-10), fallen (Rom. xi., I2), con- to every creature, which shall finally demned, and without remission of lead to the conversion of all peoples sins (Heb. ix., 22) . Yet, the Word and nations. also tells us that blindness in part (Rom. xi., 25), is happened to Israel, Thus, if we ask the Word of God which statement clearly means that concerning the outlook of Jewish Misblindness has come to a part of Israel, sions, we receive in no indistinct tones not partial blindness to all Israel. the answer, "The morning cometh; Thus, we must expect the conversion the Worc! of the Lord shall not return of some Jews as the fruit of our unto Him void, but it shall accomlabors now, even if we know that the plish that which He pleases." conversion of the nation is to come at a later date. We also find that God II. The Outlook of Jewish Missions in the has not cast away His people (Rom. Light of Our Experience xi., I), nay, that He regards them with love, with everlasting love, and But it is probably of greater imthat they are beloved for the fathers' portance for our purpose to consider sake (Rom. xi., 28). God is mindful the outlook of Jewish Missions in the of them (Isa. xlix., IS, 16), and He light of actual experience in carrying regards them as His peculiar treas- forward the work among the Jews· ure (Ps. cxxxv., 4), the promise being throughout the world, for we can gain a right view of the outlook of Jewish Missions only as we view them from the standpoint of the impartial ob-

THE OUTLOOK OF JEWISH MISSIONS 90

server in their activity among the tian men? vVe do not think it, for, Jews scattered among the nations. even if it was more than a statement I. The Attitude of the Jews made in the excitement of the moment, it did not convey to us the idea of a Our judgment concerning the out- most friendly attitude to the Lord look of Jewish ~1issioI1s must be much Jesus Christ. It spoke of the man, influenced by the attitude of the Jews the teacher, the prophet (perhaps!), toward J csus Christ and Christianity and the Jew Jesus, but there was no and toward the work of Jewish :lis- attempt to give unto Him that honor sions. Let us try to come to a clear which is due to God the Son. To understanding of that attitude. us that statement and the manner in The Jewish Attitude Toward Christ and which it was made, was a fine illus- Christianity tration of the general attitude of It may be said that in general the Jewish leaders, especially Reform J ew- attitude of the Jews throughout the ish, toward Jesus Christ. The in- world is more favorable toward Christ creased culture of the twentieth cen- and Christianity than it has been at tury causes a thin veneering to be any time since the days of the apostles. put over the enmity of the natural (in But that statement will surely be mis- this case, Jewish) heart, but under- understood in too favorable a sense neath remains the old fire, which is by friends of Jewish Missions if we extinguished only when a man is born do not add a word of explanation. again and the Holy Spirit enters his It is true that many of the Jewish heart. The attitude of the Jewish leaders, Reform and Orthodox, speak leaders and the Jewish people is in- and write in the highest terms of trinsically the same toward the Lord praise of Jesus the Jew. We heard Jesus Christ as it was in the days when a Jewish judge and politician make He came to His own and they re- the statement, "I can stand upon the ceived Him not.

same platform with any man who be- Yet there is a difference, for the lieves on Jesus," which statement old bitterness, which was frequently called forth the thundering applause revealed in open blasphemies and loud of the audience of Christian men. curses, is disappearing more and more.

After the meeting we heard every- The nauseating stories concerning the where favorable comment upon the origin and life of our Savior, once .

fair-mindedness and progressiveness known to every Jewish child, and re- of that eloquent Jewish judge. A printed and widely scattered in the friend of Jewish Missions, who was city of New York only a few years with the writer, broke out into the ago, are less circulated and less be- enthusiastic words, "How near these lieved than ever before, and tho the Reform Jews are to the kingdom of proud Jewish hearts still refuse sub- heaven. Surely the conversion of mission to the Lord Jesus Christ, the Israel is at hand." But did the state- consciousness that Jesus of Nazareth ment made so publicly by that Jewish was great and good, and in His teach- judge, who, we may add, was a can- ing superior to almost any other man, didate for higher political office, really is rapidly spreading among the Jews justify the enthusiasm of those Chris- of all the earth. Well may we, there-

fore, say that in a general way the at- More important perhaps than the titude of the Jews toward Jesus is attitude of the Jews toward Christ more favorable than it has been. and Christianity is But what about the attitude of the The Attitude of the Jews Toward Jewish Jews toward Christianity? The J ew- Missions ish leaders continue to propound the doctrine that Christianity has nothing The attitude of the Jewish leaders to do with Jesus of Nazareth, and is the product of the inventive genius toward Jewish Missions remains one of Paul of Tarsus. But they study of intense bitterness and open hatred. its tenets more closely than ever be- We find no fault with them for opfore and are very quick in pointing out the inconsistencies in the lives of posing that which they consider Christians. The great majority of Reform Jewish rabbis is well ac- wrong, but the manner of the oppoquainted with the Greek text of the sition and the bitterness and hatred New Testament and is ready for arguments concerning textual difficulties shown must be condemned by every and so-called irregularities. But that fair-minded man. For the informadoes not mean that they are more favorable to Christianity than they tion of our readers, we quote from a used to be. circular issued by the Northwest Side The vast multitude of Jews still Talmud Thorah and Hebrew Insticontinues to dwell in countries where tute Committee for the Protection of they are surrounded by the adherents of the Greek and Roman Catholic Jewish Children in Chicago. The Churches. Tho attempts at the free circular is directed against the work distribution of the New Testament have been made among them, dense of the Chicago Hebrew Mission in ignorance concerning the tenets of its branch on the Northwest Side, and Protestant Christianity continues to it was published in both English and prevail among them, and their attitude toward Christianity remains practically Yiddish, in August, 1908. We quote unchanged, except in the few places from it the following: where faithful Protestant missionaries are at work. But even in Protestant Your homes, friends, are in danger! Europe, especially in Great Britain, Your tents, 0 Israel, are in peril! Danand in the United States we can not ger, grave and serious, is lurking round speak of any favorable change in the about your home! Seducers, vile and attitude of the Jewish masses to Chris- crafty missionaries lie in wait for your tianity, except in the attitude of the homes! Your children are being lured comparatively few who have come away by soul catchers! At 326 West into continued friendly intercourse Division Street there is a mission mainwith missionaries. They, however, tained by misguided Christians, who hire are like leaven and their influence is these renegades to lure the Jew from felt more and more from year to year. his moorings and the Jewish children from parents' home. Under the guise of teaching your children how to sew they urge them to embrace Christianity. Un- der the mask of love, your children are taught by these vile and detestable soul- catchers to mock at and ridicule the re- ligion of their fathers. By ridiculing your religion your children will come to ridicule and hate the bearers of that re- ligion, their fathers and their mothers.

In commenting upon this circular, the Chicago Israelite of August IS, 1908, presupposes that the children were gathered in that school without the knowledge and permission of the

parents, and says, "There ought to be parents is false in the great majority some law that would reach these soul- of cases and the parents are not as stealing kidnapers. If the prison easily frightened by the threats of the were the penalty for their crime, they rabbis as they used to be years ago.

would soon stop trying to steal souls. Especially is this the case in Great Down with the kidnaping mission- Britain and America. Around that aries! Send them to prison; that is same mission-house of the Chicago the place for them." Hebrew Mission, against which the Almost every number of The circular quoted above was directed, a American Israelite, The Chicago Is- Jewish mob gathered in August, 1908, raelite, and other American Jewish while the school was in session. The papers, and, a little less frequently, windows were broken, and as the mob the Jewish papers in the different parts assumed a most threatening attitude, of Europe, contain vehement articles the ladies (Gentile Christians) in against Jewish Missions. Here and charge of the work decided to dis- there the voice of some fair-minded miss the school and personally con- rabbi is heard, declaring that it is duct the children to their parents. It possible for a Jew to become an honest was no easy undertaking, because the Christian, but in general the Jewish mob followed them and open threats leaders of the present day have no and curses were heard, but, we are other names and titles but those of told, the parents of at least some of frauds and cheats, bribe-takers and these children told the members of bribe-givers, parasites, etc., for all that mob that they themselves had Hebrew Christians. Thus none could sent their children to the missionary say that the attitude of Jewish leaders school and would continue to do so.

toward Jewish Missions is favorable. Thus they furnished a most vivid il- The attitude of the common people, lustration of the changed attitude of however, is quite different from that the common people of Jewish birth to- of the leaders. From every Jewish ward Jewish Missions.

Mission in the different parts of the In many places Jewish missionaries earth comes the report that the mis- have g~ined the confidence of ·their sionary services are crowded by men unconverted brethren to s11ch an ex- and women, who are attentively tent that their counsel is asked even listening to the preaching of the Gos- in questions pertaining to law and pel, that the reading-rooms are reg- ceremony 'in the synagogue. But ularly visited by ever-increasing everywhere the Jewish people are throngs of young Jewish men, and the learning that, notwithstanding the con- schoolrooms frequently can not ac- tinued declarations of the rabbis to the commodate the children. Circulars of contrary, true Christian missionaries the leaders, like the one quoted above, do not approach them from selfish may empty the schoolrooms for a motives, but from unselfish love for short time, but soon an increased num- their souls and in obedience to the ber of children will crowd them, be- command of the Lord Jesus Christ.

cause the claim of the leaders that This changed attitude of the C0111- these children attend the missionary mon Jewish people toward Jewish schools without the knowledge of the Missions naturally involves a more

favorable attitude toward Hebrew the New Testaments as the Word of Christians. Prejudice still exists and God, and who, filled with the Spirit the suspicion continues to lurk in of God, are willing to obey the comevery Jewish breast that a bribe or mand of their Savior and preach the the hope for better social position is Gospel to every creature. at the bottom of every baptism of a Jew. Persecutions have not ceased, 2. The Attitude of Christians and where masses of Jews live closely together, a Jewish follower of Christ No true Christian ever hated a Jew, had better leave his former friends and because of religion or nationality. neighbors and move into Christian No true Christian ever persecuted a surroundings. But, after all, the Jew, nor did he treat him unjustly on bitterness and hatred of Hebrew Chris- purpose. But there can be no doubt tians is not as great to-day as it was that even some true Christians have a few years ago, and a number of been, and some are still, filled with cases could be cited by us, where prejndice against the Jews and against Hebrew Christians, who have proved Jewish Missions. Both were caused the sincerity and honesty of their con- most probably by lack of information. version by a consistent Christian life, The bad sides of the Jew were known are on most intimate terms with their to all, but not his good sides. Nothrelations who continue to adhere to ing was known about his spiritual the Jewish faith. In a general way needs, and very little about the necesit is true that the attitude of the Jews sity, usefulness, and success of Jewish toward those of their brethren who Missions. This lack of information follow Jesus outside the camp, is far caused remissness in the discharge of more favorable than even a few years duty and contempt of the neglected. ago. Thus if one asks the question, The last years have seen a remarkable "What is the outlook of Jewish Mis- change in the attitude of true Chrissions in the light of the present atti- tians toward the Jews. In Britain tude of the Jews themselves toward this change was caused mainly per- Christ and Christianity, and Jewish haps by the continued faithful work Missions?" we answer from a full of the different Jewish missionary soheart, "The morning cometh: the cieties. But in the United States it Word of the Lord shal1 not return has been caused chiefly by two things, 1ol11to Him void, but it is accomplishing viz., by the increased volume of that which He pleases, and it is pros- prayerful, believing study of the Bible, pering in the thing whereto He sent and by the increasing power and init." fluence of the Jewish population. The study of the Bible called the atten- But it is necessary that we ascertain tion of Christians to the fact that the the outlook of Jewish Missions in the Lord has preserved the Jewish people light of 'our experience as far as the so distinct, because He has some attitude of Christians toward the Jews specific purpose in their preservation. and Jewish Missions is concerned. The increasing power and influence, Under Christians we understand none and especially the assertion of them, bilt true believers in the Lord Jesus in the attempts of the Jews to thor- Christ, who accept both the Old and oughly secularize our great and beau-

A MISSIOKARY STATESMAN AND

tiful country, led naturally to a closer The number of Jews baptized in study of the Jewish problem and of Protestant churches throughout the its one solution from the Christian earth has been estimated at 1,800 anstandpoint, viz., the preaching of the nually since 1900 (1,200 annually be- Gospel to the Jews. Thus interest in tween 1870 and 1900)" We consider the Jews and in Jewish Missions has that figure far too low. In the been rapidly increased in every part lJnited States there were 'baptized acof the earth. cording to published statements 323 Jews in 1905, 376 Jews in 1906, 517 The following is a brief statistical Jews in 1907, and 409 Jews during table of Jewish Missions on October the first eight months of I908. I, 1908: Thus in the light of the attitude of ——.~- Christians toward the Jews and J ew- ish Missions, we must consider the Great Britain 30 670 128 $50 0 , 0 0 0 outlook of Jewish Missions peculiarly Germany…. 6 favorable at the present time. The 26 12 25,000 increased interest in the Jews and 10,000 Jewish Missions must naturally lead Switzerland. 6 4 to a strengthening of the existing ones, 2,50 0 to an improvement of their financial France…… 4 support, and to a much needed study 4,000 of methods and organization, and Netherlands 3 5 likewise to the founding of new so- 20,000 cieties and the opening of new sta- Scandinavia 4 23 tions. May God hasten it! 4,000 Russia……. 3 3 3,000 5,000 Africa……. 2 1.000 Asia. …….. 5 75,000 Australia.. .. 15,000 united States II I I I Canada.. …. 47 152 49 5 3 7 Total…. 107 905 223 A MISSIONARY STATESMAN AND SECRETARY THE REV. FRANK FIELD ELLINWOOD. D.D.. LL.D.

BY ROBERT E. SPEER Dr. Ellinwood was born in Clinton, served for a year (I870-71) as the N. Y., on June 20, 1826. He was secretary of the Memorial Fund Comgraduated from Hamilton College in mittee. The Memorial Committee 1849, and studied theology at Auburn was appointed to raise $5,000,000 as and Princeton Seminaries. Ordained a special offering from the Church in expression of its gratitude to God and installed at Belvidere, N. J., he for the blessing of the reunion of the old and new school branches of the became the pastor of the Presbyterian Presbyterian Church. This end was Church there, from which he was more than attained, the offering called the following year to the Cen- amounting to more than $7,000,000. tral Presbyterian Church of Rochester, Dr. Ellinwood's work was marked by N. Y., remaining there until 1864, the energy, single-mindedness, rewhen he was called to a wider minis- sourcefulness, and indomitable faith try. For several years he was the which characterized him always. secretary of the Presbyterian Commitee of Church Erection; he also

In 1871 he was elected a secretary of the conditions which he found at of the Board of Foreign lIissions the beginning of his secretaryship: of the Presbyterian Church; and until One thing which I soon learned in his death, at Cornwall, Conn., on connection with this work, and the thing September 30, 1908, he retained his whose importance has grown upon me connection with the Board, tho fail- ever since, was the desirability of coming health had compelled him several prehending so far as possible the total years before his death to lay aside of missionary effort, as carried on by all work. For more than a genera- all boards and societies. About three years after entering upon my work as tion, however, he was engaged secretary, I visited our missions. Up to actively in the administration of the that time our missionary literature had missionary enterprize, and his career concerned itself almost entirely with set before men a new conception of our own work, and had consisted mainly the richness and vitality and power of letters from the fields; that is, our fields. The general work of missions of such administrative service. Dr. was not discust either in our own or Ellinwood was never a mere routine other missionary magazines to any exofficial. He did his routine work tent. But when I reached some of the with accuracy and fidelity, but it did great mission fields and saw there the not engulf him. He poured into it full array of men and women represent- ing different societies in different lands, the inspirations which ·came from the the effect upon my mind was very simi- broadest conception of the mission- lar to that which I had experienced some ary enterprize, and office duty and years before while visiting one of our correspondence were the mere tools, regiments in the Army of the Potomac. with him, of a great intellectual and As I arrived, there seemed but a handful of men compared with the total force spiritual ministry, both to the Church to be met, but when the next morning and to the cause. I heard the bugle calls in all directions and saw the camp-smoke curling up from Secretaryship Then and Now . other unseen regiments and learned that He began his secretarial work the country was full of soldiers, my courage took a sudden start. So, when under the old regime. There were I saw the full front of missionary forces no stenographers then. The litera- and came to look upon their labor and ture of missions was poor and success as a common stock of ennarrow. The different missionary or- couragement for each and all, my ganizations were isolated units with- faith in missions was wonderfully out common knowledge or council. strengthened. Secretaries were not supposed to need Some of you will remember that ex- President Harrison used this same simile a first-hand and ever-fresh knowledge in describing the impression made upon of the field. The whole plane of him by the Ecumenical Conferencemissionary appeal and administration with this advantage, however, that he and apologetic needed elevation. spoke from his own experience as' an The old had done its work well .and old soldier.

After that visit to the missions I be- had now made ready for something gan to cultivate a new interest in all better to succeed it. In a paper read missions, the varieties of their work, to one of the Presbyterian Board's their comparative success, their total Conferences of New Missionaries, in success, and when finally it feIl to my 1901, Dr. Ellinwood described some lot to edit the Foreign Missionary Maga- zine, I enlarged it from 32 to 48 pages,

A MISSIONARY STATESMAN AND

and while doing justice to our own mis- come to respect the cause of missions sions gave some place to the total work and to deal with it as one of the great of the kingdom. world movements of the age, and polite literature finds it much more difficult Many of our exchanges also began than formerly to sneer at the Mrs. about that time to take the wider views; and the movement led to the establish- Courtesy of The New Yark Observer. ment of the MISSIONARY REnEW OF THE WORLD, by the late Rev. R. G. Wilder. FRAN K FlELD ELLINWOOD About the same time we adopted the J ellybys who happen to be interested plan of taking up one missIon field at a in this greatest of causes. What had time, assigning a particular month to been done in anthropology and sociology, each. This had great influence in de- in the massing of vast numbers of facts veloping the interest of the young and and generalizations into a scientific sysold. In the woman's auxiliary societies tem, is being done also in the work of and zenana bands, persons were ap- foreign missions, and the materials are pointed, often mere girls, to present already well in hand for what may be sketches of the countries named, their called a science of missions. institutions, and the missions of our own or other boards. New attention was The crowning result of this wider given to the monthly concert, and one search for all missionary knowledge and special result was the increased knowl- the convincing and overwhelming power edge and interest of pastors. Many a which it is calculated to exert is seen pastor who had been remiss found it in the masterly work of Dr. James S. necessary, in self-defense, to learn some- Dennis on Missions and Sociology. thing about missions. For it was 11Umiliating to find that even children in Another line on which I think subhis congregation were better informed stantial progress has been made is the than he. Great impetus was given to use of the principle of multiplying one's all these movements by the accession work through the help of others. of the lamented Dr. Arthur Mitchell, Twenty-five years ago we had no such whose eloquence of voice and pen will thing as typewriting or stenography. not soon be forgotten. For several years no clerk of any kind was employed in the mission-house. I need not dwell upon the general There was only an assistant treasurer, growth of missionary knowledge, nor an offiee boy and a janitor. The time the interchanges which have been made came when an editor was needed to take between different societies in the use of their statistics and other literature. All this is well known. Conferences have been held not" merely in this country and in Great Britain, but on the large mission fields. There has been not only a great increase of knowledge in all the branches of the Church, but there has grown up an emulation in pushing iorward the work. Missionary maps have been much more fully used than formerly. The critics of missionary work who previously could scoff a, the work in detail, as if it were a very little thing, came to find a combined army rising up before them. The policy of Balak was 111 vam. The tents of Jacob in their full array could not be put down by any sort of divination. The secular press has

charge of the Foreign Missionary Maga- magazines and every form of printed zme. There seemed to be no candidate matter are deluging the land and books proposed except a venerable pastor in are multiplied without limit, if the work New Jersey, who it was thought might of missions-the greatest enterprise of conduct this organ of the board in con- all-should fail to keep abreast with the nection with his pastoral work. ·While onward movement. Not only is a far the question was pending, it was sug- greater work accomplished, but it is also gested that one of the secretaries might of better quality. It was impossible to edit the magazine if the board would write many individual letters when a secgive him a stenographer. This was a retary was obliged with his ·own pen to new and very wide departure. No such write every word and every punctuation thing was known in any missionary mark, cross every "t" and dot every board in this country. The subject was "i," then copy the letter, superscribe the very fully discust. Some were in envelop, take from his drawer a stamp, favor; others opposed. It was objected and see that it was properly affixt. It was that while short and routine business impossible to do much more than write letters might be written by such means, mission letters with the bare acknowledgit would be impossible to write a careful ment of the correspondence received. missionary letter by dictation; one must The advantage of multiplying tenfold think with his pen. To which it was re- the individual letters to the missionplied that one Paul of Tarsus had writ- aries, of which each secretary has many ten some very respectable foreign mis- score as correspondents, is great for sionary letters through an amanuensis, other reasons. In these personal epis tl es and that the few short epistles which he one can come into much closer symhad written with his own hand were rare pathy with the individual missionary, and exceptions. The point was carried. A I am sure that the receipt of a personal stenographer and typewriter was found, letter is more satisfactory to him than and the Foreign Missionary was supplied to have a bare recognition in a general with an editor. Now, behold the change. epistle. These mission rooms and those of the Home Board, and the offices of all mis- This leads me to mention another sionary societies, and almost all similar great advance which has been made in institutions, fairly rattle with the music mission work for the last quarter of a of the typewriter, and books filled with century by the organized 'efforts of the hieroglyphics of Sanskrit or Syriac are woman's boards, for if it is of great admultiplied almost by the cord. How vantage to missionaries to receive perotherwise could we do our work? How sonal letters from the secretaries here, could our young high-pressure secretaries it is no less satisfactory to the women and the treasurer get on without all the of the missions to receive such sympastenographers they can find? And even thetic communications from the boards at that the carbon copies and the mimeo- and auxiliaries of their own sex. The graph must be added. At the same time, bonds of sympathy which have been there are far more of printed leaflets, strengthened by these correspondences circulars and what not than ever before. have been woven over the earth's sur- And this in the woman's department as face in a grand network of Christian well. love. Truly their lines have gone out through all the earth. But great as is the total result accomplished by this multiplication of our- And he added, pressing on those· to selves by the help of others, we feel that whom he spoke the lesson of the duty we still fall far short of educating the of self-multiplication, "Everyone people as thoroughly as seems to be necessary to so great a work. It would whose soul is alive with the love of be a pitiful contrast with the rush of Christ will be inventive of means and things in our day, when newspapers and resources." His soul was thus alive.

I908 ] A MISSIONARY STATESMAN A:-D SECRETARY 9Il

Missionary Editorship many books, never allowing the wells of his mind to go dry, so that when His editing of a missionary maga- he took up any subject he at once zine which he lifted at once into a lifted it above what was common- remarkable success was only part of place, set it in loftier relations, and his literary work. He prepared a bathed it in a wealth of exact and new type of pamphlet and began at far-sought knowledge. once a great stream of contributed articles which appeared in magazines Women's Work in Great Britain and America, and which presented a fresh and power- Dr. Ellinwood's openness of mind ful restatement of the grounds of and eagerness to welcome all new missIOnary obligation. Before he forces led him to realize that the died he had issued a number of books. day tor the development of women's "The Great Conquest" was the first work had come. He did not resent it. of them, and it was an arsenal of He rejoiced in it. This was in part, new weapons for the friends of mis- doubtless, because he was such a sions. His style was as clear and gentleman. The old-school courtesy simple as a mountain .brook, and lingered with him. He always treated philosophy, scholarship, and delicate women in his office as he would have humor mingled in all that he wrote treated them in'a drawing-room. And and said. "I can see the whole en- when their work began he met it in vironment," wrote a prominent pro- the spirit of a gentleman. But also fessor to him of an article about a he realized how great a force had visit to the Sioux Indians. "It was been unutilized, and he planned with refreshing to read it. There is a the women for the free establishment substratum and an undercurrent of and expansion of their work. The humor underneath the whole that for result has been that in no church so good a man as you are is charm- has there been more unity and coning-I was going to say surprizing, cord between the work of the women 'a breaking out in a new spot,' so to and the work of the ecclesiastically ·speak." In his office work this humor appointed organization. was always present. He had a stock of original words which were in no Young People's Work dictionary, but which exactly described human qualities which ordi- He welcomed and facilitated, also, nary men had to describe by circum- the development of the Young Peolocution. But more than anything ple's work, the foreign work of the else his relentless and earnest logic Y. M. C. A., the Student Volunteer made his articles and speeches nota- Movement, and the work of laymen. ble. His thought flowed with almost In a commandingly comprehensive perfect precision, and in reading or paper on "The Progress of a Generalistening to him one had the comfort- tion," in I902, he wrote: able feeling which comes with confidence in the integrity and absolute It is another auspicious fact that our rel.iability of a great and able mind. generation has developed, as no other All his life he was a student, reading age of the Church has done, the co- operation of the laity. Applied Chris- tianity has ceased to be a function merely of the priestly class, the old pulpits of our fathers have descended in more senses

than one much nearer to the level of ough treatment. We have lived in a the pew. The body of the Church has hand-to-mouth way, attending simply ceased to .be a flock, and has now be- to the things that imperatively demanded come an army. The idea prevails that attention, and so we have simply drifted everybody, old and young, has a work from year to year, if not from decade to do. This is true nut merely uf the to decade. We have acted upon the prinmultiplied forms of Sabbath-school work, ciple that, first of all, vacancies should church work, settlement work, rescue be filled, and that without much respect work, etc., but the change pervades all to the relative claims of different fields. society. It has become fashionable with And in given fields we have acted upon our great universities to elect lay presi- the principle that the old work should dents. Our Board of Missions has first have attention, whereas there may chosen a lay secretary. Even the Gen- be some vacancies that ought not to be eral Assembly has now a lay vice-mod- filled; and there may be forms of old erator, and the time may be near when work which have not half the importance it will lay aside the "Vice." It is cer- of some new work. Indeed, if we were tainly necessary that all classes of be- always to act upon these principles, real lievers shall be subsidized and mobilized progress would be well-nigh impossible; if the world is to be won to Christ, and no change for the better, whether in the trend is n~w in that direction. fields or in work, or in anything else, could be introduced. In his work as secretary he was fearlessly courageous 11l entering I would divide our mission fields into newly opened doors. Through his about three classes, first, those in which influence the missions in Korea and our work should be kept up to its presthe Philippines were established, and ent force of missionaries and its preshe had a larger part than any other ent geographical extent of work (except one individual in the development of as the extent could be enlarged by native the missions of his Board in China. workers and outstations as distinguished He had the strategist imagination from increase of missionaries and formwhich enabled .him to realize what ing of new stations); second, those which was an opportunity, and he had the should be given up, not suddenly peradministrative courage to achieve haps, but gradually; third, those promactually what he had seen in his ising fields which seem to call for exvIsions. He prepared careful papers tension and decided advancement. outlining policies as to fields, setting forth his reasons for believ- Then he proceeded to survey all ing that certain fields should be oc- the fields of the Board and the cupied and where the emphasis should methods of work in use. He was be placed. In one of these papers, ready also for improvement as to home which was an elaborate study of the administration, and submitted as comwhole enterprise of the Board, he be- prehensive and critical papers on this gan by saying: subject as on the work abroad.

I have long thought that some re- Missionary Policy and Problems examination should be made of our mission fields, their relative importance and He was always thinking on quesclaims. The difficulty has been that in tions of mission policy. In his letters the all-absorbing care of our work as to the missions and in his home it has gone on from year to year, there speeches and articles and in the office has seemed to be no time to take up consultations he was ever reaching broad questions and give them a thor- after and setting forth fundamental principles.

Among the particular problems

I9Q8] A MISSIONARY STATESMAN AND SECRETARY

which concerned him in later years and Paul proclaimed to them the meswas the development of self-support, sage of salvation. the administrative independence of the native Church, the raising up of I once heard the secretary of a misnative leadership and the promotion sionary board say that about the least of an intense evangelistic spirit. concern of all to the missionary was the Pages could be filled with his careful, question of numbers received into the earnest discussion of these questions. Church. His meaning was good, but Toward the close of his life the last it was a careless and one-sided stateof these questions especially con- ment. It must be admitted that some- times a great and exclusive emphasis is cerned him. put upon the statistics of church-mem- bership. But dissent from this view has, Another thing (he said) which I wOl1ld I think, been carried too far and indiplace in the very forefront among the cates a lack of that travail for souls of impressions which have grown upon my which Paul speaks. I am fully persuaded mind is this: that the importance of our that the unit of measurement in preaching work, whether in the actual contact of the Gospel of reconciliation is the indithe missionary on the field or -the plan- vidual soul. ning and stimulus of the work here at home, should be the conversion of men. No one realized more clearly or Do you ask why I utter such a truism stated more adequately than he the as this? I do it because I think that too broad relations of the missionary enoften a feeling has grown up that our terprise and its place as a great genwork is to prepare the way for some- eral force among the agencies of God, body hereafter to reap the harvest. yet he longed for definite results ill There is no phrase so much abused as saved men. One of his last services that of "seed-sowing." There is a legiti- was to write to all the missions a mate sowing of the seed, but neither the letter, which he closed with the words: phrase nor the idea should be made a subterfuge or an excuse for a limp and self- If I may speak of myself as an indicontented inefficiency. A mIssIOnary in vidual, I would say that as the result Benares, belonging to one of the British of more than thirty years of observation societies, once told me that he had and experience I have become increaspreached the Gospel in that city ten ingly imprest with the belief that in years, but he had never, so far as he whatever department of Christian labor, knew, been the means of any conversion, soul winning, soul by soul, is the chief and when I showed some surprize at work of the . Christian disciple. The his apparent freedom from concern, he Master explained this whole matter persaid that it was his business to preach fectly when He said, in the first place, the Word-he really had nothing to do that the fruit-bearing of the branch must with results. Quite different was the depend on its vital connection with the feeling of Mr. Hudson Taylor, when in rooted vine; that no man, depending the great conference he urged the mis- upon his own wisdom or worthiness, sionaries to aim at the conversion of could hope to accomplish anything in men at once, even tho it might be the this sacred stewardship. But in the first and possibly the only opportunity, second place, He taught that the degree and he gave instances in which the work Df fruitfulness is a consideration with of the Spirit had thus directly owned the Master of the vineyard, "Herein is the message and made it effectual. As my Father glorified that ye may bear we turn back to the New Testament, I much fruit, so shall ye be my disciples." think we find that that was very -much the way believers were expected to re- Much of our mission work within spond when Peter and John and Stephen these years has consisted in the laying of foundations. Several new mission fields have been entered, schools and

church organizations have been formed, the awakening of public sentiment. hospitals have been established. All He was undiscourageable. No diplothese are needfui preparations for future matist could exceed him in patience, Pentecosts, which we hope may soon ap- in resourcefulness, in tact, and no dippear. In some fields the ingathering of lomatist could equal him in moral souls has already been large; others are conviction and force. beginning to show abundant results. It is the most earnest desire and prayer of Missionary Finances my closing years of service, that along all the lines and ranks of our harvest He was a masterhand at financing work the time for accessions, beyond our the missionary enterprise. Interested fondest hopes, may now come with its as he was in the large philosophit ascheering witness for the triumphs of the pects of missions, no one could surtruth. pass him in planning a financial campaign, in devising plans, in com- Dr. Ellinwood had a capacity for manding assistance, in effecting rewise, succinct, large-minded, and tact- sults. Again and again he raised the ful statement that was simply mas- funds for special advance movements terly. He was an ideal spokesman or to clear off heavy deficits, and the of a deputation or representative of Presbyterian Building in New York a body of people united in a cause. City, the handsomest and largest He made the valedictory address in church building in the city, owes its behalf of the American delegates at freedom from indebtedness more to the London Missionary Conference him than to any other one man. One in 1888. And it was as near to per- of the leading laymen of the Church, fection as such an address could who had given hundreds of thousands come. He largely organized the depu- of dollars through Dr. Ellinwood, told tation which met Li Hung Chang me once that he regarded him as one when he visited the United States, in of the wisest and most sagacious men 1896, and he wrote and presented the of business he knew. It was beautiaddress which called forth a remark- ful to see him attack one of these able testimony to missions from the great financial problems. It was with Viceroy. In any special piece of him day and night. Each time he work like this, Dr. Ellinwood was un- came to the office it was with some surpassed. If ever difficulties were fresh idea, and he could never let go in the way of any special services until he had prevailed. which he undertook, he was never discouraged and his pertinacity could The Missionary Ideals not be worn down. He was the chairman of the Committee of the Pan- He had a clear and comprehensive Presbyterian Council which coop- conception of the motive and aim of erated with Dr. John G. Paton in missions. He had thought on these seeking to secure action by the United things, and among his papers are States Government, protecting the many suggestive discussions of them. South Sea Islands from the traffic in liquor and firearms. He revised Dr. In a paper, which was a closing Paton's appeals. He arranged meet- lecture in a series, he begins with the ings in Washington. He directed summary: I wish to show in this closing lecture how the work of missions is inwrought

A MISSIONARY STATESMAN AND

in the whole life of the Chr-istian Church ter to simply send them copies of the and in its origin, its commission, its his- written Word. The advantage of the' tory, its doctrine, its hope of perpetuity living preacher lies in his living fellowand final triumph: ship, and the measure of his work will be generally in accordance with the in- 1. It truly interprets and illustrates tensity of his desire. the New Testament and the entire Vord of God. 3. Respect the Canvictiol1s of the H ea til cn, however erroneous these convictions 2. It represents dogmatic tr'.lth in may be. Remember that generally they greater vitality and power by embody- are sincere. There should be no blundering it in living personality and Christ-like ing in the methods of preaching. There activIty. It develops the Church through should be nothing like contempt or an a divine ambassadorship_ effort to make them see the absurdity or grotesqueness of their beliefs. This 3. It illustrates in a peculiar degree should be done by instruction, by show- Christ's presence and providential super- ing them better ways. I think there has intendency in the world. been a mistake in all missionary circles in these years that are past, in the fact 4. It gives special emphasis to the su- that so contemptuous treatment has been pernatural character of Christianity. given to idolatry.

5. It has shown the universal applica- 4. Another M cans of Success is found in overcoming, as far as possible, the bility and value of our Christian ethics. social barriers between the missionary and the people. It is unfortunate that I find also a memorandum with the our civilization IS on so much higher following heads: plane than that of the heathen nations. There is a sharp contrast bet~een our 1. The Great Aim in Mission Work is conquest and that of the early churches. the winning of souls to Christ, and every I think that one of the very greatest form of missionary work should keep handicaps that weigh upon missionary this end steadily in view. There is a work in our time is just this. Even the good deal said and written about institu- plainest type of living for a missionary tional work, about preaching the Gospel is in the eyes of the heathen the highest as a witness. All these are important, and most worldly of self-indulgent but the aim is that of beseeching men in luxury. In one form or another this Christ's stead to be reconciled to God. difficulty comes up again and again. The medical missionary as well as the preacher should keep in sight the su- The missionary must show that preme aim, and the man who is called notwithstanding the different status he to lay foundations, and even he whose is in hearty sympathy with the people, work is that of removing rubbish out of and is not averse to receiving their hospithe way that the foundations may be laid, tality; that he knows how to enter into should have in view the one fact that their wants, while there are some unthere are before him millions of souls doubtedly who stand up and look upon whom he will meet before the throne of the heathen as an inferior order of being. God, and whom it is his duty to win to Christ. 5. Not Only Recognize the Truth which undoubtedly is to be found in fragments 2. hI Order to Win Souls the first thing in the religions of the heathen, but make humanly speaking is to secure their con- use of that truth as a sort of pou sto. A fidence, and this means that one should keen-minded traveler has drawn an illustracome as near to them as possible, should tion on this point. If you were attemptplacate them, should learn to respect ing to build a fortress on some windthem and to establish the relation of mu- blown and sea-washed beach of sand, tual respect. It is a mistaken idea that would you not gladly seize upon an outone goes forth with the Gospel simply cropping rock which you might use in to preach it at the people whether they will or whether they forbear. All the force of a sanctified personality should be brought to bear else it might be bet-

your foundation? So whatever there be But Dr. Ellinwood was never afraid of truth, ethical or otherwise, in the sys- of any truth. He was sure that all tems of the heathen, make use of it. truth was God's, and that the mission- The apostles did this. They reasoned ary movement would lose and not with the Jews out of their own Scrip- gain from an obscurantist attitude tures. Paul pursued the same course on toward the Oriental religious systems. Mars Hill in taking advantage of the In 1888 he took up, accordingly, in altar to the unknown god, to which he addition to his secretarial duties, th~ gladly pointed and said, "Whom ye professorship of comparative religion ignorantly worship Him declare I unto in the University of New York. He you." He found also one point in com- did not do this without consulting his mon between the Gospel and the heathen doctor as to his ability to do the work poetry of Aratus, where the latter said: without impairment of health or "We have Zeus, we are his offspring." ability to fulfil his duty to the Board, In the early Church the wisest and saint- and he sought, also, the Board's asliest followed the example of the apostles. sent to his undertaking the new work. Augustine speaks most appreciatively of Both the doctor and the Board apthe philosophy of Plato, and of the fact proved, and he began a unique and that something from the pen of Cicero valuable service to education in which he read, embodying the Stoic and America and to the cause of missions. Platonic philosophy, was the means in He helped to create the American Sothe hands of God's spirit of transform- ciety for the Study of Oriental Reing his desires, and leading him to see ligions, and he gave annual courses of the worthlessness of the desires which lectures in his professorship, which he had cherished in comparison with a were gratefully acknowledged by those longing to know God. He speaks of who took them to be among the great these lessons which he and others had intellectual and spiritual experiences learned through the illustration of the of their lives. Many letters from gold and silver which the Israelites found ministers show what his course did in Egypt and bore away for the adorn- for men. Dr. Ellinwood's courtesy, ment of the true tabernacle of God. llis large-mindedness, his evangelical "All truth," he said, "wherever found, be- fidelity, the philosophical freedom of longs to God, and if we spoil the Egyp- his spirit and his amplitude of knowltians for the sake of God's temple, we edge made his classroom a unique exare only acting the part of wise and tact- perience to his students. ful men." . The sympathetic study of the non- Christian religions affected all his 6. Study the Systems of the Heathen. thinking and speaking on missions, and it exerted a wide influence in this It was in this last matter that Dr. country. People saw that instead of Ellinwood was a pioneer in our coun- weakening missionary zeal and evantry. He began early his study of the gelical faith, such a study intensifi,"(l non-Christian religions. It seemed and confirmed them. This was the to him that a missionary secretary growing effect on his own mind. He could very poorly discharge his duty knew that Christianity had nothing to as a missionary advocate at home or fear from the most merciless coma missionary administrator abroad if he did not know the non-Christian religions. As he went on with these inquiries and urged others to them, some people were disturbed. They feared the effects of the introduction of the study of comparative religion.

J A MISSIONARY STATESMAN AND

parisons of the world's religions. He am frank to say that I dissent from all did not like the Parliament of Reli- such compacts. Monism may add per- sonality to the current Pantheism, but it gions in Chicago, not because it will still leave the groping souls of men brought the religions of the world in a nebulous haze; it points them to the into comparison, but primarily be- Milky Way instead of the Sun of Rightcause it did .not do so, but foisted eousness-the true Light of the world. upon the West false representations If this new Gospel is to have any inof the Oriental religions and pro- fluence at all, it will be fatal not only claimed a fictitious brotherhood. to Foreign Missions, but in its last log- ical result fatal to our Christianity here In reply t6 a letter from Dr. Bar- at home. I also protest against the asrows, he wrote in a long letter just sumption constantly presented or implied before Dr. Barrows went to India as by the advocates of the new Gospel-and Haskell lecturer: most emphatically and persistently by Theosophists-that the Christian Church The Hindu speaker (at the Parlia- and its missionaries are and always have ment of Religions) presented only been a hindrance to the realization of mixtures of Oriental philosophies with the brotherhood of mankind. If a Western speculations and even Western brotherhood of humanity growing out of shibboleths learned in the Universities our relation to a common Father or of Bombay or Calcutta. Typical Hindu- Creator is meant, then Christianity was ism was not represented. The Ceylon the first to give that conception cur- Buddhists made a better show, but it was rency. Peter, Paul, and even Christ Himthat of a Godless system from which self plainly taught it as against the nar- Christianity has nothing to fear. rowness of Judaism and the teachings of even Plato. And to-day the best and The chief difficulty with the Parlia- almost the only practical proposers of ment, to my mind, was the vague procla- universal humanity-whether in hospitals mation of a brotherhood of religions. or orphanages or in famine relief to Judging by your sermon, you mean by men of all races-are the representatives brotherhood something very different of the Christian Church; and those angels from what Mozoomdar meant, or Dhar- of mercy who minister comfort and help mapala, or any of our American friends amid the smoke and din of the battlewho regard Christ not as a living being field bear the ensign of the cross. ~r an atoning sacrifice, but only as a teacher somewhat greater than Confu- If, secondly, the brotherhood which cius. There can be no religious brother- springs from union in Christ and the only hood without at least an approximate brotherhood which implies divine and unity of religion, and this can not be transforming power and likeness to the found in the existing faiths and unfaiths Son of God is meant, the Ch,urch alone of the world. Religious unity must cen- represents and promotes it; and this is ter in God, one God and the only God, the great aim of Christian missions. recognized by all. Between Polytheists Paul recognized both of these conceptions and Monotheists how can there be a re- of brotherhood but he kept them distinct. ligious brotherhood? Between Jews who He regarded the borrowed slave, Onesiworship the one Jehovah, and the Bud- mus, as a son of a common Creator and dhists who avow their disbelief in any as one for whom Christ had died, and his personal God, how can there be a theistic sympathetic interest won him to the basis of unity or brotherhood? cross. But this was a very different brotherhood which he contemplated in I somewhere saw Paul Carus's article his letter to Philemon, in which he on the "Parliament Extension," and pro- reminded him that Onesimus was now posing Monism as a common basis for "no longer a servant but a brother." the universal religion. I was surprized to see what a following he claimed. I If, thirdly, the brotherhood is to be one,

and not so much of men as of religions stitiollS, unworthy of our stuoy, ill",- -reducing them to the one dead level trating missionary lectures and sermons of Monism, ignoring both the first and by grim idols with the implication that the second of my category, neither these senseless things were the sum total preaching any definite glad tidings for of what heathenism could show. t~e soul, not providing healing or relief for the body-then I must dissent. It Vhen I was called a dozen years ago will not only prove destitute of that to lecture once a week on "The Relations regenerative power which the world so of Oriental Religions to Christianity and much needs, but it will be paralyzing. the Work of Missions," there were very Its first virtual message wil1' be "Ye shall few who recognized the necessity for not surely die." any such superfluous service. The late Secretary Clark, of the American Board, Of my earnest and repeated advocacy urged me forward with the argument that of a candid, charitable, conciliatory, and in his opinion there was just then no even fraternal spirit and method in deal- greater need in the broad outlook of the ing with the heathen and their, to them, missionary conquest of the world than sacred faiths, I need not remind you; but that the Church should be brought to a the Great Unity is of Christ's Eternal proper understanding of the false sys- Kingdom. tems to be overthrown and of directing missionary effort intel1igently, or as Sir Toward the dose of his work, in William W. Hunter exprest it, "fighting I9OI, Dr. Ellinwood summarized in with weapons of precision."

one of his papers the change he had When the late Baron Hardy Hickey witnessed 111 the attitude of the published a four-column article in the Church toward the study of Oriental New York Herald designed to show that Christianity was an essential plagiarism systems: from the earlier history and doctrine of Gautama Buddha, and I attempted a I have witnessed ..within recent years reply and sent it to our missionary magaand with great satisfaction the changed zine, it was returned to me with the reatt.itude of the Christian Church of every mark that there was no danger of Chrisname toward non-Christian religions. tian people being disturbed about Bud- As early as 1872 the late Dean Stanley, dhism. The reply was published, howin a sermon delivered in Westminster ever, in the Mail and Express, and Dr. Abbey, spoke of this change as one of Paxton, of Princeton, having read it, the auspicious indications in the mission- urged its publication in a leaflet to be ary outlook of the world. But the pub- sent to every minister in the Presbylic mind was not thoroughly aroused to terian Church, and he enclosed a check the importance of this thing until the for $25 toward defraying the expense. Church was scared, so to speak, by the I believe that now there is not a conpublication of Edwin Arnold's "Light of siderable theological seminary in the Asia." It was such a clever and plausible country which does not in the sphere attempt to eclipse or at least rival the of apologetics give more or less attention Christian faith and turn a flank move- to comparative religions, and I underment upon its missionary propagandism, stand that at the time of the death of that very few persons were able to our missionary, Dr. S. H. Kellogg, of answer it even in their own minds. It India, a movement was on foot to elect was not by any means the first specious him on an endowment to a Chair of Compresentation of Oriental religions in Eu- parative Religion in Princeton Theorope and America. Much had been writ- logical Seminary. ten in various forms to the same intent, but this by its great popularity created During the late conference two masa profound impression, yet most people terly addresses were given along siJ;nilar clung to the old method of denouncing lines by Dr. Robson, of Edinburgh and al1 the Oriental faiths as mere super- Dr. Purves, of this city. Some words

A MISSIONARY STATESMAN AND

from the latter you were permitted to my faith in missions and zeal in the great hear in this place on Saturday morning cause have been strengthened by it.

last. When the proud and arrogant sys- I do not find anything to correct nor tems of non-Christian belief which are to suggest in relation to the report. And rife in our day shall be as thoroughly you know me too well to think I mean understood as are the mythologies and to flatter when I say I thank God that philosophies of Greece and Rome, there the Church, and especially our branch of will be no more fear of them from the it, has a man with such complete knowl- Christian standpoint than there is of edge of the subject and the ability to pre- those classics which every schoolboy sent it in such attractive form. May the is expected to study; and then our mis- Master use it for the advancement of His sionaries will go to their mission fields kingdom.

equipped and prepared for the keen dia- He was a sincere, manly Christian, lectics with which heathen assailants have sometimes worsted them. who meditated day and night upon truth and who lived in prayer. J From the beginning of his work found among his papers a clear analy- he opened his interest to take in the . sis of the Sermon on the Mount, in activities of all Christian agencies. which he had restated each section To him more than to any other one in the terms of a principle, and it was man is due the Annual Conference by these principles that he lived. For of Foreign Mission Boards of the years my office adjoined his and I United States and Canada. He was saw him daily and can testify that he the leading spirit in the early confer- practised tbese principles. He was ences, and no voice was waited for utterly devoid of the spirit of self- with more confidence in all discus- seeking, self-exaltation, or selfish am- sions of different problems. Every bitions. He had no unconscious self- one trusted his calm, unperturbed esteem or spirit of self-advancement.

judgment, free from all flightiness, He was the soul of honor and high- from all intemperateness, from all de- mindedness and generosity. He lived flecting and petty prej udice. above all smallness and selfishness.

This deep evangelical conviction But he was not removed from human was the root of his life and work. All sympathies. He felt the burden of that he ever did he did in faith in -the world's wo and sin. It was for Christ and with the loyal purpose to the lifters of that burden that he exalt Him. This gave to all that he lived. Attractive calls to service wrote or spoke a flavor of spiritual which he felt were more remote from sincerity, which breathed through even the whole world's need than his sechis formal reports. Thus Dr. H. B. retaryship, were prest on him in vain.

Silliman wrote to him in r899, after As the years passed toward the end reading the draft of his report to the he was physically incapacitated for Presbyterian Alliance as chairman of active work, but his mind was un- its missionary committee: shaken. And it was wonderful to I have just returned from Northfield, watch the eagle spmt soar aloft and not to delay further the return of above the wreck of its dwelling-place the enclosed paper, I have devoted my and survey the far-surging forces of first time to the perusal of your report. Goel at work upon the world, and pierce at times almost through the veil It seems like a continuance of the rich spiritual feast which I have enjoyed, and

into the eternity for which every than cver before the absolute need of day his soul was longing. He could a vicarious salvation. I shall go down not write with his own hand, but to the tomb resting in this alone. from his whispered dictation letters About myself there is not much to be said. I am as inactive as a clam, tho were written from which these quota- I am pers.lded there is a something tions are taken: within that the clam has not. I have t:10ught much lately of consciousness as This morning good Dr. Phraner sends an abiding proof of immortality. I reme a copy of the Assembly's action ex- member things which occurred when I pressing sympathy for me in my infirmity was tw.o years old, so that I have the and decline, and its appreciation of the memories of fourscore years as a possupposed service which I may have ren- session. What is this strange power of dered to Foreign Missions. memory? Evidently it is spiritual and not material. Visible and tangible ob- I am so sensible of shortcomings that jects have passed away, the substance of any commendation increases my self-re- my body, even of my brain, have changed buke. Still, I appreciate most highly many times, and 'yet I am conscious of a the kindly sentiments of brethren toward me. continuity of thought, affection, experi- The 23d and 103d Psalms have been ence. It is unthinkable that this stored up life, of eighty years should inhere in exemplified and verified in my case. I this wretched clod which is still visible, feel that I do not go down into the dark and it is equally impossible that it should valley comfortless and alone. pass away with the collapse of some organ which must soon occur. Even the Day after to-morrow I shall, if spared, doctrine of evolution calls for some complete my nine times nine. worthy continuation and advance.

Recurring once more to the Japanese Professor Olsen tells us that it is problem. I recently read "Bushido:" not the individual, but the type, that is which you doubtless have seen. It IS immortal; and George Eliot assures us an able book and has a plausible argu- that our immortality is simply the modiment for those who are not thoroughly cum of good influences which we beconversant with the whole question. I queath to unborn generations. Against appreciate the feudal code of honor which all this my memory and my immaterial characterized the military power and the consciousness protest. It makes the heroic spirit of Japan. But the credit trivial inheritance tax more important which this university professor accords than the estate or the testator. A Westis excessive. I felt, while reading it, a ern college professor once defined Transwish that some one would write a reply cendentalism as being like a bank of -not covering the same ground ex-. swallow-holes, which being washed away haustive1y, but pointing out the signifi- should leave the holes still remaining. cance of certain admissions made by the author himself-especially in the last two I have a better grip than that upon the chapters-wherein it is made very clear personal life of eighty years. I should that Bushido can never transform and be afraid of the influence of it upon my uplift the masses. And secondly, that destiny but for the grace of life in Jesus it is showing already its inability to face Christ. I am conscious that this handful and control the commercial spirit of the twentieth century. of bones will Hot be the last of me. One who has seen so many years of On September 30th he passed forblessings has no right to complain. The ward into the certainties of the Life one thing which is most clear and em- phatic to my consciousness is the fact Everlasting, and we may be sure his that any hope which I cherish must rest tireless and far-ranging spirit is busy outside of my life. I have no com- now in the work of Christ in the kingplacency in the record of my life. From dom of His Father. my present standpoint I see more clearly

FIGHT AGAINST OPIUM IN

BY REV. J. T. GRACEY, D.D.

The opium refuges in China are it with anything but honest purpose. greatly emphasized, and over fifty are In May, 1907, the suppression of the recorded, sixteen of which are in the sale of the drug was limited in Fuchau, province of Shansi, while six or more and on that day the places in the city are in Shensi. These refuges are where the drug could be obtained mainly in the seaboard provinces, tho were reduced to twelve, the rest besome are found at Chentu, Szchuan, ing closed and an official sea1 being and in other cities extending from put upon them. The dealers sought Hongkong to Canton, Hupeh, and to postpone the movement, and $1,000 even to Manchuria. was sent to the authorities of the province to pay for putting it off. The Anti-Opium League is com- Several thousand dollars was also posed of representatives of all mis- subscribed in the dens of Fuchau sionary societies in China. It extends looking to that end, but the man who its operations everywhere throughout represented them was seized and imthe empire and is independent of all prisoned. societies. Rev. H. C. DuBose, in the Missionary, explains the recent move- At Canton, in August last year, ment of the Chinese in the matter of a demonstration was made, but the the use of opium. During July, 1907, opium dens were all closed simula petition was signed against it by taneously by the government without 1,200 missionaries of seven nationali- disturbance, in accordance with the ties. The governer of Suchau be- previous decree. came responsible for the forwarding of this petition to Peking, and this was The Opium Cure the cause of the imperial edict, that in ten years the importation, cultivation The opium cure which was discovand consumption of opium must cease. ered in Malaysia, has not yet a na- The governor ordered that a set of tional reputation, tho it bids fair to rules be prepared to carry out this win its way as fast as it becomes edict. Dr. DuBose asked -that the known. The :Methodist Mission at anti-opium resolution of the House Kuala Lampur is said to have comof Commons be responded to, and that menced by giving the antidote to the opium dens, over 500,000 in num- 500 people a day. Other estabber, be closed, that opium smokers be lishments were soon set up, and gave licensed or fined, that the cultivation away daily to 2,000, in that city alone. of the poppy be gradually decreased, The plant is a "climber," which grows and that opium smokers among the wild in Malaysia. The cures are said Mandarins be not employed by the on the authority of the best local government. missionary to be permanent and com- plete. Whether this will ultimately Some may doubt the sincerity of avail, or not it is believed that the the government movement against anti-opium efforts of the Chinese Govopium, but th( activity in Fuchau, ernment will produce the desired Canton and elsewhere does not make effect. it appear as if the authorities regarded Another answer to the doubt cast on the sincerity of the Chinese in the

suppression of opium is the fact that throughout a land so extensive as the governor of Suchau contributed that is, yet it is not too early to in- $200 and promised his aid to the stitute inquiry. The difficulty is met Protestant Memorial. Dr. DuBose with, that no satisfactory conclusion says that the American Government has been attempted tbroughout the supports the anti-opium policy and land as a whole, to substitute the inthat the State Department instructed come hitherto obtainable from the drug its legation at Peking to render all by any revenue from other sources. possible aid in ridding the country of This is met with in this country in this deadly curse. The German gov- the matter of liquor. ernor at Tsing Tuo said he would use his power to stop the importation of Six questions were asked of the opium at that port. Dr. DuBose is missionaries who were Protestants. president of the Anti-Opium League, The effort to make the edict known and is recognized as the leader and was not great in the western and representative of the anti-opium move- southwestern provinces. Manchuria ment. shows as well as expected in the clo- sing of the opium dens, while Chili The spread of opium smoking in is among those reported as doing the Philippines is prohibited after fairly well, under the circumstances. 1908 by the United States. The use Morphia has in some sections been of the drug is now to be shut off in those islands. In Australia its ex- on the increase. The Rev. J. istence is already forbidden. It is not to be imported or manufactured, Leighton Stuart, of Hang-Chow, repreeminently in the form in which marks on the wide-spread closing of it can be made for smoking or used the opium refuges and joints. There for that purpose. The New Zealand was a mourning all over the city, like legislature does not allow the use a sobbing cry, when probably thouof the drug in any form. Japan was sands felt the craving for opium, it formerly addicted to the use in smo- would have been impossible for the king, in which it was at one time next officials to enforce the edict. There to China. Its use, importation, and was an upheaval observable throughmanufacture in Japan are now under out the city. It was an enlightened the ban of the government and the public conscience that was at the back penalty is a heavy fine, and imprison- of the movement. There was no place ment for a period of three years. It where they could go for indulgence, makes thorough work of its exclusion which they felt the need of so much. by treaty. Mr. Stuart says, "It can never be again as it used to be." The Chinese Recorder says that an attempt has been made to obtain the Notwithstanding the reports from present status of the various provinces the province of Honan are unfavorof that vast country to suppress the able in the matter of den signs, and cultivation of the poppy, and the the officials do not as a rule, in that manufacture and sale of opium. It province, do their duty, the Church of is quite too early to reach any gen- Christ is a great anti-opium army, and eral conclusion on that subject the missionaries are as one in saying the crusade against opium is bound to triumph. From Vuchang, where the

DELIVERANCE FROM THE OPIUM HABIT 92

difficulty is felt that a present source the same disposition to deal with the of income is not found that favors re- revenue, notably Hupeh. The official form, yet a bold hand will be forth- class shows remarkable power over coming, which will look to this result. the movement. Still there is a de- crease in the use of opium within the From Huchau comes the word that first year of the effort. Especially among the Chinese there is a strong is this in evidence in the persons antipathy to opium smoking. In the who have not acquired the habit of city in some districts there is zeal to its use, as in the case of the younger fc'XeCl1te the edicts from the throne, element in China. Caution is given greater than in the country. The that there be not over emphasis on acquiring of the opium habit is greatly the illicit sale of opium! deprecated. Where the press is at all active, it favors the anti-opium move- The compiler in his conclusions ment. Public meetings are held and says: "The Chinese need to be shown societies are formed. Public opinion how to educate the public mind perin China is of recent growth. sistently and quietly on moral ques- tions, and aided wherever possible in The provinces along the coast have the formation of anti-opium societies, done fairly well with the licensed whose work should be educative and dens. The section in the middle of remediaL" the country, however, does not show DELIVERANCE FROM THE OPIUM HABIT flY THE LATE WILLIAM COOPER Hsiang Min-fang was a trophy of opium smokers, their expenses were God's saving grace won from the continually increasing, and they had paths of sin and iniquity in the prov- to mortgage or sell part of their land ince of An-huei. Before the Taiping to make ends meet. At the time I rebellion his family was wealthy, but made his acquaintance the family the district in which he resided was, were reduced in circumstances, tho like many others, devastated by the still occupying a large house. rebels and by the unscrupulous soldiers of the imperial army. Dur- Mr. Hsiang had lived for nearly ing this time the people had to flee fifty years before he heard the Gospel, for their lives, and when they were at and great was his surprize, when one length able to return to the old home day a man, who had been away from they found their land had become a the district for many years, came into wilderness and much of their prop- his shop and after the usual salutaerty had been destroyed. tions and a little general conversation, informed him that he was now a Mr. Hsiang endeavored to help the Christian, and began to tell the glad failing exchequer by practising as a tidings of salvation to him. Mr. surgeon and by keeping a drug-store, Hsiang did not pay much attention but as he and several other members at first, but he read the book which of the family had become inveterate his friend Mr. eh'en. left with him,

and on a subsequent visit borrowed really deliver me from this awful a copy of the New Testament from craving for opium and enable me to him. He read this book with much live a pure life?" interest, and one day, when the Christian called to see him, said: "That "Yes, He can." is a most wonderful book; I like it "Then I will trust Him to do so." very much, and I feel ready to follow Taking up a sheet of red paper, its teachings and become a Christian. Hsiang wrote on it in clear, bold char- Who but God could do such miracles acters his confession of faith in words as Jesus did?" like these: "By the will of God, and trusting in the power of Jesus, I Mr. Ch'en replied: "Do you really promise that I will never again smoke desire to become a Christian? Do opium, traffic in opium, or visit an you know that in taking such a step opium den. (Signed) Hsiang Minyou will not only be required to give up fang." all worship of idols and ancestral tab- When the Christian saw the man's lets, but you must also give up gam- determination, his courage failed him, bling and opium smoking." and he feared the consequences might be serious. He thought it was quite "Is that so? Can not I be a Chris- possible that if his friend suddenly tian and still take my opium?" gave up opium, without any ap- propriate remedy at hand to tide him "N0, for in so doing you are in- over the reaction that would be projuring the body God gave you and duced on his system, he might behastening your death; moreover, come dangerously ill or even die, and opium is demoralizing and is the the natural thing for his relatives to cause of much evil; therefore, the do under such circumstances would Christian Church will not admit an be to charge the one who had induced opium smoker to fellowship." him to break off the opium with mur- der. So he advised Mr. Hsiang to "Then I am a lost man," said Mr. take a more moderate course and ta Hsiang; "when I read that book I reduce the quantity by one-twentieth thought there was some hope for me, each day, so that in twenty days he but if I must break off the opium might be free from it. But the opium habit, then there is no hope, for I have smoker knew by experience that such been a smoker for over thirty years, a cotlrse was altogether impracticable and the craving has become so great and he replied: "Do you say that if that I now require an ounce a day to I reduce the quantity and take nine~ satisfy it. I have tried all sorts of teen-twentieths of an ounce to-night, anti-opium remedies, native and for- J estls will help me to overcome the eign, but none of them are of any use desire far the other one-twentieth? to me, I can not be cured." and can not He then help me to do without the whole amount?" "Ah," said 11r. Ch'en, "but you "Yes," said 11r. Ch'en, "He can, have never tried the heavenly remedy; for He is almighty, but I fear your the Lord J eStls Christ, Goel's Son, can body will suffer much if you suddenly break the chains and set you free. If break it off." you pray to Him, He will save you from the power of opium and from every other sin."

"What do you mean? Can Jesus

AND MISSIONS IN

"Never mind the suffering, if Jesus appetite, which had almost devoured can save me, I will trust Him." He his life. He became a devoted and took the sheet of paper on which he earnest follower of the Lord, and was had written his pledge and pasted it used to lead his mother and several up on a pillar in his store, where it members of his family to Christ. He remained for nearly two years as a had no gift for public preaching but witness to all who came in, of his de- he was a faithful witness by his life termination to trust the Lord. and conversation, and the fact of his conversion was known for many miles Mr. Ch'en stayed with him that around. After having been kept by night to help him by prayer and sym- the power of God amid much temptapathy, knowing that it would be next tion for about ten years, he departed to impossible for him to get any sleep. to be "with Christ, which is very far The devil did not let him go free better," leaving behind him a bright without a struggle, but the Lord and noble testimony to the grace of gained the victory, and the poor slave God. was fully delivered from the depraved TOURISTS AND MISSIONS IN ASIA BY RICHARD meRGES, JUBBEEL PORE, INDIA General Secretary of the India Sunday-school Union On board a great liner, plowing the the nature and extent of missionary Mediterranean Sea, I made the ac- operations in the places they visit. On quaintance of an American family- board ships and in the great hotels certourists of the most cordial and ap- tain stock arguments are quoted preciative type who calculated that against missions. Too often there are they had done India. One of the no means to disprove or corroborate party, a mere girl in her teens, was these statements and the subject is left asked if she had been to Agra and alone. In most cases I fear a bias had seen the Taj Mahal. "I am not against missions is formed on the part sure," was her reply, "but will look of the tourists. in my note-book." This may have been an extreme case, but it serves to There are some things that might be show how superficially the education done by missionary legislators to lead of travel can be pursued. More and travelers to an intelligent view of more India, and indeed Asia, is des- Christian work in foreign fields: (I) tined to become a field of interest for In the Home lands, tourists may be European and American tourists. notified as to the location of missions This is a desirable development, for in which they would most naturally be international knowledge promotes in- interested. (2) On board ship, and if ternational sympathy. The presence possible while at sea, the captain, offiof travelers in any country also in- cers, the library and passengers might creases the revenue-sets coins rolling. be supplied with well-prepared pam- phlets dealing with the work of mis- Unfortunately, a large majority of sions in the countries to which the ship tourists never take steps to find out is bound. (3) On the field, travelers

who can be persuaded to do so might Calcutta, Allahabad, Cawnpore Mainbe invited to see missionary work, and puri, Agra, Jhansi, Delhi, Gwalior, then may be met and guided to mis- Dhera Dhoon, Mussoorie, Lansionaries and miSSiOn institutions. dour, Gujram Walla, Ludhian3, Each of these suggestions involves a serious problem, but the man or Move- Jullunder, Amritsar, Lahore, Ferozement finding the solution will do a great thing for God's kingdom. When pore, Jaipur, Mount Abu, Bombay, the solution is found, I am persuaded Kholapur, Bangalore, Madras, Mathat the knowledge thus gained will dura and Colombo. If he has clone be the fuel to light missionaries' fires other countries in Asia in like manin many hearts and this knowledge will ner he has done them worthily and lead to more prayer, more enthusiasm, well. The energy displayed by a man more sacrifice. of his age, who voluntarily took upon himself the discomfort of travel, is It has been my delight to meet one surely proof of a real interest in the traveler who has done Asia intelli- operations of missions. Some tourists gently from a missionary standpoint. have only time for show-places. Mr. Mr. L. H. Severance, of Cleveland, Severance saw the show-places and Ohio, attended the Centenary Mission- missions. He also studied each place ary Conference in Shanghai, and I met before arrival to enable him to do a h;m there, and again in Bombay. He little independent investigation. was interested in missions, and considered it a privilege to help financially Mission buildings, missionary instithe work that he has seen in every tutions, men of missionary affairs, incountry in Asia. As a successful busi- digenous Christians, were all the obness man beyond middle life his brain, jects of his interest, but 11r. Severance trained in percentages, profit ancl loss, delighted most in the missionaries who investments and interest, brought rare aimed to meet the inquirer face to qualifications to the study of the mis- face and heart to heart. In other sionary problem. He went to the roots words, he seemed interested most in of things quickly, and by instinct personal dealing: the point of contact! measured up the situation. These are the kind of tourists whom 1lr. Severance has traveled 50,000 we enjoy meeting. They cheer the miles in about a year and a half, spend- hearts of missionaries and leave being two months in Japan, four months hind them happy memories. They put in China, 80 days in Korea, and three "iron" in our blood. Will not Chrisand one-half months in India and Cey- tian lands send us more of the same lon. "ilk"? Apart altogether from what a traveler is able to give in silver and Among the places he mentioned as gold, we value most and best an intelhaving visited in India are: Burma, ligent and patient sympathy-those who investigate before they generalize.

COMING WORLD MISSIONARY CONFERENCE *

BY JOlIN R. MOTT, M.A., NEW YORK General Secretary of the World's Student Christian Federation In June, I91O, there will be held in representative of the aggressive forces Edinburgh a conference which is of of Christianity to a degree which has vital interest and concern to all who not characterized any other Christian have at heart the world-wide exten- assembly. While it is expected that sion of the kingdom of Christ. It all the regular missionary societies or may be questioned whether in the an- boards of the world will be repre- nals of Christianity there has ever sented, the Conference will be free been a gathering more apostolic in in the sense that no effort will be made aim, more timely in conception, more to bind corporately or organically any comprehensive in personnel, more society thus represented. scientific and statesmanlike in plan, The most distinctive feature of the and more replete in beneficent pos- Conference is to be the work of eight sibilities than this one promises to commissions, which are to investigate, be. The Conference is not to be a study, conSUlt, report and recommend great missionary demonstration for regarding matters of great importance educational and inspirational purposes and timely interest to the missionary primarily, as was true in the case of propaganda. An international comthe conferences held in London in I888, mittee of nineteen leaders representing and in New York in I900. Unlike the missionary societies-eleven from these the Edinburgh Conference will Great Britain, five from North translate into terms of the whole America and three from the Conworld the plan of the Indian Decen- tinent-spent five days last July at nial Conference held in Madras in Oxford, England, for the purpose of I902, and of the China Centenary constituting these commissions and of Conference held in Shanghai in I907. preparing instructions to guide them it is to be a conference for confer- in their work Each commission is ence. Authorities and experts on composed of twenty persons from Euvarious aspects of the missionary en- rope and North America, chosen with terprise are to be associated for reference to their experience or abilnearly two years in investigation, ity to deal with the special questions study and consultation regarding assigned to them. The foremost mismost important and pressing mission sionary leaders and thinkers of the problems, and the results of their West have been related to these comwork are then to constitute the basis missions, including men and women, of ten days of thorough discussion in laymen and clergymen. Each com- Edinburgh by leaders of the mission- mission is to associate with itself ary forces from all parts of the world. those missionaries and native Christian It may well be called a world confer- leaders in different fields who are ence. Other missionary conferences qualified to be of special help. Every have been comparatively sectional or effort is to be made to gather evidence partial-limited to a particular coun- from original and expert sources. try, as at Shanghai, or to a particu- The causes of inefficiency and failure lar communion, as in case C)f the mis- as well as of success are to be studied sionary section of the Pan-Anglican and treated frankly and thoroughly. Congress or to a particular class, as The missionary movement as a whole was the Student Volunteer Confer- has undertaken for the first time ence at Liverpool. The Edinburgh critically to examine and test itself. Conference will be cosmopolitan, and A serious attempt is to be made to • Revised by Mr. Mott from the copy prepared for The East and The West, quarterly organ of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, London. Printed by courtesy of the editor, Canon C. H. Robinson.

ascertain also the real secret of the scope of the work of the different comprogress made on different fields, to missions will suggest the significance discover the strongest points in the of their work: missionary practise of different Christian bodies, and to derive from such 1. Commission on Carrying the Gosexperience lessons for wider' appli- pel to All the World. cation. As a necessary basis for its work Each commission is to print its re- this commission will make a scientific port with its findings or recommenda- study of the extent and distribution tions in time to have it placed in the of the missionary forces throughout hands of every delegate before the the world, including among other Edinburgh Conference opens. Their things the numbers and classification reports will then be taken as the basis of regular and special missionary sofor the discussions. The rule which cieties and auxiliary agencies, the has been adopted to govern the Con- number of foreign missionaries and ference with reference to resolutions native Christian workers, the number and distribution of principal mission is as follows: stations and sub-stations, the number of organized native churches, of Chris- Whereas the purpose of the Conference tian communicants and of adherents is research and consultation regarding to Christianity, the contributions to missionary work and problems, no reso- the m.ssionary enterprise both at home lution shall be placed before the Confer- and on the mission fields, the numbers ence for vote unless it has first been being influenced in Sunday-schools submitted to and approved by two-thirds and by other Christian agencies, and of the members of the Executive Com- the extent of the circulation of the mittee, or such other committee as may Scriptures and of other Christian litbe constituted for this purpose; and no erature. In this work the commisresolution shall be allowed which in- s;on will avail itself of the cooperation volves questions of doctrine or Church of the most experienced missionary polity with regard to which the churches statisticians. The commission will or societies taking part in the Conference then prepare itself to report on the differ among themselves. parts of the non-Christian world still unoccupied, also upon the underoc- While the findings of the different cupied fields, including neglected commissions will have no binding classes, masses or sections in so-called force on any Christian communion, occupied fields. A study will be made or society, or individual delegate, un- of the question of the forces and doubtedly the laying down of broad means required to occupy effectively principles of missionary policy by different fields. The most efficient bodies thus constituted and backed by methods to advance and occupation such extensive preparation will have will be considered. The difficult probgreat weight with missionary admin- lem of determining the balance beistrators and supporters everywhere. tween concentration and advance will The value of the recommendations not be overlooked. The difficulties in will depend upon the experience, the the way of carrying the Gospel to all reality, the truth behind them, not the world will be faced, and practical on the vote of any conference as such, conclusions will be drawn as to what even tho it be a conference as remark- should be done to make Christ known able in its personnel as the one to as- to all men in our day. That the work semble in Scotland in IgIO. of this commission is peculiarly timely, even urgent, is recognized Rather than seek to cover the whole range of missionary principles, when we reflect on the rising tide of methods and problems, it has been national and racial spirit in all parts decided to limit the work of the com- of Asia, the aggressive Moslem admissions to eight centraJ, vital themes. vance in Africa, the revival of Bud- There are special considerations emphasizing the timeliness of the subjects chosen and their world-wide interest. Even a brief statement of the

COMING WORLD MISSIONARY

dhism in parts of the East and the literature, including the circulation of unprecedented changes, opportunities the Scriptures. The vast educational and Christian tri umphs in all parts of requirements of China, not to mention the world. other fields both in the northern and 2. Commission on the N alive southern hemispheres, are in them- Church aJld Its Workers. selves of sufficient importance and A careful inquiry will be made by urgency to justify the assembling of this commission as to the present situa- a world conference. Recent discus- tion and tendency in respect to self- sions as to the relative value of edu- support, self-government and evan- cational missions and as to their gelistic effort, and as to the special efficiency, show the desirability of a hindrances to the development of the reexamination of the place, aims and life qf the native Church. Full ac- methods of this agency. It is reason- count will be taken of the unrest, able to expect that a gathering up of dissatisfaction and friction existing the best experience of Christian schools among native Christians in certain and colleges in the Levant and in the fields. Particular care will be taken to Orient, as well as in other parts of secure the free expression of opinion the world, will be a valuable contribu- of native leaders as well as of mis- tion to all engaged in this form of sionaries. The movements toward na- mission work, and will furnish in- tional churches and native missionary valuable suggestions to those interested societies will be studied. The rela- in the planting of new educational in- tion of the Home Church to the pro- stitutions on the mission field. There motion of the independence of native is likewise need of a comparative churches, and to safeguarding them study of the experiences of the Bible from such perils as eclecticism in and Christian literature societies and thought, depreciating the value of of devising plans for a great enlarge- Christian tradition, and becoming ment of their operations. Possibly overburdened with Western organiza- the greatest problem of foreign mis- tion and machinery will be considered sions is that of discovering, enlisting in all its bearings. I-articular atten- and training an adequate native agency tion will be given to the question of both clerical and lay. While a few the relationship between missionaries missions have made wonderful prog- and native workers. As a practical ress toward the solution of the prob- outcome to its work the commission lem, the missionary societies as a rule will seek to suggest further steps to are seriously handicapped by the lack be taken to devolve larger responsi- of a sufficient staff of native workers bilities on native workers. The grow- both paid and voluntary. This com- ing spirit of independence in the native mission will, therefore, give due promi- church and the all too frequent com- nence to investigation and report on plaints about lack of real unity in the subject.

different fields enforce the timeliness 4. Commission on the Missionary of the work of this commission. The Message in Relation to Non-Christian fact that its report is to be discust Religions.

in a conference in which native Chris- The apologetic experiences of mis- tian leaders from all parts of the sionaries in relation to the non-Chris- world will be present and participate tian religions have been so extensive, will tend to insure a balanced treat- varied and instructive that to gather ment of the questions involved. ' them up and make the lessons avail- 3. Commission on Education in Re- able will be a service of inestimable lation to the Christianization of N a- worth. The value of this contribution tional Life. will be greatly enhanced by the fact This commission will confine itself that the study is to be made by some to the two great means-institutions of the ablest apologetic thinkers of higher learning and the use of and writers on both sides of the At-

lantic, who will also correspond with had large experience in training mis- sionaries and other Christian workers. the most successful apologetic workers 6. Commission on the Home Base on the mission field. The aim will of Foreign Missions.

be to ascertain the elements of Chris- The Church to-day stands in great need of the work of this commission. tianity which have most influenced On the one hand she stands befor~ the greatest missionary opportunities non-Christians to point out the essen- which she has ever confronted. On the other hand she is apparently tials of the Gospel message, and, in powerless to enter the open doors, altho she has in her possession latent the light of experience and modern resources more than adequate to sup- ply her every need. The problem, scholarship, to call attention to the then, is, How to engage the energies and resources of the whole Church in Christian apologetic to which special the missionary enterprise? The past decade has contributed more toward attention should be given to-day in the solution of the problem than have any preceding three decades. The last dealing respectively with Hindllism, ten years have witnessed the inaugura- Buddhism, Islam and the Animistic re- tion of the Young People's Missionary Movement, the Laymen's Missionary ligions so as to avoid unnecessary op- Movement, the mission study moveposition and objection and to commend ment on popular and also on scientific most strongly the Christian truth. lines, the most efficient stage of the work of the Student Volunteer Move- 5. Co11Zmissiott Ott the Preparatiott ment, and the great multiplication of of Missionaries. home department secretaries and ma- chinery of the foreign missionary so- On the human side the world's cieties. This commission, made up of evangelization depends chiefly on the men and women who have been movcharacter and working efficiency of ing spirits in these recent developthe missionary. Altho this is generally ments, will make an original and admitted to be true, the fundamental comprehensive study of the questions matter of the preparation of the mis- involved in creating missionary intelsionary has received comparatively little attention. It seems incredible ligence, in promoting intercession for that it has never been the subject of missions, in enlisting personal service a comprehensive investigation and re- both for the work abroad and that of port by a thoroughly competent inter- backing up the missionary enterpri5e national commission. There is a at the home base, in augmenting very growing feeling among missionary largely the financial contributions to leaders and thinkers that the curricu- missions, including the cultivation of lum of studies of most theological Scriptural habits of giving, and in colleges and other training institutions filling the home ministry with the misshould be radically changed in several sionary passion. particulars in order to meet the requirements of a foreign missionary 7. Commission on the Relation of career. It is believed also that wiser Missions to Governments. direction would be given to the preparatory studies carried on by mis- This commission, composed largely sionaries during the first few years of eminent Christian civilians, who beafter they reach the mission field if cause of their experience abroad and there could be made accessible the ex- at home are able to appreciate the perience of those societies which have delicate and difficult bearings of the given most thoughtful attention to subject, will study the relation which language study and to the study of the Christian missions should sustain, to institutions, religions, customs and etiquette of the peoples to whom missionaries are sent. The scope of the work of this commission, therefore, will embrace the preparation of the missionary both at home and after he reaches the field. Its membership includes men and women who have

COMT~G WORLD MISSIONARY CONFEREl'CE 93

home, foreign and colonial govern- be given to inspirational addresses by ments. They will seek to define the some of the ablest missionary speak- limits of cooperation with govern- ers. Their addresses will present the ments, and will emphasize the con- great visions, the great opportunities, servation of the spiritual character of the great crises and challenges, the the missionary enterprise. Recent great resources and requirements of events in Africa, Madagascar, China, this generation of Christians. Here Korea and the Turkish Empire, not the object will not be so much that of to mention certain foreign offices on impressing the rank and file of Chris- the home field, emphasize the desira- tians as that of moving deeply the bility of an adequate, wise treatment leaders of the missionary hosts. The of this topic by a representative in- mistake will not be made of assum- ternational commission. ing that even the leaders do not need 8. Commission on Cooperation and at times to have their horizon widened, the Promotion of Unity. their hearts kindled, their faith There is at the present time no mis- strengthened. There will also be sionary subject of wider interest them searching devotional addresses and this. On almost every mission field times of waiting quietly on God in there have been within the past few order that the delegates may be pre- years important developments and in- pared for a better understanding of structive experiences in the direction God's plans and a larger responsive- of coordination, federation and union ness to His wishes. It needs to be of the missionary forces. The subject constantly borne in mind that the real has been one of the most absorbing success of the missionary movement themes of discussion in recent ec- lies back of all methods, machinery clesiastical gatherings on the home and administration in the realm of the field and in meetings of missionaries motive life, the spirit, the faith, the abroad. The time has come for leaders ideals and the convictions of those who from all Christian communions of prosecute the enterprise.

all countries to make a study of the According to the rules regulating question which shall be nothing less attendance upon the Conference, "So- than world-wide in its scope. This cieties and Boards administering funds particular commission would seem to and sending out missionaries for the be the providential agency to under- propagation of the Gospel among non- take the task. It will naturally make Christian peoples, and possessing an a survey of the various plans of co- annual income of $10,000 and over, operation now in operation and will shall be entitled to representation."

study the movements toward unity. "Societies possessing an It will strive to estimate fairly the annual income of $ro,ooo and upward advantages of a closer union in this shall be entitled to one representative, great work as well as the obstacles in those having an annual income of the way of the realization of such $20,000 and over, to two representa- union. Some think that a general ac- tives, with an additional representative ceptance of a comprehensive plan of for every $zo,ooo or part of $zo,ooo cooperation would be more than the of income above $4°,000." The num- equivalent of doubling the present mis- ber of regular or official delegates will sionary forces. Be this as it may, it probably not exceed I ,zoo. It is ex- will be conceded that the possibilities pected that fully 250 missionary so- of the work of this commission are in- cieties will be represented, including deed great. everyone of any importance. Among While the greater part of the time the delegates from the different so- of the Edinburgh Conference will be cieties will be not only leaders, clerical devoted to the discussion of the re- and lay, from the home field, but also ports of the eight commissions, the prominent missionaries from all the evenings and certain other hours will foreign fields. Moreover, a special

effort will be made to insure the pres- good fortune, as Governor of New York ence of the principal native Christians. to he present at the Conference in N e~ This alone will give the Edinburgh Conference unique distinction, and York. strikingly illustrate the development of the missionary movement of the It seems to me that this effort to bring Church. together missionaries from all parts of Under the presidency of Lord Bal- the world and from every body of Chrisfour, of Burleigh, supported by such vice-presidents as Lord Reay, Sir tians, represents a movement of deep im- Andrew Fraser and Sir John Kennaway, the deliberations of the Confer- portance and singular impressivensss. ence will be wisely and impartially guided. It is a matter for gratitude The purpose of the Conference is, first, also that the executive secretary of to concentrate the attention of the entire the Conference is Mr. J. H. Oldham, Christian world upon the vast mass of a man of vision, sound judgment and achieving ability. The aim and plan human beings who have never yet heard of the Conference have received the hearty approval of the Archbishop of the Gospel; and, second, to permit free Canterbury and the Primus of Scotland, as well as of other prominent consultation on the best methods of men of other Christian communions in Europe and America. As is well obeying the command to preach the Gosknown, the missionaries and native Christian leaders have for some time p.el to all the world. Surely we have a been strongly desirous that such a world missionary gathering be held in nght to expect that the capacity for foreorder to help meet the great crisis which presses upon them in nearly tho~g'ht and cooperation, that is, the caevery mission field. In fact, no Christian leader thus far consulted has pacIty to look ahead and to unite to withheld his earnest approval. The large number of men invited to serve accomplish objects seen from afar-one on the commissions have almost with- of those high powers peculiar to civilizaout exception consented to do so. Their names will be published in tion-shall be exhibited to a peculiar de- November. Christian rulers and statesmen with whom the matter has gree among those who p'reach the been discust have shown warm interest as well as clear appreciation common salvation which comes through of the significance of the gathering. !he Word of the Lord. In past history President Roosevelt, in writing to the American members of the Inter- It has ever been true that all enterprises, national Committee, which met at Oxford, to help perfect the plans for whether of governments or of private inthe Conference, thus exprest himself: dividuals, whether of scholars or of me-n Gentlemen: of action, have needed the awakening and I have received the announcement of the World Missionary Conference, com- controling power of that high and selfposed of missionaries and missionary workers from all countries, which is to sacrificit;g. moral,it:y- which accompanies be held at Edinburgh, Scotland, in June, 1910• This is the third of these confer- the Chnstlan rehglOn; and nowadays it ences, the first having met at Exeter Hall in London in 1888, and the second in is needed more than ever because of the New York in June, 1900. It was my marvelous ways in which both the good and bad in civilized nations are being carried to the utmost parts of the earth.

The forces of evil are more mighty than ever before; but so are the forces for good. It is an age of caonmytbhiinnagtioofn'~aalnude if we are to accomplish we must all strive together for a com- mon end. If your committee can lay the foundations broad enough and deep enough to induce representatives of all Christian bodies to take part in this great Conference at Edinburgh, far-reaching good can not fail to result.

With heartiest wishes for your success, believe me, Sincerely yours, THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

Mr. Bryce, the British Ambassador at Washington, in a letter to Mr. Silas McBee, editor of The Church- man, and one of the American dele- gates to the meeting at Oxford, has shown his appreciation of the Con- ferences in these words: My dear Mr. McBee: Your account of the proposed World Missionary Conference has interested me greatly. There are some large general problems of missionary work which an interchange of views between thoughtful men bring!11g experience from different

THE COMING WORLD MISSIONARY CONFERENCE

fields may help the churches at home and has ever been undertaken. It should those who labor abroad to solve. The be reiterated that never before have present time seems to be one when these missionary principles, methods, oppor- problems have grown more urgent than tunities and obligations been the sub- ever before, in modern days at least, be- ject of investigation and report by cause the whole heathen and Mussulman able minds drawn from all Christian world, except China and Japan, is now communions and from all Christian either ruled by or under the influence of nations, and with the close coopera- nations professing Christianity. tion of experts on the various mis- sion fields. Noone will question the The ancient beliefs and customs of the great value of their conclusions in non-Christian peoples are destined soon to pointing the way for missionary ex- pass away; and it becomes a matter of pansion and development during the supreme importance to see that new and next half generation. better moral and religious principles are given to them promptly to replace what The Conference will restate in is disappearing; and to endeavor to find terms of the modern world the mis- methods for preventing the faults or vices sionary obligation. The preparatory of adventurers and others who are trying investigation, the discussions and the to exploit the uncivilized races from be- interchange of opinion, will result in coming a fatal hindrance to the spread of bringing the missionary appeal to the Christianity. men of our day with more compelling force than ever. At a time when the vVith every good wish for the success critical spirit is calling in question of your Conference, believe me, the foundations of the missionary faith and the content of the mis- Very truly yours, sionary message, a fresh, clear, con- vincing deliverance from such a body JAMES BRYCE. as that which is to convene in Edin- burgh will greatly strengthen the Mr. Taft, also in a recent letter to hands of the missionary propaganda. Mr. McBee, manifests like sympathy The Conference itself will reveal as with the purpose and character of the no event in modern times the essen- Edinburgh Conference: tially missionary character of Chris- tianity, and that missionary consecra- My dear Mr. McBee: tion is the responsibility of every Christian. I have your letter advising me of the forthcoming Conference at Edinburgh, The Conference should effectively which is to be held for the purpose of summon the Christian Church to study and consultation by the leaders of meet the unprecedented crisis which the foreign missionary forces of the now confronts her in the non-Chrisworld concerning the questions of mis- tian world. Two or three years ago, sionary opportunity and policy. I think when it was suggested that a world such a conference will be of great value conference of missions be held in to the missionary work of the world. I9IO, the secretaries of the societies The missionary societies have great re- in London thought that 1915 would sponsibilities with reference to the expan- be early enough for such a gathersion of civilization in distant lands, as ing. But since then events have I came to realize much more fully than marched so fast that all on both sides ever before in my contact with their of the Atlantic are agreed that it work while in the Far East. No one can should be held not later than 1910. study the movement of modern civiliza- Careful observers consider that the tion from an impartial standpoint and Church is confronting a world crisis. not realize that Christianity and the Of this there are unmistakable signs spread of Christianity are the only basis on every continent. New and wonfor hope of modern civilization in the derful national and racial movements growth of popular self-government. I beg to extend my good wishes to the Conference in its great work.

Very sincerely yours, WM. I-I. TAFT.

What may we reasonably expect the Edinburgh Conference to accomplish? This assembly, together with the two years preparatory work by commissions, will place at the disposal of the Christian Church the results of the most comprehensive study of the main missionary problems which

are gathering momentum in the near ary movement in all parts of the and extreme Orient as well as in world to come together and arrive at Africa, and these developments pro- a concerted plan as to the wisest disfoundly concern the missionary enter- tribution and coordination of the misprise. In the history of modern mis- sionary agents and agencies with refsions there has not been a time so erence to the actual occupation of the opportune for a world conference. entire world field. They see that at There is reason for regret that it can present this great matter, which owing not be convened during the present to its magnitude, difficulty and imporyear, for the urgency of the present tance calls for masterly strategy and situation is such as to admit of no leadership, is being dealt with in a delay. The aggressive Mohammedan haphazard manner. They see that propaganda forces on Christianity commercial, industrial and political the startling question as to whether enterprises, even tho they have in- Africa is to be a Mohammedan or finitely smaller resources at their disa Christian continent. The stupen- posal, are putting the Church to shame dous changes in China and neighbor- in the comprehensiveness and unity ing lands, involving nearly one-half of their planning and in the efficiency of the people of the non-Christian of their execution. But they believe world, constitute the greatest single that there are statesmanship and genopportunity which has ever con- eralship in the Church sufficient to fronted the Christian religion. The originate and carry out a plan adechallenge presented by India and quate for the actual occupation of the Turkey is sufficient to call out the world field. They are hopeful that best energies of the mind and heart at Edinburgh the need and practicaof Christendom. The supreme dan- bility of unity of action will become ger of the Christian Church at such so evident that this form of statesa time is procrastination in taking ad- manlike leadership will manifest and vantage of an opportunity now open assert itself. to reach the whole world-an opportunity which will not long linger. It would be difficult to overstate the advantages which will result to The assembling in Edinburgh of the Church from the united study of the leaders of the missionary cam- missionary problems during the next paign and the message which they will two years by missionary leaders of take back to the Church should re- different lands, races and communions, sult in a great offering of lives and and from their days of intimate felin a marked enlargement of financial lowship at Edinburgh. Individualism gifts to foreign missions. It is in- and isolation are contrary to the spirit conceivable that in a Church which, of the age as well as of Christianity notwithstanding her shortcomings, itself. Bishop Montgomery, in a rehas always shown herself responsive cent number of The Contemporary Reto reality, there should not be a far view, points out that there are signs of greater pouring out of life and sub- a passing of contempt for others of stance when the solemn facts concern- different color and disposition, and exing a world's need and crisis, and presses his belief that every gatherconcerning the meaning of Christ's ing of men and women of all the condeath and resurrection, are sounded tinents helps this cause. out afresh from the vantage-ground of such a world conference. This suggests that possibly the largest significance of the Conference Among men of different commu- lies in its unifying favor. The unifynions who have pondered most deeply ing spirit is moving powerfully now in the facts about the present missionary all Christian communions. It has been opportunity and obligation, there is the fortune of those in the mission a deep-seated conviction that the time field, and in the supporting Christian is at hand for leaders of the mission- movements on the home field, to lead

THE C02'vIHG WORLD l'vIISSIO)JARY CO)JFERE~CE

the way in various steps and move- the eyes of many as to the necessity ments toward a closer union of of unity of ·action. Thus the Confer- Christians. It is evident to the ob- ence will not only constitute the most servant traveler that among foreign strikin~ illustration of Christian unity, missionary workers concord is greater but WIll also prepare the way for than discord, esteem greater than larger and more practical cooperation distrust, and respect for one another's and union among the missionary sphere of work greater than infrac- forces. tions thereon. There is still, however, If results so extensive, so benefi- urgent need of a closer union of the cent and so valuable are to issue from Christian forces on the mission field. the Edinburgh Conference there must On this point all should heed the word be an adequate cause. The Christian of the Encyclical Letter of the recent Church must pay what such results Lambeth Conference: "Waste of cost. What is the price? If the Con- force in the mission field calls aloud ference is to be largely and truly suc- for unity." The Committee on Foreign cessful, all missionary societies and Missions at the same Lambeth Con- boards must heartily cooperate. It is ference exprest their opinion that assumed that this will be the case. It "conferences on methods of work, would be hard to understand the athave, as the committee gratefully titude of mind and heart of a misacknowledges, drawn together men sionary leader in these days who could a;,d women of different bodies who hold aloof from this Conference or re- are striving to evangelize the world, gard it with indifference. We may and have shown how much they have safely predict that every missionary in common and how much they can agency of real standing will lend its learn from each other." Much can unreserved cooperation.

be done by such a conference to hasten Efforts should be made by those the realization of the hope of Chris- interested in the Conference to retian union. The ministry of interces- move misconceptions and to answer sion, stimulated by the example of our criticisms concerning it wherever they Lord's intercession and by the over- may be encountered. Some may be whelming sense of the need of union found, for example, who question in spirit and effort which comes over whether the benefits of the Conference one as one faces the problems of the will be sufficient to justify all that will non-Christian world, will do much in be expended upon it in time and this direction. The close mingling of money. Doubtless there are in these missionary leaders of different bodies, days too many conferences and con- their growing mutual acquaintance ventions. In a measure one can and the establishing of ties of friend- sympathize with the contention that ship will also greatly promote the but one more new conference should desired end. Out of it all will come be called and that is one which will a clearer conviction that we are es- have for its object the taking of steps sential to each other. Above all, the· to prevent the inauguration of other great service which has such a con- conferences. It is to be feared that ference will render toward the realiza- in not a few cases the comment made tion of unity-a service of priceless by Mark Twain about a certain value-is that it will create an atmos- Mississippi River steamboat, to the phere, a temper, a disposition, an effect that it used so much of its attitude of Christ-like responsibility steam in blowing the whistle that it for all mankind out of Christ and of was unable to make much progress Christ-like will that all men shall be going up stream, would apply with given an opportunity to have a place aptness to the practise of some Chris- in the Father's family. This will tian organizations in the matter of cause a realizing sense of the sinful- conferences. But when the Edinness of our divisions and will open burgh Conference is explained it will

not be found to be open to any such field who are able to contribute most criticism. As has been .shown, it is to the success of the Conference, and not to be a mere talking enterprise. who on their return will be in a po- It is to be the culmination of the most sition to do most to advance foreign scientific study to which any great missions. religious movement has ever been subjected. This work is so organized A spirit of large expectancy conthat busy missionaries and society of- cerning the Conference as a truly ficials will not be heavily burdened. great event in the extension of Chris- As the attendance is to be so closely tianity should be cultivated throughout restricted, the number of workers and the Christian Church. This will do other representatives to be sent by much to prepare people to receive anyone society will be comparatively favorably its findings and conclusions, small. The tremendously important and to respond to its call for heroic results to which attenion has been and self-denying devotion to the miscalled will abundantly justify a much sionary program. greater expenditure than that required. It will be a great council of It is of the greatest moment that war, carefully constituted, diligently the prayers of men and women who prepared for, and sure to be attended believe be enlisted on behalf of the with consequences which will be of Conference. There should be prayer very real help to every society rep- for the commissions, that with wisresented. dom, thoroughness and courage they may prosecute their studies and ar- Most thorough and painstaking rive at conclusions which will open work on the part of all the eight com- the path for marked advances in mismissions and the various committees sionary activity and efficiency. There in charge of the arrangements will should be prayer for those responsifrom the nature of the case be an in- ble for selecting delegates, that the dispensable part of the price which men and women of God's appointment must be paid to make the Conference may be sent to Edinburgh. Those truly great in power and influence. who will be bearing the bunlen of So seriously have all, whose help been responsibility for all the conference invited, accepted responsibility, that arrangements should be the subjects there can be little ground for doubting of constant remembrance before God. that this factor will be supplied. There should be faithful intercession for the Conference itself, that a spirit The utmost care will need to be of penitence because of past sins, and exercised in choosing delegates. The of genuine humility, open-mindedness Conference is to present such a unique, and responsiveness because of present fascinating and inspiring opportunity opportunities and obligations, may that, as the time when it is to be held mightily possess all the delegates; approaches, there will be great pres- that the Spirit of God may markedly sure brought to bear upon the different influence all addresses and discussions; missionary societies to secure admis- and that the Church, dominated by a sion as delegates. A society should fresh vision of an unevangelized world be satisfied with sending none less and of that coming ecumenical, Christthan its best possible representatives, redeemed, triumphant multitude whom including, in addition to a few dis- no man can number, may consecrate tinguished and experienced mission- herself, as never before, to the subaries and native Christian leaders, lime task of making Christ known and those men and women on the home loved and obeyed by all men.

EDITORIALS

WASTED ENTHUSIASM As he prayed, the place seemed to Rev. Samuel Chadwick, now teach- be shaken, and every heart was singu- ing in the Cliff Theological College, England, quaintly says that much of larly moved; a great awe from God "the steam that ought to go to the piston goes to the 'whistle." A great wrapt the hearers as in a cloud of His deal of genuine emotion which might be utilized by resolution and action, presence, and God wrought so might- escapes in mere feeling or tears, or it . may be words. Mr. Finney used to ily that it was impracticable to deal say that progress in all spiritual mat- ters largely depends on our making that night with the crowds needing permanent the impressions we get in our best moments-in other words, personal help. Mr. Radcliffe there- keeping on the high level to which the truth and Spirit of God lifts us. We fore appointed an early hour next remember being forcibly struck by a fine illustration of this in watching the morning for such personal converse crew of a gigantic ocean steamer haul- ing up the massive anchor. The arms with inquirers, and, notwithstanding of half a dozen stalwart tars turned the ribbed barrel or drum of the cap- it was in a rural district, the building stan, and so wound up the cable; but all their efforts would have been vain was filled the next morning with anx- had not the pawl held the ratchet wheel from slipping back. That sim- ious souls. ple mechanical arrangement kept the rotating barrel from a reverse move- Dr. Barnardo, when he first an- ment, and not a fraction of strength was lost. How much we need some nounced his plan to erect cottage systematic giving and working to give steadiness and firmness and enduring homes for his waifs, instead of the value to our good impulses and promptin·gs. "barracks" hitherto used, had neither THE GREAT RESORT-BELIEVING response to his appeals for help nor PRAY~R encouragement in his scheme until he The life of Reginald Radcliffe, of began to wonder whether he had mis- Liverpool, is especially instructive for its examples of failure turned into suc- taken the Lord's will. In conference cess by supplication. For example, at Rothiemay, near Huntly, England, the with a brother, in a railway carriage, church was crowded, but as he pro- ceeded in his address, not only did on the way to Oxford, he unburdened others who were with him, but the evangelist himself felt the ab- his mind fully, and the sagacious ad- sence of the power of God. The speaker paused, in thE- midst of his viser put to him the searching ques- address, acknowledged his conscious lack and said, "We must appeal to tion, "Were Goel to show you that God," whereupon he poured forth his soul in prayer. your proposed scheme is too large, or too ambitious; or that, however good in itself, you are not the man, or this is not His time, for carrying it out, are. you. re~dy at once to give it up, or walt HIS time, or even publicly to an- nounce your change of plan"?

The question revealed to Dr. Bar- narelo his own secret wilfulness and impatience and folly, and led to a complete surrender. In fact ~aiblewinagy alone with his friend in the compartment, they knelt down together and boldly asked that, while in Ox- ford, God would give some decisive signal of His will in the matter of the proposed Ilford cottages. The next morning, while dressing, there was a knock at his bedroom door, and a stranger thrust his head in, himself not yet fully drest, and simply said, "Are you Dr. Barnardo?" "Yes." "You are thinking of building a sort of vil- lage for orphan girls at II ford ?"

"Yes." "Well, put me down for the

first cottage"-and the man as quickly mild measures with stlch a lad; and on disappeared. It afterward transpired the other hand, the lad instinctively that he had accidentally learned of Dr. feels that he can with impunity trans- Barnardo's being at the hotel, and im- gress rules and indulge his wayward pulsively communicated to him a re- spirit when he has only a woman to solve, just formed, to build a cottage control him; and if it be a contest of in memory of a dear daughter, just physical strength, he knows that the deceased. And so the crisis was woman is ordinarily the weaker vessel. turned and the Ilford scheme was set at work. The writer calls attention to the fact that in the public schools of the United THE PARALYZING POWER OF States, over seventy-five per cent of HEATHENISM teachers are women, and this percent- age is rapidly rising, threatening to Rev. James Main said that the look crowd out men almost entirely, and of a Chinese audience was an argu- that in many cases children never ment against even the better types of come under the influence of a male heathenism; that in consequence of teacher until they go to coll€ge.

not having heard the Gospel, there In the home God appoints the has been a sort of intellectual and mother and father jointly to superin- moral atrophy, a loss of capacity for tend the training of children; and understanding it. It is not only new where there is anything approximating and strange but unintelligible. Every His ideal, there is in this joint rule a convert in his eyes was a miracle, proper harmonizing of the elements of possibly only by the power of God. strength and tenderness, mildness ten-i- Hence the need of importunate prayer pering authority, and the sterner qual- that the Holy Spirit exert His omni- ities preventing a tame amiability from potent might in a new creation. relaxing all government. Mr. Hall INSUBORDINATION OF BOYS argues that a boy needs, often, se- vere discipline; and that, with all the G. Stanley Hall, in The Review of mistakes of the past period of educa- Reviews, has a very thoughtful paper tion when men were almost the only on "Feminization in School and masters and flogging was common, Home," in which he strongly contends that discipline proved far more whole- for male teachers, especially for boys some in child-training and produced at the age of puberty and afterward. not only better-behaved boys but bet- He regards this critical age as a storm ter-restrained men. Even for{:c at cer- center in a boy's experience, needing tain periods of life has its advantages.

a strong masculine personality to con- A compulsory compliance is better trol it. The article is dispassionate than a capricious and impulsive obe- and judicial, and is entitled to atten- dience which has nothing uniform tion. He brings no accusation against about it. Sparing the rod may per- womankind on the ground of intellect- manently spoil the child. When a boy, ual incompetency, and the general especially, reaches the stage of devel- question of the equality of the sexes opment where he inclines to assert his is not raised at all. But the position independence and indulge the reckless- taken is that, at that age when a boy ness of adolescence, he instinctively re- is passing through a transition from volts from woman's control, and needs boyhood to manhood, and feeling the to feel a stronger masculine force power of new passions and possibili- swaying his wilfulness.

ties which he himself does not under- Mr. Hall's paper has a wider bear- stand, there is need of a vigorous mas- ing on the increasing rowdiness of culine hand at the helm of his being. boys and young men. If· his positions On the one hand, a woman is usually are sound, they suggest one way to more prone to be indulgent and use account for the growing insubordina-

tion manifest, not only in schoolboys governesses in the London Institution. but in young men. Our colleges are After a ten years' apprenticeship, the too often the scenes of disgraceful in- War of the Crimea, with the shamedifference to established rules and re- fully unsanitary conditions of the sick sistance to rightful authority. The and wounded, making the hospitals tendencies are to the assertion of more deadly than the battle-field, independence, to disobey college rules and defy college discipline. In the home filial obedience is the exception, and in the schools teachers seem to expect insubordination, and study rather to manage the refractory by tact than to subdue them and make them submissive. . This, we believe, is a wrong and mistaken policy. It only puts off the evil day. If the child's will is never taught to yield to a superior will, no true obedience is learned, for obedience is surrender to authority', and nothing less is obedi- ence. This matter is far-reaching; for such obedience to human authority naturally prepares the child for an implicit submission to a Higher Will when the consciousness of God is more full y matured and developed.

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE In view of the honors recently con- FLORENCE NIGHrINGALE ferred on this remarkable woman by the British Government, it is natural proved her CrISIS of opportunity. to recall her marvelous life of self- Divine Providence gave her a great sacrifice for humanity. She was born opportunity to utilize her training; and in 1823, in Florence, Italy, of English she offered to go and reorganize the parents, and is now eighty-five years nursing department at Scutari, and, old. Highly educated and brilliantly within a week, was on her way with accomplished, she early began to show her nurses. Her ability, humility, cazeal for the alleviation of human suf- pacity, and devotion have all become fering, and in 1844, when but twenty- proverbial. one years old, gave attention to the condition of hospitals. She personally When nursing the sick and wounded inspected civil and military institu- in the hospital during the war, she tions of this sort all over Europe, somewhat as John Howard had the prisons almost a century before; she studied with the Sisters of Charity in Paris the system of nursing and training in hospitals; and, in 18S1, went herself into training as a nurse at Kaiserswerth, on the Rhine. On returning to England, she put in thorough order the sanitarium for

so endeared herself to these sufferers Sanitary Commission learned from Florence Nightingale and others by her loving and gentle ministrations whom she inspired.

atht a~ticbarhst , she went through the wards THE RECORD OF MOODY sh ading he.r lamp with her A church record in Boston contains hand lest its light disturb so~e rest- the following entry, in the year 1855: less one, the soldiers would turn and No. 1079.· Dwight L. Mood~. Boa~ds 43 Court Street. Has been baptized. First kiss her shadow on the wall as she awakened on the r6th of May. Became anx- ious about himself. Saw himself a sinner; passed. There could have been no and holiness desirable. Thinks he has re- pented. Has purposed to give up sin. Feels more touching expression of gratitude dependent on Christ for forgiveness. Loves the Scriptures. Prays. DeSires to be than this, and no greater reward c~uld useful. Religiously educated. Been l,n have been offered for her devotlOn. the city a year. From Northfield, thiS For twenty hours at a time she stood, State. Is not ashamed to be known as a Christian. Eighteen years old. to see them made comfortable, prop- It is well sometimes to look back to erly fed, and cared for; even when, some such simple starting-point as this to remind us of the importance of in 1855, she was herself. prostrat~d fostering the first beginning of Chris- tian life in the most unpromising conwith fever, the result of tIreless tOll, verts. At that time, notwithstanding Mr. Moody's good impulses, he so she would not leave her post, and after often blundered in his efforts at serv- ice, that, as is well known, one O! the recovery stayed at Scutari till Turkey officers of that same CongregatlOnal church took him quietly aside and was evacuated by the British in 1856. counseled him "not to attempt to speak in meeting," as he had no gifts that Miss Nightingale has been an invalid made it edifying! Livingstone, per- haps the greatest missionary since ever since; but even when confined Paul, was three times adversely re- ported on by examinin~ comu:it~ees, as in a sick-room, planned ways to guard an unpromising medical missionary. Many an otherwise useful life has been the health of soldiers. Her pen has nipped in the bud by careless and un- sympathetic handling. Few of us have been busy-as when she furnished a the sagacity to recognize the potell- tialities of a new-born soul; and exremarkable paper, on the sanitary con- treme care is absolutely needful, in or- der to awaken dormant possibilities. ditions in the army, etc. She charac- A word may dampen and effectu~lly hinder an incipient flame of devotlOn. terized the Crimean War as a sanitary experiment on a colossal scale, and showed that the rate of mortality among soldiers, even during war, could be reduced to one-half what it had been in times of peace at home.

Her "Notes on Hospitals" and "Nurs- ing" are text-books. Her "Observ~­ tions" in connection wCitohmtmheissvioolnum~innous' "Report of the the Sanitary Condition of the Army III India," form in themselves perhaps the most remarkable paper ever penned on any like theme, and they marked a new era in sanitary reform.

Nothing short of a complete biogra- phy, which will undoubtedly be pub- lished after her death, can do any justice to this pioneer i.n aru:y hosp!tal and nursing, to whom IS malllly OWlllg all the similar Red Cross and other ACKNOWLEDGM,cNTS movements which now attract public No. 366. Industrial Evallg. Mission, India $15.00 No. 367. Industrial Evang. Mission, India 5.00 attention. Japan owes her remarkable No. 368. Industrial Evang. Mission, India S.OO No. 369. Pandeta Ramahai ………….. 5.00 immunity from deadly wounds and fevers in the late wars to what her

MISSIONARY

AMERICA due, appeals to Christian men of all names throughout the country to be- The Universal Week of Prayer gin now praying that this week may be the starting-point of a great re- The Evangelical Alliance sends out vival. once more its call for a week of universal prayer at the opening of the A Conference on Jewish Work new year-a week of looking backward in praise for blessings received The Department of Immigration of and in thought on the lessons to be the Presbyterian Board of Home Mislearned; a week to consider present sions will hold an all-day conference opportunities and future obligations; in its Assembly Room, Presbyterian a week to prepare for greater service Building, 156 Fifth Avenue, on Thursand nobler victories. Surely all may day, December ro, in the interest of well unite in praise and prayer on the a national work among the Jews in topics suggested. In brief they are America. as follows (British and American) : About thirty of the leading Jewish Sunday, Jan. 3.-Sermon-All Things workers have been invited for a gen- New, or, Laws of the Harvest. Gal. 6:7 eral discussion of the whole situation. and James 4:3. Among the topics to be discust are the following: Monday.-Thanksgiving and Humiliation, or, "The Word of God. The Training Needed for Successful Work Among the Jews. Tuesday.-Prayer for the Church Universal, or, God's Faithfulness, Man's Re- The Best Method of Approach in Personal Work ·sponsibility. with Jews.

W ednesday.-Nations and their Rulers, The Conservation of Results in Jewish Missions. or, Missions: Home and Foreign. Ge~?l!t c~~i~~1a:ed~~c~?latiort of the Jew to the Thursday.-Foreign Missions, or, Intemperance and Gambling. What should be the Relation of the Jew to the :Mosaic Laws and Ceremonies. Friday.-Families and Education. Saturday.-Home Missions and the How to Create a More Brotherly Feeling Among Jews, or, The Signs of the Times. Jewish Workers and Converts. Sunday.-Christ, the Giver of Life. Ch~i~~ia~e~:k ~thical Conceptions a Barrier to John 14, 6. The Present Outlook for Jewish Missions Con- A Brotherhood Week of Prayer sidel"ed Prophetically. . The Present Outlook for Jewish Missions Con- The plan is now complete for the SIdered from the Practical Conditions of the Work. cooperation of the various denominational brotherhoods in the obser- The discussions in this conference vance of a week of prayer for the will be reported and made available spread of Christ) kingdom among the to all those engaged in work in J ewmen of the world. The week desig- ish districts. nated is that beginning with Sabbath, November 29, or the first week in A Young People's Missionary Convention Advent. The Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist, Meth- The Second Interdenominational odist and United Presbyterian Missionary Conference for Young Brotherhoods have formally adhered People was held in Brooklyn, N. Y., to the arrangement and will recom- October 29 to 31. The great feamend the observance in the strongest ture of this conference was the study terms to their members. The Lay- classes-six in number-which took men's Missionary Movement will like- up missionary text books under able wise take part. It is also hoped to leaders. It was a conference for edinterest churches abroad, so that, if ucation rather than for popular interpossible, the concert of prayer may be est and as such may be expected to world-wide. President Gardiner, of produce permanent results. Mr. Wm. the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, to R. Hassell was chairman of the prowhose initiation the plan is primarily gram committee and addresses were delivered by Rev. Wm.· Jessup of Syria, Rev. Charles R. Watson of Philadelphia, and Rev. Charles L. Rhoades of New York.

Baptist Educational Campaign A New Home for Seamen The American Baptist Missionary The new Institute for Seamen, Union and other Baptist societies under the auspices of the American have united in a forward movement Seamen's Friend Society of New campaign among young people of York, which was dedicated October Suudav-schools and societies in the 7, is the largest and finest of its kind interests of mlsslOnary education. in the world. Six stories high, finished Leaflets are distributed, books, maps inside in oak, marble and tiling, it and other accessories are recom- includes every possible comfort and mended. It is a worthy campaign for necessity, like chapel, auditorium, a worthy object. restaurant, billiard- and smoking- rooms, reading-room, library and Two Other Missionary Tourists swimming-pool, etc. In addition to these public halls, there are 160 bed- Rev. Henry F. Williams, editor of rooms for officers and seamen, many The Missionary, the official organ of of which have been fitted up as methe Executive Committee of Foreign morials of the friends of seamen. Mrs. Missions of the Presbyterian Church, Russell Sage, who generously pro- U. S. (Southern), sailed recent!y from vided half of the $325,000 necessary San Francisco for a six months' visit for the work, was the recipient of to the mission fields in Korea, China, several tokens of regard. Queen and Japan. Wilhelmina of Holland sent her signed photograph, and the Duchess of Fife Rev. John Jackson of London, Sec- a presentation volume. retary of the Mission to Lepers in India and the East and founder of the A Millionary Congregation Missionary Peace Association, has also recently started on a tour to visit leper One of the great missionary congresettlements in Asia. As one result of gations in this land is the "Moody" his tour he expects to write a com- Church, Chicago. From the last anprehensive article for the REVIEW on nual report the following statistics are "Lepers of the World and What Is taken: Being Done for Them." The present membership of the church A Golden Wedding Gift is 1909, of whom 718 are men and 1,191 women. There were 255 new members Wednesday, October 14, was the received last year, of whom 182 were on golden-wedding anniversary of John profession, 6g by letter and 4 reinstated, ' S. Kennedy, banker and philanthropist, Last year 73 letters were granted, 11 of New York. He celebrated it in members died, and 3 were excommunian unusual but appropriate way, by cated, a net loss of 87 members. By acgiving $1,000,000 to the New York tual count there were 927 profest conver- Presbyterian Hospital. It is not by sions in the church during the year. The this gift alone that he has earned the gross receipts were $32,000, an increase title of philanthropist; he gave the of $9,000 over 1906. The Sunday basket United Charities Building, which was collections brought in over $16,000. The opened in 1893, and which cost $600,- total foreign missionary receipts were 000; he also gave $250,000 in 1904 $4,053. The church conducted special to found a training-school "for charity meetings every night during January. workers. Two years ago he made a gift of $500,000 to Columbia Uni- Chinese Students in Convention versity. Mr. Kennedy has also contributed liberally to a number of other The Chinese students in America institutions and charities. He is now have recently been holding a noteseventy-eight years of age, and takes worthy conference at Ashburnham, an active interest in all the institutions Mass., under the auspices of the Chihe has helped. nese Students' Alliance. The gather- ing was honored with the presence of Minister Wu Ting Fang; W. W. Yen, secretary of the Chinese Legation; Chianto Chen, vice-president of the

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Imperial Bank, and Professor Beach, tarily tax themselves to send the Gos- of Yale. A marked feature of the pel to heathen lands as much as 1,380 meetings, which were graced by the heathen are taxed by us to land on attendance of some Chinese Wellesley our shores? The love of Christ con- girls, was a speech by Minister W u- straineth us! How much ?-Baptist who was greeted by enthusiastic col- CommoJlwealth.

lege cheers, with three long "Wus" A Call for Sixty Missionaries at the end-who congratulated the Chinese students in America on the The American Board calls for 20 fortunate position in which they are men and 40 women to reenforce its placed, and declared that ethical train- needy fields; in Southeastern Europe, ing is most important, and should by Asia Minor, India, China, Japan and no means be neglected, urging the Micronesia. Five female physicians are needed, 3 nurses, 4 normal teach- Chinese boys and girls to bear in mind ers, one science teacher, 12 general the value of moral worth, which will always be their "greatest asset," and teachers, 7 kindergarteners, and 7 which always commands respect, evangelistic workers.

whether among civilized or barbarous EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN peoples.

Women's Worth as Missionaries The First EnglUh MUsionarie.s "Those women who labored with Tho Carey is commonly thought of me in the Gospel," said the great as the first Englishman to go abroad missionary apostle, "and others of my carrying the Gospel to unevangelized fellow laborers whose names are in lands, he had at least ten predecessors. the Book of Life." V./e do not know how many missionary "laborers" have J. E. Hutton writes as follows to the British Weekly: been enlisted in the service of the As- I.have recently b.een investigating this sociation during the sixty-two years subject, and have discovered that besides of its history. Ten years ago it was reported that there were 3,000. Time Mr. Thompson, nearly a dozen other has added very many to this large Englishmen went out as missionaries be- fore Carey. Here are the names: Benja- min Brookshaw, Samuel Isles, James number. Fully two-thirds of these Birkby, Samuel Watson, James Rhodes have been women. There were times Lister, William Turner, George Caries: when brave women could stand in John Bowen, and John Montgomery, places where men could not live. Their father of James Montgomery, the wellgreatness of heart and devotion to known hymn writer. Of these men, three-Lister, Turnei' and Rhodes-were service have been such that no words missionaries in Labrador; the rest went of appreciation could unduly express to the West Indies. They were all in their worth.-The American Misstolwr]'. the service of the Moravian Church; but that, of course, does not alter the fact that they were Englishmen, born and Canada and the Chinese brought up in England.

To enter Canada costs a Chinaman Mission Aid for Bible Lands $500. Last year 1,380 paid the tax, One source from which assistance the treasury of the country receiving is given to the missions of the Ameri- from them $69°,000. The Missionary can Board in Turkey is the Bible Witness makes the statement that Lands Missions' Aid Society, of Great combined contributions of the Chris- Britain, founded in 1854 as Turkish tians of this country for the evangeli- Missions Aid, of which the Earl of zation of heathen nations was only Aberdeen is president and the Bishop about half as much as the Chinese of Durham one of the vice-presidents.

paid for the privilege of living in Its object is to regain Bible lands for Canada. It asks: Is it not amazing Christ. Its method as to the support that in prosperous Canada, 1,380 men of mission workers is unique. Instead can not be secured who will volun- of maintaining agencies of its own,

it makes grants from its funds to help China, I03 mIsSIOnaries, male and in sustaining work already established female, 643 native workers and a by other boards.. In Syria, Persia, and church membership of 18,464. Arabia it helps the Presbyterian missions. In Armenia, Asia Minor, Mace- The Missions of the Free Church donia, and other parts of European Turkey, those of the American Board. The Annual Report of the foreign Grants were made by this society at missions of the United Free Church of the close of the last financial year, not Scotland summarizes the work done including various amounts sent out by 331 European missionaries, men during the year, to over twenty dif- and women, ministers and doctors, ferent stations of our missions in teachers artizans, in India, China, Turkey. The sum ranged from £5 to Africa, Arabia, Jamaica, and the £IOO, the total amounting to just a Pacific. The staff of native agents is little 'Iess than $5.ooo.-Missionary 4,063, the members in full communion Herald. 44,728, and the total number of stu- dents and scholars under instruction The L. M. S. Campaign' 87,3 I 1. The attendance of patients at 32 medical missions was over 500,000 In the course of their recent tour in the year, and about 10,000 surgical through the West Country in connec- operations were performed. The ordition with the Preaching Campaign, nary income in Scotland in 1907 was the Rev. H. Arnold Thomas and Pro- :£71,489, and this sum was exceeded fessor Armitage visited 9 towns and 5 by the revenue in the mission fields auxiliaries of the society. Torquay, from Government grants, school, col- Exeter, Weymouth, Bath, and Trow- lege, and medical fees, and contribubridge were the centers of their work tions, which amounted altogether to in their second week, and a series of 190,342. This, added to the ordinary successful conferences and public home revenue and supplemented by meetings was held in addition to the special donations and legacies, brought preaching services. The sale of the up the total income to t2II,102. missionary biographies, which have been issued bv the L.M.S. primarily The Bible for the Jews in view of the missionary compaign, has already reached the surprizing "The Bible, which came through figure (for the summer months) of the Jews, must be given to the Jews." 56,883, and the first editions of several of the biographies have been sold out, The Bible Society has already issued and reprints are in hand. In view of the scriptures in the following forms, this evidence of the growing popu- which appeal especially to Jews: larity of missionary study, it is not surprizing that the directors of the H ehrew-including the Massoretic' text society have under serious considera- of the Old Testament, and Delitsch's vertion the advisability of appointing a sion of the New Testament. 1,480,000 vols. study circle officer, to devote the whole or the major portion of his time to Yiddish-including the dialects spoken by the work. the Jews in Central Europe, 450,000 vols.

Three Methodist Bodie$ Become One Transliterations-including Arabic, Per- sian. Tunisian, and Spanish, in Hebrew Not long since the Methodist Free character, 65,000 vols. Church, the Methodist New Connection and the Bible Christian Metho- Diglots-including Hebrew, interieayed dists became one body to be known with English, French, German, Hunganan, as the United Methodist Church, with Italian, Polish, Bulgarian, Russ and Turkmission work in Jamaica, East and ish, 405,000 vols. West Africa; East, West and North Total number of vols., 2,400,000.-Bihle Society Gleanings.

The Jewish Attitude Toward Christ This is manifestly changing. Fifty years since, as a body they. ha~ed His name and often treated It WIth open contempt, with the exception

of a few of the more scholarly class A Free Bible in Portugal and some who were apathetic rather One of the colporteurs of the British than antipathetic. But at present and Foreign Bible Society having at- the growing tendency is to treat tracted the attention of a priest, was Him as one of the great reformers, arrested and thrown into prison. and not a few pronounce Him "the The charge against the man was greatest man" of history. In the simply that he was selling "Protestant ]ewish Encyclopedia, writers rather Bibles." It was decided to make this boast of his Jewish extraction, and case a test, and it was appealed. The rank him as chief of their rabbis. Appeal Court has given a decision The demand for the Hebrew New which legally establishes the right of Testament, since its issue less than anyone to sell Bibles in Portugal. a quarter century since, has justified In reversing the decision of the magisthe issue of over 600,000 copies, and trate, the Appeal Court declared that this is perhaps God's main means of hawking the so-called Protestant Bible producing this remarkable change. is not a crime, because- Thousands of Jews are now be- First. The "Protestant Bible" does lievers in the Lord Jesus Christ, and not contain a word or a passage which the work of their evangelization and is not found in the text of the Catholic conversion goes on more rapidly Bible.

than ever. Second. The hawking of books Russian Church Missions does not imply a proselyting propa- ganda. It is not commonly known that the Russian Church carries on mission- Third. The Protestant religion is ary work among the lloslem and permitted in Portugal, and therefore heathen tribes who are found in the sale and purchase of the various various Asiatic provinces of the Rus- books necessary to those who profess sian Empire. The Translation Com- that religion can not be prohibited. mission of the Irkutsk branch of the Orthodox Missionary Society has just Fourth. It is laid down in the concompleted a new version of St. stitution that no one can be prosecuted on religious grounds.

Matthew's Gospel in the Buriat ASIA language, and has applied to the Bible The Meaning of the Turkish Revolution House for help to print this Gospel.

As early as 1819 the t:Jew Testament Speaking of this astounding upri- was translated into Buriat by Messrs. sing of the people, the C. M. S. Re- Swan and Stallybrass, of the L. M. S., . view suggests: and of this book our society has 1,500 "It is, first of all, a revelation of copies still in stock. This version, qualities in the Mohammedan Turks however, is in classical form of Mon- of which their strongest admirers had golian, and remains a sealed book to scarcely thought them to be possest.

the unlettered Buriats. Moreover, it The perfection of the secret organiza- is printed in Mongolian characters, tion, with its widespread ramifications, which are unknown to the trans- which prepared for the crisis; the sud- Baikal Buriats, who are only familiar denness, the swiftness, the over- with the Russ character. The Irkutsk whelming completeness of the crisis Translation Commission have now itself; and, most of all, its pacific translated St. Matthew into colloquial character and the self-restraint of its Buriat, and obtained the neeessary leaders-all these have taken the world ecclesiastical permission to print it in by surprize and reveal a new force of Russ character. Our committee have tremendous vitality in a quarter where agreed to publish an edition of 2,000 politicians at any rate had long since copies of this Gospel.-The Bible in despaired of wholesome, sober anima- the World. tion. 'There is no country in the world where so drastic an upheaval have been both hiding place and huntof existing conditions would have been ing ground, now walk the streets of accomplished with such calmness, and Salonica neither making nor suffering such an absence of clamant exuber- disturbance. Zandansky, the famous ance,' wrote the Times; and, it might (or infamous) revolutionary leader, have added, of all countries in the who was one of the band of Miss world Turkey was the last where such Stone's abductors, now proposes to things would have been looked for. contribute some reminiscences of that Friday, July 24, is likely to be cele- adventure to the Journal de Salonique. brated as a national festival in the Turkish Empire for many years to The Home-land of Christiani:y come, for to all appearances it has opened, as the lkdam, the leading Syria Mission should lie close to the Turkish daily newspaper said, a new heart of the Christian Church because epoch in Ottoman history." Syria's field lies close to the childhood home of the Christian faith; because Signs of Promise in Turkey Syria's story in its glory, its sorrows, its shame is forever interwoven with From being one of the most difficult the history of the Christian Church; mission fields in the world, Turkey is and because Syria's shrines will fornow rapidly becoming the most prom- ever remain sacred to Moslem, Jew ising. Never have so formidable bar- a~d Gentile until Christ's promise is riers to industrial, intellectual, and fulfilled in the final gathering of the religious progress been summarily re- true worshipers around the throne of moved, and the entire land, with its God. millions of people of various races, opened to the direct influence of the The Needs of Sidon Seminiry gospel. The field is ours; we occupy the great centers of influence and pop- The present opportunity in Syria ulation; ours are the mission colleges, should not pass unheeded. Sidon schools, printing-presses, hospitals and Seminary, one of the most effective Christian institutions. Shall we use Christian schools in the Orient, has all these to the limit of their capacity done a magnificent work for women for the purpose for which they were and girls, and through them for the established, and for the advancement men and the future generations. of the kingdom of God in Turkey?- There is urgent need of funds to pur- Missionary Herald. chase property adjoining the pres- ent compound that it may not come A Bandit's Occupation Gone into the hands of an immoral Moslem family, and that it may provide quar- Under this heading the same mis- ters for the expanding work. This is sionary periodical has an item, at the a call to which Christian stewards may head of which stands a portrait of the well respond with rejoicing. evil-doer who is named: A Missionary Convencion in Palestine One of the astonishments of these days in Turkey is the return of brig- Rev. W. L. McClenahan writes in ands, conspirators, and other outlaws the United Presbyterian as follows: to the open and orderly walks of life. Bands of men that have terrorized The missionary convention at Ramwhole districts in European Turkey allah, August 8-16, among the hilltops, by their pillage and violence have now ten miles from Jerusalem, has been a come into the cities, in some cases blest time; unique as to the oneness of voluntarily, in others after pressure, spirit on the platform, and the perfect to join in the general celebration of understanding between speaker, comliberty, peace, and good will. N otori- mittee and audience. With visitors ous leaders on whose heads a price and those who attended from Ramhas been set, and to whom the Balkans allah or drove up from Jerusalem, the attendance at some of the meetings reached 190. There were about 140 missionaries from Palestine, Syria, of India confronts us bv the facts even Egypt, Asia Minor and Arabia repre- more startling. There are in British senting many nationalities-British, India 14,000,000 girls of school-going American, Canadian, Australian, Ger- age, and out of this immense number man, Swedish, Swiss, Danish, Greek, only 405,000 are under any instruc- Hebrew Christian, Syrian, Armenian tion. Only one girl out of every 34 and probably others, working in 21 receiving even a primary education! unions or societies, besides independ- And the rest? – growing up to ent workers. These gathered with one motherhood without even a word of accord in one place, acknowledging learning or sympathy for anything of one common need and longing, and the kind. scattered again filled with one song of praise to God, who, out of his grace, The Lucknow Conference for 1911 had blest exceeding above all they had expected. An Executive Committee was ap- pointed at the Cairo Conference in The Holy Book in the Holy City 1906 to arrange for a second general missionary conference on behalf of the Says The Bible in the World: Mohammedan world at Lucknow in The Bible Society depot in J erusa- 1911. All the missionary societies at· lem is well situated, and inscribed with work in Lucknow heartily appro-ted of bold lettering in several languages in- this place for the gathering, and exdicating that the Scriptures may be tended a cordial invitation to the Comobtained within. Many visits are mittee. Steps are being taken to make made by the pilgrims to the depot, and the coming conference, both as rethey show great interest in the pur- gards its program and its personnel, chases they make there. Last Easter even stronger than the memorable one an attempt at colportage was made of Cairo. God has done great things among these visitors, who spend most for the Moslem world and is, through of their time lingering about the pre- His spirit, calling attention to this part cincts of the Russian and Greek of the great "Unfinished Task" as churches and other sacred shrines of never before. the city. Corporteur Segal was sent from Port Said to Jerusalem for this Special prayer is asked that the special work. He can speak 12 conference in 19II may mean much to languages-Arabic, Bulgarian, Croa- every mission and missionary at work tian, Dutch, English, French, German, among the followers of Mohammed, Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese, Ruma- and hasten the evangelization of the nian and Russian. For five weeks he Mohammedan world. went in and out among the pilgrims, offering the Word of Life. Over 730 A Christian Endeavor Convention in India volumes in various languages were sold during the period, and the pil- The representatives of 400 Christian grims seemed to attach a special value Endeavor Societies and over r6,000 to the precious Book which had been members from all parts of South India purchased in the Holy City. met September 26-28, at the historic missionary center of Ongole. Dele- INDIA gates from the south came 800 miles and from the north nearly 400 miles. How Dense the Darkness in India Four members of the Executive Com- mittee of the All India C. E. Union T,he "dense ignorance of India" is traveled from 1,000 to 1,500 miles to the subject of Rev. B. T. Bradley's attend this convention. Nearly 208 plea for a Christian college. "In Brit- delegates from outside Ongole were ish India only, in a total population of present-a' large number considering nearly 232,000,000 of people, 218,- the poverty of the Christian commu- 416,826 are totally illiterate. The nity and the distance they had to educational problem of the womanhood travel. The 535 Christian Endeavorers belonging to eight societies in Ongole welcomed these friends from a dis- of the Hindu of to-day, as compared tance, and at one of the meetings the with that of his forebears of a century attendance rose to over 1,000. ago. There has been a divorce going on between caste and religion, which the There ',vere important addresses in missionary of the twentieth century will three languages, English, Tamil and do well to recognize, Among the edu- Telugu, the languages of over 50,- cated Hindus it is hardly too much to 000,000 people. say that the relIgious aspect of caste has largely ceased to be operative. Five Bible classes were held each While the same can not be said of those day in three different languages, and uninfluenced by English education, yet were attended by over 200. in many parts of India the bond between religion and caste has been very greatly A great deal of enthusiasm was loosened, and while caste is still jealousaroused over the fact that the World's ly guarded, it is far more as a social Christian Endeavor Convention is to than as a religious system. These be held in India next year, November changes make it imperative for us to 23-25. This is the first time that such change our attitude toward the question a convention is to be held in a mis- of' caste, and distinguish between the sionary land. From now on Agra will real caste spirit with which we can make be the center of interest to all Endeav- no terms, and the social habits and cusorers, and all look forward to that time toms which are merely a stage in social as an opportunity of world-wide inspi- development, Already there are signs ration in the cause of Indian missions. that the time is coming when the accept- The new officers chosen for the ensu- ance of Christianity will neit involve that breach with the past which hitherto has ing two years are Dr. J. H. Wyckoff, been inevitable. There are cases, fairly president; Mr. J. P. Cotelingam, M.A., numerous in parts of the country, where treasurer; Flev. W. J. Hatch, secre- converts from the caste people live side by side with their Hindu neighbors, and tary, and Dr. Henry Huizinga, asso- others where they even live in the same ciate secretary: the former to represent house with their Hindu relatives. The the Tamil and Malayalam language breaking of caste may be necessary areas, the latter the Telugu and where the caste spirit is prominent, it Canarese. By thus dividing the sec- may be quite unnecessary where it is retarial work it is hoped that the move- absent. ment will be greatly strengthened, particularly in th,e northern part of South A Veteran Toiler Retiring India. The Christian World says: "India The best meeting of the convention loses a distinct personality by the rewas the one on top of Prayer Meetirig Hill, where 54 years ago Dr. and Mrs. tirement of Dr. G. H. Flouse, of ·Cal- Jewett and three Indian associates cutta. Forty-six years have passed prayed for God's blessing 'on the Te- since he entered upon his missionary lugu work. At that time there were career. He has rendered signal servno Christians: now in the one mission station of Ongole there are 25,000. ive by his literary, and especially his The occasion was rendered specially translation achievements. For a long unique by the fact that William Carey's great – grandson, William tinle he has been engaged upon the Carey, a missionary in Bengal, was revision of the Bengali Bible, a task there to tell the wonderful story of which fortunately he has just been the beginnings of English Missions in able to complete. Dr. Flouse is uni- India.-HENRY HC:IZINGA. versally acknowledged as one of the Caste Changing. if not Crumbling ablest Bengali scholars. His various publications have been most valuable Says a writer in London Missionary to educated Hindus. One of his tracts Chronicle: entitled 'Mohammed or Christ' circu- lated so widely and with such success In no respect has India changed more among the Mohammedans in Egypt, during the past century than in the posi- that an appeal was made by their tion which caste occupies in the thought leaders to Lord Cromer to stop its distribution, and it is honored with a place in their Index Expurgatorius. Dr. Flouse had hoped to remain longer at his post, but a sojourn in the hills whom he applied when the authorities failed to restore him to health." forbade his going to the Naga hills, sec- onded the refusal. Dr. Clark carried the .. The Sabbath Hush" in Burma matter to the Viceroy of India, and was again refused. W. Rittenhouse writes thus from Namkham: "Of all the public serv- Then without human authority he ices, by far the best is the informal went alone into the jungle and the gathering on Sunday afternoons, at mountains and spent a year in N aga vil- the home of one or another of the lage, living in a Naga house, eating Naga disciples. From the moment we set food, surrounded by the filthiest people out across the fields in the late after- of India, dirty, bloody, lousy, while he noon, accompanied by the school chil- learned the language. At the end of a dren in quiet groups of subdued con- year he reappeared in Sibsagor, was versation, till we bid them good-night joined by his wife, and took her with him at the door on our return, there is back. He built a large Naga house, and something beautiful about it all-the in it they lived twenty-five years. By quiet greetings as we gather at the the power of the cross the whole tribe house, the Oriental courtesy with have been lifted out of the depths of which we are ushered in and offered degradation, and hundreds have been seats upon the gay· mats about the converted, and are followers of Christ. smoldering hearth in the solemn dark- Seventy-six were baptized in a single ness, the mute curiosity of the neigh- year. A normal school and ten village bors, who follow us as far as the open schools assist the church in carrying on door and peer in as we squat cross- the work of enlightenment and grace. legged in a dim circle about the fire, the beam of dazzling light that falls The Tibetan Mission _upon the open Bible in the preacher's hands, the quiet dignity with which he The missionaries of the Foreign reads the passage by which you know he has felt the spell." Christian Missionary Society, who have been stationed for five years at The Gospel Eleve.ting Hume.nity Tachienlu, have moved to Batang, on the Tibetan border. Here a strong In a recent C7tristian Endeavor station is to be built up in order that World, Rev. Judson Kempton gives the missionaries may evangelize the several illustrations of the power of Tibetans for a radius of two hundred Christian teaching and examples to miles from Batang. This is one of the uplift and civilize and even refine the most remote mission stations in the very lowest and most bestial of the world. human species, with this as perhaps the most striking case: A Macedonian Cry from French Indo-China The Nagas are the most degraded of Amoilg the vast multitude of the in- all the Assam mountaineers. Their habitants of French Indo-China only name describes their condition. They one evangelical missionary society is were naked, often utterly so. They were at work beside the British and For- as filthy as they were nude, incrusted eign Bible Society. It is a little, inde- with dirt. Old men had never had their pendent French Mission, whose labor- faces washed. The Nagas, it was said, ers are preaching the Gospel to the were as far below the ordinary savage Laos in the western part of Annam. as the savage is below the white man. The sorrowful news has just come that And, bes·ides all this, they were the most on June 8, its chief missionary, Ga- cruel of all the fierce and heartless Mon- briel Comtesse, and his consecrated golian tribes, the most terrible Head- wife became the victims of the cruel Cutters. cholera within a few hours. Tho both had been in the field a comparatively Rev. E. W. Clark was the man on short time, the encouraging work whom Christ laid the mission of not rested mainly upon their shoulders, only preaching, but of living the Gospel and the little mission is greatly befor and among the N agas. reaved. Protestant missionaries are The chief commissioner of Assam, to difficult to find in France. Will our readers remember that work in French Indo-China in their prayers?

CHINA an official will be sent to inspect them. A Parliament for China Special instructions have been given Several deputations have been sent to the Tartar generals that all the to Peking from the provinces, says sons of the members of the Manchu The Chinese Recorder, to urge upon g~rrisons, as soon as they have atthe central government the importance tamed the age of eight years, must of fixing definitely upon the date for attend the elementary schools under the establishment of the promised par- pain of punishment. liament. Memorials have been sent from the gentry, literati and people How to Present Christianity of Kiangsu, Chekiang and Fokien provinces praying for an early grant- Mr. Deans, of Ichang, contributes 111g of a parliament. It is said that a ~aper of great importance to The the president of the censorate is un- ChInese Recorder. He sets himself favorable to the movement. The provincial assemblies are to be estab- to face the changed conditions of the lished within one year from date, 22 in all, and Chihli the largest with 140 missionary problem. Through the members. The total membership will be 1,677. A school is to be established whole ?f Asia, from Japan to Egypt, in Peking for the study of constitu- the:~ IS a ~ern:ent of thought and tionalism; that is, to train from among pohttcal aspIratIOn. How is Christhe sons of imperial clansmen a group of young men who understand the tianity to be presented to those Orienproblem of government. tal minds, awake and astir? Mere rail- Education to be Compulsory ing at. idolatry, in Mr. Deans' judg- The following instructions have ment, IS useless; or the mere iteration been issued in connection with the extension of educational facilities, and of conventional appeals, which make the more general use of the opportunities thus afforded: no attempt at conciliation and show no 1. Viceroys and governors are di- sen~e of the good in those systems rected to open at least a hundred preparatory schools in each provincial whIch have so long dominated the capital within twelve months, with a student roll of fifty children each. The Chinese mind. "Why is Christianity government will defray all expenses. better than other religions?" he asks. 2. Rich Chinese must in addition open as many schools as possible, and "It is better, not because the others establish educational societies in all districts to teach the benefit of educa- are all worthless and base, with no tion. tCruhtrhis,tiannoitgyoo~ldIsinupthewmhatbuist because 3. All boys over eight years of age lacking must go to school or their parents or relatives will be punished. If they magmfies what other religions have no relatives the officials will be have either thought of feebly or held responsible for their education. thought of not at all-fatherhood 4. All wealthy Chinese opening brotherhood, humanitarianism altru~ schools will be 'rewarded. ism, righteousness. In view' of the 5. Every prefecture must have forty changed problems, Mr. Deans pleads preparatory schools and every town or village one to two. for (1) a more satisfactory literature of apologetics, which will show that 6. The viceroys and governors must report the opening of the schools and C;hristianity is the crowning revela- tIon of God; (2) a better-prepared staff of native preachers; and (3) a courageous effort to reach the edu- cated and higher class of Chinese.

Cases of Consecration These are some of the results which ~ol1owed the revival a few months ago In and about Mukden, Manchuria: One woman made a vow to give the Lord two full days of service every week for the rest of her life, and another gave t~o dollars to buy books for inquirers, SlUce she could not speak to them her-

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 95

self. One poor man gave a dollar; an- gave me new heart. He make me love other, six; a third, five bushels of grain. good things-good people. I want to Many offered a tenth of their income to be all good-not bad at all."- the Lord. One man offered five hundred Congregationalist. strings of cash; another, the rent of two small houses. Salaries of helpers were Death of a Chinese Physician provided for; salaries were promised to new evangelists and pastors; and build- The Christian cause in China has ings were offered rent-free for church sustained a severe loss in the recent purposes. A young merchant tithed his death of Dr. Li Soh-tsing at Mokanproperty of $7,000, and divided seven shan. Dr. Li was a graduate of St. hundred dollars as follows: Men's hos- John's College and of the Imperial pital, $100; women's hospital, $100; mis- Medical College at Tientsin. After sionary and Bible Society, $100; educa- graduation he felt a clear call of God tion, $200; evangelistic agencies, $200. to leave his medical career and devote One poor man wrote a pathetic letter himself to evangelistic work, and for telling of the great blessing he had re- almost ten years he has been greatly ceived, lamenting the fact that he had used as a preacher and Bible teacher. practically nothing to offer God as an Christians of all classes and experiexpression of his gratitude, but begging ences were affected and uplifted by the church to pray the Lord graciously his teaching. There is hardly a misto accept what he could give-"a black sion station in Central China that has calf with a white stripe." Whatever not directly or indirectly felt the their wealth or their property, all were power of the messages that burned in eager to tl)ank God for His wonderful the heart of this man's evangel. goodness t" them. Several of the missionaries who spoke at the memorial service testified to ' the spiritual uplift they had received through Dr. Li.-The Chinese Re- A ClUqaman on .the New ~irth corder.

Dr. Ros.well D. Hitchcock once de- The First Patient in a Hospital scribed the Chinese "as a people so deficient in spirituality that they can Dr. Woodward, of the Protestant only be reached by the appeal of Episcopal Mission at Anking, China, ethical Christianity."· The best street describes the first patient received into the new mission hospital at that place. preaching I have heard this summer A Chinese beggar for several days has came from a Chinaman who had re- used the entrance portico of the hos- pital as a place of shelter from the cently passed through an intensely rain and keen autumn winds. He emotional experience,~,of the new birth. called after Dr. Woodward who was occupied with preparations for the He was one of a groUp of young peo- opening of the hospital. The doctor ple from Moody Church who were answered, "I have no money," and conducting a street meeting on was hurrying on when the beggar cried, "I do not want money; I want Chicago Avenue. Others spoke well; to be healed." The cry, eager and but this young man, with fewest words plaintive like the appeal of blind Bar- timeus, stopt the busy doctor and at his command, was richest in ideas made him look at that every-day specand in the passion of preaching. I tacle, a beggar lying on the cold pavecan only suggest the sermon: "God ment. This young man was not a in heaven-He make everything. He common beggar, his foot was badly crusht, and for clays he had been make sun, stars, moon, sky. He make waiting in the gateway for some one to notice his maimed condition and seas, lakes, trees, mountains. He take him into the hospital. His cry, make all animals, all kind plants. He make man. Many things which God made, not change. Stars-just the same. Trees-just the same. Flowers-the same to-day, to-morrow, the next day. Animals just the same ,in the beginning and now.

God made man. Man can change. Man-not the same to-day, to-mor- row. Last year I was bad man, do bad things, love bad places. This year-I-not the same man. God, he

"I want to be healed," was the magic Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free, word that in a moment opened to him circumcised, but Christ is all in all. the doors of the hospital, where he was the first patient to be treated and Japanese Christians as Legislators cured.-Indian Witness. The recent election ·in Japan re- KOREA sulted in the choice of about twice as many Christians to the house of rep- Co-operation in Korea resentatives as were ever before mem- bers of that body at the one time. Says Rev. H. G. Underwood in his Surely this is indicative of something. The Call of Korea: It is true that the number is only four- teen out of a total of 380, but this is A salient feature in missions has a larger percentage of Christians in been the cooperation between the the diet than prevails throughout the various bodies engaged. Almost im- whole country. There are about 150,- mediately on the arrival of each new 000 enrolled Christians in Japan out Presbyterian mission, advances were of the 50,000,000 population, or a made so that never could it be claimed Christian community of about twice that two Presbyterian churches were that, which would give about 6 Chrisworking separately in Korea, and to- tians to the 1,000, while in the house day, while there are four Presbyterian there are about 4 to the roo. And anboards, ecclesiastically they are one, other satisfactory feature of the sitand have just taken the first real uation is that some· of these Christian steps toward a self-governing, native legislators are among the most active church in the organization of a pres- and zealous of Japanese Christians. bytery for the Church of Jesus in Korea. AFRICA The two Methodist churches are The Methodists Enter North Africa also working in harmony and in theological instruction in one institution. Led by a succession of plain provi- A further step toward union has been dences, and after much careful desuccessfully made in some stations liberation, the Methodist Episcopal where the Presbyterians and Metho- Church has begun work in both dists have united in medical and edu- Algeria and Tunisia, with special recational work, and in the religious gard for the spiritual needs of the press. Moslem population. Says W orld- Wide Missions: Steps are also under way looking toward the establishment of a union The first man to be appointed to publishing-house. Some of us look this field was Dr. Friedrich Roesch, of forward to even more extended and Strassburg University, son of a Gerperfect union than this, and we hope man Methodist pastor, who is a that the forms and methods of mission specialist in languages. Our two Conwork, here described, will result in ferences in Germany are raising the our seeing, even during this genera- funds to found and equip a mission tion, the Hermit Nation Christianized, press so that in a few years we will a self-supporting and self-governing be able to print and manufacture Church of Korea. books in any language needed to reach the diverse populations of North I have a vision of Christian homes, Africa. Christian villages, Christian rulers, and a Christian government; and In Tunis, a city of 200~000 people, guiding and influencing it all, I see and the capital of Tunisia, we have an organized church, with a' compe- three workers, who have had years tent, well-trained, thoroughly conse- of experience in that field and mascrated native ministry-a united, non- tered the languages. In Algiers, the sectarian Church of Christ, where capital of Algeria, a city of 150,000, there are. neither Methodists, Presby- Miss Emily Smith and Miss Welch, terians, Episcopalians, Jew nor Greek,

19o5] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

have under their care 250 women and year 1492. They use the Spanish lan- girls, most of them Mohammedans .. In guage and the Spanish-Jewish dialect both these cities we have rented buIld- (Ladino). The other part consists of ings well suited to the various pha.ses the descendants of Jews who before, of missionary work that are bemg and at the time of the destruction of carried on. Jerusalem emigrated from Palestine Anniversary of the Methodist Episcopal and Egypt along the coast of the Med- iterranean and settled in Morocco. Church in Africa They use the Arabic language. All The celebration of the founding of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Jews are under the special protection of the Sultan, who places heavy taxes AB.frCicoa~, which occurred under Melville who was the first foreign mis- upon them and frequently grants them the privilege of lending to him large sionary of that church, has been set for January, 1909. As Cox was sent sums of money, which he never pays back. But in spite of the special proto that country in 1833, seventy-five years will be complete in 1908; but tection they are bitterly hated and subowing to the observance of 50 years jected to frequent cruel persecutions. They are obliged to wear a special cossince the beginning of the India Mis- tume, consisting of a black cap and a sion by Dr. William Butler .and of 400 black cloak, to go barefoot in the presyears of China under MorrIson, which was duly observed in that country by ence of Mohammedans, and to live in special quarters; called Mellah, in all the great China gathering, it is cities except Tangier. These Mellahs thought best now to settle the date for are overcrowded in an awful manner the beginning of Africa missions at the and therefore amazingly dirty and unabove date. sanitary. In the valleys of the Atlas Mr. Cox is known as the author of the saying, on the eve of his depart- l'vfountains, however, there are some towns almost exclusively inhabited by ure, "Tho a thousand fall let not Africa be given up." That sentence Jews. In spite of their sufferings and was worth going to Africa to indite. persecutions, the Jews in Morocco have the control of commerce, while This work now includes Funchal many of them are usurious moneywith Madeira in the northwest, lenders. the Portuguese in the territory of Angola under Bishop Taylor ~nd Sout~­ Among these Jews the missionaries east Africa under Dr. Richards m of the North Africa Mission (since 1883), of the Southern Morocco Mis- Rhodesia. We suppose that it will sion (since 1888), and of the Gospel soon embrace northern Africa also, Missionary Union (since 1895) have, Thus the planting of the mission at done occasior..al missionary work, Liberia was a much greater beginning while the English Presbyterians soon surrendered their work for Jews and than was expected. When follow- Mohammedans in Rabat to the Central Morocco Mission (in 1886). ing Cox the native Bishops Burns and The London Jewish Society has em- LReovbie rSt~so' ttsuacncdeedGeidlbebryt the visits of ployed a most successful laborer in Haven, it was Mogador since 1880. A number of years ago the Mildmay Mission to the considered doubtful if the mission Jews sent a couple of missionaries to would ever grow to anything. Africa is as sure to play its part as the prom- ises of God.

Missionary Work Among the Jews in Morocco to visit ,the Jews and distrib- Morocco ute New Testaments among them, but Morocco contains about 150,000 no permanent work was commenced, Jews among its five millions of inhab- until, in the spring of this year, Dr.

itants. One part of these Jews con- and Mrs. Goldstein were sent out to sists of the descendants of the Jews Tangier, where they have entered upon who were driven from Spain in the work among the Jews, who have suf-

fered very severely from persecution ceived the house could not hold the during the past year. people. Delegations came from congre- But while thus European Christians gations near and far: about fifty from are directing their attention to the Lam; twenty boys and young men Jews in Morocco, the European Jews from Efusok, over thirty men, women have also heard the complaining cry and children; " a striking company in of their brethren from the land where dress and personnel" from Mabumba, they are suffering so much from per- Bulu, a day's journey. Every shed was secution and war, and the Alliance put into requisition to house the people Israelite is planning work among them, and, as evidence of their progress, Rev.

which, tho chiefly educational and F. O. Emerson mentions that he re- benevolent, will bring them closer to ceived "not one request for food" and Judaism. no impropriety was committed by the throngs who looked on, tho not par- Medical Work at Omdurman ticipating in the Sacrament. The of- fering, that Sunday, was in the new The good work begun by the late Dr. Charley Hall, at Omdurman, has German money 77.50 marks ($19.37). been resumed, and is now in the capa- -Woman's Work. ble hands of Dr. Lasbrey, formerly of Cairo. Dr. Hall wrought under Reform in the Kongo State extreme disadvantages, the Sirdar for- The Belgium annexation of the bidding him to have intercourse with Kongo Free State transfers the con- any Mohammedan, even his own serv- trol of the Kongo State from King ant, on the subj ect of religion. None Leopold to the Belgium Government.

but Greeks or Armenians were to be A careful study of the conditions of spoken to on the subject of eternal the measures indicate that King Leo- life. He might do his very utmost to pold and his friends are not going to save a Mohammedan from physical relinquish their hold upon the country death, but he might not mention the only so far as they may be forced to Lord Jesus to him, on pain of imme- do so by the moral sentiment of the diate expulsion. It was a bitter grief governing powers and the enforce- to Dr. Hall, but he held on and prayed ment of the conditions of the treaty and prayed. At length, like Elmslie under which the Kongo State was put of Kashmir, he passed away as the under the control of the king. There morning of a new regime began to is no abolition of enforced labor. The dawn. Dr. Lasbrey works under Concessionary Companies will still somewhat better conditions. Schools hold a monopoly in a great part of the may be opened, where with the con- country. N a freedom of trade is sent of parents the great truths of granted, and the natives do not have the Gospel may be taught, and in the restored to them the land and its dispensary and hospital the name of products. It is probable that the pas- Christ may now be proclaimed. sage of the act of annexation would There is no ban now, we believe, as do little more than raise the Belgium in Dr. Hall's time, on conversation flag over the country, under which with an individual Mohammedan on many, if not all, former acts of cruel the subject of religion; but any open, administration would be continued.- public preaching to Mohammedans is The Missionary.

forbidden. The .. Healing Art" on the Kongo A New Church in Kamerun The following are two of the meth- A new church, seating nearly nine ods practised by native Kongo "doc- hundred, was dedicated this year at tors" for curing their patients. The MacLean Station, Kamerun. Lolodorf first kind of treatmellt is employed on Church, at this station, has doubled in the insane. The patient is securely a little over a year and at April Com- tied with cords and taken to the "doc- munion, when thirteen adults were re- tor," carrying on his head a lighted

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

stick and a fowl. The "doctor" takes says, "Almost daily heathen come and five twigs from five different trees, ask for baptism, so that I have already dips them in water, and repeatedly 41 catechumen. Upon an outstation strikes the patient with them, saying, we have opened a school which has in Kongo: "Evil spirit, come out of already I I young catechumen. Its su- him." He then takes the lighted stick perintendent is our native evangelist from the insane person's head and Joshua, who is most faithful in his plunges it in water, and as the fire work, altho he is forced to walk three goes out so the evil spirit goes out of hours to that school every day." the man. The "doctor" next takes the fowl, cuts off its head, and hangs its Forward Movement in Madagaacar body on a stick just outside the town near the roadside. This is a sacrificial The Paris Missionary Society has offering to propitiate the evil spirit decided to extend its work in northern that has been driven out of the man Madagascar in spite of difficulties and and to prevent it from entering him persecutions and in spite of the scar- again. After this ceremony is duly city of missionary workers. One of performed, the "doctor" cuts the cords the old missionaries has been ordered and hands the patient over to his to occupy Marowoay, a place in Boina, friends. If a madman runs "amok" and as soon as a laborer can be found his relatives are told, and if they do work will be started in the province not secure him he is killed. In old of Grande Terre, opposite the island times it was a common practise to of Nossi Be, on the northwest coast. kill off the insane not cured by the Thus will be opened to missionary above treatment. work a wide territory which has been utterly neglected by Protestants and in Progress in German East Africa which even the Roman Catholics have few, widely scattered posts. The missionaries of the Berlin Mis- sionary Society are sending encoura- ISLANDS OF THE SEA ging tidings home. In German East Africa a new station has been opened. A Hawaiian Commemoration Altho the first station in the country of the Condes, on the northern end of One of the great scenes of mission- L<I.ke Nyasa, was founded only in ary history represented at the histor- 1891, there are now 18 stations with ical pageants in London was the de- 26 European missionaries. The Gos- fiance of the gods of her childhood at pel is being preached in four different the crater of the great Hawaiian vol- languages and 1,382 black heathen cano by Queen Kapiolani. It was a have been baptized within 17 years. The good thought to hold a commemora- new station is situated in Sanguland, tion of the scene at the place of its west of Heheland, which had been vis- occurrence, and this was made more ited years before, but had not been impressive by the fact that Kilauea is found ready to receive the gospel. Now now in active eruption. A company the king has permitted the opening of 120 gathered at the margin of the of a station, tho he did not want it crater and there Mr. Frank W. Da- close to his own home and assigned mon, the originator of the plan, told for it a lot which is said to be exposed. of Queen Kapiolani's renunciation of to annual inundations. But the mis- Pele and confession of Jehovah, read- sionaries have gone to work in spite ing a translation of her words: of these difficulties and have built a few houses and a small chapel. Pete here are your obelos. I cast some to you, some I also eat. Jehovah From Emangweni, Natal Colony, is my God. He kindled these fires. I where the missionaries are at work fear not Pele. If I perish by the anger among the Zulus, one of the mission- of Pele, then you (the assembled multi- .aries writes of a great revival. He tude of Hawaiians trembling at her au- dacity) may fear the power of Pele. But if I trust in Jehovah and He should save me from Pele, when I break through her tabu, then you must fear and serve the

Lord Jehovah. All the gods of Hawaii OBITUARY are vain. Great is His goodness in send- ing teachers to turn us from these vani- Dr. Hiram Bingham of the Gilbert Islands ties to the Living God and the way of righteousness. Those who have known of the splen- did sacrifice and efficient work of The missionary problems of Hawaii Rev. Hiram Bingham, M.D., as well ate no less difficult and pressing than as those who met him at the Ameri- they were in the early days. But if can Board meetings in Brooklyn and there is hope that the new comers may his closer friends will be saddened to be Christianized, it rests upon the work learn of his death, on October 25, after which the pioneers of missions did in a surgical operation at Johns Hopkins the old days and success will be built Hospital, Baltimore. upon the foundations which they laid for all time to come.-The Congrega- Dr. Bingham was ill when he was tionalist. summoned two months ago from Hon- olulu by the Prudential Committee to MISCELLANEOUS correct proofs of his "Commentary of the New Testament in the Gilbertese Wh,.. Native Agents Are a Necessity Language."

Says the missionary organ of the He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii Church of Scotland: Islands, August 16, 1831, where his parents were missionaries. He came The future of our missions is con- to America and entered Yale Universtantly engaging anxiety. It is evident sity, from which he was graduated in that it would be useless and grotesque 18S3. After being ordained two years to attempt to reproduce in Eastern lands later, he returned to the islands to take the exact conditions of Scotland. There up his father's work. is another consideration. From the most practical of all considerations, that of In 18S6, after his marriage Mr. cost, the encouragement of work through Bingham became captain of the Amerinative agents is advocated by that eminent can Foreign Mission Board's missionmissionary, Archdeacon Moule. "We ary vessel "Morning Star," and the find," he says, "that as nearly as possible bridal couple went to the Gilbert Isleach European costs £200 and each Chi- ands, where Dr. Bingham and his wife nese £20 to the society. If Chinese were left with the savage natives. Unlaborers under proper supervision by til five years ago, when Mrs. Bingham Europeans and their own countrymen died, he spent the greater part of every make effective mission-workers, we are year with these savages. bound to use the money which God gives us in the way in which it will go farthest, Dr. Bingham published a Gilbertese and pause before we let go that which dictionary and translated several of the it has taken years to build up, even to well-known English works into the its present condition-a trained native language of the natives. agency." R. C. Morgan, of London The Chriatian's Revised Grammar The death of the able and conse- Bishop Taylor Smith, on one oc- crated editor of The Christian (Loncasion, gave a lesson in grammar at don), brings sorrow to a world-wide Cambridge. He said : "We have circle of friends and will be a deeply learned to say, 'First person, I; second felt loss in British philanthropic and person, thou; third person, he.' But religious work. that is wrong-so wrong indeed, that to put it right one has to turn it quite Richard Cope Morgan was born upside down. The Christian's gram- May 13,' 1827, and died on October mar is, 'First person, he; second 29, 1908. For nearly fifty years he person, thou; third person, LAnd was editor of The Christian and in "He" means God, the First Person many circles was active in work for in the first place. And "thou" means the Master. my fellow man. And "I," myself comes last.' "-East and West. FOR THE MISSIQNARY LIBRARY CHRISTIAN SANITY. By A. T. Schofield, service, thought and word, and enjoin M.D. A. C. Armstrong & Son, N. Y. it to the end. Then he examines all four kindred words, enjoining virtues The well-known author of such akin to sanity, and so at last presents works as "The Unconscious Mind" the full teaching of the New Testais no stranger to intelligent and ment by a simple diagram, where santhoughtful readers on both sides of ity is central, and gentleness, self-conthe sea. One of the greatest special- trol, sobriety and soundness, are subists on neurotic diseases, and one of ordinate and germane. Such methods the most widely read and cultured of of Scripture study inspire confidence. men, he adds to all the rest the simple faith of a loyal and devout Chris- After thus carefully showing what tian believer. As we carefully exam- are the teachings of the Bible on ine this book, we know not which Christianity, he gives the middle impresses us the more-his mastery of section of his book to the application, medical and psychical subjects or his and discusses sanity in childhood and mastery and analytical exegesis of youth; in revivals, conventions and Holy Scripture. He seems as apt in missions; and in the so-called higher theological discrimination as in scien- life. Then follows a chapter on the tific investigation. wiles of the devil, and another, from a medical standpoint. But most of all does this book impress the reader with the writer's We unhesitatingly recommend this common sense. His subject is "Chris- book to all who love the truth and tian Sanity," and his treatment illus- wish to avoid religious excesses and trates it. He discusses extravagances snares. Incidentally the hints on child without once being extravagant, and nature and training and the nurture extremes without running to an and admonition of the Lord, are inextreme. There is a thoroughness of valuable; and the clear discrimination discussion combined with an empirical between the genuine and the spurious impartiality and judicia,l calmness in the manifestahons of the spirit is and equity. His final appeal is always just what is needed in this day. And to the Word of God; but, inasmuch as withal the book has not an offensive misquoted and misapplied Scripture word, but is as abundant in charity as may be used as a buttress to any it is prolific in suggestion and sagawrong doctrine or mischievous prac- cious in judgment. tise, he first searches for the exact meaning of words, then gets what INDIA-ITS LIFE AND THOUGHT. By John light he can from the context, then P. Jones. Illustrated. 8vo, 448 pp. collates and compares different pas- $2.00 net. The Macmillan Co., New sages containing the same central York. 1908. word, and so not only analytically but synthetically reaches conclusions which India, the land of philosophies, is a are doubly safe and sane. land of enigmas to the westerner. Re- ligion and immorality go hand in hand. For example, on pages 20-31, he Three hundred millions are governed cites the twelve instances in the New by a few thousand British officers. Testament in which the one word Dr. Jones has lived in India long "only" which, with its five derivatives, enough to interpret some of the enigis used to denote soundness of mind; he mas to western minds. He has studexamines each of these texts separate- ied the people and their religions and ly and shows how, taken jointly, they is already well known from his ad- dresses and from his former book enjoin Christian sanity upon young "India's Problem.". men, young women, married women, mothers, and old men; and enjoins this The present volume takes up in turn soundness in conduct, office, mind, India's Unrest, India's Faiths, India's Caste System, India's Sacred Books, India's Religious Customs and Ideals,. the book will be to give glimpses of India's Pessimism, Modern Religious heathen conditions and Christian mis- Movements in India and the Progress sians in lands without the Gospel.

of Christianity. The topics are briefly OVERWEIGHTS OF JOY. By Amy Wilson but clearly treated. The chief causes of Carmichael. Illustrated. 8vo, 290 pp. the unrest Dr. Jones believes to be the awakening due to Japan's victory over 2S, 6d. Morgan and Scott, LONdon. Russia and the natural result of $I.OO net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, 1908.

education in modern western ideals. We weleome these less expensive As to the Progress of Christianity editions of Miss Carmichael's fascina- in India Dr. Jones acknowledges the ting descriptions of the brighter side comparative meagerness of results, of missionary life in India. No writer since the Protestant community, at has more charm of style or speaks present is only one-three-hundredth more to the heart than this author.

part of the population. He fully be- Those who have not read the book lieves, however, in the ultimate triumph have a treat in store and they should of Christianity in India. Hinduism is be ready to do more for India after being undermined and there is an accu- reading these chapters, that give us a mulation of forces and spiritual powers vivid glimpse of the need and the joy- that will work wonders in the future ful results of bringing the Gospel of religious development of the land. Dr. Christ to the women and children of Jones also looks for an Oriental type Southern India.

of Christianity as the final result in GRENFELL OF LABRADOR. By Rev. James Johnston. I2mo, 192 pp. Is,6d. S. W . India-a type influenced by Hindu . pantheism in the conception of God Partride & Co., London. 1908.

but without the western ecclesiasti- The hero of Labrador is well known cism. He believes that the future bat- in America and England. He is still tle-cry of the Church will increasingly living and fulsome praise is unbecomemphasize the universal kingdom of ing, but his life in the service of God God. and man on the bleak Labrador coast Few volumes contain such a succinct is counting for the Kingdom in meetand clear statement of the conditions, ing the bodily and spiritual needs of progress and outlook in India. men. Dr. Grenfell's life is one filled THE FAMINE AND THE BREAD. Howard with thrilling adventure and will be Agnew Johnston. Illustrated. I2mo, v,releomed not only for its passing in- I46 pp. $1.00. Y. M. C. A. Press, terest, but because of the picture it New York. 1908. gives of a man who counts not his Tours of the Asiatic mission fields life dear unto himself but only to be have resulted in many volumes of used for his fellow men.

varying merit. Dr. Johnston had un- BISHOP HANNINGTON and the story of the usual facilities for seeing the mission- UGANDA MISSION. By W. Grinton aries and their work. He has not, Berry. Illustrated. I2mo, 208 pp.

however, given us the results of his $1.00 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New deeper studies but a volume of experi- York. 1908.

ences, anecdotes and observations One of the most fascinating books which show the need of Asiatic men, for young people is Bishop Hanning- women and children for the Bread of ton's volume of letters to his nephews Heaven and the hungry eagerness in England. It is entitled: "Peril and with which some are receiving it. Adventure in Central Africa," but un- These stories are exceptionally read- fortunately has not been published or able and the book is attractively illus- widely sold in America. Mr. Berry trated. A series of questions in the has made good use of a large number back are intended for use in study of these racy letters and we regret that classes, but the greatest usefulness of he could not also reproduce more of

THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY

the humorous illustrations that accom- Mr. Milligan was formerly a mis- panied them. sionary in West African Coastland The story of "Mad Jim," the Eng- where he lived for seven years among lish schooy-boy who became the mar- the Fang tribe of the French Kongo tyr Bishop of Uganda, is of rare in- country. His book describes experien- terest and one can scarcely fail to be ces of travel, adventures in the jun- greatly inspired and uplifted by this gles, characteristics of the country and story of struggle, consecration, adven- people; he gives many of the legends ture and Christian heroism. It is a and beliefs of the people and tells book that boys and girls will enjoy something of the missionary work in tho it is not written primarily for which the author was engaged. He youthful readers. Few books give a has an interesting style, tho somewhat more vivid picture of the experiences egotistical, and his statements and of a pioneer missionary who was a views may generally be accepted as man, with human interest and abound- reliable tho his time in the country was ing humor, and a Christian with noble brief compared with such veterans as joyous self-sacrifice and spiritual aims. Dr. Nassau. The book reveals the PRESENT DAY CONDITIONS IN CHINA. I2mo, great need of these Africans for 58 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Soc, net. the Gospel of Christ and with the Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. glorious results of faithful missionary 1908. work.

This is a collection of charts and maps with notes to show what is the DESERT, MOUNTAIN AND ISLAND. By Von Ogden Vogt. Illustrated. Pamphlet. present moral and spiritual condition Presbyterian Board of Home Missions. of the Chinese Empire and what are New York. 1908. its claims on the Christian Church. It is a forceful and graphic presentation These are studies on Indians of of these claims. Maps of the prov- Arizona, New Mexico and Porto Rico inces show the towns and mission sta- as seen in the travels of the Young tions and the contrast with England in People's secretary. Mr. Vogt ts area, population and supply of Chris- graphic and forceful. The studies are tian workers. The reform movement, to be commended to Young People's and the spirit of nationalism are bear- societies.

ing China onward but there are dis- THE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE. By Rev. turbing elements and dangers which Edwin Munsell Bliss, D.D. I2mo, 406 can only be overcome by the influence pp. $1.25 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., of Christian teaching and the Spirit- New York, 1908.

filled lives of men and women who There are other histories of missions seek "not to be ministered unto but to but none more comprehensive and < minister." careful than this revised and enlarged THE JUNGLE FOLK OF AFRICA. By Robert edition of "The Concise History of H. Milligan. Illustrated. 12mo, 380 Missions." Dr. Bliss has divided his volume into two parts, the first de- pp. $1.50 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., scribing the progress of the missionary New York. 1908.

Africa, the once impenetrable and campaign from Christ to the present mysterious land of desert, mountain, and the second telling the story of swamp and jungle, is fa5t becoming expansion in each separate country.

explored and exposed to the gaze of The most valuable characteristic of the world. Every traveler and mis- the work is its condensed and orderly sionary sees the opportunity to tell to arrangement of facts. If there are an interested audience stories of igno- errors of statement, it is not surprizing rance, degradation, cruelty and weird when one considers the immense customs which he has witnessed or amount of information in the book, heard about. Still the field is unex- but the errors are few and compara- hausted. tively unimportant. Dr. Bliss' work

furnishes an excellent source of supply held in Cairo in I9<J6 to consider the for the main facts in sermons and other missionary addresses. problems of work in Moslem lands. The general survey of the situation in THE MOSLEM WORLD. By Samuel M. the Moslem world given at Cairo was Zwemer. umo, 239 pp. 50 cents. published in a series of papers under Young People's Missionary Movement, the title of "The Mohammedan World New York. 1908. of To-day," and this book has had a large sale. The second volume of the Dr. Zwemer is an authority on Mo- Cairo Conference papers was printed hammedanism, its virtues and failings, for private circulation only, but can its history, followers and missions. now be purchased by all who desire This volume is a brief presentation it from Fleming H. Revell & Company, of the subject of his work on "Islam" New York, for $1.00 net. It is enpublished by the Student Volunteers. titled "Methods of Mission Work in It is illustrated and adapted for use Moslem Lands," and contains: in study classes. A reader can not fail to be interested in the description Relation of Missions to Moslems and Missions of the great Arabian prophet, and the history of his religion. One is imprest to Pagans, Dr. J. A. Lepsius. with the physical power of Islam, but the lack of spiritual power to regen- R:;.oW.toG;}d~~. and Teach Illiterate Moslems, erate individuals or nations. The chronological table of historical events Work Among Illiterate Moslems Rev T in the history of Islam and the lists Grahame Bailey, B.D. of missionary societies to Moslems J' • and of books on the Moslem world are especially valuable for reference. Work Among Educated Moslems in CMai.roThRorenv: W. H. T. Gardiner, B.A., and Rev. D. ADVENTURES WITH FOUR-FOOTED FOLK. By ton, M.A. Belle M. Brain. Illustrated. 8vo, 200 .pp. $1.00 net. Fleming H. Revell Co. Literature for Moslems, Rev. W. St. Clair Tis- 1905. dall, D.D.

A book of missionary animal .Medical Missions, by Various Medical Mission· stories is sure of a welcome among arIes. young people and those who seek to interest and teach them. Here they :W-0men's Work, by Various Women Missionare-snakes and tigers, lions and leop- arIes. ards, elephants and dogs and smaller animals, in their adventures with men Converts and Backsliders. Rev John Van Ess and women in Africa's jungles and India's plains. Miss Brain makes the Conditions of Baptism, Rev. H. ·R. Jessup, D.D: statement that in all her missionary reading she has never discovered a . How to Win Moslem j{aces, Rev. G. F. Hercase where a missionary has met death rIck, D.D. from a venemous reptile or wild animal. It is a wonderful indication of Presentation of Christian Doctrine. Rev. W. God's care. of his servants. There will Hooper, D.D. be no difficulty in inducing boys and girls to read this book. Sh~dd:roversy in All Its Bearings, Rev. W. A.

THE CAIRO CONFERENCE REPORTS Di~t~s~eed for Prayer and Sacrifice, Rev. W.

Before the new era of liberty in Preparatio1}- of Workers for Work Among Mos- Turkey it was thought necessary to ~ettaJo~~. RIght Rev. G. A. Lefroy, D.D., Bishop observe secrecy in regard to the proceedings of the Missionary Conference The Student Movement and Islam, Rev. S. M. Zwemer, D.D.

These papers will be of special in- terest this year when so many are studying the Moslem world.

NEW BOOKS THE FAMINE AND THE BREAD. By Rev. Howard Agnew johnston. I2mo, 156 pp. Illustrated. Soc. Y. M. C. A. Press, New York. 1908.

OVERWEIGHTS OF JOY. By Amy Wilson Carmichael. I2mo, 300 pp. New edi- tion. Illustrated. 2S, 6d, net. Morgan & Scott, London. 1908.

THE HIGHWAY IN THE WILDERNESS. Il- lustrated Report of the British and foreign Bible Society. London. 1908. THE SIFTING OF PHILIP. By Everett T. Tomlinson. 12mo. 297 pp. $1.25. Ameri- can Baptist Publication Society, Phila- delphia. 1908.

The Missionary Review of the World — July 1908

WANTED-MEN AND

(GRADUATES OF COLL.EGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS) Unique and Strategic Opportunities for the Investment of Life in the Awakening Orient ROOM FOR EVERY KIND OF TALENT AND FOR SELr-DENYlNG CHRIST-LIKE SERVICE MEN ORDAINED PREACHERS 3 for Africa 2 for Asia MInor 2 for Ceylon ) for Frana! 5 for Mexito 1 for Porto Rito 1 for Albania 8 for India I for Natal 1for saIonka 1 for Arabia I for Assam 22 for China 1 for Japan 12forHorea 4 for Phillipines 3 for Burma 1 for Cuba 1 for Phillippines I for Siam TEACHERS 2 for Afrita 1 for Burma 4 for China 5 for Constantinople 2 for India J for Natal 2 for Africa 8 for China PHYSICIANS 1 forJapan 2 for Horea 1 Cor Mexico 1 for Iodia J for Navajo Indians 3 for VariOlls Fields MISCELLANEOUS 1 Pradical Farmer for Mrica 3 General Missionaries (married) for Alaska 1 Steamboat Engineer {or Mrica I General Missionary for Panama Canal Zone I Industrial Superintendent (ordained man) Cor Asia Minor 2 General Missionaries for Porto Rico I Industrial S~perinteIldent f(l1' India 14 General Missionaries for India .1 Sunday School Superintendent for India 2 General Missionaries (married) for Africa WO.MEN TEACHERS PHYSICIANS MISCELLANEOUS 2 for Arabia afor.Chlna 2 for China 3 for General Missionary Work in China 1 for India I for India 1for General Missionary Work in India 1Cor South Mrica J for General Missionary Work in Japan 1 for Spain NURSES 11 for General MissionaryWork 3 for Tu,rkey I for China 6 Kindergartners 2 for India ) MlISle Teacher 3 Bible Teachers Names and addresses of persons who l1).ay be qualified for any of these positions will be gratefully received. Fur.ther information may be found in the February number of The Intercq!legian or will be fut:nished upon application to s. M. Zwemet, Candidate Sec'y, Student Volunteer Movement 3 West 29th Street New York City

POSTERS

An Interesting Illustration of Modern Missionary Enterprise These posters were issued by the Student Volunteer Movement. They are printed in large sizes-I8 x 24 inches-and were sent out to every college> . and professional school in the United States and Canada. Already many responses have come in to the Secretary.

The Movement also sent circulars which called for men and women as follows: IMPORTANT POSTS TO BE FILLED IMMEDIATELY Information concerning the positions on the Mission field which represents those Boards whose needs we know may be secured by writing to the Secretaries. Qualified volunteers and all who are eager to investigate these opportunities should write at once, giving preference to their own denomination.

Such an array of immediate needs for fields where the opportunities are unprecedented is surely a caIl for prayer. As Professor Warnecke wrote to the Liverpool Student Volunteer Conference: "Let us pray not merely for more missionaries, but above all for suitable missionaries-men mature enough to face the increased tasks. We need in the mission field men and women who posse~s Christian characters, firmly grounded in the faith, established in love, exemplary in their Jife and tried in patience, as well as fitted with natural gifts and sterling education. authorities by dint of spiritual superiority and educators by dint of pedagogic wisdom."

Such ,men and women the Boards eagerly desire, and they will be appointed if they apply.

<The 8Jlissionary CJ(eview

of the World VOL. XXXI. NO.7 JULY, 1908 VOL. XXI. NO.7 Old Series New Series PulJhsned lIy Funk & Tagnalls Company, "'-1-60 E. 23d St., N.Y. baae K. Funk, Pres., A. W. Wagnalls, "VIce-Pres. antI Treas., Rob!. Scott, See'y SIGNS OF THE TIMES SUPPRESSION OF ANARCHY given birth to organizations whose weapon was violence and whose meth- One sign of the growing public con- ods were lawless, fhat it is not for viction that the protection of society us to judge Russia nor even Haiti too demands repressive measures toward severely. Our outbreaks of lawlessthose that defy law and authority is ness may not, as yet, seriously have the felt necessity for exclusion from disturbed government; but they have the mails of a newspaper published in often destroyed personal liberty for New Jersey, which openly advocates many citizens, and put unlawful force violence; and not a few others will in the place of lawful rule. Here probably be similarly prevented from again the final remedy is a Christian spreading their sentiments. Free speech is a precious heritage of free- civilization. "Justice to every man, dam; but there is always a distinction between liberty and license. A man secured to him not because he shoots can not claim liberty to strike others, the officer who, he thinks, deprives him and even the blows of the tongue may of it, but because the individual right be murderous in spirit and tendency. of each is considered and provided for We regard this whole question as one in the prevailing law, can be founded of the gravest practical problems of the only on the principles of the Gospel day. It has long been a question how of Christ. We shall not have estabfar even the records of crimes of vio- lished peace and prosperity until we lence may unconsciously lead the weak are in truth a Christian nation." and impressible reader to a similar course of crime. THE OUTLOOK IN THE PACIFIC Meanwhile a recent outbreak of a The outlook in the Islands of the singular sort indicates how men are Pacific is tersely put by a writer in a recklessly resorting to acts of violence, recent number of the Australian M ethwhenever they feel their own advan- odist Missionary Review. The South tage imperiled. This is shown by the Pacific Ocean is no longer dotted over anarchistic state of affairs in Kentucky, with unknown islands and islets, for where property has been wantonly de- the white man has discovered their stroyed by "night-riders," and many wealth, and everywhere ships, large lives endangered by reckless violence, and small, go to and fro laden with because of dissatisfaction concerning the products of the tropics, to return the regulations affecting the sale of to- in due course laden with the products bacco. America has so frequently of civilization. In the islands them- selves strong governments have as- sumed control, peace is enforced, say· age customs can no longer be indulged been erected in San Francisco. The in with impunity, and all the conve- number of Hindus in America has been niences and helps of civilization are increasing since I900, and there are now being exhibited to the wondering peo- seventeen Hindu students in the Uni- ple. Quick means of transit in steam- versity of California alone. A monthly ers and motor launches, rapid means organ of the Vedantic philosophers, the of communication in telephone and tel- Vedanta, is published in New York.

egraph, are all having their effect on According to the Vedas, the Hindus the native mind in all our missions. can claim the earth. The San Fran- If we would see these people keep cisco temple was dedicated April 5th, pace mentally and spiritually with "to the service of all religions under their new environment, and so fortify, the auspices of the Rama-Krishna them against the inrush of strong Mission, Belur Math, Calcutta, India."

temptation, we must thoroughly equip The temple is a conglomerate of va- our missionaries for the rapid execu- rious styles of architecture, including tion of their various duties. There the Taj Mahal, the temples of Be- must be more literature for the peo- nares, temple of Siva, the temple Gar- ple, a better-educated staff of teach- den of Dakshmeswar, and old castles ers, a closer supervision, the estab- of Europe! All is supposed to be sym- lishment of industrial colleges, and in bolical including all countries and all every Way we must seek to uplift men- religions. Men and women who op- tally and spiritually these children of pose foreign missions in favor of those ages of darkness and ignorance. To at home may soon have a combination this great and Christlike task the that will call forth all their powers and Church must address herself with all teach them that "the field is the her powers. The King's business in world."

this matter requireth haste, ane! delay THE EUROPEAN INVASION OF means much loss both to the Church AMERICA and to the more advanced people in these Pacific Islands. Millions are coming to America every year to find life temporal. They THE HEATHEN INVASION OF offer an unparalleled opportunity to AMERICA show them also the way of life eter- There are said to be over forty nal.

heathen temples in the United States, Missionaries speaking in the aggre- burning incense to foreign divinities. gate twenty-three languages have been The Moslem call to prayer has been in the employ of the Chicago Tract sounded in Union Square, New York. Society during the past year. New de- The Babists and Bahaists hold their partments of work have been organ- meetings regularly in several cities, ized for the Finlanders, the Greeks, Hindu Swamis hold parlor meetings the Ruthenians, and the Bulgarians, for the effete rich, Buddhists have and the society has been doing pioneer their shrine in California, and Confu- work for many years among the Slavic cianists propose to build a temple in immigrants. Missionaries of all de- Chinatown, New York. Now the first nominations have been aided with do- Hindu temple in the United States has nations, and over 2,IOO,000 pages of

SIGNS OF THE

Christian literature have been used for guage of their birth, in night schools, this purpose through several hundred preaching services, prayer-meetings, Christian workers. The regularly em- through social calls, and the like. The ployed missionaries of the society vis- Connecticut Missionary Society renited over 81,000 homes during 1907, ders essential service, cooperating with and circulated Bibles, Testaments, and the various churches of the city, but Christian literature in thirty-three lan- with the South Congregational Church guages to the extent of over 40,500 quite prominent. volumes.· All the principal Slavic settlements in the Central Western States Of the Persian-Assyrians the pashave been visited frequently, and in tor, Rev. O. S. Davis, says: "These several of them the work has taken people come from near U rumia, among permanent form. the Nestorians. They possess the old Syriac Bible in a different dialect from Rev. Dr. Jesse W. Brooks, the sec- their spoken speech. They live by retary of the society, believes that themselves, and are best reached in "this work is going to the very root connection with their eating clubs. We of the greatest problem with which have organized a brotherhood, and our American civilization has to deal," speak to them wholly through an interand urges that nowhere in the great preter. One day he was absent, and world-field is there larger need of we found a newsboy who translated Christian 'service than among these ex- from English into Turkish, and anceptional classes who are crowded to- other member was able to turn those gether in the foreign districts of our phrases into Syriac. Our Chinese are great cItIes. He says that while the very faithful and appreciative. On work is essentially foreign mission the Fourth of July they set off a bunch work, it is supported at a quarter the of fire-crackers, numbering over 80,- expense that would be incurred if it 000, in front of their teacher to show were done in foreign lands. their gratitude for her services."

" NEIGHBOR " TO THE " STRANGEP.. " THE Y. M. C. A. AND THE FOREIGNERS New Britain, Conn, is a manufac- The Pennsylvania State Committee turing city of about 40,000 inhabitants, of the Young Men's Christian Assoof whom four out of every five are ciation is energetically taking up the children of foreign parents; that is, problem of reaching the foreigners. only about 8,000 are of American Professor E. A. Steiner is to have a stock. The men are mostly wage- party of six young men with him in earners. In The Congregationalist of Europe this summer to study the emi- gration field in Southeastern Europe. recent date Rev. J. L. Sewall, under They will then return prepared to study the situation at home. Pennsylthe general title of "The Advance of vania has now about one million forthe New NeighborIiness," tells some- eign-born inhabitants, for the most thing of the social, educational, and part Catholic and Jewish, and ignorant religious work done in behalf of these in mind but strong in body. comers from distant lands, embracing Germans, Swedes, Norwegians, In many communities these people Poles, Slovaks, Italians, Spaniards, have been under the sway of dema- Syrians, Persians, etc. So far as pos- gogues or vicious bosses of one kind sible they are ministered to in the lari-

and another, and have lived amid cor- "They are banded together in a rupting moral and unsatisfactory re- league, and stand for: Separation from ligious influences. Rome; establishment on the basis of the Gospel; absolute independence to The plan of campaign is now to be the right of each Church, yet fedobtain a thorough knowledge of these eration of all; election of trustees by people and train a leader who can and of their own associations only; make a specialty of work among for- perfect liberty as to Rome's dogmas, eigners; to educate American citizens and substitution of French for Latin to the conditions, needs, and possibili- in public worship; loyalty to the Reties of these incoming millions; to public." form classes for teaching English and other branches, and to train young REMONSTRANCES AGAINST men for special work among "our for- GAMBLING eign brothers." It is a great victory for law and INDEPENDENT CATHOLICS IN order that the Anti-race-track Gam- FRANCE bling Bill, so strenuously advocated by Governor Hughes of New York, has The movement among independent passed the Legislature and is now a Catholics in France is making rapid law. It now remains for the law to progress and shows that a great be enforced. change has taken place. The people are coming to look more favorably on In America, until recently, men forthe separation of Church and State, feited no esteem by high play. That and while they have little conception era has e::ded. The law, supported by of what real Christianity is, many of public sentiment, caused the "gambling them are not satisfied with unbelief and king" to offer for sale his $800,000 listen readily to the Gospel. The fol- hell at Saratoga. A house in New lowing encouraging statements appear York that cost almost as much to in a contemporary: build and decorate has been unoccu- pied for two years. Richard Canfield, "Three years ago some hundreds of the companion of men of wealth and priests, through reading the New Tes- culture, is an outcast, so, at least, says tament, formed a combination with a a paragraph in one of the leading view to establishing themselves and daily journals. their congregatiEms on new lines separate from Rome. M. Meillon, the When Rev. E. A. French, at converted priest and the head of the Paris Mission of Protestants Converts, Brighton, England, spoke on "Gamwas selected as their leader and en- bling in the Home" recently, he tered fully into the spirit of the move- backed up his remonstrances by an ment. array of valuable testimony. Camp- bell-Bannerman's message was that "The claims of 300 priests, and 300 gambling and drink are the two greatcongregations willing to be led, came est curses of modern society; Lord so powerfully upon him that he has Hugh Cecil, that it is one of the most resigned the charge of the Paris office; serious evils of the time; John Burns, and has consecrated his talents to these C. B. Fry, Sir Oliver Lodge, and 300 congregations called by govern- others exprest equally strong disapment 'Associations cultuelles.' probation.

PLOTTING AT THE

EDITORIAL Charity and candor can not conflict; essary he so far kept to the ipsis- "truthing in love" is a scriptural sima verba of the author as not to supply even insignificant connectives. maxim.* Brotherhood, however in- The pains taken to get at the exact facts may be seen in the author's clusive, must not fence out honest dis- mastery of such foreign tongues as cussion and exposure of existing evils. were necessary for the consultation To arraign Romanism, as a system, of all contemporary documents, in the is not necessarily to accuse Christian original, that his work might be a brethren; for many signs indicate that repertory of full information, either the Vatican is not so much the vicar- by entire transcription or by full quoage of a church's head pastor as the tation; and he gave to the preparation palace of a supreme ruler, and that of his manuscript a quarter century Rome stands for a great system, in of his ripest years. which the political element prevails over the ecclesiastical, not so much A careful and repeated reading a state church as a church state. leaves the conviction 'that no one vol- ume so floods with light many matters The revered author of "The Tongue of our time most urgently and imof Fire"-one of the most quickening peratively important. Here is revealed books of the last century-left, as his a deliberate program of procedure, last work, a voluminous treatise of 750 framed nearly forty years ago, and pages, and over 400,ooc) words, which consistently carried out to this day-a he boldly entitles "The History of a forecast of which current history is a Movement to Make the Pope Governor fulfilment; and, if results have not of the World, by a Universal Recon- been as favorable as was hoped, it has struction of Society, from the Issue been because there is One who can of the Syllabus to the Close of the turn the counsel of the Romish Ahith- Vatican Council." Competent judges opel into foolishness; and, as in the pronounce this posthumous work the days of Esther, divine Providence, in most comprehensive and convincing its mystery and mastery of other unveiling of a political plot at the and higher plans, by a counterplot Vatican that has ever yet appeared; turns the Vatican plot "to the conand its positions are singularly con- trarY."* The conspirators at Rome firmed by other writers t no less care- could not determine the End, but they ful and trustworthy. Even an outline decided on the means and pursue their of this remarkable narrative is hard predetermined lines of action. to compress within our available space. In preparing Mr. Arthur's manuscript Men are often practically as blind for the press, the editor found both as bats to the obvious trend of events, the manner and the matter so fault- even in their own times. In 1870, less, that where abridgment was nec- after a struggle of over three centu-· ries, Jesuitism captured the Papacy, t* Ephesians iv: 15, Greek. and the New Vaticanism promulgated "The Pope, the Kitlgs, and the People," Rev. its policy. How vast was the stage W!n. Arthur. liThe Papacy," J. A. Wylie, L T~.D. * Esther ix: I.

"The Jesuits," Griesinger. "The Program of the Jesuits/' W. Neatby. "Pope or President," Anon. "Roman Catholic Church in Italy,n Alex. Rob· crt!::oun, D. D.

and how momentous the drama, is of cardinals and prelates. The Civita shown by the fact that the Franco- Cattolica was, from 1850, recognized Prussian War was but one scene in an as the organ of the Pope and the act. Ever since that bold beginning "Company of Jesus," to which its edi- in the Syllabus in 1864, the plan, then tors belonged; and, in 1866, his Holiformulated, has in every particular ness erected in perpetuity, the Jesuit been kept steadily in. view; and much fathers of ·its editorial staff into a colof modern history finds there its key. lege of writers, under the Jesuit gen- Yet many who live in the very center eral, with unique rights and privileges. of cyclonic movements that sweep From such fountains of accurate round the whole circle of Christendom knowledge of facts and their philosoand affect the whole world are slow phy, the author of "The Pope, the to mark the march of events or trace Kings, and the People" draws the their subtle connection. whole content of his great work, a For example, clerical education reservoir of information ready for any reader who wishes to know what has signally proved the bane of mod- Rome is, and is doing. For the beneern France, and the strife is now at fit of many who will not have ready its height. Yet this lies at the very access to this volume, it may be wise basis of Vaticanism, as is shown, not to hint some of the main features of by the statement of prejudiced parties, the schemes of Vaticanism, as illusbut from the very organs of the Vat- trated in this valuable treatise of Mr. ican. Mr. Arthur avoids all c.r parte Arthur's, and abundantly attested by testimony, and makes the authorita- other writers. This we now proceed tive exponents of Rome's policy sup- to do, calmly and impartially, in the ply the clue to events. The sources spirit of the annalist rather than the he consults and quotes are fivefold: advocate "nothing extenuating or setofficial papers; histories sanctioned by ting down aught in malice." pope or bishops; scholastic writings of the late pontificate and of recog- nized authority; periodicals and other An Absolute Despotism literature, avowedly representing Vat- First of all, the Vatican plot aims ican policy; and the writings of liberal at the concentration alld consolidation Catholics. For example, Professor of power.

Friedrich, as an official theologian at Rome stands for absolutism, more the Vatican Council, had charge of a despotic in the papal than ever in the store of especially valuable documents pagan period. Pius IX called himself which, on his own responsibility,. he "the Cesar," and caused himself to be published. Friedberg opens up an- proclaimed "the Infallible"-a summit other mine of information, combining of ambition toward which he persist- Vatican papers with those of promi- ently climbed for four-and-twenty nent individuals, courts, and public years. With an ecclesiastical head, bodies. Cecconi, archbishop of Flor- imperial in power and infallible in ut- ence, unveils the secrets of the five years terance, no political sovereign can vie, preceding the Vatican Council. Victor for resistance becomes damnable here- Frond furnishes a life of the Pope sy. Hence Rome represents an .or- himself, .with biographical sketches ganization so powerful that, as Dr.

I908 ] POLITICAL PLOTTING AT THE

Josiah Strong says, "it crushes indi- ception," sixteen years before, was but vidualism." For all subjects of the a step toward this, aimed at securing Church, from lowest to highest, there the favor of "the Blessed Virgin" in is but one law-implicit submission; advance for the elevation of the suand for all dignit:lfies of the Church, preme pontiff to something very like from priest to cardinal, but one office divine honors. –obeying. There are but two classes –one master and many slaves. Armed Thus this church state strikes Imwith an infallible decision, the Pope partial observers as a political and socompels an external unity, by repres- cial despotism. It claims the right of sion and suppression of all tendencies revision over all laws; of reversion of to independent speech and action; and all property to its own uses; of sub:.. there is a subtle control over even in- jection of all literature to its ban dependent ideas and opinions; as or blessing; of regulating conduct, Father Hecker used to say, the Church speech, and even opinions by its takes cognizance "of heresy, even in own standard. The domain of its centhe order of thought." sure is more than ecclesiastical: it is coextensive with the whole social or- Despite our Lord's own declaration, ganism. If the heads of bishops are "my kingdom is not of this world, else anointed to rule in the Church, so are would my servants fight," Rome holds the arms of princes to fight for its that He constituted the Church with a support. If temporal weapons are not threefold authority, legislative, judi- for the Church to use directly, those cial, and coercive; and, tho the Church who do wield them can enforce her may disclaim all fighting with carnal will; while she still claims power to weapons, it uses the secular arm to en- "turn souls to ashes in eternal fires." force ecclesiastical censures, expecting every obedient and loyal subject, Few, alas, have the courage to make even tho a sovereign in his own do- such a noble reply as that of Fran<;ois main, to be a servant in that of the de Montmorin, governor of the prov- Church. ince of Auvergne, when he received an order from Charles IX, of France, "Every Catholic state," says the Civita to join in the massacre of the Protes- Cattolica, "must have two kings"- tants on St. Bartholomew's day: "Sire, and of course the universal King at I have received an order from your Rome dominates the other. Nothing Majesty to put to death all the Protis outside of the Pope's dominions. His estants in my province. I have too scepter sways elections, the press and much respect for your Majesty not to schools, determining who shall hold suppose that these letters are suppooffice, what shall be printed, what shall sititious; and if, which heaven forbid, be taught. The papacy has therefore the order really emanates from your what Mr. Arthur calls "a denational- Majesty, I respect your Majesty too izing influence"; and, more than that, much to obey it." is the only recognized educator. So important did Pius IX account the The Church Tribunals proclamation of papal infallibility to the plot for universal supremacy, that II. A second feature of this scheme the decree of the "Immaculate Con- is the method for maintaining this central authorit)'. This Jesuitical Va-

ticanism which plots to secure power papal device. It puts the priest be- plans ways for effective control of tween the soul and all else, even God, Church and State. There are three at every stage of development, in the recognized courts or tribunals: the most ingenious and subtle system ever Supreme Tribunal-the Pope; the Ex- imagined. First of all, it controls ternal Tribunal-the Church; and the wedlock, coming between the man and Internal Tribunal-the confessional. the woman, to determine whom each But while the last ranks lowest it is shall wed, in the interests of the valued highest, and upon it supreme Church. Then when offspring come, dependence placed, for it holds the it puts the priest between the infant key to the whole situation. In the con- and its ingrafting into the Church in fessional, the priest gets a hold upon baptism; subsequently between the the individual, and the individual is child and the Word of God, in cate- the controlling factor in the family, chetical instruction; between the sin- the Church, and the State. Here he ner and absolution, in the confes- unveils the secrets of the heart, other- sio1lal; between the communicant and wise known only to God; and such the mystic wafer, in the mass; be- revelation of these innermost privacies tween the candidate and the gift of puts into the hands of the priest the the Spirit, in confirmation; between the iron scepter that sways all else. He man and the ministry, in ordination; can control property, children, and between the dying and his here- schools; he can prevent or promote after, in extreme unction; and, even marital alliances, commercial schemes, beyond death, follows the soul into ecclesiastical enterprises; in the box of purgatory, in masses for the dead.

the confessional, even emperors be- From cradle to grave, and even after- come suppliants, and, through them, ward, there is always a human media- the Church can sway armies and na- tor to interpose; and this alone ac- vies, courts and councils. A subtle counts for the marvelous power of priest, having both capacity and sa- the priesthood, wherever this internal gacity, can shape events at the point tribunal holds sway.

where the springs of action are found, As an example of this priestly dom- turning the stream as he will; and this ination, on the last Easter Sunday, the Internal Tribunal of the confessional, outrageous decree, issued by the Pope, skilfully managed, may make action in in August previous, came into effect, the External and Supreme Tribunals in accordance wherewith all marriages needless. before a registrar or in non-Catholic Hence the masterly ingenuity with places of worship, "without the pres- which this weapon of power is ence of the priest of the district, are 'wielded. The Pope is head over the not only "unlawful and sinful as here- whole Church, and the bishop sways tofore, but also null and void before the diocese, and may rule the State; God, the Church, and in conscience."

but the priest may secretly undermine The arrogance of this decree, says or establish the authority of both another, "is absolutely as ridiculous as bishop and pope I the premium it is likely to put on ras- Few of us have ever grasped the cally immorality is dangerous. The full significance of sacerdotalism as a whole business is made more prepos-

PLOTTING AT THE

terous by the fact that the German get glory, but not so in a c;nflict with Empire is made an exception. In that the curia; in the former case, the Pope Empire 'mixed marriages, even when takes care to make up to him in pro- clandestine, are and will remain valid.' fessional promotion more than is lost In other words, the papal authorities by political collision, but what civil can dictate what is moral here and government can compensate him for what is immoral there. It can change ecclesiastical disgrace and ruin!

the standard of morality to suit itself. Priests, under the Mosaic economy, A marriage, conducted on the French had no political power. Their posi- side of the Franco-German frontier, tion and the mode of their support ac- may be 'null and void before God, the tually precluded them from exercising Church, and in conscience,' and by ta- any undue influence over the course king a single step to the German side of the nation. They were not a sac- of the frontier it is made valid. What erdotal caste, and had no secular pre- kind of a moral mix-up should we ferments to tempt them to compromise.

have if the bridal party had one foot They did not appoint themselves nor in one country and the other in the did their appointment depend on any other! The Roman hierarchy is a human choice, but solely on God's will.

wonderful machine, and nowhere more Nor had they any power to develop wonderful than in its capacity for jug- law, or frame it. On the contrary, gling in the matter of marriages. It they were to guard it from all addihas long since proved itself an adept tion or subtraction. It is remarkable at finding flaws in marriage contracts how the relation between the individ- for a consideration." ual conscience and God was never in- The Church and the World vaded by them. They were not "father confessors." Even in sacri- III. Secularism is a powerful ally fice, the offerer laid his own hanels of sacerdotalism in furthering the on the victim and confest his sins be- Vatican schemes. Rome counts it fore Jehovah. The priest was present, wise to look well to temporal gains only to see that God's regulations were and crowns as well as eternal rewards carried out; but he in no wise inter- and penalties. Hence a hierarchical fered with matters of conscience. In system with political preferments. the early Church likewise it was so; no Even robes and titles are not to be preacher or teacher, even tho an apos- despised as bribes, for human nature tle, either meddled in politics or at- craves the spectacular and the popu- tempted extra Scriptural and arbitrary lar, and rich and rare raiment and exercise of authority. He aimed at no honorable rank are glittering baubles secular ends or rewards. The hier- to blind men's eyes to higher interests. archical spirit, both in the Jewish state Even reason and conscience sometimes and in the Christian Church, was one succumb to avarice and ambition. of the sure signs of spiritual decline; Many a hesitating vote on "Infallibil- and just so far as secularism has come ity" was secured by such means, and into the Church has spirituality been many a contrary vote or voice silenced. crowded out. All political preferments Bishops may quarrel with the civil tend to bring the pulpit into bondage, power in behalf of the Church and and turn ministers of God into fawn-

ing courtiers and sycophants. A state Word of God, and sets up a conve- church inevitably drifts toward a nient standard of authority, justifying church state, that fills out Hildebrand's any innovation or even oppression.

conception of a great ecclesiastical em- Thus, by the combined methods of pire, for which even a Charlemagne keeping the people in ignorance, ap- might fight, but where no second head pealing to superstition, and enthroning should rule. tradition, Vaticanism promotes its po- Political aims imply political arms, litical ends. The confessional keeps or weapons. Resorts to force and ap- the conscience in unrest if not in peals to fear are the natural counter- agony, and this holds the people in parts of offers of advancement and bonds and brings to the Church no end hopes of preferment. The Inquisition of gains. Marriage, as a mine, yields was the logical outcome of the seizure richly in fees, and to the curia in dis- of the political scepter. Heresy be- pensation taxes, as weiI as in power, came treason against the church state, especially over women, and so over and as Theodosius and Justinian ap- both husbands and offspring.

pointed officials to discover and prose- The Vatican has long been the cute dissenters from the national legislative center for the Romish creed, before civil tribunals, ecclesias- Church state. It has invented its own tical rulers made heresy a crime pun- code, and engraved its own tables of ishable by imprisonment, torture, and law; stigmatizing as sinful what God death. Conviction of truth and duty never called sinful, and promUlgating gave way to submission to authority doctrines and decrees, not spiritual or and apprehension of penalty; and so Scriptural in character, until at last a liberty of action, speech, and even man is lifted to the level of infalli- opinion gradually yielded to an inflex- bility and it becomes a mortal sin to ible "rule of faith." Dogma became dispute his utterances! What secular a Talus, whose iron flail laid low all power ever used the gag law in the dissent. As Mr. Arthur says, "Sub- suppression of free speech, or the mission passed beyond silence and de- political censor in the repression of manded actual and positive assent and printed matter, or the bastile of im- advocacy, even of what was person- prisonment in the confinement of reb- ally believed to be an error in doctrine els, more consistently and effectively?

or practise; God's two priceless jewels, It surely needs no argument to conscience and conviction, sent to the prove that for any Church, so called, bottom of the stagnant pool of sub- thus to enter and attempt to occupy mission to a human king !" the sphere of the political and secular The appeal to superstition has al- is an abandonment of its high calling ways been a favorite weapon of a sec- as a Church of Christ, and a forfeiture ularized church. To wield power is a of its claim upon the forbearance and darling ambition of the carnal heart, fellowship of Christian disciples. Such and to keep the victim in bonds, ig- a Church must be regarded and norance, which is the mother not of treated as a State, and its polity and devotion, but of superstition, is a pow- policy are open to the most piercing erful ally. Tradition is another ef- search-light of investigation. When a fective weapon, for it makes void the merely human authority can issue a

J POLlTICALPLOTTING AT THE VATICAN 49

novel body of Decrees, containing pillar fungus" is a dual organism. A eighteen anathemas, as was done in caterpillar bores downward for a dis- 1870, compelling men, as Vitelleschi tance, and then burrows at a right himself says, to "lie down that night angle, probably to reach a favorable with new articles of faith and new root for food. At times, however, a declarations (anathemas) weighing on fungus germ finds a resting-place in their intellect and conscience"; when the sticky substance behind the head, arbitrary assumptions can compel germinates there, and absorbs the subpriests and bishops to accept new dog- stance and vitality of the caterpillar, mas and decrees, even against their until it entirely fills the body cavity, own conviction and conscience and leaving nothing but the skin, which then hurl bolts of eternal curse against remains, dry and hard, but the only all who oppose such new doctrines, remnant of the original creature. surely it can not be deemed impertinent or uncharitable candidly to ex- A Church may, in a somewhat simamine and as candidly to expose the ilar way, lose its actual character as methods by which such victories over such by that close contact with the both reason and right are secured. world, in which the world not only be- comes hopelessly mixed with it but in- In a second paper, we propose still corporated with it-absorbing its very further to follow Mr. Arthur's argu- life and eating its way into its very ment and exposure of the plots of organization until nothing is left but the Vatican. Meanwhile our convic- a skeleton or skin,-the Church name tion is immeasurably deepened that without the Church spirit or life-a the Church of God can neither know "form of godliness without the power its truest mission nor fulfil its highest thereof." The only hope of preventdestiny, except so far as our Lord's ing a mere ecclesiasticit! fungus is to words are remembered: "My king- maintain the spiritual character of the dom is not of this world." Christian assembly, in separation from the world, and submission to but one A Nature Parable Supreme Head, appointed of God, over all things to the Church which is There is a curious phenomenon in His Body! nature, not without its suggestive lesson in the higher realm. The "cater-

LOMAI-A NEW HEBRIDES CONVERT*

BY EDWIN LESLIE Lenakel is a little village with a his missionary work in Lenake1, in harbor on the west coast of Tanna, r896, Lomai fought shy of him. He that island of the New Hebrides knew why Mr. Paton had come, and whose ever-agitated volcano has given had an uneasy consciousness that his it the name of the "Lighthouse of present manner of life was not the the Pacific." Tanna is "a land where best; but to become a Christian when it is always June"; where the those around him were pagan would mountains, green to their very mean the giving up of his influential summits, slope down in beauty to a position. silver beach; where giant banyantrees, yams, bananas, and cocoanuts The sacred men of the island reach their full perfection; where men warned the people against attending have bodies sturdy and athletic; but .Mr. Paton's Sunday service on pain where, before the introduction of Christianity, cold-blooded murders, of speedy death, and they fled from the cannibalism, witchcraft, and other missionary as from a plague whenever abominations were the popular cus- the cessation of building the missiontoms of the country. Tho the island is house warned them that the Sabbath only eighteen miles by ten, it con- had come. One day, however, Mr. tained a number of tribes ruled by Paton, looking for an audience, arpetty chieftains who went to war with rived at the village of the Loinio, and one another upon the slightest pre- Iavis and Lomai, led by curiosity to text. see the Bible pictures, gathered a few of the bravest together and interpreted Lomai (pronounced La-maN-ee) as Mr. Paton explained the Bible belonged to the Loinio tribe; and on stories. account of his friendship with the chief lavis, and of his marked ability, he Not long after this Lomai's only was made a sort of prime minister. son. little lolu, the darling of his He was a massive savage, strong heart, became very ill. Lomai in deand graceful, with bushy hair and spair carried the boy to Mr. Paton, beard, and a voice soft with the liquid and when the boy recovered the father tones of the South. He Iud spent was very grateful, and a little later thirteen years in Queensland, and there consented to help Mr. Paton in the he had been taught by a Christian study of the language, and as interlady, but had also met with evil men, preter in the school. As Lomai and had acquired a taste for strong spelled out the life of Jesus word by drink. rVhen he returned to Tanna, word, changing the English of the even after thirteen years of civiliza- Gospel of Mark into its "Tanna tion, he promptly shed his clothes and brother," he was deeply moved. his morals, and resumed his heathen habits. "Misi, did they really do that to the Son of God?" he exclaimed after When Rev. Frank L. Paton, son of he had read the story of the crucithe late John G. Paton, first began fixion.

When one tribe on Tanna wanted to go to war with another (as happened • Facts and illustrations are from "Lomai of Lenakel," by Rev. F. L. Paton. (Fleming H. ReveIl Co.) pretty often), the method of pro- ognition of his sin as keenly as the cedure was very simple. The aggres- upbraiding of his conscience. He sive party stole up to the village of tried to atone for his fault by treat- their foe and shot the first person ing his wife with the utmost tender- whom they met-it mattered not ness, and he came out of his penitence whether it was man, woman, or laugh- with a meekness which was a crown- ing child. The clan of the victim ing grace to the man of strong body would then turn out to avenge the and bright mind. After this Lomai murder, and fire and carnage would began to have family prayers-a hard then begin. Down near the volcano, thing to do with his wife's bruises on the southeast coast, was a tribe scarcely healed. It was resuming the bent on picking a quarrel with the fight on the very field where he had Loinio. More than once they had been conquered.

crept up stealthily and shot a Loinio The heathen of Tanna wear no man. The followers of Iavis were clothing. They need none in that tropi- clamoring for vengeance; but Lomai, cal climate. A Tanna man appearing in the chief warrior, had not studied the clothes for the first time feels only a Gospel of Mark in vain, and was re- degree less confusion of face than an luctant to fight. But how could they American would feel in appearing look tamely on the slaughter of their without. He is hailed by his com- kindred? In their perplexities they panions with derisive shouts of "old went to Mr. Paton, who brought the woman"-which is equivalent to cow- IJlatter to a happy issue by going as arel, sneak, renegade. Lomai was the ambassador to the offending tribe, and first one at Lenakel to set the con- obtaining promises of peace. ventions at naught and appear on Lomai gradually developed the Sunday at church clothed in a shirt Christian graces of peace, gentleness, and a pair of trousers. This was, long-suffering, meekness, and patience to him, more than a covering of his in a degree remarkable for a heathen, nakedness; it was "an outward sign but there came a day when he fell. of inward grace," a public declaration One of his wives, in a fit of temper, that he had begun to follow "The had thrown some of his household Worship" and was turning his back utensils out-of-doors, and Lomai, with on the old customs. One by one a temper equally fierce, seized a stick others. followed his example, but with and dealt his wife some severe blows variations which often upset Mr.

about the head and shoulders. Wife- Paton's gravity. One man appeared beating among the Tannese is by no at service wearing, with due solem- means a grave offense, for a man is nity, nothing but a vest and a tall wont to have several wives, and he silk hat. Next Sunday his spouse chastises them with as little compunc- wore the hat and he the vest. Again, tion as he chastises his children. But a woman, having quite forgotten to Lomai had learned enough of the make her toilet at home, rose in teachings of Jesus to repent of his church while Mr. Paton was preach- outbreak; and when, the next Sunday, ing, and wiggled into her garment Mr. Paton asked another to interpret with friendly help from her neighbors.

in his place, Lomai felt the public rec- Many missionaries, like Chalmers

in New Guinea, have thought it un- Lomai, in common with all the men wise, for health's sake for South Sea of Tanna, drank kava, an intoxicant Islanders to adopt European dress. made from a native plant. The roots, The Western man's attire may be san- after being chewed by boys, are put itary, but who will defend the into a wooden bowl and mixed with woman's on that ground? If we 'have water or cocoanut milk, and after not been able to combine grace and fermentation sets in it becomes intox- utility in our garments, why introduce icating. The men gather together our failure into the tropics? after sundown to drink the kava; the women and children being forbidden These vexed questions did not dis- to be present. The resulting drunk- turb Lomai. He adopted the shirt enness lasts about two hours, during and trousers as he conformed to Mrs. which the man is melancholy and Paton's rule of more frequent baths. stupid. Lomai had a sharp struggle It was a symbol of the new order of to give up this custom of his tribe, things in Tanna, .which he believed but having observed the harmful to be better than the old. effect of the drug, and having had a waking dream about it, followed by Lomai's Plea for Teachers a sharp illness, he finally gave up its use. After a time Mr. Paton sent Lomai by boat to Aniwa, the little island to His next struggle was concerning the northeast of Tanna which had his two wives. Both of the::1 were been transformed into a Christian legally his according to Tannese community. The contrast between customs, and he was attached to both. the heathen cruelty of Tanna and the His sympathies, too, went out toward Christian peace of Aniwa was an the one he would abandon, and who object-lesson to Lomai. He saw that would be put to shame by his deser- the result of sin is war and division, tion. But finally a relative offered to and the result of right living is union wed No.2, and she making no ob- and harmony. Here is his plea for jections, Lomai, tho with a sore heart, teachers from Aniwa to go to Tanna: parted from her for the sake of his new-found religion. He then joined "Long ago Dr. Paton, the aged, the candidate's class, and was bap- was a young man, and lived in Scot- tized with his wife and child. land. The light came into his heart and he said within himself, 'I must Lomai gave many days' hard labor not hide this light; I must let it to the new church building that was . shine.' So he left his own land and being slowly erected. After one brought the light of Jesus to Aniwa. weary day, Mr. Paton said, Aniwa was then a dark land, but now it is full of light. Men and women "Well, Lomai, I suppose you are of Aniwa, do not hide your light; let very tired now?" it shine. There is a dark land across the sea. Take the light of Jesus there "Yes," answered Lomai, with his and let it shine till that land is full of bright smile, "but my heart no tired." light, like your own. This is what Jesus told us to do. Let your light The first printed copy of the Gospel shi.ne." of Mark in Tannese was given to Lomai. He gathered the people about him and read to them over and over

CANDIDATES'

FRANK PATON AND HER SEWING CLASS ON

19081 LOMAI-A NEW HEBRIDES CONVERT

again the wonderful story. In 1899 question of the day is, rather, "Who he left his home and built himself a is the man who is using the 'netik'

cottage under the banyan-tree near stones?" and "Who carried the article the mission house, that he might have of food or clothing to him which he a three-years' training and become a is using?" If the sick one dies he teacher. He was a childless man then, is avenged by killing somebody (even with the pain of bereavement in his an innocent baby) who belonged to heart, for lolu, his first-born, and his the tribe of the man who used the baby girl, had both died. As he ad- "netik" stones. A foreigner, attempt- vanced in knowledge and in strength ing to reason with a Tannese man of character he was ordained first about this superstition, is met with a deacon, and then an elder. the reply: While the church at Lenakel pros- "Netik he belong Tanna; white man pered in these years, throughout the he no savey. Plenty man he die along west of the Island there were many netik."

cruel murders; many villages were Lomai, once he had become a be- burned in war-time; and there was liever in the gospel of peace, went more than one cannibal feast. about among the tribes where there A curious belief in a kind of sor- was angry "netik" talk, and also cery called "netik" is responsible for among those who were at war, trying much of the bloodshed on Tanna. to put an end to the bloodshed which Certain stones possest by their sacred is the curse of Tanna.

men are believed to have miraculous "Long ago," he said, on one of these properties-under certain conditions expeditions, "my grandfather stood to be capable of controlling life and upon these stones to talk to you about death. If one can manage to obtain the old fashion, and now upon these an article of food or clothing belong- same rocks I tell you of a new and ing to his enemy he carries it to the better fashion."

sacred man of his tribe. The priest His hearers, puzzled as they looked wraps this in the leaves .of trees, rubs at the man of brawn and muscle it on "netik" stones, and places the preaching peace, shook their heads whole between two, fires. As the and said, "This is new talk; this is not stones become hot, it is believed that the old talk belong Tanna.'; the man to whom the article belonged In times of war the position of en- will sicken and die, either by a lin- voy was by no means a safe one.

gering disease, such as consumption, Treachery in warfare is considered or by the quicker way of pneumonia or permissible by the Tannese. To shoot fever. But the sacred man, being an unarmed ambassador from behind able to cause sickness, can also cure it. is looked upon with favor under cer- The ailing one's friend, if weaker than tain conditions. But Lomai, natural- the priest, importunes him by pres- ly fearless, had the added contempt ents to undo his sorcery; if stronger, for danger of the seasoned warrior.

by threats. When a man falls ill, "Misi," he said to Mr. Paton, who neither to his relatives nor to the man was hesitating to meet a fierce clan himself does it occur that care and who were threatening to kill a mis- good nursing might restore him; the sionary on the East, "Misi, they are

like other men; and if we go and look Lomai heard that a helpless old into their faces they will be friendly woman had been left behind. He and let us talk to them. " blazed with indignation : When a weak tribe beaten in battle "What did you bring on your came for help, Iavis and L omai backs? Sticks and rubbish that will gathered a band of volunteers to bring rot away. And yet you left a woman them bodily to Lenakei. It was a who can never die. Tell me where dangerous and wearisome underta- you have left her, and I will go back king. The lame and blind and infirm for her." had to be helped along mountainous paths, and the enemy were near. Tho sore in every joint, Iavis and 'When guns banged around them Lo- Lomai returned for the old creatu-re. mai was confident: She had just strength enough left to murmur, "Water; I am dying." '''Ihen ~'Don 't be afraid," he said; "God she revived they put her on a rude has sent us to-day, and we are safe in stretcher, and carried her home. His keeping. It is salvation and not death that has come to you to-day." This gallant and Christlike treat- ment was from men accustomed from He had a baby on one arm, and with childhood to cruelty in its most hardthe other he helped an old woman ening forms, and who six years before bent double with age. The party ar- had been heathen! The grace of God rived safely at Lenakel, so tired they can so change the heart even of a could scarcely move. Next morning ca nnibal.

MR. FRANK PATON AND TUE FIRST CONVERTS Names from left to rigbt- Bottom Row-Semiata, Te inian, ] esau , Numanipen, Litsl Mi ddle Row-Tausi , Mr. Paton, ~…rr . Hume, Titonga Third Row-Numanian, Lohman , Lomai, Naupum, Jela. Tom Back Row-Iavis ( hidd en by little J ohn) Nilbini

ANGLICAN MISSION TO PACIFIC

WORK OF THE S. P. G. IN NEW GUINEA, FIJI, AND HAWAIIAN ISLANDS BY MISS J. QUIGLEY, LONDON The Anglican Mission in New ceed to Honolulu with the two other Guinea was inaugurated by the Aus- clergy, and the following year the tralasian Board of Missions in 1886, King and Queen were confirmed.

which appealed to the Society for the In 1865 the Dowager-Queen Emma Propagation of the Gospel for $S,OC)(). visited England on behalf of her peo- As part of New Guinea was already ple. In that same year Bishop Staley occupied by other missionary socie- conferred with the American bishops ties, it was decided that the Anglican as to the missions and two American Mission should occupy the "coast from missionary bishops were appointed. In Cape Ducil to Mitne Rock," a territory 1900, when the Islands had beeu..an- almost unexplored. nexed by the United States, the .mis- The New Guinea Church Mission sion was transferred to the American came under the charge of the Bishop Church.

of North Queensland and its first mis- The Mission in Fiji sionary was the Rev. Albert Maclaren, who secured funds and helpers and The popUlation of Fiji consists of then sailed from Australia to New Polynesian aborigines, Melanesians, Guinea in the mission schooner. After East Indians, and white settlers. It about two years of pioneer work was in 1870 that the Anglican Church among the ~avage natives, many' of in Australia sent over a clergyman to whom were cannibals, he died of fever look after the memb6rs of that Church. and the care of New Guinea was Four years later the islands were anturned over to the Church in Aus- nexed to England and the Society for tralia. The mission has prospered and the Propagation of the Gospel decided much is being done under the devoted to send out.· clergy to work among leader Bishop Stone-Wigg, who was "the white settlers, half-castes, Melaappointed in 1897 and is now helped nesian laborers, and Indian coolies." by a staff of thirty-five men and No clergyman could be found until women. 1879.

The Hawaiian Islands were not ap- Since then many aborigines have proached by the English Church until died and many white settlers have re- 1861, when the Society for the Propa- moved, and the work among the Me- gation of the Gospel granted $r,500 lanesian population has produced most for work among the British residents hopeful results. The two clergy of the and sailors. Previous to this the na- Society for the Propagation of the tives had asked for missionaries from Gospel have labored steadily, but have England, but none were sent, and mis- found it impossible to overtake the sion work was done by American Con- work, and the coolies from India- gregationalists and Roman Catholics. now numbering 13,ooo-are sadly King Kamehameha IV made a direct neglected.

appeal to Queen Victoria and Bio:hop In spite of failures, Christianity Staley was consecrated in 1861 to pro- has gradually permeated Fiji and

turned the most depraved and savage a great sufferer, the result of expopeople from their sinful habits. sure and toil in that climate.

In Melanesia the story of mission The S. P. G. had given grants for work is one of extraordinary interest. this work in Melanesia to Bishop Sel- wyn, and in r850 he helped the Aus- tralasian Board of Missions to for- mally adopt Melanesia as their own m ission.

The principal groups in Melanesia are the Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz, Banks, New Hebrides, New Cale- donia, and Fiji. The natives, mostly of Papuan race, were fierce, and given to cannibalism, constantly at war with one another, and violently embittered against the white men because of the slave-traders who carried off their men to work on the cotton plantations.

Any stranger landing was immediately surrounded by islanders armed to the teeth, but Bishop Selwyn's habit was to land unarmed and thus win their confidence.

The first bishop of Melanesia was John Coleridge Patteson, who had just been stirred by thoughts of for- eign missions at Eton, where he heard Bishop Selwyn preach his farewell PUPILS OF THE S. P. G. MISSION SCHOOL AT ST. sermon. After ten years of wonder- BARNABAS, NORFOLK ISLAND fully fruitful work Bishop Patteson was murdered by a native at Nukapu, The story began as far as the Church and his two companions fatally of England is concerned with the wounded by poisoned arrows.

visit of Bishop G. A. Selwyn, who From this martyrdom dates the real found that owing to the climate of growth of the Melanesian mission. All some parts and the innumerable dia- England was stirred by the death of lects in use throughout the 200 islands this saintly man, and Australia and Melanesia could only be evangelized England contrived to put down the by native teachers. He therefore took slave-traders by force. The Society boys to train in New Zealand. raised a fund of $35,000 to erect a During the next thirty years two memorial church on Norfolk Island; bishops were sent out and gave their to provide a new mission vessel, and lives for Melanesia-Patteson, who to endow the mission. A day of inter- was treacherously murdered at Nuka- cessions for foreign missions, St. pu, and John Richardson Selwyn, who Andrew's day, was set apart, and is left Melanesia hopelessly crippled and more and more observed.

MISSION TO PACIFIC ISLANDERS

N ext cal~ne the offer of John R. Sel- by the efficiency and number of the wyn to work for the Melanesian mis- native teachers-and the respect in sion begun by his father in 1848. He which they are held. For the first explored the islands in his mission time the natives were asked to conship the Southern Cross, and five tribute to their own work, and they reyears after Bishop Patteson's death sponded readily. A new training cenhe was appointed his successor. From ter was started at Siota, in Florida. 1873 to 1891, Bishop John Selwyn la- The staff of clergy has increased and bored indefatigably, and was then five English lay-helpers and fifteen A GROUP OF SOLOMON ISLAND DANCERS The dance forms part of a Christmas festival at St. Barnabas, Norfolk Island invalided home. During those years women are now at work, but the want the mission made strides. In 1875 of men and money is the great obstatwelve Melanesians were confirmed. cle to progress. At Nodolk Island alone, the principal center, with a de- An important event took place in lightful climate, there are only two 1881, when at the bishop's request the white men to train from ISO to 180 S . P . G. withdrew its grant and the native boys, and volunteers are ur- Melanesian mission became dependent gently needed here. Bishop Wilson upon the Australasian Church. writes, "With our great opportunities . The present bishop-Bishop Wilson before us and our needs of many kinds -began his work in 1894 by a cruise we ask most earnestly for menthrough the islands; .he confirmed clergy, medical men, educated laymen nearly five hundred persons and con- -"come over and help us." secrated five churches. He was struck

MEETING AT CARNEGIE

A LAYMEN'S MASS·MEETING FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS EDITORIAL One hundred years ago Mills and among the non-Christian nations.

his companions at Williamstown drew Even the casual traveler must be im- up the constitution of their Mission- prest with the fact that the present is ary Society in cipher because ot the the time of times among those nations.

disfavor in which foreign missions The whole world is now known and were regarded by their fellows; to- accessible. The forces of Christianity day merchants, lawyers, physicians and are widely distributed, and occupy statesmen of the first rank vie with points of, the greatest advantage, one another in commending the enter- Strong native churches have been es- prise, and 3,000 laymen recently gath- tabIished and developed in 'all these'

ered in Carnegie Hall, New York, and principal non-Christian nations and di- listened for hours to a presentation visions of the world; over 18,000 for- : of the achievements and needs of the eign missionaries are at work in these foreign missionary campaign. lands, having acquired a vast experi- The Carnegie Hall mass-meeting ence, having developed institutions of (April 20), under the auspices of the great beneficence and usefulness, such Laymen's Missionary Movement, was as educational missions, medical mis- a remarkable gathering. It was pre- sions, and the varied works of philan- sided over by 1;£r. John R. Matt. and thropy; in the Christian cause, there the singing was led by Mr. Charles have been organized and carried to Alexander with the assistance of a high efficiency many scores of mis- male octet. After prayer by Bishop sionary'organizations which are capa- David H. Greer, <n,~ addresses by Dr.. ble of maintaining a campaign world- Samuel B. Capen, Silas McBee and wide in its sweep and significance; J.Campbell White, Mr. Mott intro-' great supporting movements have been duced Hon. Wm. B.. Taft, as "Secre- . called into being. Moreover, we are tary of War :and AmDassador of 'living in a time of stupendous changes Peace." The addresses were in part as in the Far East-changes of so great follows: power that if Christianity may avail Men and the World-wide Opportunity herself of their cooperation and of the JOHN R. MOTT advantages they suggest, she may The work of Christianity is to make greatly hasten the realization of her Jesus Christ known and obeyed and world-wide and beneficent object.

loved among all mankind, and to bring It is, therefore, highly significant His principles to bear upon every rela- that parallel with the unfolding of tionship of human society. It is thus Providence along these lines there has a world-wide undertaking. During the been called into being, in the recent past two years, as it has been my priv- past, a movement among the lay forces ilege to visit all of the five continents of Christianity to lead them to recog- of the world, and many of the islands, mze and to accept their unique I have received the dominant im- opportunity and responsibility for pression that the present is a time of these nations. It has been called unprecedented urgency and crisis a Movement, not an organization, for it is a summons to the laymen standing in line and advocacy of the of the Christian nations to rise to highest ideals of the civilization they larger tasks and achievements. It is represent, is striking at the heart of more than a summons; it is an actual one of the greatest needs of our day. combination of the aggressive lay Think of the object-lesson of the layforces of the Christian cause to help men of America and Canada and Engthe Church to accomplish her great land interesting themselves in what task. The laymen constitute the great- concerns the men of Japan and Korea est unused asset of the Christian na- and China, and the Philippines, and tions. The women put men to shame the Levant, and India and Latin- -the most extensive, fruitful, and be- America. Think what it means! They neficent works of the Church for mis- say the missionary is at his regular sions have thus far been carried on business. But where lawyers and docby the women. They have put the tors, politicians and editors, engineers men to shame. Comparatively small and men of wealth, in this country and numbers of laymen have put them- in their travels, and on their official selves to this great undertaking. The business, show that they likewise are business experience, the judgment, the at one with the missionary, it makes business habits, and the ability of the lay a profound impression upon the offiforces of Christianity are imperatively cials and men with money-power in needed to meet the great situation that those countries. It would be difficult confronts us throughout the. world. to overstate the importance of the John H. Converse, of the Baldwin Lo- complex service rendered by men like comotive Works, was right when he Secretary Taft and Judge Wilfrey, said that if business men would bring who, while on their regular official to bear upon the work of missions the business in the East, counted it not a energy and intelligence that they show matter of light importance to throw in commercial affairs, the proposition the weight of their influence on the to evangelize the world in this genera- side of this most constructive work of tion would no longer be a dream. The the world. magnitude, the difficulty, and the urgency of this undertaking of making Then we recognize the need of the the principles of Christianity operative financial cooperation of the whole throughout the world are such as to world in this enterprise. Men who make necessary nothing less than a are now giving a hundred dollars great uprising of the strong lay forces ought to give a thousand; men who on both sides of the Atlantic. are now giving a thousand dollal-s ought to give ten thousand dollars. Look over into those countries and Men who are sending one missionary you recognize that the first impact of ought to send out several. Those Christendom upon the non-Christian who are endowing colleges and hoscountries is the impact of laymen. pitals in this country ought to endow This laymen's movement, in seeking to them in the Far East. We must scale induce laymen who go out in commer- up the whole enterprise; the work will cial and in indu?trial pursuits, in the be commensurate with it~ dignity and diplomatic· and consular service, to far-reaching importance. recognize their responsibility for Then, remembering the prayer of

our Lord that we all may be one, we told one of them "has already been glad see the great significance of this to give about a quarter of a million movement in presenting a united front dollars because of his interest in work of the moving spirits in the lay forces that he has seen. of our common Christendom on both sides of the Atlantic. It is the I can summarize the report of these mightiest apologetic we can present to men around three words. The first an indifferent and calloused world. word is NEED. From our homes and our firesides we have sent hundreds The Laymel1'S Reports from the Field and thousands of the bravest and best young men and young women, and SAMUEL B. CAPEN they are calling for reenforcements, for they are breaking down under the load A little more than a year ago a that we have put upon them. The Call to Prayer was sent to a few men; work is halting and being hindered for and a prayer-meeting was held in New the lack of these reenforcements. York, the result of which has been this Laymen's Missionary Movement. Back of this need is another-the In the months that have passed since, need of nineteen centuries since the in the United States and in Canada, first Easter morning-there are hunmen of all faiths have been. organi- dreds of millions of people that have zing to push missionary work. The not yet heard that there is a Christ. movement has crossed the sea, and the The commissioners are feeling that it men of Great Britain have taken up is not a square deal for us to have all this plan and proposed to stand shoul- the comforts of our Christian civilizader to shoulder with us in this cam- tion here and not do more for the paIgn. missionaries.

The missionaries at the front have The second point in these commisheard this new call to arms, and noth- sioners' reports can be summed up in ing has so inspired them during the the word OPPORTUNITY. Whatever past few years as this movement. may be true with regard to an open They feel that a new day has dawned, door for commerce, it is an open door and that the things they have been everywhere for missions. The nations longing for are soon to be theirs. If of the East are eager for the Chriswe do not make good in this move- tian civilization which has made ment, we shall break the hearts of the America and England great; and esmen and the women at the front. pecially in the great Empire of China to-day, with its four hundred millions It was believed at the beginning that of people, it is our hour to help them. it would be possible to get twenty-five Ten or fifteen years hence it will not or fifty business and professional men be so easy as it is to-day. at our own charges to see what was going on in the foreign mission fields, The third word, which may sum up and then come home and make a re- these reports, is the word SUCCESS. A port to their business associates. We hundred years ago at the beginning have commissioned more than fifty, of modern missions there was nothsome of whom have already returned ing ; to-day there are fifteen or sixteen and made their reports. Others are thousand trained men from America still in the foreign field, and I am and England who have mastered the

THE MEETING AT CARNEGIE HALL 50

languages, many of them statesmen isfied until we can, by God's help, and diplomats, who have gathered have a passion for missions filling the around them nearly a hundred thou- men of this land and of Canada and sand native workers, and have put a of the world, until the cross of Jesus girdle around the world of churches, Christ shall have been planted in the colleges and schools, hospitals and darkest and most remote corner of the dispensaries, printing plants and in- world.

dustrial plants. When we think of What Men Can Do to Evangelize the what the odds were a hundred years World ago, and think of the success, it is the miracle of the ages. More than J. CAMPBELL WHITE , this-the men of all Christian creeds For thousands of years the highest are acting together forgetting their civilization of the world centered denominational differences at the around the Mediterranean Sea. Dur- front, standing together as one man ing the past few centuries it has gath- around the cross of Christ; here also ered around the Atlantic Ocean. The in the home land that movement is next and most extensive development gaining headway. in the human race seems destined to There are many differences ot opin- grow up around the borders .of the ion about imperialism as a political Pacific. The awakening of the Orient question; but the Christian men of will mean the adding of hundreds of to-day with one accord are becoming millions of dollars annually to the Christian imperialists. T~ey have commerce of nations. It involves heard the question, "Who is my neigh- very serious and complex problems of bor?" and are answering it as Christ statesmanship. It is an unparalleled bade them answer-that our neighbor appeal to the Christian Church, which, is the man anywhere and everywhere after all, is destined to be the dom- who is in need. We are trying to inant constructive factor in human federate the Christian men of the progress and history. For a while, world in the great international and great ironclads and vast standing interdenominational movement. It is armies may do something in an indi- a man's piece of work. The last cen- rect way to prevent war. There is no tury was the women's century, but hope that the nations will "beat their this century ought tJ be man's cen- swords into plowshares and their tury. The last century was a century spears into pruning-hooks and learn of antagonism and competition and war no more," until the message and controversy. The twentieth century the spirit of the Prince of Peace have should harmonize and build up to- filled the world.

gether. We are trying to make the It might be a very serious question men of our day see that the making whether human governments them- of money is a means to an end; that selves would not insure universal service for Jesus Christ is the duty peace more quickly and more cer- of the hour. It is for us to look not tainly by employing standing armies at the bigness of the problem, but at of missionaries rather than floating the greatness of God; we do not want navies of battle-ships.

to be satisfied and we will not be sat- The reason for the Laymen's Mis-

sionary Movement is the conviction tory. That has laid the foundation for that the message o~ Christianity ought all the missionary work that has been to be made universal in our day. If built upon it. that is done, two conditions will need to be fulfilled-the whole undertaking Do we realize that every week there must be undertaken in a comprehen- is added to the Christian Church out sive and cooperative way by all the of these non-Christian nations more churches; and the men of the Church than three thousand converts? It will need to be actively, intelligently, took seven years in China to win the and heartily enlisted. There are evi- first convert. It took as long in Burdences at hand indicating that both ma; it has taken longer in some counof these conditions are likely to be tries. But every day now, on the fulfilled. The Protestant Christian average through the whole three hun- Church throughout the world is spend- dred and sixty-five days of the year, ing about twenty millions of dollars at least four hundred new converts are a year in supporting an army of mis- added. We think we are doing well sionaries. That force is probably large in this country if three or four per enough to reach about one-third of cent is added to the membership of the one thousand millions of people the denominations in a year. They go living in non-Christian countries. The far beyond that percentage yonder. best consensus of judgment on the During the last ten years, in India, part of the missionaries themselves is while the entire population of the to the effect that if this force could country has increased two and onebe trebled, and the entire financial sup- half per cent, the Christian Church in port quadrupled, there is every reason that land has increased thirty per cent. to hope that during our own genera- In Korea, this year, they added sixty tion the message of Christianity per cent to their entire church-memmight be made universal. The prob- bership, and sixty per cent the year lem before the Church, and the imme- before. Bishop Oldham, just back diate problem before the Laymen's from the Philippines, says that we are Missionary Movement, is to discover face to face there not with a siege, whether or not these two things can not wi~h a campaign, but with a harbe done. vest-field of vast magnitude, without reapers enough to go in and gather the The missionaries are the most en- ripened grain. Thirty thousand conthusiastic in their conviction that there verts have been gathered there since is no reasonable reason why the the Philippines have been occupied by Church may not evangelize the whole our country, eight thousand of them world in this generation. In my judg- during the last year; and there is every ment, the foreign missionary enter- reaso~ to hope that the message of prise of the last hundred years is the Christianity may be spread through all most successful spiritual enterprise re- these islands during our lifetime. corded in human history. The translation of the Bible into five hundred The great question is, can we find and thirty-four of the languages and men and women enough to go out dialects of the earth is the greatest into all these unoccupied fields; and single literary achievement of all his- can we find the men and the women in the home churches who will stand

MEETING AT CARNEGIE HALL 50 S

behind them adequately with their forty million dollars for the rest of money? How many missionaries the world.

would it take? If we send as many Do you realize that if the members as are needful, it would be about one of the Church of Christ were to give to every twenty-five thousand of the one postage-stamp a week to this population of the non-Christian world. work, it would amount to twenty mil- That would mean one out of every lion dollars a year? That if they thousand of our church-members be- gave the equivalent of a car-fare a coming a missionary. Can we not week, if would mean fifty millions a spare one out of a thousand of our year; and if they gave the equivalent church-member~hip ? We spared a of a dish of ice-cream a week, it would good many more than that a genera- be a hundred million dollars a year?

tion ago in our great national crisis. If they gave the equivalent of one The State of Illinois sent one soldier hour's unskilled labor a week to the .to the front out of every seven of its evangelization of the non-Christian entire population. The State of Kan- world, it would be one hundred and sas sent one out of every six; the fifty million dollars a year? And we State of Carolina, one out of every five; are only asking for forty million dol- the State of Louisiana,one out of every lars. It attght to seem possible!

four; and the State of North Carolina Every year there is published at the made the greatest sacrifice recorded in beginning of the year in the daily all history-twenty thousand more sol- papers a list of large gifts to philan- diers went to the front from North thropic, educational, and benevolent Carolina than they had voters in the purposes in this country. For several State. That is the kind of sacrifice a years that list of gifts of a million nation will make, North and South dollars and upward has aggregated alike, when it is desperately in earnest. something like a hundred millions of Do you mean to tell me that there is dollars. If that is possible, ought it no hope of the Church of Christ ever not to be possible to raise forty mil- becoming so much in earnest about lions of dollars a year for the evan- the salvation of the world as to spare gelization of the non-Christian world?

one out of a thousand of its church- But a stronger argument is that cer- membership? tain States, one after another, are The other question is, can the nine actually rising up to-day. On the Pa- hundred and ninety-nine who stay at cific Coast, campaigns were held re- home support the one who goes to cently in Spokane, Seattle, Portland, the front? That is a very serious Oakland, Los Angeles, and San Diego, problem. It would mean probably where there are one hundred and forty million dollats a year from twelve thousand church-members.

North America for foreign mission They gave last year one hundred and work. When we realize that every sixteen thousand dollars to the work year there is spent for Christian work of evangelizing the non-Christian here in the United States alone more world. When the business men came than two hundred and fifty millions of face to face with the facts they de- dollars, it ought not to seem a very cided that they would at once under- impossible thing to raise as much as take through their churches to raise

four hundred and seventy thousand ors and several ex-governors present dollars instead of one hundred and at the meeting, decided to increase sixteen thousand dollars, as was done their offering this year from twenty- last year. five thousand ~ollars to a hundred Nine cities in the Southern States thousand dollars. Governo'r Smith rose up in the same fashion, to increase rose in the meeting, before it closed, their gifts from one hundred and and interrupted the business to say, eighty-one thou'sand dollars to seven "You men know that I have been op- hundred and five thousand dollars. posed to foreign missions up to now.

A number of those cities have gone I have been standing in the way of so far in the campaign as to insure my pastor and congregation doing the success of the undertaking. Seven their share; but I want to say I have cities in Canada, from Toronto to Hal- been converted, and you can count on ifax, which gave last year three hun- my help from this year forward." In dred and forty-five thousand dollars to Governor Smith's church in Atlanta, missionary purposes, have undertaken that last year gave more money per to raise eight hundred and seventy- capita than any other, and averaged seven thousand dollars instead. In three dollars a member, they decided other words, twenty-two cities, con- this year, under his impetus, that they taining in all only four hundred and could raise ten thousand dollars. They seventy-seven thousand church-mem- have seven hundred members and six- bers out of the twenty millions we ty-five of them have already sub- have in this country, have undertaken scribed sixty-five hundred dollars. It within the last six months to raise one seems that it is going to be an easy million, five hundred and ten thousand thing to raise the ten thousand dollars.

dollars more than they raised last The men of this country and Great year. That means, when the rest of Britain are rising up to say that if the the churches of this country rise up world can be evangelized in this gen- even to the standard of these twenty- eration by the serious cooperation of two cities, that we shall have not Christian men-by the grace of God it ten million dollars a year but fifty or shall be done!

sixty million dollars a year for foreign There is no other investment that missions. men can make with their money that Not one single city has failed when will tell so powerfully for time and this matter has been presented-from eternity as to invest it in Christian Halifax to Seattle, and from San personality, which in turn is located Diego to Atlanta. in the centers of greatest human need.

Even in Norfolk, where they had Dr. Groucher, of Baltimore, has in- what in Seattle they described as the vested a hundred thousand dollars in "Jamestown Imposition"-where they one district in India during the last lost hundreds of thousands of dollars, twenty years with this striking result, not to say millions-they decided that that there are fifty thousand members they would this year undertake to give of the Methodist Church in that dis- three times as much as they gave last trict now who twenty years ago were year to this object. idolaters. In that particular case, Atlanta, with three or four govern- every two dollars invested led to the

8 ] THE MEETING AT CARNEGIE

open conversion and union with the history forces us to suspect Separa- Church of one of our brother men. tion, and to work for Unity. In the I believe that it is entirely possible knowledge of history there is ever a for the Church of this generation to forward impelling power."

evangelize the whole world. More Secretary Root has given expression than that, I believe the men of this to similar convictions, and in acknowl- generation are going to undertake it. edging a report of Professor Har- More than that-I am sure that if nach's address he used these words: they undertake it in good earnest and "I am coming to think necessary the follow God's leadership they will ac- capacity for united effort to accom- complish it. plish any object of primary impor- The Power in Unity tance, as distinguished from strife over formal or comparatively unimportant SILAS Me BEE differences-that it depends upon the On the 29th of January, 1907, being stage of development in civilization the Kaiser's birthday, Professor Har- which the people or the members of nach delivered an epoch-making ad- any great organization have reached.

dress before the University of Berlin Every great nation seems at some pe- on the Religious Situation in Germany. riod to pass through a storm-belt of The address was more than the con- incapacity to unite. The races that are clusions of a great scholar. It gave capable of development beyond that expression to national ideas. In ad- point rule the world. Those that are dressing a body of his soldiers on a not capable of it go down. The Greek former occasion, the Emperor him- cities were able to combine just so self had called attention to the fact far and no farther, and accordingly that in one of the old Hohenzollern they went down before races of much castles there were two chapels-one inferior intellectual power. It is a pity a Roman Catholic, and the other a that the last phase for the exhibition Protestant. He said that if Germany of this higher power of civilized men were to fulfil its destiny as a Chris- is ordinarily in matters of religion.

tian nation, all the truth that was rep- But a better day seems to be opening."

resented in the two chapels must be It is his wide appreciation of his- preserved and welded into one great tory, his constructive interpretation of purpose. Professor Harnach, empha- human nature, that is enabling our sizing this vital principle, said, "It is Secretary of State to contribute to an inseparable element of the Chris- friendlier relations between nations.

tian religion to demand an established In different communions and in unity among its members, a unity as widely separated nations, the concord- wide as human life and as deep as ant labors of scholars and statesmen human need. History teaches that all are concentrating attention upon the of us, whether we will or not, have origins of Christian history, and above become different from our fathers. all upon the author of Christianity The dogmatic expressions arose and itself. To such an extent is this true ordinances came into being under con- that reunion in thought and aspiration ditions and under prejudices that we is, to a degree, already an acknowl- can no longer recognize. That Church edged fact. The Christ of history is

now made the object and subject of every creature, and to baptize in His investigation and thought by scholars name, but His name and His family everywhere. His name and influence are as .absolutely one as is His' all- on history are accomplished to be in- embracing love.

wrought permanently and inextricably God's will is for absolute unity, the in scientific and philosophic thought. reconciliation of the world. His king- This Laymen's Missiom.ry Move- dom exists to accomplish His will.

ment has for its object a wider, deeper, That kingdom is actual and visible- and higher object, purpose. It is or- not imaginary or invisible. Its unity ganized in order to concentrate not is of its essence. We recognize that only the minds but the hearts and principle in the state-the unity of the souls of Christians of every name on nation is the nation. Attack the unity two great facts: first, upon Christ, the and you attack the nation. Born an supreme fact of human history; and American citizen, you are an American then upon the fact that of all those citizen; your citizenship is not depend- for whom He died and lives forever- ent upon any thinking or believing on more, nearly nine hundred millions your part. Good thinking or bad have never heard of His coming into thinking, right believing or wrong be- the world; have never known that He lieving, may contribute to worthy or came for their sakes, that they might unworthy citizenship. But the fact of have a place in His Father's family; citizenship in the one nation remains.

have never consciously known His It is in an infinitely truer and more saving love and power. real sense a fact of- the citizenship in This Laymen's Missionary Move- the kingdom of Christ, that it is a ment lives and has its being in the fact independent of what you or I may conviction that if divided Christendom think about it, or believe about it; and can be brought face to face with these the unity of that kingdom is absolutely two great facts, it will see Christ's. independent of your thinking and my purpose more clearly, and seeing will thinking. To attack the visible unity follow where He leads. This move- of the kingdom of Jesus Christ is to ment does not ask churches to for- attack his kingdom and to do violence sake their organization, nor to sacri- to His will, His mind, His love, as fice their convictions. Convictions are our King and our Savior. As there the standards of action; but inasmuch is unity in the nation, so there is lib- as man's convictions are the fallible erty. Differences, divergences, divi- convictions of fallible men, and human sions everywhere; in thought and feel- organizations are the fallible creations- ing, in belief, in party allegiance, in of fallible men, we ask that all this be political organization, but all in the one tested as by fire, by being brought face nation, with loyalty.

to face with this supreme problem of The nation passes away; but the Christ, and the hundreds of millions kingdom is eternal. The nation is the who do not know him. Christians shadow, lent us to teach us the sub- with practical unanimity agree as to stance of the eternal kingdom. We do Christ's purpose and His method for well to guard sacredly and with our the establishment of His kingdom. His might the unity of the nation and the disciples were there to preach Him to liberty of the citizen; but how dare we

MEETING AT CARNEGIE HALL

longer mar with our divisions the the father of Sam Weller when he said unity of the eternal kingdom, and at- that he would not give anything for tempt to limit the liberty of the sense flannel waistcoats for the heathen, but of the living God? would come down pretty handsome This Laymen's Missionary Move- to strait-vestkits for some people at ment is ba~ed upon the unchanging home. Until I went to the Orient, and conviction that our divisions do not there was thrown on me the responsi- reflect the mind of Christ, and that if bilities with reference to the extension Christians, in spite of their division, of civilization in those distant lands, in spite of the disloyalty involved in I did not realize the immense impor- their divisions, will thoroughly and tance of foreign missions. The truth squarely face these two great prob- is, we must wake up in this country.

lems, these two great facts, and hon- We are not all there is in the world.

estly strive together to bring home There are many besides us who are those who do not even know that the entitled to our effort and our money home has been prepared for them- and our sacrifice to help them on in then differences of ~onviction, diversi- the world.

ties of administration, divisions inci- Na man can study the movement of dent to historical development and modern civilization from an iinpartial racial conditions, will all assume their standpoint and not realize that Chris- right place in the right proportion, tianity and the spirit of Christianity under the divine principle of the unity is the only basis for the hope of mod- of the kingdom and the liberty of the ern civilization and the growth of sense of God. First things will be- popular self-government. The spirit come first, and the unity of the family of Christianity is pure democracy. It of God, with infinite diversity and is the equality of man before God, the liberty in that unity, will enable the equality of man before the law, which Church as the body of Christ, undi- is, as I understand it, the most godlike vided and indivisible, to move forward manifestation that man has been able conquering and to conquer, in His to make.

name, who is the Desire of Nations I am not going to ·speak of foreign and the Savior of Men. missions from a purely religious stand- The Civilizing Work of Mia.ion. point, but from the standpoint of po- litical, governmental advancement, the WILLIAM H. TAFT advancement of modern civilization. I I have known a good many people have had some opportunity to know that were opposed to foreign missions. how dependent those of us are on the I have known a good many regular spread of Christianity in any hope that attendants at church, consistent mem- we may have of uplifting the peoples bers, perhaps like our friend Governor whom Providence has thrust upon us Smith, of Georgia, who religiously re- for our guidance.

fused to contribute to foreign missions. Foreign missions began a long time I confess that there was a time when ago. In the Philippines, in I565 to I was enjoying a smug provincialism, I57I, there were five Augustinian that I hope has left me now, when I friars who came out to Christianize the rather sympathized with the view of islands. They reached there at the

time when the Mohammedans were The Constitution of the United States thinking of coming into the same place, breathes a spirit that we are a nation, and they spread Christianity through with all the responsibilities and power those islands with no violence, but in that any nation ever had, and there- the true spirit of Christian mission- fore when it becomes the Christian aries. They taught the natives of those duty of a nation to assist another na- islands agriculture; they taught them tion the Constitution authorizes it peace and the arts of peace. And so because it is part of its being.

it came about that the only people as I did not realize until I went into a body that are even nominally Chris- the Orient the variety of things that tians in the whole Orient are the Fil- foreign missions accomplish. They ipino people of the Christian provinces have reached the conclusion that in of the Philippines-seven million souls. order to make a man a good Christian It is true that these people were not you must make him useful in a com- developed beyond the point of Chris- munity, and teach him something to tian tutelage, but their ideals are do and give him some sense and intel- Vestern, and they understand us ligence. So, connected with most for- when we attempt to unfold to them the eign missions is a school, ordinarily theories and doctrines of self-govern- an industrial school. We must also ment, of democracy. Consequently teach men that cleanliness is next to they are fit material to make, in two godliness, and that one business of his or three generations, a self-governing is to keep himself healthy, so that in people. We can see the difference connection with good foreign missions between these and the million non- are hospitals and doctors. The mis- Christians there. We have four or five sion makes a nucleus of modern civ- hundred thousand Mohammedans, and ilization with schools, teachers, physi- they do not understand republican cians, and the church. In that way, government. They welcome a despot- having educated the native, having ism and they never will understand taught him how to live, then they are popular government until they have able to make him a consistent Chris- been converted to Christianity. tian.

It is my conviction that our nation Men say that there are a great many is just as much charged with the obli- "Rice Christians" in China. Doubtless gation to help the unfortunate peoples there are. Chinese do not differ from of other countries that are thrust upon other people, and many are quite will- us by fate until they are fit to become ing to admit a conversion they do not self-governing people as it is the busi- experience in order that they may fill ness of the wealthy and fortunate man their stomachs. But that does not in the community to help the infirm affect the real fact, that every foreign and the unfortunate of that commu- mission in China is a nucleus for the nity. I know it is said that there is advance of modern civilization. China nothing in the Constitution of the is in a great state of transition. China United States that authorizes national is looking forward to progress. China altruism of that sort. Of course not, is to be guided by whom? It is to but there is nothing in the Constitution be guided by the young Christian stu- of the United States that forbids it! dents and scholars that either learn

MEETING AT CARNEGIE BALL 5I I

English or some foreign language at tal brother in business transactions.

home or are sent abroad to be in- They generally are quite out of sym- structed, and who come back, and pathy with a spirit of brotherhood to- whose words are listened to by those ward the Oriental natives. Even in who exercise influence at the head of the Philippines that spirit is shown, the government. Therefore those for I remember hearing on the frontier posts of civilization are so streets, sung by a gentleman who did much more important than the mere not agree with my views in reference numerical count of those who are con- to the Filipinos- verted or those who yield allegiance to He may be a brother of William H. Taft, the foreign missions seems to make them. They have, I think, three thou- But he ain't no brother of mine.

sand missionaries in China, and the That is the spirit that we are too number of students last year was likely to find among the gentlemen thirty-five thousand. These students who go into the East for the mere go out into the neighborhood, and they purpose of extending trade.

can not but have a good effect Then; too, the restraints of public throughout the great Empire, large as opinion, of a fear of the criticism of it is, to promote the ideas of Christian- one's neighbors, that one finds at home, ity and the ideas of civilization. to keep men in the straight and nar- Two or three things make one im- row path, are loosened in the Orient, patient when he understands the facts. and we find that many are not the One is this criticism of the mission- models that they ought to be in probity aries as constantly involving govern- and morality. They look upon the na- ments in trouble, as constantly bring- tive as an inferior, and they are too ing about war. The truth is, that likely to treat him with contumely and Western trade is pressing into the insult. Hence it is that in the progress Orient, and the agents who are sent of civilization we must move along as forward, I am sorry to say, are not trade moves; and as .the foreign mis- the best representatives of Western sions move on, it is through the for- civilization. The American and Eng- eign missions that we must expect to lishman and others who live in the have the true picture of Christian Orient are, many of them, excellent, brotherhood presented to those na- honest, God-fearing men, but there are tives, the true spirit of Christian sym- in that set of advanced agents of pathy. That is what makes in the Western civilization men who left the progress of civilization the immense West for the good of the West, and importance of Christian missions. IiI because their history in the West might China to-day, if you try to find out prove embarrassing at home. More what the conditions are in the interior, than that, even where they are honest, you must go at once to the mission- hard-working tradesmen and mer- aries, to the men who have spent their chants, attempting to push business lives in the interior, far beyond the into the Orient, their minds are con- point of safety if any uprising takes stantly on business. It is not human place, and who have learned by asso- nature that they should resist the ciation with the natives in their temptations to get ahead of the Orien- houses, by helping them on to their

feet-who have learned the secret of Now, you can read books-I have Chinese life. read them-in which the missions are I have described to you some of the conditions that prevailed with respect described as most comfortable buildto the Americans in the cities of the Orient-in Shanghai, and in other of ings; and it is said that missionaries those cities; and I am sorry to say that there' was nothing there that are living much more luxuriously than ought to fill the mind of an American with pride. Our consular system has they would at home; and therefore been greatly improved; and we established a consular court of China, the that they do not call for our support Circuit Court of the United States; and a man was put in there who had or sympathy. It is true that there been attorney-general in the Philippines; who had had some experience are mission buildings that are handin dealing with "Shanghai roosters"- the waifs that come around up the some buildings. It is true. that they coast and through one town and then go on up to another town. are comfortable; but they ought to be Judge Wilfrey went to Shanghai as comfortable. One of, the things that Judge of Circuit Court, and found a condition of an Augean stable that you must do with the Oriental is to needed cleaning out, so far as the Americans were concerned, under the giy,e him something that he can see; protection of the American flag. Judge Wilfrey went to work, and before he and if you erect a great missionary got through the American flag floated over a moral community, and in so building, he deems your coming into doing, he had the sympathy of the foreign missionaries in that neighbor- that community is of some importance. hood. But he has come home; and when you are a good many miles away The missionary societies that are buildfacts are difficult to prove-pictures are easy to paint in lurid colors of the ing their own buildings for the mistyranny of a judge away off thereand he has been subjected to a good sionaries are following a very much deal of criticism. I want to give my personal testimony on the subject, in more sensible course than is the United favor of Judge Wilfrey. States in denying to its representatives anything but mere hovels. But mis- sionary life is not a life of ease; or a life of comfort and luxury. These men are doing a grand, good work.

There may be exceptions; sometimes they may make mistakes, and some may meddle in things which it would be better for them from a politic mo- tive to let alone; but as a whole, these three thousand inissionaries in China and those in other countries worthily represent the best Christian spirit of this country, and worthily are doing the work for which they have been sent out. These Christian men and women are doing a work which is in- dispensable to the spirit of Christian civilization. '

USE OF PICTURES IN MISSIONARY

YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT Taking photographs in the mission not often, as they are taught to keep fields is very different from making out of sight; while in Japan one is snap shots at home. In the first place, charmed with the cute little tots, look- one is dealing with people of a strange inglike so many dolls. To catch in tongue, most of whom think the lens of the camera is the "evil eye," whieh will bewitch those who pass in front of it. The Chinese, especially, do not like to have their pictures taken, since they are convinced that in the next world they must do whatever the camera catches them doing in this.

So strong is thi s belief, that the aver- age Chinese employer will make his men leave their work in order to dis- courage the photographer who has paused in front of the shop to take a picture, and thus, of course, bewitch the place. The children also are very shy and much afraid of foreigners.

What would missionary pictures be without the children? It is especially hard to get a good picture of children Copyright by Young P eople'.'l· Missionary Movement in the Orient. When the confidence COLLECTING CURIOS IN INDIA. A J{INDU FAKIR'S of the children is won, however, they B ED OF SPIKES are delighted to help, as did one little the camera the pretty ways and the fellow in Burma, who, seeing the interesting groups of these children at miSSIOnary, accompanied by the play is very difficult. It is, therefore, photographer, ran ahead, shouting, little to be wondered at that heretofore "The Jesus woman has come," and there has been a great lack of pictures the children came from every alley intimately setting forth child-life, and street and soon were seated on native customs, and religious and mis- the ground at the side of the street sionary effort and results in the va- eagerly listening to the story of Jesus rious fields. For example, an inspec- and the children, while the photcgra- tion of about 25,000 photographs from pher made a picture of this street the Orient revealed a scant half-dozen Sunday-school. of actual missionary interest, and even The Oriental boys and girls, with those pictures which were to be had their strange clothes ( or lack of were either so high in price as to be clothes), are very interesting. In In- out of the reach .of Sunday-schools dia many of the little faces are pinched and other church organizations, or with hunger. In China one is imprest were imitations so poorly made as to with the quietness of the little folks be useless.

when they are to be seen, which is Realizing the value of pictures

showing the progress of the kingdom upon the picture. This is very im- in giving to every child a well- portant if one is to obtain a proper rounded religious education, the Edi- appreciation of a good photograph.

torial Association of the International Moreover, the average Sunday-school Sunday-school Association in 1906 scholar will look more closely and will united with the Home and Foreign study a picture longer if he is allowed Mission boards Ill. requesting the to view it through an attractive stereo- Young People's Missionary Move- scope, fitted with good lenses, than if ment of the United States and Canada an ordinary photograph is placed in to secure fresh pictures, sympathetic- his hands. Again, with the stereo- ally showing the actual conditions of scope, only one person at a time can mission fields. As a result there is look at a picture, leaving the other now available the largest and finest members of the class free to pay at- collection of fresh, real missionary pic- tention to the lesson, while the stereo- tures ever secured. The utmost care scope passes from hand to hand.* was taken to get pictures showing the So many churches and Sunday- actual conditions. None of the pho- schools are now equipped with stere- tographs was especially posed or "set opticons that lantern slides made from up." The aim was always to photo- these new missionary pictures have graph "things as they are." In other already begun to render a wide serv- words, there have been secured for ice. Along with post-cards, many the Sunday-schools, mission study things entirely new in missionary pic- classes, and other church organiza- tures are made from the same nega- tions in the home land pictures which tives which furnish the stereoscopic really show intimately and sympathet- views, the enlargements, and the lan- ically-as pictures have not done here- • The Scylla and Charybdis of high price and tofore-the actual conditions in the poor quality have been avoided through the dis- non-Christian lands, in contrast with covery, after much research} of the new helio the transformation effected by Chris- process. The helio process produces stereographs tianity. which are permanent; allows great latitude in the selection of tints; does not depend upon proper A fine stereoscopic camera, equipped matching of the color-process work, nor upon the with the best lenses, together with skill of the lithographer; does not give the spotted the highest-grade photographic plates, effect of the half-tone screen; is the equal and especially sensitive to natural colors, in many cases the superior of the ordinary phomake a combination which has over- tographic print; and can be produced at a come the handicap heretofore resting price so far below the cost of the ordinary photoon missions; namely, the necessity of graphic print as to be easily within the reach of being represented by poor photo- the average Sunday-school class, mission study graphs. For missionary purposes, the class, or other church organization. These stereoadvantages of the stereoscopic camera graphs are already in use in Sunday-schools and are apparent. The pictures can be mission study classes, and are proving a great used in the stereoscope, and have the success. depth and perspective to be found only in the stereograph. The hood of the Another advantage of using such a high-grade stereoscope "shuts out the world," and camera is that fine enlargements can be made from the attention is concentrated entirely the negatives_ There has just been published a new series of missionary programs for the Sunday- school, consisting of a series of enlarged pictures, 25"x30", showing conditions in the· home and foreign mission fields. Each picture of the set is accompanied by a complete printed story to assist the superintendent or teacher, who hangs up the picture before the school, asks Questions about it~ and tells the story_ Each picture has a real message.

COPj'Yight by the Young People's Missionary Movement AN OUTDOOR SVNDAY-SCHOOL IN INDIA tern slides. For instance, large pan- of impressive missionary scenes, to oramic enlargements showing great hang in the window and speak their mission properties in their vast ex- message every time one glances at the tent, or the grand view from some light. It is believed that such things such place as the famous "Prayer- will help to popularize missionary picmeeting Hill," at Ongole, South In- tures. dia, together with photographs on lacquer, and beautiful transparencies One of the widest and most valua- ble uses to which these pictures are

being put is that of illustrations for ness, together with the use of moving the religious press, which heretofore pictures in lines of scientific educahas had to depend largely for its pic- tion, emphasize the value of such pictures on secular agencies, paying tures in showing the actual conditions oftentimes high prices for pictures in mission lands. The new moving not taken from a sympathetic mis- pictures show native life and customs, sionary standpoint. heathen rites and festivals, the dif- ferent phases of missionary work, and The most remarkable development the practical results of missions. In in missionary pictures was made connection with the lantern slides public at the First International Con- before mentioned, these moving picvention, held under the direction tures present the needs of. the nonof the Young People's Missionary Christian world almost as vividly as Movement of the United States and tho one should visit the fields in per- son, and, in contrast with the needs, Cahad~;'~tPittsburg, March ra, I I, the moving pictures show in a remark- able manner the real results of misand 12, 1908. Here for the first time, sionary work. moving pictures of missionary scenes were exhibited. The wonderful growth of the moving-picture busi- DIFFICULTIES IN MISSIONS TO AMERICAN INDIANS BY REV. JAMES o. ASHEN HURST, SCOTCH RIDGE, .OHIO "One of the most difficult works to dist~clst white men "even bearirig that ever grace performs," said Dr. gifts." 'But the reluctance of Indians H. K. Hines, "is to lift an Indian out to accept Christianity does not arise of his old superstitions and paganism entirely from this cause. Some trib:s so as;· to enthrone a Christian reason have readily accepted the truth no> in hitdarkened mind."* withstanding the wrongs they have Edam, the ancient "Redmen," are suffered, while other tribes, living in described in Psalms 60: 9, as a "strong much the same conditions and experi- city" walled. The modern "redmen" encing the same wrongs, have sullenly are also a "strong city," walled in by ignored the claims of the Gospel.

their legends and customs, by their Two tribes live on the Warm Spring wild dances and by their superstition Indian Reservation, one the Wascoes and pride. Our world-conquering and the other the Millethlamas evangelism lingers before the "strong , .( Warm Springs), who have been 'inti- city." mately associated for many years.

The commonly recognized hindrance They have suffered together injustice to the evangelization-of the redman is from the white man. But the former the cruel and unjust manner in which have accepted Christianity while the white men have treated him. latter still hold to paganism.

White men have defrauded the In- They originally all lived near The dians so often that they have come Dalles of the Columbia river, and de- * Missionary History of the Pacific Northwest, pended for subsistence on the bound- H. K. Hines. D.D. less supply of salmon. But when the

DIFFICULTIES IN MISSIONS TO AMERICAN

white people came and settled along bound to his kinsman-group by secret the Columbia, the Indians were forced and sacred ties which he may not dis- to retire. They then made their home regard.

in the beautiful valley of the White The kinsman-groups among the In- river, a few miles to the south. But dians are much more a part of their this well-watered and pleasant valley social system and spiritual life than could not be overlooked by the white are the voluntary societies among settlers, and· the Indians were com- white people. With the knowledge pelled to accept as their home a less of these mysteries the Indians possess desirable section of country sixty miles a strong sense of superiority over the south of The Dalles designated as the white man. When an Indian enters Warm Spring Indian Reservation. the white man's church he thinks that They did not fully understand the he sees all that the "white man's re- conditions of the treaty they signed ligion" has to offer. But the white and by which they gave up their fish- man is entirely ignorant of the mys- ing rights at the Columbia. Old In- teries of the "medicine lodge." He dians still living declare that they therefore regards the white man with never received flour and other provi- a certain disdain.

sions promised them at that time by A common illustration of this fact government agents. is found in the manner in which an Captain John Smith, a godly man, Indian treats the white man's well- was the Government Indian agent at meant inquiry, "What is your name?"

Warm Spring for many years. He The custom of the Indian kinship clan taught the Indians the eletpents of forbids the use of a personal name in Christianity, preaching to them every addressing anyone. It prohibits even Sabbath through interpreters until the mention of the personal name of missionaries were at last appointed. anyone in his presence. For this rea- Under the leadership of this Christian son "What is your name?" is re- agent the Wascoes readily accepted the garded as an impertinent question, and Gospel and a church was organized. if an Indian deigns to make any re- Some of those charter members are sponse to such an improper question still living beautiful Christian lives. he simply answers behind the folds of But the Millethlamas ( Warm his blanket: "No name."

Springs), with the same opportuni- Indians have often made trouble by ties, have held constantly to their stealing horses, but they have never pagan rites and myths. been guilty of land-grabbing. The Looking to conditions among the white man's idea of individual owner- Indians themselves, we discover pe- ship of land with the right of trans- culiar social institutions and religious mitting it to endless generations is ideas which constitute an element in preposterous to the Indian mind. Ac- the walls which surround this "strong cording to Indian views, men have no city"-the Indian race. right to "call one foot of earth their It is well known that there exist own save that wherein they crumble among the Indians certain clans re- bone to bone."

sembling the secret orders found Conditions have forced the Indians among white people. An· Indian is to accept the reservation system and

individual allotments, but in their concluded that the Indians do not hearts they have never fully assented possess a religious nature capable of to these limitations so contrary to their responding to the spiritual nature ancestral traditions. of the Gospel. The superficial char- acter of these views is evident from An old woman, one of the wives of the successful results of missionary the late Chief Quiahpama of the work among the Five Civilized Tribes, Warm Spring Indians, made a speech the Sioux, the Nez Perces, the Alasin my hearing which expresses the kan, and other Indians. Instead of attitude of the Indian mind in respect being devoid of a spiritual nature, we to land tenure. In earnest and native find the life of the Indians pervaded eloquence, with the poetical cadence of by a reverent devotion which they the Warm Spring language, she said: have attained by close contact with nature, and their interpretations of na- Ah, this is my country! ture are spiritual rather than material. All this my land! On the Columbia river Their religious ideas are vague and White men build towns;- they are disposed to conceal their re- But it is' all my country! ligious conceptions. They shrink Away in Yakima Valley- from displaying their simple nature That, too, is my home; myths and faiths in the presence of And eastward to Umatilla, the white man's proud religious Where my people live,- claims. They conceal their religious Heaven's Chief to the Redman conceptions under phrases borrowed Ga ve all of this land! from the white man's religious vocab- The white man's country ulary. An Indian interpreter sat be- side a white man and translated for Is over the sea; him the strange myths of the Indian ritual at the religious "Sunday Heaven's Chief gave it to him dance," and they seemed to the white But this land is for me! man like the confessions of sinners at a Methodist meeting. The annuities, rations, and supplies given by the Government according Shmadhanalh, leader of the pagan to treaty stipulations did not appear customs among the Warm Spring Into the Indians as a business transac- dians, often attended the services at tion by which they signed away their the mission chapel and listened to the lands forever. Iri his imagination the missionary with great respect. He Indian still views it as his country. was asked by a visiting minister, "Do Unbending realities alone compel him you love Jesus f''' to submit to limitations imposed by the white man's customs and laws. He replied heartily, "Yes." "Would you like to confess Christ These religio-social customs are and sit down at the Lord's table as more elaborate in some tribes than we did yesterday in your presence?" others. The Wascoes do not seem to To this question he replied proudly, have possest originally such a C0111- "No!" plete esoteric system of religion as A Christian Indian afterward exthat held by the Warm Springs, and plained to the visiting minister that were therefore more open to the influence of Christianity.

On account of the difficulty of mission work among Indians some have

IN MISSIONS TO AMERICAN

the Indian "Jesus" whom Shmad- the language of the people to whom hanalh loves is not Jesus of Nazareth they are sent and the publication of whom we know and love. the Bible in the language of the peo- Warm Spring Indians in conversa- ple are the fundamental principles of tion with me referred to God by using the masterly methods prevailing in all the word Kwamipama-the Celestial foreign mission work. These methods Being. But in their own religious have also proved successful in many services and in their burial ritual they Indian missions.

use instead "Inmi Piyep," a term The acquirement of the Indian lan- which means "My elder brother," re- guage by the missionary has marked ferring doubtless to the presiding the successful work of Jonathan Ed- spirit of their kinsman-group. When wards among the Stockbridge Indians, the saving work of Jesus was pre- the missionaries to the Cherokees of sented to a notorious Indian gambler Georgia, the Riggses among the he replied solemnly: "Ai Chesus inmi Sioux, the McBeth sisters among the Piyep." ("Yes, Jesus is my elder Nez Perces in Idaho, Duncan at Met- brother.") lakatla and Young and his associates I have heard a folk-lore myth of among the Alaskan Indians.

the coyote repeated with the name of Even in these days, when govern- Jesus used instead of the name of an ment schools and English education Indian hero or deity. are established among the Indians, the These illustrations indicate how dif- key to the missionary mastery of the ficult it must be to affect the spiritual situation is the acquirement of the nature of the Indian through the me- Indian language and the translation of dium of the English language alone, the Gospel so that each one may hear or even with an interpreter. A sym- "in his own language" the wonderful pathetic knowledge of their thought works of God.

and customs is necessary, and this can With this necessary equipment we be attained only by the mastery of the must realize also that as the Indians Indian language. are devoted to a system not unlike In some cases work done through demon worship: an interpreter has been wonderfully "This kind can come forth by noth- blest, as was that of Miss Frost in ing, but by prayer and fasting."

Idaho and the work among the Was- This "strong city" challenges us to coes of Oregon in the days of Captain confession and supplication.

Smith and missionaries who followed "Who will lead us into Edom?

him. 'Nilt not Thou, 0 God, who hast cast The acquirement by missionaries of . us off?" BY REV. CHARLES T. RIGGS, CONSTANTINOPLE It is the right and duty of the system is the railroad from Aleppo Church to make use of all the inven- southward, through Hama (the antions and conveniences of civilization. cient Hamath, a Hittite capital) to When Messrs. Smith and Dwight, in Baalbek, where it connects with the 1830, undertook their long journey road from Beirut to Damascus, addthrough Asia Minor for the sake of ing 448 miles. The Hedjaz Railselecting sites for future mission st~­ way, which is to go to Mecca, has tions, they little dreamed that within already been extended 716 miles seventy-five years so many miles of southward from Damascus, and has a railroad would have been built, to say branch to the seaport of Haifa. From nothing of the network of carriageroads that now make travel so much Joppa a railroad runs 54 miles to Jeeasier than it was in the horseback days of two generations ago. ' rusalem. It will thus be seen that the railroads of Asiatic Turkey have a In the November number of the total mileage of something like 2,750 REVIEW reference is made to the rail- miles. Nor must we omit to mention road projected between Constantino- the Oriental Railway, connecting Conple and Bagdad, part of which has stantinople with Bulgaria and Europe, been built. A glance at the accom- with its connecting line to Salonica, panying map will show how far the whence one may also go by rail to work has progressed. Monastir and also to Servia or to Bosnia. These roads in European The Anatolian Railway, starting Turkey mount up to 890 miles more. from Constantinople, passes through Nicomedia, Eski Shehir, Afion Kara These railroads have been of great Hissar, and Konia to Eregli, a dis- value to the missionary work, in tance of 625' miles. From Eski shortening the time taken between Shehir a branch runs to Angora, a mission stations, and in opening new distance of 168 miles. Smaller fields for work. The Cesarea misbranches run to Adabazar and Ku- sionaries, in order to reach the capitahia; while at Afion Kara Hissar this tal, formerly went via Marsovan and road connects with the Smyrna-Cas- Samsoun, and took two weeks at saba Railway, which, with its branch least for the journey. It is now posto Soma, has a total length of 321 sible to make the trip, via Eregli, in miles. Another railroad runs out six days, or even in five in summer. from Smyrna" past the ruins of Ephe- The journey from Constantinople to sus and through Aiden, to Diner. Nicomedia, which formerly took two This road adds another 322 miles. days, may now be made with far The line connecting Broussa with its greater comfort in four hours. Afion seaport Moudania, is much shorter- Kara Hissar, one of the outstations of only 26 miles. Then there is the the Smyrna field, was formerly more line from Mersin to Tarsus and than a week's journey from Smyrna; Adana, which is 45 miles long, and but now the railroad brings it within will connect with the Bagdad Rail- a day and a half from either Smyrna way. And the latest addition to this or Constantinople.

Not only do the railroads thus save the time of the Lord's messengers and here and there places that have been give them far greater comfort on occupied for the Master. But what their journeys, but they have also multitudes ot towns and villages directly contributed to the mental as might be just as easily entered if we well as to the material well-being of only had the forces to do so! Evanthe people. The advent of the rail- gelists and colporteurs could be sent road means the advent also of im- along the line of the railway, to spread proved standards of living-better the glad tidings in a much wider cK S E: A ] XV SSI~ ——~ MARSO VAN T!i'ES'ZOrlO'i S'VAS. / CRZROUM. "'~''''''_~'

(~'- c.. . IIRPOUT .YAN '- ~ . .t'.:'; .;:;" :.,i f;~' :~ ,.BITLIS ';13 AI.. S ~O$OIlL "rr~ . ~ -.-.-.–~>. MEDIT£RRANE.·AN • ~.. ,.. ,r…. " ARAJBlJIA .sCAlf Of ,lnU..l"j "

-p,All~OAD S IN TURKEY· houses, better markets, and better region than was possible a few years prices. A wider market for home ago. The Bagdad Railway is a Gerproduce is opened; and by contact man enterprise; and German firms, with a larger world, the minds of the realizing the commercial opportunities people are also broadened. The rules thus opened, are sending their agents and regulations of the railroad com- all through that region and are openpany become a model for more or- ing agencies to introduce German derly living, even tho the company goods. The Singer Sewing Machine may use Turkish time and tie up all Company has representatives in alits trains by night. most every town in Asia Minor, and is showing more enterprise than the But while the railroad system of mission boards are showing. Shall Turkey is a decided advantage to the we allow the sons of this world to work of the Master, it imposes also be wiser in our generation also than a heavier responsibility upon His mes- the sons of the light? Will the stewsengers. For has not He opened the ards of the Lord's treasures in Amerway that it may lead to many a town ica fail to enter the open doors which and village not yet touched by the Gos- the representatives of European compel? On the line of the railroad are

merce have already entered? Should superficial European culture and the we delay to take advantage of the insidious temptations to atheism and present opportunity, our task in the agnosticism which follow in its train. future will be stilI more difficult; for While the railroads are opening the in addition to the present forces of way, let us not lag behind business the evil one, we shall soon find ranged firms in taking advantage of the presagainst us the deceptive veneer of a ent opportunity to occupy the land.

PHASES OF THE MASS MOVEMENT IN INDIA BY REV. EDWIN H. KELLOGG, MAINPURI, INDIA Missionary of the Presbyterian Church One result of the great stirrings This is, broadly, the type of village among the lower castes of North In- preaching which friends of missions dia and the marvelous movements and old missionaries call to mind Christward has been an almost when village itineration is mentioned.

complete change in the character of In contrast with this is the surprizing the missionary's village itineration. characteristic of most of the work Among the fresh impressions which among the village heathen to-day-at have filled the first months of the least in these parts of India-that it present writer's missionary experience is not primarily work among heathen in India this has struck him very for- at all, but among Christians. Is this cibly, in comparison with the days statement paradoxical? Does it call when as a boy he used to accompany for explanation?

his missionary father in his tours The reason for this new order of among the villages. In former days things is found in the fact of the won- the common thing for all. missionaries derful doors of access that have been was to seek at once the most central opened up-only within ten or fifteen and frequented part of a village, and years past-among the lowest castes attract, by singing hymns or other of the' population of North India.

means, a general audience of the These are the "sweepers" and "scav- Hindu caste people or Mohammedans, engers" of the Hindu caste system, or both, as the case might be. It despised by the haughty and self- might be that these had been already righteous Brahman, the lordly Ra.jput, gathered together around the mission- and the prosperous Baniya, but loved ary and his native associates in their and sought after by the great Friend progress through the lanes of the vil- of publicans and sinners, and by His lage, drawn by curiosity and interest disciples to-day who follow in His in the rare event of the arrival of a steps. The fact is, that these "people foreigner. The presentation of the that sat in darkness have seen a great Gospel message which followed would . light." Hinduism, as a religion, has almost certainly be interrupted and nothing in it for these degraded lower enlivened by much rapid-fire question- castes. They are supposed to exist ing or argument with some Brahman simply for the sake of the menial or some Mohammedan maulavi. service they render to the upper

OF THE MASS MOVEMENT IN

classes of society, and their only hope singleness of purpose to follow Christ; of salvation is the hope of attaining or whether inquirers should first be in a future phase of transmigration instructed more thoroughly, and baprebirth as a Brahman. Superstitious, tism administered when greater condowntrodden, degraded in mind and fidence can be entertained that the heart as well as in outward caste, now work of the Spirit has really begun as in Christ's time, these "poor have in their hearts. Weighty reasons are the Gospel preached to them"; and given on both sides of this question, now they have caught the sight, tho and it is very difficult for Christians from afar, and very dimly yet, of the in the home land fully to appreciate beams of the great Sun of Righteous- all the considerations involved, mainly ness, rising upon them with healing because Christians at home can have in His wings. Toward this light, with almost no conception of the density of their poor blind ey~s, they are gro- the mental and spiritual ignorance of ping and feeling their way. The num- the masses of these people, ignorance ber of these people who have asked which is the direct and legitimate for baptism and admission to the fruit of millenniums of that pantheistic Christian Church has been measured philosophy which is so strangely adby the tens of thousands in recent mired and affected by a certain type years. And larger still is the number of people even in Christian lands. of those, similarly situated in countless other villages, who would be Whether a missionary be more cauequally eager to become Christians if tious and reserved in his practise as there were only anyone, native or to the administration of baptism, or foreign, to take the Gospel message take the position that it is a great to them. advantage to secure at the outset, the initial candidate's absolute break from Now one of the most difficult and the heathen social organism which most pregnant problems in present- baptism involves. In either case the day practical mis.sionary policy is how practical problems immediately preto deal with these great numbers of sented for solution are stupendous. seeking souls. Densely ignorant they The latter missionary will urge the are, almost without exception, and if consideration of practical expediency, it were not for the wonder-working the advantage of bringing these peoillumination which God's Spirit so ple into the Christian fold and under soon casts on their dark minds, one Christian influences whether or not might think them incapable of spiri- they are able to convince the most tual apprehension. It is a warmly de- careful missionary of the sincerity of bated question among the wisest mis- their profession. He will bid us.oursionaries on the field to-day, whether selves to "beware of making a fetish the rite of Baptism should be admin- of the rite of baptism." The former, istered to all those desiring it who, on the other hand, will call to our however dimly understanding even mind the great lesson of past Church the most simple and elementary truths history. He dreads a possible repetiof Christ's Gospel, are yet able to tion of the sad error made by the make an intelligible statement of their Church of Rome in her missionary faith and seem to give evidence of policy in Northern Europe in the early

Christian centuries, which, as the late available for the support even of low- paid native teachers to live among revered Dr. A. J. Gordon put it, them and instruct them, altho $1,000 a year would support forty such teach- "made a drag-net of the sacraments, ers for more than as many villages. and in Christianizing the pagans paganized Christianity" and plunged Eu- The Baptized ChtUtians rope into the Dark Ages. But even the most conservative of missionaries Now when the condition of these stands facing to-day the same great thousands of bap·ti:::cd Christians is problem, a problem presented by the realized, the reader of this article may· mere fact of the character of the ante- perhaps understand why the itinerant cedents and the present environment missionary of to-day in North India and condition of those Christians feels that the first call upon him is to whom with full confidence in the wis- minister to the utmost of his strength dom of so doing he has baptized. For and ability to these fellow Christians it has come about that in scores of who are hungering for the Bread of villages scattered all over this thickly Life. Perhaps in most of these vilpopulated district, and in hundreds of lages these Christians will "go in the villages scattered over almost every strength of this bread" that comes to part of North India, there are now them on one visit of the missionary a small communities of baptized Chris- full twelvemonth. For the district in tians, varying from one or two indi- which he is the only worker is enorviduals or a single family to the very mous in extent, and still more numerous cases where the whole low- enormous in the number of souls that caste "mohalla," or "quarter," have live within its bounds, and during the been baptized. These are Christians, five months of the year when itinerabut Christians none of whom can read tion is permitted by the climate it is or write; Christians, therefore, who altogether improbable that he can visit have no access to the Word of God, each little flock oftener than once. Christians who have only just And here we have made no mention emerged from the grossest heathenism of the organized and developed work and the most debasing idolatry and of his main station, with its highsuperstition, Christians who are sur- school and primary-school and trainrounded still with this same environ- ing-school for Christian workers, its ment, with all the power cf Satan bazaar preaching, its personal interwhich resides in it to pull them back views with influential high-caste nainto the mire, Christians who have tive gentlemen and conversations with only the dimmest and vaguest notions bright schoolboys on spiritual things of ~hristian truth and duty-only -often so alive to the weakness and what they could be taught in the few impotence of their own religion, scattered visits which it was possible whether in its philosophical or popufor the foreign or native minister who lar form, and so keen and eager for baptized them to give them; Chris- satisfaction. And yet all this work is tians who wring our hearts by their ever calling the missionary back to pathetic appeals that teachers be sent his main station, and suffering in his them, and can not comprehend why absence. If the order of the day, then, this is not done, why money is not

has now come to be missionary work mediate results of this jealousy may among Christians rather than among often be the throwing of great impedi- heathen, the occasion of this is not ments in the way of our work by the failure of the labor among the those whose interest it is to keep the heathen, but, far from this, the over- Bhangis in the brute state, and the powering success of it. flaming up of fires of hate which may iead to bitter persecution of Chris- There is still another reason for this tianity on the part of those who, as practise. Not only does it seem to a rule, are simply indifferent to it, we be our first duty to care for those who may feel sure that it will be fruitful have already been baptized, and to in other and better results as well. build them up and strengthen them and enlighten them in the faith which Thirdly, the training of the Christhey have profest, but this plan is tians themselves to be not only true really one of the most effective means to their new Lord in faith and life, of reaching the unbaptized heathen but also active propagators of the masses. In three respects this remark truth among their unbaptized fellow holds good. In the first place, it is countrymen and caste-fellows, alike found that very frequently a large by their consistent walk and characnumber of the higher castes and other ter and by their words, is perhaps the non-Christians will stand on the matter which of all others is of the outskirt: of the little Christian au- supreme strategic importance in the dience (altho far enough away evangelization of India. Altho the to avoid contamination by con- foreign worker's presence and labors tact with the despised "Bhangis"). are at present absolutely indispensable These thus not only hear the Word, in the formation and development of but, having come spontaneously and the Church of Christ in India, and tho not through being sought out, listen the day is probably far distant when even more attentively than ordinarily; the ideal entertained by all thoughtful and at the same time witness an ob- missionaries shall be realized, the day ject-lesson of the very truth we when the American and European preach, about the Savior-God who is worker can leave the Church in India the Friend of the outcast Bhangis to its own leaders and the Holy whom the Pharisaical Brahmans ut- Spirit, yet it is a settled principle of terly despise. contemporary missionary policy to de- velop to the utmost the self-propaga- In the second place, there are not ting and self-sustaining power of the lacking indications that by concentra- native Christian Church. Such institing our attention and our labor on tutions, therefore, as the Central these low castes, with the consequent Christian Workers' Training-School elevation of the social position of of the American Presbyterian Mission those whom for thousands of years in Mainpuri, the present writer's ~ta­ the upper castes have trodden under tion, are of the utmost importance in foot, we may "provoke them to jeal- view of the conditions and circumousy," just as Paul hoped he might stances that confront us at present in provoke to jealousy his "brethren ac- North India, as indicated above. In cording to the flesh" by his work for this school those of the ignorant lowthe Gentiles. And tho one of the im-

caste village Christians who appear to home, may be "living epistles of be the most promising in respect to Christ" to their heathen friends, or natural qualities and spiritual endow- rather to those who are sure to be ment are brought in, together with their persecuting heathen enemiestheir wives and families, for residence known and read by them all. For of in an older Christian community, while all the letters Christ sends to men, all of them, men and women alike, the letters "written upon tablets that are instructed for six months of each are hearts of flesh," are those that wityear during the space of three years ness the most powerfully to the truth in the reading of their own vernacu- as it is in Jesus. This is often said lar, especially the easiest pOrtions of to be true in America and in Europe. the Scriptures, "in very elementary It is equally true in" India. geography and arithmetic, and in such outlines of Christian theology as we Join us in earnest prayer to the great Head of the Church, that these might teach an American child ?f humble followers of His, who have but lately "turned to God from eight years. For half of each year idols, to serve the living and true they return to their villages and prac- God, and to wait for His Son from tise teaching what they have learned heaven," may be endued with the to their old associates. Some of them spirit of stedfastness, of purity, and may prove capable of further training of enlightenment. Join us in prayer and higher careers, others may be re- that your own missionary representatained as paid workers, supported on tives in this land may be baptized with a small salary of a few rupees a the Spirit of Pentecost, the sevenfold month, in order that they may give Spirit of God, and perhaps above all their whole time to teaching and else with the Spirit of Wisdom for preaching in their home villages, the wise solution of these momentous while many others return to the ordi- problems which in these days crowd nary work of their fields and their pig- upon them thick and fast for answer, raising, but without doubt their wit- that no mistake may be made in these ness for Christ is made many fold critical days which shall injure the Inmore effective for the training they dian Church in the coming centuries. have had. And perhaps even more im- And join us, finally, in earnest prayer portant than the training of men from for yourselves, for Christ's Omrch in among themselves to be pastors and America, that God will show you your teachers is the building up of the rank part in the work of entering these and file of these ignorant village be- wide-open doors of opportunity to-day lievers in their faith, the infusing into in India, Korea, China, Africa, and them the Spirit of Christ, that witness- Japan, and the privilege of being a ing Spirit which characterized the fellow reaper in the great world-haraP9stolic believers, who "could not but vest. "A great door and an effectual speak the things which they had seen is opened unto us: and there are many and heard," that they, as they go adversaries. Therefore let us tarry about their common daily occupations here until Pentecost." in field and market-place and village

NATIVE CHURCH IN BURMA*

BY D. A. W. SMITH, OF INSEIN June 27, I8I9. There were several in respect to organization, self-sup- strangers present at worship. After the port and self-propagation. usual course, I called Maung Nau be- fore me, read and commented on an I. Organization. – It is evident appropriate portion of Scripture, and from the pains which Dr. Judson asked several questions concerning his took to explain and defend the for- faith, hope and love, and made the bap- mation of the first church, which tismal prayer, having concluded to have consisted only of himself and Mrs. all the preparatory exercises done in the Judson, and of Mr. and Mrs. Hough, zayat. ''Ie then proceeded to a large that he attached considerable im- pond in the vicinity, the bank of which portance to the matter of church or- is graced with an enormous image of ganization, and this feeling was in- Gaudama, and there administered bap- herited by his successor. It would tism to the first Burman convert. 0 seem as if it were their purpose to may it prove the beginning of a series follow closely the order of church of baptisms in the Burman empire, which organization prevailing in America, shall continue in uninterrupted succes- no body of believers being formally sion to the end of time! recognized as a church, unless, and until, financially able to provide for July 4, Lord's Day. We have had the a pastor's support. As one result of pleasure of sitting down for the first this thoroughness and care, only cen- time to the Lord's Table, with a con- tral churches were organized, small verted Burman; and it was my privilege companies of believers in the outly- -a privilege to which I have been look- ing districts being attached to this ing forward with desire for many years central church, until the time should -to administer the Lord's Supper in two come when, in view of members and languages. (Extract from Dr. Judson's financial ability, they could be or- Diary). ganized into separate churches.

This was the beginning of the The custom, which prevailed in the Karen branch of the native Burman branch of the native church church was determined by circum- in Burma. Nine years later, on the stances rather than by the sponta- neous choice of the missionary. The 16th of May, 1828, by the baptism converts came in so rapidly, and the little collections of disciples sprang of Ko Tha Byu, the first Karen con- up so simultaneously in places re- vert, the branch of the native church mote from each other, that it was just impossible to carefully organ- in Burma made a beginning. From ize; rather like the apostles in their· return journey from Iconium and these small beginnings we had, ac- Lystra, the missionaries were com- pelled to appoint elders in each cording to the report of the Burma Christian community, however Baptist Missionary Convention, two small, to be leaders in daily and weekly worship; and these collecyears ago, 56 Burman churches, with tions of disciples, without any for- mal recognition, were at once rea membership of 3,294; 724 Karen garded as de facto churches, and so churches, with a membership of 45,- treated. This exposed the methods 011 ; 9 Chin churches, with a member- of the Karen missionaries to the friendly criticism, and sometimes ship of 255; 5 Shan churches, with a mirth, of the Burman missionaries, who had leisure to be so much more membership of 1,224; 4 Kachin church- .es, with a membership of 273; 3 Te1ugu and Tamil churches, with a mem- bership of 550; I Chinese church, with a membership of 32; 3 Englishspeaking churches, with a member- ship of 331; being a total of 805 churches, with a membership of 50,- 970, not including the great advance movement among the Lahus (Mu- sos), with its several thousands of recent converts.

A study of the development of the native church in Burma would include a consideration of the church * Condensed from the Baptist Missionary Re'view, of India.

methodical, when they saw little than the average run of the churchcommunities of three and upward membership. As a consequence, the reported as churches! If the Kan;n ordaining of the native ministry promissionary had waited until these ceeded with the utmost ueliberation. little communities fully answered to The majority of our pastors, even at the requirements set down in the Di- the present time, are unordained. rectory, he must have attached them from the outset to the central station The following extract from Rev. J. church, with the result to be sure, that he could have pointed to his S. Beecher's first, anu, alas, only rechurch as "the largest Baptist port to the B. B. M. Convention, Church in the worlu," but at the gives a lively view of the way the same time, as the most unmanage- ministry began in the Bassein field; able and worst cared-for! Under the description is true for every such conditions, these little com- Karen mission. munities, feeling that they were only a part, instead of a whole, the sense The remarkable manner in which many of responsibility for the sustaining of the Bassein churches were first gathof worship and of the ordinances ered, and their first pastors chosen, opof God's house among themselves erates strongly against their ordination would have been weak; and as their and against their present usefulness. contributions would have gone to (Written in 1865.) When the Gospel the support of the central' church was first proclaimed among the Karens and its pastor, whose ministrations of this province, it was accepted in very they could only imperfectly enjoy, many places by whole families and distance precluding a frequent at- whole communities, and that too, immetendance upon the central church, the diately and almost implicitly. They were idea of self-support could have been ready to begin to worship the true God awakeneu only with the greatest dif- before they could be properly taught ficulty. As Christian communities how to call upon His name. Educated among the Burmans are on the in- preachers were nowhere to be found. In crease, it is believed that these so- this extremity, each community selected called loose, but at the time neces- from their own midst the elder whom sary, methods, which ttave so long they thought best fitted to conduct prevailed in the Karen branch of the their religious services. He was brought mission with such happy results, will to the missionary, taught a few weeks be adopted in other branches of the or months how to read, if he had not mission. Meanwhile, in the Karen previously learned, then the first princichurches, as they become more ma- ples of faith in Christ, the necessity ture, and more experienced in the of abandoning all heathen practises, usages of the church, the formalities, and how to perform the duties incumwhich at first were dispensed with bent upon those called to be pastors. as a matter of necessity, are begin- He was furnished with a Testament, a ning to be more closely observed. hymn-book, and a few catechisms, and duly commissioned to the ministerial To recur to the hasty and inform- office. It was the best and only thing al manner in which the majority that could be done at the time, and these of our Karen churches were organ- men have done an important work. ized, the causes which contributed to make such informality a necessity Forty years have passed since were also responsible for the char- those lines were written, ·and, with acter of the early ministry. Men had to the spread of education, not only on be selected at the outset, not because the part of the clergy, but also of they were a little more learned, but be- the laity, both the demand for, and cause they were a little less ignorant the supply of, a better qualified min- istry have favorably altered the ratio between the ordained and the unordained. Formerly it was expe- rience alone which constituted a qualification for ordination, and, as a result, only elderly men were counted worthy of it. In more re- cent years, a course in the Theo-

19081 THE NATIVE CHURCH IN

logical Seminary has been regarded the other hand, has met with a most as an equivalent for many years of friendly reception, and is rnaking experience, and, as a consequence, commendable progress among the our pastors are ordained at an earlier churches. A general society has age. Indeed it is not uncommon been formed which bolds its annual now for a young man to be ordained meeting at the time of the Burma within a very few years of his grad- Baptist Mission Convention, and at uation from the seminary. And it this meeting the local societies in all is high time that this change should our churches, Burman and Karen, be effected. For, as another result are represented by their delegates. of the early and necessary postponement, it came to pass that there The custom of a pice-a-week would be only one ordained man to contribution, is an offering, as many churches; and in spite of our- the name indicates, by every attendselves, Hiscox and Baptist usage to ant on divine worship, and is taken the contrary notwithstanding, the up at the service, usually the forethin edge of episcopacy obtained ad- noon, which is most fully attended. mission, each ordained man becom- It is doubtful whether there is any ing a little bishop without the title, scripture for such a practise, unless in the circle of churches which re- it be the injunction in Ex. xxiii: 15, ceived the administration of the or- and repeated in Deu. xvi: 16, "And dinances at his hands. This evil none shall appear empty before me." which has appeared, rather as a ten- The direction in I Cor. xvi : I is indency than a reality, is fast passing applicable, because there each is to away with the accession of new men give as "God has prospered him." to the ranks of the ordained. But the design of the pice-a-week is that it should be the same for all, Perhaps the hardest task in the without regard to the inequality of matter of church customs has been ability. The main argument for the to introduce the Sabbath-schoo!. The practise would seem to be that it is children in our station schools have a harmless, agreeable, and really efhad the example before them of well- fective method of collecting large ordered Sunday-schools, with classes sums without hurting anybody's and courses of study, for nearly two feelings, and without interfering generations. For the last fifteen with other collections. Supposing it years the international lessons have to be universal, the 50,000 Christians been introduced, and a Sunday- in Burma would contribute weekly school paper which helps an understanding of these lessons circulated Rs. 780 or Rs. 30,560 ($ro,ooo) per among the churches, and yet the idea annum! Unfortunately it is not uniof having a Sunday-school as we un- versal, but there is no good reason derstand the word, with graded why it should not become so. This classes, and each class with its own offering is so small as not to be teacher, has utterly failed of appre- counted among the regular offerings hension in our jungle churches. The of the individual, and so the regular majority of the churches it may be, offerings of the church are not afhave their so-called Sunday-school, fected by it. It is also popular with but attended in most cases by only the children, who make up fifty per a handful of elderly people who cent of our congregations, and are gather around the pastor, most of not counted in the 50,000 of the esthe children, meanwhile, as a native timate above. pastor mournfully described it a few weeks since, "amusing themselves as 2. Self-Support.-It is difficult to they best could out in the church speak of the development of the nacompound." tive church in its relation to se1f- support, not only because of the The Y. P. S. C. E. movement, on great variety of economic conditions which prevail in the different mis-

sion fields of Burma, but also be- qualifying for such an underpaid cause of the different meanings of profession. It is after all a question, which the term is susceptible. however, whether pay would or (There is a self-support which con- could either deter or attract the sists merely in independence of foreign really "best men" from a work so aid. Then again there is a self- spiritual. In favor of allowing, or support which consists in the minis- at least of not unduly blaming paster's supporting himself by his own tors who engage more or less in secefforts in some secular calling, like ular work, it is to be said of the the apostle Paul, and making no de- present stage of education that it is mands upon the church to which he not so general or so advanced as to ministers; and there is a self-sup- demand a highly-educated ministry, port which consists in the church and that the average pastor at the supporting its own pastor.) Self- present time lacks student habits, and support in the first sense is that on would find himself at a loss how to which the supporters of missions profitably use the extra time, if enmost strongly insist, and as a conse- tirely freed from the necessity of a quence, it is this kind of self-sup- partial self-support. With the deport, which it is the first aim of the mand for a highly educated ministry missionary to secure. All the mis- wiI1 doubtless come the habit of a sions in Burma have at the outset more liberal support on the part of received foreign aid to a greater the churches; but would it be well or less extent, especially for the that the time should ever come when carrying on of evangelistic, as distin- this support should of itself attract guished from pastoral work. Grad- men into the ministry? That time ually this form of help has de- has not yet come in Christian lands, creased, with the increase in the and why should we want it to come number of communicants, who are here? Hath not God chosen the taught to feel their obligations to poor, rich in faith, to be heirs of salevang-elize the outlying districts. In vation? And has He not equally chosen a few of our missions, apart from the poor, rich in faith, to minister to the salaries of the foreign mission- the spiritual needs of these poor aries, foreign aid is altogether a heirs? thing of the past, ani no doubt this would be true of all our missions, I t must be confest that for seIffor all agree in the principle, were it support in the third and highest not for the depressing economic con- sense, there is still abundant room ditions which prevail in some. for improvement.

But when we consider the kind of 3. Self-propagation. – Perhaps in self-support, which is too frequently no direction does the native church the resultant of this independence of of Burma show to better advantage, foreign aid, we have less cause for than in its efforts to spread the Gosself-gratulation than at first ap- pel among the unevangelized. For peared. We have to admit that the this end, in connection with each native minister is very inadequately association, there is a Home Mission supported, and that many pastors in Society, and in connection with these self-supporting churches are some, a Foreign Mission Society as obliged to cke out a scanty support welI, which undertakes work in "the by secular toil. This is Pauline, it regions beyond." And in addition is true, as to practise, but it is anti- to alI the above, alI the associations Pauline, as to principle. It is unite in the Burma Baptist Missionclaimed that this necessity not only ary Convention, the main object of produces present injury by a dete- which is to send the Gospel to places rioration of service, but also that it outside of alI associational limits. One prevents our best young men from of the early missions of the conven- tion was to the Karens of Northern

WITH TONGUES 53

Siam, and the last annual report of Burma is hearing the summons, the convention announced that this "Enlarge the place of thy tent, and' mission had become self-supporting, stretch forth the curtains of thine and would require no further help habitations. Spare not, lengthen thy from the convention. And now in cords and strengthen thy stakes; for the wonderful response of the Lahu thou shalt break forth on the right tribes in Northeastern Burma, to the hand and on the left, and thy seed Gospel call, the native church of shall inherit the Gentiles."

SPEAKING WITH TONGUES EDITORIAL In his remarkable book, "The hearts. We may know whether the Interior Life," Professor Upham, experience which we are seeking is many years ago, with the sagacious or is not of the nature of the testiinsight and foresight of a sacred seer, mony or sign required of God as the laid down certain principles which ap- condition of our faith and obedience ply to many modern movements. He by this mark, when we seek for it, says, "A life that unduly emphasizes antecedent to that exercise of faith 'signs' and 'manifestations' is charac- which is willing to leave what we terized by four bad marks: unbelief, desire, and everything which has reself-gratification, variableness, and lation to us, submissively in the hands self-will." We quote a few paragraphs of God. for their permanent and unspeakable value as criteria of judgment: "Self-gratification-The life of spe- cific signs, testimonies and manifesta- "Unbelief-Whenever we desire a tions is evil also by keeping alive and specific experience, whether inward or cherishing the selfish principle instead outward, whether of the intellect or of destroying it. He who seeks to the affections, antecedently to the ex- live in this manner instead of by simercise of faith, we are necessarily in ple faith, and who thus shows a secret so doing seeking a sign or testimony, preference for specific experiences, or something, whatever we may choose modeled after his own imaginations of to call it, additional to the mere decla- things, to that pearl of great price ration and Word of God. There is which is found in leaving all things obviously a lingering distrust in the with God, necessarily seeks to have mind which jostles 11S out of the line things in his own way. The way of of God's order; and under the in- faith is the way of self-renunciation; fluence of which we are looking round the humbling and despised way of our for some new and additional witness personal nothingness. The way of signs for our faith to rest upon. In other and manifestations is the way of one's words, altho we may not be fully con- own will; and, therefore, naturally scious of it, we desire a sign. In the tends to keep alive and nourish the language of the experienced Mr. destructive principle of selfishness. Fletcher, of Madeley, 'we want to see The lives of those who attempt to live our own faith,' a state of mind which, in this way, with some variations in as it requires sight to see our faith particular cases, may be regarded as with (in other words, a basis of faith an evidence of the general correctness additional to that which God has of these remarks. They seem like already given), is necessarily incon- children brought up in an unwisely sistent with and destructive of faith. indulgent manner; not infrequently This simple test will aid very much in full of themselves when they are gratrevealing to us the true state of our ified in the possession of their partic-

ular object, and full of discourage- "A life of faith, in distinction from ment, peevishness, and even of a life of manifestations, is not neces- hostility, which are the natural results sarily, as some seem to suppose ex- of the workings of self, when they are clusive of feeling, There may be'feel- disappointed. ing of some kind without faith; there "Variableness-The system of the can not wbiethotruutlyit.accFepatiathblemruesltic~rpioruesreligious life which is based upon feeling signs and manifestations exposes per- cede. I think we may lay down as a sons to alternations and reverses of fixt .and unalterable principle, that any feeling, which are injurious to the fee~ll1g, ~owever strong it may be, subjects of them, and are prejudicial to which eXists antecedent to faith or ir- the cause of religion in the eyes of the respective of faith can never be relied world. Remarkable manifestations on as of a truly religious and saving and experiences (and those who have value. But if the doctrine is true that entered into this system are seldom faith should go first, it is nevertheless satisfied with anything short of what true that feeling will come after. In is remarkable) are usually, and from all cases where there is faith (we our present physical and mental con- mean religious faith, viz., in God, in stitution, perhaps we may say are nec- Christ, and in all Divine declarations) essarily of short continuance. While feeling, in its various forms, and the manifestatio'ns of specific experi- what is very important, the right kind ences, whatever they may be, continue, of feeling, will naturally and neces- the mind is in a state of wondering sarily flow out. It will be such feel- and generally joyous excitement. But ing as God approves; it will be such when the termination of these seasons feeling as filled the bosom of the comes, which is commonly proximate Savior while here on earth; always in proportion to their wonderful na- appropriate to the occasion; sometimes ture, then succeeds the period of men- gentle and sometimes strong; some- tal depression, of darkness that can times characterized by joy and some- almost be felt; of horrible temptations, times by sorrow, always bearing the Satan saying to the soul continually, marks of purity and benevolence; but 'Where is now thy God?' And how always when the exercise of faith in can it be well otherwise when those the highest degree exists, distin- who take this erroneous course pray guished by the beautiful traits of and wrestle for revelations which calmness and peace.

gratify the natural curiosity rather "The chapter concludes with a quo- than for righteousness which purifies tation from Fletcher, of Madeley: 'If the heart? God indulge you with ecstasies and "Self-will-One expression of sanc- extraordinary revelations, be thankful tification is union with the Divine will. for them; but be not exalted above God's will is that we should lie sub- measure by them. Take care lest en- missive and passive in His hands. But thusiastic delusions mix themselves he who seeks a sign, a specific and with them; and remember that your preconceived manifestation of any Christian perfection does not so much kind, as the basis of the inward life, consist in building a tabernacle upon either in its beginning or its advance- Mount Tabor, to rest and enjoy rare ment, obviously fails to exercise the sights there, as in resolutely taking up required trust in God, And conse- the Cross, and following Christ to the quently, being wanting in the true palace of a proud Caiaphas, to the spirit of harmony and union with God, judgment-hall of an unjust Pilate, and he can not rightly be regarded, while to the top of an ignominious Calvary.

remaining in this state, as a person Ye never read in your Bibles, "Let to whom the character of sanctifica- that glory be upon you which was also tion can be properly ascribed. upon Stephen, when he looked up

AS THEY ARE IN ALASKA

steadfastlv into heaven, and said, 'Be- "3· We are obliged to state that there hold I s~e the heavens opened, and has been an exceedingly great negli- the Son of Man standing on the right gence in the examination and trial of hand of God.' But ye have frequently the spirits according to the clear stand- read there, "Let this mind be in you ard of the Word of God, and that which was also in Christ Jesus." , " there has been an inability to discern the spirits from the beginning. A German Declaration Concerning the Speaking With Tongues "4· We acknowledge this lack as a fault of ourselves and of wide circles We find the following interesting of the Church. We urge all brethren declaration in Der Missions Ultd Hei- to humble themselves with us and cry denhofe, which we translate for our unto God earnestly that He have pity readers: and heal our hurt.

"On December 19 and 20, 1907, "5· Deeply conscious of the necessity more than thirty representatives of of keeping ourselves separate from Christian Associations (Gemeinschaf- every strange spirit, we warn our ten) from many parts of Germany brethren against being led away, and met in the Association House in Bar- counsel them urgently to be restrained men for the purpose of consultation in holy reservation with watching and concerning the latest movements prayer. What we need are not sensawhich have their consummation in the tional experiences and visions, but a speaking with tongues. The delegates diligent searching of the Scriptures united in the following declaration: with perseverance, devotion, and so- briety, and a holy walk in the fear of " 1. We believe that God can give God." all spiritual gifts mentioned in the Bible in our days also. However, the The Committee: Theodor Haarbeck, people must be prepared for their re- Krawilitzki, E. Lohmann, Michaelis, ception. Regehly, Schopf, Schrenk, Stock- mayer. "2. We state the serious fact that in the present movements in Cassel and Of the signers of this declaration, in other places many who are acknowl- Pastors Lohmann and Stockmaver are edged believers, have received the gift especially well known in the Englishof speaking with tongues and of pro- speaking world, while all are of highphesying, which was not of the Holy est standing in Germany. Spirit.

THINGS AS THEY ARE IN ALASKA * BY REV. WILLIAM BURNETT, VALDEZ Alaska's religion and religious no- it isn't true; fifth, he does not need it. tions are, like everything el,e in I can not account for the radical Alaska, peculiar to it~;eIf. I have change that two or three years' resinever met a man in this country who dence in Alaska makes in the religious is not religious, after his own notion. ideas of both men and women, and that But the striking thing about it is that too of men and women who, at home, he is far ahead of the old-fashioned were active members of some church. creeds. The Bible is ruled out of It may be accounted for partly by cercourt, apparently for the following tain conditions here that have a tend- ency to test a man's personal religion reasons: rather severely. (I) The want of a First, he does not believe; second, he religious nucleus, strong enough to create a religious atmosphere, without does not know who wrote it; third, they are always changing it; fourth, * From The Home Missionary_

which a man feels a dangerous free- have now three or four boats a month, dom in his moral conduct and to which everybody must be at the wharf to he falls an easy victim; (2) the very meet them. It would take more than narrow social life of the people, dan- a fire, or a wedding, or even an eleccing and card-playing being the only tion to keep them at home. resources for social amusements with which to fill the many leisure hours. Our prayer-meeting Wednesday It seems to be a natural law that where evening brings out the faithful few. these are indulged in excessively re- Our thoughts are always directed to ligion naturally dies. some Bible topic by a short Bible reading, after which the meeting is But the chief hindrance, I think, is left open for discussion and prayer. the great fascination and profitableness The other stated meeting of the week of all kinds of gambling, to which the comes on Friday night, for regular women are as easy a prey as the men. Bible study in connection with the Add to these the difficulty of keeping Sunday-school lesson. These are our up interesting meetings in the church, regular services, and I am able to say either social or religious, for the want that all through the two winters I of good music. Sometimes we have have been here 10 storm has been a good choir, and then the church is severe enough-and we have had them full every Sunday evening. But just pretty lively-to prevent our coming as we seem to be accomplishing some- together. thing, our singers move on and leave us sometimes without organ or choir. We have some opportunities of Our regular meeting Sabbath morning reaching the people by a more perat eleven o'clock is always poorly at- sonal ministry. We distribute a tended, as no one thinks of getting up great many tracts when we have before noon. This habit hurts the a chance,* it would be a waste Sunday-school, which meets at quarter of time and tracts to throw them past twelve. Yet we always have our around indiscriminately. If we get faithful few at both services, whom into conversation with a man about neither cold nor heat will keep away. spiritual things it is easy to secure his These few alone would almost be a promise to read something. Then we justification for the support of this use the tracts to good advantage. Such mission. They deeply appreciate their opportunities are quite numerous. religious privileges. Our Sunday- Then there is a large opportunity for school has an enrolment of forty-five. a wayside ministry, and the missionary There is always a dearth of teachers, must go loaded with a sermon all the and we could do better work if the time,.and be ready to preach it not at school were better graded, but they the church only, but at the post-office, all seem interested and are quite faith- at the store, on the street corner, and ful. We have also a Christian En- in the gambling-hall or the restaurant, deavor Society meeting at seven or the log cabin or the tent. o'clock, which compares favorably with the larger societies of the States. The growth of the church is hardly perceptible. We have eleven active But our chief service is Sunday members, just fonr more than we had evening, unless there happens to be a two years ago. When will the church boat coming in. There is a saying be self-supporting? I do not know. about the Valdez people to the effect The people are poor, very poor, arid that if you want to know if any of our running expenses are heavy, espethem are in heaven you have only to cially for coal at $r6 a ton, and we go to the Golden Gate and shout used twenty-five tons last year keeping "steamboat," and you will have them our church and reading-room warm. all out in a minute. The event never We have managed, however, to meet seems to lose its novelty, and tho we * Luke 18: 29-30.

WORK IN INDIAN SCHOOLS

these expenses" but I have never re- these nine were helped to get out by ceived a dollar from the people for our little band of Christians. That is salary, We have piteous appeals for one reason why the church grows charity and we must give if it takes so slowly, and is the secret also the last dollar. We have conversions; why our statistical reports show but thirteen I know of personally; nine a . s~all part of the results of the of them, five girls and four men, res- mission. cued from the very whirlpools of sin and vice. They are not added to the The faith and love of Christians church and can not be, since their who have sown the frontiers of the only possibility of living a decent life country with mission churches and is for them to go back to the States the money and labor and prayer that and find honest work. Everyone of have been put in the work can never be lost.

RELIGIOUS WORK IN INDIAN SCHOOLS * BY M. }<'RIEDMAN 'What knowledge is worth most to and industrial training, but, going a the Indian? The proper training of step further and more wholly taking the race along moral and religious the parents' place, it endeavors to lines is a subject which has troubled shape and perfect the moral life of for some time those actively engaged the student. As a consequence, def- in Indian educational endeavor. What inite and positive religious instruction is the attitude of those in charge of is given. ,Religious training must have the moral elevation of Indian boys and a place if moral precepts are to be in- girls, young men and young women, culcated. Morality and religion inter- whose homes and people are scattered twine, fundamentally and everlast- everywhere over the broad domain of ingly, one about the other. In most these United States and who, conse- cases and with all races excellence of quently, are actuated by various cus- conduct and moral uprightness have toms, traditions, desires, and charac- their roots in and are supported by re- teristics? ligion.

For long years the Indians' ances- When the Indian student leaves his tors worshiped at the shrine of the home and enters a non-reservation great "sun-father" or the powerful boarding-school, the Government re- "father-sky" as the spirit dictated and places the parent and assumes entire in their own primitive way; their form responsibility. It not merely enters of worship was in accord with their into a contract to educate but to ele- environment and the manner of their vate as well. The precious years dur- life. The Great Spirit was held in ing the adolescent stage spent at school awe by the Indians because of his are the ones most propitious for the wonderful manifestations. They looked molding of character. By establishing forward to the "happy hunting- the foundation for a sincere religious ground" as a place for unlimited belief in God and the efficacy of pleasure. But since then the times prayer, we introduce the most potent have changed. For economic reasons influence in character-building.

and because of the necessities of peace This great truth is not forgotten by the Indian was conquered. N ow our the administration in its management sovereign nation is engaged in the of Indian schools. As a type I speak long-delayed but much-needed work of of Haskell Institute. No encourage- civilizing and educating these people. ment is given young men and young The education of the Indian is women to drift; on the contrary, unique in that it gives not only literary everything is done and every incentive * From the Southern Workman.

is offered to students to become men competent persons whose services are' and women of positive character. No entirely voluntary. Each Sunday one denomination is favored more evening these societies meet with their than another; but everyone has abun- regular leader or one from the school. dant opportunity to worship as he Often a speaker from the city of Lawchooses. This freedom of religious be- rence leads, and occasionally one from lief does not carry with it exemption more distant places. Aside from the from religious attendance on Sunday- general meetings, there are Bible-study school. Here a careful study is made classes and committees in charge of of the Bible under the leadership of the social life of the students. There instructors in the school. The students are two divisions of the organizations, learn how to use the Bible, become one for younger boys and girls, the familiar with the places mentioned, and other for more mature students. Atstudy the lives of its host of noble tendance is voluntary. The smallest men and women in an endeavor to children of the school are banded tofathom the secret of their enduring gether in a "Sunshine Society," and power and influence in the world. every Sunday have interesting serv- ices. They are told in a simple way Immediately after Sunday-school of some of the characters in the Bible, there is service in the large school and spend a good proportion of the chapel, which has a seating capacity time learning Gospel hymns. of one thousand. The ministers from Lawrence have volunteered to conduct To keep up their church affiliations, these services. Presbyterians, Roman students are encouraged to meet the Catholics, Methodists, Baptists, Con- ministers of their church every second gregationalists, Unitarians, Lutherans Thursday for an hour's devotional -all are represented by their minis- work in the evening. These meetings ters four or five times during the are voluntary, but the fact that they school year. As Lawrence is the seat are well attended holds out hope and of the University of Kansas, one of encouragement for the religious awathe largest of the State universities, kening of these people. the ministers are able men who have already been tried in other fields. The The religious work as here outlined sermons delivered by these reverend is not unique or peculiar to Haskell gentlemen are full of common sense, Institute. A 'Somewhat similar arvaluable advice, and spiritual truth. It rangement obtains at other of the is a very difficult matter to talk under- larger schools, where systematically standingly and entertainingly to young arranged undenominational work is people; doubly so when those young- carried on as part of the school trainpeople are Indians, with the Indian ing. This work is maintained in order point of view and a lurking suspicion to teach the students to lead better in regard to the honesty and sincerity of the whites. It is a compliment to lives when they leave the guardianship these ministers of the Gospel that they of the Government than they did bedo this work to the entire satisfaction fore, and to implant in their hearts of both pupils and instructors. the simple faith which ultimately leads Sunday evening is well and profit- to happiness. The great aim is to culably spent. The Y. M. C. A. and Y. V. C. A. have established organi- tivate that solidity of character and zations at the school, and there is no uprightness of conduct which will doubt about the fruits of this work. Both organizations are in charge of make the Indians self-respecting men and virtuous women who will be true to themselves, true to their fellows, and true to their God.

EDITORIALS

THE ELEMENT OF WORSHIP ignorance of facts and recklessness of Protestants and anti-ritualists, in statement gave occasion to the unintheir reaction from ceremonialism, formed to sneer. The Christian Work sometimes swing like a pendulum to investigated the report, through the the other extreme, and become reck- Tribune, in which it first appeared, less of forms and irreverent. At a and a certain Senator was "too busy time of such reaction in Uganda, a to take up this matter again !"-in fact, sagacious native preacher said to his congregation that forms and facts, the too cowardly to attempt to substanexternals of religion and the internals tiate a baseless charge. From the of truth, bear a similar relation to missionary boards a statement was each other as do the skin and sub- secured of how much was actually stance of the banana-a kind of stap~e claimed, which in many cases included food of the Baganda-the skin is not no personal damages at all; and the edible, but it is needful for the growth whole amount does not exceed oneand protection of the fruit. We must tenth of the value of the "diamond not chew the skin as we do the fruit stock in New York." Two official it encloses, neither must we regard it statements, one from the solicitor of as useless because it is not eatable. the State Department and the other from the Second Assistant Secretary In the biography of that great mis- of State, settle the whole matter as sionary, M. Coillard, of the Zambesi follows: Mission, the biographer writes: I can say of my own knowledge that During his stay in Rome in 1897, he the claims presented by American misasked a friend of early days who had sionaries were 'Very moderate indeed. left the Church of Rome whether he There were no extravagant claims for the wardrobe or jewelry presented. ever regretted that abandonment. The emphatic reply was "Never! In Protes- A recent detailed examination of all tantism I find an open Bible, a personal the Chinese indemnity claims which has been made by the department seems to knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ, and show that, in general, the claims of the the forgiveness of sins. These three missionaries and their wivts were not things I never found in Rome, but I unreasonably exaggerated, and, specificmust confess there is one thing in Catholicism which I miss in our Reformation ally, that there were no claims on account Churches, and that is adoration." Said of jewelry and wardrobes large enough M. Coillard, "I miss that too!" to attract attention.

This is a timely word, and to which And so another lie is laid low; but we all will do well to take heed. truth will probably never be able to Christianity is a religion of worship. follow up its tracks and undo the dam- Worship means literally "ascription of age it has done!

worth," and its key-note is "Worthy THE NEED OF FELLOWSHIP the Lamb that was slain." There is always danger of mista- THE MISSIONARIES VINDICATED king the external approach and access A member of the Senate Committee for the internal bond. It has been on Foreign Relations, during the dis- discriminatingly said that neighbor- cussion of claims for indemnity for hood without brotherhood is often a Boxer injuries, affirmed that the curse rather than a blessing. Vain to claims of American missionaries indi- prostrate barriers between peoples un- cated that "the wardrobes of their less mutual antagonism can be abated.

wives must have far exceeded in value It is not walls, oceans, mountains, and those of the most extravagant actress; discordant tongues that keep nations and that their diamonds alone must apart, but prejudices, contrary opin- have been worth as much as the entire ions and motives, and class hatred.

stock of the largest diamond dealer in Familiar acquaintance sometimes only New York City!" Of course, such engenders more bitter strife-as mar-

riage sometimes only promotes brawl- reason why I attack plutocratic ing and intensifies mutual alienation. abuses." The writer says: "Mr Roose- Nothing. can ever take the place of velt does not eat. He· talks. He talks love, and love is the fruit of the Spirit. with expressive gesticulations. He talks with his head, with his arms, with THE PARALYZING INFLUENCE OF his shoulders, throwing his whole force DOUBT into what he says. I noted especially Luther wrote: "The Holy Spirit is a chopping gesture of the hand, guil- not skeptical. He does not write upon lotining the neck of a possible obJec- our hearts objections and doubts, but tion of the opponent. And yet an- convictions more clear than that of other, the two hands parallel, as tho our own existence and of the outer to cut a canal for his argument to go world that surrounds us." It is well to the interlocutor. "I know that the for those to remember this who are Wall Street people denounce me like a undermining instead of underpinning Judas lscariot, but it is precisely be- the foundations of popular faith in the cause I speak the truth to Americans great truths and facts upon which the that I think I am a good patriot; and whole Christian religion is built. Even then, besides" (here the laugh of the Goethe felt constrained to plead: President burst forth joyously and his "Give us your convictions; as for head rested upon his right shoulder, doubts, we have plenty of our own." as tho he were taking aim), "I am not A CRIMINAL SAVED a sentimentalist. Let them attack me. I will defend myself in appealing to A poor man, as he was led to the the spirit of justice of the country. I scaffold to suffer the penalty for mur- will return the blows." These words der, was asked if he was afraid to die, were aglow with the joy of conflict.

and said: "As for the plutocrats, the people who "I rely on one verse of Scripture, . wish to make of us a Tyre or a Car- 'God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son.' thage, they are promoters of anarchy."

"Vhen I heard this, I saw the arms A FOURFOLD CLASSIFICATION of God wide open, that whosoever believeth in Him shall not perish, but The late Rev. C. A. Fox divided have eternal life. When I read this I Christians into four classes; Calvary felt the arms of God tightly close upon Christians, who know Christ crucified me and I am saved." and their sins forgiven, and no more; Resurrection or Easter Christians, PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND who know a risen Christ, and go no PLUTOCRACY further. Then there are Ascension Christians, who know Him as at the A French journalist (M. Tardieu) right hand of God, and themselves has, in the Paris Temps, published an raised up together and seated together account of an interview with the in heavenly places in Him. All these American Chief Executive, some have an experience of Christ which months previous. He quotes the affects themselves. But the fourth President as saying: kind, whom for want of a better word "If I am fighting against plutocracy he would call Descension Christians, it is because I am the enemy of social- are those who come down from the ism, of anarchism. Plutocracy is the heavenly places into this world of sin worst of regimes for the people. There and sorrow to spend and be spent in is only one as detestable, that is dema- saving others. Their Lord is in goguery-money rule or mob rule, it heaven; and their hearts are in heaven, does not matter which. Plutoc- but they are seeking to fulfil His com- racy is the best ally of social- mand to preach the Gospel to every ism and anarchism. I am in my creature, and He is with them always, way a conservative, and that is the even to the end.

19081 EDITORIALS

This is a quaint but suggestive clas- preaching Christ to Mohammedans sification of professing disciples, and than we are tempted to use in dis- 110t untrue to the facts. We have cussing the same work among Hindus, often said the same thing in a dif- Buddhists, or savages. We do not ferent way: that some disciples get no speak of the Hindu "controversy," or further than the Cross, and pardon; the "conquest of Buddhism," or "atothers learn what the risen Christ tacking the strongholds of Confuciancan do in subduing the power of sin. ism," or "organizing our forces for an Still others realize to some extent advance upon Shintoism." • identification with Him in a heavenly life. But personally we have never I wish to plead for a change in the known any who could so far enter into language we employ in the discussion His life and victory without being of mission work among Mohammedan also touched with His passion for peoples. There can be little doubt that souls and His spirit of sacrifice. It the very language we have used has would be different to find any Ascen- erected unnecessary but none the less sion Christians who do 110t also find formidable barriers between the foltheir heavenly ecstasy in self-denying lowers of Mohammed and the followservice on earth for souls dead in sin. ers of Christ. This form of expres- The missionary spirit is inseparable sion, if applied to Jews, Hindus, or from all the highest and heavenliest Buddhists, would not have created for experience. us the same difficulties that it has done in Moslem lands. CONTACT WITH HEATHENISM It is an historical fact that the fol- A man is largely unconscious of lowers of Mohammed have never, until either the purity or the viciousness of recently, come into close contact with the atmosphere until he passes into simple, pure Christianity. Their early another. And the corresponding fact contact was with the Oriental is true of the moral and spiritual con- churches, from which the spirit of true ditions. Nothing short of actual con- Christianity had largely departed, and tact with Christianity, worthy the was itself a partial reaction from its name, or cannibalism and other forms corrupt practises. of pagan degradation, qualifies one for a clear and judicial estimate. And The militant character of Islam hence the present movement in the made the Eastern Church into a direction of personal investigation of church militant. This conflict was the mission field by fair-minded lay- waged around the Mediterranean Sea, men we hail as one of the most prom- increasing in fury until the tide was ising signs of the times, out of which turned at the walls of Vienna. Thus it would seem only lasting good can for some thousand years the vocabucome. laries of both Moslems and Christians have grown rich with terms of war TO BE WON, NOT CONQUERED and conflict, victory, conquest and de- feat, when speaking of their relations In some unaccountable manner, one to the other. we have come to use many military terms in our language and It is natural, also, to conclude that literature upon the subject of the the great mass of Mohammedans toconversion of the Moslems. It day do not understand that there has may be a relic of the Crusades, or been any marked change during the of the many martial conflicts that have last century in the attitude of Chriswaged between Moslem and Christian tians toward' them and their belief. races from the days of Mohammed Why should they not think that the to the Armenian massacres. However Christian nations are looking only for that may be, we certainly employ a an opportunity to crush them wherever different vocabulary when we speak of they have a national existence, and to compel them by force everywhere to

adopt Christianity. I fear that even bered swamp, and stealthily, one by our martial hymns are wholly misun- one, her fugitives would creep to the derstood by the Turks. Some of our rendezvous. She entrusted her plans modern literature upon the subject to but few of the party, confiding only would tend rather to confirm them in in one or two of the more intelligent such a position than to allay any fears negroes. She knew her path well by they may have had. this time and they followed her un- erring guidance without question. I therefore plead for the conversion She assumed the authority and enof our v~cabularies and verlnl expres- forced the discipline of a military sions when we speak and write upon despot. Islam or in regard to mission work among Mohammedan peoples. Let us At times she was in Canada, at the compel the belief that we are not en- terminus of the "Underground Railtering upon a crusade, or that we de- road;" and she woald go down to the sire to conquer them or their religion, station, as trains arrived on which she or that we propose to wage any kind knew fugitives from slavery to be hidof a controversy with them or with den, and goin,g into freight cars or their beliefs. elsewhere to find them would often see them crouching down in corners We desire, above all things, to bring in mortal fear of recapture. Then her to their attention the beauty of the whole air and tone were heroic- Christ, and to reveal to them the great "What ye cowin' down dar fur? Git heart of a loving God and Father. We up–don't ye know yer free! Ye've wish to exalt before them the gentle- shakin' off de lion's paw! Stand up ness, meekness, and humility of the dar like a man!" Which has often genuine Christian life until they see in reminded us how often sinners who it the true ritual of our faith. If we have been redeemed, failing to realize can properly exalt Christ before the their deliverance, need an encourag- Moslems stript of armor and with His ing word to remind them that they hands outstretched in love, there is no are free and have shaken off the lion's doubt that the Moslem world will be paw. drawn unto Him. THE CHALLENGE OF GOD'S WORD JAMES L. BARTON. Adolph Saphir well remarks: "The HARRIET TUBMAN Scriptures might say to those who per- secute them, 'Many good works have This remarkable colored woman, I done among you: for which of those still living at Auburn, N. Y., came good works do ye persecute me.' first to the notice of the public some- And still the answer of men would what more than fifty years ago, by be: 'For a good work we persecute reason of her persistent efforts to pro- thee not, but because thou, being but mote the freedom of the slave. She a book like other books, makest thywas herself an escaped slave, and hav- self the Book of God, claiming to be ing tasted the misery of bondage and divine.' " the happiness of freedom, devoted herself to freeing others, and shelter- Kant, a philosopher of most subtle ing those who had got free of their analysis, and Hegel the pantheistic bonds. She was so skilful and suc- metaphysician, both have left behind cessful, that at one time a reward of remarkable testimonies. $40,000 was put on her head-dead or alive. Kant wrote to a friend what has not appeared in any of his biographies On some darkly propitious night but was published, some years ago, in there would be breathed about the ne- an Augsburg paper. "You do well gro quarters of a plantation, word in that you base your peace and piety that she had come to lead them forth. on the Gospels, for, in the Gospels, At midnight she would stand waiting and in the Gospels alone, is the source in the depths of woodland or tim-

I 90S] EDITORIALS 54 I

of deep spiritual truths, after reason Robert Louis Stevenson, who knew Samoa quite as well as Andrew D. White mh. asvamm.e,.a'sured out its whole territory wrote from Apia: "I have become. a ter~ . Hegel, when on his death-bed, like rible missionaryite of late days. . . . I had conceived a great prejudice against Walter Scott, would have no book but missions in the South Seas, but no sooner the Bible read to him; and he emphatically declared that, if God were came there than that prejudice was at to prolong his life, he would make this first reduced, then at last annihilated. book his study, for he found in it Those who deblaterate against missions what mere reason could not discover. have only one thing to do, to come and His favorite hymn, during those dying see them on the spot." days, was the German hymn of which the bearing is, "Jeslls, draw me en- But all those who see Christian mistirely unto Thyself." si<;ms on the spot. have not the open- mmdedness of Stevenson. Dr. White des~ribe~ his visit to the Presbyterian statIOns m Egypt and Syria. Not a word of commendation do they get, only some querulous comment on the defective and ANDREW D. WHITE AND SAMOAN backward theology of some of the work- MISSIONS e:s. quite in contrast is the estimate given In a recent Prussian year-book. A correspondent calls attention to The writer is so astonished at the in- the misstatements of Andrew D. fluence which the missionaries at Beirut White writing in his autobiography have won, that he is all admiration at their concerning the Samoan trouble when educational and industrial triumphs.

Knowing President Wh·ite's opinions, he was minister to Germany. Dr. one can readtly understand how he should White says: "Really at the bottom of undervalue the purely religious work of it all were the missionaries-French Roman Catholics on one side, and missions. But one might have expected a word of just praise such as the German publicist gives.

English vVesleyans on the other, desir- THE CRIME OF APATHY ing to save the souls of the natives, no matter at what sacrifice of their The "Montana," a large mail bodies." He then declares that the steamer, March I3, 1880, was wrecked missionaries "induce the natives to call in a dead calm and dense mist on the themselves Protestants," etc. Our cor- rocky coast of Anglesea, within five miles of Holyhead; her signals of disrespondent continues: tress were heard distinctly there, and the coast-guard and harbor-master ac- He rubs his hands in glee over the tually discust the question whether statement that no missionary has eyer converted a Mohammedan. Yet in the last few years more than 7,000 Moslems assistance should be sent, the result behave united with the churches of the ing a determination to do nothing ·on Rhenish Society in Sumatra. As to the flimsy pretext that they were not Samoa-in spite of the fact that, as United States Minister, he had in charge all the sure whence the sound came! What business of the Samoan affair-he never does God think of Christians who hear learned that there are no Methodists at the pathetic cry of millions for the all in the islands, the missions being in bread of life, and know how body and charge of the Congregationalists of the soul are being wrecked on the ro~ks of idolatry, superstition and debasing London Missionary Society. . . . sensuality, and apathetically leave them Protestant missionaries are not eager to their fate!

to save souls without regard to the sacrifice of life. As to their inducing the na- tives to call themselves Christians, the October number of the MISSIONARY RE- THE CHURCH AND ITS MISSION VIEW is a sufficient refutation. These Samoan Christians have 235 churches In the Prussian empire every man with a church population of 25,500. They is a soldier, and so, when the order give $25,000 yearly for religious work. goes forth, the army may be mobilized They support 65 missionaries in other South Sea groups 'and in New Guinea. in a day. The Church needs to be The character of these Samoan mission- educated into the full realization of aries is most highly commended by the the fact that its one great mission is Governor of British New Guinea, Sir William Magregor. service. There is disproportionate em-

phasis laid on receiving and conse- larger than ever. Are not many quent lack of it on imparting. In or- churches dying of dry~rot? How can der to understand this mission of God be expected to bless any congre- service we must think of the Church gation where there is little or no sys- as both a rallying and a radiating tematic and self-denying work to point. Weare to go there to be fed, reach outsiders?

and go from there to feed. Generally HEATHEN COSMOGONIES the morning service may be made especially a feeding time for Christian Those who decry the Christian workers, when the effort is to bring religion or ridicule the Bible as an unout the substance of the word-the scientific book would do well to conpromises, ways of serving, motives of sider the arguments of the late Printrue work for God, preparation of cipal Dawson, by which he maintained prayer, etc.-whatever helps to qualify that, without being in any proper disciples for holy living and unselfish sense a scientific treatise, when it serving. Then any pastor should be glad to have Christian workers go out touches incidentally upon scientific afterward to preach and teach his sermon and God's Gospel everywhere, amnadttesr~smetthiemrees is a singular tofitnfaecsts~ quite willing to have their places empty a forecast, as at the second service, that they may go and hold evangelistic meetings, cottage not discovered for many centuries meetings, prayer services, etc., where they may get at non-church goers. We afterward. do not believe in Christians feeding without working. "If any man will For example, Herbert Spencer. says not work, neither shall he eat." Un- that the universe is the joint product of five factors: "time, space, matter, force, and motion." And in his "Con- fEct of Truth" Mr. Capron wonders whether Mr. Spencer ever read the opening verses of Genesis: selfish activity prevents spiritual dys- In the beginning (time) God created pepsia. It is the exercise needful to the Heavens (space) and the earth (mat- ter), and the Spirit of God (force) carry off the food into normal chan- moved upon the face of the waters (mo- nels and assimilate it to our consti- tion).

tutional wants. It is hard to under- Writers like Muller have given us stand how any minister can be jealous translations of the Indian cosmogony of his workers, going out to carry the of which the following is a versifica- Gospel, and leaving an empty place tion which does fair justice to the half a day for some one else to fill original: who needs the Gospel far more. One church has a band of young men who, Behold Creation's mystery! after morning service, go to gather in .A thousand million cycles fled, and teach poor neglected children in the afternoon; then hold a yoke-fel- SlIlce, somehow, earth began to be. lows' prayer-meeting and take supper 'Twas made one broad, flat, plain of land Whereon high hills and mountains rise: And story upon story stand.

together; and then, for an hour, walk Twelve elephants. with tails turned out And trunks which, to one center point: the streets, and personally invite to service all whom they find; and, at The mass uphold-their backs are stout.

eight o'clock, go to their meeting hall, Their feet rest on a tortoise-shell or tent, and in their way preach, as So big it spans from pole to pole; laymen, and hold after-meetings for Who made It?-Iet the sages tell!

inquiry. Strange to say, tho it might Beneath the tortoise, in repose, be supposed such policy would help to A serp.ent huge his body coils; empty the mother church, it was never What holds the serpent?-no one knows.

before so full. This activity infuses And when these elephants do shake vitality into all the church enterprises, Their giant bodies to and fro; and even the evening congregation is That makes -the solid earth to quake.

MISSIONARY

ISLANDS OF THE SEA using cO,cai~e, alpha or beta cocaine, or The Isle. Shall Wait for His Law any d,;nyatlve ,0r preparation of such drugs, IS forbidden; and "it shall be Not only is the unevaQgelized world, unlawful for any person to hold 01' to have so . recently, so completely, closed 111 ~IS posse~slOn or under his control or agamst the Gospel, now well-nigh sU?Ject to hiS disposition any opium, cowholly wide open to receive the Word c~me! alpha or beta cocaine, or any deof Life, but large sections have nvatlve preparation of such drugs or substances."

reached the advanced stage of self- The Neuen-Dettelsau Missionary Society in support. Thus, Australia, New Zea- New Guinea land, Tasmania, Hawaii, the Fiji Islands and many other Pacific groups Kaiser Wilhelm's Land the name are now Christian countries. Missions given to the northeastern part of the In such lands are now home missions, large island of New Guinea, is a Gerconducted by the natives. man possession and is occupied (since 1886) by two German missionary so- Opium in the Philippine, cieties-the Rhenish and the Neuen- On March 1 the importation of Dettelsau. ,The former, after twenty opium into the Philippine Islands be- years of faIthful labors, during which came illegal, under the law passed by nineteen missionary workers became Congress last fall. Filipinos can no ".ictims of the murderous climate, bap- tIzed the first, twenty Papuans in longer procure the drug, unless clandestinely, and 20,000 natives have Jun~, 1906, Since that time, by the practically given up the habit. Chi- speCial blessing of God, larger numnese may still continue to use opium, bers of these native heathen have pro- fest Christ. but they must secure a license to do The work of the Neuen-Dettelsau so. This restriction obtained under the old law as well, but the new law Society, established in another part of is much more stringent, the fee in- the island, among different people, and under different circumstances, has creasing each month, while the amount been far more encouraging than that that may be bought decreases monthly. As compared with the old regime, of the Rhenish Society. In 1899 the there has been a falling off in the first heathen Papuans were baptized, and on December I, 1907, the missionnumber of Chinese licensed opium aries of this society reported I,IOO nausers from 5,500 to 400, and the number diminishes constantly. Public tive Christians and 403 heathen under instruction. The number of the stasentiment supports the law, even the tions was la, and 20 missionaries were Chinese being favorable. The Chinese engaged.in the work. Chamber of Commerce, the Roman Catholic clergy, the Evangelical Un- Of the Tami Islands, one of these !on, and ~ecretary Taft have all helped stations, it was said, "Soon they will In secunng the reform. The law be Christianized," and mighty progitself, it is said, was drafted by a ress encouraged the messenger of Presbyterian layman in the islands, Christ in every station of the Neuenand reads as follows: Dettelsau Society upon New Guinea.

, It shall l?e, unlawful for any person In the last number of its monthly m the Phlhppme Islands to ionthhaelre~ organ, the Neuen-Dettelsau Society smoke, chew, swallow, inject, or published an urgent appeal, the first wise use or permit to be used in or on one in the twenty-two years of its ex- his body any opium except for medicinal istence of the society, asking the loan of $37,500 to purchase a plantation on pu~poses':' an? the "possession of any which their Christians can find em- opap~IUapmherpniaplei,a mstrument, apparatus or for using or smoking opIUm, 01 any hypodermic syringe for ployment.

Politics in the New Hebrides willingly lay down their own lives for the sake of Christ and His cause. The New Hebrides are at present passing through a very critical period, What has the Word of God done going from independence to the joint for these people? It has freed them control of Great Britain and France. from the slavery of their superstitions, and struck the weapons out of their There are serious defects in the con- hands, putting an end to bloodshed vention, among which is the failure to and making life and property on those agree upon a common system of law islands as safe as anywhere in the as between French and natives and world. No woman there can now be British and natives. The dual system purchased, or be married against her of law which will be in force under will. No man now may have more the convention leaves room for end- than one wife; and no man can ill-treat less friction between all the parties his wife without being immediately concerned. called to account for it -literally, "brought to book" for it, the book be- Some of the other clcfects may be ing the New Testament. remedied as they become pressing under the actual working of the conven- It is not by means of arguments tion. On the whole, under wise ad- against their superstitions, or by deministration, the new regime in the nunciations of their evil practises, that New Hebrides has great possibilities, the Gospel prevails among these peoand may be a decided improvement on ple. It is. b7 the simple teaching of the past chaos. Meanwhile mission- the glad hdmgs of God's redeeming aries and traders alike will unite to love to us through Christ, as set forth give it a fair and sympathetic trial. in the New Testament. The government will find, as it always has done, that the missionaries will Chinese Immigr~tion in H~waii render every assistance in their power. A remarkable public meeting was The spiritual outlook in the group held by the Chinese of Honolulu in is much brighter than the political. April to discuss the subject of the im- The missionaries all feel that the work perative need of a limited number of is forging ahead, and that the islands Chinese laborers to prevent Hawaii's are being slowly but surely won for important rice industry from great Christ. loss and possible failure, and it re- ceived careful attention. The Chinese Christiuity in the New Hebrides United Societies' Hall was filled to overflowing. Those present manifested The Rev. Dr. Macdonald, of the great interest and enthusiasm, and yet New Hebrides Mission, gives a stri- considered the question in a dignified king statement in The Bible in the and fair-minded spirit.

rvorld, describing what the Bible has Rev. E. W. Thwing, who has studied the Chinese question for over done for the people in the New He- twenty years, made the principal adbrides. When he first settled in these dress in Chinese, and the Chinese conislands about thirty-six years ago, the sul, Mr. Tseng Hai, told the Chinese people were cannibals of the most de- that they should all work together for graded type. They were exceedingly this important end. polite in their intercourse with one another, for the reason that to behave The following resolutions were otherwise was to risk their lives. Al- passed unanimously and with much tho they gave a very hostile reception enthusiasm, the Chinese consul promto Europeans, whom they regarded as ising also to send them to the Chinese enemies, yet now it would be hard to ambassador at Washington. find more affectionate people. At first they were ready eriough to deprive the I. Resolved, That we, the Chinese of missionaries of life, now they would Hawaii, begin a campaign of informa-

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

tion, to furnish the people of the U!1ited whom the responsibilities so heavily States with real facts as to the Chmese rested, gave us a glad welcome.

of Hawaii. We have now among the Japanese 2. Resolved, That the important rice industry, begun and fostered by Chin~se ten stations with six well-organized toil in these Islands, deserves consId- churches and property valued at $20,- eration and support from the Congress 000. During the year our most con- of the United States. spicuous gain was the erection of an eff3~rtRetosolsveeedu'reTha at we use every honest additional building to our church limite d number of Chi- nese laborers, and their families, for the premises in Lahaina, Maui, in order to needful work in Hawaii that they alone enlarge our day-school and organize can do. a Young People's Society with a read- 4. Resolved, That we believe the agri- cultural and commercial interests of Ha- ing-room and gymnasium.

waii would be advanced by admitting Our work among the Koreans is the Chinese under wise restrictions as all our own. By a very pleasant fra- to numbers, and also with restrictions as ternal arrangement with the Hawaiian to the use of opium.

This friendly campaign of informa- Board, representing the Congregation, undertaken by the Chinese, meets with the approval of the best and tional Church, this part of the mission wisest men of Hawaii. When the real conditions of the Chinese in these field is left to us, while we willingly islands are well understood by the people of the United States, it :viIl ~ot desist from any work among the Chibe difficult to secure some modIficatIOn of the present exclusion laws. nese. Of all the immigrants arriving in Hawaii, the Korean is religiously the most susceptible and morally the most needy.

We have now upward of thirty-eight or forty stations among the Koreans Work for Asiatics in Hawaii in Hawaii, with fifteen well-or- Rev. John W. Wadman writes 111 ganized churches in part self-supportthe Japan Evangelist: ing and increasing all the while as cen- For a score of years or more the Methodist Church has felt a deep in- ters of evangelistic force and influence. terest in the welfare of the people dwelling in Hawaii, and on more than Revivals have taken place in all these one occasion delegates have been sent from the California Conference to in- churches and some very remarkable vestigate the needs and opportunities. It was not, however, until' the more conversions to God. . recent development of the vast sugar industry, necessitating the incoming Two or three companies of Filipinos and employment of numerous and varied nationalities, that we were prov- have reached Hawaii as labor recruits idently led to open up a mission and establish ourselves as a church among for the plantations, and among them other Christian forces in Hawaii. Not that we were guilty of obtruding there is an earnest, devoted 10c<1. where we were not needed and where other churches were quite competent preacher of OLlr church who has un·· to meet the exigencies, but because the work among such a heterogeneous dertaken the long journey in order to mass of humanity, including 60,000 Japanese, 20,000 Chinese, 15,000 Por- help his fellow-countrymen as an intertuguese, 6,000 Koreans, besides Porto Ricans and others, was so arduous and preter, and at the same time to lead the burden so heavy that our Congregational friends and coworkers, upon them out of the darkness of religious superstition into the bright light of the Christian faith.

Hiram Bin.gham's ~a.t Work Some assert, and perhaps believe, that there is no such thing as disin- terested benevolence. But the history of the world contains ~ery many proofs of the contrary. There is a case of recent occurrence that ought to settle the matter for all time to come. Fifty-five years ago Hiram Bingham graduated at Yale. He was

born in Honolulu, and his parents AMERICA were among the missionaries who changed a nation of cannibals into de- What America. Needs cent Christian people in an incredibly short time. The son sought a field What America needs more than railwhere he could follow the example ,~ay extension, amI. Western irrigaof his illustrious father. 11on, and a low tanff, and a bigger wheat crop, and a merchant marine, Five thousand miles southwest of and a new navy is a revival of San Francisco lie the Gilbert Islands. piety, the kind mother and father used This man and his young wife went to ~lave-piety that counted it good there in 1857, and settled down to see busllless to stop for daily family what could be done for them. The pr.ayers before breakfast, right in the dwellers in Apaing, the island they se- mldclle of the harvest; that quit work lected, were 30,000 in number, says a half-hour earlier Thursday night so the Cincinnati Enquirer, and were a as to get the chores done and go to sullen, cruel, and treacherous lot, fond prayer-meeting; that borrowed money of war and also of eating their pris- to pay the preacher's salary and prayed oners. fervently in secret for the salvation of the rich man who looked with scorn Mr. Bingham first reduced their on such unbusinesslike behavior. gibberish to a tangible and written That's what we need now to clean this form, and then gradually taught them country of ·the filth of graft, and of in that language, and by daily exam- greed, petty and big; of worship of ple, the ways of civilization and relig- fine houses, and big lands, and high JOn. He and his wife wrote various office, and grand social functions. books for their use and instruction What is this thing which we are worincluding a complete dictionary, and shiping but a vain repetition of what won their love and confidence. decayed nations fell down and wor- shiped just before their light went out? More than this, many of them be- Read the history of Rome in decay and came teachers and missionaries them- you'll find luxury there that could lay selves to their people, and nearly all a big dollar over our little doughnut the inhabitants of that large island be- that looks so large to us. Great wealth came and are completely and radically never made a nation substantial or changed. All their heathenish customs honorable. There is nothing on earth and beliefs are Rone, and thev are as that looks good that is so dangerous happy and contented a race ~ as they for a man ora nation to handle as formerly were wretched and useless. quick, easy, big money. If you do re- sist its deadly influence the chances are Recently they celebrated the semi- that it will get your son. It takes centennial of their reformation, and greater and finer heroism to dare to be among other interesting events they poor in America than to charge an prepared and sent to Mr. Bingham a earthquake in Manchuria. – Wall touching and affecting tribute of their Street] ollnwl. appreciation of the man who had rescued them out of a sense of duty An Unordained Ministry alone. His long residence in that unhealthful climate had broken him The Col1gregalionaiist calls attendown, so that he was compelled to tion to the fact that in the three return to Honolulu, where he still classes of the International Y. M. lives in tile happy consciousness of C. A. Training School at Springfield, having well served his Master and his Mass., are to be found 113 students, fellow men, but without earthly reward and besides the I I members of its or the expectation of it. Here is an teaching faculty there are several other instance of undoubted self-sacrifice instructors. Its students come from and devotion to duty without hope of 18 States of the Union, 6 Canadian reward. Such men deserve recognition and remembrance.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

provinces, and 7 other foreign coun- nounced that Mrs. Russell Sage had tries. Of those who end their student offered $500,000 on condition that an career with the close of the school equal amount in addition was secured year, June 12, one each is under en- from subscriptions during the year. gagement to go as secretaries or phys- The issues from the press reached ical directors of training departments 1,896,916 last year, and 82,317,298 of Y. M. C. A.'s in Tokyo, Japan, since the organization in 18r6. Brisbane, Australia, Wellington, New Zealand, Birmingham, England, and A Colporteur for Italian Immigrants St. Petersburg. In N ew York City, 53 who have gone from this school are The American Bible Society is caremployed at good salaries in the work rying on colporteur work among our for which they have been trained. population of Italian birth, especially Others are in 132 cities of North 111 the Northwest; of whom Chicago America and in 1I foreign countries. has 75,000, Cleveland 20,000, Detroit During the twelve years of President 15,000, etc. In this work five men Doggett's administration the attend- and women are employed. Eugene De ance at the school has more than Luca is one of the number, who was doubled, yet it is announced that dur- educated in Italy for the priesthood, ing the present year more than 400 but, becoming dissatisfied with the reapplications have been received for ligious teaching of his Church, aban-. competent persons to take positions as doned his intention of becoming a secretaries of Y. M. C. A.'s and phys- priest, and almost lost faith in all reical directors. ligion. He came to America to pre- pare himself for a business career. The New International Y. M. C. A. While living in Pittsburg he attended oue of the Italian Protestant churches. Building He was converted, and, like Paul, when he saw a true vision of Christ, The formal opening of the new asked what he could do to bring the building of the International Com- story of Jesus and his salvation to his mittee, 124 East Twenty-eighth street, own people. He saw that the greatest New York, was marked by important need of the Italians was to have the events. opportunity to read the Bible them- selves. He offered himself to the On Saturday afternoon, May 30th, Northwestern Agency as a Bible colat 4 :30 o'clock, the bust of Sir George porteur and was at once engaged. His Villiams, presented by his sons, was fine education and unusual natural unveiled. It is the work of the lead- abilities have made it possible for him ing British sculptor, Mr. Frampton, to do a very successful work. God and rests upon a pedestal of British has greatly blest him in his efforts oak from the king-post of the roof of among his own people. He gives Exeter Hall. promise of still greater work in the future. The first three months of his The building is a model for con- work was spent in Chicago, where he struction and equipment. It contains sold many bibles and testaments, and administration rooms for the Interna- was the means of leading many of his· tional Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., people to Christ. the World's Student Christian J7ederation, the Student Volunteers, Army and Navy Departments, etc.

The Bible Society Advancing The View of a Secular Paper At its recent ninety-second annual The New York Times has this to meeting the American Bible Society say about the recent great meeting in reported that its invested funds Carnegie Hall reported on another amounted to $732,63 I, besides some page: $225,000 not yet available, or upon which annuities are paid. It was an- It is not without significance that on successive days two statesmen so emi- nent as Mr. Taft and Mr. Bryce should

be discussing the work of missionaries in taking the position of teacher of the- non-Christian lands in the same spirit, ology in Rochester Theological Sem- and that spirit favorable to the mission- inary, while the regular incumbent, aries and severely critical of the classes President Strong, enters upon a year's among whom the missionaries are most leave of absence. It is safe to say often decried. Both these gentlemen, it that the students in that institution will must be remembered, have in the course suffer no harm at any point, will be of their work in public life had to deal highly edified instead, and will be cer- with the countries to which missions are tain to be brought into close contact sent, and to deal with them in a respon- with the Gospel on the practical side. sible manner. Mr. Bryce has been a member of the British Parliament and How the Negroes are RUing of the British Government. He has also been extensively a traveler, and he has Writing about " Negro Homes" in been a careful student of the affairs of the May CellturJ', Booker T. Wash- the British Oriental possessions and de- ington says: pendencies. Mr. Taft has had to con- cern himself with the Philippines and Starting at the close of the war with their varied tribes of natives, some Mo- almost nothing in the way of property, hammedan, some pagan, and some Chris- and with no traditions and with little tian, and has had to study the general training to fit them for freedom, negro Oriental question. Both agree that the farmers alone had acquired by 1890 missionaries have, as a class, been faith- nearly as much land as is contained in fnl, pure, disinterested, and truly benev- the European states of Holland and olent. Belgium combined. Meanwhile there has been a marked improvement in the Tribute of the Chinese Minister character of the negro farmer's home. The old, one-roomed log cabins are Wu Ting Fang recently spoke as slowly but steadily disappearing. Year follows before a large audience: by year the number of neat and com- fortable farmers' cottages has increased. "The mere mentioning of this sub- From my home in Tuskegee I can drive ject-'The Awakening of China'-is in some directions for a distance of five sufficient to make my countrymen or six miles and not see a single onethrill with pleasure and flush with roomed cabin tho I can see thousands of pride. There ~re many forces, some acres of land that are owned by our peo~ of which have been working quietly, pIe. A few miles northwest of Tuskegee but none the less effectively, for years, Institute, in a district that used to be to which this awakening may be known as the "Big Hungry," the ascribed, but want of time does not Southern Improvement Association has permit me to mention more than a settled something like So negro families, few nor to dwell on them at great for whom they have built neat and atlength. First and foremost is the tractive little cottages. During the first spread of education, and by that I six years nearly all of these settlers have mean the diffusion of general knowl- paid for their houses and land from the edge-knowledge of men and of af- earnings of their farms. fairs of the world. Nor must I omit to mention the services of the mission- A New Departure in Missions ary body, particularly the American branch of it, whose indefatigable ef- Mr. Cameron Johnson, of Japan, forts in the establishment of educa- writes of the Laymen's Movement in tional institutions and in the diffusion the Presbyterian Church (South), of literature of general knowledge which has just carried to a successful formed part of the leaven which has conclusion 'a rather novel effort in misleavened the whole empire of China." sIons: A Missionary Secretary to Teach Theology "Taking hold of the idea of the usual May Music Festival, it has sub- Dr. Mabie, after eighteen years of stituted the word Missions for Mudevoted and most arduous service as sic, and on May 10-13 held in the secretary of the Baptist Missionary Metropolitan city of Atlanta, Ga., a Society in Boston, takes a "vacation," great May Festival of Missions, in a year of "rest," in novel fashion, by which the dozen Presbyterian churches in the city united.

J(}08] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

"A missionary fr0111 the field, or a ciety, the Ladies' Guild, and the representative of the Laymen's Move- Brotherhood; and these eight formed ment, was placed in each Sabbath- an evangelistic committee that reschool and in each pulpit both morning viewed the church roll and assigned and evening. On the first Sabbath to every member one hour, each day, there was a great mass-meeting for during the month, definite personal men in the afternoon, when clarion work, instead of spending that hour calls were presented in ten-minute at a public revival service. As a retalks by missionaries on furlough from sult, a real revival came to that Africa, Brazil, China, Japan, and church; the interest and zeal of the Korea. These calls were answered by members were quickened, and many the chairman of the Laymen's Move- new members were received. All the ment, telling what the men of the regular services during the period Church are doing to meet the measure were permeated with evangelistic ferof their responsibility. vor and a quiet, effective work of grace was witnessed. "Then came three days of missions with two sessions a day, afternoon and EUROPE evening. The first afternoon was devoted to women and missiol1s. A Bible for the Blind "The next afternoon was given up The Bible in the WorM announces to the Little Folks and Missions, when that: "A new edition of the English the auditorium was packed with the Bible, Authorized Version, in Braille children from all the churches and type is in preparation. St. Matthew's they listened, enraptured, to a number Gospel is ready, and other portions of. m.issio~ary tales told by some of the will be issued successively until the mlSSlonanes. whole Bible has been completed. The volumes will be produced in the same "The third afternoon was given up style of paper, printing, binding, as to a Round Table Conference and Quiz, formerly; but, in order to encourage when written questions, previously the circulation of the Scriptures prepared by those interested, were among the blind, the committee has handed in, and were answered by those decided to issue these volumes at a missionaries best able to do it. This uniform price of IS. per copy, net, inwas a most profitable meeting. stead of, as hitherto, at prices varying from 2S. 6d. to 3s. 6d. To produce "Every night the auditorium was each volume will cost the societv more packed beyond its capacity to see than double the price charged -for it. Travel and Picture Talks. Owing to the pressure of work in pre- paring Braille books in other lan- "Each morning a Quiet Hour was guages for the mission field, it will observed for particular prayer in the take some time to complete the whole pastor's study, and even as we prayed Bible; until, however, anv volume of the blessing came. It is the hope that the old edition can be rephced, it will each of the three principal churches still be supplied but at the reduced here will reach the $10,000 mark each price of IS. per copy." for missions. One of them, with 700 members, is now giving a per capita The English Baptist Missionary Society rate of over $11.00, or $8,000 for the past year." This oldest of missionary bodies, whose first missionary was William Revival Substitutes Carey, at the end of II6 years reports the largest receipts ever gathered, A Kansas church has been trying amounting to $437,510. Its missionwhat is called "an Evangelistic Insti- aries number 293, including wives and tute and department rally." The ses- unmarried women, and its native helpsion selected three members from the ers 530. The number of church-mem- Sabbath-school, and one, each, from the prayer-meeting, Christian Endeavor Society, Women's Missionary So-

bers abroad is 20,0I8 (and about as the standard set by the Chinese." But many more in Jamaica, a field now surely it was ours to lead and not to independent and self-sustaining). follow. For all that, the end has now been gained, and for this we are de- The Status of the Church Missionary voutly thankful.-London Christian. Society British Brotherhoods to Enter Paris At the recent annual meeting these interesting figures were given: Saye the London Christian: An interesting forward movement on The 545 stations of the society in real missionary lines is shortly to be different lands are staffed by 421 undertaken by the Federation 9f the clergymen and 154 laymen, with whom English Brotherhoods. In August, it labor the wives of 382 of these work- is hoped that some four or five huners and 434 single women, a total of dred Christian men from the various 1,391 Europeans busy in the service of "Men's Owns" in London and the the Lord. To these are to be added provinces will cross to Paris with a 390 native clergymen and 7,669 view of establishing "Men's Owns" in native teachers. The native communi- that city. The state of the workingcants number 96,960 and the adher- men of Paris, both moral and spiritual, ents (including catechumens), 344,- is deplorable. Only those who have 760. There are 2,441 schools in intimate knowledge of Paris can really operation, with 144,933 pupils. In con- understand to what extent atheism has nection with the medical work 2,884 seized the minds of working men. beds are in use, in which 25,902 in- They have completely revolted from patients were treated last year, while Roman Catholicism, while it is unhap- 1,067,712 visits were paid to out-pa- pily the fact that Protestantism has tients. During the year 18 native failed to capture them. Excellent Christians were ordained. work is done by the McAll Mission and other evangelical societies, but the The income amounted to $1,883,520. great masses of Parisian workmen re- main untouched. The Opium Traffic The Paris Society Free from Debt All who have been engaged in the battle against the opium traffic will It is a great source of encouragerejoice at the action of the govern- ment to notice the manner in which ment in accepting the motion of Mr. the Protestants of France-tho a Johnson regarding the opium dens in feeble folk in point of numbers-rise our crown colonies and the trade in to an occasion when the issue affects opium generally. This battle has been foreign mission work. As the finanfought for many weary years, and at cial year of the Paris Society of Evanlength victory is in sight. Sir Edward gelical Missions approached, so also Grey admitted that the persistent and did a deficit of I 17,000· francs-a truly strenuous expression of opinion on the alarming embarrassment. Now, it is matter in the House of Commons has a joy to announce that the entire dehad real effect. The unequivocal ficit has been extinguished, so that the speech of the under-secretary for the society is free, with the opening of colonies was most hopeful, and there its new financial year, to push its is no doubt that the government, hav- operations without the hindrance of a ing put its hand to the plow, will not crippling debt. turn back. The Hongkong and Ceylon opium dens are to be closed forth- Baptists Increasing in Europe with, while an end will shortly be put to the whole traffic. The most hu- The Baptists in Europe are making miliating sentence in the speech of the every preparation for the European under-secretary was that in which he Congress at Berlin, which meets at spoke of his country "keeping up to the end of August, in connection with

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 55

the Baptist World Alliance. It is only are two Chinese out-stations-the one within the last half-century that Bap- at Djin-dov, with 8,000 Chinese in- tists have been at work on the Con- habitants; the other at Dalni, where 8,000 Japanese and 5,000 Chinese are tinent. The pioneer was J. G. Oncken, gathered. The preaching of the Gos- pel at both places is well attended (at a German, whose work rapidly spread, Djin-dov twice every day), tho mainly until Baptist communities can be by mcn of the lower classes. Medical found in Germany, Hungary, Russia, missionary work has been commenced and the Scandinavian countries. The in Andung, on the Yalu river, and growth since has been remarkable. proves most helpful in reaching the There are over 38,000 members in masses of heathen. In Kvan-Ijaen a Germany; over 24,000 in Russia; over new chapel has been built and opened 48,000 in Sweden; 16.000 in Hungary, upon the very place where stood the and a like number scattered through old chapel, which was burned by the other countries. At the close of 1907, Boxers. there were 144A61 church-members and 110,524 in the Sunday-schools. Gossner Missionary Society There is a newly formed Russianspeaking union, comprising nearly At the close of the seventy-second 100,000 members, and living largely in year of its blest existence, the Gossner Southern Russia. Missionary Society is able to report an increasingly prosperous work among Danish Missionary Society the heathen Kols .in Chota N agpur and in the northern part of India and a The Christians 'of little Denmark small increase of contributions during have shown a remarkable missionary 1907, the total of the contributions bezeal ever since its king sent out the ing $92,529. In spite of this small first German missionaries to India increase the year closed with a deficit, more than two hundred years ago. and the society now has a debt of more The largest missionary society sup- than $31,000, which has been incurred ported by this zeal is the Danish Mis- during the last fifteen years. sionary Society, which was founded in 1821 and is carrying on most pros- Change of Name of a Great Society perous work in India and in China (Manchuria). In India, 19 European The greatest and oldest of all Gerand 73 native missionary laborers are man missionary societies was founded employed upon 8 stations, while in in 1824 under the name of "Society Manchuria IS European and 5 native for Promoting Evangelical Missions missionary laborers proclaim the Gos- Among the Heathen," and was compel from 5 centers. In both fields the monly known as Berlin 1. It has educational work proves of great help now asked and received the legal perto the spread of the Gospel, and the mission to call itself simply "Berlin Danish missionaries in India do not Missionary Society." We consider the hesitate to declare that the missionary simplification of the old, complicated schools open the way for the ambas- name a most desirable thing, and we sador of Christ better than any other hope that other German and British human agency. societies will simplify their lengthy names in a similar manner. From Manchuria the Danish missionaries report that the Russo-Japa- Herm…nnsburg Missionary SOciety nese War, tho it interrupted the work for a season, has been helpful to it. German Christians have been cele- Port Arthur, reopened in 1906, has brating, on May 5, the hundredth become the chief station, where the birthday of Ludwig Harms, who, work is much aided by the kind and under God, became the founder of the courteous attitude of the Japanese Hermannsburg Missionary Society officials. Connected with Port Arthur fifty-nine years ago. The blessing of God has rested upon the work of the

missionaries of that society, so that it beds, sheets and dishes as fast as patients is to-day of greatest importance in come. As we must boil all the dishes used South Africa and in India. The sta- at each meal, granite ware would be best. tistics concerning the work in India The house is ideal, has 14 large and small during I907 have just been published, rooms. Extending from this two wings and from them we quote the follow- are to be built-one for women, the other ing figures. There are now 10 stations for men. From Washington came $2,800 and 37 out-stations of the Hermanns- and $2,000 from Newark. If all goes well burg Society in India, upon which I3 we will have money enough to start, but ordained, I unordained, and 2 female for a while must ask for aid. Once well European missionaries are employed. begun, I am sure that the pay patients These are assisted by I59 native labor- department will support itself. The reers (2 pastors and 2 women). The ceipts at the Asfuriyeh were iI,200 last communicants number now 2,680; 84 year from the patients. heathen were baptized in 1907, am} 47 remained under Christian instruction, We greatly need this sanatorium. A preparatory to baptism, at the close of the year. The 10 missionary schools young man from Jun has been sleepwere attended by 1,474 pupils (1,182 boys, 292 girls), more than half of ing in a zurzalakt tree for shelter. whom were heathen. When the storm came up just before ASIA Christmas be came down and begged A Y. M. C. A. at Bardezag for shelter, but his mother refused to An interesting experiment is prov- open the door. She also refuses to ing successful at Bardezag, fifty miles southeast of Constantinople. One year feed or care for her son. Imagine ago a village Young Men's Christian your feelings if you were in like cir- Association was organized under the presidency of Dr. Chambers, the· resi- cumstances. I have never begged for dent missionary. More than 100 of money, but in this I am going to pray its members are Gregorians; 10 or 12 are Protestants. A reading-room and work and plead with all my has been sustained during the year. The Gregorians and Protestants have might. The house we are buying on separate religious meetings on Sun- the knoll between Bhamdun and days, but once in two months hold a union prayer-meeting. The expenses Brumman:l for a summer camp has of the year, amounting to $200, were met with practically no deficit. The twenty-one rooms. We hope that vitality of this undertaking is shown by its success in overcoming vigorous Nicola Maaluf, a remarkable student opposition. from the Zahleh field who was in Work for Consumptives in Syria Sidon School, and graduated last spring from the medical department pr. Mary Pierson Eddy, whose no- of the college, will. go into this work. ble, efficient work near Beirut has been the means of saving many lives Indian Christian Missionaries at Work and bringing many into touch with the Gospel, writes to Mrs. George Wood, An English missionary writes as folformerly of Sidon that the tuberculosis sanatorium, for which she has been lows concerning the first station praying and working, has now been opened by the Indian Missionary Soopened. Dr. Eddy says: cietv, which is located in the Nizam's We are to begin simply and only buy don;inions : There are 8 workers-J married men with their wives and children, and 2 young men, who, having only lately ar- rived, are still learning Telugu, for as they come from the Tamil country they need, of course, to learn Telugu just as we have to. They are under the di- rection of a committee of Indian Chris- tians, and are supported by the Chris- tians of the Tinnevelly church, quite independently of any European or other outside help. The Tinnevelly church also provides the mDney needed for their boarding- and day-schools and for evan- gelistic work in the villages.

It is less than two years since the first married couple, the Rev. S. Pakian- adhan and his wife, began work, and already 21 adult and 23 infant baptisms

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

have taken place, and a number of can- When he visited Alvertope, a Chrisdidates are now preparing for baptism. tian station, in 1903, he was struck Evangelistic work is going on in six vil- with the mode of Christian worship, lages, and there are 6 boarders and near- and it gave him a good impression ly 40 day pupils in the schooL More time than is usual, even in mission schools, is which was too strong to be shaken off. devoted to Bible~teaching. I have no~ On his return to his native village and to the goddess, the impression became where heard more correct and intelligent answers to questions on the Bible, and certainly I have never heard such hearty stronger. He bought a New Testahymn-singing as with the Dornakal school children, most of whom have only ment and read it, and when I went to been at school a few months. the place for the purpose of preaching the Gospel to the Hindus he came fcir~ Not Hindu. but Indian ward to answer the queries of a Well does the Indian Witness say: heathen disputant. I asked him after "We feel that we ought to call the my work was over who he was, and attention of several American jour- he said that he was a child of Christ. nals to a wrong use on their part of He further requested me that he the word Hindu as applied to inhabi- should be admitted into the Church by tants of India, when they mean In- baptism. He was one of the candidians. A Hindu is a believer in a dates for confirmation held last Decertain religious system, just as is a cember by the Bishop of Madras."

Mohammedan or a Buddhist or a A Polyglot New-Year's Service Christian. The mistake of Christopher At the opening of the New Year's Columbus in supposing he had got to Union Service of the Kemendine, India when he had only run up against Insein, and Rangoon Baptist churches, America has made lots of trouble. It held in the Immanuel Church at Ranhas led to the misnaming of the abo- goon, Burmese, Karens, Tamils, and rigines of the Western hemisphere, English rose and each in his own and now leads some Western journals tongue joined in the singingto say Hindu when they mean Indian. It is awkward to have to say North To the work! to the work! Let the hun- gry be fed, American Indian and South Asiatic To the fountain of life let the weary be led. Indian, but it is better to do all that In the cross and its banner our glory than to call Christian Indians Hindus. If we were asked for a suggestion we shall be, While we herald the tidings, Salvation is would say that the thing to do is to free.

call the inhabitant of India an Indian, The great commission, as reported and then on occasion to use any quali- in the first five books of the New Tes- fying word necessary in referring to tament, was read in English, Burmese, the misnamed Indians of America." Bengali, Telugu, and Chinese. "Sun~ shine in my soul to-day" was sung, How One Hindu Found Christ and four addresses followed, each de- In the Mission Field a native In- livered in a different language. The dian S.P.G. missionary writes as fol- churches are well used to union efforts, lows of a recent convert named lVI., and one aim and spirit animated the who is twenty-nine years old: "He whole meeting, so that, whatever we was a heathen priest of the temple of might imagine to the contrary, the Mutthumalai Ammon, which is situ- effect was not confusing. The service ated at Kurangani in honor of the closed with the singing of the doxol- Ammon, and it is attended by thou- ogy in English, Burmese, Sgaw and sands of people from all parts of Pwo Karen, Shan, Tamil, Telugu, Southern India, and thousands of Chinese, Urdu and Bengali, a chorns sheep are slaughtered for the demon. of praise that surely blended in har- M. was a priest of this goddess, and mony about the Throne.-Missionary his conversion is almost miraculous. Magazine.

Student Volunteers at Bassein, Burma (Chinese coins are strung on strings and carried on the shoulder). Seeing We have had the rare privilege of a beggar crying for alms, he gave the having a. "returned missionary" in our poor creature six of his seven coins. chapel, Rev. Ba Te from Kengtung. Then the beggar, instead of being The people were intensely interestec grateful, crept up behind the kind man in his story, in the curios he had and stole the seventh coin also. What brought with him, and in the Muhso an abominable wretch! Yes; but in brother who accompanied him. Two saying this you condemn YOllFselves. of our oldest boys came to me after- You receive from the hand of the graward to state their earnest wish to go cious God six days, yet you are not to Kengtung or some other needy content. The seventh you also steal!" place to tell the "good news." They are genuine student volunteers! One Arabic Bibles Needed in China boy, baptized within a month, came to me with two pice, worth about one The Arabic version of the Bible is cent, and said he wanted to contribute being distributed by missionaries of this to the work in Kengtung. Know- the China Inland Misson among Moing him to be in very great poverty, hammedan mollahs and students of with hardly decent clothing to wear, I theology connected with the mosques said, "Why, Tun Win, where did you of the province of Yunnan, in the get two pice?" He replied, "The southwestern part of China. The Rev. father of one of the boys gave them F. H. Rhoades of that mission writes to me, and I have been keeping them. to t~e British and Foreign Bible So- Now I want to give them to the Lord's ciety, which sent him the books: "In work." He gave all that he had.-W. Yunnan Fu, which is a Mohammedan H. S. HASCALL. center, we have access to many mosques. Moslem leaders and mollahs A Pan-Mohammedan League visit us here, and urgent requests for Scriptures in Arabic come from The Moslems, numbering over 62,- mosques as far distant as thirty days' 000,000 in India, have now started journey." Mr. Rhoades has come in an "All-India Moslem League," the contact with one of the large Mohamreal purpose of which is to push the medan districts in China. The people interests of representative government speak Chinese, and are not very disand force concessions in various di- tinguishable from their pagan neighrections, from the British Viceroy and bors, but their educated religious Council. Both Hindus and Moslems teachers read Arabic. profess loyalty to the British rule, yet sagacious observers discern under- A Mandarin's Testimony neath this pacific exterior a resolute spirit that will not brook defeat. The Chinese director-general of public instruction at Nanking, China, A strong Indian Provisional Com- is a mandarin of high rank. He is mittee was formed, with power to add not a Christian, but has read the New to its number, and the joint secretaries Testament and is familiar with the appointed were the Nawabs Vicar-ul- doctrine of Christianity. He lately muIk and Mohsin-uI-muIk, two of the said to a Christian missionary: "Our most important members of the Mo- guides are the moral maxims of Conhammedan community in India and fucius, but they no longer have any men of great intellectual capacity. effect; they are abstract truths; no spiritual motive behind them. Bud- A Chinese Preacher's Parable dhism is occult, spiritual-it has noth- ing to do with morality. The only In urging the sacredness of the religion that teaches both the spirittlal Lord's Day the preacher used this wants of mankind and the principles story: "It came to pass that a man of morality is the Christian religion; went to market having on his shoulder a string of seven large copper coins

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

that is why we wish you to teach it in the church as inquirers. . Having our leading schools." – Christian never heard of the man or of the U'ork. place, he discredited the story. Never- theless, Mr. Ewing sent for the man, How the Gospel Bears Fruit and he adds, "I had no sooner begun conversation with him than I discov- A missionary writing from China ered, in spite of my suspicions, the mentions the following results of the case was a genuine one." It seems mission training classes conducted at that these people had been imprest Pang Chuang: "In one class two pos- by a preacher of the London Missionsible lawsuits were settled after ary Society who had visited their earnest prayer, without going to see town, and t'hat they had resolved to the official. In another, eighteen seek Christian instruction wherever promised to give up tobacco. Nineteen they could find it. signed the betrothal pledge not to marry children under twenty years of The Opium Curse to be Abated age, not to betroth before nineteen, nor to go in debt for weddings. Forty- The cheering intelligence comes two out of deep poverty promised to through the Chinese Recorder of the give the tenth to the Lord's work. A decision of the Shanghai ratepayers at blind old woman of eighty-two years, their annual meeting to close down in in a heathen home, took down her the next six months a quarter of the kitchen god and put up a calendar. licensed opium-houses in the settle- She died soon after and the Christians ment. The chairman of the council were permitted to go over and sing at states that the municipality desires to the time of placing the body in the end the system of licensing within two coffin," years. One of the chief difficulties that has confronted those who have The Gospel Heard in the Markets striven to bring about abolition in the Shanghai settlement is the deep sus- Missionaries in China are finding picion which exists conceruing the unexpected openings for Christian good faith of the Chinese authorities. work at almost every turn, Many who Hence they wait to see if :he governhear the Gospel story in some street ment is really in earnest. service are coming to ask for further instruction for themselves or the vil- A Report of German Colonial Officials on lages in which they live. In a recent letter Mr. Ewing, of Tientsin, reports Missionary Work Among the Chinese that on a journey into the country he was called upon repeatedly by com- When Germany, in the year 1897, panies who wished to hear more of took possession of Kiau-chau, in the message of the Gospel. .In one China, its officials immediately set to place three sets of callers appeared, work to elevate the Chinese inhabiall respectable men, who were led to tants and modernize the district and apply for instruction by a probationer, its towns. Tsingtau, a little Chiwho, living apart from Christian so- nese village in r897, is now a modern ciety, had held to his faith even city in European style, where hospitals through the troublous Boxer times. and public schools with modern im- provements are found and electric On his way home from this jour- lights, water-works, and a system of ney Mr. Ewing reports that while sewers add to the comfort, while the spending a night at an inn in a mar- Chinese town, Ta-pau-tau, is also thorket town, and while reading in his oughly modernized. The work to eleroom, word was brought him that a vate the Chinese inhabitants has been man from a near-by village wished to left chiefly to the missionaries, who see him, with the statement that he have been well aided by the German and some 40 others from that village officials, and whose efforts are acwould like to connect themselves with knowledged with great frankness and

recommendation in the official report China. It is proposed to make a great educational institution which shall profor I<)06-07, which has just been sub- vide for the Chinese student the best modern education, saturated with the mitted to the German Parliament and spirit of the Gospel. If such a uni- versity is secured, it will be only the published. From it we learn that the fruit of work done for fifty years· by the little schools, conducted by indi- Berlin Missionary Society has now in vidual denominations, and the new plan should not divert support hifher- Kiau-chau 3 stations and I8 out-sta- to given to these church schools. No university can take their place. In tions and many preaching-places. The fact, they are its natural feeders.

number of native Christians, after ten Chinese Testimony from Korea years of labor, is 435. The Christians Elder Chang a Christian from the Scotch Presbyterian Mission in Manare good Bible students and take churia recently visited Pyeng Yang, Korea and gives the fOllowing report hearty part in the services of song and of what he learned.

praise. ' Being strangers, we naturally looked up some Chinese merchants Of the work of the General Evan- who, however, were not Christians.

gelical Protestant Missionary Society, "Who are you?" they asked us. "Christians from Manchuria." Berlin, the German-Chinese High "Are there, then, Christians in Man- churia also?" they asked. School (,'Seminar") is especially "Oh yes, many of them." "Are they the same sort as the praised, from which the first three stu- Christians here?" "We don't know. What are the dents graduated in I907. The num- Christians here like?" "Good men. Good men." ber of pupils in the Society's school "Why do you think so?" "Oh, a man owed us an account five for girls has increased from 8 to 28, years ago of twenty dollars. He re- fused to acknowledge more than ten, so that the building had to be en- and we had no redress. A few months ago he became a Christian and came larged, and the medical missionary and asked us to turn up that old ac- count, and insisted on paying it up work has exerted a greatly increased with interest all these years." In- stances like this were happening all influence for good. over Korea.

From the report to the German Par- In a Korean Revival liament we gain the impression that One night there came into the meet- ing in Pyeng Yang a Japanese army the German officials in Kiau-chau ac- officer who appeared to be deeply in- terested in what was taking place. knowledge the aid which they receive When the Christians knelt in prayer, he knelt with them; but when they from the missionaries, and therefore arose, he continued prostrate before God. Noone present could speak the gladly assist them in their labors of Japanese language, so it was not pos- love.

The Chinese Becoming ~ World-People In China's Millions for May, Marshall Broomhold has an article entitled "The Chinese Race as a Factor in the World's Life," in which he shows that in addition to the 400,000,000 at home, the Celestials are to be found everywhere, even to the ends of the earth. Not only are they pouring every year in increasing numbers into Korea, Mongolia, and Manchuria, but some I,250,000 are resident in Siam; in the Straits Settlements, I ,000,0:)0 ; Dutch East Indies, 250,000; the Philippines, IOO,OOO; Cuba and Porto Rico, 90,000 ; Australasia, 40,000; about as many in South Africa, etc.

The New College for China Rev. Joseph Beech, of Chentu College, West China, is now soliciting funds, in this country, for the interdenominational university for West

sible to communicate with him. Short- Japanese and Mislions in Formosa ly afterward he arose and left ~he meeting. The next day he came wIth There are nearly 3,000,000 people the pastor of the Japanese Church in in Formosa-the great majority Chi- Pyeng Yang to see the missionary. He nese, 133,539 Head-hunters, 40,000 told of how in the past he had had .Japanese. Japanese ruling class. Invery little idea of God, but in the meet- fluential, aggressive. Splendid evaning had been so imprest with what had gelistic work is now being carried on taken place that he could doubt no by the Japanese Church for the J apalonger, and there had given his heart nese in Formosa. The English and to Christ. As he was soon to return to Canadian Presbyterian missionaries Japan, he requested baptism, and the have done great work in Formosa. following night a little group of J ap- The Japanese Presbyterian Church is anese took their place in the midst of attempting to aid the other Presbythe vast audience of Koreans. At the terian bodies in this great evangelistic close of the service this soldier-Chris- movement. The work is extending to tian was baptized into the Christian the savages-Head-hunters. Mr. Dofaith.-World-Wide Missions. gura, a Japanese forest planter and a Christian, has won many of them Precocious Japan by his kindness. He offers to support a Japanese missionary to these de- Says Rev. J. H. Pettee in the Mis- graded people. A Japanese magis- trate on his plantation, near where the sionary Herald: Head-hunters live, with a Christian "Japan is a land of surprizes. Even wife, is much interested. The wife is a trained nurse. She is trying to learn an old resident of thirty years' ex- the language. She said to a missionperience is constantly meeting them. ary: "I am trying to learn the lan- I wonder at times if the genius (or guage of these savages and win them genie) of this Far Eastern land does by kindness and tender care. They benot take special delight in arranging lieve in a god, but their god is not little surprize parties both for her own like ours; he is a cruel god, 'and they people and her adopted citizens. think their god likes to have them cut off heads." The Christians of Ja- "When out in the country touring pan are well fitted to carry the Gospel last week, I visited two small towns to these poor, benighted "Head-huntin Bingo Province, thirty or more ers."-Alissionary Witness, Toronto. miles from a railway, lying hidden away among the hills of Western Cen- AFRICA tral Japan. Both places boasted of good schools, and the larger one con- The Gospel in Africa tained a bank and a telegraph office. Africa is an immense region. It "But I confess I was taken aback to has long been known as the Dark Confind in one of these towns a young tinent, but the light of the Gospel is lady just over twenty who was well rapidly dawning upon it. Europe, Inread in philosophy and had made a dia, China, and the United States specialty of Russian literature. She could all be laid down on the map of had studied at Kobe College and at Africa and still have some room left Miss Tsuda's widely known private around the margins. This huge conschool for girls in Tokyo, where she tinent has now 2,470 missionaries, was privileged to be a pupil of Tai- with 13,089 native assistants. There yama, Japan's great apostle of natu- are 4,789 places of regular worship, ralism. In a half-hour's chat with me 221,156 church-members, and 527,790 she commented intelligently on Gogol, profest Christians. There are in Af- Tolstoi, and Tourgenieff, Hegel, rica 3,937 missionary schools, with Lotze, and Nietzsche. It was a rev- 202,390 pupils. There are 95 hospitals elation trulv of what Japan had already arrived at."

and dispensaries, 16 publishing houses ernment. He declared that the British and printing establishments. North of Government had arrived at the part- the equator Egypt has more mission- ing of the ways, and must choose be- aries than any other region; the Vvest tween India and the colonies.

Coast countries come next. Will the Universities' Mission Fail in Fifty years ago Krapf, the mission- Christian Comity?

ary, was laughed at for his dream of a chain of missions across Central The London Chronicle calls atten- Africa, from ocean to ocean. Now tion to what it deems "an amazing his dream has come true. Thirty years proposal" of the Universities' Mission ago Uganda was a pagan state, where to establish a third diocese in Central savagery was rampant. Now, as the Africa, which would, if carried into result of a most heroic struggle, of effect, inchlde the spheres of influence its 700,000 inhabitants, 360,000 are hitherto recognized by the government, strong Christians. In Cape Colony, and by common consent, as occupied where Moravian missionaries tried to by the Livingstonia Mission of the work nearly two centuries ago, they United Free Church of Scotland and were treated as criminals for attempt- by the London Missionary Society.

ing to reach the blacks. Now Cape The current issue of East and West Colony alone has 700,000 Protestants contains an article bv a "Canon of Zan- zibar Cathedral," ~hich is in keeping and 200,000 of these are colored.

with the above proposal. The writer, East Indians in the Transvaal far from being ashamed of what Dr.

The problem of the status of British Thompson rightly described as "a Indians in South Africa has reached grave discourtesy," backs the "pastoral an acute stage. British and Dutch zeal" of the present Bishop of Likona together are determined that the In- and the Bishop of South Africa, who dians shall not overwhelm the white are responsible for the idea, and thus population in that country. It is well refers to the societies already working known that in Natal the Indians al- in Central Africa: ready outnumber the white population. The second hindrance is sectarianism. They not only outnumber them, but Some missionary societies are reproduthey beat them in the market. The cing in Africa those particular types of Hindu can work and thrive on less religion which owe their existence at home to peculiarities of mental view wages and smaller profits. Natal, long since modified, or to faults and however, with its small white popula- sins of the Church long ago confest and tion, is unable to dispense with Asiatic in measure repaired. labor. The Transvaal is determined not to follow suit, and a Registration When the World Will He Evangelized According to Rev. J. L. Barton in Act has been passed providing that all his "The Unfinished Task," in order British Indians in the Transvaal must or evangelize human kind it is by no be registered in a humiliating manner. means enough that the Gospel shall Separate impressions of the finger- be proclaimed in every ear, even tho prints must be taken, and the eight it be many times. But evangelization digits of the hands must be taken to- will be accomplished "when missionary gether that identification may be cer- forces are properly distributed over tain. This has naturally given great the whole world and Christian insti- umbrage to the race, and Mr. Gandhi, tutions have been organized and put an able barrister, has declared for in- into aggressive operation and the surrection, characterizing the act as forces of Christian society are at a barbarous and savage measure, and work, then will the Gospel message, in especially attacking Lord Elgin and the languages of the people, pro- the British Government for sanction- claimed in terms that are intelligible ing the policy of the Transvaal Gov- to all, reach every soul. THE CHALLENGE OF THE CITY. Josiah leave a hole in the river; the saloon, Strong. 12mo. 35 cents, net. Young the gambling-hell, the house of shame People's Missionary Movement. 1908. remain, with no less destroying power after the evangelist has passed on. Has Dr. Josiah Strong's fertile pen has not the time, then, fully come to in- augurate an aggressive campaign on again given us a thoughtful book on a plan sufficiently comprehensive to the problem of the city and its conges- embrace the entire down-town city?" tion. He holds that the key to other social problems is found in the solution His plan is for united action, each to the municipal enigma. After deal- cooperating church doing its full share in its section; and if becoming not an ing with the various factors of the institutional church, at least providing problem, he suggests as the only ade- the facilities for carrying on such parts quate answer, "The Christian solu- of "settlement" work as the needs retion." vVe quote his· words: quire; having a large corps of assist- When injustice is unpunished, and rapacity goes unrebuked, and crime grows more lawless, and overcrowding in- creases, and the needless death-rate mounts ants and trained helpers to labor higher, when the saloon, the brothel, among poor and ignorant families, in and the gambling hell triumph, all be- the Church and out of it; to uplift the cause good men will not unite, there is high treason to the kingdom of God; people of the section; and all churches many gooa men have failed to see that to unite in this work. He points to work actually achieved by suCh their essential oneness is not that of churches as St. Bartholomew's in New belief, nor that of sentiment, but that of purpose, and therefore of action. The social conditions are such that the author York, Morgan Chapel, Boston, the Baptist Temple of Philadelphia, St. foresees, he believes, the time to which George's Church of this city, the Peo- Macaulay referred, a time of revolution ple's Palace in Jersey City, etc. and lawless anarchy which will destroy the republic; and he declares "if action is postponed until the average man can see the crisis at hand, then sudden de- IN THE LAND OF MOSQUES AND MINARETS. struction will he upon us, because there will be no time to transform and uplift By Francis Miltoun. I1lustratioU5 a generation; and the nation's day of from drawings and paintings by grace will have passed." Blanche McManus. 12mo, 442 pp. $3.00. L. C. Page Co. Boston. 1908.

Dr. Strong holds that the old meth- Of making many books of travel ods of city evangelism are worn out. there is no end. This latest book on They may reach a few and rescue the Barbary States, where caravans them; but the open sore of the slums pass beneath the shadows of the palm- remains not only to represent but trees, and where even in midwinter all spread disease. He recalls Chalmer's is in the flower of springtime, will at- methods in Edinburgh. This trans- tract many readers, altho the traveler formed the worst section of the city seems to' have followed the beaten and of the citizens into law-abiding, tracks.

industrious, sober people, who attend- He has an experienced eye and the ed and supported their own church skill of an artist whose earlier works and carried on missionary work for of travel found a ready sale. By nu- others; the social environment was es- merous illustrations, sketches, maps, sentially changed. and diagrams the book is made attract- He says: "Even if the number of ive. The author had only a passing evangeli~ts could be multiplied tenfold, acquaintance with the religion of their preaching could not save the city, North Africa, Islam, and has not a because it could not change the envi- single word to say in regard to mis- ronment; when a saloon-keeper, or sions, Protestant or Roman Catholic.

gambler, or fallen woman is converted The chapter on the religion of the and leaves the old life, his or her old Mussulman is full of misprints and place is immediately taken by another; misstatements, even in so simple a dipping up a pail of water does not matter as the Moslem periods of prayer the author hopelessly blunders, remarkable escapes from the Boxers and it is not true, as anyone who has and encouraging experiences. She lived in Morocco or Algiers knows, lived a life of faith and love and has that "superstition plays a very small part in the Mohammedan's faith, and left her impress and the impress of that his religion is a very plausible and Christ on many Chinese hearts. very well-working one." The chapter~ on poetry, music, architecture, and the JIU Ko-NIU.. A sketch of the life of Jescamel and the horse are exceedingly sie M. Johnston. By her Sisters. interesting. The recent political ques- 12mo, 203 pp. T. French Downie, tions are not discust; but the excellent London, 1907. maps and plans of some of the cities will help those who read the news- This brief record of the life and paper accounts to locate the signs of work of the daughter of Rev. James daybreak-political, social, and relig- Johnston of London, reveals a beauious-in North Africa. tiful and strong character whose in- fluence must have left its impression THE ANALYZED BIBLE. By Dr. G Camp- on China and upon all who knew her. bell Morgan. 3 volumes. I2mo, $1.25, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. NEW BOOKS 1908. THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS. Rev. It is a great tribute, both to the James S. Dennis, D.D. 12mo, 248 pp. Word of God and to the author of $1.00, net. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1908. these volumes which have so far appeared that, after all that has been THE VALLEY OF THE NILE. Rev. Charles written on the Scriptures, such a com- R. Watson. Illustrated. 12mo. 249 mentary on the whole Bible is in de- pp. $1.00 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., mand. The entire work proposed by 1908. Dr. Morgan will include some thirty volumes. These three are but intro- THE WORLD-CALL TO MEN OF TO-DAY. ductory; they are as he says, a "tele- Edited by David McConaughy. 12mo. scopic view." The author has unique 322 pp. $1.00. Board of F. M. of the analytic power, and a clearness of Presbyterian Church. 1908. statement that amounts to genius. His summer Bible class at Korthfield, THE NEARER AND FARTHER EAST. By Rev. :Mass., and weekly lectures at Westminster Chapel, London, have been in S. M. Zwemer and Rev. A. J. Brown. similar lines to those he follows in those volumes, and their exceptional 12mo. Paper, 30c. Cloth, Soc. The success is a sufficient pledge for the Macmillan Co., New York, 1908. wide circulation of this new commentary. We all thank God for Dr. Mor- THE CALL OF KOREA. Horace G. Undergan's loyalty to God's Word in these wood, D.D. Illustrated. 12mo. 204 pp. days of rationalistic criticism. 7Sc., net. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1908.

CLARA LEFFINGWELL. By Rev. Walter A. THE DIVINE RIGHT OF MISSIONS. Rev. Sellew. 12mo, 320 pp. Map and il- Henry C. Mabie, D.D. 12mo. I17 lustrations. Free Methodist Pub- pp. Soc. net. Griffith & Rowland lishing House, Chicago, 1907. Press, Philadelphia, 1908.

Miss Leffingwell was a missionary THE ANTIDOTE TO CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. from New York to China. The story James M. Gray. 12mo. 127 pp. 75c., of her life is a simple narrative of net. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1908. self-sacrificing service in a heathen land. She preached and traveled, had PIONEERS. Text-Book for Juniors. Miss Katherine R. Crowell. Paper cover. 156 Fifth Ave., N. Y.

THE BEGINNING OF A STORY. Amy Wilson Carmichael. 12mo. 6d., net. Morgan. & Scott, London.

THE SALOON UNDER THE SEARCH LIGHT. George R. Stuart. 12mo. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, 1908.

LEAFLETS. (Envelope Series) James Chal- mers. By A. R. Thain, D.D. Ameri- can Board. Missions in Burma. (Historical Series) American Baptist Missionary Union. The World's Cry and The Lord's Money. Golden .opportunities for good invest- ments. Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

The Missionary Review of the World — April 1908

A MORNING SESSION AT THE MEN'S MISSIONARY CONVENTION, PHILAflELPHIA

A VIEW OF THE PLATFORM AT THE MEK'S MISSIONAHY CONVENTION IN THE ACADEMY OF MUSIC, PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY 11-13, 1908 These Photographs were taken for the Philadelphia Inquirer and were exposed entirely by ordinary e1ectric Jight.

C£he fMiss{onary '!?.ev{ew

of the World VOL. XXXI. NO.4 APUIL, I908 VOL. XXI. NO.4 Old Series New Series Published by Funk &. Wagnalls Company, 44-60 Eo 23d St., N.Y. IslLae K. Funk, Pres., A. W. Wagualls, Vice_Ploell. ~nd Treas., Robt. Scott, See'y SIGNS OF THE TIMES THE WORLD OUTLOOK classes, have gone to India to spend their lives there, and have been as in- A witness of high character, after tensely earnest and impassioned in the three years of travel over four conti- propagation of the Christian faith as nents and the isles of the sea, recently any missionaries could be. It is an told the committee of the Church Mis- error, says Dr. William Durban, to sionary Society in London, that he suppose that few outside the missionhad a conviction, ineradicable, that the ary section set a Christian example to / world is peculiarly ripe for the Gos- the natives of India or engage in pel. The laborers, notwithstanding Christian work. Many of the officers fewness, and scattered as they are, of the British army in India are con.- everywhere rejoice in present success sistent and saintly men, and their and expect greater things. Peoples, a wives are shining lights for Christ. generation ago, careless if not dis- One of the most enthusiastic advodainful, respond to evangelistic ef- cates of Christianity now in India is forts; and over extensive areas antip- Sir Andrew Fraser, Lieutenant-Govathy and apathy are giving way to ernor of Bengal, who never neglects sympathy. A new spirit pervades the an opportunity for exercising his per- Orient, with its half of the world's sonal influence or for doing actual repopulation. There is a new inquiry as ligious work. He is president of the to facts, a probing of causes, a concert India Sunday-school Union, and last of remedial efforts. It is, he says, summer he presided at the opening like the awakening of giants from session of the Darjiling Christian long sleep and torpor. Conference. When he was visiting Bankipore, the civil station of Patna, Mr. John R. Mott, who has been on one of his official tours, he mainly occupied in world-wide travel preached at the ordinary native Chrisfor a decade of years, gives fully as tian services, at the Baptist chapel. striking testimony in the same direc- There can not be any doubt that tion. Christianity will continue its forward march in India, until, in the not dis- SPIRITUAL FORCES IN INDIA tant future, it will hold the field with dominating spiritual power. Much more than is generally imagined is being done for the spiri- Dr. Durban continues: "Only tual benefit of the Hindu races, by Christian faith can hold the balance in devoted Christian civilians. A large number of noble men and women belonging to the official and commercial India between the absolutely antago- weeks. There are now 50,000 Telugu nistic cults of Brahmanists, Moslems, Christians. Jains, and Parsecs. India is a land of perpetual religious discords. Even 3. To-day a huudred thousand nathe Moslems are not unified in that tives in India are ready to cast away country, as some persons fancy who their idols and profess Christ, if there have made no study of the conditions. were teachers ready who could give Recentl.· on the occasion of the Mu- them Christian training. harram celebration a fatal riot occurred, arising out of a dispute be- 4. The position occupied by those tween the Sunni and Shiah sections who come out as followers of Jesus of Mohammedans in Bombay. Five Christ marks another advance. Years persons were killed and forty serious- ago they were despised as the offly il,jured. Among the latter were a scouring of the earth; to-day in many Parsee and a Hindu who were merely places they enjoy the confidence of spectators. When the Christian re- their neighbors. ligion wins India it may not, of cOllrse, present a spectacle of abso- 5. Education for women and girls, lute unity, but at any rate murderous the coming home-makers of India, is fanaticism will be eliminated and the making rapid progress, and is encourspirit of peace and charity will be un- aged by intelligent and wealthy naderstood. tives. Large sums have been given to medical education for women. INDIA COMING TO CHRIST 6. The record of medical and mis- India is a great country with four sionary work in the past twenty-five times the population of the United years is marvelous. States and more being born every day by natural birth than by spiritual birth 7. Every hospital and dispensary, and yet there are many encouraging every visit of a physician, and every signs that India is awakening- to a prescription given is an object-lesson sense of her need of Christ. It is of the power and influence of Christhe Christian Church at home that is tian love. An Indian paper commentholding back. Some of ~he signs of ing on a successful operation perprogress are: formed by a woman physician, said: "The age of miracles is not passed, for 1. Modern Protestant Missions III Jesus Christ is still working miracles India were reborn with the new India through women physicians." which followed the Mutiny. In the year 185 I there were 15,003 Protes- 8. Missionary work among the tant Christians in all India. In 1890 Moslems in India seems hopeful. The there were 648,843. The census re- immobility of Islam has sustained turns for 1900 show 978,936. These many a shock from which it is trying figures furnish ground for hope, reso- vainly to recover. lution and thanksgiving. 9. The number of converts from 2. Missionaries worked among the Islam is an earnest of the great work Telugus thirty years to win twenty- which lies before Christian missionfive converts; they then baptized 2,222 aries, and a proof of the way in which converts in one clay, and 8,691 in six God has owned what has already been done.

10. There is a remarkable decay.of .superstitious rites and practises. The

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

widow no more burns o.n the funeral a lazy membership, but they pull and pyre of her husband; and the children inspire us; success is a perpetual are no more flung into the Ganges by tonic; and God is manifestly with us superstitious mothers. The Rajputs, and we know that He is in us also.' " who were formerly the chief sinners in the practise of female infanticide, In 1883 a New York financier gave are now working in Oudh, for its his check for $6,000 to start a misbanishment. sion in Korea. In a public meeting recently he announced that it was the 11. A society has recently been best-paying investment he had ever formed in India for the protection of made. Now is the time for Christian children. This is destined to exert a men and women to make other paying great influence over the present and investments-to lay up treasures in future life and character of India. It heaven and at the same time to· save aims to prevent the public and private lives of men and women, children on wrongs of children and the corruption earth. Two thousand five hundred of their morals, and to take action for were baptized in Korea last year. the making and enforcing of laws for their protection. RELIGIOUS TOLERATION IN RUSSIA Pastor Fetler, the Russian, who ANOTHER WITNESS TO KOREA Just now this former Hermit na- recently visited England, belongs to tion is the cynosure of all eyes. Pro- the Baptists of the Baltic Provinces, fessor Harlan P. Beach, of Yale "Cni- and had much to say as to the bitter versity, who has been traveling persecutions endured by his family through the Orient, says he has seen for both political ancr spiritual reano such sights anywhere as in Korea. sons. Last· summer he undertook "When it comes to eagerness for evangelistic work in Russia, purpos- Christian learning, Koreans again ap- ing to begin, if possible, in the very pear in the van, eclipsing apparently heart of the country, making Moscow the Christians of Uganda. One con- his headquarters. The success he met stantly hears of conferences, normal with is one of the proofs that in all the institutes, inquirers classes, etc., darkness of the situation in the Muswhich would drive American pastors covite dominions there is at least one distracted. Yet the people are hun- gleam of light. The edict of religious gry for them all, and it is the only toleration which was at first regarded way in which the small force can be with skeptical scorn, appears to have gin to overtake their work. If you been issued by the Czar with a sinask the missionaries how they keep cere purpose in view. Pastor Fetler out of the grave or insane asylum is at work under the auspices of the with all this pressure, they will give Baptist Pioneer Mission and sends Y0lt replies of which this is a speci- word that he has witnessed since he men: 'We don't keep out of either, as commenced his mission fully 1,400 the death-rate and invalid list is ex- conversions, of which 182 were regisceedingly serious. Yet remember that tered recently in a single fortnight. we do not have to look up work as He has gone to St. Petersburg, and you do in America; we do not have is holding Sunday meetings in the to get in the shafts and pull along palace of the celebrated and devout Princess Lieven.

THE KONGO SITUATION the agreement make it doubtful whether this control by Belgium will It is announced that King Leopold adequately change the situation of op- has at last yielded to pressure and his pression. The strongest point in its fears of intervention by England and favor is that it will be possible for America and has agreed to turn over the British and American Govern- to Belgium the control of the Kongo ments to treat directly with Belgium Independent State. The reports of for the correction of evils. Mean- American and British consuls so fully while the conditions in the Kongo substantiated the charges made State continue practically unimproved. against Leopold's administration that the governments of these two civilized PROGRESS OF MOHAMMEDANISM IN nations demanded reform, with a hint WEST AFRICA that unless something adequate were done in this direction, they would take From the Gold Coast Colony and the matter in their own hands. from Ashantiland come continued reports of the steady progress of Mo- According to the agreement be- hammedanism. In N saba, Gold Coast, tween Leopold and the Belgian Gov- the propaganda is so strong that the ernment, the King turns over the followers of the False Prophet feel crown domain and crown foundation greatly encouraged. One of them, a lands, while Belgium agrees to as- native fanatic, approached one of the sume Kongo obligations amounting to missionaries of the Basel Society and $21,000,000 and to continue large an- told' him, that if he would not ac- .nual payments of revenues which will knowledge Mohammed, he would be keep the King himself from dire pov- killed within two years and six erty! To Prince Albert also are to months. Every follower of Mohambe paid $24,000 a year and $15,000 med is eager to fight for him and feels to the King's daughter, Clementine. himself high above the heathen The King has also decided to pose negroes, who, he thinks, will soon be as a philanthropist by including in the punished and destroyed by his God agreement a special payment by the who sent the great earthquake of Nogovernment of $10,000,000 in fifteen vember, 1906, as a warning for all annual payments for the construction unbelievers. From some stations in of hospitals, schools and other insti- the Gcrld Coast Colony, come reports tutions. that Mohammedans are settling in in- creasing numbers, from others that It is stated, however, by the Kongo Mohammedan houses of prayer have Reform Association, that the terms of been opened. In Ashantiland large annexation are entirely inadequate to settlements of Mohammedans have correct the abuses. No stipulation is been opened and, strange to say, these made for the restoration of land or Mohammedans sell amulets and its produce to the natives, or for the charms to the heathen, while they reduction of the extortionate labor tax teach Mohammedanism and state that which involves incessant slavery. No they serve the same God as the misprovision is made for the abolition of sionaries. It is said that only two commercial monopolies and the estab- Ashanties have accepted Mohammelishment of free trade as provided by danism thus far, but many wear althe Berlin Act. Other weak points in ready the Mohammedan garb.

THE PROGRESS IN THE TRANSVAAL Christian doctrine of sin and the atonement. In other places, and they The Transvaal Colony in South are in the majority, there is great Africa contains a population of more readiness among these heathen to hear than one million and a half upon its and to believe. Missionary Hoff- 112,000 square miles. About one mann of Mphome, Northern Transmillion of these are still fetish-wor- vaal, writes: shipers, altho the Wesleyan Methodists of London, the Berlin and Her- . I made a visit to the mighty heathen mannsburg Societies of Germany, the underchief Mossuane. The spectacle Mission Romande of Switzerland, and which I saw, will never be forgotten. the American Board have been at The heathen chief and thirty or forty of work there many years. A writer in his heathen subjects were erecting a little Der Missions-Freund gives an in- church for his people who were desirous teresting account of the progress of of learning. There was great rejoicing the Gospel in the colony. He says: among these heathen upon our arrival, for the chief had expected me and begged The Berlin Missionary Society has for a teacher for many months. been at work in the Transvaal Colony since r860 and employs at present 35 These heathen people are thus willmissionaries upon 48 stations. Much ing to listen to the teaching of the work remains to be done there. Espe- Gospel, and Christ's cause makes cially in Northern Transvaal heathenism rapid progress. still prevails and the sunlight of the Gospel battles against the dense fog ascend- A WORTHY RECOGNITION OF ing from the depths of fetish worship. MISSIONS Unbroken heathendom, however, is not to be found in any part of the colony. One of the cheering signs of the The times of serious torment or bloody times is found in the increasing numpersecutions of native Christians and the ber of articles on missions in nonmissionaries are past. It is well known religious newspapers and magazines. that the powerful government severely A striking illustration appears in The punishes all attacks upon Christian con- World's Work, which contains in regregations and their teachers, and that cent issues articles by Edgar Allen it now and then interferes energetically Forbes upon medical and educational with heathen usages. Last year, when missions, with excellent illustrations the blacks arose in rebellion in Natal, to add to the impressiveness of the some anxiety prevailed, for had they suc- text. Of the second article these are ceeded, a rebellion would have broken the opening sentences: out in the Transvaal also and might have caused great harm and damage. But the "If a man in quest of material for rebellion in Natal failed, and the Trans- an American exhibit were to sail out vaal remained quiet. of San Francisco Bay with a phono- graph recorder, he would come up on The number of native Christians in the other side at Sandy Hook with a Northern Transvaal within the sphere polyglot collection of records that of work of the two German societies would give the people of the United is estimated at one hundred thou- States a new conception of their part sand, and that many heathen are still in the world's advance toward light. found. In some places these are hard His audience might hear a spellingto reach with the Gospel on account class recite in the tuneful Hawaiian of their great indifference toward the tongue or listen to Moros, Tagalogs,

and Igorrotes reading from the same in Boston of the North American McGuffey's Reader. A change of rec- Civic League; with such men of high ords might bring the sound of little standing in Church and business cir- Japanese reciting geography, or of cles as President Rothwell of the Chinese repeating the multiplication Board of Commerce, Bishop Lawtable in a dozen dialects. Another rence and ArchbishoiJ O'Connell. The record would tell in quaint Siamese Boston Young lfen's Christian Assothe difference between a transitive and ciation was prominent in the matter. an intransitive verb, or conjugate the The League will place in the steamverb 'to be' in anyone of the lan- ships, cards and posters in different guages of India. One might hear a languages, containing valuable inforprofessor from Pennsylvania lecturing mation. It will act as a clearing-house on anatomy to a class of young men for all societies engaged in immigrain the ancient kingdom of Darius; or tion work, discover and guard against a young woman from Massachusetts the agencies which seek to convert the explaining the mvsteries of an eclipse immigrant into a dangerous citizen, to a group of girls in Constartinople; find employment, where possible, for or a Princeton man telling in Arabic the deserving, direct different races the relations between a major and a to those sections of the country where minor premise. Manual – training they are most likely to become selfteachers would recognize the sound supporting, and assist them in reachof hammer and plane from the head- ing their destinations. Cooperating waters of the Nile and of the Eu- with the government officials and paphrates, the ring of an anvil on the triotic societies, the League will try southern slopes of the Himalayas, or to instruct the immigrants in princithe hum of a circular saw on the ples of good government, and to Kongo or the Niger. And when the found a corps of foreign-born men of audience had listened to all this and high character who will assist in these 'My Country, 'tis of Thee,' in Eskimo various enterprises, and in Spanish, the exhibit of American teaching would have only begun." Well does The Congregationalist suggest: "The fact that last year ASSISTANCE FOR THE IMMIGRANTS brought to this country more than 1,000,000 immigrants, of whom eight- As a people we are coming slowly een per cent. were Protestant, twelve but steadily to see and perform our per cent. Hebrew and sixty-six per duty to the hosts of the foreign-born cent. Roman Catholic, shows the need who are pouring in upon us, both for of a movement to prevent this fortheir sakes and our own. The latest eign invasion from becoming a burden movement relating to this great mat- and a menace, and help make it a real ter is seen in the recent organization blessing to this lanel."

OF FOREIGN MISSIONS AND ARA81AN MISSION. R. C. A

IU!PORT 01' VISIT TO TIm AN IDEAL MISSIONARY CHURCH REPORT (Prepared by Dr. S. M. Zwemer for the Christian Intelligencer.)

STATISTICS FOR

According to Dr. H. K. Carroll's figures 1ll The Christian Advocate, the gain in Churches III 1907 IS more than'double that of 1906, but the gain in Churches is nearly 2,000 less and in communicants over 300,000 less than that of the previous year. The Roman Catholic denomination report over II,OOO,- 000 members, while Sadlier's Catholic Directory reports the Roman Catholic population as 'I3,890,353, the number of priests as I 5,093, with 8,072 churches and 4,076 missions.

The following table shows the ministers, churches, communicants, and relative gains or decreases (*): sm..IARY ~OR 1907 NET GAINS FOR 1907 Denominations .., ~ 'S :il ———————-1—- 2,544 99,298 4 45 3,861 Adventists (6 bodies)……………….. 1,569 55,294 5,224,305 Baptists (14 bodies)………………… 38,279 98 4,239 259 676 103,358 314 6,661 Brethren (River) (3 bodies)………….. 173 47 11,645,495 Brethren (Plymouth) (4 bodies) •……… 9 1,491 1,277 Buddhist (Chinese) •…………….••.. 12,731 10 101,597 Buddist and Shintoist (Japanese) …•.••.. 63 40,000 85,096 Catholics (9 bodies)………………… 15,891 1,340 11,500 622 282 266,000 110 41,475 Catholic Apostolic .•• :……………… 95 668 268 8,200 Christadelphians ………………….. . 590 3,084 144 699,321 Christian Connection ………………. . 1,348 22 1,285,123 121,705 Christian Catholic (Dowie) .•….•.•…•.. 104 5,941 173,641 11,307 122,081 Christian Scientists ……………….. . 1,336 10 4,899 1,159 340 Christian Union ………………….. . 201 2,666 20,000 .1,075 237,321 Church of God (Winebrennarian) ……•.. 499 143,000 4 398,000 Church of the New Jerusalem ……….. . 130 155 2,022,605 2 116 1,262 46,000 Communistic Societies (6 bodies) …….. . 570 61,690 23 1,328 6,660,784 "480 Congregationalists …………………. . 5,923 13,169 17,199 18 2,604 351 1,821,504 96 Disciples of Christ. ………………… . 6,673 701 830,659 48 197 20,365 61,518 430,458 Dunkards (4 bodies) ……………….. . 3.337 119 28,000 59 511 16,478 Evangelical (2 bodies) ……………… . 1,503 7,779 740 25 2,564 2,596 913 Friends (4 bodies) …………………. . 1,466 1,016 2,142 3,329 150,000 Friends of the Temple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 8 2,607 20 289,652 German Evangelical Protestant ..••.•..•… 100 5 71,200 748 52,621 German Evangehcal Synod ……………. 974 72 14,126 10 35 8,901 4,359 Jews (2 bodies) …………………… . 301 473 300 1,646 Latter-day Saints (2 bodies) …. __ . _.. __ ._ 1,952 910 156 Lutherans (23 bodies) …••………….. 8,040 168 135 65,172 Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant. .. . 355 10 Mennonites (12 bodies) …………….. _ 1,240 Methodists (17 bodies) ……. _………. . 41,893 381 1,946 101,696 Moravians . . 00 ••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••• 129 "I 276 Presbyterians (12 bodies) …….. _. _….. . 12,723 18 556 49,627 Protestant Episcopal (2 bodies) ..•…….. 5,197 *61 212 "15,833 Reformed (3 hodies). __ …………….. . 1,999 "45 33 8,099 Salvation Army …………………… . 4,765 992 33 "SaO Schwenkfeldians ……… _…. _…….. . 6 1 9 Social Brethren …………………… .. 17 Society for Ethical Culture …•………•• 10 10 442 Spiritualists ………………………. .

Theosophical Society ……………….. .

United Brethren (2 bodies) …..•…….. 2,168 *79 8 3,414 U nitanans … 0 ••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• 594 5 9 200 Universalists …………………….. .. 728 8 *67 *3,210 Independent Congregations ………….•. 54 Grand Total in 1907 …•….•.•.• 161,731 210,199 32,983,156 2,301 4,214 627,546 Grand total in 1906 .•••..••.•••.. 159,430 205,985 32,355,610 4,201 1,901 931,740 It will be interesting to compare these figures with the statistics of mis- sionary work as given in the MISSIONARY REVIEW for January, 1908.

ARE THE LIMITS OF CHRISTIAN TOLERATION?

EDITORIAL One of the conspicuous signs of the famous as left-handed (Judges xx :16), times is the new attitude of tolerance would naturally seize the heads of toward those who differ, especially in their opponents with the right ha)ld, matters pertaining to religion. The while running them through with the era of bitter controversy and conflict left; the men of Judah, as dexterous has been abruptly followed by one of as the others were sinistrous, would, concession and compromise, whose exactly similarly, use the left hand to watchword is that charming word, lay hold, and the right to wield the "charity," which is made to cover a sword, and so they all feU simultanemultitude of doctrinal sins. Even ously. Coleridge's paradox, that "the only true spirit of tolerance consists in our This quaintly tragic combat is a parconscientious toleration of each other's able of many a historic battle waged intolerance," is out of date; and those with tongue and pen. It is hard to are now considered illiberal and dog- say on which side the final advantage matic, who show any intolerance even lies, because, on both sides something as to errors which they may regard as has been gained and lost; while both vital and fundamental. This whole at- parties were contending for the mastitude of liberalism seems to demand tery, neither fuUy secured it. They a careful, prayerful, review. There were swayed by different motives, may be rocks ahead. used different methods, and aimed at different ends. Each got an advan- One curious and suggestive episode tage, but only at the cost of yielding in Hebrew history stands unique and something, and hence there was a sursolitary. When t:1e respective adher- render even in securing success. N eients of David and Ishbosheth-the ther completely vanquished the other, rival claimants for the kingdom-were but both had gains offset by losses. struggling for the possession of Gibeon-the new seat of the Tabernacle Never was this more strikingly exafter the fall of Nob-a contest took emplified than in some modern theoplace which, in character and issue, logical· and ecclesiastical adjustments. has no paraIlel even in the combat be- A religious "Tribunal of the Hague" tween the Horatii and Curiatii, four seems already in sight where all conhundred years later. fEct and controversies are to be settled by compromise; and whether this is Abner, as Ishbosheth's champion, on the whole to be welcomed as an unproposed, to save effusion of blood, mixed good, is what, perhaps, it bethat twelve picked men from each of comes us to consider. the contending hosts should meet in battle and, as representatives, decide For the first three centuries the the issue. David's captain, J oab, ac- world and the Church were arrayed cepted the challenge; and, when the against each other with mutual hos- tility. It was believed that they were selected Judahites and Benjamites so essentially at war that their oppos- ing principles and tendencies were irrushed madly at one another, all of reconcilable: those ~ho belonged to them fell together. The Benjamites,

Christ expected to be hated of all men peace may be bought at the price of for His Name's sake. Under Constan- purity-a daubing of a falling wall tine the world and the Church were with untempered mortar, a yielding of wedded in a State Church, with the what is vital, a sacrifice of truth. It emperor at its head. The via crucis is quite possible in some forms of misbecame the via Jucis, self-denial was sion work to overcome opposition by displaced by self-indulgence; the con- eliminating what arouses antagonism, fession of Christ became the signal, or by virtually assimilating Christiannot for the cross but for the crown, ity to heathenism. Roman Catholiand many thought the millennium had cism has won more than one victory dawned. The Church won the world over Buddhism by simply investing and disarmed opposition; but, mean- Buddhistic rites and customs with a' while, the world captured the Church new name, leaving its essentials unand leavened it with secularism. The touched; and there is a strong moveworld became more churchly, but the ment now in favor of allowing polyg- Church vastly more worldly, remind- amy among heathen converts, if it exing of the experiments in "endosmose" isted before conversion, and tolerating and "exdosmose," where two liquids ancestral worship as a mere form of on opposite sides of the membrane so reverence for parental authority, etc. intermingle as that each loses its individual qualities and assimilates with Two marked manifestations of this the other. tendency toward toleration may be mentioned as examples: one a recent There are many other examples in course of lectures delivered in India history, and they are multiplying fast by a theological professor; and the in these days, of the abatement of op- other a work of fiction from the pen of position by a mutual concession. This a prominent evangelist, preacher and is especially exhibited in the domain author.* of politics, where it seems to be a settled maxim, that "if you can not get a The lectures, delivered in India and whole loaf you are to be content with Ceylon, are on "The Witness of the half." Even such a man as Gladstone, Oriental Consciousness to Jesus with high ethical ideals and orthodox Christ." In the dedication, the lecreligious views, justified compromise turer announces himself as one "who on the ground that it was impracticable believes in the unity of the human to carry ·out in the political sphere the race, and who looks with reverence strict principles of truth and honesty; on the India of the past, with affection one must do the best he can with the on the India of the present, and with elements he has to confront. ardent expectation on the India of the future." In the opening lecture he The bearing of this matter upon proclaims his "affection and admiramission work, and in fact upon the tion for brethren of other faiths," and whole conflict of Christianity with his appreciation "of the qualities of heathenism and skepticism, is of im- the Oriental consciousness," and mense importance. Some of us can not "their potential value for the higher avoid a profound misgiving that there interpretation of the Christian religis a peril in union that may be worse than in separation, and that some • Barrows' Lectures, 1906, Charles Cuthhert Hall.

A Prophet in Babylon, W. J. Dawson,

ARE THE LIMITS OF CHRISTIAN TOLERATION?

ion." He thinks "the East marvel- the final darkness. Cling to the contem- ously qualified to be the interpreter vf plative life: your glorious heritage, your pethe Christian mysteries;" he addresses culiar strength. It has given you elements his Indian hearers, appealing to their of personality of which the West stands in "tolerant and discriminating minds," need and shall one day come seeking at your hand. It has given you repose, gentleness, "as a friend returning to friends, with patience, gravity, noble indifference alike to whom he has taken sweet counsel be- material possession and material privation, fore, and on whose broad and catholic eternal remembrance of the things that eye friendship he now depends." He does hath not seen nor ear heard, which God "not consider that the hereditary di- hath prepared for them that love Him.

You are aware that the immemorial vergencies of racial and religious tra- thought of India emphasizes the reality of dition offer the slightest impediment the invisible absolute, while to some extent to fellowship," etc. The following admitting the distinction of the individual paragraph may be quoted in full: soul and its phenomenal environment, but regarding it under the terms "Maya" or My Brethren (if I may have the honor "Avidya." . . . Without going into this to address you in that term of blended af- very interesting subject, which I have the fection and respect), I have set before you greatest desire to investigate further under in outline the purpose that brings me the competent Eastern guides, my purpose in second time to India. The prospectus of my referring to it at all is to point out that argument is in your possession. You know the age-long tendency of Indian thinking to my heart. I have kept nothing back. Be- clothe itself in the various forms of moncause you are what you are, possessors, ism, has overspread the East with a most through a proud and ancient ancestry, of solemn and impressive sense of the presence that most rich treasure, the Oriental con- of the unseen. It is not strange that the sciousness, I bring to you a treasure, rich, East has been historically the birthplace of profound, sacred, worthy of your ancestry, everyone of the great religions of the worthy of yourselves. I ask you to examine world, and the natural fountain and origin it in relation to yourselves, looking up.on it of the world's religious experience. That as an instrument through which you, gen- this religious experience has undergone tlemen of the East, may discharge an in- stages of development with which I percalculable service for the whole world. sonally could not be satisfied, as, for ex- This sounded so much like flattery ample, in some of the forms and phenom- that the lecturer himself felt con- ena of animism, which, as a matter of strained empha~ical1y to disclaim any fact, seem to me to have been greatly insuch intention; but it is conciliation fluenced from non-Aryan sources, is not a carried, as many think, to the extreme. matter germane to my present purpose. I wish to testify that, as I come into tHe With every page of the opening lecture East once more, I am more than ever con- this attitude of almost homage toward scious of the fact that' here the presence the "Oriental consciousness" becomes of the unseen is realized. That fact is inmore conspicuously prominent. He se- herently sublime. It bears witness to the lects four elements which contribute to indestructible seed of divinity within the finite soul. It is the refusal of man to be (his "consciousness"-"The contempla- put off with the husk of physical existence, tive life; the presence of the unseen; because the eternal wheat of immortality is aspiration toward ultimate being; the his portion. May the day never come when sanctions of the past." We quote the East, inebriated with the wine of modagain: ern culture, and dazzled by the appliances of modern civilization, shall move from her You have been Orientals since the dawn high seat of vision, forget her prophets of of the world. Continue to be Orientals for- the invisible, barter her great inheritance in ever, till the world's last twilight closes in the unseen and bow down before the per-

ishable idols of this present age, the' un- It is also a universal fact that idolconsecrated gods of a passing hour! . . . atry and immorality are allied. No- where has idol worship prevailed with- 'I speak with emotion of that element of out that strange worship of sex that sl1blimity in Oriental consciousness which sanctifies even prostitution as a sur- I have called eastern reverence for the render to the gods. The subject does sanctions of the past. I do not discuss at not allow of fair treatment in these the present moment whether in all re- pages; but India is no exception to spects your past, great as it has this universal fact; and, in view of been, should be permitted to control the awful exaltation of a cow and degyour present as much as your reverence radation of woman, this praise of the allows it to do. I do not raise the question Oriental consciousness seems at best here of how far "the shadow of the future," one-sided. If the Bible is true and as Me Kidd calls it, may be invoked to Christ and His disciples were not infall upon you even as already it has fallen tolerant and fanatical dogmatics, there upon us, But one thing I affirm with con- is "no salvation in any other," and Infidence and with admiration which I do dia can find eternal life only in the not seek to disguise: the sublimity of that one "Name given under heaven among element in the eastern mind which tena- men whereby we must be saved." ci~usly, proudly, reverently esteems its great inheritances, treasures its ancestral In the work of fiction to which refclassics, keeps faith with its forefathers, sits erence is made, the author has porunwearied, after three thousand years, at trayed in colors, sufficiently vivid, the the living springs of its primeval hopes. If failure of the Church to realize the the watchword of the West is Progress, great mission to the masses of manthe watchword of the East is Faith! kind in the great cities. There is no denying the great gulf, apparently These extracts suffice both to allow fixt and so far unbridgeable, between the lecturer to speak for himself, and the Church and the poor, the outcast, to illustrate the remarkably concilia- the working classes. The few certory tone of this whole series. Such tainly fail to reach the many. The catholicity and charity are charming; more spiritual-minded, both in the but may they not be misleading? Is ministry and in the membership, lanot Christianity essentially intolerant TIleht as undeniable the alienation of of all heathenism, even the most re- the multitudes from the house of worfined and cultured? Whatever may ship. It is not needful to enter upon be said of the "sublimity of the Ori- this matter; the facts are substantially ental consciousness," one thing is as the writer puts them, The serious sure: it does not prevent these In- question is his proposed remedy. dians, whom the lecturer salutes as "brethren," from drawing their popu- The book suggests "A League of lar creed from Vedic hynms, in which Service," in which "ali who love unite there are no higher conceptions of sin in behalf of all who suffer." The than a failure to address praises to the conception is ennobling and inspiring, elementary deities, or gratify them and the way in which it is supposed with oblations; and these were hear- to be embodied in action commends ers who believe in "endless transmigra- itself to the heroic element in all untions of souls," and are "philosophic selfish souls. But, with all that is atheists," and yet have enough deities, such as they are, to supply "a million for every day in the year."

ARE THE LIMITS OF CHRISTIAN TOLERATION?

good, the same excess of liberalism fish service with all who will join appears. The main characters in this them on the basis of pure altruism!

story are, for the most part, those Whether doctrine is to be considered whose faith has been singularly shaken as of no consequence, and deportment and who have been led or driven into to be the critelOion? Whether our faith more liberal views. The whole trend -in the sense of a system of belief- of the story is toward the elimination is to be allowed almost any limits of of dogma from Christianity, and the unrestraint, only so that love consents substitution of unselfish ministry to all to serve unselfishly all who suffer or who have need, in its place. Those here have need?

held up to admiration and imitation, This is no ghost of fancy but a pon- have found themselves defenseless be- derous and substantial reality-this fore destructive criticism and have new and widely advocated theory of become heretical, but redeemed even Christian life. It will not down at our heresy by loving and self-denying bidding, and we must make up our service. The "League" which is to take minds as to our position on the ques- the place of the wo~n-out and virtu- tion which is imperatively demanding ally defunct church, is not to be called an answer.

a church, nor to have creeds, forms or Is there ground to fear that, while subscriptions. Its law is to be free- thus avoiding the Scylla of intoler- dom; its condition, service. It is to "ance, we are running perilously near unite all who love humanity in the the Charybdis of laxity? There is an common service of humanity. It is to element of sentiment in humanity to be a society of equals. It will worship which unselfishness appeals. But the Christ, but neither as God nor man; noblest service to God and man is the rather as a living presence in all men, fruit of faith, not of unbelief. To making all men divine. It will attract count it a matter of indifference what everybody, for it will include every- one believes, provided he is sincere, is body, and be based on universal ideas. to make it no longer worth while, And to make the author's new decla- either to search after truth or to obey ration of independence more explicit, it when found. Right and truth, and the only creed is to be love, and the wro()ng and er~or, are eternally allied, only test, service. The appeal is "alike and no human policy can reverse these to Catholic and Protestant, to Unita- relations. It can never be a matter of rians and Trinitarians," and "would no moment what a man holds to be not exclude the Buddhist and the Mo- true. We are to "hold fast the form hammedan" ; it would embrace men of of sound words with faith and love, no fixt religious creed who, neverthe- which are in Christ Jesus." Such lec- less, "admit the principle of altruism tures as we have instanced, addrest to in human conduct."* the heathen, make inconsistent a 00s- Again these citations must suffice; pel message that makes salvation to but they compel us to face the issue, depend on the acceptance of Jesus whether those who cali themselves Christ. Such a "League of Service,"

Christian disciples are to surrender all however noble as a philanthropic creeds, and join in a league of unsel- measure, can never take the place of the Church which its founder declared

built upon the confession of Himself ture, oratory, and estheticism generas Christ the Son of the living God. ally; if money and culture and rank While the New Testament remains our could be less the standards which atguide, our love for all men must not tract homage and foster caste; if selblind us to their doctrinal errors, nor fishness, with its love of ease and love to the danger they involve. Salvation of novelty could be displaced by a Christlike self-denial, and devotion to ~ prepares for service. Men need first eternal truth; if prayer were more cherished as the great motive power in of all to be saved from both their holiness and service; if, in a word, the errors of belief and their iniquities of Spirit of the living, loving God could life; then, built upon Christ as the have in His own house, more liberty Savior, the Son of God, the Lord of to work unhindered, so that He could life, faith in Him makes ready for a do His mighty works-it is quite posservice in His name that is not the sible that the lost dynamic of the pulproduct of a capricious impulse or a pit might be restored, and the lost transient sentiment, but a principle of hold of the Ch1.rch on the common life as unchanging as God Himself. people regained. While we are look- ing about for a substitute for God's If, as Mr. Dawson contends, the imperial institution, it may be well to Church has failed, possibly the remedy inquire whether, by proper repentance lies not in substituting for it a League and retracement of steps, we might of Service, but in a return toward not find in the way of new conformity the primitive beliefs and practises that to His pattern also new enduement made the Apostolic Church the great- with His power. est league of service the world has ever seen. If the idols could be put away-the idolatry of music, architec- BATTLE HYMN OF THE CHURCH To be sung to the Tune Zion; 8s. 7s. & 45. BY REV. J. FORD SUTTON, D.D Hark, the tread of coming millions Soldiers of the cross, long waiting For the coming of this day- Marching on-the hosts of God; Coming from the isles and nations, Toiling, weeping, watching, praying- Courage take and march away! Ransom'd by the Savior's blood. "We have triumphed!" Soon you'll hear our Captain say. Hear them shonting! "He hath wash'd us in His Blood!"

God His promise is fulfilling When the long retreat has sounded, To His well beloved Son; And our Chieftain leads the way, Heathen nations to Him giving, By His conquering host surrounded, For a heritage, His own. See them coming! To the realms of endless day; All to worship at His throne. Then, how blessed! To have fought to win the day.

Christ is seeing of the travail Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Of His loving waiting soul Hallelujah to the Lamb!

In the triumphs of the Gospel All in Earth and all in Heaven Over m<.-,l, from pole to pole. Sound the praises of His name! Hear their praises! Mighty Savior! Like the voices of waters roll. We will conquer in Thy name.

HINDUS GOING TO A

WHERE SINS ARE WASHED AWAY BY MRS. MARGARET DENNING, MUZAFFARPlJR, INDIA Or rather where people believe and sometimes hundreds, left bethey are washed away. There are hind on the wide platforms, shouta number of places in India where ing and struggling to the last to gain Hindus congregate for ceremonial entrance to the jammed cars, those bathing, at certain times and sea- inside vociferously ordering them sons in great throngs. Sonpur, in off, pushing them from the steps, the province of Bengal, is the scene and all hauling and mauling until of one of these great melas. From the last chance was gone. every village and town they come on foot, by horse, camel or e1ephant- And what a medley to the sight back; in the richly caparisoned as well! Umbrellas, brass and "rath" of olden days, or in "dan- earthen cooking vessels, (some of dies," ox carts, "ekkas" (horse cart the latter breaking occasionally), for one), and thousands by rail,sit- sticks, the inevitable "hooka," rolls ting crammed together in the box cars, of bedding, screaming children, hanging on the sides, if allowed; strings of frightened women, each begging permission to sit on the holding to the garment of the one floor in first- and second-class cars, in front; garments of red, yellow, (but paying only third-class fare), purple, green, white and blue, sweetanyway, anyhow, on to the mela! meat and "pan-supari" venders, "tea- water" men, "cold-ice" sellers, all in At ever.y station we saw dozens, one tumultuous mass, calling to

friends, shouting their wares or their side of the rails, footpaths, solid gods, begging for places, beseeching with human beings, and as we alms, abusive, pleading; in discom- floated down to the junction, we fort, chilliness, hunger, illness-even watched this living stream on the death sometimes, on to the mela! bridge, and the bathing throngs in How they gazed at our party of the water. 'People were mixed up six, settling comfortably for the with plunging elephants, horses, night, in a small compartment re- buffaloes and cattle. The water was served for us by the railway officials. indescribably filthy, but the bathers dipt it up in their hands and quaffed it as the nectar of the gods. One said it tasted like milk. It surely exceeded it in consistency. At one place a dense crowd was ascending and descending to and from the spe- cial temple of Shiva, which conse- crates this place and is the partiCll- lar lodestone· drawing the 'people here year after year.

Near the temple was a long line of fakirs. The more correct name is siiclhu, when applied to Hindu re- ligious or holy men. They are filthy • and loathsome in the extreme, en- tirely naked save for a tiny strip of cloth; their faces and bodies TAKING A DRINK WITHOUT BREAKING CASTE smeared with ashes and manure, and around their necks strings of dirty It must have been difficult for them prayer-beads. Their hair was matted to understand. And when they ar- with cow dung and various designs rive at the meta, most of these in colors disfigured still more their scenes repeat themselves; dust, vile faces. Near the bridge we saw noise, crowds, animals, worship, one man buried in tl)e earth up to buying and selIing, crude amuse- his neck, his face made more hid- ments, sincerity, sins; and every- eous by being daubed with tumeric thing very barefaced and manifest. powder, and the pl'Otruding head The people were bathing all along looking like that of a dead ghoul, the banks of the Gunduk river, but but for an occasional opening of the the more religious traveled on foot evil eyes. A little further on, an four miles to the junction of the arm extending from the earth, the Gunduk and the Ganges, determined remainder of the man being buried to reach the most holy stream for in .some way; the fingers held a their yearly ceremonial purification. string of beads and manipulated it Vife hired a small boat near the industriously.

great red bridge which spans the Around all these loathsome crea- Gunduk. The bridge has, on either tures an. admiring crowd collected.

SINS ARE WASHED AWAY

These beings with "features fell, And what makes the special sancbrought to the soul wierd thoughts tity 6f this temple and this image of hell," and yet, to those poor gaz- of Shiva? ers, this travesty of holiness represented the apex of religious thought Our pundit, from whom we take and endeaVOL Now and then a rush leo;sons in Urdu and Hindi, who spoke through the crowd would be made in English, and is fairly well educated, by a group of devotees shouting, saw nothing incongruous or foolish in the story he gave of the origin A HINDU :FAK[R IN HIS WEIGHT OF CHAIN::) "Ram, Ram, Sita Ram," as they ran of this especial festival at this particto the river. ular shrine. Here is his story: "The temple is in honor of Shiva and the The Shiva temple had a door image or gael in it has not been placed scarcely three feet wide, ami the there by man or consecratecl by man. people were crushing in, a solid mass The name of the god is Harihar (proof living, breathing fanaticism. nounced 'hurry-hur'). Hari;'s one Most of them carried aloft a little of the forms of Vishnu (the preserver brass vessel full of Ganges water, in the Hindu Triad), Har is one of and endeavored to pour it out be- th~ forms of Shiva (the destroyer). fore the ida!. Some, failing this, Shiva was here invoked by Vishnu. threw the water high in the air, and A long time ago here ,was a forest those upon whom it fell were grate- and wild elephants roamed; and one ful for the sanctifying drops. A day one came to drink water in the stream trickled out from the tem- river and an alligator caught hold of ple from the abundant libations and him by the leg and tried to drag him made a very miry place in the road into the river. A struggle ensued. At over which myriads of feet were last the elephant became, of course, treading, as the people sought their helpless, and feeling himself placed, "god."

in great danger, called out to Vishnu is 'He who dwells in every heart.' But for help with all the sincerity Of his these crowds know nothing. Only the geart, and so, of course, Vish11:u hav- educated ones know. These simply run ing mercy for him, came and released from habit, calling 'Ram, Ram, Sita him out of the mouth of the alligator Ram.' This name includes Ram himand killed the alligator. And for the self and God in any form because it memory of the event Vishnu invoked is apparent that he who dwells in Shiva, and Shiva, of course, in a man- every heart is Ram." This was not A BIBLE· COLPORTEUR SELLING BIBLES AT A MELA IN INDIA ner became fixt there and made the very lucid, but the pundit did not spot an inhabitable place. No, of know it. course that is not all," the pundit continued, "Vishnu· ordained that who "Why do these crowds go every ever will come and offer Ganges water year? Do they go for worship? This to Shiva will be thought to be-what year there were more than two million· shall I say? Ah, to be meritorious! pilgrims, according to railway tickets purchased and other counting; why "The reason some call out to 'Ram, do they all go?" I asked. "Most of Ram, Sita Ram,' is that Ram is an them go for the purpose of mela," he incarnation of Vishnu and Sita was answered, "that is, to see and hear and his wife. Altho the names of God buy and sell. The thing is, there are are innumerable, yet of all the names pilgrimages and worship which men Ram is the most effective. It comes do from imitation, but there. is merit from the root Ram (pronounced only to the few who do it from the 'rum') and the meaning of this root heart."

"Does anyone teach these multi- astral planes, mahatmas, sadhus, and tudes?" I asked. "Nobody t~aches similar visionary nonsense, taken up, them," he answered, "that is, no one alas, by some western people. A few has made it his especial duty to teach may gasp and gaze, but what of un- them. Who is to care for that? The selfishness, purity, or philanthropy can government does nothing. The rich it show? What good have these few men are also ignorant and how can barefooted Brahminical Theosophical they do anything? Yes, there are "OM, UM, OOM" people done for • a few religious teachers who instruct their land or their people? Alas, that some of the people. Only a few of among them are some English' women those fakirs are real fakirs. Most are sitting at the feet of "swamies" in only beggars. They put ashes on as Benares, delvii1g for truth with the a sign that they are holy men. Yes, muck-rake, while the real vision of they are highly respected, of course, glory-the coming of Christ to India, in India. If a great Rajah comes in is before them, if they but lift their grandeur he will not be respected and eyes. reverenced so much; but if he puts on ashes and filth he will receive many "To the poor the Gospel is obeisances, . for he comes as a holy preached," the test now as then, of man. the real, the divine religion. With it comes the uplift of the poor-the "Yes, most of the fakirs and sad- "making many rich"; schools, hospi- hus (sod-hoos) are bad men." This tals, hope, salvation, love. This dark and much of his talk being in answer picture of the mela is a picture of the to questions from me. best that these people have.

"Oh, yes, I think there are good Oh, for Truth's great electric to re- ones among them. There is one man place these feeble rushlights of devo- at Hajipur, Lakshman Das, who is tion, which but serve to make manifest a true holy man. The holy man at the dense gloom around. Benares also-I have forgotten his, name; he is now dead." "Vhat man cares for these souls?

I told him that I had seen Sri Swa- .. THUS SPEAKETH CHRIST OUR my Bhaskar-anand Saraswati at the LORD" * monkey temple in Benares, and also his marble image there. I admitted Ye call me MASTER and ob~y me not, that he was probably sincere and good Ye call me LIGHT and see me not, in a way. But what good has he Ye call me WAY and walk not, done? In what is the world any bet- Ye call me LIFE and desire me not, ter for his having lived? Admitting Ye call me WISE and follow me not, that he sat in contemplation of what Ye call me FAIR and love me not, ;s good for years and years, was it not Ye call me RICH and ask me not, an intense selfishness to care for his Ye call me ETERNAL and seek me not, own salvation alone?" Ye call me GRACIOUS and trust me not, Ye call me NOBLE and serve me not, But the pundit could not see. Ah, Ye call me MIGHTY and honor me not, that is the test; what good has this Ye call me JUST and fear me not, religion done? With its high-sound- If I condemn you blame me not. ing talk among the lettered few, about • From an old slab in the Cathedral of Lubeck, Germany.

BIBLE IN

BY THE REV. H. U. WEITBRECHT, PH.D., D.D., PUNJAB, INDIA Missionary of the Church Missionary Society, Chief Reviser of the Urdu New Testament India is a focus of the world's re- the community (Brahmans not exligions and a land of ancient Scrip- cepted) and paved the way for the tures. It is the home of Brahmanism work of the Bible in India. with its Vedas; the motherland of Buddhism and its Tripitaka, and still India is also the land of many shelters a fringe of Buddhist adher- tonglles. They are variously counted, ents in the northwestern Himalayas. but Dr. C. H. Grierson, author of the • A fifth of its population consists of the Indian Linguistic Census, estimates followers of Islam who hold to the 143 languages, differing from each Koran as the uncreated word of God. other no less than French and Span- It retains, in the South, one branch of ish, belonging to three great familiesan ancient Church-the Syrian-which the Aryan, the Dravidian, and the Inhas kept a primeval translation of the do-Chinese; the first spoken by some Bible for more than a millennium: and 220,000,000, the second by 60,000,000, a shrunken community of Jews, using the third (again excluding Burmah), the Hebrew Old Testament, which by about 3,000,000. their forefathers brought over, perhaps two thousand years ago.* To the teachers of the earlier re- ligions of India this Babel of Ian…. But India is also aland of illiteracy. guages made little difference so far Even now, after half a century of sys- as their sacred Scriptures were contematic education, out of the 283, 000,- cerned. Throughout their history the 000 people (excluding Burmah) only holy books of the Brahman, the Budfourteen per cent. of the males, and dhist and the Moslem' have remained one-half per cent. of the females are veiled from the common people in the in any sense literate; and the Brah- obscurity of a sacred tongue, Sanmans, who form only five per cent. of skrit, Pali or Arabic, and their teachthe population, include seventeen per ers have been content to pursue the cent. of the literate class, a fact which primitive method of the earliest Christhrows no small light on the earlier tian catechists, whom Papias dehistory of their supremacy. What the scribes as translating St. Matthew's illiteracy of India was before Chris- Hebrew record of the Sayings of our tian missionary pioneers made the first Lord, "each as he was able." But the beginnings toward popular education Gospel is the religion, not of the letwe can only conjecture. Those at- ter which killeth, but of the Spirit tempts, long since- overtaken by the which giveth life, and from the first resources of the State, once roused to it has appealed in its records to the its duty, yet still providing an appre- universal consciousness, causing men ciable portion of the education of the to hear in their own tongues the wonland, resulted in making the Indian derful works of God. The evangel- Christians the best-educated part of ists have given us the words and works of Jesus, not in the Aramaic * I refer, of course, to the Syrian churches in the which he spoke (save a few frag- ments), but in the Greek, which would native States of Iravancore and Cochin. and to the reach the greatest number within and three synagogs of black, white and yellow Jews in the city of Cochin.-H. U. W. without the Church. But after a very Bible Translation Society represents few generations, Latin- and Syriac- the earliest translators of the Seram- speaking churches had multiplied, and pore Mission. :American missionaries the second century saw translations of sometimes act as secretaries to the lo- the Bible made for them, so that the cal auxiliaries, notably the Rev. T. S. message had gone forth in the three iTynkoop, secretary of a most pro- languages which proclaimed at once gressive branch at Allahabad, of whom the accusation and the dignity of more hereafter. The American Bible the crucified Christ. Thenceforward Society has now and then given a through all its history the Dible has grant in aid toward the proC:uction of done its chief work by means of trans- some version, but it has not (so far lations. Of course, there have been as I know) worked systematically in three groups: the early versions, such India. as those already mentioned, which sprang from the missionary activity The work of the British and For- of the early Church; the great Euro- eign Society (established at home in pean versions of the Reformation pe- 1804) was first organized in India riod, at once the cause and the result by the establishment of the Calcutta of a spiritual and intellectual revival Auxiliary in ISIl, and one of its ear- of Christendom; and the systematic liest undertakings was to print and cir- Bible translations of the modern age, culate the epoch-making Urdu tr:1I1sagain connected with the missionary lation by the great Henry Martyn, work of the Church in that portion which he completed in the same year, which bases belief and practise upon and of which he wrote : "Your design an open Bible. The translation and of announcing the translation as dissemination of the Bible in the world printed at the expense of the British has become an activity which can and Foreign Bible Society I highly apbrook no mere opportunism, but must prove. I wish to see honor put upon insist on taking a complete survey of so Godlike an institution." Since that the condition and needs of the entire time other auxiliaries have been estabrace for whom the message is in- lished in Madras, Bombay, Allahabad, tended. And this necessity has pro- Lahore and Bangalore, under the conduced great organizations, the Bible trol of local committees who raise a Societies, whose work, if it is to be certain amount by subscriptions in Inefficiently executed, demands fervent dia, but mainly financed by the liberal zeal no less than technical ability. In subsidies in cash and 'books which the India we have a typical theater of parent society sends out.* The circutheir operations, displaying every vari- lation is carried on through the cenety of religion and culture. tral depositaries, aided by branches in the more important cities and by col- To describe the work of the Bible porteurs widely scattered throughout in India is in effect to describe the the land, and also by a staff of Bible- 'operations of the British and Foreign women who carryon the slow and Bible Society in that country. A cer- difficult work of circulating the Scriptain amount is also done in the way of circulation by the National Bible So- • The expenditure of the British and Foreign Bible ciety of Scotland, while the Baptist Society on its branches in India for 1904 (exclusive of printing Indian Scriptures at home) was £9.496; that of the Scotch Bible Society, £2,065.

tures in the Zenanas. At the Decennial while Hindu, Panjabi and Sindhi have Conference of 1902 it was reported only the New Testament complete that during the previous decade over and portions of the Old Testament. 6,000,000 copies of the Bible, New (2) But it will be noted that three of Testament and portions, had been cir- them are subdivided, viz.: Bengali, culated in sixty languages and dialects. Hindi and Panjabi. In' the case of During 1904 the copies circulated were Hindi this division is racial, in that as follows: of Bengali it is religious, and (tho it happens that almost all the speakers British and Foreign Bible Society 664,578 of western Panjabi are Mohammed- ans) with Panjabi it is both, In each National Bible Society of Scotland 198,774 of these languages there is a standard Baptist Bible Translation Society version, representing the original Sanskrit language; in the Musalmani (issues) ….. ,., … ".,." … ,. 58,000 dialects of Bengali and Panjabi only Scripture portions are extant. (3) Total for 1904 ",." .. """ 921,352 In Hindi the language of modern lit- erature is based on the western dia- To appreciate what this dissemina- lect, and in this we have the whole tion of the Bible means we must con- Bible, while in the other great sider to what extent the languages of tongues of the Hindi area only begin- India have been reached by the Bible nings have been made. (4) In'this translator. Excluding Burmah, the list Urdu is not mentioned at all, tho lists of the British and Foreign Bible it is the most widely spread language Society show that out of 143 Indian of India, being the language of litlanguages only 43 as yet have the erature and culture wherever Moham- Bible, in whole or in part. But of medans dwell, and the medium of these, eleven represent the great na- education and administration and gentions of India, thus: eral intercourse over an area of North India with a population of not less Bengali, viz.: 44-,500,000 than 100,000,000. But it is grammat- . 10,000,000 icaIly base'd on western Hindi and Hindu* …….. 21,000,000 therefore included under it in the 109,000,000 enumeration given, Musalmani* '" 23,000,000 10,500,000 Gujurati ……… . 6,000,000 These remarks will serve to show Hindi, viz.: 18,250,000 the complevity and vastness of Bible- 9,500,000 translation work in India, especially Western ……. 39,500,000 when we remember that there are Eastern , …… 21,500,000 20,250,000 eight more languages whose speak- Bihari ……. " 37,000,000 3,000,000 ers number from one to two millions. Rajasthani ….. 11,000,000 16.500,000 Of these Kashmiri has the whole Kanarese ……. . 20,000,000 Bible; Pashtu and K 01 the New Tes- Malayalam …… . tament; while Malto and Gond have Marathi …….. ,. portions. Pashtu (1,25°,000) and Oriya .. , …….. . Tibetan ( under 100,000) represent Panjabi, viz.: much larger populations beyond the Hindu* …….. 7,000,000 .Musalmani* …. 10,000,000 Western ……. 3,250,000 Sindhi ………. .

Tamil ……….. . Telugu ………….. "." ..

Total population with ac- cess to the Bible …… . 267,500,000 But the impression conveyed by these figures requires modification: (I) Of the twelve languages enumerated nine have the whole Bible, * These are only rough estimates.

THE BIBLE IN INDIA

frontiers of the Indian Empire, and as which the work of Biblical translation a matter of fact we know that the in India has developed.

Christian Scriptures to some extent Before the beginning of the nine- .reach those popUlations. Scriptures teenth century only sporadic transla- also go in the languages of India tions had been made: a Tamil New (chiefly Urdu and Hindi and Tamil) Testat1.1ent by the Dutch missionaries to Demerara, Australia, South Africa, of Ceylon, in 1688, followed by the East African Protectorate, and another by the Danish. Missionary other countries where the Indian la- Ziegenbalg of Tranquebar in 1715; an borer, soldier or trader emigrates. We unprinted Telugu version in 1732, and may assume that the literates of In- a Hindustani (Urdu) translation of dia, about I5,ooo,00o-all read one the New Testament by the German, of the principal languages above enu- Schultze, of the same mission: with merated and this shows to what ex- attempts at portions in Bengali and tent the Bible is so far accessible to Hindustani by a Doctor Thomas and the peoples of the empire. a Mr. Hunter~these constitute the In this polyglot mission field the whole recGrd. But in 1793 arrived work of translation and revision of William Carey, who, while still a cob- Biblical versions is constantly going bler, had taught himself Hebrew, on. The last two years have seen the Greek, Latin and French, and that completion of the revision of three because "his heart burned incessantly great tran~latioGs, the Old Testament with a desire for the salvation of the in Hindi, and the New Testament in heathen, and his mind was filled with Telugu and Urdu; also the beginnings the idea of being some day a trans- of new versions in Brahui for the tribe lator of the Word of God into the lan- of that name in Baluchistan, and Balti guages of those who still sit in dark- for a mountain tribe of northern ness." In 1799 he was joined by Kashmir, both Mohammedan. Broadly Ward, the printer, and Marshman, the speaking, the Indian translator does second linguist, and under the pro- not have to encounter the difficulties tection of the Danish flag in the city of which we hear in the case of sav- of Holy Rama (Serampore-Sri Ram- age tribes whose idea of feasting is pur) a work was begun by this trium- intoxication on beer, and who call virate which resulted by the time of love a preference for half-putrid meat. Carey's death (1834) in the publica- We have to do with languages pos- tion of the whole Bible in six Indian sessing a grammar, a character, and languages, besides Chinese; of the more or less of a literature. Yet even New Testament in twenty-three other so the different atmosphere of thought languages; and of portions in ten in which they have grown to maturity tongues more. The work was accom- often enough presents puzzling prob- plished at a cost of £91,500, of which lems of a special kind, besides those the British and Foreign Bible Soci- which always attend the transference ety contributed about £30,000, and the of thought from the mold of one lan- translators (who subsisted on a pit- guage to that of another. Before il- tance while they were receiving lib- lustrating this, however, let me give eral salaries for linguistic work from a very brief indication of the way in the government) with their Indiar.

friends, over 15,000. The enthusiasm bic, Persian and Urdu (or Hinduexcited among the home congregations stani). This latter was the speech of by the work of the three was such Mohammedan rule in India, formed that it became necessary to stop the by grafting on Hindi a Persian and contributions, and the esteem in which Arabic vocabulary and idiom, and on the linguistic work of the missionaries this language first he laid his hand were held in India contributed not a for Christ as being the key to unlock little to form the public opinion which for the immense Mohammedan popubrought abo~t the removal (in 18 13) lation of India the teachings of the of the prohibition of missionary effort Law, the Psalter and the Gospel, by the East India Company. In the which their prophet declared to be innature of the case, it was impossible spired. When Carey found that a that the bulk of this work should be well-equipped scholar was ready to other than pioneering; the most co- take up the work in the three great lossal industry could not give the nec- Moslem languages, he showed equal essary supervision to the Indian help- good sense and Christian feeling in ers engaged on all these ve.-sions. A leaving them to him. Martyn seems certain number, like the Multani, have to have begun work immediately after never come into practical use at all; his arrival; at any rate in less than others, like Dr. Marshman's Chinese, two years (March, 1808) the first have been principally usefuL as a basis draft was completed and sent to scholfor the work of successors, but sev- ars at Calcutta for criticism. During eral, especially the Bengali, Oriya and the following three years it was fre- Sanskrit hold the field to this day, of quently revised, and in r810 the Urdu course after needful ,revision. version, together with one in Persian, was finally submitted for the approval While Carey, Marshman and Ward of critics. The Urdu was passed and were engaged in their great underta- sent to press in r8I I. The Persian king, there arrived in India another was rejected, as too full of Arabic, and scholar, trained under different con- in the same year Martyn left for Perditions, possessing the highest dis- sia to perfect it, and on the way home tinctions which an English university thence laid down his life at Tocat in could confer,but moved by the same Asia Minor. Two year; after his consuming zeal for the conversion of death, in 1813, the Urdu New Testathe. world to Christ, which burned in ment was published, the whole edition them. Henry Martyn arrived in In- having narrowly escaped destruction dia in May, 1805, as a' chaplain of the in the fire which destroyed the Seram- East India Company by appointment, pore Press in 1812, and in 1815 the yet a missionary by vocation, without Persian appeared. Both these verneglecting his pastoral charge. If the sions have undergone revision, the eyes of the Serampore brethren were Persian once, and the more widely directed to the Far East, so that they circulated Urdu three times,* but in included Chinese in their great scheme both instances Martyn's translation of Bible translation, Henry Martyn looked also westward in his desire * The last revision of the Urdu New Testa· for the conversion of the Moslem. He had made studies already in Ara- ment took place from 1893 to 1904 and has just issued from the l?ress.

BIBLE IN

forms the basis of the subsequent gan their work was not even recog- ones, as Tyndale's does of other Eng- nized in its own identity, but as lish versions down to the revised edi- Sanskrit grammar, modified by usage. tions of r88r and r884; and that al- In fact prose writing was little devel- tho Martyn had only begun to read oped in any of the Indian languages these languages in 1805, and to come a century ago, and while the lack of into contact with speakers of them a lucid and dignified' expression of. since r806. True, ':he shape and pol- thought in prose form was one of the ish of the language which he used difficulties with which biblical trans- he owed largely to his excellent as- lators were confronted, the develop- sistants, but he had to determine the ment of such a style, not without in- tone and temper of the work, and its evitable errors in the process, was not faithfulness to the original. This he a little set forward by them. Having did with the help of that Spirit who found the right medium, the trans- once worked in the miraculous gift of lator has to face the fact that the lan- tongues and still inspires His serv- guage he deals with is far less toler- ants to mold the languages of men ant of involved sentences, whether to convey His message. relative or dependent, than the Greek, and much less capable of pregnant India has seen no more such giants brevity than the Hebrew. Moreover, of polyglot industry or geniuses as he is rendering into contemporary of linguistic perception; but a vast speech, he can less readily employ amount of laborious accuracy and obscure literalisms than one who has keen d'iscrimination has been put into at his command a supply of archaic the eleven greater and thirty-two less- religious terms, and he therefore has, . er versions, which 'are from time to on the whole, to translate more freely time being further polished and per- than the scholars who produced the fected ; and the most encouraging great versions of the VIest. All the feature of these undertakings is the more is he called upon to answer the increasing share being taken in them difficult question: What terms or by indigenous Christian scholars. phrases enshrine specifically biblical conceptions or teachings, and there- The difficulties of translation have fore must be transverbated into the been referred to as they present them- speech of India, as a Christian en- selves in India. Foremost among these largement of her world of thought, we should place the generally wide and which will exercise their true difference between the language of lit- force by freer translation? Thus to erature and that of popular usage. translate literally a phrase, albeit im- The accepted style of writing is in portant, such as "lusts of the flesh," many cases so different from that of is only to bewilder the reader who will speech that the rendering, on which understand by 'it, if anything, a cra- one's literary assistants insist, may be ving opposed to vegetarianism; but the quite unintelligible to the average phrase: "Abide in Me," despite its reader, without such professional ex- strangeness, must be retained to ex- planation 'as he is accustomed to in press the specific Christian truth of a the case of his own religious books. mystical, yet personal union with The grammar of a great language like Bengali, when" the first translators be-

Christ. Or,to take a fundamental term Scriptures tell. This work is very such as "conscience," it is probable effectively supplemented by the sys- that none of the current Indian terms tematic distribution of English Scrip- which express the moral sense have at tures through the agencies of the Brit- all fully the connotation of syneidesis ish and Foreign Bible Society to uni- (6VYEiTJr;>!5z~), and hence in the speech versity passmen and graduates. Year of educated persons the English word by year when the examinations are is freely used. Still it has hardly at- over, every matriculate who applies is tained a sufficiently firm hold in gen- presented with the Gospel of St. Luke eral speech to be safely used in a book and the Acts; every B. A. graduate intended for the generality; and with the New Testament, and every hence in one of the most recent re- M. A. with the whole Bible. During visions (the Urdu) the form kcmsnans I 904, 1,644 Bibles, 2,536 New Tes- has been introduced only into the mar- taments, and 3,238 Gospels and Acts gin for the sake of intelligent readers. appear to have been thus distributed.

Some of us may live to see it in the In the course of the study of English text. language and literature, the most What of the effect of the Bible in In- widely followed subject, the students dia? In the Christian Church, through aiready come across so much of bibli- divinity schools, boarding-schools, Sun- cal history allusion and ethics that day-schools and Bible classes, in addi- their minds are in a measure prepared tion to the ordinary ministrations of to understand the sacred volume. At public worship, I believe that the Bible the annual prize-giving of the For- is being taught, if anything, more sys- man Christian College in Lahore one tematically than in home lands, and of the prizes provided by a former stu- in the higher teaching the critical dent for proficiency in Sanskrit con- problems of the day have to be faced. sists of copies of the Bible and the Among agencies for outsiders, besides Vedas. A Hindu assistant surgeon those strictly connected with the Bi- publishes a pamphlet, "Precepts from ble Societies, the foremost rank must Holy Bible," in which he gives ex- be assigned to the mission schools and tracts from the Scriptures, in order colleges. The pressure of govern- to prove his thesis that the higher con- ment examinations (essential condi- ditions of civilization and morality tions for the obtaining of grants in which obtain in Western lands have aid), the frequent weakness of staff, their origin in the teachings of the reenforced by the natural disinclina- Bible, and he invites others to make tion of non-Christians, make this in- similar extracts from the Koran and struction less effective than it might the Vedas. One of the most eminent and should be; yet for all this, the judges of the Bombay High Court, Scripture teaching thus has reached, still a nominal Hindu, was accus- and is leaving millions of minds, re- tomed to teach his wife English by moving the prejudices that spring .of reading the New Testament with her, ignorance, raising up religious and and he himself loved it and read it in moral ideals before unknown, and pre- his dying hours. At a reception of paring one here and another there to new members into the Brahmo Samaj receive and follow Him of whom the ea<;h neophyte was presented with a

BIBLE IN INDIA

copy of the "Drahma Dharma" (a gations in which this work has been handbook of the sect), the "Imitation most thoroughly done are those in of Christ" and the New Testament. which the despised outcast has come In the report of the Maras Auxiliary up to and above the level of his proud Bible Society we find a Hindu gen- Hindu or Moslem neighbor, and be- tleman riving Rs. 73 (over $24) for come a means of blessing to his Chris- the year, and "a :Mohammedan secret tian brother of higher origin. In the disciple of Christ" sends Rs. 5. As case of individual conversions the the Han. Sir Andrew Vlingate said names of brethren in the ministry and at the meeting of the Calcutta Aux- helpers in the Gospel, to say nothing iliary in 1900: of others, recall to one the power of Vho can read the pleadings of the the direct message of the Ward. One, social reformers on behalf of the daugh- now passed away, a pundit learned in ters and sisters of Indian gentlemen, Hindu lore, casually met with the condemned, while yet of tender age, to Sanskrit New Testament and began the sad life of Jephthah's daughter, and reading it from the first page. He not recognize the awakening voice of conscience? Others may persuade them-· was arrested by the genealogy as selves that this active pity for suffering pointing back to a more ancient hisis a revival of al truistic Buddhism, or the tory and his inquiries procured him a outcome of the theology of long neg- copy of the Old Testament. This he lected Sanskrit texts; but we recognize studied, and was able to recognize the the teaching of the Bible, and tho these thread of Messianic prophecy and its be but the first blades of the coming har- vest, yet we are sure that they are true fulfilment in Christ before he ever re- corn of seed that has ne',er failed. ceived instruction from a missionary.

As for conversions, these fall into Some time after his baptism, when he two classes: There are the mass was preparing for the ministry in our movements, primarily of a social na- Lahore Divinity School, some one ture, which have led large numbers, spoke in derogation of the Old Testa- generally of the deprest classes, to ment as unnecessary to the Christian seek for admission into the Church of faith. He warmly objected: "The Christ. On the other hand there are Old Testament," he said, "first led me the conversions of individuals and to Christ." Another of these men, families going on here and there over still living and working with us, was the country, as the result of personal a Moslem student in a village mosque, convIctIon. The history of the lat- to whom his teacher gave a New Tes- ter is, as often as not, the history of tament, left with him by an itinerating Bible reading, sometimes without any missionary after a controversy in other teacher; and now and then which the Moslem thought that he had groups of families are found prepared gained the victory. The youth. fired for the evangelist through the read- by his teacher's example, wished to be ing and study of a single Gospel. The trained as a missionary of Islam, and great task and problem of the former the study of the New Testament was kind of adhesions is the "teaching to prepare him to meet the padres in them all things whatsoever" the Sa- argument. But it resulted in his con- vior has commanded His disciples, as version to the Gospel, of which for recorded in Holy Writ. The congre- many years he has been a minister and

nl1SSlOnary. In the course of work forced by his supporters to withdraw; among his former fellow believers, the an object lesson as to the character most effective method of controversy of the two books, which he hit upon was this. Being challenged to a disputation by a mau- Such are a few fragmentary im- pressions, mostly gathered from expeia'wi (Moslem minister), he arranged rience of the last thirty years, of the work of the Bible in one part of the that, under the chairmanship of a foreign mission field only. They may Hindu gentleman, each champion serve as a sample of what it is doing should bring his Scriptures and, ta- in four hundred tongues all over the king one principal topic of religion globe. The work of rendering the at each session, should expound for Scriptures into these many tongues fifte~n minutes in turn the teach- and adjusting its message to the ings of his book on that particular thought of other nations is the comsubject, such as the divine attributes, plement of that which is the aim of a forgiveness of. sin, sanctification, etc. sincere Biblical criticism, that seeks Several meetings were held, but it was to interpret the Bible to the consciousfound that the supply of matter from ness of our age. In both cases the the Koran on such topics had a way life and light which the Bible conof running short, and when the sur- tains is vindicated in the hearts and plus time was adjudged to the Chris- experience of seekers after God. tian expounder the llohammedan was THE PHILADELPHIA MISSIONARY CONVENTION BY DELAVAN L. PIERSON It was a sight worth going symbolically offering them the freemany miles to see and one long elom of the city. The delegates-all to be remembered when over two men and two-thirds of them laymen, thousand men from Presbyterian including doctors, lawyers, teachers, churches in the Eastern States, gath- business men-came from eight Eastered in the Academy.of Music, Phila- ern and Central States, and some from delphia, morning, noon and night, for the South and West. The roll of the two days amI a half (February I I- Convention showed I A41 men regis- I 3), in the interest of Foreign Mis- tered as delegates, 37 as missionaries, sions. This convention can scarcely 40 as speakers, 75 as visitors, and a fail to mean much in the awakening considerably larger number was in of a missionary spirit in the Church attendance. Apparently every Presat home and in the. extension of the bytery in the East had its representa- Kingdom of Christ in foreign lands. tives and more than thirty men were Great electric signs on the City Hall present from the Southern Church. and Academy of Music blazed out a The first one to send in his registra- ',¥elcome to the Men's Foreign Mis- tion fee was a colored brother from sionary Convention," with a giant key New Jersey. Three noticeable fea-

PHILADELPHIA MISSIONARY

tures were: the absence of women, the induced anything like that number of infrequency of clerical coats,' and the men to come to such a conference.

non-appearance of the collection plate. The interest and enthusiasm of the The Convention was planned by Convention were never on the wane, Mr. David McConaughy, the efficient but from the very beginning of the District Secretary of the Presbyterian meeting, when the first clear note of Board, and was carried to a success- enthusiasm was sounded, the high ful conclusion with the help of an ac- level of intense interest was fully tive committee of arrangements, of maintained.

which Rev. C. A. R. Janvier of Phila- The presiding officer was Rev.

delphia, was chairman. George Alexander, President of the The great Academy of Music was Board of Foreign Missions, and the decorated with a huge colored map of addresses were by some of the strong- the world, made for the Ecumenical est speakers in the Church. These Conference in I900 at a cost of over men had one object: to stir the Pres- $400. In various conspicuous places byterian men of the United States to were appropriate and epigrammatic a fuller realization of the present con- mottos and texts: ditions in the non-Christian world and "This is the victory that overcometh the opportunities and obligations of the world, even our faith." Christian men to carry forward the campaign for the conquest of the "X0 interest in missions-the only ex- planation either inexcusable ignorance world for Christ. The Convention was or wilful indifference:' not called to ask for money and no collections or subscriptions were "Unlcss Jesus Christ is Lord OF ALL, taken. He is not Lord AT ALL." The program was divided into ten "It is thc mission of the wholc Church to give the whole Gospel to the whole world." sessions and conferences. The Call of "The Yellow race in place of being a the World was presented by Dr. Aryellow peril, may become a golden opportunity." thur J. Brown and John R. Mott.

"Jcsus Christ alonc can save the world, The Response of the Church was given but Jesus Christ can not save the world by Dr. Wm. H. Roberts, Moderator alonc." of the Presbyterian Church, and by "We can not serve God and Mammon, representatives of other denomina- tions. The present needs of the hour but we can serve God with Mammon."

vVhat the Omaha Convention did in were voiced by missionaries and lay- the West, the Philadelphia Conference men direct from the various fields and is expected to ·do in the East, to arouse the demands of the future were ably the Church to deliberately accept the advocated by Dr. Howard Agnew responsibility of its share in the evan- Johnston and William T. Ellis.

gelization of the world. Mr. John R. Mott spoke on "The The conception of the Convention Urgency and Crisis in the Far East."

was itself impressive, from the fact He stated his belief that Korea would that the interest which brought these soon become a Christian land, if the men together was none other than Church did her duty and made Foreign Missions. Ten years ago it a thrilling appeal for China, claiming would have been impossible to have that there was the greatest opportu-

nity that has come to the Church in and has no essential deity of a Christ. years. The plastic condition of China It is weak because hopeless, having makes it imperative that the Church given no hope to the great masses. It should enter in now, so that when is sensual, pandering to low passions. China crystallizes, she may be Chris- It possesses low ideals, for Moham- tian. In the next ten years the spir- medanism had to be "white-washed" itual future of China will be deter- to suit the twentieth century. mined. (3) Because of its condition. Great The "Call of the Present Oppor- changes are in progress, the Mohamtunity," came from many missionaries medan countries are open and Islam with the same voice; the pagan re- is on the defensive. Our advantage ligions are losing their grip; unless lies in the fact that- the Church ha~ Christianity embraces its opportunity, the weapons, not carnal; holds strait will be atheism or indifferentism in tegic points in Mohammedan lands the immediate future. Very striking which she will never give up, and has were the words' of Dr. Zwemer on the inspiration of those who began the the great Mohammedan world. "Not fight. long ago it was truly said that one could hardly find a Mohammedan con- The call was also sounded from vert the world over, now they are South America, Korea, China, India, numbered by the thousands. Moham- Africa and other lands. medans themselves are beginning to realize that their religion will not Missionaries were followed by resquare with twentieth century ideas, ports of men who have recently cirand hen: is our opportunity." cled the globe in investigating on the mission fields the works of these mis- Dr. Zwemer stated the importance SlOnanes. of the Mohammedan world in the following forceful terms; (I) Because of Edward D. Sturges, of Scranton. its strength. The immense number of claimed for himself the letters F. adherents, about 230,000,000, scat- M. D. (Foreign Mission Devotee) tered through many countries and and D. D. (decidedly devoted). He speaking different languages. Among said he had been reconverted in J athese people are to be found concep- pan. A Christian Japanese shoptions in their faith closely akin. to keeper told him he had to keep open Christianity to the extent that much on Sundays for American and British is to be found in common with the travelers and then seriously asked him Apostles' Creed. In this faith is to if there were many Christians in be found the "backbone of conviction" America. "The world will be conwhich makes it strong. To these may verted when tae Christians in the be added the strength of caste and the United States are converted," said strength by virtue of thirteen hundred Mr. Richard C. Morse. Our missionyears of deep root in their science, art, aries are overworked men. A bad literature and life. business policy. We need twenty per cent more men, to hold our own on (2) Because of its weakness. This the mission field. No fault can be religion is weak in its inner life. It found with the missionaries, no fault is weak because it is anti-Christian with our secretaries, the fault is with us, who are withholding the means.

PHILADELPHIA MISSIONARY

Mr. Morse stated that "there are Academy was for laymen only, but over 15,000 missionaries in the world, the audience seemed as large as at assisted by nearly 100,000 native help- the other sessions. This conference, ers. These occupy 32,000 mission sta- was led by David McConaughy, tions. Up to date 1,500,000 heathens the Secretary of the Forward Move- have been converted to Christianity ment, and considered "Men's part in and there are 1,000,000 more about leading the Church as a whole to ful- to become communicants. The rate fill its mission." Many excellent sug- of progress is shown by the fact that gestions came both from the platform 200,000, or 14 per cent of the total and the floor. "Have a regular rule number of conversions, were made in to give a two-minute summary of 1907." This is against a 2 per cent events for each field at each mission- increase in the churches in the home ary meeting." "Have a statement of field. missionary progress at each brother- Ex-Governor Beaver made a mili- hood meeting." "Our pastor reads tant speech, calling attention to the each Sunday the list of missionaries fact that the Great Captain has given on the missionary calendar for that the order to move forward. "The week." "Every Church that takes Church has been loitering on the skir- hold of the foreign field will take care mish line of missions for one hundred of the home field."

years, and its duty is to delay ne lon- On Thursday Gov. Beaver con- ger, but plunge into the battle. Is dt:cted a conference whose theme was the Presbyterian Church doing its full "The only Organization Called for: work for missions? No. The or- the Church." "The call of to-day is ganization is all right, but it is noth- not for new societies but for the or- ing but a skeleton of dry bones un- ganization of the Church itself as a less there are wise and energetic men mIssIOnary society. Every church and women behind it. Shall this skel- should have a missionary committee, eton move and live? That is the ques- representing every interest in the tion. We have been letting dead men church, and it should be the business and live women do the work. We are of this committee to further in every short on the legacies of these dead way the missionary interest of the men this year. Live women are do- whole Church." Methods of stirring ing much, but live men haven't taken up this interest were brought out in the places of the dead men." a conference conducted by Dr. A. L.

On Wednesday afternoon the Con- Phillips, of Richmond, Va. "The ig- vention divided, the Sunday-school norance of the men of our Church of superintendents and workers meeting missionary literature is deplorable." A under the leadership of Rev. Geo. call for a show of hands revealed the Trull, to consider the best means of fact that few in the audience had read training the children in the knowledge three books on missions in the pa5t of missions and awakening their in- year. But more than one-half had terest. The pastors met in Chambers- read the missionary magazines or leaf- Wylie church and discust practical lets of the Church. "Those who criti- methods of keeping churches alive in cize the missionary books and other mission interest. The meeting in the literature as being effeminate and dry,

simply do not know anything of what gate missions. His views represented they are talking," said Dr. Turnball a consensus of opinion among bus- Lee. iness men and are therefore worthy of especial mention. He quoted the J. Campbell White, Secretary of saying of Emerson that the "world is one neighborhood," and emphasized the Laymen's Movement, spoke on the fact that we should try to make "An Adequate Business Basis for it so by telling of Jesus Christ, so that World Evangelization." He quoted the neighborhood would become a the remark of a man who said that brotherhood, for "neighborhood withhe would rather save a million men out brotherhood is a curse." There is than a million dollars. He emphasized a yellow peril to be reckoned with if the fact that (I) our greatest needs we do not take it in hand now. There are spiritual; (2) our greatest oppor- is no short-cut remedy to do away tunities are spiritual; (3) our greatest with "unbrotherliness," no way but forces are spiritual and (4) our great- the pure old Gospel. The world does est values are spiritual. These facts not want to be a brotherhood, but the show the iollowing: (I ) We have an world needs to be. There is a great adequate spiritual basis in the com- world-crisis and God creates a force mand and promises of Christ. (2) here to meet a need yonder. The We must have an adequate force of movements in different parts of the workers. The call for one missionary world may suggest the stately stepfor every twenty-five thousand people pings of Him who makes history. in the foreign field is the general opin- Civic, political and religious revivals ion of the necessary force, this mission- in America; social reforms, liberalism ary to have native helpers. For the and other movements in England, Northern Church the foreign field is suggest that America and England twelve times larger than the home and the Orient share in the "divine field: for this greater support was concatenation of events." Unrest in needed. At the present rate of work Portugal; restlessness 111 France; it will take one hundred years to mobs in Germany; departed glories of reach the people. If this Church Spain; Vatican troubles in Italy; conshould give $200,000,000 for IOO,OOO,- ditions in Morocco; disasters in Rus- 000 people in this generation, it would sia; call these what you will, yet may only mean two dollars for each it not be the Spirit of God at work heathen. A man in Baltimore has among the nations? So Egypt, Turgiven in twenty years $IOO,OOO to an key and India have come to the unoccupied field in India, with the re- cnS1S. China is waking up. In sult that there are there to-day fifty five years China has progressed thousand converts. The reason why more than in three thousand years of Christianity does not possess the previous history. China is going the world is because Christ does not pos- western way and wants the western sess the Christians. weapon and western wisdom. She has a deep hostility to the Westerner W. T. Ellis, of the Philadelphia and the task of Christendom is to put Press, gave his views on the "Su- the spirit of brotherliness into China. preme Opportunity of the Hour," as one of the many business men who have traveled in the East to investi-

PHILADELPHIA MISSIONARY CO:,VENTIOX 27 I

This Convention gave evidence of MODEL MISSIONARY CHURCH several important things. It showed that the men of the Church are be- Platform ginning to awake to the fact that the missionary work is a campaign in The WHOLE CHURCH. a Missionary Society which the women and children should to glVe the WHOLE GOSPEL, to the WHOLE not do the major share of the work. WORLD, according to Christ's command. It showed that intelligent laymen who visit the foreign fields come back filled Organization with enthusiasm for the tremendous need and glorious opportunity pre- I. The SESSION, an Executive Committee to sented in the empires of the East. carry out this platform. They are also stirred with admiration for the noble men and women who 2. AGENCIES. are enduring hardships while devo- The Sunday-school a 1Iissionary Society, ting themselves to the advancement of The Women's Missionary Societies. the Kingdom of Christ at the frontier The Young People's Missionary Committee. and for the character of the native The Brotherhood Missionary Committee. Christians w~lOse consecration, spiri- Any Other Societies Needed to Enlist all tual insight and liberality put us to Classes. shame. The Convention also brought to light the comparatively meager sup- 3. The MISSIONARY COUNCIL. made up of port that the great Presbyterian one representative from each of these branches Church is giving to this world-wide of the Church life to help the Pastor unify work and the danger that lies in neg- and push the work. lecting to take advantage of the present opportunity, this opportunity is Methods evident in the open doors the receptive attitude of the nations who are EDUCATIONAL. giving up their old religions and are llissionary Literature. beginning to see the advantages of Missionary Library. Christianity. Monthly Concert. Sermons, Address. The Church is taking a forward l1issionary Study Class. move and experience has proved that the missionary spirit and generous FINANCIAL. missionary gifts helps to build up the Giving an Act of Worship according to the Church at home as well as to extend Rules of Three (I Cor. xvi: 2.) (Indi~ the Kingdom of Christ abroad. If a vidual, Systematic, Proportionate.) church would be self-supporting and Use Subscription Plan. have a healthy life and growth it must Assume a Definite Sum for the Work Abroad not stagnate with self-interest. The as we do for the Work at Home. Church, like the Christian, is intended to be a channel rather than a cistern. INSPIRATIONAL. The Visit of the Missionarv. The following plan was one pre- The :Missionary Rally, Convention. sented in a leaflet distributed at the The Sending forth of a Son or Daughter from Convention ~ the Church. The :Missionary Consecration lleeting.

What will be the permanent results of this Convention can not be fore- told but there are many indications that the men were deeply stirred by a new vision of Christ and the work to which he called them. Many exprest a determination to return to their churches and there use their influence for a new forward movement in the great campaign. The Presbyterians are responsible, according to the new division, if they accept Federative principles, for one hundred million people in foreign lands. On the clo- sing day the Convention, after a full discussion, unanimously adopted the following resolutions: We, men of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, thank God for the command of Christ, deter- mining forever the highest mission of His Church, the evangelization of the world. We are grateful for the share

He has given us in this work, grateful an advance of twenty per cent on their for the larger share He now offers us, gifts for foreign missions," said anand grateful that the work is making the other New York pastor. "I shall go workers one at home and abroad, as back to them, in view of this meetshown by spiritual fellowship and prac- ing, to make the advance fifty instead tical cooperation. of twenty per cent."

Recognizing the urgency of present These expressions from such men conditions and our corresponding re- of wiele experience and calm judgment sponsibility, we plan and propose as fol- show how deep was the impression lows: made upon the sixteen hundred men, who for three days had sat in confer- (I) That accepting the definite conclu- ence, listening to burning speeches 011 sions of the Omaha Convention as de- the call and the crisis £routing the fining our specific part in the world's Presbyterian Church to-day. evangelization, and moving toward the six million ($6,000,000) dollars stand- Dr, Chas. B. Chapin, of Rochester, ard there establi"hed and knowing the calls attention to the following sigimmediate demands of the world-field, nificant facts and truihs bronght out we now set ourselves definitely to the at the various sessions, i. e., I. Philatask of raising at least two million ($2,- delphia gave such a cordial welcome 000,000) dollars during the coming year. and reception that all were, as one man said, made D.D.'s-"delighteel (2) That to this end each Synod, Pres- delegates." 2. The prayer life and bytery and individual church assume im- spiritual part of the Convention were mediate and specific organized responsi- emphasized by three "Quiet Hours," bility to raise its full share determined as well as by a prayer-room set apart by its ability, none limited by but all for intercession and open at all hours, surpassing if possible, the standard set of the day. 3. Every delegate, it is by the Omaha Convention. safe to say, got such a world-vision as he had never had before. 4. Mis- (3) That we urge upon the men of sions is the greatest enterprise on each church the duty of gathering and earth, and that from the social, edugiving information concerning the prog- cational, political, commercial and reress of missions, using the means pro- ligious side,-indeed, from every side vided by the Church and all other means and from all sides. 5. The next ten that will make the information definite or twenty years will mean more to the and inspiring. Orient, to our own country, to the kingdom, to the world than any sim- (4) That believing the Holy Spirit will ilar period since the time of Christ. do through us even more than we ask 6. It is pitiful that the Church is so or think in Christ Jesus, our Lord, we ignorant of and oblivious to this, the solemnly renew our faith in united un- opportunity of the centuries. 7. In orceasing, definite prayer, and suggest that der to meet this crisis, we must work in unison with other bodies the noon foreign missions upon a radically difhour of each day be a time when all ferent plan and scale; we must do men may appeal to the throne of God bigger things in a bigger way. 8. To for the speedy evangelization of the the Presbyterian Church has been asworld.

One of the noticeable features of the convention was that it seemed to be dominated by a spirit of prayer.

Again and again during the delibera- tions pause was made for prayer.

There was a realizing sense of our in- sufficiency for these things, save us the instruments of the Spirit.

That the Convention made a marked impression on the delegates no sym- pathetic Christian, who felt the pulse of the body, can doubt.

"It is a second Pentecost," said a New York pastor, as he left the Acad- emy, at the close of the conference.

"I asked my people last Sunday for

PHILADELPHIA MISSIONARY

signed IOO,OOO,OOO of heathen souls away, and the soul of Judson rejoice, to evangelize in this generation. 9. if they could have seen such a sight This can be done, but it is a man's job. as this Convention. But better still, the very face of the Master Himself Rev. James H. Taylor says of this shows approval, as He sees men at Convention: "Its value can not be es- last listening to a commission first timated. Such contagious enthusiasm, given to men to perform, but which and such valuable information, when for centuries men have shirked, but let loose upon individual churches now, may it be, are anxious to obey must prove fruitful of good things. the orders of the Captain of Salvation How the heart of Carey would have who said: "Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creathrobbed, and the pulse of Samuel J. ture."

Mills quicken, and the flush on the dying face of the lonely Martyn pass A MEN'S MISSIONARY SONG Written for the Men's Missionary Convention in Philadelphia BY THE REV. H. C. MCCOOK, D.D.

Onward, army of God. On to the fields of strife! To victory, not to defeat! Clad in your robes of white, Yielding your blood-won ground Bearing the Red Cross badge To error were sad escheat; Into the thickest fight; Bugles of Truth should never sound Healing the wounds of the hurt of sin; The sorrowful note of retreat! Mending the Wrong with Right!

Forward in Jesus name! Forward, gleaners of love! The column must not fall back! After the bands of war; Answer the challenge of foes Soothe with the balm of Peace By charge of a fresh attack. Spirits that Hate would mar, Soldiers of Christ, forbid the shame Pointing the eyes of dying men Of letting the vanguard lack. To Hope's unsetting star.

Forward in Mercy's name, Speed with your aiding arm True to the Master's will, To wrecks of "humanity, To win Him a hostile world, Broken by many a storm, By rendering good for ill; Adrift upon life's rough sea!

Seeking to help, not to hurt His foes, Brightening Kight with the Beacon Light, To rescue and not to kill. Of blest Immortality.

LUXURIOUS LIFE OF A MODERN

IN INDIA BY ALDERI' EHRGOTT, RANGOON, BURMA.

President Roosevelt once said: "A death are the penalty of undue exposmissionary is one who squares his life ure. In many places, for half the with his profession." Allowing wide year, a cloud rarely, if ever, hides the latitude for his intelligent circum- incessant direct rays of the tropical spection, he could not know the full sun. However gratefully the rainy import of his own commendable ex- season is ushered in, its long continupression. ance of several months brings mildew on garments, bedding and books, so The cursory visit of even the most that it soon wears out its welcome. sympathetic and well-informed trav- One's whole system longs for a breath eler does not give one a comprehen- of the bracing air of the West. The sive knowledge of missions and mis- atmosphere is depressing and stifling. SIOnanes. One must dwell on the One truly earns his bread by the sweat field and be in the work. Residence of his brow. in the Oriental climate, amidst the natives, in touch with their lives, reveals Insects and Reptiles more to the square inch in experience Even a short residence in the Orithan one can learn to the square mile ent gives a taste of some of the by reading. plagues which afflicted Pharaoh. Pests of flying and creeping things invade Much of the romance of missions the premises. Lizards on the walls, has passed away. Slow ships, poorly ants in bed, garments, food-everyequipped, the minimum of sympathy where; crows by day and bats by at home and the maximum of opposi- night; mosquitoes at all hours; other tion abroad toward the missionary en- insects fluttering in hosts about lamps, terprise, hardships of pioneer work on or feasting upon linens; rats and white the field, meagre communication with ants become veritable "book-worms." the homeland, and other trials were especially peculiar to missionaries in The Servant Question the days of Carey and Judson. The results of their arduous endeavors, the In America one meets the "servant increased popularity of world-wide question," but in the East the servants evangelization, and the advance of are a necessary evil rather than an uncivilization have combined to reduce comfurlable luxury. Climate and custhese difficulties. Many remain which tom are inexorable in their ruling a true missionary may not count a sac- concerning the use of servants. Free rifice, but which are, nevertheless, American democracy can not compre- "thorns in the flesh." hend the rigidity of the Oriental caste system. A cook is a cook and will do The Sun and Rain nothing more; the water-carrier, the The.~tm is just as hot now as in the nurse, the sweeper, is each a separate days of primitive missions. The in- office, and that settles it. It is impostense heat and blinding brilliancy of sible to combine these offices in one or the sun in the Orient can not be imag- two servants. Each clings to his ined by the uninitiated. Insanity and sphere with tenacious stubbornness. The management of these necessary Isolation servants almost drives one to nervous prostration. As a rule they are heath- The isolation to which a foreign en devotees who pilfer and lie without misionary is frequently subj ected is no scruple. Everything must be kept un- inconsiderable privation. Christianity der lock and key and doleel out from IS considered an intrusion among meal to meal. One wishes that he heathen systems. might dispense with these servants and perform the work himself. The The depression of heart due to intense heat, fixt custom and more surrounding immorality, superstition important duties of the missionary ab- and ignorance increases rather than solutely forbid this, and every cent wears away by longer residence among of expense for household servants is such people. paid out of the missionaries' small personal funds. Separation, by half the globe, from the homeland and loved ones is no I t costs more to live on the same luxury. W onls are colel and almost plane in Rangoon, for instance, than in meaningless to tell the heart-sorrow Doston, Kew York or any other Amer- following the announcement by letter ican city. The variety of fooel within a month after the death of a loved reach of a missionary's means is not one at home. so diverse as a casual visitor may think. Lack of appetite, due to the What has been said applies to the climate, anel monotony in menu dis- ordinary missionary life abroad. The count the enjoyment of meals. farther he is removed from the centers of civilization the more aggravated Sickness and Death are the inconveniences. This is not a complaillt but a confession. A true There are times when the [uxuri- missiollar)' millimi::;es sacrifice. The ence of tropical vegetation loses its joy of the Lord's service, the joy of charm. A man hot and nervous with lives saved anel transformed, the joy fever is apt to look on the country of association with fellow missionaries as a vast burying ground and every overtop all these adverse experiences. palm as a monument. Sickness frequently overtakes the missionary, for If the word sacrifice is used at all from the beginning the climate is it is when circumstances compel him against him. He is compelled to de- to abandon his chosen field of labor pend upon reserve strength stored in for which he has a passion. his own system. Health broken beyond repair is often the result, if It would be good if a number of death does not come to his relief. home pastors could live long enough in the midst of the heathen world to understand its social, physical and re- ligious atmosphere.

WEEKS IN TENTS IN

BY GEORGE SHERWOOD EDDY, KODAIKAN,E, SOUTH INDIA We have spent two weeks out in out from his past and break all the ties tents, preaching. There were alto- of kindred and of caste and stand gether about 20 workers; catechists, alone for Christ. Slowly and bravely teachers and theological students. We the old man rose silently, and folded divided up into small bands each day, his arms. A hum of astonishment going out in the morning to the more went through the company, who had distant villages, and in the evenings to not believed that he would take the villages nearer by, reserving one party step. After a pause another arose, ancl for the magic lantern to preach in the then two young men: four in all. largest town of the neighborhood in There, in the rnoonlight, we wrote out the evening. We could thus reach a document, and the old man signed, nearly a score of villages with from promising (I) to break forever with 500 to 1,000 hearers every day; treat- idolatry, (2) to attend Christian woring patients medically, selling scrip- ship and to place himself under Christure portions as we went, and trying tian instruction, and (3) with God's to make the Gospel known in every help, to lead a holy life as a true village. Christian from that moment. ;lith trembling and uncertain hand the old At our first tenting place we concen- man wrote his name, and the three trated our efforts every evening upon others followed. The village deserted one particular village which seemed them, and they were left to stand hopeful. On the last night, as we alone, bearing persecution in their own preached in the moonlight, with the homes, and receiving the cold shoulvillagers sitting about on the ground, der from the villagers, who had promafter four or five short addresses, I rose ised to follow if they led the way. The to "pull in the net." We hacl shown old man has ever since been standing them the power of Christ to save, and firm. the utter lack of Hinduism, which had trampled upon them as poor outcasts, In another village we preached one not even allowing them to enter its morning to a company of villagers as sacred temples. At the close of the they stood about listless and indiffermeeting I said, "How many of you ent. The crowd gradually melted will to-night break away from the away, but one man, with riveted gaze, awful power of caste ancl accept seemed to hang upon our words. He Christ, whom you admit to be the true had been prepared by previous in- Savior? Turning to the headman, struction on the part of our catechist. whose heart had been deeply touched, Finally turning to him I said, "My and who was convinced of the truth brother, will you not accept Christ toof Christ, I said, "My brother, will day?" As he trembled on the brink you not stand to-night, ancl accept of the great decision to break away Christ once for all?" It was a mo- from the whole community and stand ment of intense suspense and of moral alone, to be cut off from everything, struggle for the old man, for he was and perhaps be persecnted, he finally not sure if anyone would follow him, said, "If three men will join me, I will and it was not a light thing to step come to-day." Then I said, "God ancl three men would enable you to take He chose for himself a new name, the step, but is not God alone "Faith," and his wife, "The servant enough ?" Then he said, "If two men of Jesus." And there, as we were, will come, or if even one will join me, hot and dusty from the long journey, I will come out to-day." For half an and dripping with perspiration, we hour he clung to the hope of one more knelt by the bedside in our shirt- man, but he finally decided, "Yes, God sleeves for that solemn baptismal alone is enough; I will trust Him service. His son and daughter had against everything." And there, in been baptized a short time before.

the dust of the village street, caring Within a few days the old man died.

not who saw or heard him, he knelt Then persecution began. "Ah, yes,"

with me, and gave his heart to Christ, they said, "our god has killed him conscious of God's pres~nce alone. I because he became a Christian." They wrote out the same three conditions, refused to come to his funeral or to which I asked him to sign. He could help bury him, and with all the effect- not write, but made, with the pen, the ive ingenuity which the cruel system sign of the cross, and with the clear of caste can bring to bear upon a conviction that it would cost him helpless individual or family, the vil- everything, he chose a new name, lage turned against them. Their "Courage," and left for his day's work grain was taken up by the roots from in the fields, a new man in Christ. their field and transplanted into the How ignorant, how dirty, how low in field of a neighboring Hindu. Their the social scale he was I can find no relatives refused to eat with them or words to describe, but this I know, a to visit them. They were told they ray of light had entered that dark could no longer grind their grain in soul, and in that light he has walked the village mortar, they could expect all the days since. His own wife re- no more help in their work in the fused him food for a time; the people fields. Their house might remain un- have stood against him, but he has thatched in the rains; they might sink clung to Christ, and he has remained or swim, live or die, as best they faithful. It doth not yet appear what could. The village passed them by in he shall be. cold silence. But through tears and In our last preaching station we much tribulation this little family has baptized two boys, who had been stood bravely now for months, coming studying in our Christian school. A out with shining faces, and growing messenger reached us, saying that an stronger as they stand alone in this old man, lying at the point of death, new individual life in Christ, which who had been serving as the priest to has been crusht out for centuries by the local village demon, had sent for the caste system.

us to give him Christian baptism. He You tell me that these people are had long known the truth, but he had outcasts, that they have nothing to not had the courage to cut off his only lose and everything to gain; that they source of livelihood and stand alone are "rice Christians." Yes, they are against the united oppression of the "rice Christians," and so would you village. The old man and his wife and I be in their place. Tell me, my gave clear evidence of faith in Christ. friend, if you had no hope of ever

getting a meal of rice from one year's to investigate the persecution and the end to another; if you remained boycott which the villagers were incrusht as an outcast under the system stituting against them. The Hindus of Hinduism, left dirty and degraded, had been going from house to house sunken and superstitious, and you and to urge the villagers to refuse them your posterity had no hope of get- water, to refuse them fire and to boyting an education or of rising in the cott their shop, which they had done social scale unless you embraced most successfully. Christianity; and further, if denied Two days later I was called fifaccess to all the holiest temples of teen miles away to a little destitute Hinduism because you were an out- village of fifty souls, who have just cast, doomed to the degraded slavery come over to us in a body. The of demon worship-if, I say, hun- village-so called-consisted of a gry in body, ignorant in mind, dark- dozen little huts of mud, each ten feet ened in spirit, you could, by embrac- square, with leaking straw roofs in ing Christianity, so improve your this season of pouring rain. Their physical condition that you could actu- well was full of muddy water in a ally eat rice; that your children could stagnant pool, darker than the coffee get an education and that-in Christ and milk upon your breakfast table, -you could find the heavens opened and the whole village of fifty souls with new and infinite possibilities for did not occupy, in its huddled coIIecendless advancement, would you, too, tion of little kennels, more space than not become a "rice Christian?" If the single house you live in. And here, you think it'is easy for these outcasts, . with these poor souls I stood, trying go and try to convert them, Ve give to bargain with the high-caste Hindus them no rice save what they earn by for a small piece of ground at any honest labor, and rice and education price, upon which we might build a seem to them as nothing as compared school, and with the hope of future with the bitter cross of being ostra- progress to these people. But there cized by friends and relatives, with stood the caste people of the neighno visible hope of marrying their sons boring village with one mind against and daughters nor of receiving human us, bitter that these people should be aid. No, the persecution which they allowed education or should be torn receive is an unanswerable evidence from their degrading slavery. Lying, that these are not "rice Christians." deceiving, plotting against us, ready In one village we preached without to burn the straw roofs from over immediate fruit, but a little later I their heads, if necessary-there stood was sent for by a group of high-caste the combined power of heathenism and people who wished to come out for its caste-system against us. And with Christ. We met in the private house tiS stood fifty people as ragged, as of the only Christian in a town of 5,- dirty, and as ignorant as ten centuries 000 people. But to-day there is a of Hinduism could make them. Last church in that house of some 20 week they were "Pariahs," but to-day souls, for several high-caste families they bear the name of Christians, sons came out that day for Christ. Only of God, heirs of the future, the hope this week I was called to that village of India.

– HEATHEN AND

BY REV. L. II. DAVIES, M .D.* Missionary of the London Missionary Society Samoa (meaning the family of iams of Erromanga carried the first Moa), is the native name of -a group native teachers from Tahiti. The of islands extending over 267 miles early missionaries who began to reof ocean. The German flag waves side in Samoa six years later labored over the larger and western islands most assiduously for the accomplishof Upolu, Savaii, etc., while the ment of three things. These were stars and stripes are seen in the the translation of the Scriptures, the training of a native ministry and the A SAMOAN GIRL education of the young. They also devoted a fair share of their time to eastern portion-on Tutuila and the healing of the sick, which has :Manl1a. The United States have a proved a valuable auxiliary. Most fine land~ locked harbor and naval of them had some knowledge of station in Tutuila. medicine-a few a considerable amount-and afterward duly quali- It was to Samoa on his homemade fied doctors followed. little Messenger of Peace that Will- The Samoan translation of the Scriptures, after three careful revi- sions, is unsurpassed for accuracy in the South Pacific. There is also quite a little library of books in Samoa, commentaries, Bible diction- ary, educational manuals, etc.

The institution or college at Ma- nua during its sixty-two years of ex- istence has been an untold blessing. It has trained some 1,200 for the native ministry, who combine the duties of pastors and schoolmasters, besides giving higher education to a number of youths. Of the youths many have become native pastors and others have filled important po- si tions in their islands. Not only has Manua furnished pastors and schoolmasters for Samoa itself, but numbers of its students have carried the marvelous light into dark places, such as New Hebrides, New Cale- donia, Loyalties, Niue, Tokelau, El- lice and Gilbert Island, and scores .;- Dr. Davies was for over thirty years connected with the Samoans and later spent nearly three years on Niue and in visiting the London :Missionary Society Mission in New Guinea and elsewhere.

are working in New Guinea to-day. are flourishing and there are 5,000 Our high school at Leulumoega members of the International Bible gives a good three-years' course, Reading Association.

combining with general education One special characteristic of our industrial pursuits. Samoan churches, and the same is true of our South Sea mission as The high schools for girls at Pa- a whole: They are missIOnary churches and so they are alive.

It was a high chief of Samoa, on questioning one of the early mis- sionaries as to what was then hap- pening in Britain, who was the orig- inator of the first missionary meet- ing in that group. Hearing from his missionary that in that very month Christian people in England would meet in London to hear about God's work in foreign lands he pleaded hard for a May meeting in Samoa.

This was held in the month of May and was a most enthusiastic gather- ing of 3,000 persons. Since then the May meeting has been held annual- ly-not always in May-but some- times as late as October or N ovem- ber, altho the people still call the annual missionary meeting the May CHIEF OF MANUA, SAMOA, AND HIS WIFE) BOTH meeting. CHRISTIANS Never were the Samoans more generous in their offerings for pauta, Upolu and at Atualana, Tu- heathen lands, or more liberal in the tuila, are doing a most excellent support of their native pastors than work. at the present time. How many de- At every mission station there is voted men alld women have. given also a preparatory institution for the more than mOhey-for they have brightest youths and young men hazarded their lives in carrying the from our village schools. Gospel of Christ to dark lands. The In every village is a school, where story of South Sea Island evangelists systematic examinations are carried and martyrs is a fascinating chapter on by the English missionary, and, in the history of modern missions.

with the exception of the salaries of In the Memorial Church at Vat- the European agents, all these col- arata, New Guinea, the writer recent- leges and schools are self-support- ly saw a brass tablet with eighty- ing. Self-support is inculcated all seven names inscribed of those over Samoa and our out-stations. who had laid down their lives for Christian Endeavor Societies also Christ in that dark land. And of

SAMOA-HEATHEN AND

600 men and women-native evan- and "there he preached the Gospel." gelists from the South Sea Islands By the labors of native agents, -no less than half have died in superintended by ourselves and dur- New Guinea, and still there are of- ing the past forty years in the places fers of service. At the end of 1905 mentioned, not less than 25,000 have in my charge on the steamer John been won over from heathenism in Williams for location 111 New connection with the Samoan mis- Guinea were eighteen couples. In sion. December last nearly that number went again. These were from Cook Niue was called Savage Island by Island, Niue and Samoa. Captain Cook, because its heathen people resented the intrusion of a SAMOAN NATIVE TEACHERS ON THEIR ' …·hy TO NEW GUINEA The part natives have played in foreigner, and "came upon him like introducing Christianity to their is- wild boars." Niue fekai, or Niue lands.-Three of these, known per- the fierce, it was named by politer sonally to the writer, were the natives of other groups because of means of introducing Christianity the rough manners of the inhabiinto the Tokelau, Ellice, and the five tants. southern islands of the Gilbert Niue tokotaha it was called by its gTOUp. own people because of its isolated position in the vast Pacific Ocean. Quite recently I met in the Cook Lying there solitary, 280 miles from Island Elikana, who with others on anywhere, has made the island that memorable voyage of eight somewhat unique in its customs and weeks in a canoe, drifted over 1,200 the people almost a race by themmiles of ocean to the Ellice group

selves. The Niueans, like the Sa- 5,500; to-day 4,c)00 may b~ found moans, eastern Polynesians and Ha- always on the island. waiians, are of the Malayo-Polynesian race. They are more industrious These are all church-goers and than the Samoans, whose climate among them are nearly 1,600 church and soil furnishes everything edible members. Ineffectual attempts have in tropical profusion. Niue is a very been made by Roman Catholics to rocky island; a quarter of a century obtain a footing, but the whole ago the active males began to go island is still attached to the London Missionary Society.

A NATIVE-BUILT CHURCH AT ALIF! IN NIUE) SOUTH SEA ISLANDS away-a few as sailors, but the many The writer found the people of as laborers to guano islands and Niue kind and loving, altho not other places. polished in their manners like the Samoans. Vhat indeed must they At present, 110t being well satis- have been in heathen times when fied with the ungenerous New Zea- Villiams, at the great risk of his land rule, they are increasingly life,. tried unsuccessfully to land leaving in order to obtain the higher teachers on Niue! A number of wages they receive elsewhere. This years passed and then a native is the most serious aspect of Niue. named Peniamina who had heard It has meant physical and moral de- the Gospel story in Samoa carried terioration and the introduction of it to his own island, but with little new diseases which have sapped the success. He was followed by native physical vigor of an energetic peo- evangelists from Samoa; but of all ple. Formerly the population was

I 90 8 J SAMOA-HEATHEN AND

these the highest place must be Master he would win Niue for given to Paulo, whose memory is Christ. Joined by other Samoan still fragrant. There are two spots teachers he worked on and when the on Niue which should be immortal- first resident missionary, Rev. W. G. ized. At the village of Mutalau is Lawes (now Dr. Lawes) arrived, the tomb of Paulo; five miles south- congregations were gathered all west at Tuapa is the grave of one over the island. of his devoted converts. How Paulo The "noble brothers" Lawes, SCHOOL AND CHURCH AT ALIFI, NIUE} SOUTH SEA ISLANDS overcame opposition, how he in- aided by their devoted wives, have duced the people to make roads and done splendid work on Niue. The to build places of worship and how, elder Dr. Lawes, before he was having served his generation, "he transferred to New Guinea, and durfell on sleep" is a record which is ing his eleven years' residence, kept in heaven, and is well worth translated the New Testament and keeping by the Church on earth. some of the earlier books of the Old, besides with his versatile genius do- The dying request of the devoted ing many other things. His brother convert was to be buried in the spot has completed the translation of referred to; and why? It was be- the whole Bible and is full of labors cause on that spot his spiritual to-day. Their own native ministers father one day stood, and planting have been trained by the brothers his staff in the ground with a sub- Lawes. vVhen the complete edition lime faith and undaunted courage, of the Bible arrived three years ago resolved that with the help of his

the writer was scarcely able to get terest was manifested last August in a meal. The people were clamorous heathen New Guinea when six couples to purchase-with good English were set apart to break up new money-the new Bible. ground there.

New and improved places of wor- As one looks back over forty years ship are being erected all over the there is abundant cause for joy and island. As in Samoa, the Niueans thankfulness. But the work needs put up their own churches, ably consolidation and strengthening in support their native pastors, but this many places. Above all, in New does not prevent them from giving Guinea there is much need for all very generously for the work in dark the help the South Sea Island lands, and no village surpasses Mu- churches can give by sending their talau for its gifts. Recently Mu- devoted sons and daughters to unite talau gave in one year £ 59 ($295) with New Guinea Christianized nafor "dark lands" and for their pas- tives in carrying the Gospel to the tor £69 ($345). A very warm in- regions beyond.

NATIVE WORKERS IN MISSION FIELDS BY REV. J. S. CHANDLER, D.D., AMERICAN BOARD, INDIA The native worker is the prime fac- tt> tor in the work of any mission. A for- 1:~ eign missionary without fellow work- ~.~ ers belonging to the people for whom .~~ he labors is shorn of the strength that Societies his task demands. The band of native workers creates the atmosphere in ~~ which he gains familiarity with the people. He and the people learn to ~.."8 know each other largely through the ——— — — — medium of these fellow workers. In general they are his joy and comfort, Britisll… , _, ……………. . 7 12 for they are faithful to the Lord Jesus Christ, and therefore faithful to the Continental Europe ……. . 5 20 mission and to the people. Abraham Alnerican ………….. , … . Lincoln said the Lord must love the 5 1q common people because he made so (A merican Societies) many of them. So we may say that '4 missionary bodies must love their na- American Board, Boston …. 26 tive fellow workers, they secure so Baptist Missionary Union .. many of them. Methodist Episcopal Church 2l Presbyterian Church….. .. . The following table shows how gen- ,8 erally they are to be found in all the missions. The last column also shows All the societies of Europe and the proportion of communicants to America are represented on the field workers, both foreign and native: by 12,440 missionaries and 70,305 na- tive workers. The average number of native workers to each missionary is therefore not less than five.

Of the four largest American soci- eties one, the Presbyterian, has less natives on the average to each mission- ary than the average of all the soci- eties or than the average of the other large American societies. But they have the largest number of foreign

WORKERS IN MISSION

missionaries, and a larger income than ment of a system of education the the Congregational or Baptist soci- quality of men available for mission eties. work was constantly improving, un- til the need of lesson classes dimin- On the other hand the other three ished or ceased. of the American societies have more than the average, viz.: seven, eight, While this process was going on in and nine, respectively. the mission organization, the few con- verts were increasing and being Many of the missionaries are mar- organized into congregations and ried couples, and in these cases the churches; and soon the necessity arose associated native workers will average of ordaining some for the pastoral from ten to fifteen for each missionary care of the churches. These ordained couple. pastors represent the highest fruit of the spiritual work of missions. They This band of native fellow workers are the associates and companions of comprises all or most of the following the foreign missionary not only In groups, viz.: ordained pastors, cate- church work, but in the training of chists or evangelists, teachers, and the lower classes of workers. Bible women. Each band is organized in connection with its mission, or sta- The schools for girls have always tion, to conduct the work most effi- been as necessary as those for boys, ciently. not only to elevate the women, but to train mistresses for girls' schools, and In the early days of missions, espe- Bible women to work among noncially those to peoples dense in num- Christian women, and intelligent wives bers and in ignorance, but few natives for the men. But it was difficult in were available as workers, and they some places to get girls to study, and were men of very modest education some missionary ladies used to give and attainments. If they were faith- a cup of rice to each girl that would ful and willing to learn, the missionary corne to Sunday-school in the hope could depend upon them for important of getting some of them interested service in reaching the people and enough to come to the day-school. teaching them the Gospel story. But Gradually that state of things passed it was incumbent on the missionary to away and enough would come, without keep ill. close touch with them for the being paid for it, to fill the schools. sake of their own intellectual and But for years young men preparing spiritual growth. Often the mission for mission work preferred uneduitself would prescribe lessons for them cated wives to educated ones, because to learn with their individual mission- they feared that education would not aries and then recite before the whole help them to be obedient to their husbody of the mission at its general bands. Then one mission voted that meetings. they thought it so important to have workers with educated wives that they The next step was the establishment would consider an uneducated wife a of schools to train promising children bar to promotion and increase of salin the branches necessary for mission ary. This did something toward the work. Primary schools created a de- increase of education among the girls, mand for grammar and high schools, and these for theological seminaries and colleges; and with the establish-

but not very much. In that mission In the Madura Mission of S~uth the tide has been completely turned by India these workers are not only the discovery on the part of the young brought together every month in each men, that educated girls can, by teach- station to meet with the missionary ing, earn a salary even after they are and pastors of that station, but every married. Now educated girls, espe- September they all come together in a cially those trained as teachers, are central place with all the missionaries sought after. They are not always to and pastors for a series of conferences be had, for educated girls have learned extending through several days. to have a mind of their own, and to appreciate the opportunities of doing Many of them live apart from their good without getting married, at least fellows, in a kind of settlement work, until the man of their choice appears. with their families as the only edu- cated Christians, and in some cases as On the whole, the result is that the only Christians, in the midst of a many of the pastors have found for Hindu and Mohammedan population. their companions true helpmeets and Little by little they gain the confidence coworkers instead of being married to of the people. A school is started and ignorant and inefficient women. the work seems prospering, when sud- denly one or two young men of the These are the men and women who school decide to become Christians. are coming to the front in the Chris- Immediately there is turmoil and bittian work of the mission fields. They terness. It ends by the expulsion of are the counselors and friends of the the lads from their homes and even missionary as well. as of the Chris- from the village, and the breaking up tians ; they are the best representatives of the school. The result seems to be of Christianity to the non-Christian the gain of one or two lads with the multitudes, and illustrate its power to loss of a school and the confidence of develop spiritual life and character in the community. It may take years to the individual, and unite men of di- win back that lost prestige, and usuverse training and advantages into one any the worker has to be transferred brotherhood. It is the joy of the mis- to another place and another sent to sionary to let them increase while he rebuild the schoo!. But if the young decreases. All missions are not in the converts prove faithful they are worth same stage of progress in this matter, the loss. In a village where three but it is the goal for all. brothers came out as Christians one backslid under the pressure, but the But at present the main body of na- other two remained firm and were tive workers is made up of men and driven away. Of those one has pushed women of moderate training and small his way through the mission schools salary, who need contact with the mis- and become a successful pastor, minsionary, or native pastor, at periodical istering to a parish containing seventy times to receive suggestion and in- small congregations. The school that spiration. They easily get into ruts, was broken up at his conversion has and it does them great good to come been reestablished for many years, together every month for a couple of and the relatives that drove him out days to report their work and have are now friends; and if other converseasons of conference and prayer with one another and with their leaders.

I9Q8] NATIVE WORKERS TN MISSIO~

sions occur, as they surely will in time, ing position; and when the people are the new converts will not be perse- in trouble from their non-Christian cuted as he was. neighbors, in sickness and death, in poverty and prison, they turn to their While many workers are gained in "helpful minister," as he is called. this way, others are the children of a Many such workers will surely have previous generation, even of those every sentence of commendation menwho themselves became disciples tioned in Matthew's gospel uttered to through tribulation. It is a joy to see them, viz.: "I was hungry, and ye the families thus coming into Christian 'gave me to eat; I was thirsty, and ye work. gave me drink; I was a stranger, and ye took me in; naked, and ye clothed One Bible reader of the earlier me; I was sick, and ye visited me; I was in prison, and ye came unto me." time, whose salary was but $2 a The position of these workers in month, sent three boys to the mission every mission is of the utmost imschools, and by the greatest economy portance. They ought to be better and self-denial kept them there until paid and able to maintain their famithey could become teachers. One re- lies in a more self-repecting way. On mains a teacher, another is a theolog- the other hand there ought to be more ical instructor, and the third is an or- of them. In the Madura lIission disdained pastor, all faithful workers. trict there are 3,000 villages and only 524 of these have Christians in them. An old watchman, with the same The workers number about one for income, did the same with his family, each village with Christians; whereas and now one is a prominent catechist, many more villages would welcome two are pastors,_ and a daughter is a them. Thus the missions are between Bible woman; still another was, until the two needs, of better paid workers his death, a useful teacher. Thus in and more workers, which grind them the family of that poor watchman were down as b",tween upper and nether raised up workers for each of the four miHstone. A large trust fund of milclasses mentioned in this article. lions, like the Rockefeller, Sage, and other funds in this land, is urgently These faithful coworkers with the needed to secure good wages and small missionary are not only the medium pensions for the 70,305 native workers for reaching non-Christians; they of all the missions. are looked up to by the -members of their congregations as models in cleanliness, courtesy, piety, and charity. It gives every faithful man and woman among them an honorable and inspir-

INDIA: A NATION IN THE MAKING *

BY W. M. ZL:MBRO President of the American College, Madura, India There are many things to indicate useless to continue to ask the governthat the people of India are slowly ment for what they want, that to do finding themselves, are coming to so is to play the part of beggars, and their own. Everywhere there is fer- that the thing to do is to take by force ment and a murmur of discontent. what they can not get otherwise. The cry "Bande mataram!" (Hail to the mother country!) is heard How India is Governed To-day throughout the land, and "swaraj" (home rule) and "swadeshi" (home In order to understand the significountry) have become words of magic cance of the demand for a larger to conjure with. What does it all measure of self-government it is necmean? Briefly and fundamentally it essary to have in mind just what part means this: A new nation is about to the people of India now have in the be born. administration of their own affairs. The Indian Government has two cen- There are three dominant notes in ters, one in England, the other in Inthe murmur of discontent, one polit- dia. The home government is vested ical, another industrial, and the third in a Secretary of State for India, who religious and social. During Christ- is a member of the British cabinet, asmas week of 1906 Dadabhai Naoroji, sisted by an under-secretary and a a Parsee gentleman of Bombay, for cabinet of fifteen members. No Insome years past resident in England dian gentleman has ever been a memand formerly a member of the British ber of this cabinet. In India the gov- Parliament, in the course of his presi- ernment is vested in a Viceroy, or dential address at the opening of the Governor-General, appointed by the twenty-second session of the Indian Crown, and acting under the control National Congress insisted upon the of the Secretary of State for India. right of the Indian people as British He is assisted by a council of five ordisubjects to govern themselves and nary members, and when the council asked that this right be realized. There acts as a legislative body there are were nearly IO,OOO delegates and vis- from ten to sixteen additional memitors present, and the address was re- bers, half of them being "non-official." ceived with a tumult of applause. The None of the ordinary and not more members of the Congress belong for than four of the non-official members the most part to the "Moderate" par- of the Viceroy's council are Indians. ty. They maintain an attitude of confidence toward the British Govern- The empire is divided into provment and believe that in the end they inces, the six most important of which will gain what they ask by persistent are Bombay, Madras, Bengal, the agitation. They do not on any account United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, wish the guiding hand of the British the Punjab, and Burma, each under Raj to be withdrawn, for they know a Governor or Lieutenant-Governor, full well that the people of India are and each with a council. These counnot yet ready to take the government cils are modeled after the Viceroy's into their own hands. There is, on council and have official and non-offithe other hand, an "Extreme" party, cialmembers. Indians may serve only led by such men as Bal Ghanghadar as non-official members. These In- Tilak, of Poona, Bipin Chandar Pal, dian members may take part in the of Calcutta, and Lala Lajpat Rai, of discussions and vote as do the Eng- Lahore, who openly assert that it is lish members, but they are always in a hopeless minority should any ques- • From the American Monthly Review of Reviews. tion come up in which there is a clash primitive kind. The plow consists of between the interests of the rulers and three crooked sticks fastened together.

the ruled. A large part of the land which might For administrative purposes these be cultivated is uncultivated because provinces are divided into districts, of the farmer has not found out the way which there are in all 250, each dis- to cultivate it with profit. In 1903-4 trict having its own department of ad- the following conditions pre/ailed with ministration, justice, public works. reference to agriculture:* health and sanitation, and police. Usu- ally, tho not always, the heads of Acres. these various departments are Eng- Total area, British India only 554,536,000 lishmen. On the other hand, far and Forest. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. 67,104,000 away the larger number of govern- Not available for cultivation 138,352,000 Current fallows ………… 36,870000 ment positions are held by the people. Cultivable waste other than fal- '

Out of over 114,000 positions carrying T lows .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 103,391,000 a salary of $300 or over per year 97 Net area cropped ……….. 208,817,000 per cent. are held by Indians. From this it will be seen that the The Industrial Situation net area cropped is only about 37.5 The second note of discontent is in- per cent. of the total area, while there dustrial. In October, 1905, on the day is over 18 per cent. of the total area that Lord Curzon's order for the par- left waste which is capable of cultivatition of Bengal went into effect, a tion. large crowd marched through the The disastrous effects of this neg- streets of Calcutta, flags and banners lect of industries by the educated classes is also seen in the decadence flying, and later went to the temple of of the industrial arts. The artisans Kali where, in the presence of the god- still work under the old hand regime dess, they took a vow that they would where the work is done at home in.. no longer buy foreign goods, espe- stead of under the modern regime of cially English goods, the penalty to be the machine and the factory. Howthat they would give of their blood to ever cheap labor may be in India, it Kali. Thus began the Swadeshi is no longer as cheap as a machine, movement. As a movement to boy- and the artisan is being driven to the wall. From the earliest periods of hiscott foreign goods it is a failure, but tory up to very recent times India had as an attempt to revive and reorganize held high rank in the trade of the the waning industries of the country world, having been a large producer is is exerting a most helpful influence. of commodities that were highly prized in general commerce. Since In India the industrial situation is 1834, when the East India Company critical. There are many reasons for was deprived of its monopoly, there this. Scientific and industrial educa- has been a large increase in the comtion has been almost wholly neglected, merce of India, the exports rising and save among the Parsees the edu- from a total of $50,000,000 in that cated classes have held themselves entirely aloof from industrial pursuits. year to over $580,000,000 in 1903-4. This leaves the industries in the hands But the exports during the early period consisted largely in manufacof the ignorant and conservative tured articles, while to-day they are classes, who neither invent new or im- largely raw materials. Textiles, once prove old methods. an important export, now far exceed all other imports, amounting to two- The result is seen everywhere. Take thirds of the whole. Cotton grown in agriculture: The population numbers about 300,000,000, in a territory half the size of the United States, so that the problem of getting enough to eat is serious. The methods and imple- '* Statistics taken from the "Statesman's Year ments of the farmer are of the most Book," 1907.

the country can be shipped to England, Holiness, the Guru of Shirali," called spun, the cloth woven on the looms a "Mahasabha" or great council of of Manchester, sent back, and sold in the Saraswat Brahmins, for whom the bazaars just a little cheaper than His Holiness is the spiritual head, to the native artisan can sell the cloth consider measures whereby to overwoven on his hand 100m. come the increasing tendency of the people to resort to foreign travel. Ac- Not only are the old industries de- cording to His Holiness' interpretation clining, but the new economic wants of the Shastras, foreign travel is forthat are developing are being supplied bidden, ane! he is consequently much by articles imported from abroad exercised by the growing tendency rather than manufactured at home. among his people to condone such About 65 per cent. of the population travel. The Guru has stood firm and is engaged in agriculture. Vhen the has issued bull after bull condemning rains fail, as so often happens, the peo- those who have returned after such ple are face to face with famine con- voyages, and has forbidden the orthoditions, a situation which might be dox to have any intercourse with them greatly relieved by the organization on their return, but, in the language of new industries. of a writer in the Indian Social Re- fonner, "the rising spirit will not Caste exclusiveness, suspicion, and down." The heart of India remains lack of business integrity make it as deeply religious, but the intelligence yet impossible, save among the Par- of India is demanding that what has sees, for the people of the country, to been long outgrown shall .now be disany considerable extent, to organize carded. Just as to-day the tools of commercial enterprises. Some years industry are antiquated and ineffiago, in the city of Madura, a num- cient, so also many of the social conber of Indian gentlemen thought they ventions, religious beliefs, superstiwould build a cotton-spinning mill to tions and practises belong back in the spin the cotton grown nearby. A con- days of Greece and Rome. In the siderable amount of capital was sub- name of their holy religion the priests scribed, but when it came to actually forbid foreign travel, remarriage of paying in the money to start the build- widows, the attainment of mature age ing no one would do it, and so they before marriage, intermarriage and bought their wives and daughters new interdining between the different jewels instead. castes and sub-castes, and plant them- selves athwart every effort made to It is sometimes said that the reason introduce reforms imperatively needed. for the present industrial depression is to be found in the excessive burdens England's Attitude of taxation which the people are compelled to bear. In answer to this it is There can be no doubt that Engperhaps sufficient to cite statistics land means to do the fair thing with from government records gathered by India, sometimes slowly perhaps and the editor of The East alld West and rather grudgingly in some matters, published in the June (1907) num- not infrequently, when the interests ber of that magazine. These data of India cross those of England, as show that in the ten districts of the in the matter of an import duty on Bombay Presidency investigated the English textiles, sacrificing the forannual assessment averaged from a mer to the latter, but yet in the long little over 50 cents to $1 per capita, run determined that India shall have a while the assessment varied from square deal and when the time comes about 16 to 50 cents per acre, accord- a government of her oWn. ing to kind of soil. The fact that unrest exists is no dis- Social and Religious Discontent credit to England; rather it is the best possible testimonx to the excellence of The third note of discontent is social and religious. Recently "His

INDIA: A NATIO~ IN THE

her work. As Mr. Morley said in his about the present unrest. Around budget speech of a year ago, "Every Lahore certain agitators like Ajit one,-soldiers, travelers, and journal- Singh have been inflaming the people ists,-they all tell us that there is a by seditious speeches and inciting to new spirit abroad in India. Be it so. open revolt, seeking especially to influ- How could you expect anything else? ence the Sikhs, many of whom are in You have been educating the people the army. On May 7 a warrant was for years with western ideas and lit- issued for the arrest of Ajit Singh and erature, and you have already given Lala Lajpat Rai. The former esthem facilities for communication with caped, tho he was taken later, but one another." Probably nowhere in Rai was arrested and without trial dethe world is there a more efficient, ported to Rangoon "for reasons of upright, faithful body of men set to state." A considerable portion of the rule a country than is to be found in native press has of late been publish- India. Symp~thy with the ruled there ing scurrilous attacks on the governmay not always be, misunderstandings ment, and it became imperative to put there are a-plenty, and the Britisher down with a firm hand such proceedis too often inclined to look with proud ings. Thousands still die of plague, disdain upon the people over whom he and agitators played upon the superexercises lordship, but he can not be stitions of the people by tales of the accused of neglect of duty, inefficiency British officials causing plague l.Jy or graft. putting poison in wells. May 10, of last year, was the anniversary England is fully aware that a new of the breaking out of the great situation has developed and is prepar- Sepoy Mutiny at Meerut, and as ing to meet it. Lord Minto has al- that day drew near a rumor was ready appointed a committee to con- started that on this anniversary Lala sider whether the time has come to Lajpat Rai was intending to march give India some form of representa- on Lahore with an army and begin a tive government. This committee has military movement against the govmade its report, and the government ernment. To prevent this a considrecommendations based on it have erable detachment of soldiers was hurbeen sent home to England, but until ried to the city and prompt measthe reply of the Secretary of State has ures taken to prevent what it was been received it will not be made pub- feared might be a serious uprising. lic just what the recommendations arc. There was some rioting at Rawal- Meanwhile, Mr. Morley, in his last pindi, near Lahore, two or three vilbudget speech, proposes the following lages were burned, and some mission changes in the administration of the property destroyed, but later informa- Indian Empire: ( I) The establish- tion gives little evidence to show that ment in India of an advisory "Coun- an armed uprising had been seriously cil of Notables"; (2) a substantial en- contemplated. largement of the Legislative Councils in India, both the Governor-General'~ Who are the People of India? Council and the Provincial Legislative Councils; (3) the nomination by the The population of India is made Secretary of State for India of one up of a multitude of races and and perhaps two Indian gentlemen to tongues gathered from many lands, be members of the Indian Council in representing many creeds, divided, London. The latest information is discordant, oftentimes hating each that Mr. Morley has already intro- other, and until recently doing all that duced into the British Parliament leg- they could to prevent assimilation into islation looking toward the bringing one people. There are the aborigines, about of these changes. now driven back into the forests and mountain fastnesses; the Dravidian, It is evident, however, that the In- who came into India long before the dian Government is much concerned

coming of the AryaEs and for a time not an official body and has no official occupied nearly the whole of the pen- standing with government, but by it insula, tho later driven southward; public opinion is being formed and a the Aryan, who came down through new national spirit created.

the northwest pass about 2000 B.c., India is alive to the need of indus- and who at once asserted and has trial reorganization, and there is com- since maintained his superiority over ing an insistent demand for scientific the other races; and the later comers, and industrial education to supplement Jew and Arab, Scyth, Tatar, and Mo- the exclusive literary and philosophic gul, each maintaining so far as possi- education of the past. Young men in ble his separate life, and refusing to increasing numbers are going to Ja- blend with his neighbors. pan, to Europe, and to America to And yet these divergent peoples are study agriculture, engineering, applied being drawn together and fused into arts, and sciences. A young high-caste one nation. The Hindus and Moham- man from India has recently been ta- medans have for centuries been ene- king a course at Pratt Institute and mies, and yet Surendra N ath Ban- studying among other things the pro- nerji, a Bengal Babu, at the outbreak cess of soap-making, an unheard of of the Swadeshi movement, addressing thing in the past and significant for the Mohammedans at their great the future. Mills built by native capi- Bakra Id festival, said: "We are no tal are found in Bombay, Bengal, and longer Hindus and Mohammedans, we elsewhere, tho aside from what has are Indians," a sentiment which would been done by the Parsees there is not have been impossible five years ago. much to the credit of the Indian people No people can unite to form a na- in the way of organized industries.

tion unless they have a common lan- As to their religion, various at- guage. This India has never had, the tempts have been made to reform last census giving as many as sixteen Hinduism, but with little success, as different languages, each spoken by the Hindus themselves admit. The from 3,000,000 to 90,000,000, while Brahmo and Arya Samaj movements more than r60 minor dialects are rec- have done something, but they do not ognized. A century of English rule increase as one might expect them to.

has made possible a common language. Movements like the Young Men's English is now the language of in- Hindu Association accomplish noth- struction in all the high schools and ing. The priests are frequently cor- colleges throughout the empire; it is rupt and immoral. Moreover, Hindu- also the official, as it is fast becoming ism has no way by which to help the the commercial, language. A visitor low-caste man. A few years ago a from America who may happen to at- Brahman official to whom the Madras tend the National Congress will per- government gave the important duty haps be surprized to see the 10,000 of writing the "progress report" of or more delegates, splendid fellows the presidency pointed out that "from from all over the empire, holding dig- a Hindu standpoint there was no hope nified conference over the various for the social amelioration of the out- problems that present themselves, but cast within the pale of Hinduism.

he will be still more surprised to find There is but one way for them to rise.

that the proceedings are all conducted and that is to accept either Moham- in English, the only language that is medanism or Christianity." The edi- common among the delegates. tor of the Christian Patriot, comment- What part are the Indian people ta- ing on this, says: "No Hindu has king in their own regeneration? The ever challenged that statement made national organization and development in a public report of government."

of Congress is the best thing that In- The Christian community, tho small, dia has yet done of her own initiative numbering only about one per cent of to prepare for self-government. It is the population, is admitted on all

1908~ I.'DIA: A NATION IN THE MAKING

hands to have an influence out of all there is no possibility of political in- proportion to its numbers. It is the terest back of it. Already India is only community that has the hope of sending some of her choice sons to the morning in its heart, and in it America to studv American institu- the Gospel which it preaches lies the tions and methods of industry, and future of India. soon many more will be coming for What part is America taking in the same purpose. Some of the Amer- this work of creating a new India? ican schools and colleges in India, like 1–iothing so far as political influence the American college at Madura, are goes, and practically nothing commer- trying to reorganize their work so as cially, for America's trade with India to offer scientific and industrial train- is insignificant, amounting in 1905 to ing, for which, however, a larger in- $7,547,938 worth of exports and $53,- come is imperative. .

238,000 of imports. The only way in India has splendid achievements to which America is directly influencing her credit in the past. The Empire of India is through her missionaries. Asoka was one of the greatest of pre- There are about I, IOO American men Christian empires, and the pillar and and women engaged in mission work. rock inscriptions of the Asokan era They have gone out with a ftw simple form, according to Rhys Davids, one things packed away in their trunks,- of the most important of any age.

the Bible,a school-book, a few tools and Two of the four great world religions implements of industry,-and with the had their birth in India, and the sacred American idea of a fair chance to all books of the Hindus exceed in volume and a helping hand to the one who is those of any other faith. Nor have in need, they have scattered out into they been wanting in other literature.

the cities and villages and out-of-the- Where is there in all the world a way places and there they have set gem of architecture equal to the Taj themselves to the task of helping in at Agra as it stands alone in its own the redemption of India. Wherever exquisite garden on the banks of the they have gone they have organized Jumna, the finest monument in the schools, and in the school is crystal- world to the most beautiful of senti- 'ized much of the best that America ments, the love of man for woman? has. The following table indicates the Still greater achievements await amount of educational work carried on India in the future. No definite plan in India by the American missionaries: of reorganization by which the people will have a larger part in their own No. Pupils. government has yet been agreed upon.

Primary and secondary 127,302 Perhaps the plan that would be most schools ……………. 3,542 popular there would be for some mem- 3,387 ber of the royal family of England to Colleges ………………. 9 183 become the permanent Viceroy and es- Theological seminaries ….. 7 Industrial schools ……. 17 1,759 18 tablish his own court, with a legislative Medical schools ……….. 3 507 assembly, one branch of which at Kindergartens …………. IS least should be elected by the people. In addition to this a considerable While there are possibilities of serinumber of the 159 newspapers and magazines now published in India are ous difficulty in the future, there seems published by American missionaries. good reason to believe that the pres- It is a small work that they are doing ent discontent is but the normal sign compared with the much larger work of healthy growth, and that out of the of the English, but it is something, womb of the past a new India is be- ing born fairer, brighter, truer, no- and something too for which India is bler than anything that the past has grateful, and all the more so because ever known.

OUT OF PROPORTION IN INDIA*

BY .vlHS. JOHN H. WYCKOFF The American Arcot lHssion in South India India is a land of surprizes, and you It is a cause of much Cf1me in the may notice some of them on your land, for often little children and very first journey in the land. The women are murdered for the jewels proportion of water to sand in one they were wearing. Moreover, it of the vast river beds the train has keeps a vast amount of capital out of to cross, is an instance: it has taken a circulation. Ninety million pounds bridge half a mile long to span it, sterling is the sum computed to be but the stream of visible water there thus tied up for senseless display in is surprizingly small, and as the hot the past 70 years that might have months wear on, may become invisi- been expended for the comforts and ble. At the same time, the glossy necessities of life. Is it any wonder greenness of the banian trees that that India is poor? shade the highway seems to be entirely out of proportion to the wither- Does this concern the problems of ing heat of the sun. The size of the the missionary, you ask. Yes, when washerman's donkey is sadly dis- he has to fix the salaries of his agents, proportioned to the vastness of two who feel too poor to afford twentybundles of clothing being taken to or five cents a- year for a book or a little from the river bed, where they are magazine, and yet can supply their cleaned by being beaten flail-fashion daughters with nose and ear jewels on a smooth stone-and, alas! the and bangles, silver toe-rings besides! nUl;l1ber of buttons that return to you or when an agent with a kind-hearted is also staggeringly small compared supporter in this land writes a pawith those you know were sewed on thetic appeal for help to feed his before that vigorous treatment! family better, receives direct a Christ- mas gift of $10, and spends it all in Another incongruity that constantly substituting gold for brass in his obtrudes itself on your notice is the wife's ears! amount of clothing vs. jewelry everybody wears. There is an inordinate You are more familiar with anlove of self-adornment in the people- other of the distortions of heathenism high and low, old and young, male that comes ~rom the undue exaltation and female. A naked baby of two of man above woman; but yoti do not months will have its fat little wrists realize the ruinous outcome of this stiff with bangles and wear a string sentiment as we meet it in a hundred of beads round its neck. In rich fam- ways. In the man, arrogance unilies, the boys from two to five years bounded, and self-gratification the one of age V!ill be in full dress, when purpose of his life; in the woman, wearing only silver anklets and brace- enslavement of body and mind. The lets and a stiff necklace of gold wire, baby boy is the one who, if he lives with perhaps some silver ornament on to perform the funeral rites for his the string inevitably worn around the father, saves his father's soul from loins. Their sisters, in addition, will hell; so he is a little brown god from have ears and nose more or less dec- his birth, growing up undisciplined orated, and multiply the bead chains and uncontroled. As a little boy, he and bangles, and their fond parents may beat his mother, unreproved. think any further clothing a super- Small wonder that as a young man fluity for such babies. This passion he beats or kicks his little wife, if he does not decrease with age nor disap- so chooses, for any slightest cause; pear with extreme poverty. for she is given over to him body and soul-there is no possible appeal- • From the Bombay Guardian. public sentiment is all on his side, We can touch only lightly upon applauding his ability to rule his own some of the other disproportions that household. Of course, she may never especially appeal to mothers. The speak his name, nor eat till he has mad haste to get their little daughfinished his meal, nor sit in his pres- ters married, over and above any deence; that is a matter of family eti- sire to see them physically or menquette. "Yes, surely, I have beaten tally fitted for the responsibilities of my wife," coniest a good, earnest life, is inexplicable to all of us. And, Christian man, "I had to beat her again, their consuming desire for chiltill she learned not to answer back." dren is most pathetic. . . . I have But it takes more than two genera- seen them in the blistering April heat tions to counteract that which has walking three miles around a sacred been bred in the bone for centuries. rock, with clasped hands as if in ceaseless petition, touching the earth Oh, how the subject of woman's dis- at every step; and my heart ached abilities looms up with more and more with the hopelessness of their remeterrible distinctness as you see into dies, and the cruelty of the public senthe heart of heathenism! Books about timent and the priestly dictum that her wrongs have been written, which prescribed such remedies. all will do weIl to read who stiIl have a faint idea that Hinduism is a re- "How can they be so ignorant as ligion sufficiently well adapted to the to do such things!" you exclaim; but Hindus to be let alone by outsiders. you only ask it because you do not The treatment it accords to its child- yet appreciate the proportion of darkwives and child-widows is of itself ness to light in that land, nor the asenough to brand it as satanic. Com- tonishing power wielded over the pared with all others, surely they are masses by the priests, who prescribe the deepest wronged who are given these senseless remedies and keep up over in infancy to the passions of bru- the unholy feasts, with alI the imbetal, wicked men; or who, when the cilities of idol-worship. They are the husband dies, are branded from baby- emissaries of the Prince of Darkness, hood through life as the murderers and there is an army of several milof their husbands, for which uncon- lions of them, many of them wanderscious sin no misery is too great a ing about as sacred beggars, frightpunishment, no ignominy undeserved, ening the simple-hearted with their no mitigation allowed, no atonement pretended powers of cursing those possible. And the greatest sinners in that oppose them, and fostering suthis respect are the Brahmans, who perstitious fear of gods and devils exalt themselves as gods, but thrust alike. Alas, that in India morality down a widowed daughter or sister should seem to be in inverse ratio to to the lowest hell, even disfiguring the profession of religion and that her appearance, so that all the world these leaders of the people should be may know her at a distance and avoid the greatest hindrance to the spread her as they woule! the plague. Is it of the light! For the stupendous fact not a miracle that out of this lowest remains, that, with all the change that pit of man-invented suffering, should the last roo years of missionary effort have been raised up one, who has has brought about; with all that Protrescued 2,000 and more of the de- estant countries with their 91 missionspised widows and famine castaways, arv societies have thus far accomand is bringing them into the light? plished; with all that the British The success of the work of the Brah- Government with its magnificent eduman widow, Pandita Ramabai, is out cational system has yet done; only 22 of all proportion to the means em- per cent of the men and but two and ployed, and is only to be explained as a half per cent of the women of India you recognize in it the hand of God. can read! You have put too vast a

burden upon us, your agents, in that it. At the least, can no: the Church distant land. You have given us a supply the place of those who have field to work of whose extent you can fallen in harness? form no adequate idea. One foreign missionary to 500,000 souls! Is that Dr. John Scudder died, another the proportion the Christian Church missionary withdrew, and no one has desire~ to maintain? My husband been sent to fill up the ranks again, had a parish of 2,500 Christians, and their fields. being divided up among tho he had three assistant ministers, the remaining missionaries already yet as his congregations were scat- overburdened, so that now their retered over an area of 500 square miles, sponsibilities are cruelly out of prothey did not reduce his work to such portion to their strength, and demand, proportions that he could rightly com- as one of them wrote, "full days and pass it, for those Christians were scat- nights of work." Is there no way to tered in fifty different villages, and come to their relief? I know I am among them were forty schools which addressing a noble band of workers he had to manage and maintain. Then who are presumably giving a large think of the 800 villages with their part of their time and thought and means to these problems-indeed, who thousands of souls, where the Gospel have given their all to God to be used can be only occasionally preached, and by Him as He directs-but the prowhich are dependent on him for the portion of those who are interested in Bread of Life. Now add to these la- this work is small, compared with the bors the duty of supervising the work larger number who do little or nothof your neighboring missionary who ing to extend the Redeemer's kingdom is obliged to take his furlough, and in the regions beyond. Not in a carpsome serious responsibility for the ing nor fault-finding spirit, but in a whole mission, like the treasurer's or spirit of tender love, do I urge any secretary's duties, and then tell me if who may be indifferent or lukewarm your expectation of results from your to "come to the help of the Lord, to foreign work is not sadly out of pro- the help of the Lord against the portion to the force you send to work mighty."

THE STUDENTS OF RUSSIA * EY BARON PAUL NICOLAY OF RUSSIA The Russian student world does not It is impossible before a correct represent a compact homogeneous census has been taken, to give an exmass of Russians, but reflects the vari- act estimate of the number of students ety of different nationalities, which in the eight universities and about form 144,000,000 inhabitants of this thirty-six high technical schools for Empire and of its one hundred or more men and in the ten or eleven higher languages and dialects. This is espe- institutions for women; but it is cercially apparent in the western univer- tain that the number has of late sities, in Yoorieff (Dorpat) for ex- greatly increased, having risen in St. ample, where the Polish, German, Let- Petersburg from 14,600 in 1905 to tish, Esthonian, and Russian students 29,500, including about 8AOO women. form distinct groups, the last com- The total for all Russia can not be prising, besides "great" and "small" below 64,000. The students are con- Russians, a number of Jews, and of centrated in a few great centers, dark-faced Armenians and Georgians thereby making access for work among from the Caucasus. These groups them easier. All the universities and are not on friendly terms with each almost all the high technical schools other. are non-residential.

• From 'TheSludenl World, New York.

THE STUDENTS OF

The distinctly Russian class of stu- Gospel put before them in its simplic- dents produce on a foreigner an im- ity and power. Few Russians have pression that is not prepossessing. read through even the New Testa- With the exception of a few dandies ment. Neither should it be forgotten, in the capitals, they are mostly ex- that for many reasons the bulk of tremely poor and crowd into the uni- Russian students have drifted so far versities without financial means, in from Christianity and have imbibed hope of finding work or lessons to live such a lot of false teaching of every on, and many are almost starving. A kind, that it will need slow, patient, foreigner will also be struck by their plodding work to win a greater numunruliness, lack of restraInt, unrelia- ber of them for the Christ of the Gosbility, lack of enterprise and of perse- pel. This work must be done on Scripverance, and the morE' than loose way, tural, evangelical, interdenominational in which they regard the very worst lines. forms of sin. The sense of good and bad, of right and wrong, seems to be There is no doubt, that new and obliterated to a terrible extent. mighty forces for evil and good are now at work in Russia. A change is But much must be said in favor of visible even in the political attitude these students, to make up for these of students; many have been disapdark outlines. Russians are an emo- pointed in their political idcals and tional people, quick to .feel and to act are now more accessible. "vVe have under impulses, open to the worst and learned much during these years in the to the best and highest influences. You way of political agitation," they say, will hardly anywhere find more warm- "but we have not had time to think for hearted, generous, unselfish people, ourselves." New tendencies are showonce you have won their affections. ing themselves also in the moral and They are willing to spend and be spent religious realms. Crude materialism for a cause they have espoused. A is losing ground, and although theowoman student, living on fifty shillings retical pessimism is swaying great a month, used to give twenty to her numbers and even monism is taking social democratic party. "What do a more definite form, yet Christian tenyou do? What do you sacrifice ?" is a dencies, however vague and feeble, usual question put to a Christian com- are being felt more and more. Prorade. Should not this quality be en- fessor Bulgakoff, in .Moscow, a forlisted in the cause of Christ? mer ardent Marxist and atheist, is putting Christianity to the front wher- One of the most interesting prob- ever he can. Religious-philosophical lems for study is the religious attitude societies are making their appearance, of the students. With a few excep- and much is spoken about Christiantions, thcy consider themselves free- ity. It is a gladdening fact that, thinkers, but, strange to say, the innate among the students, who have come religiousness of the Russian race from the ecclesiastical seminaries, and shows itself even in their very irre- who are commonly regarded as the ligiousness. The very fanatical zeal 1110st hardened of all, we find men in of the anti-Christian propaganda they whom the better knowledge of the carryon, the way they grope after Gospel has prepared the ground for something that will fill the emptiness real service for Christ. They can beof their souls, the number of suicides come our best helpers. committed for purely ethical reasons, and the way they respond if something New spiritual breezes are visibly seems to mcet their needs-arc both blowing over Russia; an awakening expressive and impressive. It must of Christian thought is visibly taking not be forgotten, that tho they usu- place; outward restrictions and hinally reject Christianity in its Biblical drances have mostly been removed. form, consider ing it to be a fable of N ow is the time to press 011 with all the past-they have never had the our might.

EDITORIALS THE WAYS OF PRAYING that He can and does breathe in us first the desires we breath out in Some time since we indicated seven prayer. different ways of giving: "The selfish way, equal way, proportionate way," It is easy to see why we so often etc. It has often occurred to us that fail, and how we may succeed. the word of God hints many ways of praying also, and their mention may THE HOPE OF MISSIONS show their defect and necessary lack of prevailing power. For instance: Isaiah xlii: 1-7. This is one of the 1. The formal way-when prayer great central passages of all prophecy. is a mere form of words, with little The Messiah is here set forth as the or no heart; or when it is simply due serv,:nt .of Jehoyah, upheld by His to the force of a habit which has lost A~mlgh~1t1ess; HIS elect, the object of its real motive power. HI~ ?~!tght, the subject of His Holy Spmts unmeasured indwelling and 2. The hurried way – hastening outworking. through it as a disagreeable and irksome duty-a duty indeed but not a His special mission is to the Gendelight, and to be dismissed as quickly tiles. "He shall not cry," as in helpas may be. less grief, nor "shout," as in boast- ful glory; but perform His service in 3. The selfish way-when the real the quietness bf a divine confidence motive is to consume the coveted and certainty of result. blessing upon ourselves-in some way to promote our own selfish advantage "The bruised reed" and "smoking or pleasure. wick" seem to refer to the golden candlestick, whose branches were 4. The impulsive way-praying as called reeds; and so regarded, this the feeling prompts, and when we verse may refer to the Church, which feel so inclined-without any definite even in periods of spiritual decline, plan of prayer in our lives, or devout He does not forsake. When its habit. branches are "bruised" He does not utterly break them off; and when its 5. The faithless way-with no real lamp burns dim, He does not quench dependence on the pron1ises of God, it, but, by patient, loving discipline, or confident expectation of receiving heals schisms, repairs breaches, and what we ask or seek. breathes new life into the expiring flame, so that the light may shine clear 6. On the contrary, there is the and far. thoughtful way, seeking to meditate upon God, and intelligently under- The fourth verse, open to a similar stand both the nature of prayer and construction, may be translated, "He the good we seek. shall not burn dimly, nor be bruised;" and this makes the thought, through- 7. The earnest way-with the at- out, beautifully consistent. tention of the mind and the desire of the heart absorbed in asking, with a Christ finds His Church with determination to persevere. branches bruised and lights dim, and, by corrective judgments, makes it ca- 8. The trustful way-coming in the pable of a powerful testimony to the spirit of a child; first believing that truth. Weare to look up from a God's promises justify prayer, and fallible, imperfect body of disciples to then that we are coming to a Father, an infallible and perfect Head and both able and willing. Lord, who can not be bruised and broken, nor can His light ever become 9. The consistent way-that is, liv- dim or be extinguished. He shall coring as we pray, and so walking with rect His Church by chastening judg- God as to be ill the way of blessing, ments, and by punitive judgments, and by fellowship with God inviting it.

ro. The spiritual way-so cultivating acquaintance with the Holy Spirit

H)08] EDITORIALS

destroy the wicked, and set up His times in the previous chapters (xli to throne upon the earth: and, for His liii), after the eleventh verse of this law, the isles shall longingly wait and chapter it disappears: "My righteous Ethiopia shall stretch forth imploring Servant shall justify many." Now his hands. work as servant is done; He has suf- God has called Him to be the Justi- fered the just for the unjust to bring fier, and holds His hand and keeps us to God; has justified many and Him; He has entered into a covenant made them "servants of God." They with Him, which is as sure as the MW take up the work He has laid word and oath of God can make it. down, and "fill up that which is be- Christ shall be the light of the Gen- hind in his afflictions." And so, after tiles, tho the Church's lamp may, at this, as in chapter liv: 17, we find the times, seem to be going out and its new phrase, "servants of the Lord"- testimony almost quenched. He shall plural-which occurs ten times from open blind eyes, release imprisoned chapter liv: 17 to lxvi: 14. He who souls, and visit those in the shadow of is "the seed of Jehovah" now sees death. His own seed and it is numerous. The Without claiming this as an exact "Servant of God," thus multiplied a and scholar!y exegesis, careful study thousandfold, (Rom. v: 15-19), ceases of the Hebrew will satisfy the student to suffer, and in the former sense, to that the drift of this paragraph is not serve; and His spiritual offspring take ordinarily apprehended. The grand up the service and suffering for His hope of missions is here shown to be sake. They go into all the world, as the infallible covenant of God, not the witnesses to testify, and, as martyrs, golden candlesticks, but He who to die, for Him and His cause; until "walketh in the midst" of them-not the efficiency and energy of human or- He comes again, and then service and ganization, but the power and grace suffering are merged into triumph of the living, risen, glorified Christ. and glory, and the new heavens and earth, wherein dwelleth righteous- The word, "judgment," occurs here ness, take the place of this sin-cursed in three conspicuous connections; and and sorrow-stricken world; and chaos always calls attention to Divine energy is once more displaced by cosmos. of action. God invites the cooperation of His people, but is not depend· STUDENT VOLUNTEERS IN CHINA ent upon it. He can work in His own The Student Volunteer Movement way-and sometimes by mighty judg- has taken root in China. Revival ments He both brings an unfaithful services were held in Peking two Church to see her duty, and a rebel- years ago, and a good many Uni- lious world to bow and submit to His versity students were laid hold of.

law. The whole outline of the work Sixty of them united in a pledge to missions is suggested in this passage work for the salvation of their fellow in Isaiah; as also of missionary his- countrymen – a student volunteer to~y. and the Divine philosophy of band. Their leader, Mr. Chen, a tutor miSSIOns. in the Peking University, told the A conspicuous change in prophetic story of this company of volunteers terminology occurs at the fifty-third and the work they have done and chapter, "The servant of the Lord" have in view to a meeting of mission· is a phrase wqich occurs frequently, aries at Pei-ta-ho, a health resort on up to the eleventh verse, referring to the Gulf of Pechili.

the Messiah, who represents the true Last summer forty of them spent Israel, the Holy Seed of God, the in- their summer vacation preaching in destructible germ which assures con- the country mission stations, services tinuity to Israel's life, the restorer of much appreciated at every center they moral order. visited. This year forty-seven have But, tho this title occurs nineteen given their vacation to the same work.

Mr. Chen and another of the band of Christian service, when the pyraare at present visiting the Protestant mids crumble to dust, and the monu- Colleges of Shantung, seeking to in- ments of brass and marble crumble. terest other students in the movement. We have only to do our work and leave to our Master our reward.

PRACTISING VIRTUE The Chinese "practise virtue" on THE PERSONAL ELEMENT IN the 8th day of the 12th moon, laying up merit against the future. Donors MISSIONS advertise their intention of thus practising virtue; if the day ends and no A careful comparative study of misone applies, the supplies-consisting sionary biography, and of the life-work of a weak soup which has been kppt of those who have been the feeders ready to serve out to applicants for and supporters of missions at home, twelve hours-are fed to the pigs! reveals nothing more clearly than this, that the degree of real power wielded for Christ depends, not on wealth, rank, culture or genius, but THE MONUMENTS TO MISSIONS on the measure of close personal fel- lowship with God, and in Him with The late Henry M. Stanley had a other fellow workers, and fellow helpgarden, at his home in Birbright, laid ers to the truth. Conspicuous forout to represent Africa. A narrow evermore stand out, even from their little brook represented the Kongo, fellow missionaries, such as Schwartz, branching at one end of the garden Carey, Judson, Livingstone, Duff, to illustrate the Zambesi; a small Bowen, Hudson Taylor, Henry Marwaterfall to remind him of Victoria tyn, Fidelia Fiske, Dr. Baedeker, in Falls, and a little lake to call to mind the foreign field; and Chalmers, the day when he first looked en Vic- Fleming Stevenson, George Muller, toria Nyanza and the source of the John 'Wilkinson, Pennefather, Charles Nile. Probaby the idea was suggested Hodge, Lord Radstock, at home; and, by the park at Blenheim where the in every case, this prominence is Duke of Marlborough planted acres of solely due to this element of personal trees to represent the position of con- relation to the Lord. tending armies in his main engagements; so that every spring might Accordingly the following docuhang out leafy banners and blossoms ment has a wide bearing. Dr. John of triumph to commemorate his vic- R. Davies, of Philadelphia, who gives tories. Many a retired missionary or it to the press, says: explorer, by some such device, might recall the scenes of his earlier labors The original was placed in my care, or travels. shortly before his death. by a parish- But he needs no such ll1emorials. His Master rears to him monuments ioner, David Brainerd Villiamson, a son of another sort-souls renewed, a new literature created, churches formed, of Rev. Alexander Williamson, one of and missions planted, and schools and medical institutions-to make the des- the signers, who, leaving Princeton Semert blossom as the rose, and transform the deathshade. into a valley of light inary in 1822, went as a missionary to and bloom-to displace the thorns and thistles by the planting of the Lord the Indians in the Southern States, [1"- and trees of righteousness that He might be glorified-this, tho it may ding upon horseback, in the discharge of not appear so conspicuous to the eyes of men, is his true memorial, and will such duties, more than four thousand witness to the humility and fidelity miles. Afterward he was the devoted pastor of churches in Indiana, dying at Corydon, in that State, July I4, I849· More than eighty-five years have passed since this covenant was written, the men who signed it having long since entered into rest, but its message is of perma- nent value. The depth of its piety, the sweetness of its spirit, the Christlike character of its purport makes this <;loc- umellt, yellow with ~ge, crumblIlg .1I1to fragments, a word 111 season 1!1 tlIl!es like our st~nwdh en internal and mal1lfold 111- terests to make both the man in

EDITORIALS 30

the pew and the man in the pulpit self- covenant His approbation and His centered and forgetful of the brother- blessing, and when the separations of hood of believers with whom he wor- time are over, unite us again as a band ships and works in the Kingdom of God.

Theological Seminary,' of worshipers in heaven, together Princeton, September 23, 1822. with our dear departed brethren who we trust have gone before us to that "Let brotherly love continue," is not place where we hope to be permitted only the divine command, but it is to see his face and celebrate his praises exactly the feeling of our hearts. Hav- forever. Amen. ing been providentially brought into the same class in this seminary, and (Signed) -George Potts, Michael having enjoyed a long and very pleas- Osborn, Charles Clinton Beatty, ant friendly intercourse, we feel de- James Douglass, John Hudson, Hugh sirous to perpetuate the attachment Wilson, Holloway W. Hunt, Thomas and have therefore resolved to give Kennedy, Moses P. Harris, Augustus and accept this written pledge of it. L. Chapin, Alexander Williamson, John Breckenridge. We have to confess to God and to each other our intercourse as students THE ADVANTAGE OF LATTER-DAY has not been so spiritual, so marked SAINTS with mutual usefulness as from our character and employments it should Luther compared the writers of the have been; yet as. we do each one Old Testament and the New to the hope to be pardoned by the Savior, so two men who carried upon a staff, we do now severally ask forgive- between them, the branch with the ness of each other for everything huge cluster of Eschol grapes. They which has been said or done that was were both bearing the same precious offensive, or in any way inconsistent fruit; but one of them saw it not. The with that tender regard for each oth- other saw both the fruit and the man er's feelings and character which was who was his fellow carrier. Hebrew mutually due. And we do severally believers could not see the full scope forgive sincerely and from the heart and value of the truth they were bear- every offense and do now each one ing for the world, but Christian believ- over the faults and failings of his ers see it all, and how it was given brother spread the veil of Christi<ln in outline and shadow to those of the charity and affectionate fraternal for- elder economy. Augustine said "The getfulness. New Testament is enfolded in the Old, And as we are about to leave this and the Old is unfolded in the New."

beloved retreat and to separate finally Both are indispensable to mutual com- it is probable as to this world, we do pleteness.

mutually offer and accept a sincere Somewhat so is it as to workers in affectionate and disinterested Christian missions. Those who went before and friendship which will last, we fondly only foretold the triumphs of these hope, throughout eternity. We pledge latter clays, bore their testimony but ourselves to love one another, "to be saw not how it was fulfilled in his- kind to one another, and to endeavor t<::ry, perhaps themselves understood as far as possible to promote each not the message they bore. We who other's happiness and usefulness; and, are permitted to engage in the work, also that we will be faithful in coun- not only have our eye on the old Tes- seling and admonishing one another tament prophecies and promises, but in regard to everything which our are permitted to behold the g'>thered duty to GOG and to each other re- fruits of mif-sionary labor-the grow- quires us to notice. ing fulfilment of the long deferred And now may the blest Jesus hope. We have the double inspiration who will not be ashamed (we humbly and encouragement of the Word of hope) to call us brethren, give to our God and the Work of God.

MISSIONARY

INDIA one for boys and one for girls. The plans and estimates for the Jewett How Wonderfully India Has Changed Memorial Church at Ongole have been sanctioned and it will be built at The Hindus and Mohammedans of once at a cost of about $8,000. Cumbum, India, united with the Christians in giving a welcome to Torrid Heat in India sixty missionaries of the American Baptist Telugu Mission, who met A missionary writes feelingly as folthere in conference December 27, lows concerning what he and thou- 1907, to January 2, 1908. Along the sands of other Europeans are comroad, for four long miles the road pelled to endure: was spanned with gay arches, on which "Welcome, Welcome, W el- How the sunshine does scorch down tocome!" was inscribed over and over day! A welcome breeze from the west had again. On one of the arches was to made the night hours unexpectedly tolerabe read: "Hail, Preachers of Truth 1" ble; and after sunrise, the breeze became a wind, ~hic~, while one was in it, despite India Missionaries in Conference the dust It raIsed, was like Lazarus' finger allowed to be dipt in pitying coolness and There are 104 missionaries con- waved to and fro over poor, condemned nected with the India mission. The souls. But in the Bazaar street, or along year just closed has been one of the narrow, evil-smelling pathways between steady progress. A few stations re- the village huts, where the walls shut off port a considerable number of bap- the wind, the heat sprang up and choked tisms: one, while on the open spaces often the wind was forgotten because of the sun burn- s; Sooriapett, 387; N algonda, 220; On- ing down ~rom. above, and the aU-prevailing glare beat111g 111 from every side. Hardgale, 21 altogether there were 2,132 baked fields, unseamed yet by the plow for adult baptisms within the mission, of the most part, ali bare and bleached-and whom about one-half came from the t~i? sh~)Uld be the time of sown seed upnon-Christian community. The num- nS111g 111 fertIle greenness, struggling with ber of caste people baptized num- the wilful weeds as to which shall own the bered 44, which is 12 more than last soft, wet earth. year and nearly three times as many as any preceding year. A Refuge from the Torrid Heat In spite of the hard times and semi- Koclaikanal has become, in a pecufamine, much progress has been made, liar sense, the missionary center of Inand quite a number of the 142 or- dia. It is a beautiful mountain reganized churches are wholly or almost treat in South India, between 7,000 self-supporting. The Indian Christians and 8,000 feet above the sea, and posalone gave last year nearly $400 to sest of a unique climatic charm. Durthe Telugu Home Mission Society, ing the last two months no fewer than which was an increase of $66 on the 309 missionary adults came to this year before. The spiritual tone of the place for rest and recuperation. They churches is good, and while there represent 2S missionary societies workhave been some defections, discipline ing in at least 4 provinces of India, is well exercised. and are members of 8 different nation- alities. It is wonderful how much of The continu~d hard times have a a unifying power this sanitarium posdisastrous effect on the schools, partic- sesses as it warms up in fellowship ularly those in the. country hamlets. and amity these many polyglot Chris- The college at Ongole has had a pros- tian workers of India. And it is not perous year with over 300 students, too much to claim tha~ during the last of who~ more than half are Chris- twenty years, many ot the movements tians. The mission maintains a high which have made for organized union school at Kurnool and two at N ellore, and fellowship in this great land had first their orig-in in suggestion, discus-

GENERAL lIISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 30

sion, or organization at this mountain and neglect any systematic attention retreat in the heart of the Madura to its duties. There is, no doubt, a Mission. I know of nothing which IS small minority who are consistent and better for the missionary force in In- exemplary in their attendance at dia than to be thus able to meet at this church services and their observance and other centers for prayer and for of Sunday as a sacred day. But that conference concerning the problems is not the case with the majority. I which confront them and to cultivate think of a Sunday at Poona! The the spirit of love which is necessary station is full of soldiers and civilians, wisely to solve them. and the upper-class Europeans during the rains. There is only a moderate DR. J. P. JONES. attendance at church at the eight 0'clock service, and the official ele- A Hideous By-product of Hinduism ment is feebly represented.

Rev. J. P. Jones writes in the Ad- Medical Missionaries in India vance as follows: "There are at least The January issue of Medical M is- 5,000,000 religious mendicants who are sions in India gives the name, medical entirely non-productive and live upon qualification, society and address of 313 the people of the land. A few of them, medical missionaries in India, this large doubtless, are sincere and are seeking total representing an increase over after communion with God. But the the previous year of 12. A separate vast maiority of them are lazy and list of nurses contains 124 names, an rotten to' the core. Their life is known increase of 26. Accompanying this to be utterly worthless, and they are issue of the journal is a carefully armorally pestiferous in their influence ranged monthly prayer cycle of mediupon the whole community. It is cal missionaries and nurses, which known that they have entered this pro- must form a very sacred link between fession because they are too indolent workers widely separated by distance, to support themselves by honest work. 2nd divided in a sense by creed, but And yet the people accept them as rep- all following in the footsteps of One resenting the highest type of piety in who "et'lt about doing good and healthe land. Even the poorest among ing. them would give their last morsel to these worthless men. And even when Is There Hope for India? such offerings are not voluntary there are very few in the community who Have we yet really grasped the suwould dare to refuse an offering to preme problem of India? Rev, A. these religious mendicants, because C. Clayton, a missionary in the Madthey are so ready to invoke the most ras district, writing in regard to the dreadful imprecations upon those who recent census, has some words which decline to give anything to them. may be helpful in making clear the And there are few things that an or- difficulties which face, and which in thodox Hindu dreads more than the God's mercy are being overcome by, curse of a religious ascetic. the presentation of the Gospel of Christ. He says: Europeans as Hinderers of the Gospel Hindus, Mohammedans, Buddhists, In The East and The West the demon worshipers, and the like, make Bishop of Southampton, formerly a boast of 29r,OOO,ooo, while in alJ In- Bishop of Bombay, writes as follows: dia and Burma there are scarcely 2,500,- 000 native Christians, most .of them very European society, viewed as a humble folk gathered from the outcast whole, is materialistic and unspiritual. classes. . . . But when it is remem- The'life is not religious. This is in- bered that thirty years ago the 2,500,opo comparably the saddest feature in the were only r,250,000, there is cause for life of our people in India. Large confidence. numbers of them forget their religion,

Isabella Thoburn College Bishop, together with their copy- books, drawing and arithmetic. Then This well-known Christian institu- the Bishop and his chaplain departed tion in Lucknow has had phenomenal and the pupils came on to the ve~ results during the past year in the rafo1da and asked if the Bishop had government university examinations. enjoyed the tamasha, and an old, old In the B. A. examinations the num- woman confest that she had lifted ber of candidates sent up from the a little bit of the curtain and 'had seen provinces was 375, and in results Miss the Dishop !' " Lucy Bolton of this college heads the list. In the first arts examination a CHINA total of 641 candidates went up, and Dorothy Bolton of this college heads Radical Resolutions on Reform the list. In the entrance examination' a total of 1,367 candidates went up, Perhaps the most striking fact in and among this number 12 scholar- the last year's record is the serious ships were to be distributed in order ~ttempt which is being nude to abolof merit. Two were given girls of Ish, as far as possible, the distinction this college. Of the sixteen scholar- between Manchus and Chinese' that ships in the middle school examina- is, the difference in dress, in 'social tion of 27 girls, 5 came to the stu- status ~nd official standing between dents of this college. The director of the ru1111g caste and the subject Chipublic instruction says that the Isa- nese. Some time since, the Empress bella Thoburn College continues to excel in examinations.~Christian Ad- powager .issued a decree alIowing the vocate. 1l1termarnage of <;::hinese and Man- chus, hoping thereby to consolidate A Bishop's Visit to a Zenana the two races. Later, at a meeting held in Peking of members of the "The Mohammedan branch of the grand council and presidents of the Zenana Mission has been working in ministries of state, ten resolutions Calcutta for a quarter of a century, were adopted to be submitted to the but little is known about it, because throne, of which the following were its work is 'purdah.' Lately the Bishop the most important: of Calcutta desired to see some of its activities, and the most elaborate pre- I.-Abolition of useless Manchu garricautions had to be taken before his sons throughout China proper. episcopal zeal could be gratified. The houses he visited are a secret. Why? ?.-Appointment of both Manchu and Because some of the girls in them are Chinese to all posts throughout the Emunmarried, and ignorant persons pire, without favor. • might perhaps imagine that the eyes of the Bishop rested on the pupils of 3.-·Alteration of dress by Manchu the missionaries. All that the Bishop women and girls, as far as possible. really saw were verandas, and chairs and tables. The doors were closed, 4.-To allow Manchus to become merthe half-open venetians were covered chants and do business in the same way by heavy curtains, and inside the as Chinese, so that they may support houses the pupils of the missionaries themselves and their families without read the Bible for the edification of depending upon their military pay, which the Bishop, who placed his fatherly WIll be gradually abolished during the ear to the purdah. Afterward a mis- next ten years. sionary offered, on behalf of the ladies of the house, iced lemonade and 5.-To encourage intermarriage becigars, also neck ornaments for the tween Manchu and Chinese officials. Bishop's M em sahib. The needlework done by the pupils was shown to the 6.-To enlist both Manchus and Chi- nese for military service hereafter, with- out distinction.

7.-To inflict severe penalties upon Manchu or Chinese authorities who at- tempt to create barriers between the two races.

A Year's Progress in China In reviewing the imperial edicts pro- claimed in I907, the Chinese Recorder for January suggests as follows: One is tempted to say, with a sigh of hope

GENERAL MISSIONARY

deferred: "It is the same old story- of them at first. They were not too much of promise on paper." But this clean. We were inclined to be suspiis not the whole story. Anti-opium cious of them. We did not underreform bulks large in fact; a consid- stand them, and they did not undererable advance has been made in put- stand us. We thought that they ting constitutional reforms into prac- might have some ulterior motive. But tise (tho perhaps not much more than it is four or five years since they reorganization can be claimed as yet; came to us, and we have not found and that not very extensive in point of any ulterior motive yet. They came territory); sincere efforts to adjust to us in swarms, and filled our kitchthe political relations of the mission- ens and bedrooms, and every room ary propaganda have been made, if in the house. They brought their only from an instinct of self-protec- own food, and slept on the floors. tion; and the enlightened policy of We had Miao everywhere. When sending young men to study in Eu- their food was exhausted they went rope and America, as announced in away for more, but while they were edicts of recent years, is proceeding away others were coming. We did more intelligently and with more care not know a word of their language. and zeal than ever, since the return of There was no use to give them Chithe five ambassadors. According to nese books. It would be like giving Dr. Morrison, correspondent of the French books to English children. London Times, there are now 420 But we set our wits to work, and re- Chinese students in schools and col- duced their language to writing. Then leges in America alone. we got blackboards, and taught them their A. B. C. They were so deeply Substantial Christian Progress interested that they kept us up until three o'clock in the morning teaching Rev. E. ]. Lee writes in the Spirit them. At last we decided to go to of Missiolls: The growth of the them. We did so and they have ac- Church in China is very much like cepted Christ by hundreds and thouthat of the banyan tree, whose branch- sands. You should see them making es drop roots and so become themselves bricks and building chapels and centers of support and nourishment, schoolhouses and studying their lesfrom which the tree continues to grow sons, and pointing others to Christ. and spread. Our work in Anking They are beginning to teach other branched out to Taihu and took root tribes. About 3,000 of them have prothere. Taihu, in her turn, has sent fest conversion, and ten of them are out several branches, which are tak- training as Christian workers. They ing root, and one of these is Hsiu- have erected five chapels. All this in tsang. 7Ve have here a constituency the last four years.-Christian Herald. of about 80, only two of whom, however, have been baptized, the others The Blind Bo)' Who Saw Jesus being most of them in the beginner's stage. The Christians have recently Dr. Griffith ] ohn writes : "We had bought a house for the mission and in our church at Hankow a blind boy are fitting it up gradually as they are who was generally called Blind able. =Iwang. When about sixteen years old, his father came to one of our Three Thousand Miao Converted chapels and heard the Gospel for the first time. He wa~ touched, came Mrs. S. Pollard, of China, in a re- again; and at length confest faith cent meeting, said: I suppose you in ) eSl1S, cast away his idols, and have all heard of the wonderful re- joined the church. Later he brought vival among the strange Miao aborig- this son as a candidate for memberines of the province of Yunnan. We ship. I asked him if he loved Jesl1s, didn't go to the Miao people. They and he said. "I do." "But. you are came to us. We did not like the looks

blind and have never seen Him." Koreans as Givers "True, but I see Him with my mind's eye." I asked him to pray with me, In some of the Korean churches it and he offered a beautiful prayer. is customary to make offerings of time as well as of money, each mem- He entered the blind school of the ber stating how many days during Wesleyan mission and lea'rned to read the year he will devote to evangelisand write. He also learned basket- tic work. A Bible-class in Seoul, making. Later still he went to Pe- numbering 450, pledged themselves to king where he learned music, and give 2,200 days this year. In Pyeng finally returned to Hankow to engage Yang, men and women who had in Christian work. So wonderful is passed through the fire of experience his memory that he has memorized the and were filled with the Holy Ghost, entire New Testament and the hymn resolved to visit every house in the book. city. They not merely invited peo- ple to attend the meetings, but in the KOREA power of God, told of the Savior's love for the lost sinner. Many hun- What It Costs to Be a ChriJtian dreds profest faith in Christ, and the ingathering in the various churches Mrs. A. M. Nisbet, of the Presby- continues. A missionary society has terian Mission, writes from Chunju: been formed, and five men have already been appointed native mission- The Koreans are a bright, intel- ary evangelists. The spirit of sacriligent people, and possess a good deal fice and self-denial is manifest everyof steadfastness of purpose. I used where. Men and women traveled on to think, before I came to the mission foot, over rough roads through mounfield, that there was a great deal of tainous country, distances of 120 danger of the natives professing to miles, to study the Bible for two accept Christ because of "the loaves weeks so as to have the truths made and fishes." But I find it very dif- clearer. How these Koreans do love ferent. It costs something to be a to study the Bible! They P~lt to Christian here. You know at home shame many in our home churches. the line between the Church and the One woman sold some of her hair world is such a narrow little path that that she might come to Pyeng Yang it is hard for us always to tell on to study in the Bible Institute. Parwhich side some of our friends are ents deny themselves that their chilwalking; it is not so here. Take the dree may go to school, and they find one thing of Sabbath observance. great joy in their sacrifice. Every five days there is a big market at Chunju, to which the farmer, mer- JAPAN chant, mechanic-everyone comes and brings what he has to sell. A Chinese Students in Japan man makes more on market day than on the other four doubled, generally. In the Student Warld Mr. John R. Of course, every few weeks market Mott gives some very striking facts day rolls around on Sunday. Now a regarding the number and condition Korean Christian not only has to give of Chinese students in Japan. During up one-seventh of his income (by his visit to the Imperial University, keeping one day sacred from barter in Tokyo, six years ago, he found not and trade), and so suffer the jeers to exceed twenty. Two years later and sneers of his neighbors, but some- the number had increased to 500, and times that day is market day, which the next year to 2,000, and in the means a big pecuniary loss. Yet last spring of 1907, according to the esti- Sabbath market day Mr. Nesbit mate of the Chinese ambassador, counted the heads of more than 1,000 there were not less than 15,000 Chimen and boys in our Sabbath-school. nese in the educational institutions in It meant something for them to be Japan. Owing to the action of the there.

908 ] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGE~CE

Chinese government by which politi- self-supporting, and they raised for cal agitators and those who had iden- home expensesancl missionary work tified themselves with the revolution- over 18,000 yen ($9,000). Even the ary propaganda were eliminated and laymen are organizing an auxiliary, the attitucle of the Japanese educators and the women, too, are holding an in discouraging the coming of short- annual meeting of their missionary term students, the number has de- societies. Yet these Japanese brethcreased until there are about !O,ooo. ren have not outgrown their affection From Szechwan province, which for the American Board, and a vote stands before the gates of Tibet, 600 of thanks was passed for what it has students have gone to Tokyo, and done thus far for Japan. from Hunan, the last province to admit missionaries to residence, 1,250, NORTH AMERICA the largest number from anyone province. Mr. Mott says: "In the World-Work of the Y.M.C.A. history of the world there has been no such extensive migration of stu- According to John R. Mott, recently dents from one land to another in so returned from a tour around the short a period. Here we find several world: Tho the Y. M. C. A. has been thousand young men, who have come at work for only about half a generaout from the proudest nation, the tion, there are now stationed at pivotal most conservative nation, the most se- positions over 70 foreign secretaries, cluded nation, aptly called the Walled representing 8 nations and over 20 Kingdom, to sit at the feet of their Christian bodies. They are a picked conqueror in order to learn the secret body of men, and they have raised up of her progress and power." nearly as many native secretaries. The latter are the hope of the movement, Japanese Independence for it is the policy of the Association to develop the native branch of the Says an exchange: How steadily work rather than the foreign. The and efficiently do those Japanese Con- proportion of young men in these gregationalists run their own affairs! Eastern countries who are becoming The recent report of the annual meet- Christians has been steadily increasing of Kumi-ai churches at Osaka ing, and this is particularly marked sounds much like that of any assem- among the educated classes. Among blage of our churches in this country. those who have been reached are Gov- They discust the pensioning of retired ernment officials and students, as well ministers, the raising of a church as men with money power; and the building loan fund, modifications of observant traveler will find there the traditional Congregationalism – note beginning of a Student Volunteer that word traditional; they ordained Movement in these countries. two ministers and pledged 1,150 yen ($575) for continuing evangelistic Missions and Pennsylvania Students inissions in various cities, and actually talked about engaging in real foreign A very interesting consequence of missionary work, by which they the Men's Missionary Convention 111 meant efforts in behalf of other races Philadelphia, was a mass-meeting of in other lands. Already they have the students of the University of established at Seoul, Korea, a Ku- Pennsylvania on Wednesday evening, mi-ai chu~ch, and are beginning work which was addrest by Robt. E. Speer, at Pyeng Yang. But when it comes to J. Campbell White, and W. B. Smith, comparisons, they outstrip us in their at which nearly one hundred men volspiritual harvests, for these ninety- unteered to join classes for the study four Kami-ai churches baptized over of missionary topics. Several years 2,000 persons during 1907. More ago Joseph McCracken, the famous than half of their churches are now full-back of the University team or- ganized the "University Mission in Canton, China," which has since been

supported by the alumni and students the earlier "Charlotte articles of agreeof the University, and for which a ment." The delegates of the new body number of the best men the University decided that they must define a sphere has turned out have volunteered, and for useful work if they were to vindiare now in active service in China. cate the existence of their organiza- tion. As given in The Interior (Chi- Secretary Taft and Foreign Missions cago), missionary service was the ac- tivity chosen. The Laymen's Missionary :Movcment has arranged for a Men's Meet- "Two committees were appointeding in Carnegie Hall, New York, on one on cooperation in foreign mis- April 20th, at 8 P. M., when Secre- sions, the other on cooperation in tary Taft, Silas McBee, Editor of home missions. These committees The Churchman, John R. Mott and brought in strong reports. In foreign ]. Campbell White will speak. There missions joint action was proposed in wi11 also be presented a preliminary the maintenance of colleges, theologireport of the Laymen's Commission cal schools, and hospitals, in the prepwhich has been making a personal in- aration and circulation of Christian vestigation of foreign mission fields, literature in native languages, in pubthis year. Over sixty prominent lay- lic protest against the immoral inmen of all denominations are mem- fluence of many commercial represenbers of this Commission. Secretary tatives in non-Christian lands, and Taft has seen much of mission work especially in the now' almost wholly in the Philippines, and in other parts neglected ministry of the Englishof the Orient; he will speak of his speaking populace of the port cities of observations of the work, and of the missionary countries. In home missions, interest of the nation in the missions conferences among the denominational of the Church. Admission wi11 be by boards on similar features of their ticket only. A limited number of tick- work were recommended. J oint pubets will be allotted to each denomjna- lication of literature–especially Suntion. Men wishing to attend from a day-school periodicals-was recomdistance should apply for tickets, with mended as practicable economy. Warnstamped envelope for reply, to Lay- ing was voiced against the danger of men's Missionary Movement, I Madi- multiplying duplicate agencies in Sunson Avenue, New York. day-school missionary work. The sub- ject of young people's nurture was The meeting in Carnegie Hall will marked as an important theme of conbe in the nature of an international ference and combined advance. But meeting of the Movement. Men will the most emphatic and important prinbe present from all parts of the Uni- ciple which the Federation adopted ted States and Canada. under this head was its record of the conviction that the 'principle of co- Cooperative Missionary Service operation should be applied as far as possible to work among the colored Missionary service is the especial people of our country.' A permanent bond of unity with which the Presby- committee on work for colored peoterian Federation has sealed its organi- ple was named besides the one on genzation. This "Council of the Reformed eral home missions." Churches in America holding the Presbyterian System,"held its first ses- The Forward Movement sion in the Marble Collegiate Church, New York some weeks since. It During the past few months, Rev. is composed of the American Presby- Charles H. Pratt has enlisted 68 terian Church, the Southern Presby- churches in the Forward Movement in terian Church the Reformed Church the southeastern portion of the Assemin America, ~nd the United Presby- bly. Most of these are small churches. terian Church-four of the seven de- They gave to foreign missions last nominations that were signatories to

MISSIONARY

year $3,339. They have receritly sub- $10,000, while a society woman of scribed on the Forward Movement Boston pledged $50,000 with the unplan $15,450. Mr. Pratt is now visit- derstanding that her name was not to ing the churches in the Presbytery of be mentioned. Florida. Rev. F. A. Brown has recently visited the churches of the Fifteen nationalities are enrolled in Presbytery of Palmyra in the interest the institution, and it is the only of the Movement. Thirty-eight serv- college for women in the Western ices were held and 13 churches en- Levant. The college language is Englisted in the Movement in 25 days. Mr. lish, but French, German, Latin, An- Brown's next itinerary is in the Pres- cient and Modern Greek, Armenian, bytery of St. Louis.-Christian Ob- Bulgarian, Slavic, Turkish, Persian server. and Arabic are taught by 26 profess- ors of the best ability and of different Church Growth nationalities. The largest number of students has been 197, and the stand- It is interesting to note, from the ard of scholarship has been constantly Presbyterian records, the fact that raised, so that the diploma of the colabout fifty churches report over 1,000 lege is accepted in at least two Euromembers each, and eight, over 2,000 pean universities. each, Bethany Church of Philadelphia leading with about 4,000. More signif- A Model Missionary Sunday icant is the fact that eighteen have received on confession 100 or more each, For at least eighteen years the secand in this list, the first church of ond Sunday after the Epiphany has Seattle leads with 613, and Bethany been observed by the congregation follows with 294, and Kankaka with and Sunday-school of the Church of 269. Such phenomenal growth is the Holy Apostles, Philadelphia, as worth studying. Especially do we "Missionary Sunday." All the offercommend the Seattle and Bethany ings on that day are 'sent to the Board churches as pursuing methods worthy of Missions without designation. The of consideration and emulation. Pros- first service of the day is a celebration perity in these cases is no accident, nor of Holy Communion, especially for is it the result of sensational methods. the officers and teachers and scholars There is a way of sowing that invites of the church and chapel Sundayabundant reaping. Why not have a schools. In addition to the usual congress of churches to study success- morning and evening services there ful methods of soul-winning? is a special service in the afternoon for the younger people, following the Large Gifts to a Splendid School form suggested in the leaflet issued by the Board. These figures show an More than $100,000 was subscribed interesting growth in the amount of in a few hours last week by prominent the offering of the congregation: women of New York City at the home of Miss Helen Gould for the Ameri- 1890, $2.50 1896 $ 992 1902, $1,785 can College for Girls at Constantino- 1897, 1,027 ple, which was destroyed by fire two 1891, 339 1903, 4,392 years ago. Miss Gould visited the 1892, 492 1898, 1,099 1904, 4,213 school last year. She influenced Dr. 1893, 730 1905, 4,599 Mary Mills Patrick, president of the 1894, 727 1899, 1,053 1906, 6, 183 college, to come to America to rep- 1895, 755 1900, 1,146 resent its needs, and it was at a lec- 1907, 6,139 ture given by Dr. Patrick that the 1901, 1,296 money was raised. Miss Gould contributed $10,000, Mrs. Russell Sage In making preparation for the offcr~ $10,000, Miss Grace Dodge $10,000, ing, emphasis is laid upon the fact John H. Converse, of Philadeplhia, that every baptized person is a mem- ber of the missionary society, so that the responsibility and privilege of sharing in the enterprise becomes a personal one.-Spirit of Missions.

A Protest Against the Laymen's Movement ~I"ei!o.t Loss to British Guiana To those acquainted with the gen- Says The Mission Field: The eral feeling among the officials death is announced of Miss Anna charged with the duty of promoting Maria Austin, of the Duffryn Mismissions, it is not surprizing that a sion, Essequibo, British Guiana, somewhat vigorous protest has been who for 63 years had been engaged in made against the exclusive policy of missionary work among the Indians. the Men's Mis"ionary Movement, She was known among the Indians which exerts itse1f in behalf of for- as Tete, i. e. "Great Mother." She eign missions alone. Such a protest was the last surviving daughter of the has been voiced by Dr. Henry L. Rev. William Austin, who was for Morehouse, secretary of the American 59 years vicar of St. John's parish, Baptist Home Missionary Society and Essequibo. Mr. Kirke, in his book enone of the most prominent missionary titled "Twenty-five Years in British leaders of the country. The protest is Guiana," says of her :"This exemplary based upon the fact that at a recent woman has lived for years surrounded meeting of the executive board of by the gentle Indian people, whose the Movement, it was definitely de- children she has taught to read and cided that nothing but foreign mis- sew, whose wives she has protected sions should be included in its work. while the men were away fishing and Dr. Morehouse considers this decision woodcutting. She has been a sort of to be "an almost inconceivable blun- protecting goddess to these poor peoder for good men to make in this day ple, and her sole recompense has been of unparalleled opportunity and need their love and devotion." at home." He points out that such a decision sets up anew the artificial A Hero of Chili barriers between home .and f9reign missions and he goes so far as to call One of our fonner missionaries in upon the men of his denomination to Chili tells the interesting incident of refuse to accept any such limitation the conversion and self-control of one of their missionary interest.-Cumber- of the prominent evangelists working land Presbyterian. there to-day, an ordained member of the Presbytery of Chili, and in charge SPANISH AMERICA of the church at the Port of Taltal, together with working in the interior. Mexico Religiously This man was a Chilian Tortilero. He carried or wheeled his cakes and spe- Mexico is said to be the most pro- cial bread along the streets crying his gressive of the Latin American re- list, going from door to door among publics. The census of 1890 reports the poorest people. After his convera population of 13,545,000. Thirty- sion he was always ready to testify eight per cent. of the population are for Christ, even to those who were Indians, hardly civilized, and forty- the most outspoken enemies of the three per cent. mixed blood. Among Gospel. He was always ready to take the religions are Roman ~atholics. part in public service. His tongue, numbering over 13,380,000; Protes- however, often got the better of him, tants, over 40,000; Jews, 8,900, and either when driving a bargain with a other religions, about 62,000. The last wrangling customer, or in his tenavailable report shows 38,864 profess- dency to exaggerate in his testimony ing Christians, of whom 20,638 are of the things pertaining to the Gosregular communicants. The total num- pel. At such times he voluntarily imber of missionaries is given as 216, posed upon himself a gag. He claimed with 680 workers, including men and it was so easv to lie, and so natural women. There are 116 stations and in his business, also that his inclinaoutstations. tion to magnify facts seemed so

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 3II

inborn in him, that in no other way sities' Mission to Central Africa.

could he control himself or satisfy his "He never saw any man whose ap- own conscience; so he willingly im- pearance told its own tale as Living- posed this punishment upon himself. stone's did." The lecture was "a series He frequently wore this gag for an of notes on Africa and on the open hour, sometimes for two hours,and oc- path for commerce and Christianity casionally for six hours at a time, and which he had been permitted to thus forced his memory to help him make." Livingstone apologized for overcome his besetting sin. Finally, his language on the ground that he he won the victory over himself, and had "spoken the native languages of was always, after this, composed, Africa for seventeen years;" but no happy, radiant and deeply spiritual, eloquent peroration could have been· altho frequently under the fear of ad- so effective as his closing words: "Do verse criticism, the subject of scorn, you carry out the work which I have hatred, and open opposition. begun. I leave it with you."

JOHN TIMOTHY STONE. Livingstone and Cecil Rhodes EUROPE It may seem almost profane to put Missionary Enterprise in England the two names in the same category; We are accustomed to think that but in connection with the meeting ours is the country of bold underta- just mentioned the Scottish Review.

kings and that new schemes in mis- has ventured to say: sions, as in other matters, are apt to "There have been two men in Afri- originate here. Behold the daring of can history during the past century our cousins across the sea, who are who deserve to be called men of des- preparing to hold in London next tiny. One was Livingstone, and the June a great missionary exhibition, to other was Rhodes. Of the two, the be called "The Orient in London." first was far the purer and nobler How large and elaborate this presen- type. The career of the great mis- tation of missionary work will be may sionary is stained by no crimes be judged from the fact that the esti- and marred bv no blunders. But both mated expense is $35,000. The rep- had certain q&alities in common. Both resentation of missionary scenes will were robust optimists, believing that be both artistic and realistic. One of in time the desert could be made to the promenades of the exhibition is to blossom as the rose. Livingstone be- represent an Eastern street, with the lieved in the possibilities of the dark various courts lining the roadway. Mr. races, and in the value of contact with Moss, who managed the Ramsey Pag- the best civilization. Rhodes dreamed eant which charmed England recently, of an Africa where white and black has been engaged to present for this could live in harmony, with equal exhibition a pageant entitled, "Dark- rights.

ness and Light," representing the con- "Both, again, had practical good trast between heathenism and Chris- sense. They saw the economic needs tianity. Ten kindred societies are of the country, the necessity of routes expected to have courts or stalls at the and highways of commerce; and they exhibition.-Missionary Herald. grasped that cardinal f~ct that civil- Livingstone's Life Reviewed ization, if it is to last, must pay a dividend. Both, finally, had imagina- A Livingstone Memorial Meeting tion. Rhodes could see beyond the was recently held in the Senate House bare leagues of bush to a country of at Cambridge. The Registrar of the cornfields and homesteads, and Liv- University spoke as one who was ingstone could discern in the lowest present at the famous lecture deliv- savage the promise of something to ered in 1857, of which the direct out- be shaped to noble ends. Faith and come was the founding of the Univer- imagination on a grand scale, com-

bined with a clear-eyed perception of A~ong the methods to be adopted present needs-this is the equipment Will be (I) The visitation of the of the pioneer; and Livingstone must churches by a number of ministers.

rank among the greatest pathfinders (2) Simultaneous mission lasting of the British race." from November IS to 22. (3) The A Missionary Jubilee systematic study of foreign missions and the promotion of study classes in It may not be generally known that all the churches. (4) Conferences. at the present time there are about 90 ( 5) The preparation and circulation women's missionary societies, most of of missionary literature. (6) Special them of comparatively recent date. prayer throughout the year. Until 1858 there were only 3; but in that year a fourth was founded, which Independent Catholic Movement is now celebrating its Jubilee-the This movement is making rapid Women's Auxiliary of the Wesleyan progress in France, where a grc:lt Missionary Society. It cooperates change has taken place, the large mawith the Society in India, Ceylon, and jority of the people favoring the action China, devoting itself to work that in of the Government. Three years ago these lands only women may do. some hundreds of priests, through Twenty thousand girls are receiving reading the New Testament, formed a Christian teaching in its schools; combination with a view to establish- 80,000 patients were treated last year ing themselves and their congregain its hospitals; thousands of women tions on new lines "los von Rom." In in zenanas and pariah hilts are under consultation over a proper man to religious instruction, and a great num- lead them on with advice and examber through its industrial work have ple, they decided upon M. Meillon, been saved from starvation and still the converted priest at the head of worse evils. Because the harvest is the Paris Mission of Protestant congreater than the workers have strength verts. This talented successor of the to reap, a Jubilee Thanksgiving Fund lamented Abbe Courneloup entered of £20,000 is being raised, to be spent fully into the spirit of the movement, on the better equipment of the hospi- and accepted the choice of himself as tals (now 10 in number), the schools, a leader in counsel. on converts and rescue homes, on training Bible-women and women The claims of 300 priests, and 300 doctors, and in augmenting a small congregations willing to be led, came pension and sick fund for disabled so powerfully upon his soul, zealous women missionaries. for the promotion of the Gospel light, and truth, and salvation, that he has London Society's Campaign resigned the charge and employment An important circular has been just of the Paris office and has concen- issued in regard to the special cam- trated his time and talents to these paign of the London Missionary So- congregations called by Government, ciety during the year. "Associations culturvelles." They are In view of Dr. Wardlaw Thomp- banded together in a league, and these son's unanimous election to the Chair- are some of their pronouncements: manship of the Congregational Union, Separation from Rome; establishment it has been widely felt that his year on the basis of the Gospel; absolute of office should be celebrated in all the independence to be the right of each churches of the denomination as pre- Church, yet federation of all; election eminently a missionary year. The of trustees by and their own Associa- object aimed at is to carry out a cam- tions only; perfect liberty as to paign for the definite purpose of in- Rome's dogmas, and substitution of forming and inspiring the churches, French for Latin in public worship; and special emphasis will be laid on loyalty to the Republic.-Mission the spiritual side of the campaign. World.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Swedish Evangelical National Socief7 150 ,000,000 souls. He writes with en- The Fosterlands stiftelsens is the thusiasm of what has already been oldest of the Swedish Missionary So- done and says that there is a great cieties, having celebrated its fiftieth opening for us everywhere in Russia anniversary in 1906, and also the but especially in the south. He says; largest, having expended $161,717 for "I could place 50 men immediately if its work in 1906. Its spheres of ac- I had them. We must put a man down tivity are in East Africa and in India. in Moscow, the heart of Russia."- In East Africa its missionaries are W estern Advocate.

at work among the Gallas, the inhab- The Papacy Smitten in Italy itants of Abyssinia, and the heathen inhabitants of the Italian colony of An apparently reliable statement Eritrea. The work among the Gallas has come from the pen of Rev. A.

is most encouraging, while great dif- Robertson, of Venice, which informs ficulties have to be overcome in Abvs- us of the i)resent ecclesiastical state sinia, where the jealousy and the "in- of Italy. In this paper we are told trigues of the priests just at present that "the tables in Italy are entirely seem to make aggressive missionary reversed." The Pope is saved from work impossible. In Eritrea the work actual violence, at the hands of the makes rapid progress. According to people of Rome, by the hated Italian the report for 1906 the Fosterlands bayonets only. A great cry was sent stiftelsens employed in East Africa 42 up by the Church for what France Swedish and 58 native workers upon has done in confiscating its property.

14 stations. The 36 missionary But in Italy "All property has been schools were attended by 858 pupils, taken from them. The Papal Church while 125 baptisms increased the num- does not possess a stone of building ber of native Christians to 1,122. in the land, or an inch of Italian soil.

The Swedish work in India is It can not hold, it can not build, it among the Hindus and was being car- can not inherit property. It is a ten- ried on, in 1906, by 52 Swedish and ant at will. Formerly the schools were 95 native workers upon 8 stations. entirely in the hands of the priest- The 24 missionary schools were at- hood. "Now no priest, no monk, no tended by 768 pupils, while 79 bap- nUll, 110 sister is permitted to be a tisms increased the number of native teacher in anv national school-all the Christians to 1,243. teachers of these schools are laymen The Society also supports Seamen's and laywomen. Education in Italy is lIissions in a number of foreign sea- national, secular, compulsory, free and ports. lay. The children of Italy, during RUSSIA school vears, must attend the national Good News from a Dark Land schools"; before and after that term priests and nuns are at liberty to teach In a marvelous manner God has re- them. And the conditions prevailing cently opened the cloor into the great in these schools have been subjected, empire of Russia. A few years ago on complaint, to a government inves- one of our German preachers went tigation, with the result that shocking over the northern frontier into revelations of immoralitv were made. Kowno, Russia, amI now we have As a consequence-"th~ government there a flourishing circuit. One year has closed many clerical, infant, and ago we appointed the Rev. Hj. Salmi high-class schools and many priests to Saint Petersburg. He reports 150 and sisters are in prison."

conversions. A few months ago we "The attitude of the people to Prot- transferred 1:he Rev. Geo. A. Simons, estantism is manifestly friendly. The a young man of brilliant parts, gospel of Christ, preached in all its from the New York East Conference simplicity, is well received and the to take charge of this vast field of halls, where services are helel always

crowded. Dr. Robertson tells us that development to his energetic financial the fields are white for the harvest and that "at the present moment Italy is administration and constant fostering open to the Gospel!" care. Ve refer to the great modern MOSLEM LANDS English-speaking university at Beirut, Gospel Work in Asia Minor formerly styled the Syrian Protestant Dr. J. K. Greene writes as follows College. to the M iss iOlw r1) Herald.' Asia Minor is -the center of Turkish This school of civilization surprises power, with its population of some e~ery new be~older. Having pre~ 13,000,000 Turks and of 5,000,000 Greeks, Armenians, Europeans, and YlOusly entertamed, perhaps, some others. The Turkish peasants are a patient, hard-working people, and vague idea of a "college" in which a from them is recruited the main bocly of the Turkish army. The Greeks and handful of native youth sit at the feet Armenians are for the most part traders and artisans. Eighty years ago of the local missionary,. the American Christians began to cast the Gospel leaven into this Asiatic mass. visitor discovers, generally to his im- The 'missionaries whom they sent sought to revive the Eastern churches mense astonishment, what the Beirut by a fresh presentation of Christ and of his teachings. What response has institution really is. He finds a thorbeen made to such teaching? oughly organized and perfectly crys-. The response is found in spiritual fruit; in the organization of 123 evan- tallized university with a faculty of gelical churches, with 14,276 members and 50,008 adherents. These churches 80 or more accomplished and eminent have formed five associations, including one of Greek Protestants, and to men, and nearly I,OOO students from them belongs the solution of all questions touching the government and all parts of the Turkish Empire, from spiritual growth of the churches. l1any of these churches have been the Greek Islands, from Egypt, from self-supporting for years, and in 1905 the native payments for religious and the Sudan, from Persia, from India, educational purposes amounted to $II 1,351. In 1906 the total gift of from the very heart of Arabia, pursuthe Board to the 20,000 Protestants of the Central l1ission was but $1,430, ing both academic and professional while the gifts of the people amounted to $24,200. studies under physical and intellectual The Syrian Protestant College conditions precisely similar to those Of the death of lIorris K. Jesup, of obtaining in any American colIege of New York, the New York Sun says: equivalent importance. Nowhere will Morris K. Jesup be more sincerely mourned than on the The strictest of Wahabite 11ussulextreme easte~n sho:-e of the Mediterranean under the side of 1'lount Leb- mans from Nejd, the most orthodox anon, where one of the most interesting educational institutions in the of Jews, the fastidious Hindu, the world owes much of its remarkable usually intolerant Christian of the Oriental churches, the 11aronite, the Druse, the Sunite and the Shiite are found together in the colIege library, helping each other in the use of ref- erence books, or on the football field amicably and even fraternally com- mingled in the fiercest of rushes, pre- cisely as is the case with the more homogeneous population of Amherst or Princeton or Dartmouth.

AFRICA A Jubilee Contribution The Church Missionary Society has received a check for £256 17S. 6d. It came from Onitsha, on the Niger, and is the thank offering of the Ibo Chris- tians there for the blessings of the Gospel, which they have enjoyed since I857, when Adjai Crowther planted the first teacher among them. This special jubilee effort, moreover, has not been made at the cost of the

I908 ] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 3I

fund which helps to support the na- Livingstone Island, situated in the tive agencies; on the contrary, the wide river, important buildings and contributions to that fund by the sev- pleasure-grounds will be erected, and eral congregations are larger than the soon a large modern city wiII be upon year before in every case. These West that spot where Livingstone saw the African converts are an example of grand falls for the first time. Did liberality. The Abeokuta Christians he dream of the future! It is scarcely celebrated their pastorate's anniver- possible that he could hope for that sary at the same time as those at which now has become a reality. Where Onitsha kept their jubilee, and we once he stood alone, the groaning and read of an annual meeting lasting puffing of the steam-engine is heard from I,O A. ]1. till 4 P. M., and of an incessantly. The "Cape to Cairo income of nearly iI,OOO. Railway" has its tracks across the fields, and a railroad bridge crosses A Go!)d Report From the Kongo the foaming, roaring falls. The place which Livingstone reached under al- The Vashington Herald reports the most unbearable hardships and diffifollowing interview with the Rev. culties, can now be reached by the Motte Martin, missionary at Luebo, world-traveler while he enjoys the luxon the Kassai river: uries of a modern railroad-train. What a change! Rev. M. Martin, missionary of the American Presbyterian Kongo Mis- The Race Problem in South· Africa sion, who has recently arrived from his field vf labor in the Dark Conti- Says the British Statesman: One of nent for a vacation, said that he would the most interesting features of conrather work among the Kongo natives temporary politics in South Africa is than anywhere else. "The natives are the contrast between the treatment of very bright and learn quickly," said the native and colored races in Cape Mr. Martin, "and they have a child- Colony and in the other three Collike confidence and respect for those onies under the British flag. In placed in authority over the111. When- Natal, in the Transvaal, and in the ever fights occur between rival vil- Orange River Colony, there is an allage chiefs we step in between them, most unanimous feeling among the tell them to stop instanter and they white colonists against the admission obey. We ask them to listen to rea- of the colored races to any kind of son, and then we explain to them the political equality. In Cape Colony, on folly of fighting. Finally they prom- the other hand, white politicians of ise to be good, and shaking hands the all parties are apparently resolute to two chiefs go their respective ways maintain the right of the colored races reconciled. They regard the white to exercise the parliamentary franman as incalculably above themselves- chise. This fact is all the more striksomething like a demi-god. Anything ing when we remember that many of we tell them they are quite willing the prominent politicians in Cape Colto do. ony are Dutch by descent, and have probably inherited the prejudices Progress of Civilization in Central Africa against the colored races that are so marked a characteristic of the Boers The future capital of Central Africa of the Transvaal and of the Orange arises, where German engineers are River Colony. Yet the Afrikander forcing the giant powers of the falls Bond in Cape Colony, representing of the Zambesi River into the service the Dutch population, is quite as emof man. A five-storied "Grand Hotel" phatic as are the members of the Prowith all the comforts and luxuries gressive Party in favor of the colored of a modern hostelry has been erected franchise. The explanation is very in the center of the beautiful Peace simple. The colored franchise exists Park, while a great Zoological Garden is being laid out not far away. Upon

in Cape, Colony, and has existed so en of the street, and has succeeded long that the native vote has become far beyond the usual in this work, an important factor in contested elec- in which she receives some help from tions. the Women's Foreign Missionary So- Ingathering in Livingstonia ciety.

Rev. Dr. Laws gives glad tidings of MISCELLANEOUS ingathering in the Livingstonia Afri- Judson a Typicb.l Missionary can Mission of the United Free Church of Scotland. Fifteen male Judson never for a moment faland 6 female adults were baptized tered in his purpose. The prospects, one morning, 51 probationers were re- he said, were "as bright as the promceived, and 338 received the commun- ises of God." He was willing to wait ion of the Lord's Supper. Seventeen seven years for the first convert, and native teachers have volunteered for when friends at home grew impaactive Christian work. tient, he wrote, "Give us twenty-five or thirty years more, and then inquire ISLANDS OF THE SEA again." He lived to baptize many The Busiest Woman in Malaysia scores of Burmans, to know of thou- r sands of converts throughout the Bishop Oldham writes home: country, to translate the whole Bible . .. f into Burmese, and then, as he sought A mong the many actlvlttes our a little rest and some relief from his 0 women missionaries in Malaysia, none sufferings, he fell asleep on the open commands 'my entire respect more sea, and rests beneath the waters that than a little Tamil girl's school and ~~~~t t~~irhi:p~~~h~!filh~m~h1n r~c:~ orphanage, conducted by Mrs. Pykett, the wife of the principal of our great England and lave the tropical shores '''ood Anglo-Chinese School of Pe- of Burma. nang. OBITUARY Mrs. Pykett is a very busy woman Mn. J. T. Gracey. of Rochester and seems to be able to bring about It is with deep sorrow fOf the afresults with very little machinery. flicted husband and familv that we This orphanage has no separate build- record the death of Mrs. Gracey, the beloved wife of OUf coeditor.. Mrs. ings,teac:.ing staff, etc., but in the Gracey was a power in mission work. small buildings and on the lower floor of her own home this good lady has gathered a score of girls whose out- look for life would be very dreary For some years she was a missionary indeed without her help. These she with her husband in India and when is training as household servants. The reasons of health compelled them to English residents ir. the land prize return, both gave themselves with Mrs. Pykett's girls as among the best rare devotion and power to the adtrained domestics to be obtained. Any vocacy of missiol13 in the home of them who are old enough and suf- churches. Mrs. Gracey was for many years a secretary of the Woman's ficiently advanced can be placed at Missionary Society of the Methodist once, at good wages. The girls are Episcopal Church and has been since taught to read their own language, its inception secretary of the United and many of them are devout Chris- Women's Mission Study Committee. tians. Indeed it would be difficult for She was a writer and speaker of rare any girl to pass under Mrs. Pykett's ability and was greatly beloved by all influence without this result. who knew her. Children rise up to Besides this school and the care of call her blessed. The loss of her counher own home and children, of whom sel and friendly fellowship will be felt there is a "quiver-full," Mrs. Pykett more deeply than words can express. has a refuge home for unhappy wom-

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Jacob Chamberlain. of India geIist, a county magnate and a modest citizen; he was in spirit a peasant Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, D.D., and in rank a peer. His philanthropy LL.D., of the Reformed Church Mis- was proverbial and his benefactions sion, one of the ablest and noblest of multitudinous and discriminating. To the missionaries in India, died at him Mr. Moody's Mt. Hermon school Madanapalle, on Monday, March 2. owes it3 commodious Overtoun Hall; He was born at Sharon, Conn., April and his sympathy with world-wide 13, 1835; graduated from the West- missions put him practically among ern Reserve College of Ohio and from missionary workers. During the rethe Theological Seminary of Bruns- cent crisis of the United Free Church, it was, humanly speaking, owing to wick, N. J., in 1859. In December of him more than to any other one man, that the Church weathered the storm that year he went to the Arcot Mis- that swept away by one decision of sion of Southern India as an evan- the House of Lords' Commission, the gelist. He had resided in India ever bulk of all its property holdings. He since, during except four vacations put his fortune at the Church's diswhich he spent in this country. For posal till a more equitable adjustment some years Dr. Chamberlain has been could be secured. He was a pupil suffering from ill health. He was a of the late Lord Kelvin-when in the hard worker and a well-known writer. university; and, after graduation en- His bOJks, "In the Tiger's Jungle" and tered into his father's business, and "In the Cobra's Den" have been and became ultimately the head of the are deservedly popular. At the time largest chemical works in the country. of his death, Dr. Chamberlain was working to complete his Telugu Bible He followed his father's lead also Dictionary, one volume of which has in not allowing his business to absorb been put through the press. No one him. In fact his heavenly Father's man can take his place in India. business always had a prior claim. He was from youth a Bible teacher; and S. W. Siberts. of Argentina his adult class at Dumbart6n, which he taught for nearly forty years grew Word has been received by the to 600 in membership. He main- Board of Foreign Missions of the tained in his native place for many Methodist Episcopal Church of the years, a Bible woman, a Scripture death at Buenos Ayres, Argentina, reader and a trained nurse; and the March 3, of the Rev. Dr. Samuel W. institute with its gymnasium, reading Siberts, Dean of the Methodist Theo- rooms and baths, and the fine public logical Seminary at that place. Dr. park, shortly to be opened, were both Siberts had been a missionary of the his gifts. Mr. Campbell White was Methodist Episcopal Church in South powerfully influenced by Moody when America since 1898, and for more he visited Britain in r874. His muthan twenty years previous to that nificent gifts for religious, philantime was a missionary in Mexico. He thropic, municipal and missionary purwas graduated from Iowa Wesleyan University and the Boston University poses, were, in the aggregate, very School of Theology. large; and it was especially in recogni- tion of these that in r893 he was nom- Lord Overtoun. of Scotland inated for his peerage by Mr. Glad- stone. Tho a member of the House The death of Lord Overtoun, on of Lords, he has taken no active part Saturday, February 29th, leaves one in its affairs. He leaves no family, of the greatest gaps in modern Chris- but probably no man in Scotland was tian beneficence, which we fear will more loved or would be more not soon be filled. He was but sixty- lamented. four, but had left a deep and ineradicable impression on the Scotsmen of his generation. He was at once a successful merchant and a winning evan-

THE MISSIONARY

IN KOREA WITH MARQUIS ITO. By George wholly commendatory toward the Jap- Trumbull Ladd, L.L D. Svo, 463 pp. anese. 'Ne may well look for the rea- Charles Scribner's Sens, New York, son for this sudden and complete I90S. change of feeling. The missionaries are seeking to keep out of the controversy The title of this work is most ap- in order that they may not become propriate. It reads like a lawy.er's entangled with politics. In this they plea in behalf of the Japanese domrna- have been following the explicit adtion of Korea. It takes advantage of vice of all diplomats the world over. every possible argument to clear J a- Apparently from Dr. Latld's showing, pan, but makes no admissions what- the Japanese demand that the mission- ever to the other side. It is clear cut aries give up their neutrality and come and definite in its statements, but it is out boldly in Japan's favor, irrespecto be regretted that we could not h~ve tive of their consciences. Missionhad a more unprejudiced presentatIOn aries can not well be prevented from of the case. It is evident, however, stating their views in private corthat Prof. Ladd looked through Japa- respondence whatever the result may nese eyes. The American public has be. On the whole it is reasonable to been informed almost wholly from suppose that the practically unaniprejudicial sources on both side~ of mous consensus of opinion among two this controversy and the conclUSIons hundred missionaries is worth somereached have been so contrary that what more than the opinion of one thoughtful people will have to confess man who spends two or three months to some degree of bewilderment. In in the country and is the guest of the the present volume the evil that Japan Japanese. may have done in Korea is belittled or excused and the good is magnified. On Prof. Ladd also speaks slightingly the other hand every weakness of the of the effects of Christianity upon the Korean is painted in strong relief and Korean, and maintains that the reonly occasionally is there a faint note marka~le work in that land is withof commendation. An indication of out a firm basis. Other travelers the method of the author is seen in judge differently and seem to be betthe fact that he quotes largely what ter supported by facts. The self-sac- Prof. H. B. Hurlbert has said in a re- rifice, the loyalty, the fellowship, the cent book in criticism of the Korean, thirst for education, the scriptural but omits entirely all reference to his eagerness of the Korean Church are conclusions that are commendatory. all proofs of the genuineness of the This would seem to indicate that the work. book is a special plea with a special purpose. "WHERE THE BOOK SPEAKS," or; "MISSION STUDIES IN THE BIBLE." By Rev. Archi- Prof. Ladd's views about Protestant bald McLean. 12mo, 241 pp. Flemmission work in Korea do not agree ing H. Revell Co., New York, 1905. with those of other travelers. He belittles the genuineness and the disin- Twenty studies of Bible themes in their relation to Foreign Missions by terestedness of Christian missions and one who knows both and has seen the charges missionaries with trying to inside working of the missionary discredit the Japanese regime in Ko- problem both at home and -abroad. rea by letters written to their friends, Altho not the first book on this suband by their description of the facts ject, it is the best we have yet seen to travelers. Dr. Ladd charges the on the Bible as a missionary book. missionaries with unreasonable antip- Epigrammatic in style, interestingly written, and with good exegetical skill, athy against the Japanese, not men- the book is strong from beginning to tioning the fact that before the late war all Americans in Korea were end. There is material here for a pose to show how, from these various score of missionary sermons, and the sources, proceed streams tributary to pastor will find this volume most the church life. An elaborate introducuseful. tion by Dr. Montgomery, formerly Bishop of Tasmania, upon the Church What the missionary idea is in the of the Far West, adds value to the Old Testament-How the Church is book, and is by no means the least of a Missionary Institution-The signifi- its attra·ctions. cance of the Great Commission, of the Lord's Prayer, of the Macedonian The demand of the day is· for the Call, and of aNew· Testament Church testimony of experts, and one hesitates in Relation to Missions. Such are to criticize the views of writers who some of the 1;opics treated. in their individual spheres are obvi- ously competent. "iVith some of the There is often a sermon in a sen- opinions exprest we may not fully tence, e. g.: "Small giving is the accord, but the writers have earned curse and shame of our day." "God the right to be heard, and have exis not a beggar asking alms, he is a perience which enriches their testipreferred creditor." "The world will mony. We have been specially internever be won to Christ by gifts from ested in the analysis of racial character our pin money." "Christ does not found in these pages, and the outask for the broken fragments that lines of the different religious syshave remained after we have eaten to tems, as for example those of Japan satiety." "He does not ask for our and China, and the characteristic feacheese-parings and pork-rinds." "The tures of Islam and Hinduism. There Apostles evangelized the Roman Em- is much here to interest the student pire without a choir or pipe organ." of mental and moral philosophy, as well as the student of Christian mis- All of the chapters are so good it sions. Many of the strange notions is hard to make a choice. One of the and practises of other peoples find here best pieces of missionary exegesis is an illumining exposition. The book the chapter on the call from Mace- is not to attract the common reader, donia. I t is unfortunate that because but it will interest thoughtful men there is no index, it is impossible to and women, who want to add to their tell exactly where the Book speaks. stock of information on great ques- A full index of Scripture passages tion~ of ethnology and the adaptation should have been added, and one would of the Gospel to the world. These like to see references for the authori- discussions obviously aim at fairncssties quoted. presenting the whole case, from both sides, as Bishop Lefroy does in the MANKIND AND THE CHURCH. By Seven case of Islam, giving -:lohammedan- Bishops. Edited by H. H. Montgom- ism credit for all that is good, while ery, D.D. 8vo, 398 pp. $2.25 tId. Long- with judicial impartiality exposing its man, Green & Co., London and New clefects, or as he says, "its merits and York, 1907. failures." It is not expected that every reader will agree with the writer- This book is upon an unusual plan. probably such agreement would be im- Its aim is to estimate the contribution possible without the writer's observaof great races to the fulness of the tion and point of view; but aU such Church of God, by giving the personal testimony tends to promote intelligent witness of Bishop Stone-Wigg, among and moderate opinions, and no one the Papuans; Archbishop Nuttall, will close this book without the deepamong the Negroes of the West In- ened conviction that Christianity supdies; Bishop Awdry in Japan; the late plies to man what no other religious Bishop Hoare in China; Bishop Lef- system can furnish, and is incomroy in India, among the Moslems; and p~rably superior to them all. Bishop Mylne, among the Hindus. This volume is thus seven in one, the center of unity being the main pur- THE HEATHEN HEART. By Campbell N. Formosa, and that the condition of Moody missionary in Formosa. 12mo, things there may find a very close 3S, 6d.,' net. Illustrated. Oliphant An- forecast on the apostolic age-that the derson & Ferrier, Edinburgh & Lon- needs are similar, the dangers simi- lar, and the remedies similar. The don, 1907.

This is an account of the reception other chapters treat of Formosa un- of the Gospel among the Chinese in der Japanese rule; of the character, Formosa-a modest volume of 250 conduct and religion of a heathen peo- pages. The author himself says the pIe; and give graphic accounts of central chapter is the fourth, "Christ some Chinese converts, portraying al- crossing the Threshold of the Heathen so the difficulties of missionary life, Heart." He says that there are sev- and the lamentable lack of an adequate eral ways in which Chinese are won missionary force. Some one has over to Christ; by the study of the called this the "most illuminating book New Testament; by the actual exor- on missions he has ever read." This cism of demons, which seems to be a we regard as excessive use of supercommon experience in China; by mon- latives, but it shows that to some minds otheism; and by the purity of Chris- it must appeal as especially helpful.

tian life as seen in those who exhibit it. NEW BOOKS Their faith is of a very simple sort.

They take everything literally, and ex- WITH MARQUIS ho IN KOREA. By George pect their newly found Jehovah-G~d Trumbull Ladd, D.D. Illustrated. Svo, to shield them from harm even 111 477 pp. $2.00. Charles Scribner's temporal things. Hence wh~n a pig Sons, New York, 1908. dies or a child or a crop falls, there is ;isk of relapse into heathenism MISSIONS TO HINDUS·. By Bishop Mylne. 12mo, 18<) pp. Longmans & Co., New through their keen disappointment. York, 1905. They need constant care and ins~ruc­ tion, till they get more adequ~te. Id~as CHINA'S CENTENNARY MISSIONARY CONFERof the real character of Chnsttalllty, ENCE RECORDS. Svo, S23 pp. $2.50, net. as to what salvation is, as to the char- American Tract Society, New York, acter of a justifying faith and the dan- 1908.

ger of reliance on works, etc. THE FUTURE OF JAPAN. By W. Petrie There are certainly marvelous trans- Watson. Svo, 3S9 pp. $3.50, net. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. formations seen in gamblers, opiuron FOREIGN RELIGIONS SERIES. Edited by R. J. Cooke. 12mo, 6 vols. 40 cents each. Eaton & Mains, New York, 1908.

smokers, and victims of lust. Fear IS HEATHENISM UNDER THE SEARCHLIGHT. By more frequently a motive than love. In- Wm. Remfry Hunt, F.R.G.S. 12mo, deed the Chinese ideas of love are very 267 pp. 3s. 6d. Morgan & Scott, Londefective. It too often means to them don, 1905. kind treatment, or condescension to inferiors. They also crave external BREAKING DOWN CHINES.E WALLS. By Elsigns and place on them undue ~m­ liot 1. Osgood, M.D. I2mo, 217 pp. phasis. Teaching as well as pre~ch1l1g $1.00 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1905. is needful, that thoroughly scnptural conceptions may prevail. Only a true MAN'S DAY. By Philip Mauro. 12mo, knowledge of the Word of God, in i~s 152 pp. 3S. 6d. Morgan & Scott, Lonspirit as well as letter, can make 111 China or anywhere else, steadfast don, 1905.

and intelligent disciples. Mr. Moody THE WONDERFUL STORY OF UGANDA. By strongly takes ground against th.e modern notion of an undogmat1c J. D. Mullins. (Second edition.) Ilpreaching. He thinks that to ~weep all doctrines away would senous!y lustrated. 12mo, 235 pp. IS. 6d. complicate all the problems met 111 Church Missionary Society, London, 1905. THE TRUE CHURCH. By Rev. Allen M.

Dulles, 12mo, 320 pp. $1.00 net. Flem- ing H. Revell Co., New York, 1908.

MAINTAINING THE UNITY. Report of the Eleventh International Evangelical Al- liance Conference. 12mo, 400 pp. Re- ligious Tract Society, London, 1908.