The Missionary Review of the World — December 1939

1939

•p India……Changes in Fifty Years A. c. Clayton African Views of African Life Samuel Wrestling..Beetles Zach. Body..Hardened Daughter of Elephant Esther One..of..Something Daughter of Parting..Cloth Daughter of the Rubbish Pile Rev. Gustave Esombe Otto Who ..Wilz..Climb "Each in His Own Tongue"

Eugene Nida Continued Harvests in India Charles W. Posnett The Pueblo Indian Religion Review by G. E. E. Lindquist The Youth Movement in China Samuel S. Chang Impressions of Buddhism in Japan Winburn T. Thomas 25. Cents a Copy $2.50 a Yea,.

to Remember in China, Mr. Hening was engaged in task of opening a,' new work in Ko-

the publication and distribution of the chow. Later he served in various exec- December 100Universai Bible Sun- Bible and at the close of the World utive capacities, including that of, day. War, directed Bib I e distribution Vice-president of the China Council, ,among Russian priests and other and Secretary of the China Famine January 12-16-Annual Meeting- exiles. Fund. Home Missions Council and the Council of Women for Home Mis- *** *** sions. In,<iianapolis, Ind. Miss Dorothy A. Stevens is the Mrs. Katherine S. Westfall, recent- ly executive secretary of the Woman's December 27 to January I-Student new Secretary of Missionary Educa- American Baptist Home Mission So- Volunteer Convention, Toronto, tion of the Northern Baptist Conven- ciety, died at her home jn Hollywood, Canada. tion, succeeding Dr. William A. Hill California, on October 9. Her first who retired in August. interest in missionary activities began *** in Sunday school with support of a Personal Items Burmese girl. Mrs. Westfall was an Rev. C. S. Chung has been elected active leader in various denomination- The Rev. Frederick W. Cropp, Bishop of the Korean Methodist al and interdenominational boards and D.D., has been elected a general sec- Church, succeeding the late Bishop committees until she retired in 1937. retary of the American Bible Society, C. O. Kim. His basic training was reto share with Dr. Eric M. North the ceived in close association with pio- * * *' oversight of the Society's world-wide neer missionaries. Rev. M. L. Vaughters, D.D., Ameri- can Bible Society agent among Colwork. He will have special responsi- ored people, with headquarters in bility for Scripture distribution in the Houston, Texas, died on September United States. Dr. Cropp was gradu- Obituary Notes 2. He was responsible for supplyated from the College of Wooster, Ohio, and Princeton Theological Sem- ing the Scriptures to Colored people inary. In 1929 he became pastor of The Rev. Ernest A. Yarrow, for in Texas,' Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklathe historic Fir s t Presbyterian the past eleven years field representa- homa and Kansas, until he retired ten Church of Wheeling, West Virginia. tive of the Hazen Foundation and for- years ago. He has been a successful leader of merly general manager of the Cauca- sus Branch of the Near East Relief, *** youth conferences for the Board of died in Middletown, Connecticut, on Rev. Wilson Stitt, Ph.D., Presby- Christian Education of the, Presbyte- October 26 at sixty-three years of terian home missionary, died at the rian Church, and for his services under age. Mr. Yarrow was graduated from age of 76 on September 8 at his the Red Cross during the Ohio River Mt. Hermon School for Young Men, home in French Creek, West Virginia. floods he was given the Distinguished from Wesleyan University in 1902, His twenty-five years of ministry were Service award in the field of religion. and later from the Hartford Theolog- devoted to the home missionary cause, ical Seminary. For about ten years for which he was given a medal of *** he was a missionary in Turkey under honor by'the Presbyterian Church. the American Board of Commissioners Mr. Kenneth G. Grubb, recently one for Foreign Missions. For five years *** of the associates of the World Domin- after the World War he gave his ion Movement of London, has been ap- services to the American Red Cross, The Rev. R. F.' Lenington, D.D., pointed by the British Government one with headquarters at THiis, Russian Professor of Church History in the of the supervisors of the Ministry of Caucasus. For his relief work in Theological Seminary of the Presby- Information set up in connection with Northern Persia that government dec- terian Church of Brazil at Campinas, the war. Mr. Grubb's knowledge of orated him with the Star of the Order Sao Paulo, and executive secretary of various languages and his acquaint- of the Sun and Lion. the Central Brazil Mission, died in ance with conditions in many lands Sao Paulo on October 19. Dr. Lenwill enable him to render valuable ington, the son of missionaries in Braservice in this position. The Rev. Sa*mue*l A.*Moffett, D.D., ,zil, was born there in 1871 and after *** his graduation from Illinois College for forty-eight years a missionary to and McCormick Seminary, Chicago, Dr. and Mrs. T. A. Lambie, recently Korea under the Presbyterian Board he returned as a missionary in 1896. of Ethiopia, have returned to :qJ.ission- of Foreign Missions, died in Monrovia, For many years he was engaged in ary service in the Sudan, under the California, on October 24 at the age evangelistic work but in 1931 became Sudan Interior Mission of which he of seventy-five. Dr. Moffett was a re- a member of the faculty of the Theohas been a Field Director. Dr. Lambie markable man and a very effective logical Seminary in Campinas. Dr. who became an Ethiopian citizen in missionary. More than anyone else, Lenington's brother, Rev. George C. 1934 has had his American citizenship he was responsible for the adoption Lenington, is working with the Forrestored. of the so-called "Nevious Method" eign Mission Board of the Reformed which made the Presbyterian Church Church in America. *** Dr. Paul C. Payne, pastor of First in Korea an intensely Biblical, evan- Presbyterian Church of Ithaca, N. Y., gelistic, self-supporting and selfhas been elected general secretary of governing Church. He was for some the Presbyterian Board of Christian years the president of the Union Chris- Florida Chain of Missionary , Education, to succeed the late Dr. tian College in Pyengyang but retired Assemblies Harold McAfee Robinson. Dr. Payne from active service about ten years ago City Date, 1940 has had national recognition as' a and later moved to California. His leader in Christian education, as brother the Rev. Thomas C. Moffett, Jacksonville ……•……Jan. 23-25 chairman of the Standing Committee. D.D., formerly one of the secretaries Daytona Beach ……….Jan. 24-26 Fifty per cent of the officers of his of the Presbyterian Board of Home Miami ……………•.•. Jan. 27-31 church in Ithaca are faculty members Missions, is now secretary of the Com- Ft. Lauderdale …•..•…. Jan. 28-30 of Cornell University, and more than mission on the Indians of Latin Amer- Palm Beaches ..•….Jan. In-Feb. 2 fifty per cent are students and faculty ica. Orlando-Winter Park •…. Feb. 3-7 members. ' Deland •…………….• Feb. 4-7 *** Ft. Myers …………… Feb. 7-9 *** Winter Haven . . . . . . • • . . . Feb. 10-13 Rev. Charles E. Patton, D.D., re~ Lakeland ……………. Feb. 10-13 Mr. S. E. Hening, author of "The tired Presbyterian missionary of more Tampa ……………… Feb. 13-16' Life of Christ in Simple Language," than 37 years' experience in China, Sarasota ……………. Feb. 15-16 has been elected treasurer of the died on October 7, in Pasadena, Cali- St. Petersburg •…•..•••• Feb. 17-21 ' American Baptist Home Mission So- fornia. After eight years in general Clearwater ………….. Feb. 18-21 ciety. While representing the Inter- evangelistic and educational work in Tallahassee ………..•. Feb. 25-26 national Committee of the Y. M. C. A. Canton, Dr. Patton was assigned the Quincy …..•.•………. Feb. 26~26

MISSIONARY Keep Us Building for the children's stories that have al'-

REVIEW OF THE WORLD peared in THE REVIEW. My own chil- We would be building; temples still dren have enjoyed them thoroughly. DELAVAN L. PIERSON. Editor undone; They have been well written and have presented a nice variety of themes. VOL. LXII DEC.,1939 No. 12 O'er crumbling walls their crosses scarcely lift; "The whole REVIEW is choice read- Publication and Business 01llce- ing and a real inspiration." Third and Reily Sts.• Harrisburg, Pa. Waiting till love can raise the broken stone, MRS. M. W. DOUGHERTY. Editorial and Executive 01llce- Morning Sun, Iowa. 156 Fifth Avenue. New York City. And hearts creative bridge the hu- Entered as second-class matter at man rift; Book Reviews Post 01llce. Harrisburg, Pa.. under We would be building, Master; let Christian Living in Our Community. Act of March 3. 1879. Thy plan Graded Studies. By Mary C. White and Mildred F. James. 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. Reveal the life that God would give Foreign Postage. 50 cents a year. to man. Old Testament Studies and You. By published monthly, except Augnst. Mary C. White. Cloister Press. All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1939. Teach us to build; upon the solid Louisville, Kentucky. 1939. British agents – Marshall. Morgan rock; and Scott, 12 Paternoster Buildings, These are suggested practical London, E. C. 1 shilling per copy, We set the dream that hardens into Bible studies for Fifth and Sev- 10 shillings a year. deed, enth Grades in church schools- for pupils and teachers. They MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- Ribbed with the steel that time and are prepared for Protestant LISHING CO., INC. change doth mock; Episcopal churches, with stories BOARD OF DIRE'CTORS for the pupils. The authors ac- The unfailing purpose of our cept without question the posi- ROBERT E. SPEER, President noblest creed; tions taken by modern critics so A. L. WARNSHUIS, Vice-President that the weak points must be WALTER MCDOUGALL, Treasurer Teach us to build: 0 Master, lend guarded against. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary us sight PAUL J. BRAISTED Believers and Builders in Europe. SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT To see the towers gleaming in the By Emma Parker Maddry. Illus. D. J. FANT light. Paper. Broadman Press. Nash- MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD ville. 1939. WM. B. LIPPH.ARD o keep us building, Master; may our ERIC M. NORTH hands Mrs. Maddry is the wife of the SAMUEL M. ZWBMER Executive Secretary of the For- Ne'er falter when the dream is in eign Mission Board of the South- ern Baptist Convention and has our hearts, traveled with her husband in Africa and Europe. Here she 'Vhen to our ears there come divine tells of her observations, espe- commands cially for youth, and gives a pic- ture of what Baptists are doing And all the pride of sinful will de- in Italy, Spain, Jugoslavia, Hun- parts; gary and Roumania. The story, Editorial Chat which Baptists especially should We build with Thee, 0 grant endur- know, is not in an easy, popular stylle for youth, but contains im- FAREWELL ing worth portant facts and interesting in- cidents. .. In some cases the unbelievable not Until the Heav'nly Kingdom comes Frontiers of American Life. By only seems possible but inevitable. on earth. Amen. Mark A. Dawber. Pamphlet. 25 cents. Home Missions Council. THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE New York. 1939.

WORLD, after sixty-two years of con- (1) supplying The Evangelical Chris- These radio addresses deal tian and Missionary Witness (pub- with America's new frontierstinuous service, in spite of many lished in Toronto, R. V. Bingham, the American Indian, Southern Editor); or (2) if preferred, The In- Highlands, Puerto Rico, City obstacles and influences that at times ternational Review of Missions (pub- Life, Mining Towns, Negroes, seemed to threaten its existence, is to lishedin London, Wm. Paton, Editor); Immigrants, Alaska, Church and or (3) making a cash refund to those State, Relief and Sharecroppers be discontinued with this present De- requesting it at 20 cents per month and What Price Christian Amer- for each issue of THE REVIEW still ica. They are brief, popular and cember issue. We have stated the due on prepaid subscriptions. In order full of interesting and useful case as clearly as we could in our to make it unnecessary for every sub- facts, especially for pastors and Editorial Topics (page 531). We can scriber to write us, we have planned, other church workers. unless notified otherwise, to send The only say that this course seemed to Evangelical Christian to subscribers other than libraries, and The Interbe the one in the line of God's leading. national Review of Missions to li- braries. Acceptance of the above pro- We did not believe it would be hon- posal will be appreciated, as it will continue the ministry of a missionary oring to Him and His great cause of magazine to subscribers, and obviate world evangelism that THE REVIEW the costly necessity of making small cash adjustments. The options (exshould either go into debt or cease to cept for foreign subscriptions) expire on December 31, 1939, as it will be serve effectively. Therefore THE RE- necessary to close the business of THE REVIEW at that time. American sub- VIEW, as an evangelical world-wide scribers will receive sample copies of missionary advocate and organ of the The Evangelical Christian before De- whole Christian movement, closes its cember 31. … … …

career. … … … Our deep gratitude goes out to our subscribers for their friendly coopera- There are, some fine opportunities tion and interest during the past offered that we cannot now accept– years. Many have expressed their such as publishing articles to review hearty appreciation of THE REVIEW the present missionary situation-and and their sorrow that they can no there may be obligations to authors longer continue to receive inspiration and publishers that we cannot now from it. The following are among the fulfil. If all of our readers, and others letters recently received: who value THE REVIEW, had been regular subscribers this step (of discon- "I wish to express my appreciation tinuing publication) might have been avoided; but many have received its [529 ] help through libraries and friends who have not helped to finance the publication. In many cases this has been inevitable. Weare thankful for all the ways and channels that have enabled us to serve Christ and His workers at home and abroad.

… … …

Our obligations to subscribers for unfilled subscriptions will be met by

AND CHILDREN AT LOLODORF, WEST

A TYPICAL SCENE IN A WEST AFRICAN VILLAGE (See articles on "African Views of African Village Life," pages 541 to 546) REVIB ORLD VOLUME LXII AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER 12 DECEMBER, 1939 Topics of the Times PRAYER-EVERY NIGHT, ALL NIGHT The benefit of this is both local and world-wide. The meetings, on successive nights, follow ac- Few people, even Christians, seem to realize cording to an alphabetical list of the towns and the immense importance of earnest, unselfish cities. Notices of these dates are printed in the united prayer to Almighty God in the Name and Alliance Weekly a month in advance and letters Spirit of Jesus Christ. Some of God's servants, are sent to pastors prior to the meeting dates. like George Muller of Bristol and others, known only to God, have proved the efficacy of prayer in The Foreign Department of the Alliance also the results reaching round the world, achieving sends out a Monthly Prayer Letter to more than the apparently impossible. Some Christians oc- 800 individuals and prayer groups, several huncasionally spend whole nights -in prayer when dred of which meet at least once a month or some burden lies heavily on their hearts. There oftener to pray for foreign missions. The Prayer are churches and missions, like the Kwato Mission Letter and Foreign Field Flashes, which accomof Papua, where a room is set aside as a "Power pany the letter, give prayer requests and inter- House" where prayer is offered to God continu- esting reports from the fields. Other requests are ally by successive intercessors or groups of prayer published each month in the Alliance Weekly. partners. Many Christians know the results that have followed the regular hours of prayer, be- God is making these methods fruitful in inhind a closed door, in the humble homes of .John creasing interest in missionary work and in spir- G. Paton, Hudson Taylor and others in all walks itual blessing to individuals, churches and mis- sion enterprises all over the world.

of life. LOOKING BACKWARD Today in America there is at least one com- THE MISSIONARY REVIEW was founded by the munion where whole nights of intercession to Rev. Royal G. Wilder in January, 1878. Mr. God are scheduled for every night in the year, Wilder had been a missionary in India first of except Sundays, when the whole day is largely filled with prayer and Bible stUdy. This plan has the American Board and then of the Presbyterian been inaugurated with the conviction that prayer Board for twenty-nine years (1846-1875). After is fundamental to the Christian life and to the retiring from the work in India he settled with missionary enterprise. It is therefore supremely his family in Princeton, N. J. Here he founded important that the ministry of prayer should be THE REVIEW in 1878 and it was edited by him and developed and increased among Christians both printed in Princeton until the close of 1887. In in private and in church groups. publishing and posting THE REVIEW Mr. Wilder was assisted by his daughter, Grace, and his son The Christian and Missionary Alliance is sys- Robert. After her father's death, Grace and her tematically promoting prayer by nights of prayer every night in the year. The home office in New mother returned to India and are buried there York arranges for each congregation of the AI- in Mr. Wilder's old station of Kolhapur. Robert liance in the United States and Canada to hold Wilder was the real founder, with John N. Forone whole night of prayer. These follow a def- man, of the Student Volunteer Movement for Forinite schedule on successive nights, so that every eign Missions and after a long life of rich service night throughout the year, except Sunday, is a among the students of India, Europe and America night of prayer in one or more of these churches. died in Norway in 1937. THE REVIEW was born [531 ]

of the surest Evangelical convictions and the seems practical, the magazine will end publication deepest spiritual consecration. with this issue.

On Mr. Wilder's death in October, 1887, the THE REVIEW has had a great history, for sixty- REVIEW was taken over by Dr. Arthur T. Pierson two years it has rendered a great service. We and Dr. James M. Sherwood as editors and the pray that some other magazine may take up the Funk & Wagnalls Co. as publishers. It was issued torch and continue the service in years to come. in enlarged form with a variety of departments If ever there was need of a missionary review and at once became recognized as the leading which would rest securely on the Biblical congeneral and interdenominational missionary mag- ception of the Christian faith and would call the azine of the world. It bore the new name of whole Church to a new devotion and sacrifice that THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD and it need is urgent now. It has been the resolute was worthy of its name and wider scope. From effort and purpose of the editor and his associates the outset the flaming zeal and wide knowledge to be absolutely and unflinchingly true to the New of Dr. Pierson gave the magazine a unique and Testament view of the Gospel and of the need of inspiring character. It had one great purpose and the world which the Christ of the Gospel came to it served that purpose with all its power, namely to promote the speedy evangelization of the whole save. In bringing their trust to a conclusion the world. In 1891 Dr. Sherwood retired from relationship to THE REVIEW and in the same year Mr. Directors of the Company desire to cite the unani- Delavan L. Pierson, who had been graduated from mous action of the stockholders at their final meet- Princeton University in 1890, became associated ing as follows: with his father and took over more and more of the editorial labor until his father's death in June In bringing to a close the publication of THE MISSION- 1911 when he became sole editor. ARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD under its present auspices, the stockholders and the Board of Directors of The Mis- The Funk & Wagnalls Co. continued to be the sionary Review Publishing Company herewith express to owners and publishers of THE REVIEW until Oc- Mr. Delavan L. Pierson, who has been the Secretary of tober, 1916 when The Missionary Review Publish- the Company and the Editor of THE REVIEW for the ing Company was organized, with an interdenom- entire period of the Company's history, their appreciation inational Board of Directors, and bought THE of his efficient and untiring work as Editor, their grati- REVIEW. Mr. Pierson continued as editor and tude for his devotion and self-sacrifice and their deep has served as such and as secretary of the Com- appreciation and regard. No one could have rendered pany from that day until now. A number of gen- more capable and loyal service or put himself and all his erous friends, by purchasing stock in the new time and powers into his work with more self-forgetfulcompany, provided the working capital for THE ness and consecration. In accepting his resignation as REVIEW, doing so with the understanding that no Editor, and joining with him in the dissolution of the Company which has worked with him, the stockholders dividends would ever be paid to stockholders and and Directors assure him of their lasting friendship and wish him God's richest blessing for the future years. that both the income of invested capital and the capital itself would all be used as might be found ROBERT E. SPEER. necessary in conducting and maintaining the magazine for as long a term of years as might THE EDITOR'S REVIEW OF THE REVIEW be possible. We present here the final number of THE RE- The end of this term has now arrived. The VIEW. It is. with real sorrow that we close this capital of THE REVIEW, augmented from time to world-wide service, but such a course seems intime by further generous gifts from friends, is evitable. now exhausted, and as it is no longer possible to continue THE REVIEW on the old basis, the Com- Nil desperandum, Christi sub Duce ("Despair pany has voted to dissolve. This is, therefore, the of nothing, under Christ, the Leader"). Such was last issue of THE REVIEW under the present Com- the motto printed on the title page of the first pany's auspices. issue of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW, edited and pub- lished by Royal G. Wilder from January, 1878, to For the last seven years the magazine has been December, 1887. It was then a bi-monthly and printed by the Evangelical Press of Harrisburg, the first year contained only 392 pages-devoted Pa. and which has also contributed to the editorial wholly to foreign missions. Ten years later the expense. There has been a hope that the Press magazine was enlarged to 976 pages. The definite might be able to take over THE REVIEW, both its aim of the magazine, as stated by Mr. Wilder, was editorship and its publication, and to a~sume "to help develop an interest in foreign missions every responsibility for its maintenance but under which will speedily double the present amount of present conditions that does not seem possible, giving, praying and working for this cause." This and as no other means of continuing publication aim was achieved-though not s.peedily. The total annual income of the Presbyterian Board of For- eign Missions was then $463,351; in 1929 it had increased to over $4,000,000. The Methodist

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

Episcopal Board then reported an income of Dr. Robert E. Speer, Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, $260,000; in 1929 this increased to $5,657,451. Walter McDougall, Fleming H. Revell, and others.

When THE REVIEW was founded the American The magazine grew in circulation and influence Presbyterian Church had 314 missionaries on the and had the confidence and cooperation of misfield; later the number increased to nearly five- sionaries of all lands and Mission Boards of all fold. Practically all of the denominational boards denominations, but it was not self-supporting and have increased their budgets fourfold in the past its reserve capital was rapidly diminishing. Spefifty years, but the memberships have also in- cial prayer was offered for God's guidance and, in creased proportionately. The number of mission- answer, friends were led to provide a "Maintearies and the fields occupied have also grown, nance Fund" to care for the annual deficit. Thus though not to the extent set by the hope and faith it continued for about ten years and then a falling of Mr. Wilder. The increase in missionary inter- off in these special contributions again threatened est, income, information and activity has been the physical life of the magazine. In 1932 there very large in the past sixty years. This has been seemed no way out but to discontinue pUblication. due to many causes, but THE REVIEW was one of Again we resorted to prayer and again God anthe very influential factors. swered by leading the Evangelical Press, of Har- In the early days the sixty-four page bi-monthly risburg, Pa., to accept financial responsibility for consisted of one or two editorials, four or five printing and circulation, with a generous contri- articles-largely statistical-Field· Notes, Letters bution toward editorial office expense. Drastic from Missionaries, Death Notices, List of Sail- cuts in the budget have enabled us to continue for ings of Missionaries, Questions and Answers, and another seven years-and, we believe, with con- Book Notices. There were no maps or pictures; tinued efficiency until the present time.

the magazine was ·outspoken in its criticism of Now the end of THE REVIEW, as a world-wide mission policies, but was kindly and constructive interdenominational missionary organ, seems to and grew in popularity and influence. be at hand. The present Editor has been with the THE REVIEW has since enlarged its scope to in- magazine for forty-eight years and the time seems clude both home and foreign missions, but its main to have come for him to retire from this major ideals, aims and principles have not changed. Each responsibility. It has been his hope that a younger successive editor has taken a world-wide view of man might be found who would be well able to the need of men of all races for Christ and the carryon the work effectively, but while several life He offers; the Gospel proclaimed has been have been approached, our search has been with- that of the New Testament; the Bible has been out success. The reserve funds are exhausted and accepted as the final authority on revealed truth; our efforts to build them up again sufficiently the power and leadership on which success de- have been unavailing. There is no feeling of dis- pends has been the Holy Spirit. The ideal has couragement or failure but it seems that God's been cooperation with all those who accept and time has come for the Editor and THE REVIEW to proclaim Christ as the Son of God and Saviour retire together from this field of missionary pro- of men through His sacrificial life and death. motion.

The history of THE REVIEW has been marked by Many signs seem to indicate this. The mis- several crises, which seemed to threaten its exist- sionary situation has changed so that pioneer mis- ance, but each time the way has been opened for sion work is not stressed by most of the Home a new advance. In 1888 Mr. Wilder, the Founder Church Boards. The executive personnel has and Editor for ten years, died. His work was changed and the secretaries belong to a new gentaken up by Dr. Arthur T. Pierson, who was al- eration that naturally seeks new contacts and ready recognized as a powerful advocate of mis- uses new methods of promotion. The union and insions. Under him THE REVIEW became a home terdenominational activities, which were almost and foreign missionary periodical. After three unknown sixty-two years ago, have now spread years Dr. Pierson went to London to occupy the over the Church and the world with national mispulpit of Charles H. Spurgeon, but continued the sionary councils, the International Missionary general oversight of the magazine until his death Council, the Federal Council of Churches and in 1911. Then the present Editor, who had already many union, educational and medical missionary been associated with the magazine for twenty committees to care for cooperative work. The years, became Editor-in-Chief. During the World Church Boards are also taking care of many ac- War, the Funk & Wagnalls Company decided to tivities which were formerly promoted by intergive up publishing the magazine, since it was not church organizations. As a result several of financially profitable. After much prayer and with these, such as the Laymen's Missionary Move- ment, have closed their work and have transearnest effort, a new interdenominational but in- ferred the responsibilities to the denominational dependent company was formed, with the help of

Boards or to the Foreign Missions Conference loved President of the Board, and Walter Mc- and Home Missions Councils. Others may follow Dougall, the faithful and beloved Treasurer.

suit. These two servants of Christ have seldom missed It is our conviction that there never was greater a meeting of the Board and have encouraged and need than there is today for consecrated and sacri- strengthened the Editor in every possible way- ficial missionary activity. There was never greater often at real sacrifice.

need to proclaim the "Gospel of Christ as the The subscribers to THE REVIEW, many of whom power of God unto salvation to everyone that be- have been readers and friends for a quarter of a lieveth." There was never greater need to stir century or more, are not forgotten. To them the up the Church at home to more earnest prayer, discontinuance of THE REVIEW will come as a real more sacrificial giving and more active coopera- loss-like the loss of a valued friend and helper. tion in the missionary enterprise. The Christians Missionaries in lonely outstations will miss it; also at home need to be reawakened as much as the pastors who have sought here material for serunevangelized need to have the Gospel proclaimed mons and addresses; leaders in missionary sociein the power of the Holy Spirit. ties who have depended on it; editors who shared The end of THE REVIEW may have come as a its contents with their readers; and friends of all missionary periodical, but the end of the Cause lands and walks in life who are interested in their for which it has stood has not come. And we con- fellow men and in promoting the work of Christ fidently believe that the influence of THE REVIEW throughout the world. will go on. Only God can tell the extent of its influence in the past sixty-two years-in interest Notwithstanding the strong desire of the Editor, awakened, in prayer stimulated and directed, in and other friends, to have THE REVIEW continue volunteers enlisted, in money contributed, in mis- its service at whatever cost to themselves, God has sionaries encouraged, in mission policies improved. not shown how this can be done to His glory and THE REVIEW has also set a high standard for the for the advancement of His Kingdom. We would literature of missions and has helped to improve not carryon in any other way. We do not believe methods of missionary promotion. He would be glorified or His cause promoted by go- ing into debt or by publishing a weak and sickly These influences will go on in the days to come. organ which might end its honorable career by The living seed that has been planted in human slow starvation and retreat. We would not have minds and lives will continue to increase and bear THE REVIEW transferred to any agency that might fruit. The career of THE REVIEW may be ended even appear to I'Itand for any other Gospel than but the work of Christ, the ideals and Power for that proclaimed in the New Testament, who would which it has stood will never end; they will be accept any other authority than the Bible as the filled full at the coming of Christ to subdue all Word of God or look to any other Power for rethings and to establish His control over all the generation, guidance and service than the Holy earth. Spirit.

* ** It has seemed clear to the Board of Directors The deep gratitude of the Editor goes out to and to the stockholders of THE REVIEW, that the God and to all who have cooperated with him, time has come to wind up the activities of the especially in the past twenty-eight years, to make corporation. On October 9th, therefore, the stock- holders voted unanimously to dissolve the corpo- THE REVIEW what it has been. We think especially ration and to cease publication with this December of the members of the Board of Directors, the issue. We are thankful that this can be done with Editorial Council, the Mission Boards, the For- a clean slate and without any financial obligations eign Missions Conference and Home Missions which cannot be fully met by the funds in hand. Councils, the Associate Editors and the authors, Subscribers will be given the alternative of rethe stockholders and contributors to the Mainte- ceiving some other evangelical missionary periodinance Fund, and the publishers.. All of these have cal in place of THE REVIEW, or, if they so elect, given of time and thought, and many of them have the Evangelical Press has agreed to refund the given money, without stint and without thought cost of their unfilled SUbscriptions. of personal gain. They have been sacrificial in their cooperation for they have worked to promote The time has come for the Editor's valedictory the cause of Christ. but this does not carry with it any sense of defeat We especially pay our tribute of love and ad- or any lack of blessing on the part of God. We miration to two friends who helped to establish pray that other lines of effective service may open the Missionary Review Publishing Company and that other agencies will carry forward vic- twenty-three years ago and who have continued toriously the work of THE REVIEW. Nil desparan- to support and promote it through all the days dum, Christi sub Duce-We will despair of noth- of trial and triumph-Robert E. Speer, the be- ing, under Christ our Leader.

CONTINUED PERSECUTION OF THE CHURCH "Just as Jesus was persecuted by Herod soon after His birth, so His Christian Church and His faithful servants, teachers, and ministers will be perseeuted until the end of time. But what do the persecutors accomplish? Even though it should rain and snow down on the Christian Church nothing but stones and bullets; nay, if it rain nothing but devils and tyrants, and enthusiasts, and stocks, and gallows and though hundreds of thousands of martyrs were executed, yet the Christian Church cannot be wiped out. That must be our comfort in these last dangerous times in which Christendom lives and moves in manifold dangers and faithful preachers are persecuted, we should thereby not be enticed away from the Church, to false religion, or to a godless life. Whatever the privations and dangers, perseeutions must be endured. It is a fortunate misfortune when, as members of His Church, we suffer adversity with Christ. Have we not the comfort that Jesus Christ is with His believers every day even unto the end of the world? He is in our midst and will not allow us to slide. On the other hand, it is an unfortunate fortune if anyone seeks fortune or easy days with the Father of lies, with the world, or with false churches; for finally there will be an evil end when all such must depart from the Lord as hypocrites and evildoers; their lot will be in the abyss of fire and brimstone."-Martin Luther.

THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS IN CHOSEN Women's Bible Institute and the Bible Clubs. As the missionaries could not conscientiously meet The demand that Korean Christians do obei- these dem'ands, it has been neeessary to close all sance at Shinto Shrines is being made by Japanese of these important institutions. The same is true officials on an increasingly large scale. At first of the Pierson Memorial Bible School in Seoul. only pupils in government schools were compelled to go to the shrines, then students in all schools, In September the 1939 General Assembly of the even Christians, were included. As a result Presbyterian Church of Korea met and after much the Northern Presbyterian, Southern Presbyte- discussion appointed a committee of twenty Korian and Australian Presbyterian Missions with- rean pastors to organize a Theological Seminary drew from secular education. Government officials in Pyengyang, and three other members were apstated, both publicly and privately, that this obei- pointed to represent the General Assembly on a sance at the shrines was only required 'of those in committee organized to start a similar seminary the schools. However, early in 1938 the same de- in Seoul. These new institutions must be ready to mand was made upon the Korean presbyteries, meet the Government's demands for attendance at the shrines. The latest reports indicate that it me General Assembly, some Bible Conferences will not be easy to secure the permission of the Government to organize these institutions. The and Bible Institutes throughout the land. After Presbyterian Council, which controls the original being threatened, even with bodily torture, many Presbyterian Seminary, now temporarily closed, church leaders yielded to what they believed to be is holding the property and using the faculty memout of harmony with unswerving loyalty to God; bers for translation and other important literary others stood firm in their refusal and either left work with the hope that the time will come when their churches and homes or were put under the institution can go on with her great work of arrest, with suffering of body and mind. training men for the Christian ministry. Medical work, visiting country churches, street and market Some of the Bible Institutes in different parts preaching, literary work and dealing with indiof Chosen had been ordered to attend the shrine; viduals goes on. Here is a situation that calls for but until the summer of 1939 the Bible Institutes, true faith, courage and prayer. the Bible Clubs, and the Women's Biblical Seminary in Pyengyang were allowed to carry on their THE PLIGHT OF EUROPEAN CHURCHES work. Then on the 21st of August, 1939, after the Presbyterian Seminary, a union. institution, The Provisional Committee of the World Counhad sent out notices announcing that the fall term cil of Churches in Geneva is considering what would begin on August 31, an official communica- can be done for the spiritual welfare of prisoners tion was sent to the Seminary ordering them to of war, and how the relief work for Christian secure a Government permit, involving approval refugees can be maintained. The European Cenof the faculty and curriculum, and obeisance at tral Office for Inter-Church Aid faces the emerthe Shinto Shrines. They were told that the same gency tasks such as aid for the Russian Orthodox requirement was to be made of the Woman's Biblical Seminary, the Men's Bible Institute, the

PUPILS GOING HOME FROM SCHOOL IN EGYPT (See article by E. W. Bailey. page 550) Academy in Paris, and for the Czech-Slovakian mense difficulties of all kind, and appeal to other congregation in Paris, which is cut off from its Protestants to make a special effort to aid orphan mother church in central Europe. congregations."

The European Central Office is greatly con- The Church of Christ in every land must help cerned for the maintenance of thirty Ukranian to keep fellowship in faith alive and to express evangelical pastors and their parishes in southern it by practical cooperation. ADOLF KELLER.

Poland and Wolhynia. These Ukranians must INDIA meet the hostility of the new Polish Government and are cut off from aid which hitherto has been A land of lights and shadows intervolved, granted by the European Central Office. Those A land of blazing sun and blackest night, in occupied territory are placed pnder the pro- A fortress armed, and guarded jealously, tection of the German army, and an evangelical With every portal barred against the Light. professor in Germany, who knows the language, has heen asked to care for these orphan parishes. A land in thrall to ancient mystic faiths, It is hoped that the German evangelical min- A land of iron creeds and gruesome deeds, isters and congregations in Poznan and the rest A land of superstitions vast and grim, of Poland may find the necessary protection by And all the noisome growths that darkness breeds. the German army in the occupied territory. Gen- eral Superintendent Blau says that two pastors Like sunny waves upon an iron-bound coast, in Bromberg have been murdered and that seven- The Light beats up against the close-barred doors, te.en others are missing. And seeks vain entrance, yet beats on and on, One of the most difficult tasks is to find some In hopeful faith which all defeat ignores.

way to continue relief which can no longer be given by the European churches. The French But-time shall come,when, like a swelling tide, churches can not now give much for the evan- The Word shall leap the barriers, and the Light gelical refugees in southern France and for the Shall sweep the land; and Faith and Love and thirty Spanish evangelical pastors who are not Hope able to go back t.o Spain. The French Church Fed- Shall win for Christ this stronghold of the night.

eration says: "Our churches have to face im- -John Oxenham, in The Open Door.

India-Changes in the Last Fifty

By A. C. CLAYTON, O. B. E., Recently of Saidapet, Madras For Thirty Years Tamil Literature Missionary in South India, Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society Two or three years ago a famous Balinese Outside more than one village, which I know, dancer from the Dutch East Indies performed are stones set up in memory of some pious widow before the Queen of Holland. The music who burned herself to death on the funeral pyre to which the girl danced came to Holland from a of her husband. The practice of "suttee," as we bell, gong, drum and xylophone band playing in call this, is now forbidden by law, but every year Java, seven or eight thousand miles away. or two cases come into court showing that widows have practiced suttee with the connivance of their In Tokyo there are skyscraper department relatives. stores with automobile garages half a dozen stories high. Such cases are reversions to an obsolete type of thought. They are very few. But the changes The modern pilgrim to Mecca crosses the desert that are taking place, especially in Indian village in a high-powered automobile. life, are not less than revolutionary, and they are very many. The three most significant of these An Indian doctor in Madras will fly in his own changes may be mentioned here. One has imprivate aeroplane two hundred miles to perform proved the health of the country. The second has an operation in the morning and return to his raised the status of a group of races totalling patients in Madras in the evening, as a matter of fifty or sixty millions. The third indicates a new routine. standard in ethical values.

The East is changing. When my slow steamer reached Madras harbor when I first went out to India almost 48 years ago, The Fight Against Fear I was taken ashore in a boat made of planks sewn together with coconut fibre, in the same way that Not far from where I lived when I first reached passengers were taken ashore centuries before India was the famous shrine of a demon Goddess. any Westerners reached India. There was not an A popular festival was held in the river-bed before electric light in the city, nor a motor vehicle; there her temple each Sunday during two of the hottest were very few "push-bikes." No one expected months in the year. As many as two thousand that the "changeless East," as we used to call it, sheep would be slaughtered in her honor on each ever could change. of these days. Because of the heat, the crowding and the lack of sanitation, there was nearly always Many things remain unchanged today. In this an outbreak of cholera in the surrounding villages. very year an old tiger in Assam is known to have The people believed that the Cholera Goddess mauled nineteen and killed eight Indians. Tigers caused the outbreak because she was angry with are tigers today just as they were fifty years ago. them. They did not know how to escape her wrath and they died in terror of it. Many villagers still fear that if the village Gods are angry they will cause the rains to fail and the crops to wither. Like their fathers before Today when there is fear of cholera, the Govthem, they believe that the way to placate the Gods ernment sends out supplies of anti-cholera vaccine.

is to sacrifice buffaloes to them; if that does not People by the thousands come to be "pricked by bring rain, then a man or a woman ought to be the needle" and the epidemic does not occur. offered. Some two years ago, in Bombay, a village Again, in those first days of my stay in India, headman and a village priest were convicted of as I went daily to the school where I taught, I kidnaping a young man of twenty-three from a passed a lepers' village, and saw one or more of neighboring village and cutting off his head as an these sufferers sitting by the road-side begging.

offering to an offended demon deity in order to Everybody in the place was a leper or expected to bribe it to send rain on parched fields. be a leper. There was then no known cure for This is not evidence of a widespread practice, leprosy.

but it is evidence that a very ancient superstition Today, the great leper settlement near Madras, is not extinct. supported by the Government but staffed by mis- [537 ]

sionaries, is a Home of Hope. It contains 800 Christianity was among the first of these. Howlepers. Outside the gates various groups camp by ever much some of the early missionaries might the roadside waiting to be admitted. They know hesitate to ignore the social stigma put on the that the disease can be checked and in many cases "outcaste" communities they did not fail to evancan be cured. gelize them. About fifty years ago there began the mass movements toward Christianity, better Disease has not been driven out of the villages called community movements, of groups of famof India. The villager still believes in the god- ilies and sometimes of whole villages.. Christ can desses of disease, but he is no longer paralyzed by speak to the Untouchable and many of them were his fear. Today a sick man or woman-sometimes and are His devoted disciples. Others have had very sick indeed-will journey on foot, or get lower motives. All looked on their new religion friends to carry him many miles to one of the as a way of escape from the degradation of untoo few mission hospitaLs. Thirty, twenty or even touchability. It awakened self-respect and hope, ten years ago this man or woman would have and, in the next generation, produced an impaaccepted death in hopeless apathy. tience with their hereditary serfdom.

When I first went to India that land was still (2) Schools-For centuries the pariah classes the India of the stories of Rudyard Kipling. No were looked on as hopelessly stupid, stupid as one imagined that in half a century the chief buffaloes; fifty years ago most of them, shrewd provinces of British India would be governing as they were in many ways, accepted the situation themselves. Some of the supporters. of the new and saw no use in schools for their children. But Congress governments in the provinces promised in our Christian mission schools we soon were that taxes would be cut down and that free loans able to prove, even to school inspectors who were would be given to help villagers to pay their debts Hindus, that Untouchable children could learn as and finance marriage ceremonies. But speaking well as other children. The Untouchable awoke generally the first two years of these new govern- to the fact that his children could be educated. ments has shown that there is good reason to In the second and third generations. of Christians believe that they will work well. from these classes large numbers have completely escaped from the ignorance that was the lot of New Hope for the "Untouchables" their fathers.

But the most striking social advance which (3) The vote-The reforms in the constitution has been made is in regard to the classes called of the Government of India, which began in 1920 "Outcastes," "Pariahs," "Untouchables," or "Har- and gave self-government to the Provinces of ijans." These folk, fifty or sixty million of them British India in 1937, gave also an unexpected throughout all India, are scavengers and leather impetus to the emancipation of the Untouchables. workers, village menials and the humblest of As a matter of course the British Parliament gave laborers. They live in squalid groups of huts the vote to all who were qualified for it, whether away from the houses of respectable Hindus. They high-caste or low-caste, men or women. Fifty were, when I began to be a missionary, forbidden years ago no one ever thought that the pariah to draw water from any wells used by Hindus of would ever have a voice in ruling India. It was higher class. Their children could not go to unthinkable that a man from the depressed classschool with their "betters." However clean they es should be a member of the Legislature, along might be, their touch defiled their "betters." In with landowners and lawyers and priestly Brahmy part of India, these pariahs were so despised, mans. But today the Untouchable rightfully takes that if I had gone into one of their hamlets I was his place in the Council chamber. And the world looked on as so defiled thereby that I might not has not come to an end, though the old pandit who visit the houses of their Hindu masters. taught me a little Sanskrit thought that it would.

Among the sixty-three saints venerated by (4) Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar- Tamils only one is a pariah who purified himself Among the Untouchables most of the leaders are by throwing himself into a pit of fire. Fifty years men of local repute only. Among those of wider ago Hindu opinion banned all these Untouch- influence, M. C. Rajah, who was educated at two ables from the temples where the great gods were mission colleges in Madras, has an outstanding worshiped. Only seven years ago the authorities position in the South. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, an at the largest Temple of Shiva in the City of Untouchable who by magnificent effort won his Kumbakonam put up a notice at all the main Ph.D. at Columbia and his D.Sc. from the Unientrances prohibiting Mohammedans, Christians versity of London, and is now the Principal of and Untouchables from entering into that temple. the Government Law College in Bombay, is how- ever recognized throughout India as the chief Factors Making for Progress leader of the Untouchables. About four years ago he was so hopeless of ever changing the atti- (1) Christianity-There were, however, forces at work to compel a change in Hindu opinion.

INDIA-CHANGES IN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS

tude of Hindus of the higher castes towards the Untouchables ill many parts of India and are Untouchable that he renounced Hinduism and bringing whole communities into the Christian called on the Untouchables throughout India to Church. In the diocese of my friend the Bishop do the same. of Dornakal in South India there are two hundred It is only possible to summarize here what has thousand Christians where there were only a few occurred since. For many years Mahatma Gan- hundred thirty years ago. And that is only one dhi had done all he could to secure better treat- instance of the way in which these pariah multi- ment for the Untouchables whom he calls Hari- tudes are breaking the fetters of demon worship jans (Children of God). I remember one occasion and are seeking Jesus Christ.

when he had come to a place to make a great The Christian community in India is still very speech. He noticed that some Harijans had come small, only some six millions among nearly 350 to hear him but had been crowded away into a millions of Hindus, Moslems and peoples of other far corner. Promptly he went and sat down religions. India of 1939 is not Christian, nor dare among them and then made his speech standing I say that it will become Christian in my time. among them. That is typical of him, and has But the greatest change of all is more significant wonderfully impressed many of them. Gandhi than the community movements. Today when used Ambedkar's revolt as a final argument and Indians would describe a supremely truthful, selfcompelled even the most unprogressive Hindus to forgetful, brave and utterly sincere man-a leader see that, unless their treatment of their serfs like Mahatma Gandhi—,they do not say that he improved, these Harijans would cut themselves is like Rama or Krishna or any other of the old entirely adrift from Hinduism. This touched the gods of the land. With reverent voices they say, politicians, for the votes of the Untouchables "He is like Jesus Christ." would probably be lost if they did nothing for them. Gandhi's personality, perhaps more than his arguments, won the day. The orthodox but THE CROW AND THE PEACOCK enlightened Maharaja of Travancore, guided by his Brahmin chief minister-one of the ablest There is an Indian fable of a crow that lived men in India-permitted Untouchables to worship near some peacocks, and thought that the pea- in all the temples under his control. Other Prin- cock's caste was more excellent than his own. The ces have followed his lead. The authorities in crow therefore picked up a few of the peacock's many temples under private control have done cast-off feathers and stuck them among his own.

the same, and the Brahmin Prime Minister of He left his own family and in his new guise lived the Government of Madras has supported the trus- among the peacDcks for a few days. One day his tees of the famous Shiva Temple in Madura in voice was heard, and the peacocks said, "This is admitting Harijans to the Holy of Holies. One not a peacock. He has been deceiving us while temple in Kumbakonam has closed its doors to living among us." Then they all set upon him Harijans and "imprisoned the God," but in many with their beaks and spurs till, sore wounded and places the Untouchable can worship in the same ashamed, he sought to return to his own family.

temple with the Brahmin, just as he can sit beside The crows understood why he left them and why him in the Council. Though the old grievances he .wished to return. They said. "You despised of the Harijans survive in out of the way or ortho- us, thinking you would honor yourself by trying dox centres, the days of universal degradation are to join others. Go to them. There is no place fDr past. This is the finest victory that Mahatma you here. Be off! We will not have you among Gandhi has ever won. Only ten years ago no one us."

believed that he would ever so triumph. Over fifty years ago a Brahmin friend wrote to The Greatest Change of All Benjamin Robinson, a missionary who sought to adapt Indian customs and dress in order that he But apart from Dr. Ambedkar large numbers might be more effective as a messenger of Christ: of Untouchables have already sought a new faith. "Whatever you do, you cannot alter YDur birth.

In my first days in India we missionaries were However you dress and eat you will be known as often called "white pariahs" because we entered an Englishman. Your motives in change of dress villages of the Untouchables, made friends with will be misunderstood and misconstrued." This them, even took our meals in their huts. The judgment was confirmed from another source, religion of Jesus Christ was contemptuously for when he returned to a village which he had called "the pariah's way" because in the India of visited on his previous tour, a Sudra headman, 1892, dominated still by Hindu custom and preju- who had renounced idolatry said, "Don't you per- dice, many Untouchables were accepting it. But ceive, Sir, that if you dress as these idolaters, they the most hopeful of us had no idea of the wide will say, 'You ought to adopt our worship also.'''

mass movements which today are awakening the -National Christian Council Review.

A Chinese Christian's Testimony *

-.11.:1-===B=Y=MY=F=ANWY===w=o=o=D=,=p..e.l_,p_in_g,_Ch=in_a==;;lII,·- T HREE years ago Mr. Y. C. Ts'ai left Yen- Mr. Ts'ai writes of his Bible study while in ching School of Religion in Peiping to become prison, "I read the last part of all the Gospels, lecturer in New Testament in the South especially John 13-21, and my experiences in Fukien Union Theological College. Recently he prison helped me to understand and appreciate was asked to address a conference of Christian the suffering Christ and His Resurrection much students in Changchow on "The Attitude of Chris- more than before. Many of His teachings to tians to the National Crisis." He spoke on- which I had not previously paid much attention I. God's relation to men; Freedom. were brought home to me with new light and mighty power. All the while the great words- II. Man's relation to God; Faith. Love, Peace and Joy-rang like heavenly music (a) Fearless when calamity comes. in my ears. . . . The fruit of the Holy Spirit is (b) We are all to love our enemies'. the heritage of the children of our God and Fa- (c) God's love ultimately will certainly prevail. ther who is Love and Victory. May His name be glorified for ever and ever. Amen." III. Relations between man and man: Love. Christians are the messengers of Love.

IV. The Christian's outlook on the world; Hope.

V. The Relation of the Christian to himself; Nurture Mr. Ts'ai was kept in prison for twenty-two of his Spiritual Life. days. Writing a little later, he slays: "There Mr. Ts'ai's notes reveal a carefully thought- must be those who deal with the present, but there through statement which challenges Chris,tians to must also be people who point men to the future. practical expressions of the love of God, even in . . . We pray for the nation, but we must also the time of war. pray for the reign of God wherein lies the true welfare of the nation. Permanent world peace Nearly three weeks after the address, the local . . . cannot be possible without the religion of daily paper came out with an article giving a Christ. For He alone can redeem the world from garbled account and accusing Mr. Ts'ai of being selfishness and sin, which is the root of war. . . . a traitor to his country. Five days later, soldiers We must work for peace in the midst of war. It went to his home to arrest him, and he was tried sounds out of harmony with the thoughts of the before the local military tribunal. The officials time, but it is absolutely needed." asked him to write an outline of the offending address and they then proceeded to question him on When Mr. Ts'ai was released, his presence at the basis of the newspaper report. To all ques- court (at any time he might be recalled) was tions he gave quiet, orderly replies, which reveal guaranteed by the principals of the Christian Colclearly how consistent he is to his Christian prin- lege and schools in Changchow. In the original ciples. draft of this document of release, his guarantors were required to promise that he would not again He was imprisoned in a room ten feet by fif- say anything "unseemly." Mr. Ts'ai protested teen, with other prisoners numbering at various strongly against any such promise, "For," he says, times from two to fourteen. These included army "I would much rather stay in prison than have officers, bandits and suspected spies. He writes: that clause in the guarantee for release. I admit "I thanked God for granting me the opportunity that what I said was not in line with the trend of to live and work among them; to show them how, thought of this time, but I can never confess to even under the most trying circumstances, there anYibody that what I said was wrong. It was my is still the possibility of living according to the duty to preach as I was led, and I was ready to rules of a sanitary life; above all I am thankful take any consequences." for the opportunity to bring them the Gospel of Christ. And I was glad to see them cheered up, "In the time of national calamity all the more working gladly together to make the room clean should we preach Jesus." and tidy, getting rid of lice and insects, and living like men rather than sinking down to the level May the words of our Lord echo round the of mere animals,." world,and may Christians in every land bear an ever stronger witness in life today to the power of the Love of God; it is in that power alone that • From T1&6 London Missionary Society ChronicJe. we can pass through truth to freedom for service.

[540 ]

A VILLAGE STREET IN WEST AFRICA THE INTERIOR OF AN AFRICAN

African Views of African Life* The West African Home, Parents, Children and Schools -~~I-=-=-=B_Y_W_E_S_T_A_FR=-I_CA_N-=C=mu-=S_T_IA_N=S-=-=-=~II~ Behind Pagan Walls poisoning and death. Not until an animal was OUR ol~ s.tyle, one r?Om, mud walled Basa sacrificed to the sacred object, and the patient huts III West AfrIca were smaller than those of today. Some did not exceed ten sprinkled with its blood would the malady disapfeet in length or eight feet in width. The palm thatch roofs were so low that we could stand pear. We therefore believed and feared the cult upright only under the ridge pole. Within the one door hut of a pagan Basa was a clay mound bed. priests more than we do the white men who gov- Spears and a bow gun leaned against the wall. Fastened to the rafters was a bundle of carefully ern us today. tied sticks which was the owner's magic wand to keep away misfortunes. On the clay floor, in Not only did we believe that the priests commuwhich a fetish had been concealed, was a bark container for arrows and another for various po- nicated with departed spirits but we thought that tent charms. All were devices to keep evil spirits at bay and to bring to naught the machinations of they themselves were spirits. The officiating priest witches, the fear of which was ever present. of the men's Urn cult was a spfiermita. leThussp·itriht~· Spirits of our ancestors also were believed to the priest of the Nge was a male be all about and certain persons were thought to have the power to communicate with them and to men deceived the women and children greatly in transmit their blessings or their curses. These were the priests of the Nge and Urn cults. Men, order to put fear into their hearts. A woman who women and children all feared those who were associated with these cults and their rites. No un- refused her husband was threatened with, "The initiated was allowed to look upon the cult objects as the offender would sicken with the particular Nge will eat you." A child unwilling to carry cult sickness. In the case of Urn this took the form of the eating away of the nose or other parts messages was threatened in the same manner. If of the body by ulcers; in the case of the Nge, a wife continued in disobedience the Nge priests waited in ambush to carry her off secretly to kill her. When she failed to appear, the announce- ment was made to her people that the Nge had eaten her. .

Women were not allowed to be present at the grave during burial as the rites for the dead were in the hands of ,the Nge. Before laying the corpse in the grave a priest entered it and talked, trying to imitate the voice of the departed man to put fear into the hearts of his widows. Whenever the cult men danced all women and children were shut up in their houses. If a :woman bore a monstros- ity it was considered positive proof that she had MIS•S<IO?on,ndCenasmederofroonm. The Drum Cal!, Published by the Presbyterian surreptitI•ously witnessed cult ceremonies or trans- [541] ..

gressed other laws. Women were forbidden to eat tried to run away. Her father heard of it and the wild hog because its voice sounded like that of before she could go far he caught and brought the Nge. Fish were taboo for them because the most sacred of the Um cult objects was found in her back. the river. Those who obeyed all the tenets of the When my mother was about fifteen years old cults were told that blessings would follow them, such as: Birth of many children, health, riches, she was married to my father. She had two nickgood luck in the chase; but if they broke the laws names. One was Kinganngoi-the name of the and taboos, misfortunes as illness and death would wild red river hog, given to her because she was be their lot. celebrated for her beauty. In the village of her husband she received the other name, meaning The walls of our pagan homes shut in fear and "Weaver-birds-make-a-great-noise." She cooked superstition, keeping out the love and happiness much food for the many guests of her husband. that God offers. We thank our Father God that She prepared great feasts. Many women came He has caused to shine upon our homes His great to her to beg for food and she gave to all who light, the Good News of Jesus which is dispelling asked. For this reason there were always many fear in our hearts and homes and is sweeping people and the hum of many voices in the village away our superstition.-Samuel Wrestling-beetles. so that she became famous as a great worker and very generous. My Heathen Father My mother wore a black bustle made of string My father's children did not love him but they that she prepared from the new leaves of the raffia feared him very much. My sisters feared him palm. It took from fif,ty to seventy of these strings even more than we boys. If we offended him, such to form a bustle eight to ten inches long which she as drinking the dregs of his palm wine or stand- wore fastened to her belt of monkey skin or ing near any ·of his wives, he thrashed us un- braided fibres. Her leaf apron was made from the mercifully. We dared not lift our eyes when he leaves of the lagal tree. It was about two fingers was near. wide and was fastened to her belt; it was fringed at the end the length of one's middle finger. Her When he was a young man he first became a leaf apron, the one she wore to dances, she colored hunter. After he excelled in shooting a gun he red with powdered or ground chips from the redswore an oath that he would not marry until he wood tree. had killed a man of the Bakembe clan; so he went to the diviner whose advice he followed. After he Mother bore nine children and raised two genhad prepared the war feast, the invited warriors erations of orphans. She lived to see her own ate and danced in their ceremonial dress. This grandchildren and those of the other wives of her ritual performed, my father took his gun and husband. I loved my mother very much because crossed the river to the Bakembe clan and stealth- she taught me the things of women. She taught ily walked to a certain hut. He removed the bark us to be chaste and did not allow us to go about and there saw a man and his wife, fast asleep. visiting in other people's houses. When we chil- He prayed to his gun, "Oh gun, pick off this man dren were married she gave us many presents of and this woman." Then he killed the sleepers. household goods such as clay pots, water gourds, Immediately the hut caught fire and the whole baskets, wooden spoons, wooden dishes. We have family perished-not one was left to plant a lily a proverb: The wild vine comes to the yo yam; it bulb (commonly used to exorcise evil spirits). passes and reaches the sweet potato. This is to When he returned to his village my father danced say that the luxuriant and fast growing vine, and sang the songs of warriors for which he was representing the industrious person, comes to the given much goods. With this gift he obtained celebrated yo yam, meaning my mother, and then his first wife and became a warrior. goes on to the sweet potatoes (eaten by children only), meaning her children. Later, my father became a great medicine man and a priest of both the Nge and Um cults. He There was a shallow pit near my mother's even sacrificed his mother to become a priest of house in which were planted two lilies. Near the Nge. these were a snail shell and a stick on which was tied a bundle of leaves and sticks. A clay pot Father married twenty-four wives, but he al- near by contained water and some bark of trees. lowed only one of them to cook his food, for fear This was mother's place of healing. Many women of poisoning. One day he killed his brother be- and children came to her to be healed; she took cause he took from him one of his wives.-Zach- them to this shrine and sprinkled with water from ues Body-hardened. the pot. As, she did this she said, "Misfortune or bad luck you hear it from behind, good fortune My Black Mother reach out toward it." She prayed to the spirits to take away the sickness and to bring blessings to My mother grew up in her father's town. He the women (that is many children). Mother's did not wish her to be married but one day mother

AFRICAN VIEWS OF AFRICAN LIFE

search for life made her establish this sacred in his eyes because he had stolen something from place, but she afterwards found a better life than one of his uncles.

she was looking for when I was a child. She be- It was a Basa man's ambition to have a son came a Christian and gave up her superstitious who surpassed others in fighting. When boys practices. Her real name was Oh-skies. People grew to be old enough they were given machetes said that only in the skies was it possible to find to use in mock fighting. A stick was placed on anything lovelier and wiser than my mother.- the ground. One boy stood on one side of this Daughter of Elephant. stick and one on the other, each with a cutlass in My Baby Boy hand. Each in turn struck the other with the flat of the cutlass on his shoulder. The boys who "Molar tooth-of-elephant has been born." This fought against my brother always ran away from was what we sang in our hearts when a baby boy his blows. He became a great warrior and cap- was born. Mothers all desire a son to build us a tured many women when he went to fight the house when he grows up, to cut the bush and clear other clans.

the ground so we may plant a garden. We God has now put other thoughts in our hearts.

thought of the wives he would marry and the We coveted the nickname of "Snorting Leopard"

many grandchildren we would see in our village. for our sons because we wished them to be as Our husbands also said that it was "a molar- fierce as a leopard as well as strong as a "molar tooth-of-elephant" that must be born first. To tooth-of-an-elephant." Now, we rejoice if they are make sure that their desires would be granted known as "Kelle-quiet-waters," for as the waters they asked the diviner what they should do. of the Kelle River flow evenly and calmly on, so "Go to the grave of your grandfather," the di- shall our sons be peace-loving, their villages un- viner told my father, "make a sacrifice of a goat disturbed by brawls and wars.-Esther One-of- to his spirit; then make a fire on his grave with something.

ceclain leaves and sticks. Take fresh water from A Girl in the Home the stream in a new gourd and wash your hands over the fire so that all evil influences may be My parents were very much pleased when I banished." was born. They had two sons and they needed a My father did exactly as the diviner said. daughter who might be exchanged for a wife for His first child was a boy but people were told one of them or for goods to marry one. They "It is a girl." Father built a house with a tall called me Kop-i-sem, a "fowl to sell." As a girl fence around it in a secret place in the bush. must leave her home and go to live in the village There mother took her baby as father did not of the man she marries, where she helps to in- want the witches to know that he had a son. If crease the number of her husband's clan, she was they saw a baby they would fasten an evil eye on not considered then of as much importance as a the child, and he would sicken and die. Many boy who increases the number in his own clan.

children died, and people said, "Witches, there When a girl was born the midwife always said, are many of them. We must always keep fetishes "Deny; but if caught in the act, confess." Women about to chase them away so they will not kill were blamed for so many evils that mothers felt our children or ourselves." it necessary to teach their girls to be cautious Parents wished sons to grow up to be bold, when they were still very young. They said that brave men. My mother teased my brother when there were more women witches than men so girls he was still a baby so that he would know how had to be taught to be very modest and not give to get angry, kick and fight. Then when he grew offense.

up, if anyone tried to take anything from him, My oldest sister was married soon after she he would not let him. When brother was old had learned to walk. Her husband took her to his enough he stayed with father most of the time. village and there she grew up, living with one of Father showed him how to trap animals, fish with his older wives. She was taught to work hard in a net, make thatch for the roofs of our houses the garden every day, to draw water from the and weave hampers from the fronds of the oil spring and to cook, beginning from the time she palm. These are the things of men that all boys was four years old. My younger sister never mar- must learn. After they are ten years old boys do ried for my father said that she must stay in his not sit in their mothers' house or eat with them town and bear children there for him.

or they are thought weaklings. They eat with When I was a very small child I helped my their fathers in the community house. mother every day in the garden; I drew water One day mother and I heard my brother from the spring in a gourd she gave me. As soon screeching as if in pain. We ran to him and saw as I could use a knife I helped her peel potatoes.

that he was suffering torture and staggering Girls are taught to work very hard because a man about in the street. Father had put red pepper will give a bigger dowry for a girl who works

hard than fQr Qne whO' is lazy. It is the ambition taken frQm us, and we were given dry banana Qf every girl to' be desired as a wife. leaves to' wear. When it was necessary to leave the hut we were O'bliged to' walk bent Qver with My heart was filled with fear at night. When- faces to the grQund. I was fO'rced to' stay in the ever the sun went down mQther would awaken me widow's pen for fifty-four days. During all Qf if I were asleep as she was afraid the sun WQuld this time I was nO't allO'wed to' wash and my face carry my heart away. If children were awake became dirty with SO'Qt from the fire and my body when the sun went down they said that there white frO'm the ashes and clay where I lay. My was nO' danger. One night, after we had all been tears wore paths in the dirt O'n my cheeks. asleep fQr a long time, we awakened with a start. MQther stirred the lQgs that were burning between A widow, her mQurning O'ver, may choQse a new her bed and mine SO' that it was quite light in the husband. Her mO'uth is stoppered with leaves to hQuse. We heard SQmething fly frQm the rQQf Qf prevent her talking until she reaches his village. Qur hQuse. It was an owl but we were told that NO'W I have chosen a new Master, Jesus. He has witches CQuld turn intO' owls and they flew off washed away my sins and taken the stQPper from with the hearts of sleepers. my lips that I may praise Him. I am nO' longer a mere "thing left behind" but a real child Qf We children were very happy when the moon shQne fQr then we gathered in Qne Qf the hQmes GQd.-Daughter of Great-rubbish-pile. and listened to Qur mQthers telling fQlk tales. We told riddles toO' but did nQt dare tell these during Christian vs. Heathen Customs the daytime lest our mO'thers sicken or die. But the best time of day was the late afternQQn when The man whO' believes in God and the man whO' we children played games in the court before our does nO't are not the same kind Qf a persO'n. The hQuses. real Christian knO'ws that he ought to' keep his body' and his spirit clean, but the unbeliever dQes HO'W I cried when they dragged me from my nO't knO'w that. The things that O'ur fathers were mother's arms to take me to my marriage. I was happy to' dO' we Christians are ashamed to' dO'. Let not more than ten years old but I still remember Qne whO' dQes nO't knQw these things ask SQme O'f it as though it were yesterday. I realized that I the O'ld men to' relate them to' him. In Qlden times was a mere "fowl to be SQld." When I reached a persO'n did nQt bathe Qften, saying that if a man my husband's town I did not see that my husband bathed early in the mO'rning he WO'uld nO't be was an Qld man for my eyes were fastened O'n the strQng. If he bathed O'nce O'r twice a mQnth he ground when he came near. I was glad that she was dO'ing well. He WQuld bathe then O'nly because had taught me to' be generO'us, fQr it made my he was going on a jO'urney O'r to a feast. Now, mO'ther-in-law kinder to' me. Always in the eve- if we do nQt bathe and appear dirty befO're others, ning when I brought her some food from my gar- that is the height of shame. den she WQuld take me Qn her lap, blQW spittle Qn my fQrehead and bless me. That is Qur custO'm to What a man himself knO'ws, that he can teach this day.-Daughter of Parting-cloth. another; but if he does nO't knO'w, hQW will he be able to' teach? The Christian parent differs frO'm A Widow's Experience others in that he really tries to teach his children to speak the truth and punishes them when they Yik, "the thing left," is the word for widow in do nQt; he tells them, "Be truthful even thO'ugh our language. My husband, a rich man, had many yO'U are killed." A man Qf the world wants his wives and gO'ats. BefQre he died the diviner told child to win in a cO'ntrQversy even by falsehO'od. him that if he would kill Qne O'f his wives he When, by sO' dO'ing, his child gets the better O'f would nQt die. He lifted his machete to kill his adversary in a palaver the father says with "Weaver-birds-chatter" as she was bending Qver pride, "My child is a man, he will nQt get intO' to' serve him, but befO're the knife reached her trO'uble befO're the authorities fO'r he knQws hO'W he fell dead. to' twist things to' his advantage. The sO'n whO' knO'ws only to' speak the truth is a woman and nO't When a person dies the burden Qf the expres- a real man." sion of grief faHs UPQn the wO'men and immediately O'ur wailing burst forth. SQme O'f us wept Even as the Christian persO'n is nO't like the because O'ur husband had gone but mO're O'f us heathen, so also his family is nO't the same. wept because we feared his spirit wO'uld CQme to' Usually each pastO'r, teacher and catechist's hO'me persecute us O'r take us to' the spirit wQrld. I had is like a light set on a hill-a real example Qf sPO'ken disrespectfully to' "Great-elephant" (his what a Christian hQme O'ught to be. This hO'me hO'nQr name; wives are forbidden to' address their is happy. FQr the most part the Christian keeps husband by his real name). After Qur husband his house and yard clean; he tries to keep the was buried we widows were all herded intO' O'ne children clean and is the first to take them to a hut and left there to' sleep and sit on the clay doctQr when sick. He alsO' sends bQth girls and flO'O'r. Our raffia bustles and leaf aprO'ns were bO'ys to schQol, as a great many believers dO', to'

learn to read and write and to learn the things of education, the church is raising up a new genof God. He makes a real effort to arrange Chris- eration of girls who are demanding in marriage tian marriages for his children. The first ques- the privileges of Christian homes and husbands tion a father asks a man who comes to seek his whom they may call their own instead of sharing daughter in marriage is, "Are you a Christian? them with others. Show me your church letter." When a father, who is wealthy, having many There are many families in which only one wives and much goods, dies, all this property, inmember, the woman, is a Christian. The mother cluding his wives, goes to the oldest son. Freis pressed by the church to forbid any alliance quently a man has shown real Christian courage with unbelievers; the father, being interested and love for God at such times refusing even to go only in getting all the money he can, gives the home to settle the estate. Sometimes, however, daughter to the one promising the" greatest dowry, our hearts are heavy with sorrow when we see even though the prospective husband already has one who has had Christian training unable to many wives. Frequently a father forbids his girls withstand the temptation. He goes home for the to go to school. He argues thus: "What is the burial feast, listens to the advice of the old men use of teaching a girl? All she needs to know and falls a prey to the customs of his fathers, beis how to plant a garden, cook food for her hus- coming involved and thus severs his connections band and bear children. What else is there for with the church.

SOME PARENTS AND CHILDREN AT THE LOLODORF It is only thirty-five years since the first mis- HOSPITAL sionary took his life in his hands to bring to the Rasa tribe the Good News of what Christ has her? Whoever heard of a woman teacher? If she done to release them from all the fears which knows how to read and write she will know more held them and their children as slaves. Yet, in than her husband, and no man will give a dowry this short time, God has done great things for for a woman who knows more than he does; that the people. Instead of seeking ways to kill the is the limit of shame for a man." Sometimes the bringers of Good News, there are now thousands woman of faith either overcomes the objections of in all parts of the land who eagerly await and her husband or against his will and wrath sends welcome the coming of missionaries and teachers. her daughter to school and insists that she have a Christian marriage. When the unbelieving father Christianity is still in its infancy among us. sends his daughter into an unchristian marriage We pray that the things of God will grow and that against the will of the mother that he may get a the new foundation which Christ has laid for larger dowry, then much trouble has come to that our homes will remain unshaken, always increashouse. ing in strength. We know that the words of Jesus will spread throughout our tribe and that the hin- Sometimes a very young girl goes to the pastor drances to its diffusion in our hearts will end saying that she has run away from her home be- when the believers pray without ceasing.-Rev. cause her father has taken a dowry from a man Gustave Esombe. who is not a Christian. Since it is against the French law to give money for an immature girl The School and the Home the Mission often takes such a one and puts her into the girls' school at the station nearest her The school is like the shadow of a person. We home. Since neither party dares take the case to formerly believed the shadow to be a projection court the palaver is usually settled amicably and of the soul of the living. When a man died, we the dowry returned. Slowly, through the process said that his shadow had gone. So the school is important in the life of an individual. Its influ- ence lives on after a pupil has finished his course and begins the life ofa real person in his village.

A glimpse of the Rasa people and their homes of other days and those of today will convince anyone of the value of the school. In the days when my father was· a child all the village pa- lavers, quarrels and fears of witches were public property. When a boy came to be six or seven years old he spent much time in the community house where the men of the village lay sprawled on their beds or sat on them with a forked tree root at their backs to lean against. There he lis- tened to matters pertaining to marriage. Some- times the palaver concerned a girl who had run

away from her husband. She would stand cower- to take their rightful places as companions to ing in one corner while the discussion went on as their husbands, instead of being their slaves. to what punishment to mete out to her to prevent her from running away again. We did not know much about cleanliness in the old days. Our bodies we rubbed with redwood If a man was very angry he might wish to kill powder and oil but we did not bathe often. Sick his wife and considered her his chattel to do with persons never bathed until they recovered. The as he wished. At times there were heated discus- center post of our houses was used as a towel sions concerning the bride price of a mere baby. or handkerchief. We did not know that disease At any time a boy might see his little sister whom comes from filth and dirt. We thought that dehe had carried on his hip, while nis mother was parted spirits sent us misfortunes, sometimes to busy in her garden, taken away from his home to punish us for not sacrificing a fowl or goat to become the wife of a man who had numerous them. From many houses could be heard the other wives. There were many arguments con- death wail-a mother mourning for another little cerning debts and often a man's wife or daughter one or wives for a husband. was pawned to prevent the creditor from adjuring his fetish to kill the debtor. In the school pupils are taught hygiene. They learn that dirt carries disease germs and are I could write much concerning the things heard taught to keep their bodies clean. They learn that and learned by the small boy of school age in his a dog has eggs of worms on its tongue and that if contacts with life in his village when my father dishes are left for it to lick, instead of being was a boy. He learned to have impure thoughts, washed, as is the custom of some of our people, to value deceit and lying and to disrespect wom- the eggs will pass into the next person who eats anhood. He soon ceased obeying his mother. He food from such dishes. There are many other never shared with his sister but always expected things hygiene teaches us. and was given the best and biggest portions of food after his father had received his. When a family goes on a journey the head of the family takes his place last in the line. There The school has kept boys away from the com- he can see what dangers threaten ahead and promunity house at a tender age when they are most tect and care for the very last one in the line. susceptible and has gathered them together to I have kept the most important influence the learIli to think other thoughts and have other school has on our homes until the last. Jesus is ideals. This has been an invaluable help. But the Head of our schools. He is not the shadow there are other ways in which it has influenced but the very heart, itself, as we Basa say. Our our home. Girls sit in classes with boys and often pupils read God's Word in school and they see excel them in their studies. Their hours in school that their teachers try to follow Christ's teachprevent them fixing their attention on matters ings. They turn their hearts to God. It is the which made the past generation disdain woman- Christian school pupils who put into practice what hood, and they find that girls are their equals, so they learn of cleanliness and Christian virtues bethey have gained a respect for womanhood. Wom- cause their thoughts are turned toward helping en in a Christian community are now beginning their people to rise.-Otto Who-will-climb.

WHEN ESTELLE PRAYED We were holding a service at a soldier's camp in the heart of Africa. While we were in the midst of the meeting a Basonge woman, from 1000 miles away, stood up and prayed. She had one baby in a sling on her back and another one tugging at her skirts. I could under- stand only two words, "Jesus" and "Amen" but I knew that she was talking to God. The con- gregation was quiet and reverent. The woman who prayed was Fulu Estelle from the Swedish Mission station of Kingoyi.

That afternoon we had a baptismal and communion service. One couple, Movungu and Nianga Estelle, brought their son for baptism. There were 110 baptized Christians present for this service. After the baptism of her son, Nianga Estelle prayed. She comes from the same mission station as Fulu Estelle.

The service was conducted in four different languages, and eleven natives accepted Christ. Four babies were baptized; 15 little black children sang four songs for us, and one bachelor soldier sang a solo. Pray for our evangelist Kabunda and his wife Disank (Hap- piness) as they minister unto these soldiers. PLUMER SMITH, Mutoto, Congo Belge.

"Each in His Own Tongue"

How to Complete the Unfinished Task of the Bible Translator By EUGENE A. NIDA, M.A., Philadelphia, Pa. }a- Field Worker, Institute of Linguistics, Pioneer Mission Agency TODAY, after publishing the Bible or portions great damage to the message; others, though of it in 1,000 languages, the task of Bible conscientious, have failed to be accurate when translation is only half done, for there are accuracy was of utmost importance. For example, 1,000 other groups that should have the Word of one missionary discovered, after some length of God in their own tongues. The French Academy time, that his interpreter, who knew English inad- conservatively estimates 2,796 living languages equately, was rendering the expression, "only be- in the world. Several hundred of these languages gotten Son," by words in his own language which are spoken by very small groups of people, but would be a translation for "only forgotten Son."

there are still at least one thDusand languages He was nDt acquainted with the obsolescent word, which should be reduced to writing and intO' which "begotten," and substituted one which had a cer- the Bible should be translated. The American Bi- tain similarity and which he knew; but this ble Society states that there are "from five hun- involved a considerable confusion in the fadred to a thousand more forms of speech in the world in which new translations are needed." The task of the Bible translator is far from finished- in fact, at least half still remains-for the greater percenta'ge of these one thousand groups speak languages which have never been reduced to writ- ing, and the people themselves are uneducated and not capable of being translators.

Accurate fi~ures as to the exact number of tribes and languages in the various countries of the world are difficult to secure. Ethnological sur- veys of many regions are very inadequate but, at a very conservative estimate, we may say that some 100 language groups in Western China shDuld have, but have not yet received, the Word of GDd in their language. There are 90 similar TRANSLATOR WITH MEXICAN BOY groups in Indo-China and Burma, 150 in Malay and the South Sea Islands, 200 in India, 250 in vorite text of the missionary. If the interpreter Africa, at least 40 in Mexico and Central America, is already a believer in Christ, he can, with some 100 in South America, and 80 in the Soviet Union. training, preach and not need to act as an inter- And this number does not include groups in Tibet, preter. But this does not solve the problem, for Afghanistan, portions of the Near East and Aus- it is found that he must have some source of spir- tralasia, all Df which regions have a number of itual inspiration and must be able to feed his own language groups without the Gospel. soul upon the truth of God, in order to present this An answer which is often given to the problem truth with consistency and clarity, which a good of taking the Gospel to indigenous groups is that translation alone can enable him to do. If the of the extensive use of interpreters. Though at people of the language group to which a mis- times this is necessary, it is far from satisfactory sionary is ministering are to be expected to grow and should only be preliminary to the real work in their spiritual life, they need the Word of God of evangelization. How is it possible for an inter- in their own language so that they may read it preter, who may not himself be a believer, to for themselves. The gateway tDa person's soul explain the Gospel to his fellow countrymen, even is through his own language. An African chief- though prDmpted by someone else? Some inter- tain, when he first read the Bible in his own lan- preters have been known to falsify intentionally guage, exclaimed, "That God is black!" He thus the statements of the missionary and have done voiced his feeling of the profound meaning which [547 ]

the Word of God in his own language conveyed to fessor Kenneth Pike of the Summer Institute of his soul. A Zapoteco Indian of Mexico, who had Linguistics has been working, four words may be been educated in Spanish and read the Bible in transliterated into English with the letters huku, Spanish, was asked in which language he would but which different tones on the two syllables prefer to have the Bible, and he answered, "Of make the word mean mountain, ox-yoke, brush, course, in my own language, the Zapoteco." All and mountainous. This word changes from a the tribes around the world likewise are entitled noun, which is the first meaning given, to an to receive this priceless heritage of the Word of adjective merely by raising the pitch of the two God, a heritage which the missionary may leave syllables. In many languages the pitch is a comwith his people after he has gone, and by leaving plicated feature of the grammatical structure. it, will have helped to establish a foundation for a strong indigenous church. But complications of sound are slight as com- pared with the highly elaborate grammatical Many stupendous problems are involved in lan- structure of many languages. The Cakchiquel guage reduction and Bible translation. One must language of Guatemala, which Mr. Cameron have the courage and pioneer spirit of such men Townsend, director of the Summer Institute of as William Carey of India, Robert Morrison of Linguistics, reduced to writing and into which he China, John Eliot, who translated for the Amer- translated the New Testament, has as high as ican Indians,and John G. Paton of the New 100,000 different forms for the verb. These are Hebrides. One must be able to withstand the arranged with regularity and great preciseness hardships and difficulties encountered in living in of meaning. One word in the Tarahumara lanthe isolated regions of the world, and must have guage of Mexico, macugupabenima, actually the persistency necessary to learn new and diffi- means "already for the second time about to comcult sounds, to search out words, to master gram- mence the activity of bringing in wood." Each matical construction. He must be able to develop syllable has a definite meaning when used in the or borrow words for spiritual concepts, such as word, but these elements are meaningless if sepalove, faith, forgiveness-terms. which in many rated or uttered in any other than their particular languages do not exist with the correct spiritual fixed order. This language, with somewhat over values. one hundred suffixes and prefixes which may be attached to a stem, may have verbs of 50,000 Some Complicated Problems different possihle forms. Aboriginal languages are not primitive, if we mean by this word "sim- One who reduces an aboriginal language to ple," for, though many are less complicated than writing will encounter many intricate problems of these which we have mentioned, they all indicate sound and grammer. For example, in the Maza- a highly developed method of conveying meanteca language of Mexico, there are three words ing. Not all are complete in abstract words or concepts, but most of them have means by which which the untrained investigator would write ti, these concepts may be developed.

but which have three distinct meanings-boy, A Summer Institute of Linguistics rubbish, and round. These words are not identical in· sound, as one might first think, for one To meet this need of the missionary for tech- nical training in the science of language, the Sumhas a slight puff of air after the t sound, just as mer Institute of Linguistics was founded six years ago by Mr. L. L. Legters and Mr. Cameron Townwe pronounce the letter t in English; in the word send, under the sponsorship of the Pioneer Mis- sion Agency of Philadelphia. This Institute, which which means boy the t is pronounced as in Span- is also called Camp Wycliffe in honor of the trans- lator of the Bible into English, is now located near ish, a slight distinction which would usually be Siloam Springs, Arkansas, and each summer, missed by an untrained person. The word which from July till October, provides training for mismeans round has a slight puff of air just preceding sionaries going to various countries of the world. This Institute does not teach anyone specific lanthe t. If one does not make these distinctions in guage, but teaches the scientific basis for the analysis of all types of languages. Two and a writing, which may be indicated by some sign such half hours a day are given to a thorough training as a single apostrophe or a superimposed h, al- in the science of phonetics, which has to do with most unlimited confusion would occur for one the analyzing and making of sounds. It is necesattempting to read the language. Even greater sary both to hear accurately and to be able to rethan the difficulty of peculiar consonants and vow- produce accurately the very large number of els is that of the tone or pitch of the syllables in sounds and combinations of sounds which occur many languages. Chinese is noted for its ,complicated singsong pattern, and many languages of Africa and North and South America are even more complicated. The Geabo language of North Africa has as many as four pitches and twelve oombinations. One syllable, mu, occurs with eight tonal differences and eight different meanings. In the Mixteco language of Mexico, with which Pro-

EACH IN HIS OWN TONGUE

throughout the world. The problem of writing a turn and take advanced work in linguistic prob- correct alphabet, which is termed phonemics, is lems. Since the material which he has gathered also studied under the guidance of Professor Pike. will be in scientific form, due to his first summer's Time is also devoted to the study of the science training, he may then be helped to solve the par- of grammar. Analyses are made of the various ticularly difficult problems which occur in his own ways in which words are formed in the languages language.

of the world, and how a person goes. about analyz- No sacrifice or effort is too great to attain the ing the structure of a complicated language. How goal of presenting the priceless, life-changing and these words are put together into sentences is also light-giving Word of God. An Aztec Indian, after taught. Another course is given in the interpre- having read the Bible over a period of some weeks, tation of the Greek New Testament. A course in came to the missionary and inquired as to what a typical Indian language, Cakchiquel, is given had happened to him. He could not beat his wife, by Director Townsend. Lectures on general mis- get drunk, lie and cheat, as he had been accus- sionary problems and the spiritual aspects of the tomed to do before reading the Word of God, work are given by Mr. Legters, of the Pioneer which kept prompting him not to do these things.

Mission Agency.

Over thirty individuals who have taken the training course during the six summer sessions of the Institute are now working in various coun- tries – Africa, Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Philippines. Missionaries from other countries have availed themselves of the spe- cial training for their specific language problems.

This Summer Institute makes these opportunities available to any Mission Board and any prospec- tive missiO'nary at an expense amounting to $2.00 a week for room and board. All the other TRANSLATORS AT WORK ON A NEW TONGUE expenses are met by the friends of the Pioneer Mission Agency, who have undertaken this faith The missionary had the privilege of explaining work in order that the Word of God may be more that this Book was nO't like any other book, and speedily carried to' the thousand tribes that have that the Spirit of God spoke thrO'ugh it, so that not yet received it. God was speaking to his soul. This Indian ac- One special feature of the training includes cepted Christ and is now proclaiming the Gospel work with native informants, either Indians who with sincere zeal and effectiveness.

have been brought from Latin America or come A unique experience occurred to one of the mis- from tribes in Arkansas and Oklahoma. The sionaries and his wife when their native helper, student has the opportunity of working on the who watched them closely, asked what they were language problem just as he would in some mis- doing when they knelt down each night. Theyex- sion field, for he first writes various words in plained that they were praying. The native order to obtain a knowledge of the sounds; then thought that this meant reciting something, for he he takes down short sentences and phrases and could not dissociate praying from meaningless gradually, under the supervision of the instruc- ritual. When they finally explained that in their tors, works out a practical method for undertak- prayers they were actually talking to God, the ing the reduction of some new language to writing. Indian immediately answered, "Oh, sir, won't you Of course, it is impossible to teach sufficient in talk to God in my language so I may listen in!"

three months' time to enable the student to become This is the challenge of a thousand tribes an accomplished linguist, but the method is thor- around the world. If someone will speak to God oughly emphasized so that after the missionary in their language, they will thank God for the has been on the field for a short time, he may re- good news which comes through Jesus Christ.

THE NEED FOR CHRISTIAN EDUCATION Probably never since the Copernican revolution has the need for Christian education been so dire as it is today. . . . Obviously, if the church-related colleges are only replicas of the State and secular cO'lleges, their contributiO'n to Christian character will remain negligible. If the doctrines of Christianity are dealt with only on the level of intellectual exercises, like original problems in geometry, what hope is there?-Dr. Henry C. Link, the author of "The Rediscovery of Man."

Adults to Read •

111 -t&f I By the REV. E. W. BAILEY, Minia, Egypt 11'- I NCREASING interest is being shown in the life ways by which village children may be educated of the Egyptian peasant. Though he consti- and kept in touch with their village life while still tutes two thirds of the population and for cen- in school. A schgol garden, sewing classes for turies, yes for millenniums, has been the wealth producer for his overlords, be they Turk, Mame- luke, or large land owner, he has been looked upon by his masters as existing mostly for their bene- fit, rather than as having any place of his own.

Today a new spirit is moving through the land and there is a new concept of the need for a fuller life in the villages. One meets it everywhere, in the daily press, in the lecture hall, in Parliament, and in private conversation with leaders in vari- ous walks of life. Nor is it all talk. Thegovern- ment, some land owners, and many private socie- ties have taken steps to better the lot of the peasant villager.

In the past few years members of the American Mission (United Presbyterian of N. A.) have taken steps to make the Gospel of Christ meet the EGYPTIAN EVANGELIST AND HIS CLASS whole need of man. One of these steps is along the line of adult education; the other is a village girls, and furniture making from the palm branch school developed along truly rural lines. ribs, are activities which have already proved to In a village near the city of Minia, a young evan- be worth developing, in addition to the three R's.

gelist, under the supervision of Miss Jean Mc- Crory, has hit upon one important feature of the THE UNCHANGING WORD OF GOD successful plans to teach adults to read, namely that the teacher must be confident of the ability of The Bible is one of the solid facts of Christi- his pupils to learn and must inspire his class with anity. It is not aff·ected by what men think of it.

that assurance. Within a few months this evan- Changing opinions about the Bible do not change gelist had taught a class of ordinary peasant wom- the Bible. Whatever the Bible was, the Bible is.

en to read from their Bible with sufficient intelli- And what it is it has always been. It is not men's gence, so that they were able to conduct family thoughts about the Bible that judge it. It is the prayers. As they read they learned that many Bible which judges men and their thoughts. It customs handed down from their fathers were not has nothing to fear but ignorance and neglect.

right-particularly the funeral and mourning cus- And the Church need have no other fear on its toms-and they have had the courage to break account. The Bible will take care of itself if the away from them. Soon the example of the women Church will distribute it and get it read. Every inspired the men to ask for a class and now a pastor should present the duty of Bible distribu- group of husbands has been formed and is making tion and Bible study afresh to the Church and all excellent progress. its members.

In another village, in the same district, the wife It is the Bible from which the ideal of the home of the pastor undertook a similar task, though is derived and from which the forces for its real- working more largely with individuals than with a ization flow. And what the Bible is for the home, class. Her success was even more marked. it is for men and women one by one-namely, the The other activity that looks toward a new em- source of true ideals of character and the foun- phasis in missionary education in Egypt is in a tain of those energies in Christ by which charac- village school in Edmu, also near Minia, the pro- ter is won.-Robert E. Speer, American Bible 80- vincial capital. This school is attempting to find ciety.

~ 550 1

Harvests in

I I~.- -•…et By the REV. CHARLES W. POSNETT, Medak, India O NLY those who have lived and worked in "Many 'devil priests' and priestesses were res- India for many years can realize the almost cued, and it is an unutterable joy to visit one who unbelievable changes that have taken place became an evangelist's wife, and is now a great in the past fifty years. We note the improvement leader amongst the women in the countryside in economic conditions, with the extension of irri- where as a child she was dedicated to the service gation and the lessening of famine; the increase of Satan. But for the wonderful Gospel of Christ, in education and unification of the country by she would today be a drunken prostitute, instead peace and communication; the improvements in of this beloved minister's wife.

health, including medical care and sanitation, with "From the first, I was determined to train evan- the great diminution in plague and cholera; the gelists, and, almost the first year, started with relaxing of caste restrictions and injustices, so three students. We started the Medak Bible that many of the depressed classes are now School, which has grown until now we have 200 treated as human beings; the increase in political students; it is the most valuable and important freedom, with the right of suffrage and self-gov- part of all our work. We have given to our most ernment; the generally improved social conditions promising young men and women a thorough and the raising of the marriage age for girls; but training in the Bible; the Gospel in all its sim- most of all we note the changed attitude of all plicity has become the anchor of their lives. These classes toward Christ and His Gospel and Way of young men and women go back to the villages Life. where they were born, where they were consid- Many testimonials are given to the revolution- ered of less value than the animals; these un- ary character and effect of these changes, which touchable outcastes, who had been trodden down fifty years ago seemed almost unbelievable and for generations, have gone back to preach to their impossible in so short a time. The Rev. Charles own people the saving power of Christ. By their W. Posnett, who has labored in Medak, in the lives and their Christian homes they set such an Province of Hyderabad, for over forty-four years, example that they have compelled the village writes as follows: chiefs and the caste people to respect· them.

"Forty years ago, when I first went to Medak, "For twenty-five years the village leaders and there was hardly a score of professed Christians. the caste people thought that Christianity was be- Today there are about 115,000. In that first year, neath them. While they confessed that the new a few outcastes asked to be baptized at night in religion had made a great change in this "miry the forest, where no one would see them. Today, clay," it was still to them the religion of the they are being baptized in hundreds every week, Untouchables. with flags flying and drums beating. They walk "These poor down-trodden, friendless Untouch- into the river, and the service is watched by hun- ables, found that Christ brought them missionar- dreds from surrounding villages, who have come ies who came into their dark little hovels, and to see what is done, for they are usually hesitating talked to them of One who could lift them up and before making the great decision. Many of those be their Friend. Slowly the outcaste Church bewho so confess Christ in baptism now are caste gan to grow, first in scores, and then in hundreds, people. They still face much bitter persecution, and at last in thousands. The fear of public bapif they decide to become His witnesses. tism became a thing of the past, and they began "In my first years, we were faced with a ter- to be proud to be Christians, though it cost them rible famine. Starving children who would have bitter persecution from their masters and the vil- been sold and brought up as household slaves, lage chiefs. They were beaten, their land conwere taken by us, and one English lady volun- fiscated by fraud, their cattle were refused graz- teered to come and supervise their education. ing, and in scores of ways they were tempted to Miracles have been worked in what appeared then return to the village gods, receiving promises of to be the very poorest material. Some of those. peace and land and help.

famine waifs are now ordained pastors, respected "For twenty-five years, this harvest was entire- and loved. ly among the Untouchables, but as these gradually [551 ]

rose in the esteem of all, the caste people began the compelling power of a true Christian life has to think that this religion must be something won- brought others from all over the district, and now derful. this harvest is spreading everywhere and is ac- companied by bitter persecution. The village "Fifteen years ago, caste Hindus were invited chiefs, especially, hate the thought of their own to our headquarters at Medak. To our unspeakable caste people becoming Christians, and they have joy, about one hundred thirty men and a few used the vilest abuse towards those who have brave women came from places as far as 150 miles made their confession. Yet this year, four of away. Each came in the company of a conse- these very village chiefs who were among our crated evangelist, who, though an outcaste, had bitterest enemies have publicly confessed the evil won their affection. For three days they were they have wrought and the suffering they have with us in our compound and ate the food which caused, and have asked their people for pardon. had been cooked for them by two of their own people, so as not to spoil their caste. They lis- . . Every year the harvest is growing greater." tened to the wonderful story of Christ with pictures and the magic lantern. Fourteen of them *** came to ask for baptism after they had been up all night fighting their doubts and fears. I told We also note the New Life Movement in Trathem that they must go back to their villages vancore, inaugurated at the recent Mar Thoma and give their witness in their own homes, and Syrian Christian Convention in South India. A learn more of Christ, for we did not want any group of 2,000 in Dr. Stanley Jones' Bible class hasty conversions which might afterwards be was told about the New Life Movement in China, denied. They had to be tested in the furnace of and resolved to launch a similar campaign to suffering before we would dare accept them into change certain things in the corporate life of the Church. India. The following points were selected: "One of these people was a government re- 1. Wipe out illiteracy in every village. corder, a Brahmin of very high caste. He publicly 2. Cleanse all filth from the house and compound. broke his caste and after six months was pub- 3. Every Christian's clothes clean. licly baptized. Ever since he has been faithful to 4. No debts contracted through marriage. his vows, and has been of infinite help to us in 5. All disputes to be settled out of court. scores of ways. He is now an old man and one 6. Adoption of a salutation, folding of hands and saywhom I dearly love. At his baptism there was a great crowd of caste people. He turned and ing, "Namaskaram." said to them, 'I have studied all the Hindu scrip- 7. Teach punctuality. tures, but there is nothing in them to compare 8. Give up all tobacco from personal and social customs. with the Gospel of Jesus. I have read it over 9. Give up use of liquor entirely. and over again, and I cannot hold back any 10. Indulge in no expensive feasts. longer whatever it may cost me.' 11. Charge no excessive interest. 12. At least one-tenth of income given to church and "Since then this harvest has spread all over our mission field. At first it was entirely confined charity. to the caste communities in one part, but again 13. A cooperative established in every village. 14. Family devotions observed in every home. 15. Cottage industries carried on in every home. 16. No recreation that cannot be taken in the Name of the Lord Jesus. 17. Wipe out all remnants of caste from thought and customs.

THE POWER OF GOD IN MISSIONS By REV. C. F. ANDREWS, OF INDIA When you read Romans, 7th chapter, you see a Paul who is all weakness. But when you read Romans, 8th chapter, Paul says, "I can do all things through Christ that strengtheneth me." The power comes through a personal experience of Christ.

A few years ago, the people of the Fiji Islands were all savages. When I went there I found them all Christians, sending out missionaries to an island one thousand miles distant. They were g<;>ing to preach to savages and expected to lose their lives in the attempt. The farewell serVIce was the Lord's Supper and they sang their reason for going. "Come and help us. We are dying. Christ is calling. Come and help us."

In Uganda I went to a place where a stone had been erected to the memory of three Afri- can boys who were told by the African chief that unless they gave up Christ, they would be burned. They refused to recant and were burned. The chief watched them burning and commanded silence so that he might hear the boys crying for mercy. Instead he heard them singing, "Jesus, Lover of my soul, let me to Thy bosom fly."

Pueblo Indian Religion*

A Review by G. E. E. LINDQUIST, Lawrence, Kansas -t£f Missionary·at·Large, Society for Propagating the Gospel Among }Se– the Indians I N PUEBLO Indian culture "art, morality and the Hopi Wuwuchim and Singer societies, who philosophy are one," according to Dr. Elsie "have the clowning traits of jesting with women Clews Parsons, noted ethnologist. Her recent society members or singing at them in obscene compendium on the "Town Indians" of the South- terms" (p. 974); and the sexual display of the west,* in all probability, is the most comprehen- Koshare (p. 438). "This type of behavior might sive analysis of these town dwellers of New Mex- be interpreted as phallic-but the copulatory bur- ico and Arizona thus far published. After the lesques of First Mesa (Hopi) or Koyemshi refer- Introduction which contains no less than 111 ences to bestiality must be described as obscene in pages, the author deals with the following sub- quite the same sense as we conceive of such sexual jects: expressions when designed for amusement" (p.

Ceremonial Organization for, according to the Zunis, 439) .

"poor people are people without ceremonial connection" In the files of the Indian Bureau at Washington (p. 112). there is a series of affidavits concerning some of the so-called "secret dances" of the Pueblos which The Spirits, whose number is legion, must be impersonated, "When the dancers put on their masks, they not only impersonate the kachina but Pueblo Indians believe are unprintable. Furthermore, Dr. Edward S. that they are kachina" (p. 170). Curtis, in his monumental work on "The North American Indian," Vol. XVI, p. 162, speaks in Cosmic Notions, include the emergence myth, "the story no unmistakable language of the effects (e. g., of creation as that of emerging from the underworld" child seduction) of these ceremonial practices, (p. 210).

Ritual, in which we are told that "Pueblo ritual is kaleidoscopic," embodies both the fixed and the mobile the authenticity of which, though challenged, (p. 268). has never been disproved. Teachers of long expe- rience in the Indian School Service have likewise Ceremonies which are numerous, and of which fourteen testified as to their observations relative to child are meticulously described. seduction. Perhaps Dr. Parsons has such obser- vations in mind when she speaks of "school taught Other sections are devoted to the Pueblo calen- attitudes" tending to break down Pueblo ceremodar, and historical and geographical "reviews" of nial life. (p. 1128.) "The self-consciousness 13 "towns." It is significant that 226 pages are shown by the younger generation toward their given to factors involving "processes of change" cults, more particularly in matters that school in Pueblo culture. Is this, perchance, a portent of teachers would consider superstitious or obscene, what is happening to break down the "social are largely acquired at school." (p. 1140.) cohesion and integrity" which some people seem to prize so highly?

In the closing chapters of her work, the author takes pains to point out that Protestant Christi- Aside from "the new found sense of shame"

anity has been a disintegrating factor in Pueblo (p. 1140), acquired by the young people and the life. She says: "Protestant sects contribute noth- alleged perils inherent in "the American schools ing to Pueblo religion but dissension and apostasy. and teachings" (p. 1155), other factors promoting They present so sharp a choice between the old the disintegration of Pueblo ceremonial life in- religion and the new that they are called 'crazy.' elude such economic changes as adoption of the Hopi converts move off the mesa and break en- wage system and the introduction of government tirely with the ceremonial life" (pp. 1112-3). flour mills (p. 1130). Perhaps the inconsistency That there may be obvious reasons why Protes- which would lead one to dance in propitiation of tant Christians must break with the old ceremo- the rain gods and at the same time rely on the nial life, does not seem to occur to the author, advice of the Department of Agriculture is a bit although she refers to certain immoral practices of mental coordination which the young Pueblo which are disgusting to say the least, e. g., the experiences difficulty in hurdling. Then, too, the rabbit hunt ceremony at Sa~to Domingo (p. 826), violence of witch-baiting has abated, due in part, — at least, to the influence of the American doctor • P1,eblo Indian Religion. By Elsie Clews Parsons. 2 Vols. $7.00. and Visl·tl·ng nurse (p. 1139). 1275 pp. University of Chical'lo Press. 1939.

[553 ]

Furthermore, the passing of certain societies tribalism and nationalism, its adequacies to meet like the War Society at Zuni, the Al-vo-na the needs of all men and of all races, that the mes- (Horned Ones) at Oraibi, also of jugglery, the sengers of Christ seek to preach the Gospel and commercializing of ceremonies, e. g., at Gallup, seek to propagate the Christian faith among the N. Mex., the growth of new towns outside the old Indians, including the Pueblos. villages, e. g., at Laguna,-all have a part in the eventual break-up of the old culture. And here it Every act of the old life of these people is bound may be well to remind ourselves that the Pueblos, up with their religious ceremonies so that the who more than any other Indian people, sought Christian Hopis (as noted by Dr. Parsons), who to build up walls of segregation and isolation, are a little handful at each Mesa, cannot live in confirming the same by religious sanctions, and their old homes any longer, but come down and build new homes near the mission. The followwho sought by means of their autocratic hier- ing words are especially penned by one of the archy to resist the normal influences of cultUre field workers: transfusion, now may soon see the framework of their carefully erected corporate structure totter. As I think of the needs of the Indian people, young and old alike, I am more concerned each day that we should Tribalism, inherent in the Pueblo religion, has bring to them larger knowledge of the Bible; that we been weighed in the balances and found wanting. should store their memories with more that will help them It cannot meet the tests of the trarisition period through the long silences and the days that are hard. in which the Indian now finds himself. It is be- They need to know the stories of the early Christians who cause of our conviction of the divine resources dared be true to Jesus in the midst of pagan surroundings, of the Christian faith, a faith which rises above for it takes sheer courage and a great conviction to remain a follower of Christ when all your people are against you.

Ten Good Reasons for Foreign Missions* By the REV. HENRY TOWNSEND BEATTY Pastor of First Presbyterian Church, Hoboken, N. J.

W HY do I believe in foreign missions? 6. Because-I am a product of foreign mis- 1. Because-I believe in Christ. His sions. Were it not for the early disciples and belief in foreign missions is evidenced in other foreign missionaries, I would today be with- His incarnation, in His death on the cross, in the out the Gospel and the blessings of a Christian glory of His resurrection, in His final message on civilization. For "all that is best in modern civili- Olivet; as exalted Head of the Church, His belief zation is the fruit of the transforming power of has not changed. the Gospel."

2. Because-as a Christian I have caught some- 7. Because-as a debt of honor I must pay the thing of the spirit of Christ and, therefore, of His "debt of strength" to weakness; intelligence, to passion to seek and to save lost souls. Consequent- ignorance; wealth, to poverty; health, to sickly, it is my joy to imitate Him, to realize His ness; comfort, to sorrow; hope, to despair; and ideals and to extend His kingdom. the Gospel to a lost world.

3. Because-He bade His disciples proclaim His 8. Because-the only way I can pay this "debt Gospel to all the world. As I am one of His dis- of honor" to· those missionaries who suffered ciples, I believe this command involves me. His greatly in their stewardship of the faith that I wish is my pleasure, His will is my law. If He might know the Christ and be saved, is to pass says, "Do this!" I take him at His word and strive the Gospel on to others.

to do it. 9. Because-to evangelize humanity is to save 4. Because-I am a member of His church and the world from the tragedy of evil. To bring un- Christian nations into fellowship with the Son of am under vows to promote its growth and effi- Man is to create a new brotherhood of mutual ciency. His church is His method of proclaiming understanding, honor, protection, and righteous- His Gospel and saving the world. It is a united ness, thereby outlawing war and greed and a and organized effort to accomplish what no in- multitude of evils.

dividual could do. 10. Because—all Christian missions are one. If 5. Because-Christianity is a religion of expan- I believe in home missions, I must also believe in foreign missions. I must not neglect my homesion and must grow-or die. Therefore, as I land, but I must go beyond it. Beginning at Jeruwant it to live and to emancipate humanity, I must salem, I must go, or send, into all the world, proclaim and help others proclaim the Gospel until simply because He said so. the Kingdom of Christ shall encompass the world.

• From Women and Missions.

Difficulties in West China-II

By HOWARD THOMAS, Kiulungkiang, Yunnan Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.

KIULUNGKIANG, YUN.NAN, CHINA, tIe, I had to carryon. I went to our headman VIA HAIPHONG AND SZEMAO and gave him the story. There wasn't any encour- March 27,.1939 agement. Finally, I said: THE traveling time from Rangoon, Burma to "Byaw Khum Bu, would it be unwise for me Kiulungkiang, China, is sixteen days. We to go to the Chow-fa with this problem? You can go from Taunggyi to Kentung by auto; know he has declared himself my friend. Chow the nine days' trip from Kentung here, we make Moung Hah (the provincial head) has also told me by pony. that he was willing to help me in any possible way. You know I can always go to the Chinese There is a custom of the people which offers officials. What shall I do?" a most remarkable evangelistic opportunity. When on tour, one is welcomed into every village He laughed and replied, "Bawou, (father, with open arms. Custom demands that a trav- teacher) if I write to the head of that village, the eler be entertained in the home of the headman. people can come." He wrote and the people came. One can even insist that food be brought, but we Half the village moved to our Christian village up always insist on paying for everything we re- river. ceive. It is quite proper to request that the village "Hurry Fast, Come Quick!"

elders be called to hear what the foreigner has to Just before Christmas a big fuss burst into say, and the sight of the village heads moving flames in one of our down-river villages and I re- towards the headman's house is a signal for the . ceived a call to "hurry fast, come quick." I has- entire village to assemble there. By taking the. tened to the river and boarded a raft. To make attitude of a learner, one finds that the people are this raft two small native boats are tied together ready to talk and hearts are open wide; when and a platform is thrown over them. On to this they have had "their say" we can preach the raft the boatman loaded people, packs, and ponies.

Gospel without reserve. Pray for us. My horse is a four-year-old stallion and has plenty Our present difficulty is the brother of the Tai of fire. I do not have much trouble with him ruler. He happens to be the head priest of a when he is alone, but when there are other horses corrupt and diluted Buddhism. When a man ac- around, he causes me plenty of trouble. On this cepts Christianity, he cannot continue to make particular crossing he nearly dumped us all into offerings to the "spirits" or support the temple. the fast flowing, deep, and muddy Mekong River.

If he ceases to do this, he is deprived of all land The twenty men yelled-fortunately a lot of rights. There is a custom here that relegates the words I didn't understand-and the hops (bas- ownership of all land to the Chow-fa, or head of kets) they carryon their shoulders, slid precar- the Tai people and one cannot hold land without iously about. I groaned and then we all laughed his approval. Religious liberty is supposedly as- -the danger was past.

sured in China, but it is not being practiced today After crossing the river there was a long trip here. There will be a great reception for the across the rice flats. As we were walking along, Gospel when these folk can accept it without los- one of the horses fell into a large hole that had ing everything they have. been made by ants. It is well nigh impossible to Two months ago a group of men came to call detect the presence of these holes until the unfor- upon me. They were visibly disturbed about tunate happens to step on one. The poor beast something. They addressed me in the usual could not get a purchase with his front feet and friendly manner and th~n launched into the heart he was having great difficulty in breathing. We of the problem. They wanted to move into a tried to get him out, but without success. The Christian village, but their headman would not saddle we broke, native ropes we broke, finally in allow them to take any of their goods with them. desperation we grabbed an oilcloth from one of It is my policy to keep out of politics, but since the loads and, putting it under his head, we this was another step along the front of my bat- tugged. Finally he got a foothold and out he [ 555]

Photo by Dr. Douglas Collier A VILLAGE STRmET SCENE IN WEST CHINA came. I thought for a while we would have to er to sleep in a dirtier, darker, or smellier place if I live to be a thousand. cut his throat and let him die. Shortly after this experience we began to The headman had been out fishing; and when he returned, he offered us a lot of snails. They climb such trails and such hills as I never saw be- wash the snails in cold water, cut off the top, and fore anywhere. It seemed that we went straight put them in warm water. They are then cooked, up, and I do believe that every third tree had taken from the stove and cooled. When dinner fallen across the trail. We must have gone fifteen is ready a large pot of rice is brought out and miles to advance eight. After about four hours set beside the table. Everybody dives in at once. we reached the top of the mountain and soon after With one hand grabbing rice and with the other we came into a mountain village. The children hand fishing for snails. The snails are sucked from screamed and ran, the women flew into their the shells with a long, loud, snore-like sound. houses, but the men approached us with some The louder noise one makes the more he is thought hesitancy. These mountain people are filthy, mor- to be enjoying his dinner. The dish neither ally and physically, and are demon worshipers. smelled nor looked inviting. My men relished the We went to the headmen's house and I hope nev-

TRAVEL DIFFICULTIES IN WEST CHINA-II

food and cast pitying glances in my direction About four that afternoon we began to ford when they saw that I passed up the snails. I streams. We had crossed three and were about drank a whole pot of his tea, which wasn't any across the fourth when an accident overtook me. too clean, but at · least the water had been well One of my pack ponies started up a bank that was boiled. soft and slippery. Somehow he got mixed up with soft ground and down he went. He landed The following morning we started about five at the foot of the embankment on top of my pack o'clock and reached our destination at about six and burst the packsaddle all to pieces. I thought that evening. The Christians, knowing that I was the horse had broken a leg, but he came out of coming, had a really big feast ready and I hon- the wreckage in fine shape. I had to load the stuff ored their cooking. on my riding pony and make a two man load to get to our next stop. The next day we called on some of the Tai officials and we were received warmly. One of our I remained in the leper village two days. Dr. evangelists showed some charts and spoke to a Nelson came along, as he was making a survey large group of people in the yard. When the officials heard what was going on they took leave of me and went out and stood in the sun listening as attentively as the others. Pray for these men. If God can break through to some of them the Gospel will have free course in the Tai country. Officials are afraid of the people; the people are afraid of the officials. A break must come soon.

Lepers and the Great Dragon A VILLAGE "SPIRIT-GATE" IN YUNNAN There were lepers present and I urged them to of the leper situation in that region. Doctor came come to our colony and receive treatment. They upon one village that was entirely leprous and flatly refused because they were afraid that we soon he is planning to establish treatment there. would take them and feed them to a great dragon. Please pray for him and his work. Then I helped the doctor with an operation. Out here one needs The Christians were having a harvest festival to be all things to all men. the next day, so I hurried back to the village. Just before the service began a mother brought a little We had devotional services with the men every girl up and laid her behind me among all the gifts evening, but the women wouldn't come. We sang that had been made to the Lord. The teacher told a song, prayed, read a portion of Scripture, then me that the little bundle of whimpers and sighs sang other songs and closed with prayer. This had been a fine healthy girl who ran laughing we did for two evenings. On the third evening I about the village. Now I looked at the helpless, asked if some of the people would tell me just crippled, blind little body and wondered. Some what Jesus Christ meant to them. Things began sickness had come and the mother had neglected slowly. Finally, the men got the idea. One man the little one. Every once in a while she would arose and said: moan and feebly cry out. Finally one of the women arose and wrapped her in a piece of cloth; "I am glad that the Lord took a big stick and another picked a banana from a gift bunch and punished me. When I had leprosy I found Jesus gave it to the poor thing. I felt tha.t the child Christ. If I should lose every one of my fingers might be a means of reaching those people. In my message I pointed out many of the things Christians have and for which thanks ought to be rendered to God. But I doubt that the people got my point. They are so accustomed to suffering that the condition of the child was the usual thing. She died that night. · They wrapped her in an old mat and buried her the next day in a downpour of rain.

Later in the week we set out for a new and small leper colony. They had begged me to come to their harvest festival. En route we came 'across a section where there were hundreds of leeches. They bite and suck a lot of blood out of a fellow. One of the carriers picked about 43 off his body during the day.

and everyone of my toes, I would still be true to feeling that I would confess Jesus Christ at every Him." opportunity.

Our teacher arose and said, "What do these The next day we started for home, so completcrooked and bent fingers and limbs matter '! When ing an eleven-day tour. We were very tired but my Father calls me home, He will give me a new happy to think of the great things that God was body and a home where there will be no more doing in this place. Pray for this work. There suffering or tears." are so many here without Christ, The leper whose disease has been arrested and A few Sundays ago Dr. Nelson came and asked who is head of our Ban Ann colony said: "You if I would go with him to a village where a mother all know me, don't you ? Well, if you know me you had been in labor for five days. We caught, sadknow what all the marks I have on my body mean. dled, and mounted our horses, but when we had You know what a wicked man I was. You know nearly reached the village, we were told that the that I gave my heart to Jesus Christ. Now he has woman had died. We could hear depressing wailremade me and I, who was bad have been given a ing. We found that there had been five native place of honor among you. You trust me. Yet doctors attending the woman who was about to it's not that you trust me but Christ who lives have her eighth child. in me. God can strike me dead, give me leprosy, but I will still be true to Him. Why? Because Pray for us and for the great mass of untouched He gave me hope, love, and peace when all the folk here. Several influential Chinese have inworld had turned against me." formed us that if we had a Chinese church here they would attend. The wife of our ex-magistrate The testimonies went on and on, many men went so far as to say that she would become a rising with tears falling down their cheeks, mere- Christian and others have promised to attend all ly saying: "I do love Jesus!" and then took their classes. God is opening doors but they seem to seats again, Others arose, but could say nothing, be opening faster than we can enter them. We sobbed, and sat down. I have never been in such have set ourselves to pray that God will cleanse a meeting before. It is a great thing to be able to and use us to win souls, to deepen our church leadpresent and serve a' Christ who can give men like ers, and that He will send a great revival. He these lepers such joy and hope. I left that place has already begun to answer our prayers.

The Youth Movement in China .By SAMUELS. CHANG "~"< THE modern youth movement in China is the two measures of reform, given lip service by high natural outcome of the conflict ·betw~!l the officials too old to change their attitudes, failed, old, philosophical, rural culture of China and but the last measure, educational reform, had farthe modern, scientific, and industrial culture of the reaching results. Once the system of examinations West. on Confucian Classics as a means for the selection of officials was abolished, and the system of mod- In the last decade of the 19th century, forward- ern education adopted, the tide of learning rose looking leaders in China advocated the adoption rapidly. Within the short span of twenty years, of Western scientific and industrial methods and 1901-1920, the number of students in modern techniques. But at that time the official hierarchy, schools increased from a mere handful to some from top to bottom, was ignorant, inefficient, and six million. corrupt. High officials not only did not believe in human progress, but failed to notice even the most Aside from progress made in the new learning advantageous aspects of Western culture. at home, the number of students studying abroad also increased from a few hundred students in The rise of the Chinese youth movement began foreign countries to approximately six thousand at the end of the last century, when China was de- young Chinese pursuing higher education in Eufeated by the Western powers in her struggle rope, the United States, and Japan. When these known as the Boxer Rebellion. This setback shat- students came into contact with foreign culture, tered the last vestige of the old regime, and made they naturally became more critical than those the officials realize the inadequacy of the tradi- staying at home. tional methods and the neces'sity of adopting Western civilization. Measures were adopted, dealing While the youth were working toward enlightwith political reform, administrative improve- enment and progress, there were reactionary ment, and educational reorganization. The first forces. The elders were still pursuing their daily

THE YOUTH MOVEMENT IN CHINA

life according to time-honored standards. Officials versity, it aimed at substituting the spoken for the still maintained the attitude of seclusion and false classical language. To the masses this classical pride in dealing with the foreign countries, while language was a dead language, and often required in dealing with domestic problems they adopted five to ten years for a talented student to master the method of suppression and oppression. it. In order that the youth movement might suc- As a result Chinese youth devoted their energy ceed, it was recognized that there must be a com- to political revolution as a means for reforming mon vernacular. This language movement was their country. Fortunately, in the late eighties of welcomed by the new leaders, and in two years'

the 19th century a group of Chinese youths had time, most of China's current literature was being already organized a revolutionary party which is written in the vernacular.

now known as the Koumintang or People's Party, When the Chinese youth caught the spirit of headed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. His aim was to es- these forces their emotions ran high and they let tablish a republic based upon the principles of na- their idealistic enthusiasm run its course. Thus, tional independence, political democracy, and the within the short span of ten years from 1916 to economic welfare of the entire people. With the 1925 publications increased by leaps and bounds increase in number of modern students and the and the expressions. of the new era spread like advancement of the new learning, this revolution- wild fire. The whole atmosphere was filled with ary party grew in membership and strength and the expressions of discontent with the old scheme finally succeeded in 1911 in overthrowing the old of life and there was the longing for something regime. new to take its place. During the first part of the The triumph of the revolutionary cause sig- period, there was very little constructive help to nalled the release of new forces which took the be found in the movement. It is in the nature of place of the old and sought to reconstruct China things that when the thousand and one old con- as an independent nation, as a land of freedom ceptions-such as old customs of marriage, and with democratic institutions for the happiness of expensive funeral ceremony – were questioned, all the people. some better social arrangements would eventually But the control of the new Republic fell into result. This movement was the manifestation of the hands of officials and generals who, though a new intellectual consciousness in the young men championing the cause of republicanism, were re- and women of China. Education had revealed the actionary at heart. Yuan Shih-kai, one-time im- necessity of a new social order.

perial adviser, became president of the new Youth Awakens the Nation Republic and the revolution turned out a farce.

The presidency of the Republic became the foot- In the midst ·of such a new outlook, and revolt ball of ambitious warlords; and China came to be against the traditional, there came suddenly the the battlefield of rival armies. There was no one news that the German rights in Shangtung Prov- person or party strong enough to stabilize the ince were given to Japan by a decision at the Ver- country. For fifteen years chaotic conditions pre- sailles Conference. This stunned Chinese youth vailed in China. and soon the students of Peking were organized, While these .struggles were going on, social and 15,000 from thirty-three schools and colleges customs and traditions were daily becoming dis- in Peking paraded the streets as a demonstration organized. At first the Chinese youths were against the Shangtung decision. Students in Pe- restless and confused, for they lacked adequate king organized in a students' union; made leadership. Fortunately, at this time of restless- speeches in the streets; appealed to the people, ness the modernization of education produced a demanding the dismissal of the "traitors." Next few intellectual leaders who were mature enough the student body declared a general strike, and to direct the path of impulsive youth in the re- thousands massed in the streets and fiery speeches habilitation of China. were delivered. Within two weeks the students of These intellectual leaders perceived that China's all the big cities declared sympathetic strikes.

greatest need was to adopt boldly the democratic Furthermore, the merchants declared sympathetic institutions and modern techniques and that this strikes and hundreds of students' unions sprang adoption must be through the people and absorbed up in many places all over the country. "The Na- by them. As a result of their foresight and work, tional Chinese Students' Alliance" was organized a series of social revolutions took place which have in Shanghai in June 1919 and by the declaration come to be known generally as the Chinese Renais- of this national organization the nation-wide stu- sance Movement. dent strikes came to an end.

One of the most important phases of this move- From that time on China was transformed into ment was the literary revolution which changed a new nation-a nation of the people, by the peo- the entire outlook of the nation. Started by Dr. ple and for the people. Young China had turned Hu Shih, when he was a student at Columbia Uni- away from the old ways of living and old modes of

thinking. She was looking forward to a new and tionalist Government in 1927, the Chinese youth richer life. movement underwent a change. As the major obstacles to national unification had been removed, As China was thus awakened by the youth it was felt that the students once more should demovement, the people were on the march. Sub- vote their time to studies. The Government exersequent years were full of troubles, brought about cised its power to restore normalcy and to dis,courby the popular resentment against foreign dom- age any kind of agitation. As a result, it was with ination and against domestic problems. The first difficulty, that the Tenth National Assembly of great strike, assisted by the youth, broke out in student representatives was called in 1928. As 1922 among the Chinese seamen of Hongkong. the subsequent years saw national life returned to Inevitably the strike became a political struggle order, the National Student Assembly did not call against British economic control. Other strikes any more meetings. followed and crystallized resentment against s.pecial foreign privileges in China. This peace was short-lived. Suddenly, on Sep- tember 18, 1931, Japanese armies invaded Man- In 1925 revolt became revolution when in churia, and Chinese youth were on the march Shanghai the International Settlement police fired again. The military overlords of Japan were on students who were demonstrating in protest viewing with alarm the rise of the people of China. against the murder of a Chinese cotton mill The Japanese chose a time to strike when the worker by his Japanese employer. A half million world was paralyzed by depression and when workers in the city went on sympathetic strikes large parts of Chinese territory were flooded, and and Chinese merchants and even banks closed China was in no position to resist. Almost untheir doors. The outbreak spread to other cities. opposed, the Japanese war machine rolled on into A nation-wide boycott, organized by the students three northeastern provinces. The students reagainst British and Japanese goods, was launched sented the government's nonresistance policy and and a bitter struggle developed. again started a general demonstration, demand- ing the declaration of war .against Japan. Later As the Chinese youth had risen to such an in- the situation became so critical that government fluence, they struck the hour for the Kuomintang authorities decided to adopt drastic means. regime in Canton. In July, 1926, under the lead- Troops were called out to escort the students in ership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, the the capital to their respective schools. The stunewly trained armies of the People's Party, dents, however, went to the countrysides to make marched north against the warlords. Before them speeches appealing to the farmers and arousing went youth as propagandists, organizing pea.."Iant their patriotism. Because of the work done by the leagues against reactionary landlords, winning the youth movement among the masses, the National support of the workers. The armies pressed on, Salvation Association, which advocated a united sweeping province after province into their con- front against Japan, was able to recruit members trol. When Chiang Kai-shek reached Shanghai from all the classes – peasants, workers, merthe workers, influenced by the students, seized the chants, and professionals. Mass education and city by a general strike and turned it over to the agitation spread. Again the people moved to com- Nationalist armies. mand their destiny.

During this period of upheaval, the Chinese Meanwhile China's youth began to understand youth movement turned its enthusiasm to many the intention of their government, which was. makdirections. First, there was the anti-religious ing rapid strides forward toward building a modmovement. Influenced by the scientific thinking, ern nation. They participated wholeheartedly in Chinese youth had been skeptical of the benefit of the task. The outstanding instance was the New all religions, especially Christianity, which had Life Movement originated by the leaders of the been most aggressively preached. They thought government. This organization aimed at the spirthat religion was opposed to science, that it makes itual reconstruction of the nation by teaching the for divisions and wars and that it had been made people the four fundamental principles–courtesy, the instrument of imperialism. As the result of justice, honesty, and honor. With the cooperation the anti-religious movement, foreign educational of the youth, this movement spread far and wide institutions were brought more in line with the and within the span of five years has had thou- Chinese Government regulations. sands of branches and millions of followers. This spiritual movement has greatly changed the entire Second, there was the anti-military movement. people in their personal cleanliness and mental The youth movement recognized the break-up of outlook. Furthermore, it has also aroused popthe country into great military centers as inimical ular sentiment against unhealthy surroundings, to the unity and progress of the nation. This and promoted education, playgrounds, clean city movement undoubtedly paved the way for the es- streets, sports and healthful activities. tablishment of the Nationalist Government at Nanking and the unification of the country.

After the Kuomintang Party established the Na-

IMPRESSIONS OF BUDDHISM IN JAPAN

While Chinese youth were working fervently Since the outbreak of hostilities, the majority for the modernization of their country, Japan of Chinese youth have been moving to hinterparts struck again on July 7, 1937, with the intention of the country which were formerly little touched of conquering the five northern provinces. But by modern civilization. They are carrying with this time she found a different China, a China them the germs of modern scientific thought, whose 'people were aroused and ready to resist to spreading them wherever they go. Before long the bitter end. Ever since that date, China has from the comparatively unknown and sparsely been fighting with great strength and confidence. populated areas of the interior of China will Japan is contending against a people of 450,- spring up a new civilization which will undoubt- 000,000 strong, who are determined to have a edly help to rebuild the nation, bringing a fuller and more modern life to all of her people. showdown.

Impressions of Buddhism in Japan* By WINBURN T. THOMAS Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, 1933, Kyoto, Japan AS A CHRISTIAN missionary, it is my pur- ture, philosophy, society, economics, and politics L. pose to preach the Gospel of Christ and to all show the marks of Buddhist influence. Per- haps it is too much to expect anyone foreign stu- spread the Kingdom of God. While this dent of Japanese Buddhism to be able to approach should be the purpose of all Christians, a mission- the whole subject sympathetically and impartially. ary is one who feels the urge to do so beyond the Sir Charles Elliott's study of Japanese Buddhism confines. of his home environment. Western is perhaps the most exhaustive work on the sub- Christianity is so enmeshed in the social, economic ject, yet its treatment is for the most part conand political systems of the Occident that it· is fined to an analysis of the history and teachings almost impossible for a Western missionary to of. the most prominent sects. completely divest himself of the cultural concepts of America or Europe. No such thing as "pure" A foreigner who has lived in Japan some years Christia.nity exists anywhere, for it has become recently remarked, "I don't see why missionaries involved in local culture, wherever it has spread. come to Japan, since Buddhism is essentially the Vital Christianity everywhere exerts an influence same as Christianity." on life and customs, not only spiritually but socially. As it is expressed in the thought and ac- F,ew students of comparative religions would cording to the psychology and needs of individuals make this statement. It illustrates the ignorance and groups, it gradually produces social, economic which prevails in some quarters as to the two and political changes. Lasting results are produced religions. only when it works slowly and persistently. In Japan its proponents and enemies have often tried I to use Christian ideas as dynamite, but the results have not been permanently successful. Chris- It is true that Christ and Buddha have some simtian missionaries, to work successfully for the ilarities.t Both sought to show the way of re- Kingdom of God in Japan, must understand the lease – one from sin and the other from pain. nature of the environment in which they work. Both point out to men the way to attain their end This involves a knowledge of many things, in- by sacrifice. The sacrifice of Jesus was in his cludingan understanding of the local religions. death. Buddha's sacrifi·ee was in his way of life.

Buddhism has had a profound effect u~on Japan, These two religions which developed about these as has been the case with Christianity in Europe two personalities also have points in common. and America. Japanese art, literature, architec- Neither of the leaders founded a complete reli- gious system, but their followers did. Buddha • English translation of an article which appeared in the Chugai pointed out a way of salvation independent of the Nippo, a Buddhist daily of 13,000 circulation ·and a popular peri- gods and dependent on human effort; Jesus odical among leaders nf all the religions in Japan. The edltnr once pointed the way to God, the Eternal Creator. Both remarked to the writer, "Many of my readers accuse me of being a Christian. " t The writer is indebted for the following line of thQught to Streeter's "The BUddha and the Christ."

Buddha and Jesus are looked upon as gods in the change with it. Most of the students who attend minds of millions of followers. The liturgies the Fellowship House:j: groups claim to be inwhich developed in Buddhism and in the Roman different to religion. Many young people in the Catholic church bear a striking resemblance, so West have also turned away from the religious much so that the first missionaries to Japan re- concepts of their fathers. Young people may not garded Buddhism as the invention of the devil be any more irreligious than other age-groups, but to mislead Christian believers. Hoben (the ac- many of the forms of religious expression do not commodation of a religion to environmental de- appeal to them. The existence of Mu-kyokai mands) has been a working principle of both (extra-church Christianity) among young people Roman Catholicism and Buddhism, both being in Japan reveals that Christ attracts many who willing to make compromises in the interest of do not wish to be identified with the existing popularity. Christianity and Buddhism are mis- churches. Because Buddhism is less flexible and sionary religions, being world-wide in their ob- more ponderous in Japan than Christianity, it jective-a characteristic shared only by Moham- faces a greater crisis in this res.pect than does medanism among all the other ethnic religions. Christianity. Both have been marked by rivalries and dissensions, so that sects are numerous. Contrasts-Buddhism and Christianity Man's natural propensity to find out about God There are also many contrasts between Chrisaccounts for some of the resemblances between tianity and Buddhism. Some are rooted in the backgrounds of Indian or Jewish thought; some PRIESTS ENTERING "HALL OF LIGHTS" AT MT. KOYA in the personalities of the two great religious leaders; some are due to the historical developthese two religions. Man attempts to express the ments of the two religions. There are many sects unexpressible in symbols. The Roman Catholic in both religions so that statements which one bows before the figure of the Virgin Mary; the group would approve would be disclaimed by the Buddhist prays before Amida; the Protestant others. We call attention to some contrasts that addresses God as Father. In each case the be- strike a general observer and do not present the liever is seeking to realize the divine character- conclusions of a scientific student of comparative istic of mercy and love. religions. What we see and hear from Japanese Buddhists and priests makes a deeper impression There is also a tendency for one religion to bor- upon us than volumes in Japanese. row from another. The alleged relationship between Nestorianism and esoteric Buddhism is a Christ's and Buddha's concepts of God are quite case in point. The Buddhist counter-reformation, different. Buddha, in his sermon at Benares, since the reintroduction of Christianity into Ja- made no mention of God or of the soul. Early Budpan, is a better illustration of how Buddhism has dhism did not express any conception of a personal come under the influence of Christianity. God. Buddha did not deny the existence of many gods.; he was agnostic as to their powers, and con- Both Christianity and Buddhism have been ceived of them as higher forms of men, subject greatly influenced by the progress of science and to the law of rebirth. According to Buddha, even by the world-wide situation which faces them. gods must pass away. Christ, on the contrary, Religion is being tested and both in the West and taught monotheism as it had been accepted by the in the East the religion of multitudes is found Jews. "The Lord thy God is one Lord" was the wanting. Where religion is bound to the status underlying teaching of the Old Testament prophquo, to that extent it is doomed, for the world is ets. One of the fundamental commandments was changing and the externalities of religion must that there were to be no images. The Jews were taught to envisage Jehovah as, the sole creator and ruler of the universe, who had a personal interest in each of his creatures.

Historically, some followers of both religions have departed far from their founder's conception of deity. Mahayana's revision of the original ideas of Buddhism permitted the introduction of many images, before which worship is offered and which represent many different gods, or different aspects of the same reality. Roman Catholicism has met the problem of concrete representation by canonizing saints and the Holy Family, using *A stUdent center in Kyoto with which the author Is connected.

images to, make the deity co,ncrete; but in the personal and so,cial manifestatio,n o,f religio,n, are popular mind they also, tend to, divide the co,ncep- but different aspects o,f the same reality. tio,n into, segments. Buddhism is metaphysical, and Christianity is One majo,r difference between Christianity and so, practical that the practical side o,f Buddhism Buddhism is their emphasis o,n meditatio,n and bears a stro,ng resemblance to, the theo,retical side practical wo,rk. A Westerner usually thinks o,f o,f Christianity. It is no,t to, be denied that so,me Buddha and his fo,llo,wers as in a state o,f perpetual Buddhists have had a so,cial visio,n; while so,me meditatio,n. While co,ntemplatio,n is stressed particularly by Zen and Shingo,n Buddhism, it is mo,re A KWANNON HEAD, SAID TO BE THE WORK central in the practice o,f all Buddhism than in OF PRINCE SHOTOKU IN THE CHUGUJI Christianity. While private devo,tio,ns and medi- NUNNERY, HORYUJI, NEAR NARA tatio,n on Go,d are stressed by Christianity, yet gro,up wo,rship is pro,minent in devo,tio,nal prac- Christians are no,t greatly co,ncerned with phi- Io,So,phy and metaphysics, but by and large, Budtice. Jesus went here and there, in Judea and dhism is essentially metaphysical while Chris- Galilee, talking info,rmally with gro,ups, and His tianity is a mo,re co,nsistently practical religio,n. disciples co,ntinued this metho,d after His death, to, spread His teachings. The impo,rtance o,f the ser- One o,f the Indians said: "Christianity satisfies mo,n declined during the Middle Ages, but with and then diss.atisfies, fo,r it gives us new Io,ngings. the Refo,rmatio,n, a sermo,n-centered religio,us To, be a fo,llo,wer o,f Christ is bo,th jo,yo,US and painservice became the main part o,f Pro,testant wo,r- ful." Saul o,f Tarsus, he said, saw glo,ry and ago,ny ship. The autho,ritative basis o,f the Refo,rma- in Stephen as he was sto,ned. The co,nverted Paul tio,n was the Bible as the infallible Wo,rd o,f God. lived a life o,f hardship in which radiant jo,ywas It was the minister's duty to, interpret the Book blended with endless suffering. Paul further saw to, the people, altho,ugh every believer had the the co,smo,s in the thro,es o,f titanic birth-"All privilege to, do, that fo,r himself, under the guid- creatio,n gro,aning . . . waiting fo,r the so,ns of ance o,f the Spirit of God. Protestants believe Go,d." that they learn the will o,f Go,d in their gro,up services, and in private meditatio,n and study.

The Japanese have always lived in clo,se quarters, thus they have developed the art o,f abstractio,n in the midst o,f no,ise and bustle. Industrialism o,f itself has no,t therefo,re played such havoc with co,ntemplative wo,rship in Japan as in Euro,pe and America. Japanese have always had to, discipline themselves to, pray at their shrines even in the midst o,f co,mmo,tio,n.

While Buddhism is stro,ng in its emphasis UPo,n prayer and meditatio,n, it is weak from the practical angle. A pro,fessor at Otani University (a Buddhist institutio,n) recently said: "Buddhism, no, less than Christianity, has its theo,retical and practical sides. Its theo,retical as.pect is its metho,d o,f salvatio,n; practical Buddhism co,nsists o,f teaching these ideas." By practice a Christian means the pro,jectio,n into, the so,cial o,rder o,f the Christian ethical, mo,ral and religious ideals. By "faith" the Christian means the attitude o,f trust, ho,pe and belief in Jesus Christ as the revelatio,n o,f Go,d in His benevo,lent perso,nality, purpo,se and Po,wer. By practice the Christian means that this faith must bear fruit in regulating character, life and co,nduct. Unless the Christian daily engages in acts that reveallo,ve and truth, then the reality o,f his faith is do,ubted. "By their fruits ye shall kno,w them," said Jesus o,f his disciples. Fro,m the Christian Po,int o,f view, personal religio,n (which includes prayer and meditatio,n) and the

Are Suffering in

W HILE the Russian economic and political captured by the G. P. U. and put in prison where policies and methods are undergoing some changes, with the discovery that certain she found another Christian woman who was supcommunistic theories are unworkable, the Soviet rulers' attitude toward religion is. still antagonis- plied with food by Evangelical believers. tic. The crude methods of ridicule and destruction, with .attempts at forcible conversion to Later she was transferred to a large jail with atheism, have given way to more subtle methods of suppression and anti-religious education. The 12,000 captives, among whom were young and masses of the Russian peasants are still religious and believe in God. PersecutJon always tends to old, men and women. People were beaten until strengthen faith and to give new courage to those whose faith is founded on the Word of God and they lost consciousness, with the purpose of puton experience of His love and faithfulness. But Christians in Russia, especially the Evangelicals, ting out of their minds any thought of pleas to the are suffering because of misguided officials.* authorities.

In general, Russians stand upon the words of Here women and girls gave birth to children, Christ and the teachings of the Apostles. The Greed of the Russian Orthodox Church in which, many of whom were illegitimate. Mourning, before the Revolution, every Russian was instructed from early childhood, states: weeping, sobbing, cursing was heard in the crowd.

I believe in one God the Father Almighty, Maker of Some became insane. Words fail to depict the Heaven and Earth, and of all things visible and invisible. physical and moral sufferings of the prisoners. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the onlybegotten, begotten of the Father before all worlds. Finally Mrs. – was sentenced to "Three years Light of Light, Very God of Very God, begotten, not of exile on the Mongolian border!" There were made: of one essence with the Father, by whom all things two thousand people in the freight train which was jammed with "living goods," so full that it was impossible to lie down. People continued to die on the way and at the railroad stations the bodies of the dead were taken out. The newly born babies were thrown out. I This transportation to the Siberian steppes ast- ed several months but the Mongolian border was finally reached. There were no houses or woods round about; just sand and desert! The people lay on the ground through rain and dew. There weWrehomafodre. us men, and f or oiur t sa v·a lOn, came down f rom was no food. Death was reigning. After three Heaven, and was incarnate of the Holy Ghost, and of the Virgin Mary, and was made man. years in this exile camp only two persons, Mrs. – and a Greek Orthodox nun, survived. And was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and suf- Religious people of all denominations suffer fered, and was buried. in the same manner-Greek Orthodox Church And rose again the third day according to the Scripture. members, Evangelical Christians, Baptists, Luth- And ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand erans, and other groups are persecuted by the of the Father. anti-Christian Soviet Government. In many pris- And He shall come again with glory to judge the quick ons and in exile Mrs. – was with old Russian priests, monks, nuns-with people of different beand the dead, whose Kingdom shall have no end. And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord, the Giver of Life, who liefs, people of various walks of life who had for- gotten their former differences. Under these cirproceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spake by the Prophets.

The Bible is read in the Russian Orthodox cumstances their sufferings, distress, anguish, hope, prayer, songs, and even death were common Church at every church service and the word of to all of them. God is preached but not fully and clearly as giving personal assurance of salvation. The missionary- When her term of exile expired, Mrs. _ reminded Evangelical churches must still unfold be- turned to central Russia to her children, and found fore the Russian masses the need for a personal that they too had been in exile for several years. acceptance of Christ. But many Russian Christians are suffering great persecution. Finally she escaped to America, where, she says, "I see gay faces on people, which I did not see in Not long ago, Mrs. M. M–, the wife of an Soviet Russia. It is like a miracle to me to look at Evangelical preacher, was able to leave Soviet joyful people. It seems to me unreal that I am Russia and to join her husband who had already now free, and that I have the right to go to any church. It is even strange to me that Sundays are escaped. celebrated, for such celebration is annihilated in After six months of wandering, Mrs. – was Soviet Russia. I earnestly pray my Lord to free • The following information Is taken from The Russian Field and our Russia soon, and I ask other Christians to J·oin with me in prayer for my native country." from The RIreilvn.k,r. thVe. NoregparanshofIs thDeireRcutosrs.ian Missionary Service of which the , [564]

~' '~

I Effective Ways of Working 'rested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MISS GRACE W. MCGAVRAN, 5718 OAK AVE., INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA ~'=I==============~====~~ Christmas and Missions doubtless have others. Many of which someone's special interest the newer hymnals have excel- in Christmas music, or in music A liberal minded woman came lent new carols. A good new in general, may be utilized to home from the December meet- children's hymnal is sure to have enrich the missionary heritage ing of the missionary society, at least one there. Your minis- of your church. quite out of patience. "It was a ter may have sample copies of lovely Christmas program," she various new hymnals or the Decorating a Gift Tree -.Said, "but it had not the slight- other churches in your commuest connection with or reference nity might loan you the use of Who does not love to decorate to .missions expressed. We shall a hymnal in which you can a Christmas tree? Here is an be having dozens of Christmas search for carols with the mis- idea that has been carried out programs. I wish this could sionary message. Carol sheets more than once by Sunday school have been different." and books are also a good source. departments ranging in age You cannot always judge by the from youngest to oldest. One wonders. Are there no first line or the first verse. Read m iss ion a r y implications in the carol completely through. Send a gift tree to some fam- Christmas? Are there no world ily or child or old person who f r i en d s hip opportunities? Is Here are a few carols suitable will not be able to have one. The there no need to stress Christian for giving the missionary or tree may simply be decorated, or peace and goodwill? world peace emphasis. it may also bear gifts. In some cases a decorated tree is sent Some groups and churches "Joy to the World" is among the with a basket of provisions. have found ways of emphasizing most often used. But it is often sung these values. We mention some without any thought of its missionary Each member of the giving of them. implications. group should bring a 5c decora- tion. It is surprising how many Christmas Carols and Missions "As With Gladness Men of Old" is different kinds appear, from tin- among those most suited for dedica- sel cord to red glass balls. Chil- The radio, carolers, the habit tion of offerings. dren may make some of the decoof choosing the same "favorite" rations. They should be effective, carols for every church service "From the Eastern Mountains" is if they are for a gift tree. and meeting, our own slothful- very good, and so is "To Usa Child ness in searching out the new, of Hope Is Born." One person should be responare all bringing us almost to the sible for having on hand a tree saturation point of finding any "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear," of the desired size. It should not delight in the more familiar car- "Watchman, Tell Us of the Night," be too big for the expected numols. "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day," ber of gifts. In some cases sev- and "Christmas Has Come Again," eral tiny trees are decorated. There are many carols of are fine for world peace emphasis. which one would like to speak; Decorating the tree forms a they are of as great beauty and "There's a Song in the Air" (sung part of the program and chilimagery as tho s e ordinarily to the tune by Harrington in the dren especially e n joy taking used. But let us limit ourselves Methodist Hymnal) is among the turns in hanging their decorato those which carry the mis- most ecstatic in tone and is well tions. They are usually free with sionary message and yet are full worth using as special music. suggestions and criticisms. If of Christmas spirit. gifts are to be hung on the tree "In the Lonely Midnight" is one of they should be placed at the They may be used in many the newer carols with a message for same time. Since the tree is to ways. If they are unfamiliar to today. be transported, decorations and some of the group, consider us- gifts. must be securely fastened. ing them as poems, with pic- "Christian, Lo! the Star Appear- Fine wire hairpins, straightened tures ; or as unison readings; eth," and "Come, Thou Long Expected out, form good fasteners. as quartettes or solos; or for Jesus," neither of which is usually group singing. found among the Christmas Carols, The decorated tree (with gifts are full of the Christmas spirit and or without), is taken by an in- Your usual hymnal may have message. dividual or by a committee to some of those noted below, and the selected recipient. the young people's hymnal will This is only a brief list from among those you will be able to One church department deco- find. Why not ask someone in- terested in music to make a search and build up, over the years, a carol book of Christmas music with especial reference to the world's need of Christ to- day? Here is another point at [565 ]

rated half a dozen tiny trees to Then came an accident: The Ask some mother in the go with as many baskets-to candles set fire to the cardboard church, preferably a leader in needy families, to hospitals, shield. It flared up. But the Parent – Teachers Association, to home missions institutions, serene voice n eve r faltered. who is also keenly interested in to city missions. It is wise to Someone went forward and car- world friendship, to form a conconsult those acquainted with ried away the candles and the genial committee of two or three such places before planning a burning cardboard. The room well-informed women to compile gift-tree so as to be sure of the was left in darkness, except for a list of books to circulate among need, and so that the gift pack- the light of a near-by street the parents of the church. ages· may supply the need. In lamp which streamed dimly in. The committee should visit a the case of a family, money for One could see the outline of the good children's library if possifood or clothing may be ad- forms around the tables. ble and look at the children's vanced so that a committee may That was a test few services books, explaining the purpose of do the purchasing before the have. And it rose without a their proposed list to the chil- change of mood above the cir- dren's librarian. The purpose is tree is sent. Some groups are able to make cumstance. The hearers were to give the children a true picsuitable gifts and enjoy this. held by the magic of the mood ture of children of other lands so which had been created. Christ- that they may be led to an inter- The Spirit of Christmas mas was there, in the room. est in and a feeling of friendship When the reading was fin-· with them. Some books of hand- A young women's missionary ished, there was no sudden flash- crafts, etc. which will develop group had their usual December ing on of bright lights, bringing appreciation should be inclu<,led supper meeting. Toward one one too abruptly out of the mood for older children. side of the room there had been of the service. Here and there a A second step may be to visit set up, on a small, high table, a candle was lighted and finally the local book store and talk to tiny creche, complete with stable the lights were turned on. the one in charge of children's and with dainty though inex- That experience could be re- books. Find out what is in stock, pensive figures. The· you n g peated in any group and for any how long it will take to order woman who set it up had raised evening meeting. The creche books, and explain about the list the stable itself on some hym- may be large or small. It may to be circulated. Persuade the nals, and had then placed a card- even be a posed tableau group book store to stock at least a few board shield across the front of if the characters are arranged of the recommended books. . the table, veiling it with bits of in positions which can be held Now prepare the list to send evergreen. Behind the shield without undue strain for the to the parents. The name of each were two short, fat, unlighted time necessary. The reading may book, a little about it, the price, candles. be supplemented with medita- the age child for which it is suit- The members, as they arrived, tion and song. The audience may able, and how to get it should enjoyed looking at the little join in, singing without books be added. If there can somecreche. One wondered, however, or lights, the stanzas of carols where be a display of the hooks why it had not been made "the familiar to them. on the list, give such informa- centerpiece, instead of being so The Christmas story may be tion. far to one side of the room. the theme, beginning with the Mimeographed copies of the Presently that was explained. ancient desire for a Saviour and list should be circulated as early When, following the simple sup- closing with the picture of the as possible in December. Unless per, the time came for the meet- world needing Him and coming the list is clear, clean print, ating, the order was reversed: to His Manger. tractively set up, and good ad- The program came first; then It would be easy for different vertising copy, it will not be efthe devotional service. As the classes and departments to take fective. Ask the help of someone devotional leader was intro- part, the soft voices of children who writes advertising copy to duced, the lights were turned coming in, all unannounced, with help set it up. out and someone lighted the can- the beautiful story of the shep- Local stores may be willing to dles in front of the creche. In herds from Luke, and others run an advertisement if there is the back of the room, another adding their word of story or to be an e mph a sis in the candle was lighted behind an- praise or song. churches on such books for gifts.

other screen, and a clear sweet Local stores may be willing to voice began quietly reading Bi- World Friendship Books set up a display table with copies ble passages, prose of exception- of the most attractive books, and al beauty, and one or two poems. Of all their gifts, many chil- a placard indicating their value The entire group relaxed in dren like books best. Why not as Christmas gifts. the quiet darkness, while before help the cause of world friend- The following is a short list of them the candlelight flickered on ship by calling to the attention good books recommended in one the little scene. Other pictures of parents in the church, the ex- reading list. They can be selike tapestries, were woven, in cellent books now available in cured through almost any book their minds, with the magic of which the characters are chil- store. You r denominational words coming out of the dark. dren of other lands? bookstore can probably get them

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

for you. There are dozens of "It looks as though a new con- consider the carefully prepared other books as attractive and as ception of Christian fellowship outlines and source materials isgood as these. may result from these contacts sued in the field of this year's with young Chinese Christians." study by many mission boards. CARNIVAL TIME AT STROBECK, by Some of this comes monthly in Harris, 1938, $1.50 (German customs In this day of narrow nation- the missionary magazines. Other of that community; stresses ideals of alism, and of the resulting lone- studies are issued in a block at sportsmanship and fair play). Older liness which comes to the for- the beginning of each six-month primaries and juniors. eigner in our land (especially or yearly study period. when his fatherland is carrying CHILDREN OF AMERICA, by Nolen, out a military policy in high dis- Even if you wish to build your 1939, $1.50 (character b u i I din g favor in America), there is a own program outline, secure and stories) . Juniors. Christian d u t y in fellowship look through these source ma- which we should not ignore. terials. They often represent THE FEAST OF LAMPS, by Root, months of research by someone 1938, $2.00 (a child's experiences at To take for granted that, be- wit h international resources the festival for the goddess Meenakshi cause the present Japanese gov- available. They will put inforin Madura, India). Older primary ernment is militaristic, every mation into your hands which and junior. Japanese sanctions every act of in its up-to-dateness and com- that government, is not fair. pleteness and relevance to the FAR ROUND THE WORLD, by Mc- Similarly we cannot afford to year's theme is nowhere else to Gavran, 1939; cloth $1.00, paper 50 brand as Nazi, or Communist, or be found. cents (biographical stories introducing Fascist, or barbarian, or whatthe missionary at work). Junior. ever our chief aversion is, any One such set of program ma- person living in our community terials for July to December, THE FRIENDLY MISSIONARY, by whose forebears came from the which has been received by the Millen, 1939, 25 cents (picture and country at present governed un- editor of these pages is the Year story book for primary). der a form of government we do Book and Program Packet put not like. out by the Missionary Education HIGH IN THE MOUNTAINS, by Brock, Department of the United Chris- 1938, $2.00 (Swiss Alps). Older pri- In t his day of increasing tian Missionary Society, Mismary and junior. hatreds, should not every church sions Building, Indianapolis, In- and each organization in it, con- diana. It is available for 5 HUNT FOR A HERO, by Reason, 1938, sciously seek interracial friend- cents for the Year Book and 50 60 cents (India). Juniors. ship and fellowship, not only cents for the Six Months' Pro- with the racial groups with gram Packet. Of course, it has JUNIOR, A COLORED Boy OF CHARLES- whom our sympathies lie at the denominational materials along TON, by Lattimore, 1938, $2.00 (sym- moment, but with those whom with the general consideration pathetic treatment of the Negro we find ourselves inclined to re- of its theme – Christ and the theme) . Juniors. gard with displeasure. World Community.

KEE-KEE AND COMPANY, by Hol- There is a technique for such Be sure to write to your delister, 1938, $2.00 (adventures of a fellowship. Its purpose is not to nominational headquarters and missionary's children in Chi n a). put the guest on the defensive. secure whatever they issue, be it Older primary and junior. There need be no discussion in packet form or in monthly about points on which there is magazines. Use it as source LITTLE KARl, by Loulsson, 1939, controversy. Rather, let us seek material even if you wish to $1.50 (Norwegian). Primary and the common ground where we build your own programs. But younger junior. can become acquainted with the consider also using the programs ideals of the Christian groups of much as they are built for you. MARIKA, by Szekely, 1939, $1.50 both races or nations. Let us Deep thought and much consul- (Hungary). Junior. become engaged in a common tation has gone into that plan- service to humanity. Let us ning. NANCY GOES TO MEXICO, by Lanks, meet with others just for the 1938, 50 cents. Primary. sheer joy of friendly association. Why Wonder? Let us join with them in some NANKA OF OLD BOHEMIA, by Pelzel, celebration, some service, some If radio's slim fingers can 1937, $2.00 (from Old Bohemia to study, some enterprise. pluck a melody America). Christian fellowship seeks the From night and toss it over a LUCIO AND HIS NUONG, by Crockett, common ground of brotherhood. continent or sea; 1939, $2.00 (charming book on the There is deep need of such fel- Philippines). Primary. lowship today. There willl be If the petaled white notes of a deeper need in the days and violin Interracial Fellowship years ahead. Are blown across a mountain A young Chinese woman doc- Build Good Programs or a city's din; tor who was taking her interneship in a California hospital, As you begin to think about If songs like crimson roses, was not too busy to organize a program materials for 1940, are culled from thin blue air; club for a group of teen-age Chinese girls. She found them at- Why should mortals wonder if tending a little mission in the God hears prayer? town where the hospital was located. -Mrs. Ethel R. Fuller.

The girls were sadly in need of more social life. Through one of the home missionaries, whom she knew, word of that need was reported to one of the churches of the town. The women of the church responded promptly and, as a starter, a party was given for the girls.

The occasion was happy and contact is being kept up. The one reporting the incident says,

BULLETIN

Council of Women for Home Missions EDITED BY MISS EDITH E. LOWRY, 297 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y.

~~~I===========================~ Have You Thanked the directly to Michigan where they stay periment, placing families on for June strawberries, July cherries small plots of land so that they Migrants? and raspberries, August early peaches may supplement their earnings and September peaches and grapes. as "croppers" by cultivating Migrants are as close to you as Then they start back to Florida for your kitchen! For many years, their own gardens. But it is migrant laborers have been gath- the fall crop. significant that a religious orering the fruits and vegetables ganization was the pioneer in atthat eventually reached your kit- Another story shows how one family tempting a constructive prochen, either fresh or canned. follows one crop from state to state. gram. The Council of Women These wandering workers have The woman has worked in tomatoes made a material contribution to since she was fourteen years old. She for Home Missions opened the our lives, a contribution little went from Florida to Mississippi and first "centers" nearly 20 years recognized and still less appre- there, four years ago, met her hus- ago and the work has grown ciated by Mr. and Mrs. Average band while packing tomatoes. They Citizen. Not only are they as have been married three years and from those 8 centers in 4 states as close as our kitchens because have two children. They follow tomawe are consumers, but geograph- toes from Florida to Mississippi to to 56 in 14 states. ically also, they are close to us all Kentucky or Tennessee, later perhaps for every state needs migrant to Maryland, and back to Florida. Starting with work for chillaborers for cultivating and har- dren, the program has expanded vesting, or packing and canning its crops. Is it not strange that to include young people and more so many people have known little recently, the whole family. This or nothing about them? newest service of furnishing a team including a minister, his wife who is a trained children's worker, and a nurse, has been so successful that it ,is hoped to have more teams in the near fu- Recent publicity is making the Picture by pe'rmission oj F.B.A. ture. The team stays in one migeneral public conscious of the grant area for the crop season problem of migratory labor. "HOME" ON THE MUCK-LAND IN FLORIDA developing a well-rounded pro- Much of this publicity leaves the gram including health, recreareader with the impression that In the middlewest also there tion and religious activities. Rethe migrants are a problem in are groups which follow with cent reports from the first team the western states only, chiefly fair regularity a succession of in California are convincing in California. The situation is crops. proof of the value of such a promore acute in the west but the gram carried out with the coproblem is very real in other Current books and articles operation of growers, the farm areas and in the east a "cycle of make quite clear that the prob- bureau, local ministers and othcrops" has developed quite as lem is acute, but little mention ers of the community. The definite as those better-known in is made of attempts to help the Western Supervisor of Council the west. An example can be migrants. The government in work says, "This work makes us given from the story of one fam- recent years has made a begin- more aware of the great need for ily of nine, recent migrants, who ning at meeting housing needs more teams. Let us hasten the had formerly been share-crop- by establishing well-organized day!" The need for haste was pers in Alabama but could not camps in some areas and, in a strikingly expressed recently by make a living though the older few places, has initiated an ex- a foreign misisonary home on children worked hard along with furlough who after discovering the parents. To quote from the the tragic plight of the migrants report sent by a Council worker: stated that we can't work effec- And so they started on the migrant tively in the foreign field until road with a car and baggage trailer. They have planned their itinerary so we solve this problem in our own that they are in Florida about six country. months in beans, tomatoes, celery or potatoes; two weeks to a month in This new plan resulted, dur- Tennessee in strawberries, and then ing August, in the holding of 32 evening meetings in six camps, [568 ]

BULLETIN: COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS

total attendance of 2,304, and 13 discouraged souls? It is the re- brought them. Our youngest is a Sunday school sessions in four sponsibility of Christian people baby of six months. When he was brought to the center he presented a camps, 326 in attendance. The to make possible several "teams." picture of malnutrition, unable to hold up his head, lacking a change of faminister of the team reports: As the Western Supervisor cial expression and with the cry of a two weeks old baby. After a month, The response so far has been far writes, "There can be no great- his lusty howls can be heard all over above my expectations both in the er happiness come to one than the center and he is beginning to ascamps and from the local churches. sume the normal actions of a child One cannot come into the camps suc- that of a migrant family when his age. A member of the committee cessfully from anyone sect. The they move to another crop and saw the child on entry and has seen find their friend and counsellor, him charge. She stated that the nurs- Council of Women for Home Missions ery would be worthwhile just to see has the key that opens the closed the Council worker. Hundreds that one child begin to have a chance door, 18 denominations working to- of families continually tell us in life. gether, not promoting anyone, not knocking any-these are the magic that we are their only real In the report of an eastern words that do the trick. The work of friends who seem to understand center for negroes we find these words, "The work here has been the nurses in these camps has opened their problems." of such a nature that the mia door that no one can shut. I made grants. boast of it and tell others a thorough canvass of six camps dur- The first work for migrants in of the blessings it bestows." ing July. On an average, I have been able to read the Scripture and have Florida was started in March, In the onion-growing territory 1939, the Council furnishing a of Ohio a 10-weeks program was conducted with the cooperation prayer in a slightly larger percentage supervisor but the work being of the Women's Department of of homes than in my regular pastorate the Ohio Council of Churches in California. So far, it is something under the direction of a strong and a local committee. Seventy over one-half of the homes that will local committee in which all civic children, chiefly from Kentucky let me do this. I found eight former clubs all churches, the packing families, were enrolled. They participated eagerly in all the Sunday school teachers and a Sunday and business houses and many activities of the Center. Eveschool superintendent in one camp, individuals of the community ning gatherings for the adults seven teachers in another. I find a offered bright spots of social felthird of the people were formerly ac- cooperated. The work is to be lowship in lives which are ter- headed this year by a local nurse ribly drab. tive in churches back East. I find only a few who still rate themselves who had experience the first year Life isn't a very joyous affair "Christian." In one tent I visited I under Council supervision. The in the onion marshes! One of saw a cot, a bed for two made of the workers writes: quilts lying on the dirt floor, and a Council will still be a part of the project, paying the salary of the Every night we pass a little boy of gasoline stove on a fruit box-nothing eight, with an old straw hat on the else in the tent except a pile of dirty head worker and acting in an back of his head, and his shoulders clothes on a cardboard box at the end. supervisory capacity. The Flor- stooped with weariness. Every morn- On one end of the cot a woman sat ing as we pass his house with a load writing letters, her mind evidently ida project differs from others of children he is out in front, in his in that the center must function old straw hat, waving and waving unback east where the letter was going. til we are long out of sight. Yes, she used to teach Sunday school 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. she said bitterly. "Teach it now, in The packing houses run night His little brother is enrolled in the the camp? Why I am not even a school and comes regularly and he is Christian. How can anyone be a and day so that parents are many enrolled too, but he came only three Christian in,-in this?" and she times unable to care for their days, and then he went back into the fields to weed and thin and top onions. pointed to the dirt and the clothes. children even at night. There "If anyone had told me when I was He's a little boy and an eager boy, active in the church that I would ever were 50 children enrolled at the and one who is so tired most of the come to live like this,-" She did not center with an average attend:. time that he just doesn't feel like playfinish. I asked her if she did not ance of 25. This project dif- ing, even if he had the time and oppor- tunity. think Jesus understood her circum- fers from others also in that the stances, and would make allowances. parents pay more for care given "Yes," she said, "He understands. But me, I am not trying to be a Chris- their children, twenty-five cents tian now. How can I?" We read a day for one child, but a "bar- from the Bible and had prayer. She gain rate" for two or more from had only been out in the camps a few the same family! To quote from days, and the shock of the actual conditions were terrific. What will she a report: be like in a few months? Some parents visit their children Who can measure ihe good ac- two or three times a week, others once complished by this ministry to or not at all. We have six who have not been home since their parents MIGRANTS That innocence should suffer this, That blameless ones should come to this, Should be so much denied, This constant buffeting Brings Calvary beneath our feet, Is treason to humanity, Commons the crucified. A cross for suffering.

That humankind should treasure this, Should be to this resigned, Compels my heart to pray, "Oh God, How is Thy way defined?"

-Samuel E. Boyd, A Council worker, Summer '39.

~==============================I~

~1= = =O= U=£=E=~=TEW=i:=s~=~n=M~=R;=r=~=d=~ =~=~=a=~=~=~=~=~C=SO=~=~=~n=N~=!=O=~=~=?=o=k= = =J MISCELLANEOUS the Lutheran World Convention and development was included and of the United Lutheran in the plan for the Woman's Di- Missions in War Time Council in America. The Na- vision of Christian Service in tional Christian Council has the Board of Missions and The Presbyterian Board of cabled urging consultation and Church Extension. Each na- Foreign Missions is authority suggesting that the service of tional tree, planted in its own for the statement that the war the Lutheran Federation of native soil will bear the fruits of crisis has not diminished interest Churches be enlisted to care for evangelism, education, medical in foreign missions. There is a the churches deprived of Ger- work, literature, youth, childgreat demand for missionary man missionaries. The Luther- hood, world peace, temperance, speakers. In over twenty stra- an Federation in India is coop- rural education, home life, intertegic cities throughout the erating. racial relationships and econom- United States, a Presbyterian ic justice. Foreign Affairs Convocation The Lutheran Council has also gives teams of five or six out- established communication with "Christ Calls" Program standing missionary leaders an mission Boards in regard to opportunity to meet with men, German missions in the British The proposal of the Internawomen, young people, church- colonies of Africa, urging that tional Christian Endeavor for a school teachers, pastors and el- efforts be made to befriend the two-year program topic, "Christ ders to discuss their relationship missionaries. In China and the Calls," has won hearty support to the program of Christian Netherlands Indies it is expected from young people, a fact borne missions in the present critical that the German missionaries out by the extensive sale of the situation. The convocations con- will not be deprived of their Program Guide, now in its secclude with a forum based upon freedom, but support from Ger- ond edition. A few suggestions 65 carefully worked out ques- many will be cut off. on only one of twenty specific tions, covering the whole mis- types of action indicate the scope sionary task. Week-end youth In the Versailles Treaty a and challenge of this program: fellowships in foreign missions distinction was made between bring together representative missionary property and other Encourage young people to young people to discuss the alien property. Trustees for be loyal, thorough, and effective world mission of the Church. In mission property were appointed in church membership, church four Presbyterian Theological and in the course of time such attendance, and church financial Seminaries courses in foreign properties in British territories support. missions are also offered, with were returned to the German sofull academic credits. These cieties. It is hoped that this Emphasize the importance of courses supplement other mis- principle will be recognized now. church membership. Give persionary courses, and active mis- sonal invitations, fro m one sionaries present the challenge -A. L. Warnshuis. friend to another. Make persons of Christianity to the Church. who might consider church World Federation of Methodist membership the subject for What of German Missionaries? p ray e r, individually and in Women groups. Study and promotion of German missionaries working stewardship. in British territory will practi- At the 70th anniversary of the cally be interned, but the gov- Woman's Foreign Missionary NORTH AMERICA ernment is trying to avoid pro- Society in Pasadena, California, cedures that occasioned criticism a charter was signed for the Gideon's at the World's Fair over similar action during the "World Federation of Methodist War of 1914 to 1918. There are Women." A constitution was Since the Gideon Booth was about 124 German missionaries sent to Methodist women's or- opened on the 23d of May in the in India, most of them belonging ganizations in America and more Hall of Communications, at the to the Lutheran Church. The than twenty nations of the World's Fair, 15,000 visitors International Missionary Coun- world. This body, representing have signed the register. They cil has consulted the officers of approximately 4,000,000 women, have come from every state in was recognized at the Uniting the Union, every province in Conference in Kansas City, and Canada, and from sixty foreign provision for its organization [570 ]

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

countries. Four hundred and missioners will extend their ef- ward union of other communfifty thousand Gospel tracts have forts beyond the churches and ions. For example, there is the been given out, and 12,500 cop- include in this "spiritual mobili- discussion going on between the ies of the Gospel of John. Two zation" all community and civic United Brethren and Evangelipersonal workers have been con- organizations, schools, women's cal Churches, both Methodist in stantly in attendance, George W. clubs, service clubs, and busi- doctrine, polity and discipline. Mathieson, Jr., a graduate of the nessmen's, farmers' and labor- When they are united there will Philadelphia School of the Bible, ers' groups. be no insuperable obstacle to and James Bisset, a graduate of their joining The Methodist the Moody Bible Institute in Among the plans announced Church, to which they really be- Chicago. They have taken time for the year of preparation was long. Negro Methodists not into explain God's plan of salva- a "week of prayer" beginning cluded in the unification are now tion to each inquirer, and nearly January 1. Prayer services will showing signs of getting togethtwo thousand men have pro- be held in churches all over the er. These are the African, the fessed conversion to Christ. country each day that week. African Zion, and the Colored Each of these received aNew Meditations will be based on a Methodist Churches, and they Testament, in which he wrote book which will be published represent more than one million the following: this winter, "Acknowledging the families. Larger groupings of Lordship of Jesus Christ in All Lutherans have been effected by "Date ………………. . Areas of Life," by Robert Speer. the combination of several small I, ……. (name) ……. , have bodies in the United Lutheran this day accepted the Lord Jesus Boys' Missionary Society Church and of others in the Christ as my own personal Sav- American Lutheran Church. iour. . . . The boys at St. Paul's School, Four other bodies are now dis- Concord, N. H., have a lively cussing the possibilities of enter- "Realizing that I am a lost missionary society of their own. ing the latter. Of still more imsinner, and that nothing but the Some of their activities might portance is the doctrinal unity Blood of Jesus Christ, God's Son, suggest ideas to other schools, revealed in negotiations between can cleanse me from ,gin, I now or even churches. For one thing, the three largest Lutheran accept Him as my own personal they have a Lost and Found groups-the United, the Ameri- Saviour." Committee. If this committee can and the Missouri Synod. finds a coat lying around, its Those who have signed these owner may rescue it for ten New Unification Movement cards include Protestants, Cath- cents, to be added to the society's olics, Jews and Protestant funds. The sale of second-hand Six major interdenominationchurch members of all denomi- textbooks is another source of al agencies giving field service to nations. Most of them have income, a special committee American churches have formed been young people of the teen managing the bookstore and the "Intercouncil Field Departage. Next in number come charging 25 cents each for books ment" as a means of unifying young men in their twenties; donated by boys who are through the approach to the churches. very few are over 50 years of with them. The six agencies represented are age. the International Council of Re- The society supports a sum- ligious Education, the Federal The Gideon register has mer camp where boys from city Council of Churches, the Home served as a means of contact. slums may spend two weeks. A Missions Council, the Foreign The fact that nothing is sold in publicity committee provides a Missions Conference, the Nathe booth has aided greatly in bulletin board, with posters, tIonal Committee of Church this personal work. charts and pictures of the work Women (combining three na- of the Church at home and tional women's organizations) -Kenyon A. Palmer. abroad. Included among many and the United Stewardship other activities are monthly Council. New National Preaching meetings with missionary speak- ers, and discussions open to all The plan adopted unifies all Mission the boys. This society, with field service under one staff coun- forty to fifty members, is man- cil, of which Dr. T. Quentin Mill- A year of preparation has aged entirely by the boys them- er of the Federal Council was been inaugurated for the Na- selves, with one faculty adviser. elected chairman, and Rev. John tional Preaching Mission of B. Ketcham of the Internation- 1940. Ten thousand persons en- -The Church in Action. al Council, secretary. listed for "spiritual mobilization." Dr. Jesse M. Bader of Trends Toward Church Union -The Christian Century. New York, who will be in charge of the 1940 'Preaching Mission, The Christian Advocate ob- Mid-Missions presided at this mass meeting. serves that the chief conse- quence of Methodist unification Elyria, Ohio, has been the The purpose of the National will be manifest not so much birthplace of more than one mis- Preaching Mission, according to within the ranks of Methodism sionary enterprise. Here was Dr. Bader, is "to strengthen the as in stimulating the trend to- Church" and "to reach the unreached with the Christian message." To "reach the unreached,"

organized the Men's Missionary For all that, she supports the rate of Negroes above one year League in the United Presby- church. Who is she? A Hol- of age is nearly double that of terian Church. In 1920, an in- stein-Friesian cow whose daily white people, and infant mor- dependent Baptist Missionary production of milk is from 50 to tality was 60 % greater. He also Council, "Mid – Missions," was 80 pounds, i.e., 22' to 35 quarts, found that the overcrowding of organized there. It now has 110 for which purchasers pay about the schools was far beyond that missionaries on the field, about $3.60. Not in all India where a of white schools.

half in French Equatorial Af- cow does not produce enough Prof. Douglass is demanding rica, the rest in Venezuela, Bra- milk to pay for her feed, much of the City Council more schools zil, Peru, India, Liberia, Haiti, less contribute to a church, is for Negroes, more small parks Jamaica, St. Helena, Hawaii and there such a cow as Greenwood and swimming pools, more housin home mission work in Ken- Johanna Clara. This is just an- ing projects, more hospitals and tucky and among St. Louis Jews. other way of saying that the clinics. Its latest bulletin reports: ability of rural Christians to support the church depends upon "The Calvary Baptist Church, Religion in Indian Schools Binghampton, is building a dis- the productivity of their cows pensary at Fort Crampel, Af- Time was when missionaries rica. A friend in Cleveland is and other animals, and this, in and religious education directors furnishing the funds for the were given a free hand to teach school building at the same sta- turn, depends upon the quality Bible to all the Indians in the tion. Another friend sent $1,000 schools. Later came a governto put a missionary on the field of the farmer's character. ment regulation that permitted and help in his support." religious instruction being given At the annual meeting of the to those children only whose The full name of the organiza- parents signed a written request tion is The General Council of Christian Rural Fellowship in in the presence of a government Cooperating Baptist Missions of employee as witness. The Unit- North America, Mishawaka, Ind. the Town Hall, New York City, ed Presbyterian Mission at Warm Springs, Oregon, waited -So S. Times. December, 1937, Secretary of an opportune time to secure the parents' signatures, meanwhile In Earnest About Missions Agriculture Henry A. Wallace talking it over with leading In- dians. The opportune moment The Seventh-Day Adventists set forth certain ideals concern- seemed to come when the governare not playing at missions. ment built a fine neW school in Every Sunday in every Sunday ing rural life. When, during the the Reservation; then the misschool an offering is taken for missions, after a definite mis- question period, he was asked: "What can the Church do to help the Department of Agriculture make those ideals effective?" He replied, "Your question really should be, 'What can the Depart- ment do to help the Church make Christianity effective in rural life?'" -World Call.

sionary note has been sounded in Ohicago's Negroes sionaries put it up to the parents, with the result that parents of the classes. The church's tithe Paul H. Douglass, a Quaker is all for missions, and ~ll for- and a member of the faculty of 30 children signed at once, and by the end of the year half the eign mission Sunday schools and Chicago University, has been children in the school were enchurches are on the same tithing elected a member of the Chicago rolled in Bible classes. The folbasis, furnishing a large pro- City Council. "Anyone who sup- lowing year, 1938, a whole after- portion of the amount put into posed that this Quaker would be noon was allowed for Bible study the foreign work. They have quiet very long," says Advance, and the number enrolled includabout half the membership of "did not know the gentleman." the Sou the r n Presbyterian He got busy at once with a reso- ed all the children in the school Church (whose Christian Ob- except those in two families. lution calling for the creation server publishes these facts) and of a Chicago Race Relations Rules for Ohristians in contribute from four to six times Commission. He contends that Wartime as much to foreign missions. Chicago's Negroes live under There seems to be no hint of Adventists are by no means worse conditions than those of rich people, yet persistent, con- any other large city. In some war hysteria either in or outstant education in missions and the tithe principle have done sections on the South Side there side the churches of Canada. marvels for their mission work. are 69,000 Negroes to the square One small college church of mile, as compared with 37,000 The United Church has sent out about 150 members gave $7,000 whi,tes to the square mile in the to missions in one year. white community adjoining. to all pastors a memorandum in Prof. Douglass found that in which four points are empha- sized: .

The Church must maintain at How Greenwood Johanna Clara most of the quarters which he all cost faith in God the Father Supports a Ohurch examined there could be no real of Jesus Christ and, centered in development of family life, that that faith, provide, amid the She is not a church member the rentals are much higher than fiercest strain, a haven of peace.

and no one expects her name those paid by white people for The Church must more than will ever be on the church roll. similar quarters, that the death ever affirm the reality of that

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

ecumenical church, conscious- day School extension work was quest was granted and a group ness of which was revived at ready to start. of twenty people formed the nu- Oxford, and declare the obliga- At that time the Presbyterian cleus of a congregation. Since tion of loyalty to this supreme Church in Porto Rico had less there is no church building as fellowship into which warring than 3,000 pupils on its Sunday yet, services are more or less re- peoples must yet be brought to- School rolls; teachers were stricted by federal law. A young gether. scarce and their training and graduate of the Hooker School The third plea is for under- background poor. So teacher in Mexico City is helping the standing and sympathy between training institutes were organ- pastor, Rev. Alfonso Gomez.

those who feel that Christ im- ized and volunteer workers chal- The following notice was pels them to give themselves in lenged. Today there are more printed in the English section of active service, and those who feel than 9,000 pupils in Porto Rican a paper published by the Mexthat Christ precludes any such Sunday schools and over 500 ican Episcopal Church, La action. teachers and officers. Buena Lid: -Monday Morning. Like the Society of Friends, Gospel by Mail in Mexico It is the impression, we believe, in churches and church members the United States, that there is a must develop ministries of com- strong persecution by the Government fort and healing by which some The Presbyterian Board re- of all churches here in Mexico. This suffering may be assuaged. ports that during the past year is absolutely untrue! All churches in Mexico 15,073 Gospel portions are open and services are being held. and 45,219 tracts have been sent LATIN AMERICA -The Church in Action.

The Gospel Spreads in Haiti to public officials, school teach- South America's Youth ers, postmasters, telegraph op- Twelve thousand southern erators, R. R. Station agents and From the educational stand- Haiti laborers, recently returned a number of merchants through- point, the youth of South Amerfrom working in Cuba where out the country. This type of ica are looking up. Tremendous they have become evangelized, work was undertaken about two modern educational programs illustrate how little the results years ago. It is probably safe are being promoted by practicalof Christian work can be fore- to say that every village and ly all South American governseen. In 1885, a soldier in the town in Mexico has received at ments. This is true from the rebellion against Spain, A. J. least one Gospel portion. grades through the professional Diaz, fled on a log in the open There are encouraging results schools. Rio de Janeiro now sea and was carried off by a of this work. Here is a typical claims with pride that they have strong current, but was picked one. a seat in school for every child.

up, half famished, by an Ameri- The secretary of an Indian In the face of Brazil's eighty-five can vessel and brought to New village in the mountains of per cent illiteracy this is momen- York. In aNew York hospital Guerrero received a roll of lit- tous. In Argentina, Uruguay, he found aNew Testament erature, read it, was touched and and Chile there are likewise exwhich led to his conversion. He wrote for more. Soon he was panding building programs, rereturned to Cuba to preach the converted and began to have a sulting from increased insist- Gospel. His first convert was real burden for the spiritual ence upon general education, and his own sister, and his parents needs of his tribe. He began to increasing numbers have professoon followed. The first Baptist speak to his friends and to read sional aspirations. This trend church in Havana was organized the New Testament to them. has a direct effect upon the work in 1886. Ten years ago Protes- Then on Sunday, August 7, he of the churches. Students of tant churches in Cuba had 9,849 called a meeting of the Indians law, medicine or dentistry, even members. Now Haiti is receiv- and translated portions of the when professed Christians, aring Christian impulses from New Testament to the one hun- gue that there is no point in join- Cuba. -So S. Times. dred who attended. This man is ing a church.

a Tlapaneco, from an area There is also this unique sit- Tent Work in Porto Rico marked "unexplored" on govern- uation. Pastors of churches, ment maps. Because of his in- Since 80 per cent of the Porto terest, two translators have been even of the larger churches, are Ricans live in the country, Rev. sent into this district to study usually practicing physicians, Santiago – Cabrera decided ten the language and translate the years ago that the way to reach New Testament in Tlapanece. lawyers, dentists. This is nec- essary because salaries paid by these scattered groups was to The Church in Mexico inaugurate Gospel tent meetings. the churches are exceedingly People want the Christian small, entirely too small for the The next step was to find a tent. Church in Mexico. From Telo- support of a single man, to say This missionary's two sons bus- loapan, a town 120 miles south nothing of a family. This sitied themselves seIling Porto Ri- of Mexico City, came the request for a minister to start work uation has a discouraging effect can laces, beads and baskets upon the building of ministerial until they earned $90 with which leadership, and therefore upon they bought a second-hand army the development of the churches.

tent, patched it up, and the Sun- there. After two months the re- -The Commission.

Gospel Triumph in Brazil to apply the law, how to allow One day this year two mission- the teaching of different reli- aries came into this town in The establishment of a strong gions and at the same time safe- their old Ford. The sexton was national church in Brazil is one guard against dogmatism and delighted to have some of his of the triumphs of the Gospel. intolerance, has been a real prob- difficulties cleared up; and the In some places it has grown lem. -Christian Century. truth explained. Open air meetfrom nothing in a few years to ings were held, Bibles were sold, active, well-organized groups. Japanese Clergy in Brazil and there is now a flourishing One example of this is the Pres- congregation in that town, with byterian Church in Ribeirao There are four Japanese Epis- the sexton as one of the stal- Preto, with 90 members, organ- copal clergymen in Brazil at warts. ized twelve years ago. Sunday work among the Japanese colschool attendance averages 160; onies of coffee planters in Sao -Neglected Continent. there is a progressive women's Paulo. The thoroughness with auxiliary and a Christian En- which they pursue their work EUROPE deavor Society, equally alive. may be seen in the fact that they Much of this achievement is due have 1,000 baptized church mem- War Time in England to Senor Ferreira and his wife. bers. At their seventh annual He is superintendent of a public convocation, clergy and lay Rev. William G. Peck records school of 1,200 pupils, but finds workers discussed the Creed, the some of his observations about time to devote many hours a Atonement and the Epistle to life in England in war time. He week to the Sunday School; at the Philippians, believing that senses a new friendliness, a new least one night a week he preach- the first essential of all their appreciation for the little coures in some home in the outskirts work is an unshakable belief in tesies, new compensations for of the city. His wife is also a Christ as Son of God, Saviour the anxiety; even the necessity public school teacher,is president and Guide. for living a day at a time has its of the women's auxiliary, a Sun- blessing, because in the hurryday school teacher and preaches Practical means of promoting ing and scheming many precious somewhere almost every week. their work, most needful for and simple things of beauty are themselves, were listed as fol- missed. Mr. Peck notes with One may see Gospel triumphs lows: More frequent prayer; surprise how many strangers in the home life as well in Bra- better preparation of sermons; accost him to talk about religion. zil, where it costs something to more careful planning; more One lady, whom he knew to be be an evangelical Christian. At frequent gatherings of church no church-goer, said to him: the very least, it means social people and more visiting of those "Don't you think this is the end? ostracism. Many instances could who tend to lapse; more atten- Don't you think God is tired of be cited where blessed influences tive Bible reading; critical ex- us? I am sure He must be tired are going out from happy Chris- amination of their past work in of me, and my sort." An edutian homes. order to improve the future. cated man walked with him, say- ing that he was ashamed of his -Presbyterian Survey. -The Church in Action. life, but that he had never really doubted that life was a serious Gospels in Brazil Schools The Power of the Book commission given by God. At a church service on the day war Last spring, the Congress of The sexton of a large Roman was declared, the congregation Ceara, a prominent northern Catholic Church in one of Bra- brought gas masks as well as state of Brazil, voted to author- zil's interior towns had always prayer books. Nobody was restize reading of Gospels in the had an intense desire to read the less, or showed signs of panic. public schools, instead of instruc- Bible. After much difficulty he The sermon was about the peace tion in the Catholic catechism. became the possessor of a Cath- of God, and when it came to an This reveals a new tendency. olic version and as he pored over end the congregation continued Several years ago, one of the it, his eyes began to open. So to kneel, praying. more liberal priests of Brazil, thrilled was he with the truths where private reading of the he discovered that every evening -The Living Church. Scriptures has always been bit- he would sit on the pavement terly opposed, began urging the outside his house and read the Testaments for Soldiers people to read the New Testa- Bible aloud to the townsfolk. ment. About two years ago one Soon he had a large audience of During the war of 1914-1918 of these liberals, Father HUIn- people who, like himself, were the Pocket Testament League berto Rohden, made a modern beginning to grasp the great re- distributed nearly two million translation of the New Testa- alities of the Gospel. The Bible Testaments to men of the British ment which has been published came to be in great demand and Forces. Now that a similar under ecclesiastical imprimatur. reluctantly the sexton would emergency has arisen the League lend his new-found treasure to is enlisting the cooperation of its In 1934, after years of strict various business men of the friends in seeking to place the separation of Church and State, town. Word of God in the hands of religious teaching was allowed hundreds of thousands of young in the public schools. Just how This went on for some time.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

men who face the ordeal of bat- Shortage of Pastors in advocating friendliness toward tle. the Jews, have fled to England Germany or America. The British and Foreign Bible Society, and the Scripture Gift Only four out of eighteen the- -Christian Century. Mission have brought a special ological seminaries in Germany pocket Testament for the use of have reopened for the present Trouble in Albania all who are engaged in the de- year. This presages a lack of fense of Britain. A message evangelical pastors within the A recent letter from Albania from King George VI, inserted next two years. The Nazi argu- tells of increasing difficulties put in every copy, says: ment is that such study is of no in the way of Christian work by value to the State, and should the new Italian authorities. I commend the reading of this book. therefore be ruled out. Includ- Nothing may now be published For centuries the Bible has been a ed among the theological schools without written permission from wholesome and strengthening influence whose doors will remain closed the head of the Federal office, in our national life, and it behooves is the famed University of Bonn, which is Fascist. The Prefect us in these momentous days to turn where Pastor Martin Niemoeller questions whether evangelical with renewed faith to this divine completed his studies for the missionaries can even use tracts source of comfort and inspiration. ministry, and where Karl Barth and booklets already printed. taught. Copies of all books, booklets and During the last war the Army tracts, used by the Albanian Mis- Scripture Readers, and Soldiers' The G e r man Evangelical sion, have been requested for a and Airmen's Christian Associa- Church requires 600 new minis- detailed examination and it tion joined in the work. ters yearly, but this year only seems doubtful whether the Mis- 250 evangelical students have sion can continue to use this lit- Three main needs are empha- entered universities; while the erature, even the Old Testament sized: daily prayer, of trained number of theological students portions and the New Testament Scripture readers, who under- is barely 25 per cent of the num- printed in Albanian. Such a stand the nature of Army service ber engaged in such study in radical decision would seriously and the mind of the soldier; 1932-34. Students for the Ro- cripple the work. and, third, huts as centers of man Catholic priesthood may work. pursue their studies only at Vi- Our correspondent writes: enna and Munich. "These are dark days, and we The Salvation Army also has value your prayers. There are plans for serving naval, military German Moravians Divided causes for thanksgiving. Two and air forces in camps, homes colporteurs returned last week and hospitals. Differing attitudes toward the after three days in a half-Mos- State have made a serious cleav- lem town, where they sold 119 -The Christian. age in many German Moravian Gospels from house to house, be- churches. Young people, for the sides distributing hundreds of After the War in Spain most part, are intensely loyal to leaflets. We must get the seed the Nazi program; older mem- in before a storm breaks." Normal conditions are far bers deplore any political entanfrom restored and no one knows glement of the Church. But be- What Price Consistency? how long this may take. The cause Moravians constitute only Franco regime has once more a small group, their churches in All the world knows that the put the Roman Church in a Germany have escaped serious Soviet Government has for 20 position of great power and trouble, except for their schools. years tried desperately to wipe influence in the country. So that One has been closed, and the out all religion within its bor- Protestant work will be attended same threat hangs over all the ders. It therefore seems an odd with much difficulty. Rome has others. disregard for intelligent opinion the education of children under that led the Moscow Bezbonik, her direction, so that this is a This situation makes normal meaning godless, to print spiritcause of anxiety to Protestant relations between Moravian ed protests against the Polish par e n t s. While Protestant churches in America and those Roman Catholic hierarchy for churches are open in Madrid and in Germany exceedingly difficult. its oppression of members of the in some other towns, in Barcelo- German Moravians avoid all sig- Orthodox churches. It charges na and many other places they nificant statements in their cor- that "forty per cent of the Orare closed. Nearly all evangel- respondence, nor do Americans thodox churches in Poland have iCal schools are similarly closed. ask them any embarrassing been destroyed or converted into questions. Moravian churches in Roman Catholic churches. Pol- The Government stands for what was Czechoslovakia have ish legionnaires are charged religious freedom and some of on their hands the problem of with carrying off icons and the difficulties will no doubt caring for refugees; and several church plate; with preventing eventually disappear. It is en- ministers and influential laymen, the people in Polish territory couraging to know that when under suspicion by the German from "freely fulfilling their re- Nationalist forces entered towns secret police for their connection ligious obligations." To be sure, and villages where evangelical with pacifist groups or groups churches are located, no Christian, aside from those in the defeated army, was imprisoned or injured.

-Evangelical Christian.

this is all true. But it does not hundreds are in attendance at The Church in Uganda is become the atheist Russian to the out-stations round about. A served by a loyal native ministry. throw stones, considering the branch church has been started In 1893 the first ordination took destruction of churches and the at Kafanchan, a point on the place, and seven native Chrisslaughter of priests and pastors railway about six miles from tian workers were ordained as in his own domain. It is, of Kagoro, and already it bids fair deacons. Today, at a meeting of course, a political bid for the to outrival the parent church in the Synod, the few Europeans support of the Soviet seizure of numbers. The Christians bring present look insignificant as Eastern Poland, whose inhabi- the produce of their farms to ad- compared with the large African tants must be wondering how vance the good work into regions majority. The enthusiasm with soon the Soviets will liquidate all beyond. Perhaps best of all is a which every question is disthe churches in Poland. splendid school for the training cussed by young and old, clergy of evangelists, where scores are and laymen, men and women, Russia's Evangelical Christian being taught in the Hausa Bible. makes one feel that they consid- er themselves a part of the world Union The "Isa" People of the Sudan wide missionary enterprise.

Up to the year 1929, when re- The Field Director of the Su- Again, the newcomer is imligious persecution broke out dan Interior Mission, Guy W. pressed by the devotion to the with renewed fury, this organi- Playfair, tells of an interesting Bible. The Church in Uganda is zation had a membership and sect he found at Kano; the a literate Church in which the following of about 5,000,000. "Isa" or "Jesus" people who large majority of grown-ups can The whole of Russia was organ- have abandoned the name of Mo- read the Bible for themselves. ized into seventy districts, each hammed, and worship in the This is no mean achievement for with its own Council of ten mis- name of Jesus. One of them, so 60 years. It is the rule that no sionaries, and yearly conven- the story goes, while worshiping one may be baptized until he can tions were held. Altogether in a mosque had a revelation read his Bible. When service there were more than 700 mis- that he should worship in the begins, Bibles are opened, and sionaries in the district unions name of Jesus. Soon he had a unless the preacher in the course and 200 additional were support- following of more than a thou- of his sermon calls out a numed by the National Council at sand. This alarmed the rulers ber of texts, and gives his hear- Leningrad. Those engaged in who fancied that he might even ers time to find them all, he is the Union of Russian Christians try to claim the kingdom for very unpopular indeed. At comprised workmen, farmers, himself. He and his followers home, too, the Bible is read; the men of education, and even tied from Kano to the country, house boy reads it in his spare members of the Orthodox where they remained for some time and always has a store of Church. Ten national conven- time, after which he was coaxed questions to ask anyone he tions were held at Leningrad, back into Kano, only to be stran- thinks may be able to answer which produced a great impres- gled to death. His son and other them. -C. M. S. Outlook. sion upon all classes of people. followers, were scatt~red. Later, most of them assembled in the American Friends' Mission At present, places of worship Ningi District, where the pagans are closed; the leaders in exile rose against them and many The American Friends' Misor in prison. But the Union con- were killed. The present leader sion has 250 congregations in tinues to carryon among the of the movement is Aaron, Africa, organized into nine 10,000,000 Russians scattered in grandson of the martyred found- Monthly Meetings. There has other countries. er. There are at least 21 teach- been steady growth in unity and ers and 300 adherents of the power. A native evangelist who AFRICA sect in the Kano emirate. helped to start the work at Kitosh, in the Kenya Colony, 24 "New Creatures" in Christ -Evangelical Christian. years ago returned for three weeks and was astonished to see Quite recently the Kagoros of The Church in Uganda the development since those interior Sudan were head hunt- early years. The last annual ers. It is remarked that their The visitor, or new mission- Prayer Conference was held at apology to a victim was: "We ary to Uganda, is impressed to Munzatse, one of the smaller don't want your money; we find almost in the heart of what Monthly Meetings, with 250 delmerely want your head." A was the "Dark Continent," a egates from all parts of the writer in the Moody Monthly Church which has a sense of re- Mission. The greatest need of tells what has happened among sponsibility and vigorous life. both schools and churches is suthese so-called "tailed head hunt- While it lacks the long tradition pervision. All are anxious to do ers of Nigeria." At Kagoro is that lies behind Western church- what they can, but do not know a church capable of holding more es, it possesses real Christian how and have no one to help than a thousand people. Seven- life and experience; new mis- them. At Kaimosi, a Sunday ty-two were baptized in recent sionaries earn as much as- they School has been organized with weeks to swell the crowd already teach. the special aim of teaching boys baptized. Scores of children are in the local mission school, and

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

and girls how to conduct a meet- people examining them, stopping men do not improve under any ing. Africans have not yet to ask questions and to buy. Six conditions, or improve so slowly learned how to make the Bible missionaTY societies have accept- and so slightly that the improvelesson interesting to children. ed responsibilities, set up librar- ment is not observable. The more spiritual leaders ies and reading centers; best of among the Africans report a let- all, whites and blacks have WESTERN ASIA ting down in the standard of joined in forming an advisory Christian living, giving as the board on the production and dis- Conditions in Palestine reason the need of more Bible tribution of good books, on teaching, with a supervisor who which are government officials, Despite their disappointment can go from center to center, missionaries and Africans. and depression over British reholding Bible courses and advis- pudiation of the Balfour Declaing the leaders. Results in South Africa ration last May, the Jews of Pal- estine have not lost courage; -Friends' Missionary Advocate. Dr. J ames Stewart, former they feel that time may make a Principal of Lovedale Institute, difference in their favor, and Riots in the Copper BeIt expressing his views on the re- are definitely on Britain's side in sults of missionary work in the struggle. In 1935, in the rich mining South Africa, says there are area of northern Rhodesia called three distinct classes of natives Disturbances, while much di- "the copper belt," a series of who have been the object of mis- minished, have not ceased, and riots resulted in the sending of a sionary effort. First, those who it is well understood that foreign government commission to find have made good use of the Gos- agents continue to stir up feelthe cause. Their report stated pel light that has come to them, ing and assist in promoting terthat one cause was a subversive and the better men and women. rorism. Arabic broadcasts from movement called "The Watch They are no longer heathen, but Berlin have from 35 to 40 mil- Tower," which taught contempt are Christians. They are no lion potential listeners, from for both civil and spiritual au- longer entirely ignorant, they Morocco to Iran and India. At thority, claiming that all the are more or less educated. They the outbreak of war all adult present ruling governments, es- understand the use of a book, or German gentiles, said to number pecially those of the United a pen, or a spade, or of some 4,000, were arrested and in- States and Great Britain, are trade-tools, and they can turn terned. Some of these are mis- Satan's; and that all churches their knowledge to practical sionaries, and efforts are being including both Protestant and uses. Their characters and mor- made by British Christians to Catholic are Satan's emissaries. al influence make them useful in have them released to continue Some extracts from "Watch the spheres in which they move. their work. It is a favorable Tower" literature were included This is the smallest class. time to help all these suffering in the commission's report: e. g., people to find out what the Bible Second, there are those who has to say about the future. Organized Christianity so called is have improved; who are not as full of filthiness; it is an unclean and they were and would have con- -United Presbyterian. abominable thing in the sight of God, tinued to be had not the missionfull of hypocrisy, abomination, forni- ary come among them, but the Education in Iran cation, and filthiness. influence of Christ on their lives and ability are less marked than Missionaries have realized By His prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah in the first class. that the time might come when and Ezekiel, God has written His de- the government of Iran would cree against Christendom, and she A third class consists of those wish to take over all educational must fall. Christendom is composed who have not improved although work for its youth, but this deof the nations that call themselves they have changed. Their intel- mand has come sooner than was Christians. Chief among these na- lects are sharpened, but as much expected. According to the tions are those of America and Great for evil as for good; they are Presbyterian Board of Foreign Britain. God will destroy all Satan's not changed morally; they are Missions, the Iranian Governorganizations, which includes Chris- neither old heathen nor new ment has recently announced tendom. Christians. They are sometimes that it is now in a position to seen in church, but are not mem- take over this work. Five of the This Commission considers that at- bers, and add nothing to the schools and two of the colleges tention should be drawn to the fact strength of the community. It affected were organized and have that the circulation of "Watch Tower" is upon this class that objectors been supported by the Presbyliterature has been rendered easy by to missions fix their eyes and terian mission. The governthere apparently being no other liter- make wrong generalizations. ment wishes to take over the ature available in a convenient and They are a product of civiliza- properties developed in conneccheap form for Africans who wish to tion without Christ. The mis- tion with all the foreign schools, read English. sionary is not discouraged by the and has offered to compensate existence of this class becallse the Board of Foreign Missions These words stung to good ef- there are such people in all coun- for its properties. It also defect. The challenge was taken tries, among all races. Some sires the continued help of some up by the United Society for of the missionary educational- Christian Literature, and now one may see book stalls run by smiling Christian Mricans, with

ists, that the transfer may be tions in most of the important inant message was that God had effected without disorder and as towns of the province. Proces- used this life surrendered wholsmoothly as possible. sions of teachers, students and ly to Him. There followed a the new literates paraded the call to the coming generation to INDIA, BURMA, SIAM streets singing national songs follow Pandita Ramabai in serv- and shouting slogans against il- ice wherever God would have This Is "Telling Them" literacy. Huge public meetings them work for him. were held and a large number of A group of missionaries, dis- prizes and certificates were giv- -Dnyanodaya. cussing with Dr. Ambedkar the en to the workers and literates. problem of India's millions, In Patna, the capital, 1,000 wom- Lyrical Evangelism asked what he thought Chris- en took part in the procession, a tians, in India or in America, notable thing for a province Something new in evangelism could do to help India most at where the majority of women as was introduced when Pandit the present time. Without hes- yet remain behind the veil. The Chaubey of Bareilly Theologiitation Dr. Ambedkar replied: government report published on cal Seminary came to Benares "In the first place, I wish the the occasion shows that in the with his musical instruments Christians of America would course of a year approximately and student-helpers at the invisend a group of economic, agri- 450,000 adult illiterates have tation of the United City Miscultural and industrial experts been made literate. sion. For eight full days Pandit to study conditions, and advise Chaubey with the help of his what type of industries are Before starting a campaign in men and local workers preached adaptable to India's natural re- a village, a local census of illit- the Gospel through music with sources." (Dr. Ambedkar be- erates was taken. Areas were great zeal and effectiveness. The lieves in a large scale industrial then selected where efforts might naturalness and beauty of Hinprogram, in which he differs be made to teach all illiterates dustani Christian music was apfundamentally from Mahatma between the ages of 15 and 50 preciated in four Christian cen- Gandhi.) who were capable of being ters. taught. The total number of "Secondly, I wish the Chris- literacy centers during the sec- Another innovation, never attians would take some of the ond phase of the campaign was tempted before, took place at best-minded young men of the 14,259 with 319,983 pupils, of four principal ghats, or bathing Depressed Classes and give them whom 147,670 were made liter- places. A group of workers sang, an education in economics, in in- ate in five months. preached, sold Gospels and disdustrial management, in some of tributed tracts. Many of the the sciences that must be em- -Christian Century. listeners had not before seen ployed in making India an indus- Christians in Indian dress, singtrial nation." (Most of the Ramabai Mission Jubilee ing Indian tunes, and felt that young Indians studying in the here was something they could United States are being trained The Ramabai Mukti Mission at not only tolerate, but pay attenfor teaching or the ministry.) Kedgoan, Bombay, has recently tion to.-National Missionary celebrated its Jubilee, having Intelligencer. "Then I wish that the Chris- been founded by Pandita Ramatians in India would be more ag- bai in 1888. Krishnabai Gadre, Baptist Work in Assam gressive in public life, would one of the Christian women enter into the political and other working at Mukti, is now in When it became apparent that life of the nation, and make America and is available for ad- the reduced mission budget themselves felt as a power in dresses on this interesting and would mean the loss to Norththeir communities." effective work. (Requests for ern Baptists of the Manipur field her services may be sent to the in Assam, the Swedii!!h Baptist Dr. Ambedkar still has an American Council of the Rama- Conference of America assumed open mind in regard to religion. bai Mukti Mission, P. O. Box responsibility for that work. It is believed that if and when 415, Philadelphia, Pa.) This Government regulations require he changes his religion he will do council is continuing to promote that the Manipur missionary be so because of the service the interest in this mission which is a physician, and since no other faith he decides upon may give now associated with the Chris- doctor was available, Dr. J. A. his people; his decision will not tian and Missionary Alliance. Ahlquist of the Swedish Mission be an intellectual process but Hospital in Jorhat, consented to one on the basis of facts. It is More than 1,000 people, most- undertake the work in Manipur, here that Christianity has the ly women, recently gathered in becoming not only physician for advantage. the church at Mukti to give this field, but also evangelist and thanks to God for Ramabai. The administrator. His medical as- -Christian Advocate. service lasted over three hours, sistant is a Garo Christian who but there was not a dull moment has given a long period of mis- Literacy Celebration in it. Those present heard of sionary service in Manipur, Ramabai's great faith, her hu- especially in the treatment of The first anniversary of the mility, her life of prayer and leprosy. Dr. Ahlquist says in a inauguration of a literacy cam- God's goodness to her. The dom- recent letter to friends at home: paign in Bihar was celebrated last July, with mass demonstra-

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

We have already had baptisms classes that the students might home is not a Christian one. A from the Puram tribe, 48 of them, hear the evangelist, Mr. Lauten- non-Christian mother has a tenwhere no convert had ever been re- schlager. The government col- year-old boy who readil the Biported. There is a crying need for leges responded beyond all ex- ble and prays in the home every Bible translation work. Among the pectations. Three mornings the evening. Other children have Moa tribe we have Christians in six team went out to Hwa Mei Meth- organized groups which meet villages, but no part of the New Testa- odist Girls' School, which has and discuss Christian teaching, ment is in their language as yet. . . . moved out into the country. Mr. asking their teachers to help A short time ago I had word from an Lautenschlager also spent two them. evangelist who started preaching days at the Oberlin-in-Shansi among the Kabuis and now reports Middle School, now a refugee Without any suggestion from over 1,100 baptized believers. school, and at the Canadian anybody, some children asked for Girls' School, also in the coun- baptism. Teachers in the mis- – Watchnwn-Examiner. try. Plans have been made for sion school whereupon decided to follow-up work to conserve re- have these children meet every Evangelism in Siam sults. Everyone is asking for an- day for special instruction, and other campaign next year, with in the meantime observe their In October, 1938, du:r:ing a more time for personal inter- behavior on the playground and week's meetings with Siamese views. Ten times as many books in the classrooms. Some of the Christians in Bangkok, Dr. John could have been sold as were on fifth graders in discussing the Sung, Chinese evangelist, ex- hand. question said they were afraid to pressed a desire to return for become Christians because aftera special campaign over the One Hundred New Members wards they might say bad words whole of Siam. Seven months to somebody and a Christian later Dr. Sung and his inter- How many churches in the could never do that! preter came back, and held United States can point to a recevangelistic meetings in Chieng- ord of 100 additions by baptisms Rainy Season Bible School mai, Lampang, Chiengrai, Prae, in less than a year? There are Nan and Pitsanuloke. In each some, but the number is not China's Millions describes a place volunteer witness bands large. Last July, a group of one successful Bible School in the were formed, and groups of hundred were baptized in the Lisu Church, Yunnan, which for twenty to forty young people or- Disciples Church at Hofei, most- twenty-five years has been exganized to carry the Gospel to ly young people. This trebles panding like a green bay tree. outlying villages. A few ex- the membership of those Who re- June, July and August are the tracts from letters show results mained after the capture of the rainy season, and itineration is obtained: city by the Japanese. In addi- impossible; but the time is well tion to the one hundred, scores suited to concentrated Bible The meetings in Chiengmai were have indicated their desire to he- study, and last year sixteen wonderful with very great success. come Christians, but their bap- young men registered for the There were 1,057 who went to the tism is being postponed until course taught by three young altar to confess their sins and to ask they have had further training. missionaries. A letter written for forgiveness from the Lord. At Other Chinese churches are mov- by one of the Lisu workers to least one thousand people attended ing forward in aggressive evan- American friends of the Mission each session of the meetings. The last gelistic programs despite war shows how the time was spent. day the whole congregation wept and conditions. Churches are packed confessed their sins in the meeting. at every meeting, and people To THOSE BEYOND THE SEA IN THE listen to the Gospel with rapt At Lampang we learned many les- attention. WHITE MAN'S COUNTRY: sons we never knew before. About 300 confessed and were converted. Children Seek Christ Greetings in Jesus' Name! Because Twenty-six witness bands we r e of your constant prayers for us we formed. The first day they went out Margaret Lawrence, of Wuhu, thank you. Also we thank you for they returned with joy to report that writing in World Call, tells how your four precious gifts. Now, by the 63 had offered their lives as evan- some of the children show that grace of God we are dwelling in peace gelists. Christian teaching means some- day by day and are studying His thing to them. One little boy Word. Big Sister is teaching us about Prae Church has had a glorious asked for a "Jesus picture" to the life of Paul, about the letters time. Dr. Sung's messages go straight hang up in his home, and later which Paul wrote to comfort the beto the heart with convicting power. asked a Christian pastor to come lievers at Thessalonica, and very Three hundred and twenty-six came and help him with the little much more. Big Brother has been to the altar confessing their sins; church he had set up in the home. teaching us the First and Second Cotwenty-four gospel bands we r e With pictures and scrolls con- rinthians. Brother Three taught us formed; sixty-seven volunteered as taining Scripture verses he had about Ephesians and also about Galaunpaid preachers. arranged a very effective place tians, the text of which is "the just of worship, and children meet shall live by faith." Such words we -Siam Outlook. there twice a week, although this have never heard before. In them there is much to convict our hearts, but af- CHINA terwards we are made glad. The words we love the most are "and such were Youth and Religion some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified The Chinese Recorder reports in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by from Chengtu that spiritual mo- the Spirit of our God." bilization has taken dramatic form in the "Youth and Religion Movement." Two non-Christian universities, Kwang Hwa and Szechwan University, dismissed

Just one thing more. Although we of society, all sorts of homes, plan for a nation-wide evannever meet in this world, when Jesus and have had various religious gelistic movement. comes again we shall see each other face to face. The writers are those influences from childhood. But Assimilation in Korea who love you and pray for you.-The all alike have been brought up Lisu. from their primary school days In line with Japan's policy This year the Rainy Season with an intense reverence and that religious organizations in Bible School showed greatly in- devotion to His Majesty the Em- Korea should be affiliated with peror. Their questionings show bodies in Japan, the National creased attendance. how vague and negative are their Christian Council of Korea "dis- Lepers' Impressive Service religious convictions, if indeed solved" in September, 1938. One result that followed was that no In a compound behind locked they have any. It is desperately Korean delegates were present doors in the wickedest part of hard for them to form any con- at the Madras meeting of the In- Shanghai's slums, a group of ception of a personal God, or of ternational Missionary Council. forty lepers held a service in one personal God. Yet they con- Other religious organizations which eight men and two women tinue to come as inquirers; they that have similarly ceased to were received into the Christian exist in Korea during the past leper community by baptism. seem glad to have the friendship two years are the Sunday School One was a new convert from Mo- of Christ's followers. Union, the Christian Endeavor hammedanism, who had long Union, the Women's Church held back because of threatened A Christian head of a school, League, the Y. W. C. A. and persecution. The lepers gathered in his student days, attended one Y.M.C.A. in the mud-floored, reed chapel, the blind led by those who saw; of these English Bible studies, ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC the crippled carried on the backs held by a missionary's wife in of those who could walk. Some her home. He was entirely un- Training Papuan Youth lacked fingers, others walked on stumps of feet, but the joy of interested in the Christian as- In Kwato Mission Tidings, new life, new hope was shared pect, but went with the desire to Miss Phyllis Abel writes: "Some byall. improve his English. One day, of our older girls are taking as the servant was bringing up teacher training in the Logea A large stone slab supported Village School. One afternoon on two stone pillars, served as the tea tray, she stumbled and I had prepared to talk to them pulpit as well as a communion upset and broke all that was on about how to deal with different table. Upon it was a baptismal problems in children-when they bowl, some 50 filled Chinese cups it. The hostess with perfect calm told lies, were quarrelsome, in two trays and two plates with merely sympathized with the ac- sulked, etc. Half an hour before broken bread. After the sermon, my class, I learned that one of the ten to be baptized came for- cident, and quietly told the maid my pupil teachers had been ward. Their names were an- to bring more tea. This so im- cheating in school that morning. pressed the young man that he felt Christianity must be a re- ligion of power; and from that day he really put his heart into inquiring about it, till he became a real Christian himself.

nounced by the oldest Christian Christian Brotherhood My first impulse was to send her leper, as the pastor baptized one Organized right away from teaching; then after another. Then communion I realized that if we waited for was administered. In some With a view to building a the perfect teacher before ,we hearts there was deep emotion united Christian front to meet allowed anyone to teach, we as revealed by the expression on the expanding responsibility of wouldn't get far with our educatheir faces.-Lee S. Huizenga. the Japanese Christian Church, tion of Papuans. Obviously, three groups hitherto working something had to be done. When separately for church union have JAPAN-CHOSEN been brought together into an I met the teachers, I told them of my quandary without mention- Students Ask Questions organization known as the "Christian Brotherhood." The ing any names. "How can we A writer in the C. M. S. Out- groups thus united are the So- overcome dishonesty in chillook gives some typical questions ciety for the Promotion of dren," I asked them, "if we do asked her by students who come for English and Bible study in Church Union, the Laymen's not have the answer in our own one of Japan's large cities. Movement for Church Union, lives ?"

Then we had a brief "quiet Why try to worship an invisible and the Commission on Church time" and after this, without the God? Isn't it simpler to honor our Union of the N. C. C. Pastors and c leading laymen of Tokyo, slightest hesitation, the girl in parents whom we can see? Kobe, Kyoto and Osaka are en- question told of what she had Please tell me about God. done in school that morning, and What is the meaning of baptism? Why do Japanese Christians drink rolled in the new organization. said she had asked God's forgiveno wine, while English Christians do? Pastors, and laymen of the ness, and must tell her class as These young men come from Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto area held a soon as possible. We thanked middle and high schools, also "Retreat" a few months ago, God for this new step He had from a government training col- which was attended by more shown us; then we continued lege. They are from all classes than 400, the purpose being to with our lesson.

Missionary

Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information The Madras Series of the Interna- The present series of volumes, Church" and describes the de- tional Missionary Council. Seven like the Tambaram Conference, velopment of the churches in Volumes. 200 to 579 pp. each. Price reveal basic differences of opin- Japan, Korea, China and ten oth- for seven volumes, $7.50; separate ion among missionary leaders er lands. Naturally the develop- volumes, $1.50 each (except Vol. I, but they show a desire to ad- ment in each country has been $1.25). International Missionary vance the cause of Christ and to different, according to the length Council. London and New York. develop a strong, intelligent of time the Church has been 1939. established there, the work of Church in each country by con- the early missionaries, and the Of the seven volumes, pre- secrated cooperation or by or- characteristics of the people. Nasenting the reports and findings ganic union. tionals and missionaries contribof the Tambaram Conference in ute these papers. There is un- India in December 1938, four The first volume is especially fortunately no general consider- helpful at this time when the ation of the lessons learned in volumes have now appeared and whole basis for missionary work each field or a valuation of methare a notable contribution to the is being reexamined by the ris- ods followed in such differing study of the world-wide mission- ing generation. "The Authority fields as Korea and the Punjab ary policy and program. The last of the Church's Faith" (199 or Uganda and Madagascar. three volumes on "The Church's pp.) , contains contributed es- Inner Life," "The Church and says by Dr. H. Kraemer of Hol- This would form a valuable the State" and "Addresses and land, Prof. T. C. Chao of China, study. This volume will be of Records" are expected from the Prof. D. G. Moses of India, Prof. especial value to missionaries, press later this year. H. H. Farmer of Cambridge, but it would be helpful if light England, and Missions Direktor The Madras (or Tambaram) were thrown on the mistakes of Conferencewas held tenyears aft- Hartenstein of Basle, Switzer- missionaries and Mission Boards land. These contributions are of and how they might be avoided. er that at Jerusalem and merely varied value. Dr. Kraemer and Direktor Hartenstein strongly The secret of success has been twenty years after Edinburgh, take the ground that the Bible the planting of the living Word where the foundations were laid is the final authority in all matfor the International Missionary ters pertaining to the Christian of God, the dependence on the Council, and National Councils message and conduct and mis- guidance and the power of the in various areas covering the sionary policies. There is some Holy Spirit, and the faithful, world. A study of the reports difference of opinion as to sacrificial, Christ-like example of these three Conferences shows and loving service of God's mesclearly the great advance in mis- whether and how clearly God has sengers. The development in sionary cooperation and the spoken to man through nonchanges that have taken place in Christian religions. There is apt self-support and self-governmissionary policies. Edinburgh to be confusion on this point but ment is important but must be surveyed the world, the needs of dependent on the reality of the different areas and the plans for there should be no doubt as to spiritual life in the Church. c los e r cooperation between the fact that Christ is the only Christian agencies in each field. clear revelation of God and the Volume Three deals with Jerusalem considered the unique- only Way by whom man can re- "Evangelism" (418 pp.), and a ness of the Christian message in relation to the non-Christian re- ceive eternal life, which is the careful, historical statement as ligions, and the problems that gift of God to those who receive to the evangelism practiced by face missionary workers in edu- Him. A careful reading of this the Church is presented by Prof. volume will clear up many Latourette of Yale. Two chapcation, race relations, industry points. The "Findings" declare ters are followed by papers conand rural areas. Madras studied that "man's great need is for a tributed by the Bishop of Dorthe missionary enterprise in re- true and living faith and that nakal (India), Dr. John R. Mott saving faith comes only through lation to the development of the Jesus Christ. A multiplicity of and others. There is a study of Church of Christ on the mission the mass movements in India, as field. This is considered as a words sometimes tends to ob- well as various evangelistic scure this fact. methods and efforts in China, J aunited Church which must de- pan, Africa and other fields. pend on the leadership of the The second volume (281 pp.) These are interesting but by no Spirit of God, working in the na- deals with "The G row i n g means of equal value. Toyohiko tionals of each area. [581 ]

Kagawa writes on, "Occupation- to expect "any conversion or teachings were supposed to exal Evangelism" for Japan, and transformation from the great plain the inequalities of life, the Oxford Group Movement in cultural religions to Christian- particularly to justify differ- China is briefly but sympatheti- ity." All that can be hoped for ences of caste. They eliminate cally described. The chapters the problem of unmerited misdealing with China, In d i a, is "a measure of agreement and fortune, but they tend to make Uganda and Iran are of especial mutual understanding." men complacent in prosperity interest. Sixty-eight pages are and condemnatory of others in devoted to German Evangelical But Karl Barth bluntly says, their misfortunes. They make Missions, by Dr. Siegfried Knak "there is no contact" in non- sorrow more difficult to bear. -a significant study of a work that differs in many respects Christian religions with God or Karma makes retribution an from that conducted by British Divine Truth. end, not a means to an end, as and American missions. it should be, and weakens the How are we to escape this di- nexus between sin and suffering. Volume Five is a consideration lemma of the "Westernness" of Men have no remembrance of of the "Economic Basis of the C h r is ti ani t y, as stated by previous lives and are. punished Church"-material gathered by for that for which they have no Mr. J. Merle Davis during the Troeltsch, or the lack of all di- responsibility. past two years, especially in In- vine content in non-Christian dia and the Far East. This is a faiths, as stated by Barth? The uplift accomplished by more vital subject than many Christianity among the outcastes realize since extreme and con- The answer to Troeltsch is belies the truth of the karma tinued poverty hinders the intel- doctrine. Unwholesome heredity lectual and social development that the Gospel and Christ are and environment afford a more of individuals, the training of greater than Christianity. We adequate explanation for the workers and the establishment can never know the full Gospel degradation of the outcaste than of self-supporting churches. until all cultures have explored does the law of karma. This law Some of these churches are de- and revealed its inexhaustible also necessitates the view that scribed-such as the Batak riches. The answer to Barth is the Ultimate Reality must be in- Church in Sumatra, and the that having had no first-hand active and without any attri- Presbyterian Church in Korea. contact with the highest life of bute; otherwise God himself would fall under the law of The other volumes of this Hinduism – a life of genuine karma. Therefore the Hindu reseries will be looked for with spirituality-he is not in a posi- gards alI existence as evil and eager anticipation. One reads tion to speak with authority. looks upon extinction, complete here the story of the world-wide and absolute, as the greatest growth of the Christian Church One great value of such a blessing. and can realize more fully the difficult problems still to be study is to reveal again the fun- For the Christian, experience solved. damentals of the Gospel and to of the Eternal Life has already clear the superstructure which begun; because of his knowl- Hinduism or Christianity. By Sydney has been built by Western Chris- edge of God as revealed in Cave. Haskell Lectures in the tianity. Christ, he has experience of Graduate School of Theology, Ober- God's love and of the power and lin, 1939. Harper and Brothers. "Our concern," states Dr. meaning of His reign. New York and London. Cave, "in these lectures is with Hinduism. No great religion is The heart of these lectures is Dr. Cave's book is of real in- in more striking contrast with contained in the one on "The terest to all who are concerned our own, or confronts the Chris- Conception of the Divine in Hinwith the deeper problems of liv- tian thinker with more difficult duism and in Christianity" and ing religions, especially to those problems. We of the West are the companion lecture on "Hinwho know anything of India and often content to live the 'unex- du Bhakti and Christian Faith." Hinduism. This book deals with amined life.' But," says he, It is difficult and dangerous to Neo-or Reformed Hinduism, not "many Hindus, seers and saints, try to condense material already with the H i n d u ism of the seek the spiritual with almost condensed and pac ked with masses. unparalleled intensity and sin- thought. But in essence Dr. cerity." Cave gives a lucid explanation of Dr. Cave first dis c u sse s the inner genius of Hinduism Troeltsch's view of Christianity Fundamental to Hinduism is with its unresolved conflict beas the only religion that the the law of karma (retributive tween thought, deed and feel- West "can endure," "for Chris- justice) and transmigration; ing; that is to say, the ultimate tianity has grown up with us fundamental to Christianity is of all thought is the unknowable, and is part of our being" ; "other the ultimate of all doing is an racial groups, living under dif- the self-revelation of God in endless wheel or complete cesferent conditions, may experi- Christ in order to redeem man. sation of all activity and the ulence their contact with the Di- The thought underlying Hindu- timate of all feeling is indiffervine Life in quite a different ism appeals to many in the West ence-complete un-feeling. No way." We have thus no right who are not ready to accept the stupendous claims that Chris- tianity makes on each individual. So this is a living issue for both East and West.

"It would be hard to exag- gerate the influence of this doc- trine of karma and transmigra- tion on Indian life." The s e

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

wonder the common man has returned from visits to the Far John J. Eagan. A Memoir of an Ad- venturer for the Kingdom of God turned each to his own god or East, India, the Near East and on Earth. By Robert E. Speer. goddess. Against this, Christ Europe, seeking to learn what 8vo. 227 pp. Privately printed. reveals not only God the Creator Christian youth a r 0 u n d the American Cast Iron Pipe Co. Bir- and Ever-living, but the Holy world are thinking and doing. mingham, Ala. 1939.

and Loving Father of our spir- Beginning with a brief por- Here is the life story of a boy its, lifting us up further and further into the glorious light trayal of the world and of the who was left fatherless at the and beauty which are of His es- widely differing areas, Mr. Mack age of three months, his mother sence. It is a powerfully presented contrast, sympathetically shows how difficult it is to put being practically without means. conveyed, and is worth reading ourselves in the place of other and re-reading. young people, to see life as they They went to live with a bache- see it and to feel the impulses In his closing lectures Dr. lor uncle and before he finished Cave deals with Hindu and which drive them on. Team high school the boy went to work Christian ethics. In Hinduism work is needed to enable us to at an early age for a pittance. the In d ian who wishes to make better use of our resources, Later he inherited $6,000 from strengthen and remake his. own to correct our partial views, and his grandmother and, by the country finds no adequate plat- to bring the incentive we need time he was twenty-nine, he had form, so that he unconsciously through the knowledge of what increased this by honest means adopts much of the practical to $72,000. Soon he became a e t hi c s of Christianity. For others are doing. partner in his uncle's business, many such, "our Western civili- The book is specially written in which he started at the botzation, which owes much to tom. In fact John Eagan suc- Christ, has yet obscured Him for high school and college young ceeded in everything he underfrom the East, whilst even in people. Its purpose is to make took; but he did not seek wealth organized Christianity there is for its own sake or to enable much that offends those who are them dissatisfied and ashamed him to indulge himself and his attracted by the character of of their provincialism as Chris- family. He was an unusual man, Christ but are repelled by what tians, of the i r separate ap- not in his inheritance or talents, they judge to be our own denial pro a c h e s as denominational but in his faithfulness as a of the meekness and patience Christian steward; this is clearly that Christ prized and showed." groups to problems that are uni- shown in the use he made of his versal problems c a II i n g for opportunities. At the end we are told that united solutions. Youth is manithe Christianity brought from John Eagan was born in Grifthe West is Western; it needs festly on the march all around fin, Georgia, April 22, 1870 and to be supplemented by the ap- the world. Young people in died in Asheville, North Caropropriation of the East and in Asia and Europe are taking life lina, on March 30, 1924 at the the thought and devotion of Hin- age of fifty-three. At that time duism; there is presented a seriously, taking Christ serious- an editorial in The Atlanta Conchallenge which we cannot meet, ly. Shall our young people in stitution said: "Few lives have except by a fresh appropriation America sit by silently watching stood out more prominently for of the riches of the Gospel. . . . them as they are passing by? public welfare and for moral up- Already the Indian Church has lift than that of Mr. Eagan." All enriched the thought and fervor The author seeks to make his classes in every walk of society, of our common Christianity." reader conscious of his member- white and colored, united to ship in a world-wide fraternity, honor the memory of this man The book is thoughtful and who exerted a wide influence and timely and states clearly the pledged to more Christian stand- who left an example that rerelative claims that Hinduism ards and practices. mains an inspiration to coming and Christianity make for the generations. Chapter VI deals with the allegiance of men. E. D. LUCAS. When John joined his moth- spiritual resources upon which er's church as a boy of twelve Christian you t h groups are he, like Jacob, silently entered drawing in different countries. By devotional techniques of one kind or another, by hard thought and quiet meditation, by keeping the inner fires burning and by taking advantage of the spiritual contagion of a religious fellow- ship, groups everywhere are Comrades Round the W orId. By S. finding it possible to carryon. into a covenant with God that he Franklin Mack. 165 pp. Cloth, The book is a gripping appeal would give Him one-tenth of all $1.00; paper, 60 cents. Friendship to join the world ranks of Chris- he made if God would enable Press. New York. 1939. tian youth who are already do- him to make $1,000,000 by the The author is Director of the ing g rea t things. It shames time he was thirty years old!

Young People's Division of the youth out of religious compla- His first job was in a grocery Board of Foreign Missions of cency and out of selfish inactiv- store in Atlanta at $5.00 a the Presbyterian C h u r chin ity. It contains valuable sugges- month. Later he accepted his U. S. A. and has been active in tions for addresses to youth, and uncle's offer of $15.00 a month the United Christian You t h young people may use it to ad- to work for him. When he was Movement. He has t r a vel e d vantage as the basis of group twenty – one his grandmother through Mexico, Central and discussion for a series of meet- died and left him $6,000 which South America and has recently ings perhaps. MILTON STAUFFER. he invested so well that in eight

years it had increased to $72,- quotes extensively. Among the ters with wild beasts and primi- 000. From the first he kept his things necessary for success in tive men are entertaining and vow by giving to God a tenth of business he noted, at the age of informing. He has a keen sense all he made. When John was thirty – three: "Perseverance; of humor, spiritual insight and twenty-nine his uncle died and h 0 n es t product and faithful consecration. left him the major part of his work; power to control men; estate, together with a success- confidence in others; ability to In 1934 Dr. Lambie decided ful tobacco business. Later John fight for the right; dependence that he could work with Ethio- Eagan founded the American on God and waiting on Him at all pians more effectively if he Cast Iron Pipe Company and times; the chief motive and end should become an Ethiopian citibecame a very prosperous busi- must be to glorify God." zen so he renounced his Amerness man and a highly respect- ican citizenship, like his Master, ed citizen. He a p pI i e d the Excerpts from Mr. Eagan's Jesus Christ, became a subject Golden Rule to his business so diary show the man's aims, of his adopted country. After that his employees and asso- ideals, ambitions and the ways the Italian conquest of that unciates loved and honored him. in which God led him. There are happy land, not wishing to ac- He was an act i v e Christian also illuminating and stimulat- knowledge Mussolini's authority church member and was deeply ing testimonies from his asso- and not being permitted to reinterested in many philanthro- ciates. His was a wisely regu- main in Ethiopia as an Ethiopies and other forms of definite lated life, a thoughtful and con- pian, Dr. Lambie became a Christian work. He too k a secrated life, an honest, diligent, "doctor without a country." prominent part in promoting the sacrificial life. Now he is returning to the Men and Religious Movement, in Sudan to serve as a missionary improving r ace relations be- The achievements of J 0 h n on the Ethiopian border. tween the Negroes and white Eagan were many and notepeople of the South, and in tem- worthy. When he died he left The doctor's story is worth perance work. He said that in bequests of over $1,000,000 and telling and it is graphically told. his youth the forces that most he had more than kept his giv- He describes the country and influenced him were his conse- ing covenant with God. But his people, and relates his pioneercrated Presbyterian mother, who greatest bequest was the influ- ing struggles, his friendship trained him to diligence in his ence of his character and exam- with Emperor Haile Selassi, his Christian work; the self-sacri- ple, together with the service he encounter with lions and crocoficing care of his bachelor uncle, rendered during his lifetime. diles, serpents and pestiferous who trained him in the hard Any man who wishes for success insects; pioneering journeys school of business; the beautiful will be rewarded by reading this over the wild country and up life and thriftiness of his Ro- memoir. and down the rivers; his conman Catholic grandmother; and tacts with men (both friendly the godly example of Dr. Ben- A Doctor Without a Country. By and hostile); he recounts many ham who put honor above world- Thomas A. Lambie, M.D. Illus. answers to prayer. There are ly gain. 8vo. 252 pp. $2.00. Fleming H. evidences of the guidance of God Revell Co. New York. 1939. and His power to accomplish the In 1901 Mr. Eagan sold out seemingly impossible. the tobacco business, not because Dr. Tom Lambie is a virile, he believed it wrong to sell to- stimulating character who has There is much information bacco but because he believed had some unusual experiences. here relating to missionary life, that there were fields of endeav- After studying medicine in the famous Blue and White Nile, or where he could serve God America, he became a medical the war-like Shilluks of the more than in that business. He missionary under the United Sudan, the Ethiopians and their wrote in his diary: "Therefore Presbyterian Board and went to Emperor, in addition to medical it is my duty to go into the field the Egyptian Sudan and later to experiences in a primitive counwhere I can glorify Him most." Ethiopia. There he was stirred try. Much other information is by the great need for more mis- dispensed on the war, sand- John Eagan was a man of sionaries to the unevangelized storms, prairie fires, plagues, prayer, a faithful Bible student people of the interior. Since his etc. We learn, for example, that and for many years was a teach- own church Mission Board could er of a Bible class. He sought to not send him, for financial rea- The Shilluk kings were elected and work in harmony with the spirit sons, Dr. Lambie decided to join were later killed by strangling, never of Christ and the teachings of the independent Sudan Interior dying a natural death. the Bible in his daily life and Mission on a "faith basis." In business; he also strove to learn the next few years this society Mission work is difficult because the all he could from the experience sent eighty missionaries to Shilluks think their own medicine men of successful business men like Ethiopia. Dr. Lambie became superior to foreign doctors. Rockefeller and Carnegie. Other the field director of that mission, men can learn much from the built a hospital in Addis Ababa Millions of Africans believe the principles he set forth in his with the help of his friend the story that two natives, who were lost diary from which Dr. Speer Emperor, and, besides managing when hunting, once came upon a well- the hospital, he traveled up and kept village where the women were down the country. His encoun- human but their husbands were all dogs.

Ants travel in armies by millions; they not only eat crops but kill chickens and drive bees from their hives.

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

The most noteworthy features some statistics, and a few geo- camps, and was entrusted the of this stirring record are the graphical terms; the remainder care of 300 famine orphans, pictures of pioneer life in the of the book seems to have been most of whom were later bap- Egyptian Sudan and Ethiopia, printed from the old plates and tized. Some of his interesting and the evidences of God's faith- some of the chapters still cry for experiences have been told in a fulness to His promises to those revision. For example Chapter small volume, "In and Out of who obey Him and who go out 16 on Malaysia, one of the most Chanda."

in faith to preach the Gospel in important and most fruitful mis- He had a keen sense of humor, the uttermost part of the earth. sion fields, is still covered by was strong and courageous, a It will repay you to read the only two pages which contain man of tact and good judgment book, the latter part of which many misstatements. The same and was never in a hurry. He needs editing. thing is true of the chapter on was fond of hunting tigers, the The Remarkable Jew: His Wonder- the Near East, where we read skins of which he sold for the ful Future. By Dr. L. Sale-Har- (page 227) that "the missions rison. 224 pp. 2/6. Pickering and benefit of the mission. The Inglis Ltd., London. 1939. have extensively published and Gonds, among whom he first la- bored, have strange beliefs and This is the eleventh edition of circulated the Koran, a rather customs, with seven gods in their a book that in previous editions pantheon. One chapter is dehas had a very wide circulation. disconcerting method of mani- The author, as a conference voted to these beliefs and cusspeaker and Bible teacher, has festing their consciousness of toms and two papers on the made a deep impression upon ap- subject are embodied in the appreciative audiences throughout the superiority of the New Tes- pendix to the Memoir. During the English-speaking world. He views the Jews from the stand- tament." We know of no case the World War, Padre Wood had point of Biblical prophecy, and some interesting and thrilling has scanned their whole history where this has been done in the experiences, especially in Palesfrom early times to the present to show the working out of the Near East, although in India tine. divine purpose in their destiny. By demonstrating the literal ful- and East Africa there are exam- In one address, on Abraham's fillment of prophecy in the past offering of Isaac, Bishop Wood ples of it. Nevertheless, this is said: "We are ready, even eager a useful textbook for classroom to give to God our best, once we work. S. M. ZWEMER. see the ram caught in the thicket." Alex Wood, Bishop of Nagpur. A history of the Jews, he unfolds Memoir by Eyre Chatterton. lUus. the development of prophecy in 8vo. 145 pp. 38. 6d. S. P. C. K. London. 1939.

"Missionary, sportsman, phi- losopher" is the author's desig- nation of his predecessor in Nag- The Greatest Words in the Bible pur, a fellow bishop of the and in Human Speech. By Clarence their present experiences. The Church of England. Alex Wood E. Macartney. 193 pp. $1.50. author deals at length in this was born in Scotland in 1871, The Cokesbury Press. Nashville. connection with the significance went to India in 1898, was a war 1938.

of the Jew in World War, the chaplain in France and Palestine This great preacher has decapture of Jerusalem, the educa- from 1916 to 1919, became lighted us with another series of tional and economic development Bishop of Chota Nagpur, India, sermons, the number extended to of Palestine under the Jews, and and Bishop of Nagpur in 1926. fifteen because of the interest their glorious future when the He died in the harness in 1937 shown by the congregation. Dr. Lord returns and when they will at the age of sixty-six. McCartney has chosen words recognize Him to be their Mes- As a young man he was ex- which stirred individual lives in siah. The author is a pronounced ceptionally strong in body and the Bible, words that have premillenialist, and his interpre- mind, with "something of the proved significant in the life of tation of prophecy is from this Viking in him" says his biog- every age; Interest in the serpoint of view. Without fixing rapher. He was adventurous, mon was maintained by not andates for the approaching end loved to go trawling in the nouncing the chosen "great of the age, he sees in the alarm- North Sea, and later to trace word" until well along in the ining world-happenings of 0 u r wild animals of India to their troduction. Among the words time signs that the day of the lairs. Bishop Chatterton pic- selected are the saddest, the Lord is near. J. S. CONNING. tures the scenes of his labors in hardest, the meanest, the bitter- est, the sweetest; they "sweep The Course of Christian Missions. Chanda and Nagpur, briefly de- all the chords of life, the great By William Owen Carver. Revised scribes the people among whom edition. 320 pp. $3.00. Fleming desires, fears and hopes of men's H. Revell Company, New York, he laboted and narrates many of hearts." his contacts and experiences. 1939. Bishop Wood was loved and These sermons are deeply The first edition of this excel- highly respected by both civil- satisfying and spiritually stim- lent brief history of Protestant ians and church people, by the ulating. Here we note the qual- Missions was published in 1932, British and the Indians. He was ities that make Dr. Clarence when it was reviewed in these a war d e d the Kaiser-i-Hind Macartney, pastor of the large columns. The revised edition has Medal. During the great famine First Presbyterian Church of corrected many printers' errors, of 1898, he supervised two labor Pittsburgh, one of the most ef-

fective preachers in America. remains to be done. He con- was a Druze mass movement to- His marvelous choice of words cludes: "There is warfare to be enables him, in a few touches, to waged still against evil. . . . No ward Protestantism in 1830-1845 give beauty or force to every fight is on and the faith is living but the results were not permascene and every thought. An- still which affirms that the vic- nent. other characteristic is the strong tory is with the Christ." way in which he presents the The accomplishments of the Syria truth of salvation in Jesus + Mediterranean Missions, 1808-1870. Christ, crucified and risen. He By George H. Scherer. 81 xv pp. mission during these forty years are always informs and enlarges 48. or 90 cents. The Bible Lands faith, and makes it fervent; but Union for Christian Education. truly remarkable. The history is one he is never trite. Here is an Beirut, Lebanon, Syria. 1939. example of how to give the peo- of sacrifice and glory. The struggle ple of today sweet honey and Missionary history is the founmuch fine gold. It is an excel- dation for the study of mission- was severe – war, plague, massacre, lent gift book for a friend. ary principles and methods. We have here the story of one Mos- without; a small force, overworked FRANK LUKENS. lem land in the Near East and of what was attempted and accom- and worn, crippled by death and dis- Papuan Journeys. By H. L. Hurst. plished in four decades. It is a 168 pp. 38. 6d. Angus and Rob- photostat – typewritten account ease; in America, not always the ertson. London and Sydney. 1938. of the American Mission in Syria from its establishment in most loyal support; pressed by the Here is an intensely interest- 1808 until its transfer to the ing volume. Papua is a land of Boa r d of the Presbyterian needs and opportunities of each readventure, a land where nature Church in the U. S. A. in 1870. and human nature are still seen These chronological limits do not curring day; is it not a wonderful in the raw state. It is an im- exclude an account of the origins mense island, two thousand miles of missionary work in general story of loyal devotion and great long, and one half of the terri- on the borders of Syria and in tory is under the control of Aus- the Mediterranean basin. achievement? Truly the missionaries tralia. It is a great mission field and it is largely unevangelized. A carefully classified bibliog- in Syria today have a heritage of raphy and a detailed chronology Mr. Hurst, the Secretary of are proof that the author is in which they may well be proud, a misthe London Missionary Society command of all his sources. for Australia and New Zealand, sion history which challenges the entraveled in Eastern Papua in F 0 u r British Societies at- 1936 and 1937, visiting all the tempted mission work in this tire consecration of the whole life, ten stations of the Society. He area before the American Board traveled by steamer, whale boat sent out Pliny Fisk and Levi that the present may not tarnish the and dugout along the coast and Parsons. They were instructed on foot in the interior. He had to study "Ancient and Modern past. S. M. ZWEMER. eyes to see and ears to hear and Greek, Italian, Turkish, Arabic a facile pen to describe his ad- and French," for there were Grace Triumphant. A. W. Baker. ventures, the strange districts giants in those days! The nar- 12mo. 316 pp. 38. 6d. Published he visited and the people whom rative of this early pioneer work by the author in care of Pickering he met. All of his descriptions is of fascinating interest and is and Inglis. Glasgow. 1939. are vivid and interesting. These well told. In 1822' a press was include his visit to Kwato where established at Malta, the small Mr. Baker who was born in such remarkable work is being beginning of the stupendous Natal in 1836 and has been sucdone; his contacts with old-time work conducted in later years at cessively a carpenter, lawyer head-hunters, cannibals and sor- Beirut. and missionary in South Africa, cerers; his experience with and is still busy in evangelistic crowds of Christian worshipers, Four chapters tell of these work, here tells his own story. where James Chalmers once earliest efforts and of the perse- It is full of incident and historiwent at great risk to his life; the cutions and struggles for free- cal reminiscences. He tells exthe transformations from super- dom of conscience. The second periences in law courts, mining stition to intelligent worship, part of the book deals in seven camps, kraals, and various activfrom war dances to cricket chapters with the period of es- ities as a Gospel worker. It matches, from dirt and disease tablishment and expansion. Here might be condensed to advantage to cleanliness and health; from are sketches of the political for most readers but gives a idleness to industry; from fear background and the efforts to word picture of life in South and hatred to peace and love. produce a Christian literature Africa as seen by a devoted and Europe might learn much from for the Arabic-speaking world. successful missionary of the Papua. We are also told how the founda- South Africa General Mission. tions were laid for primary and He was often called "God Says Real progress has been made higher education in Christian So Baker"; he traveled extenin Papua in sixty years but much schools for boys and girls. There sively and was very active in the South Africa Compounds Mis- sion. It is worth reading.

African Heroes and Heroines. By Carter Godwin Woodson. 249 pp. $2.00 net. Associated Publishers, Inc., Washington, D. C. 1939.

Here is an African's view of African heroes. It is intended for high school students and nat- urally is not a comprehensive, full and careful history of the continent or of any part of it. It is a biographical record of some Africans and their contri- bution to progress. The presen- tation is interesting but it lacks balance. The author accuses all European and American writers on Africa of a "traditional bias." No doubt this is true of some,

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

but many students of African them for half a century. The They of Italy. By Lodovico and Enhistory will accuse Mr. Woodson index lists some 800 topics and rico Paschetto. Illus. 12 mo. 214 of bias and of magnifying Af- people but omits reference to pp. 75 cents, cloth; 50 cents, paper. rican military exploits while many outstanding heroic Afr~­ Broadman Press. Nashville. 1939. paying little heed to spiritual can Christi<ans, such as AfrIvalues that have most contrib- caneer, the Hottentot Terror The Southern Baptists have uted to true human progress. who became a Christian, and had a mission in Italy for sev- The author seems to credit the Samuel Crowther, the slave boy enty years and have done an imunfounded statement that West who became a bishop of the portant work. The field, the Africans "braved the high seas workers and the work are de- Church of England. scribed in this volume by two and established contact with This is an interesting record, Italians who devote five chapters America probably thousands of to the country and people, the years before Europeans had suf- but the 'author lacks broad Roman Catholic Church and ficiently advanced to have any knowledge and balanced judg- Baptist work. One appendix such dreams." gives suggestions to teachers ment. who wish to use this as a text The book deals most largely book; another appendix gives with South Africa, but has chap- The Arrows of the Lord. By Leland an excellent and favorable short ters on West Africa, Abyssinia biography of Benito Mussolini. and mohammedanized districts. Wang. 12mo. 119 pp. 1 sh. Mar- The authors suggest "keys to The author magnifies Chaka, the understanding Italy" in Biblical chief who was the traditional Zshonaldl~rMvaonrgPaunb.a nd Scott. London. references, the catacombs and founder of the Zulus, and he Co. Grand Rapids. Christian martyrs, the Walpays high tribute to Khama, the denses, Roman Catholic teaching Leland Wang is a Chinese and practice, modern political powerful Christian chief of the history and Fascism. The days Bamangwato. Christan evangelist who has a of persecution are not over for vital message for his owncoun- those who leave Rome to accept There is no doubt that Euro- trymen ,and for all men – it is the evangelical faith. The aupean traders, politiciansa~d thors say: "As a result of inmissionaries all made many mIS- the message of Christ as inter- creased Catholic pressure on takes in dealfng with Ithe Afri- preted through Mr. Wang's own governmental authorities, we Bible study and rich experience. (Protestants) must now suffer cans, but Mr. Woodson cans all He is known as the author of the a restricted application of the Europeans and Americans hypo- slogan, "No Bible, no Break- law" (promising religious libcrites, and goes out of his way erty). One government official to impugn also the motives of fast" 'and has been greatly used explained this restriction by saymissionaries and to belittle the in China, Malaysia, America ing: "What can we do? Two and Europe. hundred and fifty bishops have work they have done for Africa their firearms leveled against at great sacrifice and amidst The ten sermons in this vol- us !" Over 600 periodicals also hardships and dangers. He says ume show why Mr. Wang is a consecrate their pages to the nothing of their medical and edu- anti – Protestant cam p a i g n. cational work and little of their popular, practical and effective Nevertheless the evangelical efforts to teach the Africans to speaker. They are picturesque, movement goes forward. know and worship God, as the clear stimulating, scriptural, loving heavenly Father, revealed spiritual, and full of helpful il- The Fine Art of Public Worship. in Jesus Chris,t. The author has, lustrations. Young people and By Andrew W. Blackwood. 247 pp. $2.00. Cokesbury Press. Nashville. however, rendered a real service young believers will find them 1939. in clalling attention to some Afri- especially interesting a~d. incans who have fought and strug- structive; mat u r e ChrIstIans This is a greatly needed book. gled to maintain their traditions will also find here fresh food for With comparatively few excep~ and possessions. He closes with thought. The topics include ad- tions, churches of all denominaa chapter on "evils against which tions have concentrated their Africans fight." The only ones dresses on-What Is Christian- attention upon sermons to the here enumerated are: foreign ity, The Holy Spirit, The ~ec­ neglect of other parts of the ond Coming and the ProdIgal service. Scripture readings are domination and economic de- Son. Read them and you will oft e n unimpressive, prayers pression (an due, as he thinks, wish to pass, them on. rambling and, like the famous to Europeans). Mr. Woodson one in Boston, "addressed to the says nothing about the evils of Sammy Writes a Book. By Me. 112 audience" instead of to God, ignorance, disease, strife, im- pp. 75 cents. Broadman Press, hymns and anthems chosen caremorality, dishonesty and other Nashville, Tenn. 1939. lessly or for their music rather sins against God. The Bibli- than for their bearing upon the Charlie McCarthy has made theme of the service. Even in ography contains a list of over ventriloquism popular. Rev. W. the churches which have pre- 300 publications – in German, W. Enete, a Southern Baptist French, Dutch and English- missionary to Brazil, shows how but omits many of value, espe- he used the ventriloquist art to cially those by missionaries who interest and instruct children and adults in reverence, faith knew and loved the Africans, and missions. "Sammy," the dummy, tells the story and tells some of whom labored among it very effectively. Mr. Enete also tells how he came to prac- tice the art and how it is done. This is something unique in mis- sionary work. Read it.

scribed liturgies the lessons and vestigation, spiritual illumina- The Friendly Missionary. By Nina prayers are often recited in a tion and encouragement. Mullen. Drawings by Sarah Deperfunctory manner. Dr. Black- Fehn. Paper. Friendship Press. wood does not undervalue the Cady H. Allen, the author, is New York. 1939. sermon, but he urges that "while a Presbyterian missionary in there is a call for strong preach- Iran, and evidently enjoyed this In simple language for priing, there is an even greater need study and profited by it. Those mary children, Miss Mullen tells for uplifting worship." He dis- who read his book will have the experiences of a missionary to cusses the subject constructively same experience. He writes, not China, another to India, one to and helpfully, out of a varied as a systematic theologian or a Malaya, one to Africa and to experience as a pastor and, since deep student of types and proph- other countries. The stories are 1930, professor of Homiletics in ecy, but as one who seeks the well illustrated and calculated to Westminster Choir College. The spiritual message of this re- interest small children. book abounds in practical sug- markable revelation. Little atgestions for making public wor- tention is paid to the figures and Sketches from Penhalonga. By ship more effective. symbols taken from the Old Tes- Reginald Smith. Paper. Illus. tament and there is no exposi- 60 pp. 18.2d. S. P. C. K. London. ARTHUR J. BROWN. tion of the "futurist" interpre- 1939. tation of the prophecy. The Fannie E. S. Heck. A Study of Hid- book is presented as a message The author describes life in a den Springs. Illus. 12mo. 192 pp. to the early church in a time of mISSIOn station in Southern 60 cents. Broadman Press. Nash- severe persecution when many Rhodesia where the society for ville. 1939. Christians were being put to the Propagation of the Gospel is death and some were denying the at work. He tells of beginning Miss Heck was an active faith. work, contacts with Africans, worker and one time president church building, tre~tment of of the W 0 man's Missionary This volume will be especially sick and baptisms. It is not an Union of the Southern Baptist helpful to Christians in China, easy field but has proved fruitful. Convention. She was born in Russia and the Reich in these Virginia in 1862 during the Civil days of conflict with enemies of Directory of Protestant Missions in War and died in May 1938. She Christ and His Church. No China – 1939. Pamphlet. 68 pp. was a winsome woman, a poet, doubt Mr. Allen found many les- $1.50. North China Daily News devoted to Christ and His cause, sons and parallels from his mis- and Herald. Shanghai. 1939. a lover of nature and of her fel- sionary experience in Iran. low men. Here the story of her This directory is especially life, her ideals, her achieve- The study is fresh, original useful to editors, missionaries ments, is told in little scenes and and practical. It is interesting and Mission Boards. First we extracts from letters. The sub- and spiritual, showing that when find the names and addresses of titles hint at the contents-Sun- the Spirit of God moves on the over one hundred Protestant day School Teacher, Wedding reader, passages, that many look missions at work in China with Bells, A Beautiful Volunteer, upon as a "valley of dry bones," their officers and addresses. Lessons from Failure, A Presi- take on flesh and life. Here is Then follows the list of missions dent's Duties, Interesting Open- an excellent introduction to the and staffs by provinces. and ings, Weighing Anchor, Frag- book of Revelation. It would be finally the alphabetical list of ments That Remain. There is more valuable to Bible students names and addresses of approximuch here, in poetry and prose, if it were documented. mately 4,600 missionaries. to interest and inspire,especially women who seek to discover Philippine Kaleidoscope. By Vin- "These Things I Have Seen." By the Hidden Springs of Life. cent H. Gowen. Pamphlet. Illus. Mary Warburton Booth. 12 colored 25 cents. National Council Protes- illustrations. 8vo. 186 pp. 58. Message of the Book of Revelation. tant Episcopal Church, New York. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow. 1939. By Cady H. Allen. 8vo. 180 pp. $1.50. Cokesbury Press. Nashville, The Philippines have made The "things" described are Tenn. 1939. more progress in the past forty persons and events in India, but years than in the previous four there is nothing to indicate how The "Revelation of Jesus hundred. Here is a well-illus- long ago. The author describes Christ," the closing book of the trated story of the fields and Hindu women transformed by New Testament, is a closed book work of the Protestant Episco- Christ; difficulties overcome by to most Christians because it is pal Church in Luzon. It is in- faith, a great revival in the a neglected book. It was writ- forming and impressive. Khasya Hills (thirty years ago) ; ten as a "revelation," not as an visions in a time of suffering; obscure cryptic mystery. The Everyday Life in South Africa. Two stony opposition, Indian Chrispromise is blessing to "every outline Friezes to be made in six tian helpers and a Hindu Sadhu; man that heareth the words of colors. 18. S. P. C. London. 1939. answers to prayer; devotional the prophecy of this book." It poems, mostly by the author, has been a field of speCUlation Here is work that children precede each chapter. They are and controversy for ages. Mr. will enjoy doing while they learn brief, moving tales that bring Allen shows that it may be a something about children of us close to Indian life and the fascinating field for joyful in- South Africa and what Christ is trials and triumphs of Indian doing for them through His mis- Christians. sionaries. (Concluded on third cover.)

Reviews Salt Stream. By Florence Walton .pmn'

Taylor. 8vo. 280 pp. $2.00. Flem- (Concluded. from pa,ge 688.) ing H. Revell. New York. 1939.

Evangelical Handbook of Latin Oregon and pioneering life in of tbe America – 1939. 48. Pamphlet. the Northwest have formed the World Dominion Press, London; stage for many romantic adven- and Committee on Cooperation in tures and heroic achievements. ((bri~tian Latin America, New York. 1939. This novel, dealing with the lLift struggles that prepared Oregon In addition to the directory of cA for statehood, is a story which BOOK of worship in song, com- 87 missions and churches, we have here the names and stations holds the interest, although it is of most of the Protestant mis- not a work of particular merit. bining a hymn81 for general sionaries in Latin America, listed by countries. Some smaller The salt wells drew Thomas Gal- church use, and a song book for evansocieties doing excellent work breath and his wife and daugh- ~elistic purposes. Oilly songs sound are omitted (such as the Soldiers ter, the heroine, to Half-Moon 10 the faith and inspirationaf in charand Gospel Mission of Chile). Lick. Their adventures with acter included••~e:!hasizing Evattgel- Statistics of areas, populations other settlers and with the In- ism, Missions, the Deeper Life. and evangelical communities and dians in the new territory form Many of the new··.the best of the old. summaries for each country are the background of the story, also given. which is not definitely Christian 504 Songs Responsive Readings . or missionary, but is clean and Windows of the World. Selections wholesome. Topical Index Gold Embossed by F. W. Pitt. 12mo. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow. 1939. Published in round notes and Roxite cloth edition only at $65.00 per lao-an especially Alfred Burton, M.D., was con- low 1?rice. Single copy, S5c postpaid. verted to Christ at nine years of age. After taking his medical Wings and Sky. Poems. By Martha Write toda, for returnable .ample copy course he gave his life to the service of God as a physician in Snell Nicholson. 8vo. Velour, CHRISTIAN PUBLICATIONS, IDc. England, and ,became a traveling $1.00; cloth, $1.50. 1406 Lagoon evangelist and Bible teacher in Ave., Wilmington, Calif. 1939. 1502 NORTH THIRD STREET many lands. This volume tells briefly the story of his life and With true rhythm and beauty HARRISBURG. PA. includes selections from his writings on archeology, evolution, of thought and expression, Mrs. science, communism, spiritism, the Second Advent and other Nicholson has written these win- New Boola themes. He died in 1937 at the some poems. They are truly age of eighty-four. We find here many interesting facts and ob- Christian and were born of ex- Christian Living in Our Community. servations as to the Bi.ble and its perience in life and meditation, By Mary C. White and Mildred F. relation to modern problems. in joy and suffering. Many of James. Cloister Press. Louisville, them have been printed in pe- Ky. 101 ~e Catching Objects. By Elmer L. Wilder. 12mo. $1.50. Picker- riodicals and volumes of song. A Doctor without a Country. Tom ing and Inglis. Glasgow. 1939. She writes: Lambie. 252 pp. $2.00. Revell. New York. Excellent suggestions are here Sometimes when I am very sick given for over one hundred short My mind cannot recall Evangelical Handbook of Latin object lesson talks for children. America. 1939. 48. Committee All illustrate and apply Bible The precious promises I love, on Cooperation in Latin America. teachings. And I forget them all. New York.

Through Other People's Eyes. A And then a sudden terror comes, Mediterranean Missions–1808-1870. Play in Three Scenes. By Mar- A dark, unbidden thought- George H. Scherer. 90 cents. Bible garet Crowe. 2d. Lands Union for Christian Educa- Suppose I'll need before the Throne tion. Beirut, Syria. The Frozen Quest. A Play in Two Those words that I forgot! Acts. By D. Austen-Leigh. 6d. The Old Roman Empire. L. Sale- S. P. G. London. But 0, I need not be afraid; Harrison. 48 pp. lB. 6d. Picker- The first of these playlets I know my blessed Lord ing & Inglis. London.

deals with South Africa and calls Will not forget His promises, Old Testament Studies and You. for nine children to take the And He will keep His word! Mary C. White. Cloister Press. parts. The other relates to Louisville. Northern Canada and calls for Through Fire. The China Inland six children. They are good mis- Mission Story of 1938. 84 pp. Philippine Kaleidescope. Vincent H. sionary dramas, not difficult to China Inland Mission. London. Gowen. 25 cents. National Counstage. "The Frozen Quest" is 1939. cil Protestant Episcopal Church. more dramatic and appealing. New York; The story of 1938 in China is written in fire and blood, but it Through Other People's Eyes-A is also a record of loving serv- Play in Three Acts. Margaret ice for Christ and of new names Crowe. 2d. S. P. G. London. written in "the Lamb's Book of Life." The China Inland Mis- The Frozen Quest-A Play in Two sion has had a wonderful record Acts. D. Austen-Leigh. 6d. S. and none more wonderful than P. G. London. in the past year when, in spite of destruction of property, dan- "These Things I Have Seen." Mary ger to life and untold suffering, Warburton Booth. 18.6 pp. 58. 8432 have been baptized and Pickering & Inglis. London. many more have professed to ac- cept Christ. Mr. A. B. Lewis Madras Conference Reports. Vol. 1, writes that it has been "the most 2, 3 and 5. $1.50 each, except Vol- fruitful year in the history of ume 1, $1.25. International Mis- Christian missions in China." sionary Council. New York.

I r~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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Send All Orders to THE UPPER ROOM Doctors' Building-Nashville, Tenn. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Read THE LIFE OF GEORGE BOWEN OF BOMBAY A MEMOIR-By Robert E. Speer, Lakeville, Connecticut The biography of a remarkable missionary whom the (then) Prince of Wales visited in Bom- bay at the request of his mother. Queen Victoria.

What some readers say of this book: Robert Speer's "Life of George Bowen of Bombay" is one was so far-sighted and so deep·seeing !-the former because of the richest of missionary biographies. the latter. If one wants to sum up the interests of our stu- DR. J. LOVBLL MURRAY, Dire(tor of the dents today-Biblical, social, theological-Bowen is a rep~ Canadian S(hool of Missions, Toronto. resentative ngure. And what a lesson in apparent failure! What a life! He was old enough to know why he went, and bad enough to know the meaning of salvation. One by- . . . I feel strongly that every student and alumnus of our product of his experience was his wonderful humility-noth- ing in the show window and himself in the remote back. Seminary needs this book. What better book to lead them to ground. It is inspiring. feed on the Bible. One hears so much "vestibule religion"- The late DR. GBORGE P. PIBRSON, formerly of Japan. men pointing to the door and taking their people as far as the We must all be grateful for this revealing of the main- springs of Bowen's character, his abiding faith in God, his threshold, but no opening up of the treasures within the earnest purpose to be a true and faithful follower of Jesus Christ; and his deep-seated conviction that the Gospel of Father's House. Read the topics of current sermons, and Christ could meet the religious needs of India's people. Bowen's expositions are precisely what Christians need in WILLIAM HAzEN, order to grow from puerility into spiritual maturity. Here is Missionary in Sholapur, India. no adolescent, but a man in Christ. This is no volume to be read and dismissed, but to be marked and to be turned to A biography of one of the saintliest ngures of the nine- repeatedly. . HENRY SLOANB CoFFlN, teenth century. I could not put the book down. There is a fascination and a depth in this man's soul which held me in President of Union Seminary. devout attention. I found myself marking his moving sayings which would serve as starting points for chapel talks. He The Memoirs of George Bowen will continue to be for years to come a searching manual of devotion. He has set before me an ideal which few could attain; his life is a scath- ing rebuke to our ease, comfort, self-indulgence and ineffi- ciency. J. Ross STBVBNSON, Late President Emeritus, Prin(elon Seminary.

May be ordered ($2.00 per Copy) from the Author ROBERT E. SPEER, Lakeville, Conn.

The Missionary Review of the World — December 1930

Yo," 00urte8Y oj Tiffany Studios, New o holy Child of

1IIII1I1IIIII1I1I1III1I1I11Il1I1I1lll1lll:1IIl1lll1lll1lll1lll1lll1lll1l1lll1lll1l1lll1lll1lll1l1l1l1l1l111: ~ Remarkable C!Cbri£itma£i <!&fftr T HROUGH a special arrangement with the publishers we are able to offer readers and their friends the oppor- tunity of obtaining the well-known biog- raphy of Dan Crawford Missionary and Pioneer in Central Africa This book is written by Dr. G. E. Tils- ley, F.R.G.S., of Central Africa, and is the Life Story of one of the Greatest Mission- aries since Livingstone. Read what Jean Kenyon Mackenzie says: "The adventures of an ardent youth who at less than twenty was a pioneer in Central Africa and at less than twenty-live was a veteran-and who was known to be among the tribes he served, to the end of his lifty- three years~the like of such material would be hard to lind. Here is no common book and reading of it will have no common ef- fect. Here is the inimitable Dan Crawford speaking in his own deeply moving fashion of the things of Africa."

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Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writin£ to advertisers. THE MISSIONARY PERSONAL REVIEW OF THE WORLD FRANK B. KELLOGG was elected a Judge of the World Court on Septem- DIILAVAN L. PIBBSON, Editor ber 17th to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Evans ARTHUR J. BROWN, lffd£tor lor 1930 Hughes, and on September 25th, he was chosen to serve a full term of nine CONTENTS-December, 1930 years beginning January 1st when the other term expires. He has accepted the Page appointment.

FRONTISPIECE – ALL NATIONS SHALL Though Mr. Kellogg is seventy-four years old, his election was considered COME AND WORSHIP BEFORE THEE.. 884 highly desirable because the Court may be called upon to interpret the Pact A CHRISTMAS MESSAGE ………. . which bears his name. The other Judges ……………. ARTHUR J. BROWN 885 chosen for the nine-year term include nine from Europe, three from Latin YESTERDAYS IN HOME MISSIONS … America and two from the Far East.

• •.•.••.•••.•••.• WII~LIAM R. KING 886 *** WORLD. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE RT. REV. FRANK W. CREIGHTON, FOREIGN MISSIONS ……….. . D.D., Bishop of Mexico, has been asked by the Presiding Bishop of the Protes- • •••••••.• RALPH E. DIFFIlNDORFER 893 tant Episcopal Church to take over, in addition to his oversight of that mis- GLIMPSES OF THE YEAR IN THE sionary district, the new office of Domes- COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME tic Secretary at the Church Missions MISSIONS … FLORENCE E. QUINLAN 896 House, and give his organizing and ad- ministrative ability to that task. YEAR'S WORK OF THE FEDERATION EOIFGNWOMMISESNIO'SNSBO.A.R. .D.S. . .O.F. . .F.O. .R.· *** · ………….. FLORENCE G. TtLER 899 DR. WILLIAM NESBITT CHAMBERS' Ju- UP FROM SAVAGERY IN PAPUA …. bilee was celebrated in connection with ………….. DELAVAN L. P.ERSON 903 the annual meeting of the Syria section of the Near East Mission and the Evan- CENTENARY OF AMERICAN PROTES· gelical Union of pastors and preachers, TANT MISSIONS IN CHINA ….. To mark his fifty years of work for the Armenians they planned and carried out • ••..•• KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE 912 a delightful service. A sketch of his life was given by one of their number who ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MORMON· had been associated with him for thirty ISM …….. EDWARD LA"'D MILLS 917 years. At the close they presented him with a cane beautifully inscribed. THE .GRI!lAT WORK OF THE NEAR EAST .RELIEF: WHAT IS TO *** FOLLOW IT? … JAMES L. BARTON 922 DR. TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, eminent Japa- BETHLEHEM'S CHURCH OF THE NA· nese author, Christian saint and social . TIVITY … NANCY VIRG.NIA AUSTEN 926 prophet, is to visit America again next year. He will be one of the speakers at MISSIONS A BACKGROUND FOR the World's Y. M. C. A. Conference, at WORLD PEACE …………… . Cleveland, in August. He has just com- ….. MRS. SCHUYLER C. WOODHULL 929 pleted two books in Japanese, "God and the Gospel of Divine Love," an intro· ANNUAL REPORT – AMERICAN MIS· duction to the New Testament, and SION TO LEPERS ………….. 932 "Meditations About God," of which twenty thousand copies of each have CHINESE REDS BEHEAD WOMEN been printed. MISSIONARIES …………….. 933 TOPICS OF THE TIMES …………. 934 RETROSPECT RETURN OF EDITOR PIERSON DOES GANDHI RSPRESENT ALL INDIA?

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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING OBITUARY COMPANY, INC. DR. JAMES HENDERSON, Principal of ROBIIRT E. SPUR, Pr••iden' Lovedale Missionary Institution, Cape Province, Africa, passed away suddenly WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-President at Lovedale, July 19. The high stand- DIILAVAN L. PIIIBSON, 8ecrdaf"'JI ards associated witlr the school have WALTIIB McDOUGA.LL, Trt1aBurer been directly due to the personal influ- ence, the untiring industry and business Publication Ornce, 3d '" Reily St., Harrisburg, ability of Dr. Henderson. He has had Pa. 2lic a cop,.. $2.50 a year. the benefit of the fullest cooperation of his wife, who survives him; and one of Editorl"l and BURlnes. Ornce, 1118 Fifth Avenue, his daughters who is on the staff of the New York Cit,. Institute.

Entered as second·cla•• matter at the Past Ornce. Harrisburg, Pa., under Act ot March S, 1879. Nearly Seven MWlon you buy TODAY •• Dollars in WILL Annuity Agreements SAVE A LIFE TOMORROW Issued By YOUR health tomorrow The Mission Boards of the may depend upon the Methodist Episcopal Church constant and persistent fight WHY? against tuberculosis today.

Because the Annuity Plan Provides: BUY CHRISTMAS SEALS FIGHT TUBERCULOSIS A sound investment A guaranteed income for life A gift to Home and Foreign Missions F or further infortfU}tion write: W. J. ELLIOTT, Treasurer, Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1701 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa., or MORRIS W. EHNES, Treasurer, Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Africa Inland Mission URGENTLY NEEDED Headquarters 373 Carlton Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. A qualified woman missionary physician for a woman's hospital Missionaries, 200; African laborers, in Jhansi, United Provinces, In- 600, preaching and teaching the great dia, to sail not later than January, essentials of the Scriptures in 25 dia- 1931. A short-term worker for lects in East and Central Africa. two or three years would be con- Bible schools, hospitals and many sidered. dispensaries operated. The hope of Africa lies in the knowledge of an Correspondence should be adalmighty Redeemer, of a whole Bible dressed to: and a spirit-filled native ministry. Mrs. F. H. Marston, Candidate Inland Africa and other literature Secretary, Woman's Union mailed free on request Missionary Society of Amer- ica, Room 315, Bible House, AWork of Faith in Dark Africa New York City- Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF TUII WORLD in writine to advertisers. o little town of Bethlehem, Descend on us, we pray; How still we see thee lie; Cast out our sin, and enter in, Above thy deep and dreamless sleep Be born in us today.

The silent stars go by: We hear the Christmas angels Yet in thy dark streets shineth o The great glad tjdings tell; The everlasting light; come to us, abide with us, The hopes and fears of all the years Our Lord Emmanuel.

Are met in Thee tonight. -Bishop Phillips Brooks.

LIII, No. 12 December

A CHRISTMAS MESSAGE £il.SoCf HthReISdaTyMiAn Smaapnpyrolaacnhdess,- I picture to myself the observance the hymns that will be sung, the prayers that will be offered, the giving and receiving of pres- ents, and the joyous gatherings about family tables. I think too of the longings that will be in many hearts for loved ones far away.

I know that while some will spend the day in happy circumstances, others will spend it in illness or anxiety; but I also know that He who was born in Bethlehem 1900 years ago ever liveth to give just the blessing that each one will need.

Should not the time which we commemorate as the anniversary of the birth of our Lord and Saviour inspire us anew with the joy that His coming meant for the world, give us a richer sense of His companionship, lead us to value anew our fellowship with one an- other in the Gospel as co-workers together with God. No matter what the future may bring, "my God shall supply every need of yours according to His riches in glory in Christ Jesus." Not some of your needs but "every" one; not in scanty measure but "accord- ing to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus." What more can the be- liever ask?

The difficulties that beset missionary work just now are many.

Instead, however, of allowing ourselves to be depressed by them, should we not feel that they constitute a new challenge to our faith?

That eminent Chinese Christian, Chang Po-ling, has well said: "To be sure, it is a discouraging outlook just now. But why should we let go of our faith because things look so bad? If everything looked promising we might do without faith. In discouraging times, when all we see is depressing, is the very time when faith helps most.

Right now is exactly the time to have faith."

In Irvin Bachellor's "Dawn," a historical tale of the days when the Son of God walked upon earth, the principal character, Doris, who had given her heart to Jesus and consecrated her life to His service, said to a scoffer who had declared that Christ's sayings were not original: "I have felt the power of His Word. If His sayings were in the writings of Hillel, they were dead. He raised them from their grave and put life into them and set them traveling through the world. Not all the Legions of Rome can stop them."

Thank God that this was true, and that if all the Legions of Rome could not stop them in the first century, neither can all the powers of earth stop them in the twentieth. Let us face the New Year with serene and unwavering faith in our blessed Lord, and with re- newed confidence in His guiding hand. A. J. B.

885

IN HOME

BY THE REV. WILLIAM R. KING, D.D.

Executive Secretary of the Home lJfi8Sio118 OouncU T HE North American Home tend her sway. Twelve priests Missions Congress in Wash- came with Columbus on his second ington' December 1-5, fur- voyage and began the evangelizanishes a fit occasion for a glance tion of the natives. The romantic backward over the road already story of Roman Catholic missions traveled in our 300 years of home in North America in those early missions history, as well as for a years falls into two parts-the look forward to the great stretches Spanish missions in the South and that are ahead. the French missions in the North. Whatever may be said of the meth- We Americans are so absorbed ods of those early missions, we with our todays and so anxious must admire the devotion and herabout our tomorrows, that we are oism of those Jesuit and Franprone to forget our yesterdays. ciscan fathers, who gave their lives Even churches and mission boards to plant the cross on these shores may become so burdened with pres- and bring the Gospel to the beent tasks and current budgets, and nighted red men of the western so concerned about the problems world. that are ahead, that they fail to remember "the years of the right Protestant Missions in North hand of the Most High." It is well America fall into periods of about for us to stop once in awhile and one hundred years each. The turnrecall the past. The surest cure of ing points are marked by centuries. pessimism in missionary work is a knowledge of missionary history. FIRST PERIOD 1607-1717 Protestantism Comes to America There is nothing more reassur- ing than the history of the plant- Two general causes led to the ing of the Church on these shores, coming of Protestants to America and its triumphant march across -theological controversies, and the continent. It is a romantic and the consequent political persecuthrilling story that will richly re- tions in Europe. These persecuted ward all who read it. The begin- Protestants sought asylum in nings are shrouded in mystery. America, where they could "wor- When, where and by whom the first ship God according to the dictates Christian message was preached of their own consciences, with none on the American continent is only to molest them or make them conjecture. There is a tradition afraid." They settled along the Atthat missionaries from Greenland lantic seaboard from Maine to visited the coast of New England Georgia-English Episcopalians in during the 12th and 13th centuries, Virginia, Puritans in New Engand preached to the natives. land, Dutch in New York, and Quakers in Pennsylvania. Crude The discovery of America by homes were built, little churches Columbus in 1492 marks the his- were erected, and a primitive civitoric beginning of Christian mis- lization was begun. The people sions on this continent. Rome took were scattered and hard to reach. advantage of the discovery to ex- 886

YESTERDAYS IN HOME MISSIONS

Missionary activities during this The more earnest among these first century were confined to the pioneer preachers made tours into Indian tribes and the scattered set- the outlying regions and up and tlers along the Atlantic coast. down the rivers, preaching to little Among the more noted preachers groups here and there in the wil- to the Indians during this period derness and organizing churches were: Roger Williams (1639)- as they could. Among the more founder of the Baptist Church in noted of the missionaries of this America, John Campanius (1643) period were: Spangenberg (1735) -Swedish Missionary to the Dela- -pioneer Moravian missionary in ware Indians, Megapolensis (1642) Georgia, Nitschmann (1735)- -Missionary of the Dutch Re- bishop of the Moravian Church in formed Church to the Indians in Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg (1742) New York, John Elliott (1649)- -Moravian pioneer in Pennsyl- Apostle to the Indians, Francis vania, David Brainerd (1743)- Makenie (1681)-father of Amer- saint and missionary to the Indians ican Presbyterianism, and William of the Delaware, Zeisberger Penn (1682)-Quaker Governor of (1746)-for 62 years missionary Pennsylvania and friend to the In- among 13 Indian tribes of the dians. North, and Otterbein-pietist of the Reformed Church and one of SECOND PERIOD 1717-1817 the founders of the United Breth- Protestant Missions Reach the ren Church in 1800.

Mississippi Early Missions in Canada At the beginning of the eight- Protestant missions began in eenth century, small missionary Canada after the expUlsion of the funds called "Pious Funds" were Arcadians in 1710. The Anglicans established to aid the little were the first to enter, in 1710; churches around New York and then followed the Congregational- Philadelphia. With the establish- ists in 1750; Presbyterians in mentof these funds the second cen- 1764 ; Methodists in 1772; and tury of American Missions may be the Baptists, after one or two vain said to have begun. The first one efforts, became established in was sent over from Scotland by the 1778. These beginnings in New Presbyterians, out of which the Brunswick and Nova Scotia were first home mission grant was made attended by great hardships and in 1717, to the First Presbyterian many discouragements. Ministers Church of New York, worshiping were few and hard to get; the peoat that time in the town hall. ple were scattered; the Roman Catholic Church was firmly en- During this second period, there was no organized Home Missions. trenched. The only work done was by local Among the leaders in the far preachers, who at their own expense and initiative made short north in the 18th century were: itinerations into the regions round William Tutly (1710), Henry Alabout. There were no roads, no line (1770), William Black (1772), means of travel, save on foot or James Murdock (1776), and Nicho- las Pierson (1778).

horseback, or along the rivers in Scotch-Irish Immigration crude canoes, or up and down the Between 1730 and 1770, 500,000 coast in small sailing vessels. Scotch-Irish immigrants settled

in New England, Pennsylvania, terians were strong in the section Southwest Virginia, North Caro- at that time. John B. Finley, the lina, Tennessee and Kentucky. By first presiding elder of the Meth- 1763 a Zone of Presbyterian odists, said in 1812: "The County churches stretched from New Eng- is full of Calvinists and Universal- land to the frontiers of Georgia, ists and the Presbyterian influence and these early pioneers had is so great the Methodists can pushed to the crest of the Alle- scarcely live." The first Reformed ghenies and were beginning to Church in Ohio was organized by push down into the valleys beyond. the Rev. Jacob Christman in 1803.

The first to penetrate the wilder- ness were the "Long Hunters," Organization of Mission Boards followed by the surveyors and then During the latter part of this by the settlers. Four streams of second period of Home Missions in immigrants poured through the North America, there were organ- Mohawk Valley, Southwestern ized a number of missionary agen- Pennsylvania, the valley of Vir- cies for church extension into the ginia, and at:,ound the mountains new regions. One of the first was into Georgia and Alabama. the Society of the United Brethren in 1745. Then followed in order In 1790, the first census of the the Committee of the Reformed United States gave to that section General Synod (1786), Episcopal the following distribution of popu- Committee on Missions (1792), lation: Southwest Pennsylvania 62,218, Western Virginia, 55,873, Missionary Society of Connecticut Kentucky (below Licking River) (1798), Standing Committee on 73,677, and Tennessee (1795) 66,- Home Missions of the Presbyterian 549. Church (1802), Massachusetts Settlement of Ohio Valley Baptist Missionary Society (1809), There were few settlers north and the American Board of Comof the Ohio prior to the Revolution. missioners for Foreign Missions In spite of treaty agreements, (1810) .

England held the forts and incited National Events the Indians against the settlers for ten years after the Treaty of Paris. During the last quarter of the The Ohio Company, formed in Bos- 18th century and the first quarter ton, March 1, 1786, bought the of the 19th, a number of important events took place that radically af- Western Reserve. That year Mari- fected the nation and did much to etta, Ohio, was founded and a Con- make possible the great home misgregational church was organized mionary movements of the 19th with 31 members. Eleven years century. Among them the followlater an academy was founded. By ing were the most outstanding: 1800, 35 of the 103 townships of the Revolution in 1776, the adopthe Western Reserve had 10,000 tion of the Constitution in 1789, people. The census of 1800 gave the Louisiana Purchase in 1802, Ohio Territory 43,365 popUlation. The Methodist circuit riders the Lewis and Clark Expedition in went into this section, and by 1812 1805-6, the opening of free lands had an organized conference with in Ohio, and the War of 1812.

30,000 church members, 69 circuits The outstanding home mission- and 100 preachers. The Presby- aries of the last quarter of the

YESTERDAYS IN HOME MISSIONS

18th and the early years of the "The whole country from Lake 19th century were: Francis Asbury Erie to the Gulf of Mexico is a (1772-1816)-first Bishop and valley of the shadow of death.

founder of American Methodism, Darkness rests upon it. It has more Samuel Doak (1775)-founder of than a million inhabitants, and is Washington College, Tenn., Jona- increasing every day from a than Mulkey, Andrew Baker and mighty flood of emigrants." There Edward Kelly, (1776)-pioneer were, he declared, districts east of Baptist preachers in Southwest the Mississippi, through which he Virginia, Gideon Blackburn (1792- passed, of from 20,000 to 50,000 1810)-apostle to the Cherokees people without a single preacher.

in Tennessee, Bishop McKendree These tours of Mills and his stir- (1800) -second Bishop and co- ring appeals led to the great home worker with Asbury, and Peter missionary movements of the 19th Cartwright (1805)-pioneer Cir- century, and bring us to the next cuit Rider in Tennessee and Ken- great period.

tucky. THIRD PERIOD 1817-1917 Migration Westward With the passing of colonial gov- Home Missions Become National ernment and the organization of Following Mills' reports of the the Federal States Government, religious destitution of the new sec- there began a movement of popula- tions being populated so rapidly, tion toward the West. This was there came into existence within greatly increased by the hard times the next few years several home following the War of 1812. War missionary boards and societies prices, the faIling off in trade, the charged with the responsibility of long embargo, the inhuman law of sending missionaries into the new imprisonment for debt, the burden regions. The Massachusetts and of taxation, and the opening of Connecticut Missionary Society, free land in Ohio, all gave impetus under which Mills labored, was al- to this migration, which for a time ready in existence. Then followed threatened to depopulate the At- the organization of the American lantic Coast states. The roads were Bible Society (1816), Presbyterian lined with wagons and people go- Board of Home Missions (1816), ing West. Missionary and Bible Society of Samuel J. Mills the Methodist Episcopal Church The missionary pathfinder of (1819), American Sunday School that period was Samuel J. Mills, Union (1824), American Tract So- the first great apostle to the south- ciety (1825), Congregational Home west. Disappointed in not being Missionary Society (1826), Amer- able to go to the foreign field, he ican Missionary Society of the Re- gave himself to the study of con- formed Church (1826), Board of ditions in his own country. In 1812 Domestic Missions of the Reformed and 1813, he made two journeys Church in America (1831), and from his home in Connecticut as American Baptist Home Mission far west as the Mississippi, and as Society (1832).

far south as New Orleans. Upon The first missionary to labor be- his return to the East, he pled for yond the Mississippi was Salmon missionaries to be sent to the great Giddings, who went out under the and growing southwest. He said: American Board in response to an

appeal from an earnest Presby- the Latter Day Saints, have been terian layman in St. Louis. On the subject of books, magazine November 17, 1817, he organized articles, and missionary literature the First Presbyterian Church of in large abundance. St. Louis, which is the oldest Prot- . Then followed the Bidwell party estant Church west of the Missis- In 1841, the Donner party in 1846, sippi with continuous history and and the gold rush to California in the mother of Protestantism in 1849. For a half century these mithat great western region. This grations kept up until the entire was the beginning of the great West was peopled. century of organized Home Missions, which was to see the Church Church Extension firmly planted throughout the con- During the last century, home tinent and even as far north as missionary work was largely de- Point Barrow, Alaska. nominational church extension. It consisted almost entirely in the On the Trail of the Covered Wagon planting of churches in the new Following closely upon the or- territories and in the effort to keep ganization of these mission boards up with the population in its westbegan the great trek of the Covered ward march. The Church, during Wagon across the continent. One those romantic years, was on the . hundred years ago this year, that trail of the Covered Wagon. As romantic movement began. On new territories were opened up and April 30, 1830, the first wagoners new communities settled, the misstarted from St. Louis, led by W. sionaries planted churches. In fact, L. Sublette, with a caravan of some of these early missionary twelve wagons, twelve head of cat- pioneers, like Marcus Whitman, tle for food, and eighty-one men. were colonizers and active promot- ers of western migration. Whit- About this time there sprang up man's great feat in crossing the that strange cult of Mormonism, Rockies with a covered wagon and which has played such a prominent opening up the Oregon trail to the part in home mission history for a Northwest is an outstanding excentury. Originating with Joseph ample of the place of the home mis- Smith, in New York State one hun- sionary in the early history of the dred years ago this year (1930 ) , West. The history of the West and passing through successive during the first half of the 19th stages in Illinois and Missouri, it century cannot be written without finally found its permanent home giving a large place to those brave in Utah. On July 24, 1847, Brig- home missionary adventurers who ham Young, and his band of work- with unsurpassed courage endured ers and travel-weary pilgrims, the hardness of those rough and stood on a foot hill of the Wasach primitive days, while planting the Mountains, overlooking the great Salt Lake Valley, and exclaimed: Church on the plains, in the moun- "This is the place." Soon after, tains and in the frigid regions of home missionaries began their Alaska. Immigration work among the Mormons of Utah.

The story of its sufferings, the ro- Another movement, which mance of its migration, the re- mightily affected Home Missions markable growth of the Church of and added to the responsibilities of

YESTERDAYS IN HOME MISSIONS

our Home Mission Boards during testify to the work of the faithful this great missionary century, was home missionary of the 19th cen- the coming of foreigners. From tury.

1821-1910, there came to America Women, from the beginning, from Europe a total of 27,870,598 have been in the forefront of all people. Prior to 1882, most of missionary activity, both home and these came from Northern and foreign. Their work was carried Western Europe. After that date, on for many years in connection immigration came largely from with the so-called "men's boards"

Southern Europe. In 1920, the for- of the various denominations. The eign-born from southern and south- first woman's home mission board western Europe numbered about or national society was organized 5,000,000. This influx of popula- in 1877. Since that date, women's tion introduced many new and dif- home mission boards have been or- ficult problems for the Church, as ganized in many of the denomina- well as for the State. Three-fifths tions. The women's boards have of them settled in New England always been interested particularly and the Middle Atlantic states, in specialized types of work, such very largely in the cities, thus cre- as schools, hospitals, social centers, ating both city and industrial prob- and for special groups of un- lems. Missions among the new privileged peoples, such as the Americans have played a large and Indians, Mountaineers, Mormons, important part in Home Mission Alaskans, Negroes, Migrants, Mex- work during this third period. icans and Orientals.

With the Spanish-American War FOURTH PERIOD-1908 in 1898, the West Indies, Cuba, Santo Domingo, Haiti, and Porto Home Missions Become' Cooperative Rico were added to our Home Mis- Not quite a quarter of a century sion responsibility. For 300 years, has passed of this present period, these Islands had been under the but enough has been accomplished rule of Spain and the dominance of in the line of interdenominational the Roman Catholic Church. comity and cooperation to indicate The list of men and women of the new trend in Home Missions.

this heroic period of Home Mis- There is, without question, a "new sions is too large to include in this Home Missions," and the chief brief outline; it would require characteristic of it is cooperation.

pages even to list them. Among The old time rivalry is passing. A the most outstanding names of the new spirit is dominant. Denomina- period were: Bishop William Tay- tional boards are no longer com- lor, Lee, Whitman, Spaulding, Mc- peting as they once did in church Beth, Cooke, Harwood, Jackson, extension, or denominational ex- McFarland, Young, and Kemper. pansion; they are cooperating in The record of their accomplish- a constantly developing team work ments can never be adequately for the conquest of America for written. Today, thousands of Jesus Christ and His Kingdom.

churches, hundreds of thousands of Twenty-seven of the major de- church members, a vast host of nominations, and thirty~three consecrated, able ministers and home mission and church extension teachers, and a magnificent civili- boards are constituent members of zation west of the Mississippi, all the Home Missions Council.

During these first twenty-two North American Home Missions years of cooperative home mis- Congress, and the adjustments of sions, much has been accomplished. churches in small communities by Intensive surveys have been made mergers and exchanges so as to of the home mission fields, a num- eliminate competition and make it ber of states have organized home possible for every community to missions councils, territories have have an adequate ministry of the been allocated to the different de- Gospel. nominations, specific mission enterprises have been undertaken The most outstanding single jointly, important conferences have event in the history of American been held, and many other lines of Home Missions will be the North cooperative missions have been fol- American Home Missions Congress lowed. in Washington, D. C., in December of this year (1930). It will be the In addition to the regular going first time the denominations have program of the Home Missions ever gotten together for such an extended and thorough study of Council, there has been in full op- the common task of Home Miseration for the past three years sions. It will be for Home Missions the Five Year Program of survey what the Jerusalem Conference and adjustment consisting of five was for Foreign Missions. Just points-the organization of coun- what it will mean to the cause will cils in states and regions where be seen later; it should mark an there are none, the every commu- epoch and usher in a new day. nity survey of every state, the INDIAN VERSION OF 23RD PSALM As Translated from Indian Sign Language T HE Great Father above a I'll be afraid not, for it is in there Shepherd Chief is, I am His, between those mountains that the and with Him I want not. Shepherd Chief will meet me, and He throws out to me a rope, and the hunger I have felt in my heart the name of the rope is Love, and all through this life will be satis- He draws me, and He draws me, fied. Sometimes He makes the love and He draws me to where the rope into a whip, but afterwards grass is green and the water not He gives me a staff to lean on. dangerous, and I eat and lie down satisfied. He spreads a table before me with all kinds of food. He puts Sometimes my heart is very His hand upon my head and all the weak and falls down, but He lifts "tired" is gone. My cup He fills it up again and draws me into a till it runs over. good road. His name is wonderful. What I tell you is true. I lie not. These roads that are "away ahead" Sometime, it may be very soon, will stay with me through this life, it may be longer, it may be long, and afterward I will go to live in long time, He will draw me into a the "Big Tepee" and sit down with place between mountains. It is the Shepherd Chief forever.- dark there, but I'll draw back not, Presbyterian Advance.

CONDITIONS AFFECTING

MISSIONS BY THE REV. RALPH E. DIFFENDORFER. D.D.

Secretary 01 the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Ohairman oj the Committee of Reference and Counsel of the Foreign Missio-Its Oonference of NQrth Amef'10d ANY general statement with It is becoming increasingly clear reference to a movement that to far-sighted church leaders that is as world wide and varied the budget system of financing For- as Foreign Missions must, of ne- eign Missions is throwing the cessity, be subject to apparent limi- world mission of Christianity out tations and to possible correction. of perspective in the life and There are some in certain circles thought of the Church. In a world who cannot think of Foreign Mis- that is rapidly becoming a neigh- sions without raising questions re- borhood and will more and more garding its postulates-those fun- come to a common mind, the ex- damental principles which have pression of the Christians of a been the driving power of one of great country like the United the greatest single movements of States cannot much longer be con- modern times. There is no need fined to the small percentages now to consider these questions here, being set aside for Foreign Mis- except to point out that the unique sions in so-called unified budgets.

place of Jesus Christ as Lord and All over the country, questions are Saviour, of the religion which He being raised as to whether or not helped to establish, the Church the meager basis on which Foreign which He called into being, and the Missions are now being financed fellowship and life of which He is will ever bring the world to Christ.

the dynamic center, during recent The comparison of the total gifts months have been the subject of for Foreign Missions with the total more thought and meditation and expenditure of the churches in the prayer than possibly anything else United States shows such a piti- in the religious field. fully small proportion that one This is a good sign, for it is wonders whether the Church is ac- showing that the world mission of tually exercising its most states- Christianity in the future must manlike vision.

have a basis that is entirely defen- While definite figures are not sible intellectually and, at the same available, apparently the Roman time, arouse those definite emo- Catholic Church realizes the strat- tions and attitudes which give any egy of strengthening and extend- crusade its motive power. Con- ing its work throughout the world tacts with rei i g i 0 us leaders in the years following the World throughout the United States dur- War. Its missionary expansion has ing the past year lead me to feel been extraordinary, and one is con- that the spiritual basis of the world tinually impressed with its appar- mission of Christianity is of more ent unity of purpose, its inclusion concern today than ever before. No of the whole world in its activities, survey of Christian activity in and the loyal support given to its America can pass by this factor missionary enterprises. One never without notice. hears, at least on the surface, any 893

quarrel between "home and for- tinent but now the continent of eign" interests. Indeed there is no twentieth century opportunity; the such thing as a foreign mission as upheavals in Latin America; the a little segment of the life of a aggressive propaganda from Rus- "home base." Foreign Missions sia; Japan's concern over "danger- are conceived as propagating the ous thoughts"; the urge for free- faith and establishing the whole dom in the Philippines ;-not to life of the Church in foreign fields. recount the happenings in Europe Some strategy of this sort needs and in the United States. What now to be adopted by Protestant- concerns us is the effect of these ism. conditions upon the world mission Of even greater importance, the of Christianity.

Christian movement is now con- Rapid transportation, increased fronted with a worldwide spread of facilities for communication, the secularism, the core of which is gradual spread of the scientific the propaganda for materialistic point of view through modern edu- Communism. In some respects this cation, and, more especially, the is the greatest missionary move- rapid penetration of western in- ment in the world today, calling dustry and commerce into all the forth more' enthusiasm, devotion world are some of the powerful and self-sacrifice on the part of influences that lie back of what persons, and the spending of more are commonly called "disturb- money than almost any other simi- ances." Russia's efforts to raise up lar movement in modern times. a nation without religion, indeed The strategy here seems to be tak- antagonistic to all religion, must be ing into account the increasing reckoned with. Her doctrines are unity of the world in which we spreading like a praIrIe fire now live with propaganda methods throughout the Orient, Africa and adapted to modern life. Its in- Latin America. In Europe and the fluence is to be found everywhere. United States, they are challeng- Facing these two factors, the ing our complacency.

Protestant mISSIOnary societies Largely because the causes are throughout the world are finding so deep and so fundamental, these themselves increasingly embar- national struggles are sweeping be- rassed and unable to press the ad- fore them old traditions, old habits vantage which the present day of- of doing things, old ways of mak- fers. Difficulties seem to discourage ing a living, the sanctions of an- rather than to incite to greater ac- cient religions, and the hold of tivity and more sacrifice. old-time family control. Vast mul- There is no need to repeat here titudes of hitherto contented and the details of the political, social, inaccessible people are gradually, economic and moral upheavals now sometimes swiftly, taking on new rampant in one way or another, in attitudes toward life. The desire practically all countries of the for the abundant life has seized world: nationhood struggling for multitudes.

existence in China; the Nationalist Quite naturally, these world- movement toward independence in wide unsettled conditions create an India; the revolution in Mexico; extraordinary challenge to the Gos- the new Turkey; the awakening pel of Jesus. National preachers of Africa, no longer the Dark Con- everywhere are writing of evangel-

WORLD CONDITIONS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS

istic opportunities. Their helpers, ly into a group of modern nations. our missionaries, are calling for Most outstanding of all is Kagareenforcements. wa's "Kingdom of God Movement" Stanley Jones writes about "a in Japan. With his deep, personal, new seriousness" in India. He says Christian experience and his social that for the first time in his ex- passion and vision, the world may perience educated Indians are see realized in this day the larger doubting the hitherto unquestioned evangelism; that is, personal and place of religion in their life. social redemption.

The revolution in Mexico has It is a summons, the like of which the churches in the United gained for the lawabiding evan- States and Europe may not again gelical forces in the Republic a new hear in this generation. This is standing and a new dignity. They the summons to the larger evannever had such an opportunity to gelism, to which Dr. John R. Mott present the evangelical message referred in his address at the Refreely and openly, especially to the gional Retreat Conference near educated groups. Vincente Men- Peiping, China, in April, 1929: doza's recent evangelistic experience in San Luis Potosi can be re- "During my recent journeys, peated in every capital city of which have taken me to all but one Mexico. of the continents of the world, I have everywhere heard in unmis- To launch a five-year evangelistic movement under present conditions takable terms the summons to a in China not only shows the lead- larger evangelism. By larger evanership, the perseverance and deep religious insight of the Chinese gelism I have in mind not only the Christians, but challenges more numerical or quantitative aspect of than ever our fullest support. the subject, but also, and ~ven more, the intensive or qualitative. What certain agricultural mis- Expressed quite simply, this means sionaries are doing in a limited to make Jesus Christ known, loved, way can be repeated anywhere in trusted, obeyed and exemplified in Africa, and must be repeated if individual life and in humanrela- Africa is to develop sanely and ful- tionships."

A MISSIONARY'S PRAYER God of the far-flung Mission lines, grant us who serve Thee in the remote places patience. So much to be done, so few the hands, so short the time. Our souls are on leash-we struggle so.

Forgive us, whose eyes and hearts are full of the vision of the waiting need, if at times we question and doubt–question whether really the Church whose ambassadors we are wants US to advance when the opening ways offer limitless opportunities-doubt sometimes in our weariness of heart.

o Lord, stir Thou the hearts of Thy people at home, young and old-the old that they may give now in this day of Africa's awaiting-the young that they may rise up and say, "Here Lord, am I-send me!"

Our trust is in Thee. As, in Thy name, we have claimed individuals, families, and groups for Christ here in this land, so do we now, 0 God, lay a claim upon individual families, and groups in the homeland, that in this new decade they may dedicate themselves anew to Thee and to Thy Kingdom. With no obstacles before us, 0 may there be none behind!

So we pray, 0 Sovereign God, for Thy blessing upon all of us, and we confidently expect the evidence of Thy guidance and Thy power back in the Church where Thy servants live and work.

Forgive us, Father, if we have been cold, indifferent, dull of heart. In mercy forgive us all our sin. In the Master's name. Amen.-The Drum Call, Elat, West Africa.

OF THE YEAR IN THE

OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS BY MISS FLORENCE E. QUINLAN E{Cccutiv8 Secretary of the Oouncil oj Women for Home Missions Among Migrants educational problems render most I N 1920, eight women's boards interesting this comparatively new started to function cooperative- sphere of activity. ly in work among the migrant Not a small part of the service family groups in canneries and on is the continuous study of the whole truck farms in the United States. migratory problem and the con- This took the form of a cross be- stant stimulation of local and re- tween a day nursery and a Chris- gional groups to realize the prob- tian social center with clubs for lem and to initiate work in their older boys and girls and mothers. own districts. To the owner at one Beginning in the Chesapeake area, of our stations came the inspira- after a few years work was opened tion for a thorough-going research on the Pacific Coast, and during into the social and educational the past year in Colorado. Fifteen problems of migrant children boards are now financially cooper- through the creation of a research ating. fellowship, and so the young girl During this year, there have who had been executive for two been a score of 'stations: in Cali- summers at the center, a student fornia among Mexicans in lettuce from Winthrop College, South Car- and cantaloupe in the Imperial Val- olina, is doing graduate work at ley, in cotton in San Joaquin Val- Rutgers University, specializing in ley, groups in Kingsburg and Fowl- sociology, the migrant station her er among fourteen nationalities laboratory for developing an edu- including Orientals, working in cational program for migrant chil- asparagus in the Sacramento Val- dren.

ley, and white Americans in apri- In 1919, a survey conservatively cots at Hemet; in Oregon among estimated a thousand trained work- white Americans in hops, and ap- ers as needed properly to reach the ples in the Hood River Valley; in farm and cannery migrants. Since Colorado among Mexicans in sugar then, the number of these has beets; in Maryland and Delaware greatly increased. Is the Church among Poles in tomatoes, beans keeping pace with this increasing and apples, and Negroes in beans, privilege and responsibility?

tomatoes and sweet potatoes; in Among Indians New Jersey among Italians in blue- berry fields and cranberry bogs. A recent report of the Joint Problems of racial and national Committee on Indian Work of the Home Missions Council and the differences, of languages, of nomi- Council of Women for Home Misnal religious affiliation with non- sions summarizes some Indian evangelical churches, lack of ad- items as follows: justment between old-world cus- In a recent article on the American toms and new-world methods, and Indian there is the statement that economic, industrial, social, health, 896

THE COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS

probably never has there been a race cational training of the boys and girls since time began who have passed in order that they may be economical- through such a series of life-changing ly independent after school, in de- experiences as have confronted North veloping native leadership by giving American Indians in the last three Indians real responsibility, and in pro- hundred years; to-day this race is moting all activities in such a way as being plunged into still another trans- will call forth self-expression from formation. Secretary of the Interior the·se people who have become so timed Wilbur announced a new policy for the and non-aggressive. Professor Ryan, Indian Bureau. "The Indian," he said, himself a devoted Christian, believes "should be developed into a self-re- that the religious and secular work specting American citizen merging must go hand in hand if the Indians gradually with the stock of the nation. are to be rehabilitated.

He should not be regarded indefinitely Organization of an Indian Service as a ward, but should individually be Committee of the Joint Committee to prepared for life among the rest of act as liaison body between ,mission us." Following this statement, and boards and the Government, and the the appointment of Mr. Charles J. mission boards themselves, has been Rhoads and Mr. J. Henry Scattergood effected.

as Indian Commissioners, the public Perhaps the most outstanding prog- has been demanding immediate re- ress in our work in government schools forms in Indian policy and Indian ad- this year has been the working out of ministration. Many have not realized a program of religious education for that the Indian question and Indian Sherman Institute, Riverside, Cali- Bureau are far too involved and com- fornia, largest of schools for the In- plicated to make rapid changes pos- dians. The superintendent signified sible . . . Certain fine achievements his willingness, when a plan for week- should be recognized. day courses in religious education was The Deficiency Bill, providing ad- presented, to give the necessary time ditional money for food and clothing and school credit. The courses began among Indian children and medical in January and have brought forth work among all Indians, has been much favorable C'omment both from passed. Many intricate legal matters the school authorities and the local are being studied in the attempt to committee in Riverside. Nineteen old- simplify them. Emphasis is being er boys and girls taking the teachers'

placed upon vocational training for training course were given practical young Indians, several experts having teaching experience through Sunday- been appointed for this work. school classes of younger children.

Mr. M. A. Welch has been placed in Four scholarships have been secured, the Twin Cities (Minneapolis-St. two of these for Hopis, the first boys Paul) as Guidance and Placement Of- of their tribe to receive higher educa- ficer. Mrs. Ruth Muskrat Bronson, in ti'Oll.

Kansas ,City holds a similar position The Meriam Survey emphasized as for girls. Dr. W. Carson Ryan, Jr., a one of the outstanding needs of In- noted educationalist, has accepted the dians that of associating with white position of Director of Education in people and learning to be at ease with the Indian Service, a matter of deep them. Our Director at Sherman has satisfaction to all. He favors remov- made a great point of bringing groups ing the younger children from board- of white people to the school and of ing schools as quickly as possible and taking the Indian boys and girls to placing them in day schools, using conferences and camps where they the boarding schools for higher and have learned to know friendly white vocational training. He believes in a students. At the request of the school, more highly trained personnel for the Mr. Burnett organized the first Boy entire service, in more thorough vo- Scout troops. He has acted as "Big 2

Chief." These boys have performed the Student Departments of the Y. many helpful pieces of community M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., the Counwork, and some thirty of them at- cil of Church Boards of Education, tended a Boy Scout camp last summer and the Student Volunteer Movewhere they won special recognition ment. In May, the exchange of for good sportsmanship and efficiency. thought was based upon "A Stu- There was no race prejudice evinced dent's Faith for Today," the leader by either the white or Indian boys. dividing students into four groups: those with an authoritarian back- The program at the Theodore Roose- ground; indifferent satiated stuvelt School, Fort Apache, Arizona, has dents; those in violent reaction to also developed most satj,sfactorily. their background; and skeptical, Many of these children who come from puzzled but reasonably openmindmost primitive conditions have shown ed students. In September, the dismarked signs of development. Some cussion was on the "Basis of Servhave even gone so far as to get up in ice for Students," emphasis being their meetings and ask for a song or laid upon the need to talk to stua game. This is a real achievement for dents as belonging to the human these silent, shy children. Two of the race, not different from others. girls attended a Girl Reserve conference in Arizona this summer. The Of late years it is increasingly girls had never experienced anything realized that Home Missions so wonderful in all their young lives, should be concerned with and reand the white girls felt a great in- lated to not only the religious and spiration in knowing intimately two racial problems and needs of the girls of the red race. nation, but also to the social and industrial. The Students-in-Indus- We see progress here and there in try project provides opportunity developing religious leadership among for a number of students thinking the young people. Haskell Institute, of full-time home mission service, Lawrence, Kansas, had 120 in its especially Christian social service, teachers' training course last year. to have first-hand contact with con- The director is now asking for pro- ditions in industry. Among the orvision for more study for those who ganizations represented in this wish to train themselves for religious project are the Student Departleadership among their people. We have not as yet been able to appoint ments of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. the two directors needed for the stu- W. C. A., the Federal Council of dents of Oklahoma, but are hoping the Churches of Christ in America, very much that this urgent need will American Friends Service Combe met during the coming year. mittee, Council of Church Boards of Education, Fellowship of Recon- Among Students ciliation, and the Council of Women for Home Missions. The Federated Student Committee, which meets three times a The Council of Women for Home year, is the clearing house for Missions is glad to receive names plans and policies of organizations of students-prospective missionthat approach women students, be- ary workers-who would like to ing composed of the committees on acquire personal experience in instudent work of the Federation of dustry as a basis for future service. Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions, the Council of Women for Home Missions, representatives of

YEAR'S WORK OF THE FEDERATION

WOMEN'S BOARDS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS BY FLORENCE G. TYLER Ea:ccutlve Secretary 0/ the F eaerati on 01 Wom r,t.n's ROMds of Forefon Missions 01 North America.

I N REVIEWING the work of pher's College, while Isabella Tho- the Federation of Woman's burn College prepares its students Boards of Foreign Missions of to vie for honors with the men North America for the past year students of Lucknow University, the high lights are perhaps the the women capturing at least a fair work of the Committee on Chris- share of the honors. The Women's tian Literature for Women and College of Tokyo has the largest Children in Mission Fields and enrollment, numbering 400 stu- the World Day of Prayer. Deep dents this year. It has a faculty interest has centered for years com})osed almost entirely of na- around the seven Union Christian tionals, with only five or six Amer- Colleges for Women in the Orient, icans on the staff. Its graduates which have all been able to pur- are serving in almost every field.

sue their courses of study unin- terruptedly in spite of disturbed conditions in China and India.

Ginling College has continued its work in Nanking, the storm cen- ter of the country, under the able leadership of Dr. Yi-fang Wu, the President and successor to Mrs.

Lawrence Thurston who gave DR. YI-FANG WU. PRESIDENT OF wonderful years of service toward GINLING COLI.EGE the building up of the college, and who, more than any other The Federation has played a large person, is responsible for the splen- part in building up and holding the did leadership it has produced. interest of American women in Mrs. Thurston continues at Ginling these colleges, turning into their in an executive capacity, glvmg coffers annually thousands of dol- valuable aid and counsel in the lars, though carrying none of the Department of Education. responsibility for their operation Mrs. Frame has returned to Yen- or actual maintenance.

ching after a year's absence, and In student centers in America, that College continues its work in another committee of the Federa- close cooperation with Yenching tion has been stimulating interest University, in Peiping. in the foreign students who are The India colleges are filled to making their homes temporarily capacity. Vellore is proceeding on in our country, during the period its building program. Madras is in which they are preparing for devoting itself more exclusively to lives of usefulness in their own science and the arts, having given countries. Ten thousand of these over its educational department to students of approximately 80 na- the child of its heart, 8t. Christo- tionalities are forming their im- 899

pressions of so-called "Christian sciousness and the group spirit are America." To have the opportunity built up, while extensive opporof entertaining them in our homes, tunity for the propagation of the and of knowing them as friends Christian religion abounds in the and guests, is one of the greatest all day contact. opportunities ever placed at the doors of the Christian Church, or An interesting study of the at the doors of a people who desire problems of the missionary candithe friendship of the world. The date before going to the field and Foreign Student Committee of the in the first years of work is· being Federation has done a great deal in made by the Committee on Mis- sionary Preparation. The Comthe past year in cementing these mittee will make an effort by the international friendships and giv- case work method, to find why a ing these students, in different cen- goodly number of missionaries do ters all over the country, the oppor- not return after their first furtunity of seeing a Christian home lough; also what preparation is at its best. given to candidates to meet the special problems of the country to The efficacy of the missionary which they go and how much they work of many denominations has know of the cultural backgrounds been increased by making better of the people to whom they are exsocial conditions possible for young pected to minister. The Committee is headed by Mrs. Agnes C. L.. Christians through economic bet- Donohugh of the Hartford School terment. Industrial workrooms have played quite a part in this of Missions. program. To produce marketable Through its Committee on Intergoods at a reasonable price and to find a market for these productions national Relations the Federation has taxed the ingenuity of many stimulates attendance at the anof the missionaries who are deeply nual conference on the Cause and interested in this branch of work. Cure of War, and brings to the at- On the Federation's Industrial tention of mission boards matters Products Committe there are four referring to Peace, Arbitration, women who have had first hand ex- Moving Pictures and Race Relaperience in this line of work in China, and a number of others who tions. have seen these workrooms in oper- The Central Committee on the ation. These women are working through the Federation's Commit- United Study of Foreign Missions, tee toward some degree of stand- while somewhat independent in orardization of this industry. They ganization, its members being aphope to turn the efforts of such in- pointed by the cooperating Boards, dustrial missions toward the type is nevertheless avery vital part of of product most saleable here and the Federation. For thirty years to open new markets for their it has been putting out books for goods in this country. the study of Foreign Missions. This year's books-"A Cloud of Those whose experience is first Witnesses," by Elsie Singmaster, hand tell us that much beside eco- and "The Treasure Hunt," by Mrs. nomic betterment is accomplished Seeback-have had splendid' sales through these workrooms. Neat- and wide use. "A Cloud of Wit- ness is engendered, group con- nesses" will be used as source ma- terial for some time to come. The

FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S BOARDS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS

Central Committee has also pub- magazine reaches approximately lished this year a number of books one million readers, ranging all the for little children, telling of child way from the smallest children in life in many lands in such a way as homes and schools to the soldiers in to have a vital influence on interna- the trenches. It is literally read tional friendship among children. to tatters.

Through the income from these Some years ago, a little boy study books this committee has about twelve years old, who had been able during the past year to just learned to read in one of our render financial aid to the Commit- mission schools in India, came in- tee on Christian Literature for to a mission station begging for women and children in mission "something to read." The mission- lands, and to the Foreign Mission ary searched high and low and Institute at Chautauqua, as well could find nothing to give him but as to the Federation itself. Its the Gospel of Luke and a treatise chief book for 1931-1932, "Christ on smallpox. Today, the India mis- Comes to the Villages," will be sionary can offer The Treasure edited by Mrs. Frederick G. Platt, Chest in English and in six vernac- well known to readers of mission- ulars-Tamil, Maharathi, Guger- ary literature, and will contain ac- athi, Hindi, Urdu, and Telegu- counts of rural work written by while a new edition in Bengali has rural missionary experts in various just been voted by the Committee, fields. together with one in Burmese.

Through its Committee on Chris- Mouhit furnishes reading material tian Literature for Women and for the children of Turkey, and a Children in Mission Fields, the new and enlarged Child Life comes Federation is making possible an to boys and girls in Korea through increasing supply of good litera- aid given by the Christian Litera- ture in China, India, Japan, Bur- ture Committee. Antorcha (The ma, Korea, Turkey, Mexico and Missionary Torch), through the South America, and plans have aid of this Committee, can now been laid whereby its newest ven- reach a wider constituency among ture will be a magazine for the the women of Mexico, and news of African home, of which Miss Jean help and subsidy has just been MacKenzie will be the editor. sent to Guia del H ogar (Guide to This year a campaign for $25,- the Home) -a magazine put out 000 has been launched, which will for one thousand women of seven- enable the Committee to fill up its teen denominations federated for book tables on these countries, and Christian Citizenship and the ob- furnish a more adequate supply of servance of the World Day of reading matter for young and old. Prayer in the Argentine. As a re- While the budget of the Committee sult of the special offering in con- last year did not quite total $10,- nection with the World Day of 000, even this is a big increase Prayer in the United States, the over the early years when the Federation was able to pay over meager sum of $300, gotten to- $4,000 to the work of the Christian gether with great difficulty, was Literature Committee.

used to publish the first numbers of There have been many interest- Happy Childhood for little Chinese ing developments in this field of boys and girls. Today, that little Christian Literature during the

past year, but nothing in all the gifts, and accounts of observance work of the Federation can ap- after the day is over, the making proach the thrill which has come of the program, the planning for to all of those who are closely in authors of the program, the call, touch with the ever increasing ob- the consecration service, the printservance the world around of the ing, and the written accounts, keep Day of Prayer. It is one of the this great day before the Federamost thrilling events in the history tion throughout the year, Federaof the Christian Church. tion travellers who visit foreign lands become messengers carrying At first, the women of America prayed for the women of the world. the news of -the day and its observ- N ow they pray with the women of ance to the four corners of the the world. For approximately earth. forty hours, beginning in the Far East early in the morning, and The observance of this day has ending where the Far West meets brought the Federation in touch the Far East late at night, the with hundreds of local interdecycle of prayer continues. Austra- nominational groups meeting in lian, Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, towns and cities all over the United Persian, Syrian, Turk, African, States for the performance Qf tasks Czech, Canadian, New Englander, which can be done better by church Mountaineer, Porto Rican, Cuban, women working together. The Brazilian, Chilian, Peruvian, Ar- Federation, in cooperation with gentinian, Mexican-all are one the Council of Women for Home that day and all are bound by one Missions and the National Council great chain of prayer around the of Federated Church Women, has feet of God-prayer for a better endeavored to reach these groups world, prayer for better Chris- with the interdenominational detians, prayer for higher service. velopments of Christian missions, and stimulates their interest in the Early in the year, mimeographed copies of the program are sent to causes of peace and Christian citithe mission stations of all the zenship. The year has been one of boards. There they are translated progress, and one which, it is and adapted to the particular needs hoped, will lead on to a fuller realiof each country. Preparation for zation of the opportunities which the Day of Prayer, the flood of lie before all who seek to make a better world.

Suppose we scrapped some .of this terrifying and elaborate machinery, the enormous amount of stuff that is written about financial schemes for churches and the organizations of parishes, and began instead to dig down deep into our own hearts to search ourselves; gave up our ambition and our clerical "side," our wire-pulling and our party propaganda, our ecclesiastical bickering and our place-seeking, our catering to wealth and big names, and to what the bishop was going to think if we did something daring, and all the rest of the unholy sham of it, and for once got down to the business of changing lives one by one? Twelve men rocked the foundations of the world because they gave everything to Christ. Time does not change the law of that kind of energy. What could a group on the same ba·sis do today?-S. M. Shoemaker, Jr.

FROM SAVAGERY IN

What We Saw During a Recent Visit to the Kwato Mission BY DELAVAN L. PIERSON TRAVEL LETTER No. 9 I T IS not often that miracles of seaport. Nothing could surpass the transformed heathen communi- natural beauty of the scene–the ties are seen in the lifetime of azure water from the bosom of one missionary. which rose the emerald isles, cov- At Singapore we received the ered with graceful palms and other overwhelming news of the sudden luxuriant tropical foliage waving death of our beloved friend, the in the breeze.

Rev. Charles W. Abel, of Kwato.* With this message we heard the call of God to visit the bereaved family in Eastern Papua, to see the work of which we had heard so much, and to confer with the missionaries as to future plans.

The readjustment of our itiner- ary took us to Kwato by way of the Philippines, the Celebes, and Aus- tralia. This gave us many glimpses of new fields and forces. Great is the contrast we noted between the ancient and decadent civilizations of hoary Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India, and the primitive savage life of New Guinea. The complex ethnic religions of the Hindus and Buddhists present a very different problem from the simple supersti- tions of the Papuans. The political turmoil caused by the national birth throes of China stand out in sharp contrast to the peaceful stag- nation that characterizes tribal CHARLES W. ABEL life in Papua under British con- As we approached the jetty at trol. Kwato in the Mission launch, Marmari II, we saw hundreds of Our first glimpse of Kwato, the brown-skinned figures waiting to tropical isle at the Eastern ex- greet us. There were little girls tremity of the greatest island in clad in grass skirts, and boys in the world, was through the early loin cloths, older women wore a morning mist as we approached skirt or one-piece dress; men were Samarai, the Government seat and "As th e r eaders of 'l' BE REVIEW know, h e clad in shorts or in a simple cloth :;:~~l1lI~tK"'!n'il d~~d arl~~IIJ~~lieln~~~~ il~Dt~'i>.OD wrapped around the waist and 903

reaching to the knees. A cheer went sadness expressed in a letter writup from hundreds of throats and ten later by one of the Papuan hands waved a welcome as we came girls. This shows a depth of feelalong the side of the jetty. What ing unknown here forty years ago. a contrast to the greeting received by Mr. and Mrs. Abel t when they We gathered together under a visited these islands forty years tree near the shore and we were ago! Then Kwato was largely un- welcomed by one of the Papuan healthy swamp land and the people Christians in a brief address, exof the district were fierce and un- pressing their love for the leader friendly cannibals. Fear of the who had gone Home, and their whitefaced, black-footed strangers gratitude to the Heavenly Father incited them to· hostility and a who had answered their prayers in bringing in safety their friends A .WELCOMING PARTY OFPAPUANS-YEARS AGO readiness to kill and feast if op- from America. Thronging around portunity offered. It was in New us were Papuans-signs of their Guinea that James Chalmers and old savage life still seen in the his companions suffered martyr- elaborate tatooing on some of the dom eleven years after the Abels women and in the great distended arrived. Today the Papuans gave ear lobes of men. Their faces were Us a royal welcome such as might attractive, and strong. They are have been that accorded to the Gov- clean, intelligent and friendly. ernor-General or the Prince of Wales. But beneath the joyful ex- The Old Savage Life terior, with cheers, waving banners, and floral decorations, was a What is the pit from which these Christians and Papuans have been tMr. Abel arrived -in New Guinea in 1890, lifted? The worst conditions, in- Ilnd Mrs. Abel two years later. D. L. P. cluding savage warfare, cannibal-

UP FROM SAVAGERY IN PAPUA

ism and heathen orgies, have dis- fare has been abolished in coastal appeared from the coast towns, districts they find little else to do. through the establishment of Brit- The children run wild, like other ish law and the influences of Chris- animals, for parental discipline is tian missionaries, but the remains almost unknown. It is a part of the of primitive heathenism are still philosophy of heathen Papuans evident in villages of the district. that little or no restraint should be The one-roomed houses are built on put on natural desires, unless these piles about four feet from the happen to contravene tribal cusground; underneath are kept the toms. As a result appetites and chief evidences of the owner's sexual instincts are restrained only wealth-if any–'in the form of by lack of opportunity to indulge OUR WELCOMING PARTY OF PAPUAN CHRIS1.'IANS black pigs. Most houses are shaped them. After marriage agreements like a capital A with a high, have been made, the tribal law of peaked, thatched roof and an en- personal revenge punishes unfaithtrance, three or four feet high, ex- fulness, as it does theft. There is tending the width of the house, The no education in a heathen home benarrow verandah in front is yond that relating to tribal cusreached by a rude ladder or by toms, barter, the means of obtainnotches cut in the trunk of a near- ing food, making canoes and buildby tree-stump. Dogs and chickens ing a house. The signs of poverty have their private entrance hole and general squalor in a Papuan reached by an inclined log. village are oppressive. Money is almost unknown, dog's teeth, shells As to occupation, the women at- and produce being the medium of tend to the gardening and the exchange. preparation of food; men make canoes, hunt and fish. Since war- Their clothing is almost nil. A

grass skirt for the women and a trust and fear of the foreigner; meager loin cloth for the men be- heathen customs and superstition; ing deemed sufficient for all, ex- the vices of the natural man; the cepting festive occasions. The hair witch doctor and the tribal chiefs is "teased out" into great bushy who wished to rule supreme, were balls, sometimes eighteen inches or all united to shut out the light. But two feet in diameter, and in this God was with His messengers and the "dandies" stick feathers and gave them courage, power and proflowers. Other ornaments consist tection. At Maivara, a village near of tatoo marks, anklets and brace- the head of Milne Bay, we visited lets of grass, shell or brass. Feath- the place where, in the early days, ers in the hair denote conquest or God intervened to save the life of exploits,-some of them of an un- Charles Abel. He had left his wife savory character. The religious and first born child in the mission faith and life of the Papuans is boat while he went to try to espractically undeveloped. They have tablish a friendly contact with the no conception of God, but believe villagers. He had gone only a short in witchcraft and evil spirits. They distance on shore when a messenseem to have no form of worship, ger from his wife came in haste, but fear the powers of sorcery, asking him to return, as their baby are under the influence of witch was ill. He turned back, and did doctors and believe in some form not gain an entrance to this village of existence after death. until some years later; then he learned that just beyond the point Warfare formerly provided the where the messenger had reached chief occupation for the men, with him a group of hostile natives lay the making of war canoes and in wait to take his life, as others weapons, in addition to the actual had murdered his fellow missionfighting. Cannibalism seems to ary, James Chalmers. Later when have been fostered by a desire for the people learned to know Mr. flesh to eat, of which there is little, Abel they were ashamed of their and by a spirit of revenge on ene- attempt, and today a church, which mies, a glory in manly exploits, they have built, marks the spot and by a belief in the courage that where his enemies lay in wait to enters the heart of the victor who take his life. devours his enemies. In some tribes a boy could not be initiated Near the village of Lamhaga we into a man's estate until he had saw the grave of an old chief who killed and eaten a foe. The degrad- was for a long time a persistent oping dances and sexual license that ponent of the Gospel. He refused accompanied their feasts were to receive the friendly advances of prompted by a desire to stimulate Mr. Abel and warned his people jaded appetites and were used to against the foreign teaching. Later promote communal life. hard times fell upon the village. There was a serious famine and The Change the chief and his people were in want. As Christmas time drew Among such a people it was not near Mr. Abel said to his wife: "I easy to gain an entrance to preach believe the old chief is in need of the purifying Gospel of Christ. food; we will send him a Christ- Every force but one was in league against the early missionaries. Dis- mas gift of rice."

UP FROM SAVAGERY IN PAPUA

This act of kindness astonished by the works of the flesh-"unthe chief and led him to ask: "Why cleaness, lasciviousness, idolatry, did you, whom I have long opposed witchcraft, hatred, variance, emuas an enemy, show me this kind- lations, wrath, strife, seditions, ness?" This question offered a cov- heresy, envyings, murders, drunketed opportunity to witness to the enness, revellings, and such like." love of Christ, who, while we were The Christians, on the other hand, yet sinners, died for us and who show clearly the "fruit of the Spirloved us when we were enemies. it." The old chief's antagonism was ended; he became a "seeker" and WIT H SOME P APUAN CHILDREN later was baptized as a Christian. He advised his people to do the How manifest Christian love is same and at his death said, "I have in their dealings with one another followed the good way, the Jesus and with their white teachers! way. I am going the long road to Their love for Mr. and Mrs. Abel the place He has prepared, and has been shown in countless ways. there is light beyond. It is my wish Bank accounts are kept by the misthat you too shall follow this way sion for Christians who wish to and meet me at the end of the save something from meager earnroad." ings (two to five dollars a month). Once, when Mrs. Abel was not well, On our last Sunday at Kwato we some of the Christians came to ask attended a Communion service at if she could go to. consult a "wise which forty-six Papuans publicly confessed Christ for the first time and united with His Church. Twenty-four of them were the first fruits from the village of this chief. In all nearly a thousand from the villages of Milne Bay, comprising this mission district, have left the old way for the new. In sixteen centers selfsupporting churches have been established and evangelistic work is conducted by the Papuan Christians in thirty different villages of the district.

Are They Converted 1 But are these former cannibals, ignorant savages and their children, truly converted to Christ? Do they become intelligent Christians? "By their fruits ye shall know them." No one can visit Kwato and the outstations without being impressed by the contrast in the lives of the Christians and the lives of their unconverted neighbors. The latter are characterized

man" in Australia. "Yes," said and to keep their "home of the Mr. Abel, "it would be well, but soul" in good condition as a fit such a journey takes many days "temple for the Spirit of God." and costs too much money!" The Many villagers suffer from yaws, leaders went away and consulted a distressing disease, and from with other Christians. Soon they hookworm. Tuberculosis takes a returned, bringing all their bank- heavy toll and they suffer from books, representing their entire other ailments introduced by white savings, "Here," they said, "take men, or due to a limited and insuf- ficient diet, and to unsanitary conthis, and let mother Abel go; do ditions. Consequently, medical not speak any more about the work, education in sanitary laws, training in the care of children and money!" personal hygiene are very impor- There is a spirit of joy among tant. An excellent hospital has been built in Kwato and as soon as the Christians-a natural overflow- a spiritually and medically qualiing of the spirit of happiness and fied doctor and nurse are found, the g~odwill-that is far removed from opportunity for service at Kwato, the unregenerate Papuan. During and extension health work in the our two weeks at Kwato and in the villages and outstations, will be outstations we never heard chil- almost unlimited. Already the dren quarrel' or saw a sign of petu- Christians who have gone back inlance. VVe never heard a harsh or to the villages to live, have set a unpleasant word; all seemed to new standard in house building and dwell together in unity. Their sanitation. The infant mortality games were clean and exuberant, among the Papuans is very high, full of wholesome laughter and about fifty per cent, but mothers good sport. who have learned at Kwato how to care for their babies have been the The Kwato boys and young men objects of much curiosity as they play an excellent game of cricket show heathen mothers the way to and often win from white teams. bathe their children and to care for But they are more than sports- their health. men, they are Christians. Not long ago the Kwato team was invited The intelligence of Papuan to go to Port Moresby and play against the white team there, many Christians is remarkable as comof them Government employees. pared with their heathen neigh- The Governor, Sir Hubert Mur- bors. The children learn readily ray, sent his private yacht to take the mission boys to Port Moresby. and have retentive memories. Pri- They not only played a clean and skilful game of cricket that won mary schools are held in fourteen the admiration of opponents and onlookers, but they followed the stations, all except the higher Saturday game by giving their personal testimonies to Christ at evan- training classes being taught by gelistic services. They told simply what Jesus Christ had done for Papuan teachers. The lower grades them and their fellow Papuans. are taught in the vernacular, but The Papuan Christians are, as a rule, physically clean and strong. since every small district has its They are taught to bathe regularly own dialect, the mission has adopt- ed English, (not pigeon English) as the general means of communi- cation. Technical and teacher

UP FROM SAVAGERY IN PAPUA

training classes are taught entire- for house and boat building and do ly in English. very creditable work. Since a large proportion of South Sea Island It was interesting and inspiring trade is in copra, (dried coconut to hear these children, many from meat), men and women in thirteen heathen homes, reciting perfectly stations are taught how to care for such passages of Scripture as the coconut trees and how to prepare twenty-third Psalm, and fourteenth the meat for copra. A coconut chapter of John. The truth not plantation at Koeabule comprises only finds lodgment in their heads, some eighty acres and is one of the but takes root in their hearts and best in the district. These indusbears fruit in their lives. A letter tries also develop character and infrom one of the older girls, now a dependence, promote self-respect, primary teacher in the village, and enable them to support their shows real spiritual insight and de- own village churches and schools. sires. She sAys, The spiritual development of the Dear Nanna, I want you to pray for Papuans is clearly seen in their me so that I may stand fast in Christ. knowledge of God, their sense of Last year I left the Lord Jesus and, sin, their faith in Christ as their 0, how wonderfully He has led me Saviour, and in thei·r desire to show back to Himself again. So now I am their love and gratitude by witin His fold, and my heart is so full nessing to others, and by bringing of thankfulness to Him, also now I to them also the blessings of the see the wonderful and deep love of Gospel. Christ and so day by day I ask Him to keep me very close to Himself. I The Papuan Christians are not love to know Him more, as Paul the paid for evangelistic work. Every Apostle says, "I know nothing, save Christian is taught that it is his or Christ, and Him crucified." Dear, I her privilege to witness to others pray over and over again that these and to seek to lead them to Christ. words may take root in my heart. Every Sunday lists are posted, giv- ing the names of those who are to Since the pursuits of war and go out to the villages on evangelisthe trades connected with heathen tic assignments. The others pray customs have fallen into -disuse, for these evangelists and great is and since it is desirable to raise the their joy when they return with restandard of living among Papuan ports of souls won to Christ. Christians, the Mission teaches them to be industrious and to work Congregations of Christians for economic betterment. Prac- have been formed at seventeen statically all Papuans cultivate their tions. They have been organized own gardens and fish for food with into churches with elders to care nets or spears· or traps. This fur- for them. These elders are nominishes only a very precarious live- nated by the Christians and are lihood. They have natural mechan- confirmed and consecrated to ofical ability and some artistic talent. fice by the Mission. Their duties The Mission teaches carpentry, are to see that prayer meetings boat building, blacksmithing and and church worship are conducted printing, to young men. They teach regularly, to keep the church rolls, basketry, needlework, weaving, and a record of church attendance, nursing and simple domestic arts to look after the spiritual welfare to women. Mission trained men of the flock, to receive and transare much in demand by Europeans

mit gifts for benevolence and to gifts for us-taru, yams, coco- keep the church buildings in re- nuts, bananas, chickens and grass pair, to do evangelistic work and skirts-to show their good will.

to send out Christians week by These gifts are out of their pov- week on evangelistic assignments erty, not out of their abundance.

to heathen villages in the neighbor- They are very appreciative of any hood. kindness shown. Recently the el- Elders may be deposed from of- ders of the churches of the district fice for lack of faithfulness: for a met and voted that their congrelapse in Christian conduct, or for gations would be ready to contrifailure to rule their households and bute one thousand pounds, ($5,000) keep them in the Christian path. a year for new equipment needed Church members may be suspended at Kwato, Duabo and other staand denied fellowship at the Lord's tions. They have already given one Supper for lapses in Christian thousand pounds a year for two faith or conduct, but they are not years to pay for the plantations dropped and just forgotten, they that are so greatly needed in the are daily prayed for and followed mission work. Now they have ex- pressed a desire to erect a House up until they are brought back of Prayer in Kwato in memory of into the fold. Three of these back- their beloved Taubada (their sliders came back into the church "Great Chief," Father Abel). on our last Sunday in Kwato. One When we note the meager income couple had been prayed for by the on which wage earners subsist (not Christians for two years. more than ten pounds a year for themselves and their families) and The deep interest that these the frugal way in which they live, Christians feel in the spiritual wel- we are put to shame. If American fare of others is shown by a letter, and British Christians would give written while we were at Kwato, in the same proportion, the coffers by one of the Papuan school teach- of the Lord's Treasury would be ers, Labini. She writes to a friend: overfl~wing-and the windows of Heaven wouId be open to :pour I know you remain in love and prayer to God always for us all here. down an abundance of Spiritual I think you would like to know too blessings. about the Christian work of those who go (Jut to witness for Christ. This year three women gave themselves to The Secret Christ; so I want you to pray for During our visit to Papua we them too, that they may be kept true met a number of missionaries, busi- for Christ and grow day by day to ness men, and Government officials, love Him more and more. A few I who had visited Kwato. All exknew some years ago gave themselves pressed admiration over the work to Christ, but n(Jw they live as heathen and workers and wonder at the people live, who never knew Christ as spirit manifested there. The transtheir Saviour. One woman went back formations wrought in this misbecause she believes in tabosima sion are an outstanding example (witchcraft) . of what a Christian mission may The generosity of Papuans is accomplish. The secret seems to be little short of phenomenal. At va- threefold.

rious villages that we visited, the 1. The one aim is to lead the people came to the boat loaded with Papuans to an intelligent faith in

UP FROM SAVAGERY IN PAPUA

Christ as the Son of God and their ans have learned to sing even beau- personal Saviour. The missionaries tiful oratorios, true and sweetly train the converts for consistent melodious, in four parts. Each Christian Life and for unselfish, ef- noon the Christian Papuan leaders fective service for their fellows. meet for a half hour of prayer on There is no desire to introduce their knees. Is it any wonder that European customs, habits of dress their lives are beautiful, their in- or standards of life, but there is terests worldwide, and their work an earnest effort to develop Christ- effective?

like characters and usefulness, and 3. The Papuan Christians are to form healthful, industrious, self- taught that their dependence is on supporting Christian communities. God, but that each has a responsi- Consequently, schools are estab- bility to do his part in answering lished, not for education beyond his own prayers. This develops a their needs, but to teach them to virile and a practical, not a senti- read and understand the Word mental, Christianity. It promotes of God, and to help them earn a spirit of service and of self-deny- a decent livelihood. Medical work ing giving.

is carried on to promote person- The expectation of the Kwato al, family, and village cleanli- Mission is to extend work into un- ness and health. Industrial work occupied, districts of Papua, of is conducted, not to produce wealth, which there are many. As soon as but to enable the Christians to God opens the way and means are work for their own support, and to provided, it is hoped to establish enable them to give to others in other stations, conducted on the need. Last year the benevolence same principles, with a missionary gifts of these Papuan Christians and Kwato trained Papuans to dewere sent to India, Japan, China, velop the work. Much of the great Moslem lands, and for work among Fly River district is still untouched Jews in New York! and the interior of the island, with 2. Dependence for effectiveness hundreds of thousands of un- is not on fine equipment, large reached heathen, is not even fully financial resources, or on a large explored.

staff of paid workers, but on the While the Holy Spirit of God work of the Spirit of God in the works through the missionaries hearts and lives of men. The mis- and Papuan Christians there is no sionaries spend much time in fear as to the future of this work.

prayer and look to God for the sup- The honored and beloved human ply of every need. Prayer ex- leader has been called Home. The presses the life of the mission. The loss is inestimable, for his wisdom, Papuan Christian gathers twice or his experience, his power, his more daily for prayer and praise. spirit, were felt in every depart- It was an inspiration to hear those ment of the work. But God re- at Kwato each morning and eve- mains and is already showing His ning as they sang in beautiful har- Power in the lives and works of mony some of the great Christian those who carryon. This is a work hymns and then knelt in prayer. in which there is a true partner- Heathen Papuan music is monoto- ship with God and rich blessing nous tom-toming, that is discord to comes to those who enter into this our ears, but the Christian Papu- partnership.

OF AMERICAN

MISSIONS IN CHINA BY THE REV. KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE, D.D.

Profes8or of Missions and Oriental Ilistory in Yale University I N FEBRUARY, 1830, there ar- foreign sailors who then thronged rived in Canton the first Amer- the waters in and near Canton. ican Protestant missionary to After the year he was to explore the Chinese, Elijah Coleman Bridg- the shores of Southeastern Asia man. In these days when so many and the adjoining islands for posare tempted to become faintheart- sible openings for future missioned because of the difficulties which aries. Abeel, in spite of the handibeset missions in China, it is well cap of prolonged ill-health which to recall the work of the pioneers, resulted in his death in his early the distance which has been trav- forties, had a share in stimUlating eled in the century, the great interest in missions in Europe, achievements of these years, and, Great Britain, and America, and when contrasted with the condi- was later the pioneer of the famous tions which confronted the mis- and successful mission of the sionary of 1830, the incompara- Dutch Reformed Church in Fukien. tively greater opportunities of Bridgman had a full thirty years to-day. in China. He began The Chinese Bridgman was the product of a Repository, one of the most broad- gauged and useful missionary perideeply religious New England odicals ever published, seeking, as home, of the Evangelical move- it did, to interpret China to the ment, of a New England college, Occident by means of scholarly and of Amdover Theological Semi- articles on the Empire and news nary-a combination which was re- sponsible for many of the mission- of happenings within it, as well aries of the last century. He was as to give information of a more sent out by the oldest of all Ameri- strictly missionary character. He can foreign missionary societies, assisted in the negotiation of the the American Board of Commis- first treaty between the United sioners for Foreign Missions. He States and China, and he had a was given free passage on one of large share in the translation of the ships of the firm of D. W. C. the Bible into Chinese. Olyphant, that Christian merchant Not long after Bridgman came who had fully as much at heart the spiritual welfare of the Chinese as other famous missionaries-in his own commercial profit and who 1832 Samuel Wells Williams, noted had a large part in inaugurating for his Chinese-English dictionary, several of the earliest proj ects of his "Middle Kingdom" (for many American missions in China. years the standard work in English on China), and his services to the With Bridgman went David American Legation in China, and Abeel. On this initial venture, in 1834 Peter Parker, the first Abeel was to give his time for one medical missionary to China, who year, as chaplain of the American achieved distinction both as a phy- Seaman's Friend Society, to the sician and as a diplomat.

912

CENTENARY OF AMERICAN PROTESTANT MISSIONS

It was not many years before (1839-1842) had opened more opother American organizations portunities for the missionary. joined the American Board in the effort to bring the Gospel to the The conditions which faced Chinese. The General Missionary Bridgman and those who followed Convention of the American Bap- him in the first decade of his life tists-for this was before the in China were far from favorable. Northern and the Southern The first Protestant missionary to churches had formed separate de- China, Robert Morrison-sent by nominational agencies-soon fol- the London Missionary Societylowed. In 1833, John Taylor Jones, had arrived in the country in 1807, an agent of the Baptist Conven- less than a quarter of a century tion, went to Bangkok, Siam, before, and only a handful of men and women had joined him. Even where then, as now, there were the few who had come could not all find a foothold in China itself. many Chinese. Before the end of Most of them had to content themthe year he had baptized four selves as best they might with reaching Chinese who had settled Chinese. In 1835, William Dean, outside the Empire in such centers of the same Society, arrived in as Bangkok, Singapore, Malacca, Batavia, and Borneo. In China Bangkok, and in December of that proper only two ports were open to year organized a small Chinese foreign residence, Canton and church, apparently the first for Macao. In Canton foreigners were Chinese ever formed under the au- restricted to a narrow strip along spices of American Protestants. In the river front and outside the 1836, J. Lewis Shuck and his wife, also sent by the American Baptists, city walls-the historic "Thirteen arrived at Macao to attempt to Factories"-and were supposed to work in China proper. The first live there only a few months of representatives in China of Amer- each year. Macao was a Portuican Episcopalians, Henry Lockwood and Francis R. Hanson, guese settlement which was still reached Canton in 1835, and in under Chinese suzerainty. Here 1837 William J. Boone, later bishop foreigners enjoyed somewhat more latitude. It was probably here that, and the real founder of the China in 1814,' Morrison first adminismission of the American Episco- tered baptism to a Chinese, and it palians, arrived in the Far East. was here that he was buried. How- In 1838, there landed in Singapore ever, the Portuguese, being Roman the earliest missionaries to the Catholics, were not disposed to Chinese of the board which the grant much freedom to Protestant American Presbyterians had re- missionary activity. cently formed. It must also be remembered that as early as 1822 or Throughout China imperial 1823 the American Bible Society edicts inhibited the propagation of had been subsidizing the distribu- the Christian faith. It was even tion of the Scriptures among the forbidden to Chinese to teach the Chinese, although its first full time language to the foreigner, and American agent in China was not while Morrison, Bridgman, and appointed until many years later. others were able to obtain instruc- These were the only American so- tors, at any time the officials might cieties represented in China until seek to enforce the prohibition. A after the first Anglo-Chinese war 3

few Chinese could be talked to in- and in port& outside of China, was dividually, and literature could be nonexistent. Foreign medicine prepared and distributed, but even won some approval and helped to in Canton and Macao both of these break down prejudice, for it ap- activities were attended with some pealed to the practical-minded peril and from time to time had Chinese. However, Western med- to be suspended. ical practice of a hundred years Had the government been neutral ago was still very crude and but instead of hostile, the difficulties little advanced over that of China.

would have been far from being re- Antiseptic surgery was as yet un- moved. The scholar-official class, in dreamed of and the use of an- whose hands was the formation of ::esthetics was a decade in the fupublic opinion, was contemptuous ture. The physician from the Occi- of and bitterly opposed to the mis- dent had little to offer the Chinese.

sionary and his message. All for- In these circumstances the mis- eigners and their culture were sionary enterprise was a sheer ven- looked down on as barbarous: it ture of faith in the face of over- was unthinkable that the sons of whelming odds. Only a conviction Han could learn anything from of the need of the Chinese for the them. Christian literature, includ- Gospel and trust in the promises ing the Scriptures, was assailed as of God could hold the missionary being ludicrously crude in style. to his task.

The Gospel was declared to be de- What a change these hundred structive of much that was basic years have witnessed! Today, in Chinese civilization. This, in- American missionaries in China deed, it was, although not always a,re numbered by the thousands in the sense in which its opponents and have penetrated every province believed it to be. Missionaries held of the Republic. Christians in that Christians should not engage churches which owe their origin to in the customary honors to an- American missionaries are count- cestors, and to refrain from these ed by the tens of thousands., It was regarded by the Chinese as is a rare province which does not unfilial and so as breaking one of have American mission schools the cardinal principles of morality within its borders. Some. of the and threatening the existence of American Christian colleges and the family. Christians certainly universities are among the best could not contribute to community in the land and are crowded with festivals in honor of non-Christian eager students. Western medicine divinities, and their refusal to do has made enormous strides and in so was inevitably branded as im- the hands of missionary physicians pious and against all public spirit. -Americans, British, and Euro- The missionary seemingly had peans-has brought healing to mil- little if anything to offer which the lions and has laid the foundations Chinese wanted. Here and there a of a new Chinese medical profes- Chinese was willing to learn Eng- sion. The translations of the Bible lish of the missionary, for this have been vastly improved and might be a door to employment additional ones have been made with a foreign business firm. Be- in most of the chief dialects. The fore 1839, however, foreign com- annual circulation of portions of merce, except in Canton and Macao the Scriptures now runs into the

millions, much of it through the still is, the largest foreign mission agents of the American Bible So- field of Protestant America. When ciety. The Chinese churches are one recalls the cost-in health, in achieving independence in leader- sacrificial devotion, in intelligent ship and, but for untoward political labor, in prayer, and in love which conditions, would have made al- has asked no return but the wel- most as great strides toward finan- fare of the souls for whom it is cial self-support. There are hun- spent-one is not surprised at the dreds of Chinese Christians-pas- results which have followed. Mis- tors, laymen, and laywomen-who sionaries are far from perfect: would adorn the Church of any they themselves would be the first country or age. Men who have to admit their shortcomings. In been profoundly influenced by the main, however, those who have American Protestant missionaries gone to China from the United are active in many phases of States have been a cross-section of China's life. They include such the best of American Christianity.

ministers of the central govern- By far the greater proportion of ment as H. H. Kung and C. T. them have gone from thoroughly Wang, such educators as Chang unselfish motives and have labored Po-ling, the distinguished principal that to the Chinese might come ful- of Nan Kai in Tientsin, James Yen, ness of life.

the creator and leader of the Mass The majority of American mis- Education Movement, F. C. Yen, sionaries went to China after 1900.

the head of the government med- In the first quarter of the present ical school in Shanghai, and such century, from the ·collapse of the business men as those who created Boxer outbreak to the rising tide the greatest publishing house in of nationalism in 1924 and 1925, China, the Commercial Press. Best with its accompanying anti-Chris- of all are the many thousands who tian movement, conditions were have found the secret of the Chris- more favorable for Christian mis- tian faith and through it have been sions than they had ever been, or born into a new life. than they have been since. . The These results, here so briefly and barriers which confronted the first inadequately hinted at, have come, American missionaries had all but under God, through a great out- crumbled. Foreigners might travel pouring of life from this country freely anywhere through the coun- and from other Western lands. try. After the punishment which There is no complete list of those had been meted out to China by Americans who in the past hundred the Powers from 1839 on, and espe- years have spent longer or briefer cially in 1900, for mishandling- for- periods in China as missionaries. eigners, the Westerner could be The number must run into the tens reasonably certain of security.

of thousands. In no other of the Extensive foreign. settlements great regions to which Protestant were to be found not only in the missionaries go-neither in Africa, main cities on the coast but in some the Near East, India, Japan, nor of the chief centers of the interior.

Latin America-have there been The imperial edicts against Chris- as many from the United States. tianity had long since been abro- From the viewpoint of the invest- gated, and ·since 1858 toleration ment of life China has been, and for the missionary and Chinese

Christians had been written into lated rather than curtailed giving. treaties between China and the In these circumstances it is not Powers. The missionary had the strange that the numbers of misprivilege, not usually granted to sionaries, and especially of Amerforeigners of other occupations, of ican missionaries, grew rapidly. acquiring territory outside the We rightly believed that an opportreaty ports. He was allowed free- tunity was ours which might not ly to study the language, and be- be long continued. fore 1925 he had created schools in which every possible facility ex- Since 1924 and 1925, conditions isted for the acquisition of the dif- have altered and here and there ficult tongue and the still more the timorous and critical have difficult written character. talked about "the missionary de- bacle" and "the missionary re- The prejudice against the mis- treat." The special privileges ensionary had by no means disap- joyed by foreigners in China have peared, but it was much less than been attacked by the growing nait had ever been. The old customs tionalism. An anti-Christian moveand institutions which conserva- ment, inspired partly by nationaltism had once wished to preserve ism, has been leveled against the were now 'crumbling and the more Gospel, the Church, and the misthoughtful were asking for help in sionaries, and particularly against building new ones to replace them. Christian schools. Scepticism, re- China was avidly learning from the enforced by the secularism of the Occident, and the missionary, as West, has bred indifference and a Westerner who was available even hostility to religion. Many and eager to teach, was much have believed the Gospel to be a sought after. His schools were futile hope for national regeneracrowded, for they were a source tion, or at best to be too slow in its from which the once despised but working for impetuous youth. They now popular Western learning have turned instead to such panacould be obtained. His hospitals ceas as science and communism. and dispensaries were thronged, Banditry has made life and propfor with the tremendous strides erty unsafe in vast regions. In the which had been made in the second United States, giving to missions half of the nineteenth century has declined. There has been a there could now be no question that sharp falling off in the offering of at least in surgery Occidental prac- life for missions, and there is widetice was superior to that of China. spread uncertainty as to the valid- ity of the Gospel and the value of Many Chinese realized that some the missionary enterprise. There fresh spiritual and moral dynamic has been a marked diminution in was needed if the nation were to the missionary forces in China, and pass successfully through its great problems of readjustment which period of transition, and looked cannot be avoided perplex the wisinquiringly toward the Gospel as est and most courageous spirits a possible means of national as well as individual salvation. In the sup- both among Chinese Christians and porting constituencies in the Unit- missi onaries. ed States missions were more nearly popular than t1ey had ever Yet we need to remember that been and the World War had stimu- this reaction is recent. All of it is a matter of the last ten years, and

ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MORMONISM

most of it the last five. It cannot, now, moreover, Christian com, of course, be ignored. The reasons munities scattered through thtl for it must be determined, and re- length and breadth of the land, adjustments made necessary by it, ably seconded by scores of Chrisboth in methods in China and in tian schools, hospitals, orphanages, organization and appeal in the printing presses, and Young Men's United States, must be devised and and Young Women's Christian Aseffected. The entire program of sociations. We must never forget Foreign Missions, both abroad and that the need of the Chinese for in the supporting constituencies, the Gospel is as great as ever, and will quite possibly need a more that the obligation upon Christians thoroughgoing reshaping than most to make the Gospel message known of us now are willing to admit. is as binding as it was on the fathers. We have the assurance, We do well to remember, how- moreover, of the guidance of God ever, that, difficult as conditions and the presence of His Spirit if for missions now are in China and we will but pay the price. With more difficult though they may be- these we can not only recall with come-as they probably will-they great gratitude the hundred years are not nearly as discouraging as that are just behind us, but can those which faced Bridgman, look forward with renewed hope Abeel, Williams and Parker. China and consecration to the century is much more open to the Gospel which lies ahead. than it was in 1830. There are ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MORMONISM * BY THE REV. EDWARD LAIRD MILLS, D.D.

Editor The Oh'~8t1{>n Advooate, Pacific Edition, Portland, Oregon I NA recent review of twenty- eph Smith, the visionary mystic one American cults, Mormon- who founded Mormonism, and ism is recognized. That is un- Brigham Young, whose 'organizusual. A book on modern cults ing genius gave it lasting signifiwhich appeared a few years ago cance, both saw the light of day in had nothing to say about this move- Vermont, only a few miles distant. ment, which is the largest and The leadership of these three unwealthiest of them all. Of course usual personalities made Christian this ignorance is due largely to the Science and Mormonism the two fact that Mormonism has developed leading religious cults produced in principally in the far West. The the New World. Although the lat- East is more familiar with London ter is three times the size of the and Paris than with Salt Lake former, it is not nearly so well City. Mary Baker Eddy, the known. founder of Christian Science, was born in New Hampshire, and J os- Mormon History *For further information, inquirers are re- There are three well defined peferred to the "Story of the Mormons," by W, riods. A, Linn (Macmillan); "The Trnth About lformonism," by James H. Snowden (R. R. 1. Joseph Smith claims to have Smith, Inc.), and "The M,ormon Way," by found the golden plates which, CIaton S, Rice. (Methodist Book Concern, when translated, produced the Portland, Oregon,)

Book of Mormon, near Palmyra, they regarded themselves as the New York, in 1823. April 6, 1830, chosen of the Almighty. The same the church was formally organized sort of reaction which placed the with three congregations and 70 original J'oseph in a pit probably members. At the celebration of the had much to do with putting the centennial last spring, the Joseph- second Joseph in jail. ite or reorganized branch held a communion service in their new At any rate, Brigham Young, million-dollar temple at Independ- who came to succession immediateence, Missouri, at which 7,000 ly after this tragic event, concluded members received communion at that it was useless to try longer to the hands of 200 ministers. This live with the frontiersmen of the group is seldom thought of because Mississippi Valley. He therefore the Utah or Brighamite branch is organized, in 1846, a trek to the so much larger. At Salt Lake City, unknown West, 1,000 miles away. a stately pageant, "The Message of With 143 men, three women and the Ages," was put on in the taber- two children, he started from near nacle for thirty consecutive nights, the present site of Council Bluffs, and, but for the physical weariness Iowa, April 14, and arrived on the of the participants, it would have heights overlooking Salt Lake July attracted capacity crowds for a 24. much longer period. The production cost $60,000, more than 30,000 2. The halcyon period of Morfeet of lumber was used in the mon church life was from 1847 to temporary stage, and of the 1,000 1870. It then had a chance to de- velop in isolation and to fix the participants more than 300 were lines which have been followed singers. since. Brigham Young was the ever-dominant figure, and he brow- The first stages of the movement beat or cajoled the governors, marwere tempestuous, and its promot- shals and judges who were successers were compelled to move from ively sent from Washington to New York to Ohio, thence to Mis- represent the nation. In this pesouri, and finally to Illinois, where riod occurred the massacre at the city of Nauvoo was built. Jos- Mountain Meadows, when a large eph Smith and his brother Hyrum number of immigrants passing soon got into trouble with the non- through Utah en route from Ar- Mormon population of the vicinity, kansas to California were killed, ostensibly by Indians. Many years with the result that they were fi- later John D. Lee, who is generally nally placed in the jail at Carthage, where they were later killed by an thought to have been made a scapeattacking mob. Historians have goat, was executed for his com- plicity in this affair. come to the conclusion that this incident marks the real beginning The work the Mormons did in deof the Mormon Church, because it veloping the country is worthy of gave Smith's disciples a sense of high praise. There is no more the solidarity that comes from per- beautiful city anywhere than Salt secution. Why the Mormons were Lake City, located between the often in trouble with their neigh- Oquirrh and Wasatch ranges of bors is not altogether certain. Un- mountains and overlooking the questionably polygamy had some- Great Salt Lake. It is the center of thing to do with it. More likely an irrigated farming section about

ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MORMONISM

100 miles long and fifteen miles in lieved in. Visitors to the Bureau width. The blocks in the city are of Information on the Temple ten acres each in size, and the grounds in Salt Lake City are told streets are 100 feet wide between in so many words: "We still be- the curbings, with the sidewalk and lieve in the principle of polygamy, parking taking 32 feet more. Run- but have suspended the practice of ning water in the streets is a it as being inexpedient." Not yet unique featUre. sure of its limitations, the Church 3. The third period dates from tried to place a polygamist, Brig- about 1870, although Brigham ham H. Roberts, in the United Young lived a few years longer States Congress. The public opin- than that. The date is chosen be- ion of the nation was aroused cause it marks the completion of against this by the activity of a the Union Pacific Railway. This committee from Salt Lake City,· ended the period of isolation. Mor- which was composed of evangelical mons could now move easily out of mISSIOnaries. The attempt has Utah, and outsiders began to come never been renewed. A year or in. This period of sixty years saw two later, the evangelicals also the entrance into Utah of the Ro- went too far when they tried to man Catholic church and of five prevent the seating of Apostle Protestant bodies – Protestant Reed Smoot as a Senator. He was Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, not a p<llygamist, and there were Presbyterian, Congregational and no other grounds sufficient to keep Baptist. Small communions have him out. These two incidents no business there. Even these helped to clear the air by showing standard denominations, with their to each side the ultimate limits of large resources in funds and per- its effective operation.

sonnel, never undertook a more dif- A little later came Bishop Frankficult task. lin Spencer Spalding to the leader- However, the attrition of out- ship of the Episcopal Church, in side civilization upon the Mormon Utah. Highly endowed with intel- "tate has! produced definite and con- lect, imagination and sympathy, "iderable effects. In 1890, Presi- Bishop Spalding saw that the day dent Woodruff handed down a for the lurid militancy of the past manifesto advising the disc<lntinu- had gone and that the time had, ance of the practice of polygamy. come for Evangelical Christians to Probably this was violated for think of Utah as they thought of twenty years following to the ex- China and India, and to seek a tent of at least 100 cases a year; sympathetic understanding of the but the policy was laid down, and it dominant faith. This did not ·mean has gradually won increasing ac- that he was inclined to accept Mor- ceptance until today the occasional monism as a valid revelation of cases of polygamy constitute a real divinity, but rather that he believed embarrassment to the church au- the warfare should be waged with thorities. In 1896, Utah was grant- weapons more consonant with ed statehood under a constitution Christian principles. His lead has that was explicit in affirming the been increasingly foll<lwed by separation of church and state, Christian workers in Utah until to- and forbidding the practice of po- day practically all agree on the lygamy. But polygamy is still be- major elements of his policy.

Peculiar Characteristics Obviously such a belief goes far Mormonism claims to be a re- to show why Evangelical bodies stored Gospel. It affirms that have so far declined to fellowship Christianity was lost from 330 to with the Latter Day Saints. 1830 A. D. The assumed restoration doubtless led to the official A second distinctive feature of name of the organization. "The Mormon belief is the priesthood. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Apostle Rudger Clawson, writing Day Saints." The so-called "ar- in the Improvement Era for last March, says: ticles of religion," which are dis- Priesthood is therefore not only the tributed by Mormon missionaries, point of divergence between the Church of Jesus Christ of Later Day are innocuous, containing not a Saints and all other Christian bodies, single distinctive Mormon belief. but the very quintessence of this re- This idea of the restored Gospel ligion-the thing without which it has much to do with the building could not possibly exist. Priesthood of costly temples which are not for . . . is authority delegated by God public worship, but rather f.or the to man by which man acts for Deity performance of certain secret cere- in His name in a way that makes any monies which affect only a small act performed by man under this di- percentage 'of the Mormons-for vine warrant as valid as if it were weddings, endowments, and espe- done by the Lord in person.

cially for baptisms for the dead. Results of Christian .Missions These latter are performed by proxy at so much per head. In a Direct results have not been single year there may be as many large in the sixty years during as 300,000 of them performed in which missions have been prosecut- these temples, so that they are by ed. Success in missionary effort no means negligible as a source of decreases in proportion as the re- revenue. ligion approached is related to Polytheism and an exceedingly Christianity. Moreover, the evananthropomorphic idea of God are gelical churches have been spasdistinguishing features of the modic in the prosecution of mission faith. God is a man grown big, work in the Mormon section. Pauand men are gods in embryo. Some city of financial support has caused day they will grow up and populate undue frequency of change of perplanets with their descendants. The sonnel. The resulting impression causal connection of this doctrine locally has not been one of the stawith the belief in and practice of bility of the mission enterprise and polygamy is clearly evident. In the the continuity of a well-planned pageant given at the centennial program. This defect can be remecelebration in April occurs this died only by affording adequate verse relating to Joseph Smith: support to the work and by closer conference and cooperation among Hail to the Prophet ascended to the communions involved. The Ro- heaven, man Catholic Church is perhaps the best organized religious body Traitors and tyrants now fight him in the world. It has been able to in vain, survive in Utah, but not much Mingling with gods he can plan for his brethren, Death cannot conquer the hero more. It makes practically no con- again. verts from Mormonism, and in

ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MORMONISM

sixty years the Church in Utah has Church. The only courses in Bible not been able to produce a candi- (given near the campus and with date for the priesthood. On my credit) at the University of Idaho, visit to Salt Lake City last June, I in Moscow, Idaho, and at the southwas informed that one young man ern branch of the same institution in Pocatello, are those given by the intends to be a candidate-the first. Mormon Church, non-Mormon It is difficult for people else- textbooks being used.

where to visualize the situation in A number of competent Christian Utah-a population of more than workers met in Salt Lake city last 400,000, and among them only 10,- June to discuss for the Home Mis- 000 Protestant church members, sions Council twenty-one questions 10,000 Roman Catholics, 6,000 respecting the facts, program and Greek Catholics, a total of con- policy of Christian missions in siderably less than 30,000. There Utah. There was no dissent ;from is no Young Men's Christian As- the opinion that Mormonism has sociation in Salt Lake City, with a changed considerably, is still changpopulation of 140,000, or in Ogden, ing, and that Christian missions with a population of 30,000. There are not over a dozen self-support- have been responsible to a notable ing Christian churches in the en- extent for the change that is taking tire State. All the churches must place. work hard to hold their own, for their people tend to move to the So we may wish well our rep- Pacific coast after a few years. resentatives in the hardest mis- There have been some converts to sionary field in the world as they all the churches, and their Sunday- attempt to preach, that the Gospel schools have attracted a consider- "once delivered" has never been enable number of children from the tirely lost, and that certainly it was ranks of people of Mormon stock not restored at Palmyra, New who no longer adhere to the domi- York, in 1823. The fact that after nant church. a century more than 600,000 people think that it was so restored dem- The chief result~ of Christian onstrates the continuing need of missionary efforts among the Mor- evangelical missions. It is our mons are to be found in the social glad privilege to proclaim the good consequences of those activities. news that salvation comes through faith in Christ and not by means Their educational and evangelistic of elaborate ceremonies performed endeavors have had much to do in secret temples. We can mightwith the Mormon movement to- ily help Mormon thinking to make ward inaugurating a fine public the shift from the prosaic, maschool system, with increasing terialistic mood of the Elder Broth- Mormon loyalty to the United er to the spiritual joy and lift that States Government, and with the marked the meeting of the Prodigal growing tendency to exalt the Bible Son and the Forgiving Father. in the services of the Mormon We can give to the succeeding generation a vast equipment in plant and machinery, a great store of knowledge of how to run it, and we can leave for their stimulation centuries of art and literature. But the world will march forward only so far as we give to our children strength of body, integrity of character, training of mind, and the inspiration of religion.-President Hoover.

GREAT WORK OF THE NEAR

RELIEF: WHAT IS TO FOLLOW IT?

BY THE REV. JAMES L. BARTON, D.D.

Chairman of the Near Em Relie!

T HE annual meeting of the committee has been characterized trustees of the Near East Re- by marked continuity of service of lief in New York, February the men who were its founders.

6, 1930, marked the completion of The amount received during the ten years of corporate action in the period from 1916 to 1928 inclusive work of relief in the Near East. was over $91,000,000-a striking The corporation was the successor demonstration of the sustained in- of The American Committee for terest of the people of America and Relief in the Near East, which fol- the world in the humanitarian ap- lowed the Armenian and Syrian peal of remote peoples and of Relief Committee, which in turn great child populations.

followed the Armenian Relief Com- The average cash receipts per mittee. While the annual meeting year for the twelve years was just was the eleventh of the corpora- about $7,000,000. If we separate tion, it marked fourteen years of the six most productive years from unbroken relief operations under 1918 to 1923 inclusive, the aver- essentially the same directors. age per year was some $11,000,000.

The name Near East Relief was The most productive year was given the organization by Con- 1919, when the entire refugee pop- gress, when a Board of 60 charter ulation in' the Near East became members were incorporated in accessible. In that year $19,485,- 1919 by a special act. Twelve of 000 were received. In the single the charter members have died dur- month of March that year the re- ing the decade. Their names are ceipts were $2,988,987.41. This significant of the character and financial statement does not include standing of those who comprized grants by the United States Gov- the corporation: Alexander J. ernment in 1919 and 1920 of $12,- Hemphill, Harry Pratt Judson, 800,000 worth of food stuffs, most- Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Greer, ly flour, which was used in meeting Cleveiand H. Dodge, William I. the desperate situation in Russian Haven, Charles W. Eliot, Myron T. Armenia during those years, nor Herrick, Henry B. F. McFarland, does it include large commodity Oscar S. Straus, Talcott Williams and other gifts from a great var- and Stanley White. Dr. Samuel iety of sources. If these were T. Dutton had died before the in- added to the figures given above, corporation was completed. It is the total would exceed $110,000,- also an interesting fact that, of the 000.

ten members of the Executive This is a brief backward look, Committee elected at this annual but our interest today lies not pri- meeting, six had served for ten marily in the past but in the years or more. Herbert Hoover futUre. The past has been honor- was a member of the first Execu- able; the future may be no less tive Committee. The work of the notable.

922 The emergency objective which East. They entered at once upon led to the organization has been the task, and for a year and a half reached, so far as the public is con- upon their own responsibility made cerned. The funds in hand and further and more intimate investithe payments yet to come from gations through additional contacts sponsors for children and in pay- with officials and other interested ment of pledges will enable the parties in the Near East. All Committee to place in self-support areas were revisited and condithe last of its wards so that it can tions reviewed and reappraised. say to donors that it has finished The Conservation Committee disits task with honor. covered the beginnings of opera- tions and influences which can be There are, however, other con- completed only by a continuation siderations which it is impossible program. Among the most signifto ignore at this turning-point in the history of the work. Foresee- icant of these are: ing the approach of this period, the Executive Committee in 1926 ap- First.-All countries in the Near pointed a Survey Committee to in- East, with which the Near East vestigate conditions in the Near Relief has had relations, are in East as they relate to the work of complete sympathy, not only with the trustees. This was done with what has been done during the a degree of thoroughness beyond years, but with its present methods all praise. The Survey Committee and with the ideals which it has discovered vast unmet needs which constantly followed and in which could not be met unless there was the governments have become a continuing program beyond the highly sympathetic. These govemergency stage. This conclusion ernments, especially the Soviet Government of Russian Armenia was reached after protracted con- and the Greek Government, are ferences on the field with mis- eager to have the work continue, even after the wards have been sionaries, educators and others. adequately placed. Albania and Among these needs was the desire of the Eastern Churches for aid in Bulgaria, as well as Syria, have promoting unsectarian religious made representations to the Comeducation among their constitu- mittee, assuring it of every posents. This had been begun in the sible cooperation if the Committee orphanages and was being taken will continue work, either as Near up by the ecclesiastics and leaders among the youth of the country. East Relief or as a separate Board, for child betterment, economic and Upon re(!eiving the report of health improvement, and especially the Survey Committee, the Near for the development of agriculture East Relief created a Conservation under modern methods of cultiva- Committee, of which Cleveland E. tion. All of the governments Dodge was Chairman and Dr. Barclay Acheson, Secretary, to throughout the Near East are urgtake up the entire question of un- ing the organization to continue met needs. The Committee was its operations, not as emergency composed of men who are deeply relief, but as a constructive Board interested in the educational, in- cooperating with the governments dustrial, economic, social, health in their desire for modern social, and child welfare work in the Near economic, educational and moral advance.

Second.-The people in all these proven so valuable heretofore in countries, including officials and limited areas. Many of them have leaders as well as the masses, with the languages of the countries, are whom the Near East Relief has in deep sympathy with the ambi- come into close contact during the tions and hopes of the people for last fourteen years, have absolute social and intellectual betterment, confidence in the organization and and are ready to continue, if deall who represent it. They recog- sired, in the same work.

nize that it has had no ulterior Fourth.-All of these Near East motive, and that its work has been countries are entering upon new benevolent, helpful and Christian, periods of intellectual, social and looking to the best interests of the economic change. They are breakpeople in the countries in which the ing with the conservative, hamperwork has been carried on. They ing traditions of the past and are are unanimous in their declara- seeking new methods of modern tions that the work has been full education, social, health and ecoof blessing and that there is much nomic improvement. Many enyet to do. They stand ready, as lightened leaders welcome our individuals and as groups, to co- trusted experts and are ready to cooperate with them in promoting operate wit h the Conservation the higher interests of their people. Committee in organizing and pro- They have observed through years moting forms of work which will the disinterested service rendered benefit all the people as well as the by the Near East Relief and its countries themselves. The people representatives and see in them an are with the new organization.

Third.-The Near East Relief opportunity for realizing higher has raised up and trained a body social ideals for their own people.

of experts on the Near East. By Fifth.-The Near East Relief reason of their years of service and has some 20,000 boys and girls their close contact with the people, who have largely completed their their needs and the resources of practical education in the Near the various countries, they under- East Relief institutions and are stand the economic, social, moral in the process of being integrated and educational conditions and into local society. These, together opportunities that are open for with a few thousands who are still continuation work. These experts in the orphanages, have, with few hoi d positions of commanding exceptions, received their entire leadership in the places in which training for life from the repre- they are now located. They have sentatives of this organization.

a following of Nationals in all They are not hampered by the areas who are eager to see the paralyzing traditions of their fa- principles that have worked so ef- thers. They do not know the age- fectively with the children in the long conservatisms that have pre- orphanages and among those al- vented social, moral and religious ready outplaced, applied in general progress in the Near East. Many to the children of the country. of tbemare well educated in mod- These experts are now available ern methods of agriculture and for continued service if there is a industry and in the use of modern purpose to apply, in the countries tools. In their thinking and out- as a whole, the methods that have look they are Western and pro-

GREAT WORK OF THE NEAR EAST RELIEF

gressive. These children, still gifts have been economically and officially connected with the Near wisely used, and to have confidence East Relief, are in a position to that the work carried on in the become a mighty leaven for perme- Near East has been done upon a ating the society of that country broad basis and that it has been with new, inspiring and construc- done in a spirit of disinterested tive ideas. service. This confidence is of un- tDld value at the present time and Besides these 20,000 children will be absDlutely essential if a now connected with the organiza- general conservation work is to be tion, there are at least 40,000 other undertaken. The organization has boys and girls who have already kept confidence with this public. gone out and have become a part It made its appeal for funds with which to close its emergency obliof the active life of the Near East gation tD its wards, and the public in every country named, including has notably responded. There is Egypt, and in almost every line of a cDnvictiDn that this same public industry. Some of these have al- desires and expects that the fifty ready won positions of respect and or sixty thousand children whom leadership. Their training and the organization has trained shall character are generally recognized be given a chance to use what they as superior to those of others of have already received in leavening their age. There is little tendency the society in all of the countries among these graduates, often of the Near East where they are called "ex-orphans," to return to IDcated. the old life in the static Near East. These 60,000 young people are Seventh.-So far as can be seen, ready instruments for moving their entire countries toward a there is no other body or organizahigher economic and social life and a better civilization, if the old tion. leadership can be retained. In In view Df these and other conview of the comparatively small number of these graduate children siderations, the Trustees of the among the twenty or thirty mil- Near East Relief unanimously lions scattered throughout the voted that a new corporatiDn Near East, there is danger, unless should be formed to carry thrDugh we furnish adequate leadership, the uncompleted work of that Comthat they will be overwhelmed by mittee. February 21, 1930, at 99 the dead weight of the stolid life John Street, New York, where the about them; but with adequate Armenian Relief Committee was leadership they are in a position organized September 16, 1915, the to become a mighty force through- new body was organized under the out all those countries. name of Near East FDundation with the fifteen directors and in- Sixth.-It has been a gratifica- corporators elected: Cleveland E. tion to those who have been con- Dodge, President; Edwin M. Bulknected with the Near East Relief ley, Treasurer; E. C. Miller, Asfrom its beginning to sense the sistant Treasurer and Comptroller, confidence in the organization and Barclay Acheson, Secretary. which appears to be universal The office is at 151 Fifth Avenue, throughout America. The general New York. The FDundatiDn has public seems to believe that its the hearty gODdwill of the trustees of the Near East Relief.

BETHLEHEM'S CHURCH OF THE

BY NANCY VIRGINIA AUSTEN, Fontana, California BETHLEHEM, the little hill trade alive and no doubt gave rise town of Palestine which gave to the manufacture of mother-of- us the year one, is probably pearl rosaries, pins, paper-knives the most famous city in the world. and beads, inlaid woodwork and Its chief glory and significance other relics to delight pilgrims and come from its connection with the tourists. But its streets are pracfirst Christmas, but it entered the tically deserted except at Christpages of history a thousand years mas and Easter when thousands before that as the location of the come to bow before the manger beautiful pastoral of Ruth. It was where, tradition says, the Christalso the home of David. But Beth- child lay. At such times the ordilehem, despite its fame as the home narily quiet streets spring into life of the Royal house of David and and importance with the pomp of the birthplace of the Christ, re- religious parades, the rich silken mained a tiny village until medi- brocades and priceless jewels of eval times when pilgrims began to priestly robes, the flutter of ecvisit the hamlet in such numbers clesiastical banners and the glint .as to increase the population per- of military swords. At first sight manently. we must rub our eyes to make sure that we are not dreaming. Yes, it The present population of twelve is really little Bethlehem filled with thousand or less is made up al- loyal hearts from the distant ends most entirely of Christians: of the earth who have brought Greeks, Latins, French, Germans their gifts of love and devotion to and Armenians who have estab- tbe altar of the Nativity. lished monasteries, convents, -hospitals, schools, industries and or- The center of interest in Bethlephanages there. It seems rather hem is the Church of the Nativity, strange that foreign lands should built over the crypt which was the furnish such a large population for manger of our Lord. This is a little hill town of Palestine where claimed to be the oldest Christian there is practically no business; church in existence. Constantine yet religious zeal alone has for cen- built the first church there in 330 turies carried men and women to A; D;, a magnificent basilica to the limits of the earth and no doubt which journeyed pilgrims from all will continue to do so until the end the countries of Europe. When the of time. The institutions of the Arabs captured Bethlehem they did various Christian sects and nations not destroy the church, probably make up the biggest part of thlil due to the fact that they venerate population . of Bethlehem, but Christ as one of their prophets. strange to say, the whole number Later on the Crusaders regained of Protestant Christians is less the town and rebuilt it, protecting than a hundred. it with a castle which they located near the church. One can find a few pilgrims in Bethlehem any month in the year, This was not, however, the end which fortunately keeps the curio of Bethlehem's troubles. It has suf- )26 fered destruction two or three showered upon the birthplace of times since, and not until the 19th the Christ gifts of gold and devo- century were the Moslems driven tion, sacrifice and adoration.

out, since then the Christians have Almost as soon as we entered the been in undisputed control of the town we came to the quiet square church and the town. There are, in in front of the church around fact, less than half a thousand which the town buildings are Moslems in Bethlehem. grouped: the town hall, the post The town is built on spurs of the office, shops and the simple Arabic hills which jut picturesquely into hotel. Narrow cobblestone streets, the desert valleys toward the J or- quiet and clean, lead off up the hill dan and the Dead Sea depression. from the square. A few silent The sides of the hills are terraced women, regal in their bearing and with fruit and olive trees, vine- splendid in the characteristic and yards, grain fields, and pastures, striking Bethlehem costumes, flit- making it a restful, beautiful spot ted by on homely errands. A boy in that semi-barren district. Sheep passed with a goat skin of water graze peacefully on the hillsides as hanging across his shoulder. A of old; goats, more industrious and man, in flowing aba and bright cot- with true pioneer instinct, reach ton turban and a woman with a up the trees for a leaf or bit of bundle of laundry on her head, green. passed swiftly and silently and dis- The Bethlehem hills divide the appeared into the stone doorway of town naturally into several sec- a stone house. All the houses seem tions, which is really fortunate, to be of stone; even the doorways since it provides the Greeks, and window frames are of stone, Latins, Armenians, French and for lumber is scarce and expensive Germans with natural barriers for in the Holy Land. Balconies often their separate institutions each jut out over the narrow streets with its own national population. from second floors, and strips of The Church of the Nativity has camel or goat hair canvas are fast- seen important functions during ened over the streets from building the centuries of its existence, to building, thus aff,ording a wel- among them the crowning of Bald- come relief from the burning sun.

win as King, on Christmas Day in We paused at the Psalmist's well 1101. Europe's crowned heads have by the gate, the memory of which from time to time tried to outdo made David long for a drink when each other in munificent gifts to he was hiding from the Philistines.

little Bethlehem, the City of David (2 Samuel 23: 14 and 15.) and the Christ: a Byzantine em- A woman came to draw water, peror covered the walls of the and I stared most impolitely at her church with gilded mosaics; Ed- picturesque Bethlehem costume. I ward the IV of England gave it a hope she forgave me if she noticed wonderful leaden roof (which, by my rudeness; however, I am sure the way, the Turks tore off and she was utterly unconscious of the melted into bullets), and thus striking picture she made. Her through the succeeding ages the voluminous skirt touched the French, the Romans, the Greeks, ground; the sleeves of her velvet the Russians, the Germans, the jacket had embroidered cuffs ex- English and the Armenians have tending from the wrist to the elbow

which hung almost to the hem of is under the care of the Greeks, her skirt; coins worn as a necklace Latins and Armenians, each of and a headpiece showed the size of whom guards jealously every tiny her dowry; her hair was piled privilege which has been so hardly high on top of her head and was won through the centuries.

covered with a long shawl-like As we entered the simple, nar- white veil which was pinned under row doorway and looked around her chin, the corners falling al- the hallowed enclosure upon the most to the ground. No d(mbt the undivided expanse of nave, tran- veil protected her hair from dust sept and choir, a feeling of space, of quietness, of sanctity pervaded the sacred place. The mellowed lime- stone columns, the stone floor worn by the feet of millions of pilgrims who for centuries have trod the very spot where we stood, the primitive figures representing the ancestors of Christ and of Joseph and of the disciples breathed a se- cret of the church's antiquity.

Two sets of steps descended from the body of the church to the grot- to underneath where the Christ- child lay on that most memorable night. The grotto has been con- verted into a chapel of the Nativ- ity. Its floor is paved with marble slabs and the stone walls have been lined with marble. Thirty-two hanging lamps filled the little chap- el with a soft radiance and candles flickered in a golden haze. A re- Photograph of Presbyterion Board 01 ForeiY'1i cess in the wall filled with swaying Miss/ons silver lamps proclaimed itself the THE MANGER-THE CHURCH OF l.'HE spot we were seeking even before NATIVITY we caught the gleam of the silver and her neck and shoulders from star set into the marble slab in the sun. Unlike the Moslem veil, front of the altar. We bent over the Bethlehem veil does not cover it and read: Jesus Christus natus the face. Two men sauntered by est hie de Virgine Maria.

with bright orange turbans coiled I turned back the pages of mem- thickly ar<mnd their heads as a ory to the Christmas mornings of protection from the sun, their long my childhood when the Christmas seamless coats fluttering behind story was each year freshly beauti- them in the welcome breeze. fied and endeared. This then was Before us loomed the Church of where the story began; this the the Nativity, the simple mellowed manger venerated through the cen- stone basilica which alone of all the turies, around which have gathered early buildings has weathered the in countless numbers poems, songs, vicissitudes of the ages. The church traditions and prayers. My reverie

MISSIONS A BACKGROUND FOR WORLD PEACE

was broken by the voice of our ocean of adoration and unselfish guide telling us that the silver star devotion which envelopes the had been placed there by the Lat- Christ-child and His birthplace for ins, and that the silver lamps sway- the world at large. To those at a ing gently in the recess were in the distance the star of Bethlehem still shines with a steady light. We do custody of the Latins, Greeks and not care who has the right to polish Armenians each of whom held par- the silver star, who may dust the ticular rights in the chapel and brocade hangings or light the who frequently charged each other lamps. Without any lamps or stars with trying to gain an inch or so or hangings ChTl'istendom would at the expense of the others. The continue to sing: "Joy to the world Latins, Greeks and Armenians the Lord has come." Only to those must keep constant watch lest by guarding the lamps and star and some slip a tiny bit of dearly ecclesiastical prerogatives have gained privilege be lost; for once such ambitions obscured the real lost it can be restored only by bit- significance of the birthplace of the ter fighting. But this backwash of jealous bickering is lost in the wide Prince of Peace.

MISSIONS A BACKGROUND FOR WORLD PEACE BY MRS. SCHUYLER C. WOODHULL President of the Women'g Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Synod oj Minnesota W HEN Mrs. Tsune Gauntlett, Commandments including: "Thou the Japanese delegate to the shalt not kill." fifth Conference on the Cause and Cure of War, held in The early Church was essential- Washington last January, was in- ly a missionary Church. By the troduced to the Conference, she end of the first century the new said: "I owe all my English to the religion had been preached from missionaries in Tokio. We did not Babylon to Spain, from Alexandria start this Peace Movement, it was to Rome. The ancient Roman world started years ago by our grand- was a world without love. The life mothers in every mission station of the Christians· was a life of around the world." This recent love. "Behold! how they love one testimony of a Japanese woman another" was the common exclamagives added weight to the theme of tion. Through all the thousands this paper. of Christian inscriptions in the Ro- man catacombs, not one has been When Christ was foretold in discovered expressing resentment prophecy, He was named the Day- or even reproach. Peace is the all spring from on high who should prevailing note. There can be no guide our feet into the Way of doubt that in theory the early Peace. He taught: "Blessed are Church stood sternly against all the peacemakers"; "Love your participation in war for many genenemies"; "Bless them that curse erations after the Apostolic Age. you." He ratified anew the Ten The positive assertion made by 4

Dymond and others, that for 200 the fourteenth century, a great reyears not a Christian soldier is on ligious movement for peace struck record in the Roman armies, may the minds of different nations of seem strong, but it is .confirmed by Europe. Pilgrims in white gar- Rome's historian, Gibbon. ments mar c h e d everywhere, preaching the duty of Christian After 250 A. D., the demand for peace. In the fifteenth century, the holiness of life was insensibly Moravians took. strong ground transferred from the Church at against war. Then Hugo Grotius large to the clergy. In place of the primitive democracy of the Apos- of Holland raised his voice. In tolic Church, there grew up an ec- the seventeenth century, George clesiastical aristocracy. Wealth and Fox and William Penn became popularity began to flow into the great champions of peace. In once despised Church at Rome. 1905, in New York City, the Then there came a change from Honorable David J. Brewer set the worship of the one God and forth international peace as one of His only Son to the reverence for the objectives of a proposed federacountless intermediary saints, and tion of churches. A campaign in from peace to militancy. At the the interest of this movement has time of the' accession of Constan- since that time been persistently tine, the Roman Empire was in a carried on. In August, 1914, the state of anarchy and confusion. delegates from several lands con- The Church numbered at this time vened at Constance, Germany, to about eight millions. Constantine found The World Alliance for Properceived in the Church a prop to moting International Friendship his falling Empire. On the day Through the Churches. The out- break of the WorId War compelled when he entered Rome as conquer- the conference to transfer its sesor, his hands red with blood, his sions to London, where it completbanner displaying the Cross, which ed its labors. for the first time was chosen for a military symbol, organized Chris- We all know the many agencies tianity surrendered her sublime at work today for peace. The World Court, the League of Nadistinction as the religion of peace. tions, the e'xchange professors, the The fact that, by Constantine's in- Friendship Tours, the Peace Contervention, suppression and perse- ferences, the International Insticution of the Church ceased, has tute held at Geneva every August, blinded Christian people from his and many others. But I place our day to this to the evil that was great missionary enterprise at the wrought. head of all these. Our mission- Unhappily, not even the leaders aries believe, to quote Dr. Arthur of the Reformation broke with J. Brown, that men and women militarism. Missionary activity everywhere have like passions, are was strangled within the Church capable of development, responsive during the period of bloody wars to friendship, worthy of respect. lasting a century and a half. For- They do not go down to other peotunately, the Church has always ple as superiors to inferiors, but secretly cherished Christ's ideals as men to brother men, bearing the of peace. In England in the seventh same burdens and needing the and eighth centuries, war was for same Saviour. They know that a time declared anti-Christian. In

there is only one race-the human Chairma"n of the Foreign Policy race. They spend not a few months Association of New York, returned but a lifetime amid climatic and from the Conference on Pacific Re- unsanitary con d it ion s which lations, having gone to Japan by sapped the vitality of our troops in way of Russia and China, he was Cuba and the Philippines. They asked: "To what extent are the do not forsake their posts in time Christian missionaries to blame of danger. A British Admiral for the Far Eastern muddle?" He saluted a few missionaries who, replied: in spite of the perils which beset I think the answer could be given them, declined to take refuge on in three words: Not at all. But, when his ship of war, and he exclaimed: put that briefly, one subjects oneself "Ladies and gentlemen, your cour- to critidsm for not telling the whole age is magnificent. Men have been truth. The Christian missionaries in given the Victoria Cross for less China have not Christianized China. heroism than yours." Isn't this the However, they have in indirect waysspirit that will make friends of all educational, social and hygienicpeoples? performed for China what seems to me the finest work which has been done No Far Eastern country ever there by any foreign influences whathad a leper asylum, a school for ever. the deaf or blind, an orphanage, or a hospital for the insane,· until the As you go through some of the back Christian missionary appeared. parts of China, seeing a few of the older women and a few of the younger Think of the enlightenment that ones still with bound feet, and com- has come to many people with the pare them with the younger generaintroduction of printing by the tion of Chinese, you realize that, if missionaries, another agency bind- the missionaries had only a tiny bit ing people together. The spirit to do in that great unbinding, not which prompted an educational merely of the feet of the women of China but in a very real sense of the missionary in China to decline a spirit of the women of China, they high salaried presidency of a gov- have performed a magnificent task. ernmtlnt university, giving as his reason: "I want to translate the The Honorable John Barrett, Bible and to train up Christian former American minister to Siam, ministers," is surely the spirit of said that 150 missionaries gave loving his neighbor as himself. him less trouble in five years than The missionary has always stood fifteen business men gave him in for the brotherhood of man, which five months.

implies those relations between na- With testimonies like these, I tions which make for peace and feel convinced that our noble mis- good will. " sionaries are indeed ambassadors When Mr. James McDonald, of peace.

WHAT IS CHRISTIAN EDUCATION?

Religious education in the Christian sense includes all efforts and processes which help to bring children, young people, and adults into a vital and saving experience of God revealed in Christ; to quicken the sense of God as a living reality, so that communion with Him in prayer and worship becomes a natural habit and principle of life; to enable them to interpret the meaning of their growing experience of life in the light of ultimate values; to develop a deepening fellowship with Christ which will find expression in attitudes and habits of Christ-like living in common life and in all human relations; and to enlarge and deepen the understanding of the historic facts on which Christianity rests and of the rich content of Christian experience, belief and doctrine.-Definition approved by the International Council of Religious Education.

MEETING AND AUTUMN CONFER-

ENCE-AMERICAN MISSION TO LEPERS .n. " ; LL Roads Lead to Rome" was evidenced not only by the denomi- the ancient saying. On the national and priv.ate hospitals, but 16th of October all roads led by the Government which he placed to New York for the annual meet- next to the United States in the ing of the American Mission to part it is taking to care for its Lepers. "Conquerors" came from lepers. He credited the Japanese India, Africa, Japan to tell of their Government also with welcoming conquests-conquests over suffer- the teaching of Christianity in its ing and ignorance and disease, leav- hospitals on account of the good ing happiness, health and hope in influence it brought with it, and their wake. The home "reserves" said, "The outlook for ridding were also there in full force with Japan of leprosy is very bright, representative delegations from and I believe it can be done." various points in eight States, to hear the reports of their workers Mr. Delavan L. Pierson, Editor in the field and to tell of their own of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE efforts at home. WORLD, recently returned from a world tour of observation, reported Dr. Cleland B. McAfee, Secretary as his outstanding impression the of the Presbyterian Board of For- wide prevalence of leprosy, and eign Missions and recently returned how little was being done compared from a round-the-world journey, with what should be done. He astold of his observations of leper serted that the British and Amerwork in foreign lands. He pointed ican Missions to Lepers have inout three important things which deed set the pace in the work being could be done regarding leprosy in done for lepers under a definite every land: first, the spread of lep- plan. It is his firm belief, too, that rosy can be checked by isolation of while it might be that we can lepers; second, as leprosy is not spend money too lavishly for our hereditary the untainted children churches and educational equipcan be cared for and protected ment at home, we cannot do enough from their leper parents; third, to aid the lepers, suffering as they their pain can be relieved and com- suffer, in making them more fort brought to them and "life for healthy and happy and showing the lepers can be made very rich them through our sympathy the by making the love of God a real blessedness that comes through fact to them." Jesus Christ and His love.

Dr. A. Oltmans, Secretary for Dr. George W. McCoy, Director Japan of the American Mission to of the National Institute of Health Lepers and Superintendent of the of the United States, and formerly I-Hai-en Leper Mission Hospital at Director of the Leprosy Research Tokyo, spoke of the progress in Station at Molokai, Hawaii, spoke Japan. After briefly outlining the of the leprosy situation from the work in Japan from its beginning medical viewpoint. In speaking 40 years ago, Dr. Oltmans men- of the trends in dealing with leptioned the lively interest now being rosy today, Dr. McCoy said that 932

CHINESE REDS BEHEAD WOMEN MISSIONARIES

too rigid segregation is not advo- sionary from the Sudan, laid much cated as strongly as formerly as it stress on the efficacy of prayer in causes many early cases to be hid- connection with his work, and Dr. den, but that home treatment, A. D. Helser also attributed the clinics and instruction in preven- success of his work among the leptive measures are recommended. ers in Nigeria to medicine, diet and last but not least, to prayer. Dr. T. A. Lambie, medical mis- CHINESE REDS BEHEAD WOMEN MISSIONARIES T HE New York Times, October Advances were made at the direction 11, published [the following of the Church Missionary Society to dispatch from its special cor- meet ransom demands, but without avail. respondent in Shanghai: The editor of the Christian Cen- Out of the mountains of North Fu- turyadds: kein came the story today of the terrible fate of the two British women It seems clear that no political mis·sionaries, Miss Eleanor June Har- significance attaches to this murder. rison and Miss Edith Nettleton, slain It has been simply a bandit outrage at the end of weeks of negotiations in a notoriously bandit-ridden section with bandits for their ransom. of China. The result, however, is none the less distressing, and will The two women, both advanced in bring a new realization of the danger years and of long mission service which today attends missionary work among the Chinese, were subjected to in that country. keen physical and mental torture and finally, to quote those who attempted It is probable that there will be to free them, "clumsily and brutally many to censure the British consular beheaded." officials for their failure to pay the ransom, $100,000 in the first instance The sufferings of the women were and later $50,000, that might have related by A. J. Martin, British Con- saved the lives of these two women. sul at Kienningfu, and the Rev. Dr. But the problem presented to the mis- Alfred Sills of the Church Missionary sion and political authorities, both Society, who returned from Kienning- Chinese and British, was a terribly fu after several weeks of strenuous difficult one. The C. M. S., although but unavailing attempts to save the as hard pressed for funds as any miscaptives. sion agency, was in favor of paying what the bandits demanded. Its first Chinese 'officials at Kien Yanghsien concern was for the safety of its were informed of the abduction and workers, and its readiness to go to at first displayed indifference, the any length to secure their freedom British investigators said, but after- will be honored in all quarters. But ward sent troops to the area. No the political authorities, although as strenuous efforts were made, however, much concerned for the safety of to release the missionaries. those involved as government agents are, decided against the payment. To More recently the Chinese captors ransom these women, it was believed, ·sent a finger in a letter to the British would be to expose all other foreigners authorities, saying they had cut it in Chinese interior to increased danfrom Miss Nettleton's hand and, un- ger of abduction by bandits. less their demand of $50,000 ransom was complied with at once, further harm would come to the missionaries.

Of THE

Retrospect Gospel of the Kingdom shall be preached in the whole world for a tes- The closing year has been a hard timony unto all the nations, and then one for many people. Readers of THE shall the end come." And not till then. REVIEW do not need to be told of the wide extent and serious character of A. J. B.

the business depression. Million8 of Return of Editor Pierson men and women have been out of employment, and many others have had Our readers will be glad to know of their incomes reduced. Missionary the return of Mr. and Mrs. Delavan boards, and educational and philan- L. Pierson from their long journey thropic agencies have felt the effects, around the world. Their schedule inand of course the weekly religious pa- c1uded Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Inpers and the monthly missionary mag- dia, Burma, Straits Settlements, azines have suffered. Thoughtful China, Korea, Japan, Australia, New observers believe that the tide is turn- Guinea, and the Hawaiian Islands. It ing and that better times will soon was a long tour, involving hard travcome; but many have painful reason eling and the strain of many conferto remember the year 1930. ences and addresses. But it also A review of the year from the view- involved the joy of meeting missionpoint of missionary work is presented aries of whose work Mr. and Mrs. in articles in this issue, and we need Pierson had long known, and with not cover the ground again. Suffice many of whom they had formed ties it to emphasize the hope that Chris- of personal friendship when on furtian people everywhere will approach loughs in America. They brought the new year with a renewal of faith blessing and cheer to hundreds of and consecration. Evangelical religion lonely and burdened workers, and they is being assailed on all sides and world in turn received rich blessing for conditions are seriously disturbing; themselves as they communed with but let us remember that such assaults their fellow Christians both native and conditions are not new. The and foreign, and witnessed the wonchurches have faced them many times der working of the Holy Spirit in before. "But, Lord, Thy Church is other lands. In the good providence praying yet." Let us hear again the of God, they suffered neither illness voice of the Master to His disciples nor accident, and returned in excellent when, 1900 years ago, they went to health and spirits.

Him with sinking hearts and waver- We are sure that our readers have ing faith: "See that ye be not been keenly interested in Mr. Pier80n's troubled: for these things must needs Travel Letters, which have appeared come to pass; but the end is not yet. in successive numbers of THE REVIEW. But he that endureth to the end, the They have showed a remarkably insame shall be saved." Then followed telJigent understanding of the situa- His ringing words to the effect that tion in Asia and the problems now the troubles which so distressed them, affecting missionary work. Other arinstead of being a reason for discour- ticles from his pen will appear from agement and inactivity, were a re- time to time. The service to the misnewed challenge to go forward. "This sionary cause, which he has long ren- 934

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

dered with such eminent ability, will its the respect of the world. It is a be still further broadened and en- great thing to see a revolutionist who riched by the observations and ex- relies not upon the sword but upon periences during his journeys on the moral suasion, even though some of mission field. his followers do not thus limit them- As the Acting Editor was to have selves. In his demand for independ- charge of THE REVIEW only for the ence he undoubtedly represents the year of Mr. Pierson's absence, his edi- Hindus, who form the largest element torial responsibilities terminate with in the population of India. But there the present number. He has found are others. The 70,000,000 Moslems, his work very congenial, and he deeply while disliking British rule, would dis- appreciates the generously sympathet- like Hindu rule more, and they know ic cooperation which he has received that the success of Gandhi's independ- from the office staff, the Board of Di- ence program would place them in a rectors, the Editorial Council, and hopeless minority to their her~ditary many readers of THE REVIEW. With foes. The rulers of the 72,000,000 the background of an experience of 34 people in the self-governing native years as Secretary of a Board of Mis- states look askance upon Gandhi be- ,sions and this additional year in the cause they realize that the security of editorial chair, he is in a positi()n to their thrones depends upon British know the important place that THE protection. The representatives of the REVIEW occupies in the home and for- nearly 60,000,000 outcastes know that eign missionary work of the churches. the justice which they now receive in It is an essential part of that work, the courts and the gradual imptove~ maintained at no small sacrifice by ment in their lot are due to British devoted men and women who recog- rule and would be jeopardized if the nize the value of its service. I ear- high caste Brahmins had the power.

nestly bespeak for them, and particu- The Eurasians, who form a consider~ larly for Mr. Pierson who bears the able portion of the 4,754,000 people heaviest burden, the continued co- who told the census takers that they operation and prayers of all the read- are Christians, would far rather be ers of THE REVIEW. A. J. B. under British rule than under that of Hindus who despise them. The com- Does Gandhi Represent All mercial class, while not numerically India? strong, is influential and fears that internecine strife would demoralize The American people are in danger business if the British were to with- of being misled by the frequently pub- draw.

lished statements on thi,s subject. For There are indeed exceptions to these example, Dr. John Haynes Holmes, in generalizations. Some individuals in his Introduction to Gandhi's Autobi- all these groups support Gandhi's pro- ography, writes of Gandhi as "su- gram. The cla,sses shade into one an- preme throughout all India," "his word other at the edges. But the general everywhere obeyed," and his "person- statement may stand that nearly one al influence over three hundred mil- half of the people of India, while as lions of his fellowmen." The New restive as Gandhi under foreign dom- Yark Times publishes a letter from an ination, fear independence, India's East Indian stating "the country (In- demands at the London Conference are dia) is solidly behind Gandhi's Na- for dominion status. We would not tional Congress." minimize the significance of the inde- We share the general opinion re- pendence movement that Gandhi repgarding the high character and patri- resents, or the reverence with which otic motives of this extraordinary ma>1l. he is rel<arded. But India is not Whatever may be thought of the wis- "solidly behind" him, nor is he "every- dom of his methods, his sincerity mer- :where obeyed." A. J. B.

BY MRS. F. I. JOHNSON, 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW

President of the Federation of Woman's Boards for Foreign Missions It was with keen regret that the preceding the Day of Prayer-apeditor of this department found that pointed subcommittees for the set-up credit for the first two methods printed in six districts. in the October issue was not given to Each of these subcommittees Mrs. Fred Rector ·of Pawtucket, R. I. planned for more than one meeting Mrs. Rector is one of the officers in covering the district so that a total of the Woman's Baptist Mission Society thirty meetings were held with an atof Rhode Island. She taught methods tendance of more than 6,000 women. last year in several summer schools. T'oronto, Canada, organized for SUGGESTED PROGRAM FOR eighteen simultaneous interracial WORLD DAY OF PRAYER meetings. An interesting feature of By MRS. S. S. HOUGH these meeting·s was the reading of the Scripture by new Canadians in their Chairman of World Day of Prayer own languages. Committee Los Angeles reports the plan of February 20, 1931 holding a number of simultaneous We are rapidly approaching another meetings rather than a central meet- World Day of Prayer. Reports of the ing, this method having met with observance of 1930 are conclusive much favor and ,success. Twice the proof that the service may be adapted number of women attended and the successfully to any group whether ur- offering more than doubled.

ban or rural by wise, careful, and A Township Meeting in Massa.chusetts prayerful planning begun many weeks in advance of the day. The following "Apparently no one here had ever suggestions have been culled from re- heard of the Day of Prayer but I ports of meetings in crowded cities, found several women who became insmall towns, rural communities, iso- terested at once. With that much enlated frontier places, mission schools, couragement I went ahead with plans. and family circles, among women, girls and children. "We have ten Protestant churches in our township which covers an area Planning in Crowded Cities of about forty-five square miles. That means that some of the churches are How to make the Day of Prayer ef- as far as twelve miles apart and many fective in a large city has been a real of the women have no means of trans- problem for those who seek to hold portathm. Still, nothing venture, one central service. Many cities, how- nothing have. ever, have discovered a better method "One very important thing was to and instead of planning for one serv- find the right place for the meeting. ice which may call out a comparatively The Episcopal church in the main vil- small group they are organizing for lage is very lovely and I found they many meeting·s and find attendance would be glad to have us meet there.

doubled. "Enough of the 'Call to Prayer'

Greater New York organized its were secured to supply the women of General Committee about three months all the churches. The date and place 936

METHODS FOR WORKERS

of meeting was written on each call "We were a gathering of 14 women and bundles of them, together with a in the country but a wonderful spirit few programs, were distributed to of prayer was manifested, so glad to 'key' women. These were given out be able to have a share." in the churches for two Sundays before the meeting and the meeting was "We hope from now on this day will spoken of wherever there were groups always be observed by the women of of women gathered. this small mining and lumbering town on the Pacific Coast." "I had thought possibly twenty-five women might come but fifty women Home Mission Schools Also came, took part whole heartedly and expressed themselves as anxious to re- "The World Day of Prayer for Mispeat such a worthwhile service. Our sions is annually observed as one of offering was over $14.00. We all the greatest days of the year at the agreed that next year we would begin Pattie C. Stockdale Memorial School. earlier to make plans." The program has been so arranged that there could be student group Lonely, Frontier Places Link Up meetings for prayer at almost every hour through the day. Usually we "I write this on the evening of the begin with a before-breakfast prayer Day of Prayer. Our Birdtail Indian meeting, but this year we had early women have just gone home with their breakfast and were ready f.or a servhusbands who brought them with ice of prayer for missions at six-thirtheir dear brown babies. Just a few ty o'clock. In this meeting a talk was of them, but they came the fifteen made upon the significance of this day miles in to Birtle, to join with a few of prayer, and after each one of the friends here in the praise and prayer household had joined in audible petirising from the hearts of women the tion for the great cause of missions world over. we went out to make the whole day, as far as possible, one of intercession. "Our meeting started with dinner for those who had arrived, and then "One o'clock in the afternoon found we commenced our hour of prayer and the women of the Missionary Society song, mingling our voices and lan- joining in a special service of prayer. guages. It was a good hour, for we Even in this remote valley our women ,sang and prayed to Him who hears felt their oneness with the rest of the all tongues, and conue'iCenus to bless praying world, and the work of misall simple, eager hearts. With a cup sions became more real to us all. of tea for all twenty who came together, words of good wishes, our "At night there was a service of ,splendid Indian friends made ready prayer in our chapel at which were for the road once more. As I write present men and women and young they will have reached home. We people. The regular mid-week prayer pray that in their lives and in ours meeting was postponed until Friday Jesus Christ may indeed be lifted up." night so that we might gather to- gether to unite our voices with those "In a lonely corner of our province of earnest souls throughout the world." one woman left alone, went through the program of reading and prayer In one Negro school the four parts and sent her offering of one dollar." of the program were divided with a teacher speaking on each, and students "The daughter from a manse in an offering the prayers. Sometimes this outlying district came to Vancouver school arranges to have only the high to spend the day with a sick mother. school pupils in the assembly room, In the quiet of the sick room they had other years they have the entire school their own prayer service at the same in the chapel. hour the meetings were held in the churches and followed the program This day may be an integral part used in our gatherings." of the program of religious education. The chapel service offers a good time

for the observance. Preparation, how- Committee. This committee secured ever, may be made in the young peo- flags of many nations and made a ple's meeting on the preceding Sun- Christian flag. The Publicity Com- day, and in a faculty meeting. While mittee interviewed the ministers a teacher may have the day in charge, whose services were being broadcast she will wisely ask a few students and asked them to make special an- from the different classes to plan with nouncemimts. They also enlisted the her. Together they will arrange to editors of the church page of daily have students participate. papers and supplied articles about the A Girl's Vesper Service Day of Prayer. Multigraphed letters were sent to every church. The secretary- of young women's work of one of the churches of Winni- The Program Committee adapted peg, Canada, took it upon herself to the program and made assignments. initiate plans for a young women's The girls who had part in the service service. She writes, "I took the ini- held a meeting of their own for retiative early last fall. I obtained the hearsal. To the last meeting of the names of the secretaries of young committees were invited representawomen's work in the Anglican, Pres- tives from all the churches, an attendbyterian, Baptist, Church of Christ ance of seventy-four. This gave and United Church-these together opportunity for the final check-up and with representatives from the Y. W. promotion. C. A., Girl's Work Board, and Baptist Young People's Union, I called to a "The Vesper Service was largElly meeting in my home early in January. attended. There was a vested choir of thirty-six teen-age girls. Immedi- "Enthusing these women and girls ately following the Day of Prayer a to take hold of this entirely new and committee was appointed to plan for untried idea was the hardest bit of the service in 1931."

work I did throughout. From this Visualizations small beginning we tried to widen our scope to include as many nationalities, Many groups feel that visualizing denominations, and clubs as possible; parts of the program helps greatly in this necessitated several meetings. interpreting the message.

"We think the whole success de- During the closing period of silent pended on the two large preparatory meditation and consecration in one meetings. At the first one, held in the church, the room was darkened and an Y. W. C. A., we had about sixteen illuminated cross shone out while the representatives of various organiza- organist played softly "When I Surtions present. There was a great deal vey the Wondrous Cross" followed, of telephoning before this meeting during silent prayer, by the hymn "0 not only to church groups but to na- Jesus I Have Promised," played softly tional groups and to clubs such as on the chimes.

Quota Club (a Business Women's Several groups used an offering Service Club), the Manitoba Teach- service visualizing the objects for which the offering was taken. These er's Federation, and the Manitoba As- are made available for other groups sociation of Graduate Nurses. At this desiring to use them in the future. meeting brief reports were given and They are entitled "A Vehicle of Proga ten-minute inspirational address on ress" and "An Offering Service" ei- Pentecost and the World Day of ther may be obtained from denomina- Prayer. At this meeting it was de- tional boards, 6 copies for 10 cents. cided that our service be a Vesper Service and Committees on Program, The young women of one city ef- Music, Decoration, PUblicity and Ex- fectively combined the Scripture re- tension were appointed. A Ukrainian sponsive reading with the secti~m young woman headed the Decorations "Jesus the Desire of All Nations" in

METHODS FOR WORKERS

last year's pr{)gram, in the following No mortal did invent it, But God by angels sent it, manner: The leader, a girl dressed in white S) deeD and earnest, yet S() sweet and plain. stood behind an altar on which lay a large open Bible with a row of tall The love that it revealeth lighted candles on either side. The All earthly sorrows healeth; national, dress,l!d in costume ap- They flee like mist before the break of proached the altar and looking up into day. .

the face Of the leader, made the ap- When, 0 my soul, thou learnest, This song of songs in earnest, peal-the leader answering in the words of Scripture. Thy cares and sorrows all shall pass away. An American Student-Many of us are not satisfied-everywhere we turn Leader-I will sing unto the Lord we see things that are not Christian. as long as I live. We have been looking at Christ ….. . we see that he has something to give I will sing praises to my God while us. We see that we need Him and we I have any being. want Him. Jesus said, These things have I Leader-In the last day, that great spoken unto you that my j{)y may be day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried in you and that your joy may be made saying, If any man thirst let him come full. unto me and drink. Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteous- Sing unto Jehovah a new song and ness for they shall be filled. His praise from the end of the earth; ye that go down to the sea, and all I am the bread of life; he that that is therein, the isles and the incometh to me shall never hunger. habitants thereof. Let the wilderness and the cities thereof lift up their Antiphonal Duet-Art Thou Weary. voice, the villages and the inhabitants A Japanese Student-I am looking thereof sing. for God; can you show Him to me? Leader-So it has been through all Gandhi of India-I have not yet the ages among all the races and na- found Him …… It is an unbroken tions of all lands. torture to me that I am still so far F10r this is life …… to know God. from Him. Philip saith unto him, Lord, show us the Father and it 8ufficeth us. Leader-The whole head is sick and Jesus saith unto him, He that hath the whole heart faint. From the sole seen me hath seen the Father. of the foot even unto the head there In Christ men have found God com- is no soundness in it; but wounds and ing out of the inaccessible distances bruises and putrifying sores. and drawing indescribably near. A Buddhist of China-All my life Jesus said, They that are whole I have been seeking light for my mind need not a physician, but they that and peace for my heart. I have tried are sick. I am come that they might Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism in have life and that they might have it more abundantly. vain. Leader-Jesus said, I am the light Come unto me all ye that are weary and heavy laden and I will give you of the world, he that followeth me shall rest. not walk in darkness but shall have the light of life. The Children's Hour A Latin American Skeptic-You "For the first two years we held have a song in your heart; ……that only one central meeting for children is why we came to hear. A hidden in Rochester, N. Y. A circular letter voice sings "A Song in the Night." was sent to each church in the city asking that fifteen children from each There is a song so thrilling, Junior department of the Sunday- So far all songs excelling, school be appointed to represent them. We had at each of these meetings That he who sings it, sings it oft again. about one hundred children.

"For two years we have been hold- sonville, Florida. Try it in your coming meetings in four sections of the munity or through a near-by station. city. Early in the year I asked the pastors of four churches near the cen- Printed Material Available ter of each section for the use of their church auditoriums for our meetings. "A Call to Prayer" by Baroness We have always had a cordial response. Van Boetzellaer van Dubbledam, The Netherlands; a special "Call for "A circular letter was carried to Young People" by the same author, each church in the city by the council (both free with orders for p'rograms.) representative, who was responsible for getting the advertising acros,s in The Program-"Ye Shall Be My her church and Sunday-school. Witnesses," by Miss Kathleen Mac- Arthur of Toronto, Canada (2c, $1.75 "If the entertaining church had a per 100). Suggestions for leaders religious work director she, with the free with each order for programs. pastor's aid, attended to the church Special suggestions for young people invitations for the community, either also free. by telephone cr letter, enlisting the cooperation of all pastors and super- A Service of Consecration, "Lookintendents. ing Unto Jesus" by Miss Jean Paxton, of New York (10c, only two being "In one community, two years ago, needed). the pastor of the entertaining church asked the neighboring pastors to come A poster, new design in colors (10c). with their children and lead their groups in prayer. After the children's Seals for use on letters and envehour he called a meeting of the pas- lopes ($1.75 per 1,000, 25c per 100). tors and as a result there were regular community meetings during Lent with Separate sheet of pictures illustrata celebration of the Lord's Supper in ing the projects, same as used on prowhich Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran, gram, may be had free of charge, if Episcopalian, Presbyterian' and Evan- needed. gelical churches united. This union is still in operation for the best inter- "An Offering Service," "A Vehicle est of the community. of Progress" (another offering serv- ice) "A Praise Service." Any of these "Last March, although the rain fell may be had in mimeographed form, in torrents, over' four hundred chil- six copies for IOc. dren of different races representing about fifty churches attended the serv- Order from denominational Mis,sion ices. Children's choirs were used- Boards. simple programs prepared and printed containing prayers adapted for use by LIFE'S SEVEN STAGES children and linking them in friendship with the children of all lands and First Prize Demonstration for Receivraces." ing the Christmas Offering, Chautauqua, N. Y. On the Air By NELLIE E. KUHNS, Erie, Pa. Increasing number,s of radio stations are setting apart some period of The cast requires seven peI1sons as the day for broadcasting a brief serv- Christmas Spirits, with an interpreter ice. Frequently it is the morning de- and supporting characters-IS pervotional hour. In s'ome places it is the s'ons: The Interpreter, the Seven twilight hour. WEAF of New York Christmas Spirits; a very small girl; had a hook-up for a 15-minute Day of a school girl of eight; a girl graduate; Prayer service of eighteen stations two lovers; a mother with baby in from New York to Omaha, Nebraska, arms and smaIl child; a middle-aged and from Portland, Maine, to J ack- woman; and an old lady with white hair.

Christmas envelopes should be given out before this service which is held at the December auxiliary meeting

METHODS FOR WORKERS

when the Christmas offering is to be When the seven Spirits return with received. the offering let them turn and face the audience with the offering plates in Stage setting may be white back- their hands, while those behind them ground with holly wreaths. Soft music on the platform join with them and the may be used as curtain rises, and dur- audience in singing: "Christ for the ing intervals. World We Sing." (Curtain.) Interpreter: Seven Spirits of AN "ABSENT MEMBERS MEETING" Christmas are about to appear. They are the spirits that guide and care for By MRS. P. H. AUSTIN humanity at each of the seven stages of human life: babyhood, childhood, I heard a pastor say that he had youth, lovetime, motherhood, middle- been wondering as to what time of age, and those in the sunset glow. year his parishoners were at home; Each spirit will bring with her some- that in the winter most of them went one representative of our foreign to Florida, and in the summer most fields, of some phase of our work, of them were at the seashore. This standing for the seven stages of wom- set me to wondering just what method anhood we work to redeem and bless. was used, if any, to keep these folks in touch with the home church. And Enter Spirit clothed in crimson lead- then a suggestion came to me as to a ing tiny Japanese kindergarten child; plan for keeping in touch with our Spirit in orange follows with eight- missio.nary women who are away, so year-old school girl with bag of books; that they may realize we as an or- Spirit in green walks beside two lov- ganization, are interested in· them, ers (Hindu maid and man); Spirit in and at the same time guard against blue guides Chinese mother carrying their losing interest in us. baby and leading small child; Spirit in yellow walks beside college girl in Why not have an "Absent Members' cap and gown; Spirit in violet walks Meeting." Gather correspondence with a serious, middl&-aged Korean from those who are away. Ask these Bible-woman; while Spirit in silver to write newsy letters concerning leads a very old negro woman with their surroundings and activities. white hair, but with gay turban and Have excerpts made of personal letneckerchief. When all are upon the ters received by friends of the abplatform in semi-circle facing audi- sentees. Have a message to go. from ence they lead in singing: "In Christ the meeting to these folks and not There Is No East or West." through the secretary.

Interpreter advances and says: Another suggestion would be to "These seven stages of life in our nine- give time in regular meetings for mesteen foreign fields are helped and made sages from the Florida and seashore happy and useful by the offering in folks. This will create a spirit of our Christmas envelopes. Sometimes friendliness and of closer cooperation. they need kindergartens, sometimes day schools, here and there they need It would be practical to ask the aba college, or an industrial school for ,sentees to send back methods which widows, or an orphanage, or a baby- they have seen used in the churches fold and they look to our Christmas they are attending during their vacaoffering to make these things possible. tion time, a poem which they have The seven Christmas Spirits will wait found spiritually helpful, or perhaps, upon you for your offering." a new song.

(Let the Spirits in red and green *** lead the others in taking up the offering, while the ten persons remaining I know not the way I am going, on the platform lead the others in sing- But well do I know my Guide; ing: "Saviour, Thy Dying Love Thou Gavest Me," (verses 1, 3, 4). With child-like trust I give my hand To the mighty Friend at my side. -Ho,vergal.

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN

EDITED BY FLORENCE G. TYLER, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York, and FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 East 22d Street, New York Executive Secretaries of the Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions and Council of Women for Home Missions SOME OF THE DELEGATES A'I' THlU IN'l'ERlIACIAI, CONIJ'ERIllNCE IN OBIllRLIN AT WORK FOR CHRISTIAN RACE that the common interests of the dele- RELATIONS gates were many and vital; and the committee which had been appointed By KATHERINE GARDNER to help "break the ice" had no work to do. Associate Secretary, Commission on the Church and Race Relations, Federal Council of The next impression is frankness. The purpose of these interracial con- 1~~y <;,~u;~~r~h~~c~h~~;,,~~,:g~e~·;l~tf.:~dof'i'i:":t Commission.

As one looks back on the Third ferences is to bring together denomi- Interracial Conference of Church national leaders f'Or a facing of prob- Women which was held last June at lems, for the discussion of pDlicies and Oberlin College, Ohio, under the aus- programs and for planning ways and pices of the Federal Council of means for carrying these out in the Churches there are three impressions denominations and IDeal communities.

that stand out with special distinct- At the opening session after a masness. The first of these is fellowship. terly 'Outline of the' general situation, In spite of the fact that the delegates given in a series of thumb-nail were divided racially, that they repre- sketches by Professor Edwin L. Clarke sented seventeen denominations and of Oberlin, the delegates brought out came from nineteen states, north and from their personal experiences simi- sDuth, there was a unity of spirit, a lar difficulties in the life of the church oneness of purpose and an atmosphere and analyzed these to see where and of friendliness frDm the very begin- how church women can become effec- ning of the conference. The small tive in bringing about better cDndi- groups that visited together between tions. These discussion periods were sessions in the comfortable lobby, out marked throughout by a spirit of ob- under the trees on the campus, or jective frankness, with'Out self-decepdowntown at the soda fountain, showed tion or sentimentality.

942 The third impression was the pro- We Recommend: That each local unit examine the groupings for interracial gram of action. The conference find- work to see whether the committees are adequately representative of all groups ings did not merely express the senti- concerned, and to discover ways in which their work can be influenced by the exments of the delegates but gave a perience of interested groups outside the membership of the committee so that the definite outline of work to be under- Interracial Committee shall have the confidence of the whole community. taken during the next two years. Ways of Work From the beginning it was made clear We believe that the best results come that this conference was not an end from meeting concrete situations in the community as they arise, rather than atin itself, but just a part of a long, con- tacking the question of race relations in the abstract or merely setting up special tinued, patient program of education events.

which stops every two years to meas- We need to study ways in which groups have arrived at successful solutions and ure the results accomplished and gath- ask the Women's Committee to make re- ports available to local groups. er fresh impetus and inspiration for We believe that the churches ought to the work ahead. The one hundred and be reminded of the importance of the work of groups of laymen in the developnine delegates who met at Oberlin ment of public opinion in regard to race relations, and in supporting individual went back to their homes, to their members of the church who may find themselves in critical positions in the communities, to their church responsi- life of the community.

bilities with the feeling that each one We believe that members of churches could increase the effectiveness of any had a definite share in the great task community enterprise if they would in- sist that the planning committee include of making America ChrIstian in Race representatives of all racial groups in- volved. Relations. We believe that local groups should Findings study ways in which public opinion may be influenced in regard to race relation- The Findings can best be interpreted ships. (For instance, the use of the by those who shared in the conference press.) experience. Each item in this program of study and action was wrought out We recognize that only by a long conin the spirit of friendly understanding tinued program of steady work which which controlled the discussions. persists despite temporary failure will our community life in its interracial re- In order to carry out this program we lationships measure up to Jesus' definishall have to find a way to bring about tion of the good life. effective participation by both national and local groups. The conference sug- The Conference authorized an urgests careful experimentation in cases gent request that arrangements be where there is joint responsibility. made for accommodation without dis- crimination for all delegates at the If the program of the next conference, North American Home Missions Contwo years hence, is built upon the study gress in Washington in December, and and action which follows the adoption that if such accommodations cannot of these findings, we shall then be able be provided the Congress be held in a to measure our progress and discover city where satisfactory arrangement new ways of work to meet new situations. can be made.

We Recommend: That we ask the What Can We Dol Women's Committee to interest a research organization in undertaking a Adopted by one denominational group before study of the policy and practice of the leaving Oberlin. denominations: We aim to use our denominational In their training of Negro leadership publications-state and national-to for church activities at home and abroad broadcast information about this conwith particular reference to problems involved in isolating racial groups; In relation to Negro women employed as missionaries at home and abroad with reference to opportunities for employment, qualifications of candidates, salary and living conditions, and opportunities for professional advancement.

We Commend the work of the Curriculum Committee in the criticism and preparation of material, and in securing Negro members on denominational curriculum committees and look for report of further progress at the next conference.

ference to show what is being accom- cemmittee. Every effort should be plished. made to have children 'Of all races and nationalities represented on the cem- We will do all we can to continue the mittee and on the program. The rep- effort to secure for all our Negro dele- resentative from each church would, gates, at all denominational meetings, of course, be responsible for interestequality of privilege and treatment as to ing the pa,stor and all those working hotel accommodations. with children in her church, both in Sunday school and in mission bands. We will study the question of race At the first meeting of the committee, representation on our curriculum and a subcommittee on publicity should be literature committees. appointed to care for newspaper pub- licity, posters to be distributed to all We will seek opportunities to report cooperating organizations, anneuncethis conference at local and state meet- ment of the meeting at children's ings. gatherings several times before the Day of Prayer, and all other publicity. We will urge all local Councils or Fed- These plans would be worked out in erations of church women to take active cooperation with the chairmen of the cognizance of the interracial movement young peDple's and the women',s comand to put into their programs a study mittees, to unify the whole observance. of local race relations. Let us remember this is a children's In order to push back the horizons of service and be sure the children have our denominational thinking, we will try a large share in the planning and the to further reading courses through trav- pregram. In addition to their having eling libraries and reading projects. charge of the musical selections, the presentation 'Of the projects and the of- We will urge local churches to stand fering as suggested belDW, they might behind the work of the Urban League be the ushers, perhaps dressed in co-sand National Association for the Ad- tumes 'of different nationalities. Envancement of· Colored People. courage the children to take the initia- tive in deciding time and place for the We will help to arouse a new apprecia- meeting, decoration, ferm and length tion of the achievements of the Negro of service, presiding officer, methods race. of publicity, etc. The majer responsi- bility should be in their hands se that We will seek to secure in church As- they will feel the observance is truly sociations and Federations equality of their own. status for Negro churches. In developing the program let us CHILDREN IN THE WORLD DAY build it areund the theme "Ye Shall Be My Witnesses," the ,same theme OF PRAYER that is being used by all Christians througheut the werld. It may be well Children in the World Day of to appoint a small committee to work on the pregram itself. Boyg and girls Prayer! What a day it would be if who have had experience in arranging children around the world "of every services for their own weekly meetrace and clime" could know about the ings will be helpful. World Day of Prayer and together unite in prayer for love, justice and Hymns familiar to the majority peace throughout the world. What it should be selected. There might be a cDuple of prayers to be read in unison would mean to the children! What it and also 'Opportunity fDr spontaneous would mean to the communities! What praying by the children. Impersona- tion 'Or dramatization will help in it would do in furthering the Kingdom making the hour interesting. In one of Ged on earth!

In arranging for the children's observance of the World Day of Prayer, plans should be made just as far in advance and with just as much thought and care as for the women's and young people's observances. If there is a chairman of children's work in the interdeneminational missionary federation, she is a logical person to chair the cvmmittee in charge. The children's worker in each church in the community, representatives 'of the Girl Sceuts, Boy Scouts, Girl Reserves, Camp Fire Girls and of all the various organizations ,should constitute the

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN BULLETIN

meeting last year "Art Thou Weary" Prayer: was sung antiphonally by two Negro young girls. One dressed as a pil- We thank Thee, Lord, whose care has grim or traveler carrying a lighted kept lantern came down the aisle singing as she came, being answered by one Our homes in safety while we slept, in the front of the room. In another And pray that through each long, long place, a pageant with children of many races assisting, helped to convey the day idea of world friendship. Some groups Thy loving hand will guide our way. have used the salute to the Christian In school, in play, be near us still, flag: "I pledge allegiance to my flag And make us wish to do Thy will. and to the Saviour for whose Kingdom it stands; one brotherhood uniting all Amen. mankind in service and love." Hymn: "Saviour, Like a Shepherd Lead As a climax to the program, an in- Us." (First verse.) teresting missionary story may be told by one who does this well and who has Prayer: That we may truly live as chila real appeal for children. The mis- dren of Jesus, thinking, speaking, sion boards can supply such material. doing as He would-in our com- "How the Artist Forgot Four Colors," munity. by Margaret Applegarth, in "Missionary Stories for Little Folks," is very At home, At play, appropriate. At school, At church.

A definite place should be given to Hymn: "Saviour, Like a Shepherd Lead the offering, for this is the part of the Us." (Second verse.) program in which the children have an opportunity to express their friend- (Sung by group of children of as many ship in a concrete way. Just before nationalities and races as possiblethe closing hymn is a good time. In dressed in costume.) order that the four projects will be understood, they may be presented by Prayer: That we may live as children of children dressed to represent a Mi- Jesus in our country. grant, an American Indian, a child from the Near or Far East, a student By being friendly to children of all from Japan, China or India. It may races, be found advisable, in order not to confuse the children with ,so many By being kind to the sick, projects, to choose one in the home" By sharing with the children who are land and one overseas for the offering and present those through story or poor, impersonation. By being true Christian citizens, By telling the story of Jesus to chil- Suggestive Program Outline dren who have never heard it.. Quiet music as children assemble. Hymn: "Saviour, Like a Shepherd Lead Call to worship. Us." (Third verse.) Leoadperra: ise the Lord, all ye nations; Prayer: That we may be true children of Jesus in the world. Praise Him, all ye people. Response: By being friends of children of all na- tions, For His merciful kindness is great toward us, By being appreciative of all the things And the truth of the Lord endureth their countries send ctuostuos~s of chil- forever. By understanding the dren of other lands, All : Praise ye the Lord. S By sharing Jesus with all the children of the world.

Hymn: Tune, ,"Tramp, TrllJUP, Tramp." Jesus loves th~· little children All the children of the world: Red and yellow, black and white- All ar e pre ctihoeu sl i titnl e Hcihsi lsdirgehnt ·~f the Jesus loves world.

Impersonations by four children dressed in aPl?ropriate costumes, showing nee?s III the four fields· especially deSIgnated for prayer and gifts: Women's Union Christian Colleges in Foreign Fields, th: ~:d~~fN:: ~~teC~~~~I.can be secured from

Christian Literature for Women and and has public opinion changed as to Children in Mission Fields, the desirability of the other?

Indian Work, What was the reason for not having Migrant Work. the House ratify treaties? Offering: Taken up by four chil?ren Why does "each vote against a treaty, who have given the impersonations. in the Senate, count double"? Why is it Hymn: "We've a Story to Tell to the "more difficult to conclude peace than to Nations." make war"?

Prayer: What was the result of Washington's Our Father as we've prayed today effort to carry out the constitutional pro- We've thought of children far away vision that he should obtain the "advice" In other lands across the sea; of the Senate? How is the Senate's "ad- Help us their loving friends to be. vice" on a treaty obtained now? Can Help all Thy children everywhere the Senate force the President to accept To share Thee and Thy loving care. its advice? Amen. Who chooses the emissaries who nego- EDITH E. LOWRY and tiate our treaties? What has sometimes guided this choice? What are the ad- VIRGINIA KAISER. vantages and objections to appointing Senators as negotiators? READERS' OOURSE How can amendments in the Senate Prepared by National Committee on the indirectly kill treaties? Do treaty Cause and Cure of War, RO<!ID 1116, Grand amendments require a majority or a Central Terminal Building, NE'w York. two-thirds vote? What is the attitude of foreign powers to amendments by the S'EOTION II- Senate? What new method was used by the Senate, to express its interpretation The Treaty Veto of The American Senate of a treaty, in the case of the Briand- by D. F. Fleming. Published by G. Kellogg Pact? Do you think this method P. Putnam's Sons. $3.00. preferable, and if so, why? Is the prac- Dr. Fleming's book has f!ve grea~ ~r­ tice of amending treaties increasing? What proportion of all treaties submittues' it deals with a subJect of IIVlllg ted to it has the Senate amended? Of significance: it is thoughtf.ully con- these, how many were killed by the ceived: it presents thE!; facts III O1:derly amendments? form: it is clearly written: and It arrrves at conclusions. Those who care How many treaties have been killed at all about the operation of the ~rea.ty,~ unconditionally by the Senate, i. e. othermaking power cannot afford to miss It. wise than by amendment? Of the twen- ty killed by the two-thirds requirement, —Charles A. Beard. how many would have been ratified if only a majority vote had been required? The Treaty Making Power.s of the Sfln- ate–Information Service, Foreign Fate of ATbitratiort Treaties Policy Association, 18 East 41st St,. New York, issued October 12, 1928. What special sectional interests are An excellent, easy reference upon the obstacles to the ratification of any arbi- most important points in the above tration treaties: In Maine? In the book. We recommend all readers to South? In California? possess themselves of it. 25c. What provision for the peaceful settle- Queationnalret ment of disputes was made in the Olney- Paunce/ote treaty of 1897? What did on the Senate exclude from arbitration? The Treaty Veto of the American Was the amended treaty ratified?

Senate What international event iIi 1899 gave Secretary Hay confidence that treaties Technique of Treaty Making of arbitration would be ratified by the Why did the men who wrote our Con- Senate? How did the Hay treaties dif- fer from the Olney-Pauncefote treaty? stitution fear a strong Executive? How did the Senate kill the treaties? What is the constitutional provh;ion What did Secretary Root concede in for treaty making; what is the function order to secure ratification of his tTeaof the President; of t,he Senate? . ties? ..

What two things dId the Convention What did the Senate claim a right to stress as "vital to successful diplomacy"? pass on, in the compromise? Has the plan adopted secured the one, What provisions for the peaceful set- ~n I appeared in October; Section III tlement of international disputes were added by the Taft tTeaties? What was wi¥'rhfleea~ui:Ae:riB or similar ones will be the attitude of Lodge and Roosevelt? What amendments were made in the on the program of the Conferpnce on the Cause Senate? Did the Senate then ratify? ani! Cure of War, January 19·22, 1931. Wash· Ington, D. C.; all delegates should be prepared to answer them.

What did the Bryan treaties provide? tion? What was President Coolidge's Were they arbitration treaties? Were view of this addition, as expressed in they ratified? How many nations signed his Armistice Day speech? What was them? our action on the proposal by the Powers, between September 1926 and February What advance was made in the Kel- 1928? logg-Bria,nd treaty of 1928? What was Senator Gillett's proposal? Sum up what the Senate is afraid to What was Secretary Kellogg'S reply to submit to arbitration. the Powers in 1929? What was Mr. Root's suggestion? Our Relation to the League of Nations What influence had the Russo-Japa- What is the present status with renese War on the peace movement in this gard to our entry into the Court? country? What two Americans were especially outstanding in the movement? GOLDEN RULE SUNDAY What three Americans figured most con- Golden Rule Sunday is to be obspicuously in the first public meeting of served again this year in behalf of the· the League to enforce peace? How early under-privileged children of the world. did the break between Lodge and Wilson Among the projects cited for interest occur? What was the attitude by Lodge and Roosevelt to Wilson's fourteen and gifts are the American Indian and points? the Migrant children of Qur land.

In the Commission on the League of All contributions especially desig- Nations, at the Peace Conference in nated will go in entirety to the proj- Paris, what was the most difficult matter to agree upon? What compromise word- ects named. It is hoped many groups, ing was finally adopted? communities and individuals will des- ignate these two projects. Did the Senate wait to give its "advice" until the Covenant was submitted to it? Did it, in spirit as well as in RURAL RECONSTRUCTION IN letter, leave to the President the direct INDIA contact with foreign powers? Did Wilson ever discuss the treaty with the For- The "Rural Reconstruction Unit" is eign Relations Committee? Did he make the goal of future endeavor among the any effort to meet the Senate's objec- Christian Churches in India working tions upon his return to Paris? for village development. To take ten or a dozen villages and place in the What was Senator Lodge's Round Robin, and how many Senators signed it?

How was the Covenant amended in midst it trained staff to care for eco- Paris? How did the request for amend- nomic uplift, religion, education, ments affect the President's influence in health, cooperation, agriculture, indusdiscussing the Treaty of Peace? tries, markets, etc., will revolutionize What did Artlcle 10 of the Covenant provide? Could we have been forced to our method and give us a "drive" tosend troops abroad without our consent? ward a more adequate and self-sup- Did it create a "super-state"? porting leadership in the Church in India. Concentration in a limited sec- After amending the Covenant, did the Senate ratify it? Did it receive a majority vote? tion, coupled with intensive effort, will The World Court render excellent results.

What move towards creating peace ma- At the call of the National Chris- chinery was promised in the Republican tian Council thirty delegates from platform of 1920? India, Burma, and Ceylon met for a discussion on rural reconstruction. What four reservations to the World Those who attended were intimately Court Protocol did Secretary Hughes propose?

How long did the Senate delay before aware of specific practical methods discussing it? and aims. The recommendations cen- What did the Republican platform of tered about the unit mentioned above. 1924 promise with regard to the World Court? What points were covered in the five KEEP THOU THY DREAMS reservations? What was Secretary Kel- Keep thou thy dreams, logg's answer to the request by the other powers that we explain what the reser- The tissue of all wings is woven first of vations meant? How many of the five them. reservations were accepted by the Conference of the Powers? What provision From dreams are made the precious and did they wish to add to the fifth reserva- imperishable things, Whose loveliness lives on and does not fade. -Selected.

AMERICA than evangelicism is building some-

Centennial of Bolivar thing to take its place."-Congrega- tionalist. VENEZUELA is making elaborate preparations to observe this month Awakening Latin America the centennial of the death of Simon Bolivar-one of the most important THE United States is facing figures in the hi,story of the New throughout Latin America the World-who freed Venezuela, Colom- greatest opportunity and responsibilbia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia from ity since it first sympathized with the Spanish rule. He visioned another many movements for Latin-American United States of America on the independence. Recent events, particsouthern continent, but unlike George ularly in Argentina, Peru and Bolivia, Washington, with whom he is fre- demonstrate that the people of the quently compared, he was forced to United States should stop patronizing build without supporters from the Latin America by sarca,gtic comment Scottish and English middle class, on "revolutions" and "instability." with their traditions of self-govern- Such a "holier-than-thou" attitude ment. It has taken many years of ed- should be supplanted by a realization ucation for the South Americans to that revolutions like those in the coun- approach our starting point. tries named are inevitable and nat- ural "evolutions" when economic and Evangelism in Latin America political conditions become intolera- LATIN AMERICA is just now in a ble. They express the inherent and po.sition where it is eager to know patriotic desire of the people for repthe real Christ. This is the opinion resentative and democratic govern- of those interpreters most familiar ment. They show stability of ideals with the conditions in South America and purposes, if not of immediate ad- -among them, Prof. Erasmo Braga, ministration.

the leading educator and evangelical People of the United States should layman of Brazil; Dr. John Mackay, awaken to the fact that the chief char- formerly a profes,sor in San Marcos acteristic of this new era is the new University and a lecturer before the leadership of the young throughout youth of university centers in South all Latin America. This youth move- America and Mexi~o; Dr. George P. ment begins with ambitious and pa- Howard, who has been conducting triotic students and reaches up crowded mass meetings in Bolivia, througl:! the younger element occupy- Argentina, and Chile; Dr. Vincente ing positions in governmental offices, Mendoza, pastor of a Methodist church newspapers, business and banking in Mexico City and editor of the Span- houses and educational institutions.

ish Journal of Religious Education; It is not only influencing but even and Dr. E. Stanley Jones of India, shaping the internal and external pol- who recently visited South America icies of the governments to a degree on an evangelistic tour. The oppor- never known before. For this reason tunity might be described as an in- the future of United States-Latin- terim when modern education is American relations will largely de- "wearing away Roman Catholic au- pend on awakening the interest and thority in South America fal' faster cooperation of this powerful element 948

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in developing permanent United pital was immediately cleaned and has States-Latin-American good-will. – functioned ,since the withdrawal of the John Barrett, in The New York Times. Communists.-New York Times.

CHINA Cihinese President Is Baptized as Christian Schools Forbidden to Ex- Christian hibit C,hristian Litera.ture GENERAL Chiang Kai Shek, Na- tional President of China, was THE Ministry of Education con- baptized a Christian, October 23, at siders that the religious books, Shanghai. The branch of the Chrispapers, magazines and pictures in the tian church into which he was bap- Christian school libraries calculated to tized is Methodist. stupefy the minds of the youth should be strictly forbidden, except those Chiang and his wife arrived early which have to do with selected courses that morning from Nanking. He went on religion related to the study of immediately to the home of his philosophy in senior middle schools and mother-in-law, Mrs. Soong, in the Inuniversities; all others have to be for- ternational Settlement, and there the bidden. simple ceremony was performed in the afternoon by the Rev. Z. T. Kuang, The Ministry of Education refuses Chinese pastor of the Young Allen passports to ,students who contemplate Memorial Church. going abroad and including religious subjects in their studies. The pastor asked the President whether he sincerely desired to become In the China Christian Advocate, a Christian. Chiang replied that he Rev. A. R. Kepler, General Secretary did, whereupon the pastor sprinkled of the Church of Christ in China, re- water upon the young President and ports the following experience- admitted him to the Christian church.

The ,sister of my Associate General Only a few intimates of the Presi- Secretary has been expecting to take dent attended the ceremony. They post-graduate study in America in re- included his brothers-in-law, T. V. ligious education. She made her ap- Soong, Minister of Finance, and T. L. plication to the Government for her Soong, chairman of the Whang-Poo passport. Today Dr. Fan, my col- Conservancy, and the Foreign Minleague, received a letter from the Min- ister, C. T. Wang. All are Christians. istry of Education, informing him that -New York Times. the Ministry will grant passports to students to study abroad ,only upon How Red Indians Prayed for Chinese the condition that they will not include any religious subjects in their Murderers 35 Year. Ago studies. This has become the fixed policy of the Ministry of Education. AMIDST the mingled feelings -Chinese Recorder, Shanghai, Sep- aroused by the tragic murder in te,mber. China of Miss Edith Nettleton and Miss Eleanor Harrison, the real spirit Yale-in-China of The Church Missionary Society and its supporters may be best expressed T HE buildings of Yale-in-China in by a prayer of some Indians in a C. Chang,sha, which were attacked by M. S. Mission in Northwest Canada Communi,sts recently, were damaged thirty-five years ago, when they heard less severely than was at first believed, of the terrible massacre at Hwasang, according to a statement issued by E. in the same Province of Fukien in Fay Campbell, executive secretary of which the latest martyrs have worked. the institution, at the local office in The Rev. R. W. Stewart, his wife and New Haven, Conn. The hospital was two children, and their nurse together entered, damaged and left in a filthy with six women missionaries of the condition, but the campus was un- C. M. S. and C. E. Z. M. S., had been touched, the statement said. The hos- done to death by a fanatical band call-

ing themselves Vegetarians. In his Economic Facts from Japan record of this tragedy, Dr. Eugene Stock, in his great "History of the THE first railway in Japan was C. M. S.," says that when the little opened in 1872. By 1887, there congregation of Indians received the was a mileage .of 641, and twelve thou- news they prayed: "Say it again, dear ,sand in 1929, with over a billion pas- Jesus. 'Father forgive them for they sengers in that year. The first Japaknow not what they do.' 0 Gracious nese-built steamer of 6,000 tons was Spirit, Thou art not quenched by blood. launched in 1898; yet by 1920, Japan's Let it make Thy garden soil strong merchant fleet of three million tons to grow Chinese believers in." ranked third among the world p.owers. The value of manufactured prodcuts Dr. Stock also recorded that the fact increased from 685 million dollars in that the C. M. S. asked for no com- 1914 to three and a half billions in pensation greatly impressed the Chi- 1927. This phenomenal economic prognese authorities. What the Society did ress has been made in the face of fordo was to hold a great meeting for midable obstacles. The country is so prayer for China in the old Exeter mountainous and the weather so ad- Hall, and within the next four years ver,se that only one-sixth of the land they secured nearly fifty recruits for area of Japan is under cultivation. the Fukien Provinee.-C. M. S. Bul- The average farm covers only two and letin. one-half acres, and the crops are con- stantly imperiled by flood, drought, JAPAN-KOREA frost, hail, and typhoon. The ratio of population to the amount of arable Commission on Higher Education to land is the densest in the world, three times that of Germany or India, and Japan twelve times that of the United States. Moreover, the supply of essential raw REPEATED representations from materials is dangerously inadequate. Japan as to the urgency and de- -American Friend. sirability ·of the Educational Commission projected for that country pro- S:ignificant Items from Korea ceeding during this year have led the Committee of Reference and Counsel to ONE of the best taxi drivers in authorize a subcommittee to make ar- Seoul, as well as one of the most rangements for this Commission. The successful, is a young Korean woman. scope of the Commission will include She owns her own car. both collegiate and intermediate school education, and for both women and The average Church attendance is men. It will include theological edu- more than double the membership. cation as well. Effort is being made to secure Christian educators of outstand- The special emphasis which has been ing position in the United States who given Sunday school work is shown by will be competent to deal with the the fact that such schools have inproblems raised in the largest Chris- creased 227% and the membership tian spirit, as well as with the most 215%, in ten year,s. excellent educational background. Invitations have been issued to member- Aside from missionaries' salary and ship on the Commission, but none of travel expense, the cost to the mission these has yet been accepted. Plans for each new communicant received are proceeding for the financing of during the year, was about $74.00. the Commission's activities, and it is hoped that arrangements can be made Although the number of missionfor it to sail early in 1931. The sub- aries has increased only 34% in ten committee charged with the task of years, the number added on confession arranging for this matter consists of of faith has increased 159% in 1930 Dr. Robert E. Speer, Dr. John R. over the number received in 1920. Matt and Dr. R. E. Diffendorfer. During the ten years under con- sideration, the number of missionaries has increased 34% while the number

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of ordained native pastors increased the "Chauncey Maples," named after 73%. the bishop who lost his life in the lake after nineteen years' service, has been When figures call your attention to sailing the,se waters since 1901. Few the 62% increase in church buildings, craft, including the government boats, please remember that the Korea Mis- will face the perilous and choppy sion has nothing in its budget to as- crossings between the east and west sist in this work. The 57% added com- shores that the "Chauncey Maples" municants are responsible for these still regularly performs. This boat additional churches. was originally not only a means of transport but was used as a floating Perhaps the most encouraging single training college for African students. item in the accompanying comparison of results, is the increase in organized Innumerable are the smaller boats churches from 74 to 138 in ten years. used by practically every missionary -From the Rev. M. L. Swinehart, society. They cruise among the creeks Seoul, Korea. of West Africa, the coast of New Guinea, or, like Dr. Albert Schweit- AFRICA zer's "The Thank You," the gift of Sweden's women, they are to be seen A Successful Union in Sierra Leone on equatorial rivers.-H. W. Peet.

FOURAH BAY COLLEGE is a good Scientists Visit Moravian Station illustration of cooperation in Christian education. On the staff at pres- ON JULY 9 the whole body of the ent are four Anglicans, one Wesleyan, South African Association of one United Methodist, and one Bap- Science set out to visit the old-time tist; and the support comes from the Moravian Mission Station of Genaden- C. M. S., the Wesleyan Methodist So- dal, where some 4,000 colored folk pass ciety, a government grant, an African their lives in quiet content, cut off legacy, and college revenue. from the world at large.

An old student, who took last year As the fleet of twenty-five motorthe London B.A. degree, has further cars threaded its way thl'ough the vildistinguished himself by appearing at lage street, children ran to the roadthe head of the list in the first year side shouting, faces appeared at doors course at the College of Medicine of and windows, for never yet did such Durham University, and in conse- an avalanche of cars descend upon quence being awarded a scholarship. this peaceful settlement. The visitors Canon Horstead says that this success were received by the European minwas "achieved after the very minimum ister in charge. Here hundreds of the of science training in Africa and al- inhabitants of all ages congregated to most the minimum of time in Eng- be present at the arrival of "die geleland."-C. M. S. Outlook. erde mense" (the learned people). In homely language the minister wel- Missionary Boats in Africa comed the scientists, and gave a brief historical survey of the founding of NYASA in Central Africa may be a the settlement, which dates back to lake, but tough seamen will tell 1737. It is a curious coincidence that you they have been seasick on these the day of the visit, July 9, was the waters when they have never been ill anniversary of the actual date of the elsewhere. The first ship of peace to landing at the Cape, in 1737, of the sail on this lake was the "lIala," which first Moravian missionary. The min- Dr. Robert Laws, following Living- ister told of a certain oolored convert, stone's steps, took there in ,sections in a woman named Lena, who had proved 1875. The "lIala" is no more, but the to be a real "Lady with a lamp!" For "Charles Janson," relaunched on the many years when there was no Eurolake in 1885, is still in commi8sion pean pastor at the station she kept for the Universities' Mission to Central Africa. She sank two years ago, but was salvaged. Her bigger sister,

alive the light of the Gospel. The man who "had great authority" under little Bible given to her.by the depart- Queen Candace, who went to Jerusaing missionary in 1744 is still among lem "for to worship" and who on his the sacred treasures of the community. way back to Ethiopia went down into -From the Cape Times in Moravian the water with Philip and was bap- Missions. tized.-New York Times.

Haile Selassie, Emperor NORTH AMERICA I F THE Queen of Sheba could be- Cooperative Adult Edueation hold the million-dollar crowns of gold which were placed, October 21, I T IS interesting that the biggest coupon the heads of her reputed de- herent adult education enterprise scendants in Abyssinia, and witness in the United States concerns rural the ceremonious splendor of the hom- life. The Oooperative Extension Servage paid to her country that has now ice in Agriculture and Home Econombeen admitted to a seat among inde- ics, in every state in the Union, empendent nations, she might be expected ploys 5,800 trained men and women to exclaim, as she did in the presence who serve as agricultural agents, of Solomon's glory, that the half had borne demonstration agents and spenot been told her. But when it is re- ciaiists. The system, including the membered thllt one of her gifts to United States Department of Agricul- Solomon amounted to approximately ture and the state extension services $4,000,000, in addition to spices of in agriculture and home economics, great abundance and precious stones, has a total budget for this year of the crowns of gold and the Kaiser Wil- nearly $24,000,000. It includes not helm coach and the gifts which the only the paid professional staff, but Duke of Gloucester has borne from the also 273,000 volunteer leaders and layonly other Emperor in the West would teachers. The method of work is seem meager to her, however lavish in democratic; needs are appraised, prothe eyes of a modern democracy. grams are made and in large part car- ried out by men and women in the With all this Oriental show, the eyes businesses of farming and horne-makof the new Emperor look toward the ing. Action is coupled with learning. West. He is given credit for securing –Outlook of Missions. the admission ·of his country to the League of Nations and for bringing Lutheran Radio Programs slavery toward its end. He has introduced European teaching in the CONVINCED that religion can be schools of his capital and has sent made a vital concern to men even young Abyssinians to America and during the week, the Lutheran Church Europe for their education in Western is undertaking a new and ambitious ways. He has built roads and shown experiment in religious radio by initihospitality to modern enterprises and ating a series of religious mid-weekly Occidental ideas. broadcasts during the so-called "amusement hours." The program is Though Christianity was not adopt- known as the Lutheran Hour and goes ed before the fourth century, the first on the air over a thirty-four-station, dweller in that part of the world to coast-to-coast hook-up of the Columbia be baptized as a Christian was the Broadcasting System every Thursday treasurer of Queen Candace, whom night at ten o'clock Eastern time. Philip saw sitting and reading in his Other stations will be added in the near future. It is estimated that the chariot on the road to Gaza. So the cost of the project will be approxi- Emperor who kept vigil in meditation mately a quarter of a million dollars and prayer at St. George's Cathedral at a year. The necessary money is being Addis Ababa should have recalled in raised largely through free-will ofhis litany of thanksgiving not only the Queen of Sheba but also the nameless

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

fering,s by members 'Of the Lutheran nDt allow any liquor in their tDwn, Laymen's League and the InternatiDn- nDr would they gD to war. In the oode al Walther League, respectively the 'Of rules adDpted August, 1772, Article 'Official lay and YDuth organizatiDns 'Of 13 was as fDllDws: "We will nDt admit the Lutheran SynDdical CDnference 'Of rum Dr any 'Other intoxicating liquDrs North America. ND sDlicitation fDr intD our towns. If strangers Dr trad- funds will be 'Over the air during the ers bring intDxicating liquDr, the help- programs.-Ch~trchman. ers shall take it from them and nDt restore it until the 'Owners are ready Pioneer Mission in Ohio tD leave the place." A little later they T HE stDry 'Of the Moravian Indian adopted Article 19: "We will nDt gD Mission at Schoenbrunn is a 'StDry to war, and will nDt buy anything 'Of 'Of Christian herDism, rDmance, pathos warriDrs taken in war."-Joseph E.

and tragedy. We.inland, in Booklet.

TD David Zeisberger, John Hecke- welder and their brave coworkers, be- Government Recognizes Negro Educa- longs the credit of blazing the way tion T thrDugh the primeval fDrest, building HE American churches early recDg- nized that the emancipatiDn of the here the fiflst town in OhiD, and here establishing a piDneer center for the slaves brought upon them a special teaching and applicatiDn of the simple prDblem, a duty and an DPPDrtunity.

Gospel 'Of Christ. The Congregationalists, MethDdists, It was 'On May 3, 1772, that Zeis- Baptists, Presbyterians and others berger and a small cDmpany of Chris- have cultivated this field with intel- tian Indians arrived at the Big Spring, ligence, liberal gifts of money and and began the erectiDn of temporary cDnsecrated teachers, and with a large dwellings. On August 23d, an addi- measure 'Of success.

tiDnal cDmpany 'Of Indian converts and The Federal Government, on the their families, numbering over 200 other hand, has lagged behind the sDuls, arrived under the directi'on 'Of churches in fulfilling its educational the Rev. JDhn Heckewelder and the obligatiDn tD this handicapped pDpula- Rev. John Ettwein. At the end of the tiDn group. Yet there seems tD be a next year the tDwn oonsisted 'Of 60 new spirit mDving in WashingtDn, fDr hDuses of hewn timber, besides huts it is annDunced that the Secretary of and lodges; a church forty feet by the InteriDr, 'On the recDmmendation thirty-six feet, and a schDolhDuse. 'Of the Commissioner 'Of Education, has apPDinted a DirectDr 'Of Negro Educa- These Delaware Christian Indians tiDn. The appointee, a Negro, Dr. came with their missiDnaries frDm AmbrDse Caliver, is a native of Virtheir fDrmer MissiDn Towns in Penn- ginia, a graduate 'Of Knoxville CDllege, sylvania, which they had been forced and the University of Wisconsin. He tD vacate because 'Of the encroachments has studied at Tuskegee, Harvard, and 'Of unprincipled whites. Many of these Columbia, and has had broad experi- Indians had their faith tested again ence as a teacher and in social and and again by fire and sword, and thrill- civic work among his race. Until reing indeed will be the stDry of their cently he was dean of Fisk University. lDyalty to Christ amid all the persecutions they endured, when this story Secretary Wilbur of the Department is fully tDld. These rrllssionaries be- of the Interior, in announcing the lDnged to a bDdy which was Protestant creation of the new division of Negro befDre the Reformation. Education, outlines the activities which it will CDver as follows: In reality also the missionaries and their converts at Schoenbrunn formed In realizing these purpDses, the 'Office the first Temperance SDciety and the will endeavor to collect facts 'Of aU kinds first Peace Society west 'Of the Al- bearing directly on NegrD educatiDn, and leghenyMDuntains for they wDuld make pertiomc digests 'Of educatiDnal

literature dealing with or which may be December ses·sion, when it will elect of use to Negro education. The specialist a bishop. He adds: in this office will visit schools and communities throughout the country; make I can name six ordained Indian men contacts with school officials and others who, for India, could be bishops the equal who are interested in Negro education; of the average American bishop. Five attend and address meetings of educa- of these six could tour America and in tional and other organizations on topics the English language represent Indian relating to his specialty; and will act Methodism at its best and highest. They as consultant on Negro education with would be received in American homes, educators and others desiring his serv- institutions, and conferences as cultured, ices. In performing his duties the spe- intelligent and effective leaders. I could cialist will endeavor to confer with and name a second list of seven who under utilize the services of specially qualified the pressure of necessity, such as has persons in the various fields throughout arisen in all ages and organizations, the country; and will attempt to focus could take the task of episcopal leaderon the problems of Negro education all ship and do creditable service. These of the expert knowledge, techniques and two lists are actual and not imaginary. educational forces available in the na- I have carefully set down their names in tion. writing at my desk and have prayer- -Christian Advocate. fully considered their characteristics, in the light of my twenty-six years of Plans for Home Missions Congress knowledge of these men. Every forward- looking, free-minded, prominent Method- ANNOUNCEMENT has been made ist missionary or Indian, familiar with our Indian constitutency, could easily 1"1 of the arrangements for the guess the first six.

Nmth American Home Missions Con- -Christian Advocate. gress for which preparation has been made for nearly two years. The out- For_an Christian College Plans standing facts as outlined by Dr. William R. King, Executive Secretary, THE F'Orman Christian College at are as follows: Lah'Ore, India, has large plans for the future. The College has nearly The dates are December 1-5, 1930. eleven hundred students, forty-five The place of meeting is the Calvary professors and instructors, and occu- Baptist Church, Washington, D. C. pies a site of about fourteen acres in the center of the city. The Presby- The objectives are to consider what terian Church, U. S. A., and the Methis the home missions task, how it odist Episc'Opal Church (North) are should be administered, how it should united in the sUPP'Ort and management be promoted, and how the denomina- of the College. The new plans inv'Olve tions should cooperate in the task. transfer to a two hundred acre site 'On the 'Outskirts of the city ab'Out f'Our The attendance is to be limited to miles distant. The present pr'Operty about 500 official delegates and 300 as- is very valuable and the proceeds from sociate delegates, designated by the its sale are to be invested in the new denominations constituent to the plant. Ten halls 'Of residence will Home Missions Council, the Council house 600 students and there will be of Women for Home Missions and the about thirty residences for teachers. Federal Council of the Churches of The chapel will be the central build- Christ in America, the three bodies ing, and we earnestly hope that the under whose auspices the Congress is spirit of worship, fellowship and servto be held. ice will dominate the whole c'Ollege life. INDIA Lahore, the capital of the Punjab, Bishop-Tbnber in India is a rapidly growing city 'Of more than 300,000 pe'Ople. It is the greatest stu- BISHOP Fred B. Fisher, now sup- dent center in India outside of Cal- ply pastor (If First Church, Ann cutta. There are eight art college·s Arbor, Mich., formerly Bishop of Cal- and seven professional, with between cutta Area, opposes the suggestion that the Southern Asia Central Conference would do well to choose a missionary rather than a national at its

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

6,000 and 7,000 students. Forman Christians who are in a minority in College has about 600 Hindu, 250 Mo- the country. The Palestine Arah Ex- hammedan, 200 Sikh and 50 Christian ecutive, the memorial adds, has not students. We plan for no distinctions a right to act or speak in the name of any kind. Hindus, Moslems and of the Christians here.-New York Christians will live in the same dor- Times. mitories. If India's future depends upon leadeyship, then that leadership Islamic Disintegra.tion above all requires character. This is a day in which religion should be in- "THE solidarity of Islam" is an timately associated with education in expression which should never the training of Indian youth. be found in the thought or speech of Above all, the new college aims to a Christian missionary. Too often emphasize the need for Christ in each have church and convention platforms life-and in our common life and in been given to propagators of a spirit the national life of India. We desire of unbelief in the possibilities of work your prayers and your interest in the among Moslems by referring to Islam new Forman Christian College at La- as a "solid rock." Such an attitude is hore.-President Edmund D. Lucas in not conducive to faith, zeal and in- Women and Missions. vestment in the missionary enterprise.

Ta.gore on OpiUDl Curse Mohammedan leaders admit the lack of Islamic unity. Islam never will be I DEEPLY fet'll in my mind the shame united again. The dismembering of and sorrow of India at being made the Turkish Empire went far to break to act as an agent in smothering with down that religious cohesion of the moral poison the humanity of -some of Moslem world which was the secret of those great peoples whom, in a more its power. With the passing of fortunate period of her history, she Turkey from the place of Moslem leadsupplied with the healing gift of truth. ership went the potency of the Cali- And therefore, all the more gratefully phate. The writer was deeply im- I join my voice to the chorus of con- pressed several years ago by the demnation against the opium traffic message of an experienced missionary raised by the noble band of workers in Palestine who told about the diffiwho are -struggling to clean the his- culties encountered in preaching under tory of man of one of the darkest Turkish regime. Missionaries in that stains which is the most difficult one very locality have now all the opporto efface.-Rabindranath Tagore, Gen- tunities to preach that they can use, eva, Aug. 25, 1930. Letter to Captain and more. The veteran missionary Richmond P. Hobson, President of the hILS lived to baptize Moslem converts International Narcotic Education As- where formerly no man would speak sociation. to him about Christ.

WESTERN ASIA The wall of Moslem unbelief has not been broken down, of course, but there Christians Ask British Not to Quit are plenty of cracks in it. To -say that it still presents a solid front is no Palestine longer correct. Persia, the fair land that fell an early prey to the Moham- BEFORE Dr. Drummond Shiels, medan sword, is now the scene of a Under-Secretary for the Colonies, great spiritual movement. Hundred-s left Palestine October 15, the Society of Mohammedans have accepted Christ of Young Christians handed to him a as their Saviour. Other eastern counlong memorial in which they protested tries can testify that in them also "a against the Moslem demands fur the people for His Name" has been abolition of the British mandate in brought to the pierced feet of Jesus. Palestine. -John R. Turnbull in World Domin- ion. The Palestine Christians are greatly in faV'or of the British mandate because this is the only security for the

Turkey and Greeee Abandon War a people whose poverty allows only minimum demands upon the market. Holiday_ Meat is scarce because farmers slaugh- tered their cattle before entering the ASTEP .of special imp.ortance in in- collectives. Cattle are only 86 per ternati.onal affairs was taken re- cent of the pre-war stand. There is a cently by Greece and Turkey, when shortage of fish, for which one can they mutually agreed t.o discontinue find no real explanation. It is almost h.olidays in their respective c.ountries impossible t.o obtain shoes because which had been Clevel.oping ill-will and hides are as scarce as meat. Furniture hatred. Since the reoccupati.on of seems available only in -second hand Smyrna by the Turks in 1922, each an- markets, and the indescribable assortniversary .of the capture has been ment of "junk" on sale in such markets widely observed in western Turkey. reveal how much little beyond bare ne- The day revived memories of the cessities in food and clothing is being Grreco-Turkish war; it made fresh produced in Russia. old hatreds and in general became a grand time to rattle the sabre. Greece, A woman physician whose income on her part, had a day of mourning amounts to fifty-five dollars per month, for the loss of Smyrna when, again, and whose real income after dues, fuel was piled on the flames of the taxes and forced government loans are old Turko-Greek feud. But the two na- subtracted is only twenty-seven doltions have liquidated their differences lars, reports that she must hire a maid and -signed a treaty of friendship. The for the purpose of standing in food two governments have further dis- lines for her and she estimates that cussed h.oW t.o devel.oP closer relations. it requires six hours per day to secure Since these tW.o h.olidays tended t.o only bare necessities.-Christian Cenbuild ill-will rather than g-o.od-will it tury. was mutually agreed to di-scontinue them after this year. Dr. Mott'. Conferences in Great That such a move can be made in the Britain Near East speaks much f.or the new mentality that is developing there. It DR. JOHN R. MOTT'S report of his is another illustration that practical experiences in Great Britain in -statesmen, even where .such bitter- meeting -students and laymen interestness has reigned between national and ed in missionary work-indicates that religious groups, can appreciate the the field problems which are giving nece&sity of building constructively most concern to the British boards infor peace.-Christian Century. cluded education and literature, and the evangelistic m.ovements in Japan, EUROPE China and India. Some of the prob- lems that emerged m.ost strongly in his Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr on Runia many conferences with both the stu- dent and lay groups were: rfHE doubts which arise in the minds .of foreign observers, among How to develop a dependable eco- nomic base for what we see coming. which we consulted many technicians and specialists whom Russia is em- How to get more of tlie front line ploying by the hundreds, relate to the men and women to hear the call and reefficiency rather than the energy with spond. which the Russian experiment is being undertaken. A superficial view How to give an adequate interpretaof the RU&sian scene seems in fact to tion that will arrest the attention and yield one outstanding impression of stir the whole being of the people who inefficiency. The endless queues of must be lifted and moved if we are waiting people bef.ore every store to accompli.sh greater things. show that producti.on and distributi.on are inadequate even to the needs of How can we enlist the men and women of largest affairs who have Christian relationship but are now

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

negligible as a force in this work of bility for maintenance and supervision Christ. of the schools is thus incumbent upon the church. How to multiply the number of apologetic pens and voices for a time ISLANDS like this. Lepers at Oulion. Philippines Dr. Mott stressed very strongly the feeling that he found again and again No MORE called the Island of Death the great desirability of a larger de- it is now named both privately gree of unity and cooperation in mis- and in the press, "The Island of Hope." sion work. And we are glad to notice, that in- stead of being brought by main force, Jugoslarian Ohureh Stabilized as in the days gone by, patients ask to be sent here; so many more seem to THE church situation in Jugoslavia recover in Culion than in any of the has been stabilized through the pas- other leprosariums. Of course with sage of the new law signed by the the number of doctors and nurses and King, chartering both Lutheran and all the best facilities both as to hos- Reformed churches. The charter calls pitalization and general treatment, for the estabJi.shment of independent and with an unexcelled laboratory, it Lutheran organizations using the Ger- ought to be so. Millions have been exman tongue Jind the Slovak tongue, the pended in equipment. Protestant Church 'outside of the Lutheran being established as a single The physical aspects of the colony Reformed unit. have also materially improved, more adequate housing and much better Particular features of the new law buildings are being added constantly, include the right of the Church to ac- and the new roads are opening the quire and hold property, the granting island's interior, so that a good many to the Lutheran Church of the Augs- autos, mostly converted into jitneys, burg Confession a periodical subsidy are giving the people a chance to get from the State, the amount of which away from the rather crowded center must be recommended by the church of Culion, and this has added to the authorities to the Ministers of Finance general well-being. and Education for inclusion in the budget of the Government. Church We have for some years had two buildings, structures used f,or humani- country chapels for those of our memtarian and cultural purposes, the bers that have moved out, and the bi.shop's headquarters and parish number is steadily growing, though houses and parsonages are exempt it does not seem to affect the number from all taxes and imposts. The elec- attending the main church. tion of the head of the Church must be corufirmed by the King. The pas- Many of our best workers have been tors are exempt from any sort of civil able to return to their homes this year. service which may be considered in One dear deaconess had brought 19 opposition to the teachings of their re- souls to Christ in the two years since ligion. she was converted, and the others had all been used to the measure of their Religious instruction is imparted by gifts. One deaconess has been able to the pastor and, in case there is no pas- bring her whole family and many tor, by an acknowledged teacher of the neighbors to Christ, since she returned Lutheran faith. The Minister of Edu- home. Others are writing hopefully cation outlines a plan for religious in- of their efforts in the same direction struction in agreement with the stand- from a number of provinces. Thank ards of the Board of Education. The God, while we miss them greatly here, creation of parochial schools is de- the Lord is using them elsewhere, and termined by the church authorities He gives us the privilege of always subject, naturally, to confirmation by having eagerly attended training the Ministry of Education. Responsi- classes for new workers. One brother,

an elder, was a long while Sunday- work has prospered and made an school superintendent in his home amazingly large contribution to the church, and has been offered the pas- Oriental life of Hawaii. Within the torate. From Davao in the south to past ten year,s, 2,680 adults and 7,010 the furtherest part of the north they children have been baptized, and go, and God goes with them. We are $364,000 actually invested in church so thankful for the privilege God gives and parsonage property, a considerus to bring these dear ones to Him and able portion of that sum being raised to prepare them to be living witnesses locally.-Jay S. Stowell, in the Chrisfor ,our Master.-P.F. Jansen, in The tian Advocate. Philippine Presbyterian. GENERAL Missions in Hawaii " 0 "One Book for All People" NE Book for All People" is the ON A day in April 1820, there ap- theme for Universal Bible Sun- peared off the shores of the Sand- day, which occurs this year on Dewich Islands a boat carrying fourteen cember 7. The American Bible So- Congregational missionaries. Within ciety has mailed to thousands of pasthree months of their arrival they had tors throughout the United States the king himself reading the New an interesting brochure on this theme. Testament in English, and in a short by the Rev. James I. Vance, D.D., pastime, with the aid of a passing mis- tor of the First Presbyterian Church sionary from the South Sea Islands, of Nashville. Universal Bible Sunday they had reduced the native language aims through directing attention to to writing, and the printing press its notable passages, its majestic literwith which they were equipped was ature, and its sacred message to deturning out not only Webster's spell- velop a greater dependence upon it ing book in English, but an Hawaiian recognizing it to be preeminently the primer, the Sermon on the Mount, the "One Book for All People." Gospels, and finally the entire New Testament in the Hawaiian language. Faith and Order COllllllittee Meet The forty years of Hawaiian history THE Continuation Committee of the following 1860 were for the most part Faith and Order Conference conyears of reaction and change. In 1862 vened in Murren, Switzerland, August more than one-third of the Hawaiians 26-29. Strong men, and busy men, were church members; forty years were there who were willing to give later (1902) only one-tenth. In the their time and thought in serious busimeantime, large numbers of non- ness. Whatever lethargy and indif- Christian Orientals had found their ference to Faith and Order there may way to Hawaii, particularly after be among the rank and file of the 1876, when a reciprocity treaty with Christian communions, there is no the United States rendered the sugar doubt of the earnestness and strength industry profitable. At that time the of conviction on the part of some of total population of the islands was the great leaders of Christendom toonly about 57,000, the Hawaiians hav- day. From the prominent communions, ing greatly decreased in numbers, a east and west, Orthodox and Free circumstance which should not be Church, came men who believed in charged to the missionaries, as the this thing and who,se spirit could not native decrease had been amazing dur- be quenched by temporary repulses or ing the forty-two years of pre-mission- delays. One could not meet and hear ary contact with the white man',s dis- these men without being conscious of eases and vices. their earnestness, vision, courtesy and For a generation now the Methodist faith-yes and their infinite patience Episcopal Church has been specializ- and love. . . . Unanimously it was de- .'i~g in Oriental work in Hawaii. The cided to begin plans looking forward

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

to another world conference to be held The Life and Work Committee not later than 1937. It was the most important action at MUrren. This is THE meeting at Chexbres, Switzer- a spur to the investigations of the land, in September, of the Continu- various commissions now at work. It ation Committee of the Stockholm will focus the attention of the Chris- Conference 'On Christian Life and tian world on this quest for unity- Work, was attended by more than 75 in which quest some of us believe with representatives of world-wide church all our hearts.-Bishop Warren L. Rog- groups. The Lord Bishop of Win- ers, in The Churchman. chester, acting as chairman of the Executive Committee, played a very Eva Clark Waid Memorial Fund for important role. The Lord Bishop of Chichester, Dr. Bell, whose services as World Peace Secretary of the Lambeth Conference alone would entitle him to wide recog- THE Eva Clark Waid Memorial nition, likewise contributed mU.£h. So Fund for World Peace, which the did many others, including Bishop Am- Council of Women for Home Missions mundsen of Denmark (this year's is raising, has been growing through preacher at the League of Nations), the summer months but is yet far Archibishop SOderblom of Sweden, Dr. from the $10,000 goal. Now that the William P. Merrill, Bishop Warren S. busy season for Christian work is Rogers and Dr. S. Parkes Cadman of here again, friends .of the cause of the United States, Professor Wilfred peace may show their love and loyalty Monod and Pastor J ezequel of France, by sending a gift to add to resources Dr. Adolf Deissmann, Dr. Stange, Dr. for spreading knowledge of the ac- Siegmund-Schultze and Dr. Hinderer c'Omplishments and things yet to be of Germany, Professor Alivasatos of accomplished in the establishment of Greece, Professor Choisy of Switzer- peace on earth and goodwill to men. land, and Dr. G. F. Barbour of Scot- land. It was a meeting in which, in Wars and rumors of war from near spite of many debates revealing dif- at hand and from the utterm'Ost part ferences, practically all important ac- of the earth bring to us a realization tions were finally unanimous. that the "King's business requireth haste." This part 'Of "the King's busi- As its name implies, the Life .and ness" can be best furthered by edu- Work Movement, which came into be- cating people away from war psy- ing through the memorable conference ch'Ology to thoughts of peace. at Stockholm in 1925, concentrates on the practical tasks of the churches. One of the finest agencies to ac- In it practically all of Protestantism, complish the desired result is the Na- the Anglican churches, and the Orthoti.onal Committee on the Cause and dox bodies of Europe are united to a Cure of War, which will hold its next degree nowhere else realized in of- Conference in Washington from Janu- ficial bodies. ary 19th to 22d. At that time the absence of our afore-time leader, Mrs. What the League of Nations is in Waid will be felt keenly. Her wise the realm of politics, the Life and judgment, brilliant mind and buoyant Work Movement must become in .the faith will be s'Orely missed. It would realm of church cooperation. The cause be a real satisfaction to lovers of of peace, as well as the all-embracing world peace, and to her personal cause of the Kingdom, demands infriends as well, if the announcement creasing practical m.oves in the direcof the completion of the fund -bearing tion of this kind of international her name could be made at that time. Christian cooperation. Its cost is re- latively small; its product is already Gifts, large or small, may be sent significant; its promise is distinctly to the Council of Women for Horne heartening to lovers of the universal Missions, 105 East 22d Street, New Christ.-Henry S. Leiper. York.-Florence E. Quinlan, Secretary.

WORTH

Any books mentioned in theBe columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

G. Campbell Morgan, the Man and His Prayer. By W. E. Orchard. 135 pp. Ministry. By John Harries. 252 pp. $1.25. Harper. New York. $2.50. Revell. New York. There cannot be too many good Campbell Morgan is one of the nota- books on prayer. And this is a good ble preachers of this generation. No one. The famous London preacher has other living minister has been heard some peculiar ideas on other subjects, by more people of all denominations but this little volume shows that he and in a larger number of cities in knows prayer. He discusses its phi- America and Great Britain. He repre- losophy, practice and power, its thesents a type of which Protestantism oretical and practical difficulties, and does not have enough and for which, the various forms of intercessory, unfortunately, it makes no official pro- mental and mystical prayer. He brings vision-namely a mini,ster of excep- the reader into the inner chamber of tional pulpit power, freed from the Christian experience, face to face with parochial exactions of a local pastorate Christ. The book can be carried in a and devoted to a ministry at large. pocket and read with profit at a;}y Great preachers are few and should available time. not be monopolized by rich city congregations but should be used for a wider Affirmations of Christian Belief. By Herapostolic ,service for the inspiration bert Alden Yantz, Ph.D., 114 pp. $1.00. of many pastors and congregations Macmillan. New York. throughout the country. This is a small but weighty book The present volume describes such by the professor of the philosophy of a ministry. It can hardly be called a religion and Christian ethics in the dispassionate biography, nor, as its Graduate School of Theology in Obersubject is still living, a complete one. lin College. The sub-title is "Essays The writer is an enthusiastic admirer Toward Understanding Spiritual Perof Dr. Morgan and he can see only sonality." In six thoughtful and sugperfection in him. He has given us, gestive chapters, the author state,s the however, a remarkably interesting nar- beliefs that he firmly holds and that rative of a man whose natural gifts he deems essential to an understandfor public speaking, he began to ing of the Gospel of Jesus. Not all preach at the age of thirteen, have the essential affirmations of Christian been developed and supplemented by belief, but those that ani discussed hard and unremitting study. Dr. Mor- are helpfully treated.

gan is preeminently an expository Life of PhlIllps Brooks. By William Lawpreacher, and hundreds of thousands rence. 151 pp. $2. Harper. New have found their hearts burning with- York.

in them as he has opened to them the Phillips Brooks was one of the most Scriptures in Sunday sermons and influential Christian leadens of his in week day conferences and Bible generation, and his influence still classes. In his sixty-eighth year he abides. He was big in person, in heart, is apparently as vigorous and eloquent in brain, and in spiritual force. He as ever. We are grateful to Mr. Har- could not have a more competent biogries for this graphic account of a rapher than his distinguished succes- great evangelical ministry. sor in the Episcopal diocese of Mas- 960

BOOKS WORTH READING

sachusetts. BishQP Lawrence bas of thQse given under Missions. How- written with sympathetic recognition ever, if one desires to' know the opin- of the great gifts of his subject. One ions of the famous and the less known, rises from the perusal -of this admir- (such as Bishop Kilgo, Harrahan, able biography with a fuller under- John Plato, Raans, BiederwQlf and standing Qf a remarkable preacher, Coolidge) the bQok may be Qf inter- and with a strengthened faith in the est. A redeeming feature is the fact beauty and power of the Gospel that he that all of the qUQtations are con- so eloquently proclaimed. To him, structive and nQt destructive of faith "religion," says Bishop Lawrence, in the GQspel and its PQwer untO' sal- "instead Qf being a phase of life, a vation. S. M. ZWEMER.

creed, or a system Qf theQlogy, was The Korean Church and the Nevins Meth- life itself; a power transfusing and ods. By Charles Allen Clark. 278 pp. trans1iguring the whole personality." $2.50. Revell. New York.

Mahatma Gandhi-His Own Story. Edited The authQr is prQfessQr in the by C. F. Andrews, 371 pp. $2.50. Mac- Union Theological Seminary at Pyengmillan. New York. yang. As a Presbyterian missiO'nary Whatever differences Qf QpiniDn who has lived in Korea for twenty- there may be regarding the wisdQm seven years, he has participated in Df his methDds, nO' Dne can dDubt the most of the movements described in character and the single-hearted de- his treatise.

vQtion to' an ideal of this extraDrdinary Two things make this an important man. Dr. J Qhn Haynes Holmes, of volume for friends and students of New York, whO' writes an Introduc- mISSIons. In the first place, it deals tion of eighteen pages, goes sO' far with Korea, a field where missions as to characterize him "as Qne Qf the have had marked -success. A history supremely great persDnalities not only .of the NatiQnal Presbyterian Church Df his own but of all time." Many is given, tracing its development frQm bOQks and innumerable articles have 10,000 to 160,000 members in thirty been written abQut him, and nQW we years. The story of the remarkable have "his Qwn stQry," edited by his growth Df this Church in self-gQvern- c1Qse friend and devQted disciple, C. ment, self-support, and self-propaga- F. Andrews. It is a human dDcument tiQn shQuld be an inspiratiQn to all whO'

of absorbing interest, not only re- are interested in the spread of the counting the outward events of Gand- Christian faith.

hi's life but disclDsing his mQtives, In the second place, this volume his aspirations, and indeed the very treats fully the much-discussed "Nevi- SQul of this remarkable leader 'Of mil- us Methods." Since the success of the liDns Qf men and worrien. The book KQrea MissiDn is attributed largely is Dne of the nDtable autDbiographies to their use, students Qf missions will of literature. wish to benefit from this careful docu- mented study. D. J. FLEMING. The World's Best Religious Quotations. By James Gilchrist Lawson. 192 pp. $2.00. Revell. New York. This Believing World. By Lewis Browne. 347 pp. $1.00. Macmillan. This is a disapPO'inting bQDk in many ways. The aim of the authQr Written in 1926 by a yQung rabbi has not been attained. Some Qf the of 29 years, this bOQk on "the great qUQtatiDns are inaccurate, SQme un- religions of mankind," has been re- printed 16 times and is nQW reissued labeled, and, in SDme extraordinary in this cheaper editiO'n. It is brilcases, mislabeled. The adjective, re- IigIQus, is too narrow fDr the scope of liantly written, but frDm a Christian viewpoint it is very unsatisfactory, as the CQntents. Under Bible, Christ, and might be expected from a rationalistic Sin, the quotatiDns are cO'mmonplace Jew who rejects everything superand nQt arresting. The same is true natural in the Old Testament as well 6

as in the New and who sees in Jesus and reverent gratitude 'Of vanished only a man of "extraordinary person- worshippers and make any page alive ality." with them 1" the author modestly asks. Well, he has done it beyond any Glimpses of Grandeur. By Frank Dur- other writer .on this subject with mard Adams. 234 pp. $2. Harpers. which we are acquainted. The book New York. is notable for its range of thought, its accuracy of scholarship, its catholicity The author, who is minister of the of ,spirit, and its beauty of diction. Universalist Church of Our Father in Detroit, here attempts to make real Ten Thousand Miles With a Dog Sled. and vivid the earthly life of Jesus. Hudson Stuck, D.O., F.R.G.S. Sec- He says that his "primary purpose has ond Edition. 420 pp. $4.00. Scribbeen, not to produce another formal ners. New York. biography of Jesus, but rather to present a series of consecutive pictures Missionary itinerating, with its throwing into sharp relief the most hardships and perils and 'yet its JQYs significant scenes and characteristics and its values, has never been more of His ministry." In doing this he interestingly portrayed than in this has used his imagination in enlarging bQok. The author is the Archdeacon incidents and filling in backgrounds. of the YukQn, of the Protestant Epis- There is an occasional opinion from copal Church. For many years he has which we dissent, but the general tone ranged over the vast region in the of the book is reverent and devout and interior of Alaska with his message the author has evidently sought to ex- of the love of God in Christ. His alt Christ. narrative is a stirring 'One, abounding in informatiQn, in incident, in graphic Procession of the Gods. By Gaius Glenn description and in evidences of the Atkins. 577 pp. $3.00. Richard R. blessing that the Gospel brings to Smith. New York. lonely, isolated people. This is an exceptionally interesting The first edition was published in book on the religions of the world, by 1914. As it was n'O longer obtainable a minister who, after successful pas- and as the demand for it was renewed, torates of Congregational churches in this second edition has now been is- Providence and Detroit, is now pro- sued. It is a volume of permanent fessor in the Presbyterian Theological value, an epic in missionary literature, Seminary in Auburn, N. Y. His f'Or- a tQnic to faith, and an unconscious mer volumes, notably "Pilgrims 'Of but none the less splendid witness t.o the Lonely Road," "Modern Religious missionary devotion. Cults and Movements," and "The Making of the Christian Mind," have taken A BUSINESS OF YOUR OWN high rank in religious literature, and this one, we think, is destined to be- Material depression turns people's mind to things come a classic on the subject. With spiritual. Our country needs WHOLICSOME and rare insight he portrays man's faiths CHRISTIAN books. We publish and import them. and superstitions and aspirations and We list ONLY books which are true to Bible. gropings after God from "the dark Some 600 titles in Fiction. Fine Religious Books. and the dawn" through Egypt, Baby- AGENTS WANTED in ALL SECTIONS. BIG lon, Nineveh, Persia, Greece, Rome, COMMISSION. ASK for CATALOGUES. Arabia, India and China, to the su- TERMS. etc. preme revelation by the prophets and apostles of Palestine and the incarna- WM. B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING CO. tion of Jesus of Nazareth. It is a 234 Pearl Street, Grand Rapids, Mich. moving story of the struggles of the human spirit, "if haply they might SOMETHING NEW! feel after Him and find Him." "How Syat_atlcDailyBeadiagCards can one recapture the awe and fear NBW ~ S~stftJt l!!..nas;s to Rev.ratio.. How to read your Bible once each year in 16 min~ otes a day. A PRACTICAL GIFT to Your Friends.

eo_plete Set – Priee $1.00 FREE DiseounttoDealers. AgelluWanted SAMPLE BIERMAN P. 8TlEINBOBN, DirirlIJufor Addl'essP.O.BOX ARP.7n CHICAGO, ILL.

Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers. OOMING EVENTS Norah's Victory. L. A. Barter-Snow. 262 pp. 28. 6d. Pickering & Inglis. December 7-UNIVERSAL BIBLE SUNDAY. London.

November 30-December 5–NORTH AMER- Nella. J. Goldsmith Cooper. 159 pp. ICAN HOME MISSIONS CONGRESS, Is. 6d. Pickering & Inglis. London. Washi!lgton, D. C. 'Orpheus, Myths of the World. Padraic December 11_12-INTERDENOMINATIONAL Colum. 327 pp. $5. Macmillan. New CONGRESS ON MEN's WORK, Cincin- York. nati, Ohio. 'Old Chickweed. E. A. Bland. 220 pp. January 3-10-FIRST ANNUAL NATIONAL 28. Pickering & Inglis. London. CONVENTION OF EVANGELISTS AND CHRISTIAN WORKERS, Moody Memo- l'rocession of the ·Gods. Gaius Glenn A t- rial Church, Chicago, Ill. kins. 577 pp. $3. R. R. Smith. New York. January 13-COMMITTEE OF REFERENCE AND COUNSEL, Atlantic City, N. J. The l'reacher and His Missionary Message. Stephen J. Corey. 221 pp. Cokesbury January 13-16-FOREIGN MISSIONS CON- Press. Nashville. FERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA, Atlan- tic City, N. J. ………………………………………………

January 19-22, 1931-CONFERENCE ON Are You Sick? THE CAUSE AND CURE OF WAR, Wa&hington, D. C. Are You Discouraged?

January 20-21, 1931-COUNCIL OF Are You Financially CHURCH BOARDS.OF EDUCAT~ON, In- Distressed? dianapolis, Ind.

NEW BOOKS Affirmations of Christian Belief. Herbert YOU NEED Alden Yantz. 114 pp. $1. Macmil- lan. New York. GOD aDd MAN Community Religion and the Denomina- A Devotional Manual for Daily Use tional Heritage. J. R. Hargreaves and others. 150 pp. $1. Harpers. New By BLAIR SCOTT York. ~ It reveals to you the spiritual law of God, Mahatma Gandhi-His 'Own Story. Edited "Lunder which the Master met and overcame by C. F. Andrews. 371 pp. $2.50. Macmillan. New York. all beliefs of the flesh and particularly those of SUPPLY AND HEALTH. Glimpses of Grandeur. Frank Durmard Adams. 234 pp. $2. Harpers. New (Pages 22, 23. 24) York. For Bible References, recording God's available Hinduism Invades America. Wendell SPIRITUAL SUPPLY, UNLIMITED Thomas. 300 pp. $3. Beacon Press. SUPPLY AND CONTINUED SUPPLY. New York. (Pages 12I.13z) Hands Aronnd the World. Archer Wal- lace. 134 pp. $1. R. R. Smith. New For Bible References, bestowing Christ's HEAL. York. ING POWER ON ALL WHO BELIEVE.

Indian Islam. Murray '1'. Titus. 250 (Pages III'II3) pp. $4.50. Oxford University Press. New York. Whatever your problem– THIS BOOK Life of l'hillips Brooks. William Law- rence. 515 pp. $2. Harpers. New By the Grandson of Walter Scott York. Unveils your God-given heritage of Dominion Lettice Martyn's Crusade. Flora E. Berry. Limp, Rouad Coraers, 'I.SO 255 pp. 28. Pickering & Inglis. Lon- don. :—– ORDER BLANK G. Campbell Morgan, the Man and His SEND TO YOUR BOOKSELI ER. or Ministry. John Harries. 252 pp. $2.50. Revell. New York. FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY, 158 Fifth Avenue, New York. "Ma," the Heroine of Calabar-A Biog- raphy of Mary Slessor. Esther E. Please send me, postpaid cop_ _ Enoch. Is. Pickering & Inglis. Lon- GOD AND MAN, by Blair Scott. don. Name __________________________ Merry and Sherry. M. E. Drewson. 96 pp. 18. 3d. Pickering & Inglis. Lon- A d d u : s s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ don. enclosed.

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The Missionary Review of the World — January 1930

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I DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor CONTENTS January, 1930 Paye FRONTISPIECE-DELEGATES TO THE HAVANA CONGRESS. 5 A. THOUGHT FOR THE NEW YEAR •.•.•…….•……….. NOTABLE EVENTS OF 1929 .•..••……….•…•..•…….. , ……… . (l CONDITIONS IN THE NEAR EAST ………••…•••..•……•……… Robf.wt E. Speer 7 OUTSTANDING EVENTS OF 1929 FROM THE VUHVPOI.'lT Ol.' 'l'f[E l.'TERXJ,TIOYAL .MISSIONARY COUNCIl• . • • • • • • • • . . . • . • . • . . • • • . • • . • • . . • . . . . . . – _ . . . . . . . . . • . . A. L. Warnshuis ~) SIGNIl?ICANT EVENTS DI AMERICAN BO.-1RO MTSSIO:!';S • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . • . • • • • • . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lVaUam R. Strong nnd Ern cst W. Riggs 11 l10VEMEN'fS IN JAPAN AND CHOSE:S •••.•••••.••••••.•…•.•••.••• • John R. Edwards 13 A NEW PLAN IN THE METHODIST EPISCOPAl, CHl:RCII HorTH •.••••••••• W. W. Pinson 14 MORAVIAN AlrSSION IN NICAItAGUA Paul • . • • . • • • . • • . . • • . • • 0.00 ••••••••• deSchwei1dtz 15 U. Smith 16 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE S . . " " , E g b e r t lV, 0 0 • • • • • 0 0 0 • • 0 • • 0 • • 0 • • • • • REFORMED CHURCH IN 'l'HE Ul'IOITED STATF.S 4Ucn. •••.••••••. 0 ••••••• R. BftJrthoZomew 17 BAPTIST If'OREIGN MISSION SOCIETY .Joseph • • • • • • • • • • • 0 •• 0 •• 000 •••••• , . 0 O. RQ-bbins 18 WOMAN'S B;PTIST FOREIGN MISS[O)l SOCIE'fY 0,' 0 •••••••••••••••• Minll·ie V. Sandbern 20 REFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA ••••••..•••. , . , ' , . " . , . 0 • , •• lVilUam Io Oham1)erlain 21 WORI{ OF THE HOME MISSIONS COUNCIL ••••••••••••••. 0 •••••••••• • 1VUUam R. King 28 HOME M ISSIONARY -VORK OD' P}R~EXSTHEY~'lR'EHI)U~A N ' YOl ltE N ..•…. 0 •Fl, P•IS• CMOP..K.Ia~. t herine B enne tt 24 HOME M ISSIONS AN D CHU RCH IN TH E M m'fnODIST CHURC H •••• • : . . . . • . . . • . • • . . •• . • • . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jay S. Stowell 25 MISSIONS O~"' THE PRESBYTERIAN CTIL'RCII IN THE D. S. A. Al[(l~G THE MORMONS ..•••. •.•. ••……..•• . •. ….. .'.V.O.~..l.A.N.'.S . …… . , " ., .. , … , .Andrew J. M011tgomery 20 SIXTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FoREIGN 27 CHURCH … _.. _…………….. _… _….. l[rSSIOSARY SOCIETY OF aT.HaE. M. E. Peale _.. _………….. Mr•.

BAPTIST HOllIE MISSION SOCIETY ………. . …… ahar!es L. White 29 THE CHRIST OF TIlE AMERICAN ROAD _… _…. _…………… _ahar/c. L. Goodel! 31 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CHRISTIAN WORK IN ALASIC~ …… Herbert Bo<>th Smith 35 ……….. – – – – _Otis Oary 4~ THE FIRST MISSIONARY TO SAIL FHO:lr AMERICA PROPOSED UNION IN SOU~'I1 INDIA… . ….. . A,-thul' J. Brow" 43 LIVING BEYOND SPIRITUAl, INCO~[E …………………… . . Danie! J. Fleming 45 DEATH OF ~!RS. A. F. SeJIAUIOFJ,ER …. ___ .. _……… _… _………… _…….. 46 TOPICS OF TIm TIMES ………… . ………………………. – ……… , 48 EDITOR'S VISIT TO ASIA. "'l'HE BEST MISS[ON 8Tl'OY BOOI(S." SCOPE Ol!' MOlHtlRN ~"'OREIGN MISSIONS.

METHODS FOR WORli:J<:mS •……………………… EDIT"D BY MRS. F. 1. JOHXSO," 51 WOMAN'S FORJlJIGN MISSION BULI,E~'IN ……..•…… EDITED BY Fr.ORE"CE G. TYLER 56 WOMAN'S nOME MISSION BULLE'rT~ . . . . . . . . . 0 ••• 0 .EorrED pY Ii"'r.ORENC:Fl E. QeINf,AN 59 WORLD-WIDE OUTI,OOK …….•………………………………………….. 62 BOOKS WORTH READING …………..•.•……….••……………………… 78 TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies, 25 cents. published monthly. Copyrighted, 1928, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All rights reserved.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

ROBERT E. SPEER, President WJtL I~ CHAMBERr.AIN, Vice-President DELAVAN L. 'PrERSON, 8ecretQJry Publication omc., 3d & Reily Sts., Harrisburg, WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer Pa. 25c a copy. $2.50 a year. Editorial and Business Office, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City Entered as second-cIa•• matter at the Post Of1;ce, Harrisburf', Pa., under Act of Marcb 3. lR79. OBITUARY NEW BOOKS MR. FRANK M. BROCKMAN, for 20 years Western Money and the Chinese Church. Frank Rawlinson. 71 pp. 25c. Presthe senior secretary of the Y. M. C. A. byterian Missionary Press. Shanghai. in Korea died June lOth, at Princeton, 1929.

N. J. His work in Korea was conspic- Burning Beauty. Temple Bailey. $2. uous in his ability to hold the confidence 318 pp. Penn Pub. Co. Philadelphia.' 1929. of both Japanese and Koreans during The Church at Work. Clarence H. Bentense political antagonism. son. 155 pp. $1.25. Bible Institute of Los Angeles. 1929. • .. * The Drama of Christianity. S. L. Morris. THE REV. EDWARD BAXTER RILEY, a 147 pp. Presbyterian Committee of Publication. Richmond. 1929. worker for 27 years of the London Mis- The Lesson Round Table. Sunday-school sionary Society in Papua, died recently lessons for 1930. Edited by Richard D. Dodge. 359 pp. $1.25. Cokesbury in Australia. His book, "Among Papuan Press. Nashville. 1929. Head Hunters," is a valuable study in Making a New China. No Yong Park. folk lore. * .. 308 pp. $2.50. Stratford Press. Bos- ton. 1929. THE REV. FRANKLIN PIERCE LAWYER, Posture and Hygiene of the Feet. Philip Methodist missionary in Mexico for 28 Lewin. 47 pp. 30 cents. Funk & Wagnalls. New York. 1929. years, died at Inglewood, Cal., October The Story of Musa. Mary Entwistle. 84 4th. .. * .. pp. $1. Friendship Press. New York. 1929. JAMES CLARENCE OGDEN, of Tibet, died Eugene Stock: A Biographical Study. August 28th, at Hollywood, California. Georgina A. GoIlock. 193 pp. 3s. 6d. Church Missionary Society. London. Mr. Ogden joined the Sheltons in Tibet 1929.

in 1905. **~ Unpaid Ministry. James S. Mather. 24 pp. 25 cents. "Robert" Press. Co- PERSONALS lombo. 1929.

THE REV. CHARLES W. ABEL, of Kwato, Where East Meets West in China.. Char- New Guinea, arrived in New York in lotte Bacon. 96 pp. 2s. Sd. Marshall, November to spend several months in Morgan and Scott. London. 1929. America. He went to Papua 35 years ago, and was associated with James Chalmers who was killed by cannibals.

* ..

THE REV. JOHN RITCHIE, after 23 years of strenuous missionary service in Lima, Peru, has accepted an appointment in New York on the Committee of Co- operation in Lati..n A•me*rica.

MR. FRANK A. HORNE has been chosen COMING EVENTS to head the new Layman's Advisory Council of the Federal Council of .. . .. Churches of Christ in America.

THE REV. A. H. McKINNEY, D.D., vet- January 8-10-HoME MISSIONS CoUNCIL eran superintendent of the New York AND COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME City Mission Society, retired at the end of the year, and was succeeded by THE MISSIONS, Atlantic City, N. J. January 11-14-FEDERATION OF WOMAN'S REV. WILLIAM R. JALLIFFE, who was BOARDS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS, Atcalled from an associate pastorate of the lantic City, N. J. . Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church, .. New York.. . January 14-17-FOREIGN MISSIONS CON- FERENCE, Atlantic City, N. J.

THE REV. ROBERT M. HOPKINS, D.D., January 14-17-CONFERENCE ON THE a General Secretary of the World's Sun- CAUSE AND CURE OF WAR, Washday-school Association, is in the Orient in conference with the leaders of Sunday- ington, D. C. school Associations of Japan, Korea, January 19-26-T E NTH ANNIVERSARY CONVENTION OF OHIO CoUNCIL OF China, and the Philippines. CHURCHES, <!olumbus, Ohio. .. * .. February 20-23-CONFERENCE OF MED- ICAL MISSIONARIES, Clifton Springs, THE REV. P. W. PHILPOTT, D.D., pastor of the Church of the Open Door, Los N. Y. Angeles, CaL, has accepted the presi- February 25-27-NATIONAL STUDY CONdency of the Africa Inland Mission, to succeed the late Dr. R. A. Torrey. FERENCE ON THE CHURCHES AND WORLD PEACE, Evanston, III.

March 7-WORLD DAY OF PRAYER.

LIII, No.1 January

THOUGHTS FOR THE NEW YEAR W E MAY well begin the New Year in the spirit of the 126th Psalm: Thanksgiving for the past-"The Lord hath done great things for us whereof we are glad." There have doubtless been disappointments, failures, perhaps illness or bereavement; but let us think of our blessings. They have been many, far more than we have deserved. "He hath not dealt with us after our sins, nor re- warded us according to our iniquities."

Prayer for the future-"Turn again our captivity, 0 Lord, as the streams in the South," our captivity to sin, to fear, to doubt, to worldliness. Let us pray for deliverance, a fuller consecration, an outpouring of the Spirit of God upon the Church and the world.

Never was it more needed than now.

Assurance for the future-"They that sow in tears shall reap in joy; he that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him." Therefore the Christian worker may labor on, even though in pain and tears, but with confident faith that his labor will not be in vain.

So let every faithful follower of Christ face the New Year in the spirit of St. Paul's exhortation to his beloved Philippians: "In nothing be anxious; but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God.

And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall guard your hearts and your thoughts in Christ Jesus."

Freedom from anxiety and the peace of God! What richer blessings can the child of God desire? That every reader of this REVIEW may have them is the New Year's wish of the Editor..

And then let us hear again the Master's call to service: "Fol- low thou me"; "As my Father hath sent me, even so send I you" ; "All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth"; "Go ye therefore, and teach all nations …… And, 10, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world." A. J. B.

5

EVENTS OF

T HE closing year was one of money expended on church build- special interest in missionary ings. Meantime, unprecedented work both at home and sums are being poured out on eduabroad. Large and significant cational institutions in America. movements that were already The United States Bureau of Eduunder way received additional im- cation reports increased assets of petus, and some new movements colleges and universities from onedeveloped. In the varied work of third of a billion in 1900 to two and the churches amid the conflicting one-third billions in 1926. The ancurrents of our modern life, it is nual budget of.a single university not surprising that the record in- in New York exceeds by thirty per cludes lights and shadows. cent the budget of the largest Board of Foreign Missions which Disquieting Conditions has under its care six colleges and universities besides 101 middle and At home, there are some dis- high schools, 2,040 primary and quieting conditions. It is true that intermediate schools, an extensive many denominations report in- evangelistic and medical work, and creased memberships, some of part of the cost of maintaining 58 them having received the largest union universities and other instinumber on confession in their his- tutions. tory. The Federal Council Handbook of the Churches reports a Religion in Colleges church membership in the United States of fifty millions and increas- There are also disconcerting reing at the rate of a million a year. ports regarding the religious teach- Church property is worth four ings and spiritual conditions in millions, and the churches con- colleges and universities, and fears tribute annually $200,000,000, half are expressed that the interest of of which is given to benevolences. young people in the activities of Larger and better churches have the churches is not encouraging. been erected, or are in process of In these circumstances, Christian erection, than in any previous men and women are betaking year. More money for new church themselves to special intercession buildings has been raised in the for a fresh outpouring of the Spirit last five years than in the preceding of God. Many of the boards of fifty years. A few boards, too, have home and foreign missions are conreported increased contributions. ducting more carefully planned campaigns than ever before. A Surveys, however, of eleven de- great volume of prayer is being nominations by Charles H. Fahs offered, and faith is strong that the and Charles Stelzle show that con- tide of spiritual life will soon turn tributi'ons in many denominations in a more favorable way. But have been steadily falling off since there never has been a time when the peak year of 1921, and that it was more urgent that the followwhere there has been advance, it ers of Christ should renew their has not been commensurate with own spiritual life and reconsecrate the increase in membership and no- themselves to His service. where near the increase in the 6 Conditions Abroad precipitating difficult problems in Abroad, missionaries in some some fields, particularly in China, fields have seen but little visible is nevertheless a wholesome eviadvance as the result of their la- dence of vitality. Better far a resbors. There have been, as our tive and ambitious church than an Lord' foretold, "wars and rumors of apathetic one. Schools and hoswars ….famines and earthquakes pitals in many fields are crowded. in divers places, tribulation, and Evangelism is receiving greater many false prophets." But the fol- emphasis. Revivals are in proglowers of Christ have been cheered niss in several fields. Opportuniby remembering that our Lord also ties beckon on every hand. We no said: "See that ye be not troubled," longer need to pray, as our foreand that instead of making the fathers did, for the opening of tumult in the world a reason for inaction, He made it a renewed doors to the non-Christian world. challenge to preach "this Gospel They are wide open today, and or the Kingdom in the whole what we need to pray for is that the home churches may be given a world." wider outlook and a clearer under- But in spite of obstacles, on the standing of their duty to give the ·,vhole the year was one of sub- Gospel of Christ to all men.

stantial progress. Large accessions In order that our readers may are reported. The native churches have more detailed information, are taking more active part in the we invited several missionary lead- conduct and maintenance of Chris- ers to indicate the outstanding tian work and institutions. A events of the year from their re- healthier tone is being manifested. spective viewpoints. Their mes- The spirit of independence, while sages follow. A. J. B.

CONDITIONS IN THE NEAR EAST BY DR. ROBERT E. SPEER Committee on Coupera.tion in the Near East ; LL the missionary forces of the looking for ways in which they can support and more fully cooperate f i Near East are correlated with the agencies on the field in the Near East in these regards. now for mutual conference The drawing together of these and for a large measure of common Eastern peoples and the Western action in the Near East Christian peoples as a result of the war, the Council and with them are asso- contacts of the churches, east and ciated the Evangelical churches. west, in the Faith and Order and The Council is reaching out afresh the Life and Work movements and also to the old Eastern Churches the good will won by the wide minseeking to support the living reli- istry of the Near East Relief have gious elements in these churches helped to produce a new situation and to draw all real Christians to- of opportunity for service, an opgether in a new effort to rid Chris- portunity not free from peril and tianity of its age-old reproach to requiring wise counsel in order the Moslem mind, and to win the that only good may be done and Moslems to Christ.

The Western Churches also are

that none of the gains of a century ever come together in Persia at of work may be imperilled. Christian meetings, have assem- Meanwhile political conditions bled to hear the direct preaching have undergone no change for the of the Gospel and have listened better in the direction of real reli- with attention and response.

gious liberty. In Egypt the free- The overturnings in Afghan- dom of Moslem women to become istan have not as yet opened the Christians has been challenged and country to missionary occupation.

for the time being denied. In Irak Missionaries are waiting on three the government has invaded the sides, west and south and east, to guarantee of the mandate with the press in whenever the doors open.

open rebuke of the Mandates Com- Meanwhile thousands of Afghans mission of the League of Nations come for medical treatment to Pa- but without amendment of its sharvar and Meshed and back course of action. In Syria the man- home with some portion of the Bi- datory power has forbidden the re- ble in their packs and some word turn to Damascus of an efficient of the Gospel in their minds and Danish missionary who was work- hearts.

ing for MOSllems. In Turkey no The most tragic recent event in Christian teaching is allowed in the Near East, however, has been, mission schools and Islam is dises- of course, the troubles in Palestine.

tablished as the state religion and Foolish and ill-advised actions of religious liberty is declared but it small consequence touched off this is liberty only to hold one's own explosion but back of it are deeper religion, not for a Moslem to moral and economic and religious change and become a Christian, causes. The Jewish population is and the government schools in the a small minority of the land. It is lower grades provide courses of re- supported by a heavy annual influx ligious instruction in which Islam of money from the Zionist organ- is taught as the true and the only izations abroad. The Arabs see national religion. their dominance steadily en- The set against religion is croached upon and are unready or strongest in Russia and perhaps incompetent to meet new competi- weakest in Persia. The Soviet tion by an awakened life and the Government is deliberately seeking acceptance of modern conditions.

to extirpate religion. It is atheiz- Two wholly incongruous groups ing its schools and establishing are thrown together under circum- avowed anti-religious universities. stances rendering friction inevita- And it is curtailing and constrict- ble. Long and grave troubles are ing the scanty rights of religious ahead which, still, can be moderated freedom which have survived. In if wise leaders can be found who Persia, on the contrary, the gov- will apply in Palestine the methods ernment seems to be satisfied with of the Inter-Racial Commissions in the continued work of the mission America. But what has made these schools with larger freedom than commissions so successful in ad- is allowed by Moslem authorities justing relations between black and anywhere else, and as yet there has white in America is the common been no interference with medical Christianity of their members. If or evangelistic work. In Zenjan that were only possible in 'Palestine larger Moslem audiences than have today!

From the Viewpoint of the Inte1"national Missionary Council BY THE REV. A. L. WARNSHUIS, D.D. Secretary T HE work of the International missions in Africa. Mr. Paton Missionary Council, enlarged visited India and the Near East. and reorganized at its meet- Dr. Warnshuis has served the ing in Jerusalem in 1928, has been North American forces and has in developed and strengthened by the a large measure been responsible Chairman, Dr. John R. Mott, who, for maintaining the organization since the autumn of 1928, is giving work of the Council. his whole time to its service. The first half of the year 1929, Dr. The Williamstown meeting of the Mott spent in Asia. He partici- Committee of the Council was a pated in an enlarged meeting of noteworthy event of the Council's the National Christian Council in year. It was attended by delegates Madras, India; assisted in organ- coming from twenty-two countries, izing a National Christian Council elected by seventeen national conin Siam, and in reorganizing a Na- stituent bodies of the Council in tional Christian Council in the accordance with its revised consti- Philippine Islands. He shared in a tution. The principal business of series of regional conferences in the meeting was the adoption' of China which culminated in the plans to carry out the program and meeting of the National Christian recommendations of the Jerusalem Council in Hangchow where that COjlncil Meeting. The chairman's Council was reorganized to become tour, the visits of the secretaries, directly representative of the Chi- and correspondence from all parts nese churches. In Japan he at- of the world furnish evidence that tended the National C h r i s t ian the Jerusalem Meeting is influ- Council. In all of these countries encing in many ways the policies he met with various other groups and plans of churches and missions and conferences and made personal everywhere. The reading of the inquiries with reference to the different aspects of the Christian Williamstown minutes,* to which Mission. A summary of the impressions and recommendations re- reference must be made for fuller sulting from this visit is printed in information, will show how the the minutes of the Williamstown Council is trying to make its work meeting of the Committee of the helpfully effective along many lines, in the presentation of the Council. Christian Message, in religious The secretaries of the Council education, in relations between the younger and older churches, in the have each in their respective safeguarding of religious liberty spheres sought to serve the mis- and in overcoming other political sionary cause by bringing the far- difficulties, in the development of flung forces into closer relation- Christian literature, in research in ships that thus they may strength- *Copies of these minutes may be obtained en each other. Mr. Oldham has by application to the Secretary's office of the rendered special service to all the Int~rnati(lnal :Missionary Conncil, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Price 15 cents per copy.

9

social and industrial problems, in China, he made a study of mission the organization of educational work there. His expert advice en- commissions to India and to Japan, riched the Jerusalem Meeting.

in rural missions, and in various During the past winter he went on other matters. .Through all of a special mission to South Africa these extensive and comprehensive from which he only recently re- efforts, it is most noteworthy to ob- turned. He has now gone to India serve a marked strengthening of where he will spend the greater evangelistic purpose and activity. part of this year. After that, the • For that we thank God, and take International Missionary Council fresh courage. is planning for him to spend most In this enlargement of coopera- of the year of 1930-31 in China.

tive missionary work, the appoint- The purpose of this appointment ment of a third secretary, which is principally to study the need of was confirmed by the Jerusalem the rural communities from the Meeting, has made it possible for Christian point of view, to study Mr. Oldham to devote the major and evaluate the outstanding pieces part of his time to the problems of of rural work, and to help the Africa. A'plan for much more ef- Christian workers in India to de- fective cooperation in that con- velop a comprehensive constructive tinent has been outlined. With the program for the rural areas.

assistance of Miss Gibson in this The limitations of space prevent work and also of Miss Margaret any detailed reference to the plans Wrong, who is just beginning her of the Council in the development secretaryship of the new Interna- of carefully organized studies with tional Committee for Christlan regard to the financial support of Literature in Africa, it may be ex- missionary work and of the grow- pected that in the course of a few ing younger churches, of the mass years, missionary work in that movements in India, of freedom of great continent will more success- religious instruction, and 'of other fully meet the changing life of urgently pressing problems of the Africa and, with the blessing of world-wide work of the churches.

God, make it more Christian. Nor is there room here to tell of A significant development of the the inspiring. news that comes into Council's work may be seen in the the offices of the Council of the appointment of Dr. Kenyon L. But- great forward movements that are terfield as Counsellor on Rural a call to Christian believers every- Missions. Dr. Butterfield is known where to be more faithful in prayer as one of the foremost leaders in and more sacrificingly devoted in America in movements for the up- service. The churches in Japan are lift of country life, and has been united in a Kingdom of God Cam- the president for twenty-five years paign, the sorely harassed Chris- of two great state colleges of agri- tians of China are advancing in a culture. He has always been Five-Years' Movement, the evan- deeply interested in foreign mis- gelicals in Latin America are sions and for many years has been awakening to more united efforts, a vice-president of the American and all parts of Africa ask for Board of Commissioners for For- Christian leadership. For what is eign Missions. As a member of the Christian Church iIi North the Educational Commission to America waiting?

EVENTS IN

BOARD MISSIONS BY THE REV. WILLIAM E. STRONG, D.D., AND THE REV. ERNEST W. RIGGS, Secretaries I N THIS year 1929, the West al conduct of the Christian move- Africa Mission of the Ameri- ment are now distinctly under can Board in Angola is the field control of nationals: where the increase in discipleship Evidence is increasing that the has been most notable. Men and Turkish Government is sincerely women have been coming by hun- and progressively trying to build dreds to confess Christ and to seek a modern state. It is not hostile to admission to the church. The mis- Western ideas or agencies if they sionaries, pastors and church Iead- recognize Turkey's sovereignty and ers are overwhelmed with the task are calculated to cooperate with of training. The fact that the mis- Turkish aims. The year has seen sion is to celebrate its jubilee year many favorable actions of the gov- in 1930 enhances the joy over this ernment toward missionaries, as token of success. educators, doctors and personal The Madura Mission of the workers. There is a growing ap- American Board has had a special proachableness and spirit of in- committee this year studying the quiry on the part of the Turks, condition and needs of work for both men and women, adults and women in its area. It was felt that young people. Conditions are not efforts to reach girls and women uniform in all places or among all and to train them for Christian in- officials but the attitude is on the fluence in home and in community whole promising.

were insufficient. The inquiry has On April 1, 1929, announcement shown that the numbers of girls was made of a new law granting being educated in the mission suffrage to women. It was an- schools is disproportionately small. nounced that they would not only Plans are being formed to meet be permitted to vote but that they this situation and to stress more also could hold office. This fol- effectively the Christian culture of lowed the general attempt in the the womanhood of the land. early months of the year to teach The large North China field of everyone the new letters. Women the American Board has made gathered together in classes for changes this year in organization this purpose, and in the homes, which give increasing responsibil- shops and streets adults struggled ity and control to the Chinese with the new learning. One of our Church. The care and use of what missionaries estimates that during has been mission property (save the first four months of the new missionary residences) are put in year the number of literates among the hands of the governing board women increased by fifty per cent.

now called the Promotional Board American mission schools for girls of the churches, which is predomi- have correspondingly increased in nantly a Chinese body. The lines popularity and influence.

of work, oversight of churches, In May, 1929, the Turkish De- headship of institutions and gener- partment of Education for the first 11

time sent a student to study in the have been issued and it has been United States. He is a graduate made perfectly clear that our help of one of the missionary colleges along the line of practical arts and in Turkey and is to secure his doc- home economics is welcome. An torate in philosophy. This is sug- individual attempt to prevent pugestive of the idealism which pils from entering one of the mis- Turkey seeks in this country. sion schools last September was met by public protests not only to Another contact with America the local school authorities but to came through· the extended visit the Ministry of Education at Anmade by the Minister of Health to gora. At Adana the city council the United States during the late awarded a prize to the pupils of spring and summer. He came as the mission school for their orderly the guest of the Rockefeller Foun- conduct, their neatness and their unique exhibition at the time of a public celebration in the city.

In other lines than education our missionaries are finding their way slowly but surely. Playgrounds are crowded with eager youngsters learning discipline for the body.

Two missionary doctors have been added to the medical force in Tur- key and find hearty cooperation from the government. A family magazine being published jointly 'l'URKEY LEARNDW THE NEW ALPHABET by Americans and Turks in Con- stantinople is receiving broad recdation to study our systems of pub- ognition and has already probably lic health and hospitalization. In the largest sale of any magazine in a letter to one of the secretaries of the country. While not religious the American Board he says: "I in a technical sense it is clean and am anxious to cooperate and main- wholesome reflecting Christian tain our friendly relations with ideals throughout. your institutions in all that is necessary to facilitate the work in my Sometimes the missionaries in country." Turkey are criticized for doing so much for and with the Turks when In these and many other ways the chance to preach Christ by increasing confidence in American word of mouth is still limited. idealism is being demonstrated and There is true reason in this. To American schools and hospitals re- use the words of Dr. Watson, Presceive increasing tokens of friend- ident of Cairo University: "Alliness. During the year several most every religious term and new permits for missionary schools adjective bears a false meaning. Our supreme problem is religious and moral reality. . . . .. There is no effective way of getting our meaning across apart from ac- tion."

IN JAPAN AND

BY THE REV. JOHN R. EDWARDS, D.D.

Secretary, ~Methodist Episcopal Ohurch I N CONSIDERING the religious tion. Korea is a nation of farm- movements of 1929 in Japan ers, and a survey conducted two there seems to be only one- years ago brought out the terrible "The Million Souls for Christ Move- economic needs of the peasants.

ment." Originally this came from Even before this survey, some of the daring vision of a genuine mod- the mission boards were sending ern prophet, Toyohiko Kagawa. For out men having special training years he has been doing social in methods of rural church work, Christian work among the sub- and some missionaries were ex- merged classes of Japan's great perimenting with improved agri- centers, and through those years cultural equipment. About a year his emphasis has been upon ago, the National Young Men's changed lives which lead to Christian Association sent out changed conditions. He conceived Mr. Francis O. Clark, an expert the idea of securing a "million along these lines, whose task is to friends of Jesus," and the dream secure the cooperation of inter- captured the hearts of Christian ested missionaries in a nation-wide Japan so that the churches have effort to raise the economic level rallied to the slogan and the man. of the country people. Better ag- The National Christian Council, ricultural methods, improved seed, the directing agency for the fed- cooperative marketing, and similar erated churches, is backing the subjects are the means used.

movement, and evangelistically The Mission has completed the minded leaders from all denomi- plan begun by Bishop Welch in apnations are throwing themselves pointing Koreans to every official into carrying the dream into real- post in the church. All thirteen ity. The boldness and Christian district superintendents are now adventure inherent in a plan to Koreans. Missionary appointments reach a million people for Christ are only to evangelistic work. through the agency of the comparatively few Christians now ac- The General Conference has aptive are dominating the minds and proved the following statement: hearts of professing Christians. The year is proving an inspiring The supreme and controlling aim of Foreign Missions is to make the Lord one. Jesus Christ known to all men as their Korea presents problems and Divine Saviour, to persuade them to become his disciples, and to gather movements all her own. Although these disciples into Christian churches owned and administered by Japan, which shall be, under God, self-propa- the people, their needs and their gating, self-supporting, and self-gov- reactions are very different from erning; to cooperate so long as those of the Island Empire. necessary with these churches in the The outstanding effort of an in- evangelizing of their respective coun- terdenominational nature is cer- tries, and to bring to bear on all hu- tainly the emphasis being placed man life the spirit and principles of upon work for the rural popula- Christ.

13

A NEW PLAN IN THE

EPISCOPAL CHURCH SOUTH BY THE REV. W. W. PINSON, D.D.

T HE one outstanding depar- couraging. At the above rate about ture of the Mission Board in fifty per cent of the Board's total this quadrennium is in its cul- income was from this source, show- tivation and finance. It is a step ing how important it is.

towards putting the missionary The cultivation has been equally budget on a voluntary basis, and successful. In addition to millions was taken because of the practical of pieces of campaign literature, a impossibility of maintaining the book'for study has been issued and work through participation in a circulated each year. These books budget shared by all the benevolent have been prepared by the secre- boards of the church. It was found taries and have dealt with the im- that $1,000,000 must be secured by portant phases of the missionary some means outside this general situation. The remarkable sale of budget. This must provide for a these books is one of the most hope- church-wide appeal on the merits ful features of the movement. The of the cause, for a voluntary offer- first year 72,000 were sold, in 1928, ing that would express the interest 108,166; in 1929, 110,335.

of the people, and for adequate So far as I know, critics of this cultivation, through which the plan have no adequate substitute facts and needs might be made to offer. It scarcely need be said known. there are critics. It may be that at The General Conference of 1926 the General Conference, which authorized the inauguration of a meets in May, 1930, there will be plan by which the Board was to an attempt to repeal the action au- have free access to the churches thorizing the plan. If so, the alter- during January and February of natives proposed will no doubt be each year. All avenues of approach that the board withdraw from the were left open for such methods of Budget of Apportionment to the CUltivation as the board might various benevolent interests and adopt, with privilege of asking for rely alone on voluntary offerings, a voluntary offering with a million or that it seek a vast increase in its dollars as a goal. share in that budget, and rely on This plan is yet in its experi- the income from that source. The mental stage, but the results have latter is impracticable, and would been gratifying. It has saved the cripple the Board almost fatally.

. day for the Board in this difficult The first, with all risks involved, period, and the secretaries look up- would have the advantage of put- on it as the ,bright hope for the ting the cause on the conscience of future. Only two full years have the Church. It is there at last that elapsed since the inauguration of the cause of missions rests. Of all the plan. The first year the income causes it depends on the love and from this source was $787,933. loyalty of the people. Spontaneity The second it was $653,405. For rather than constraint is charac- the year 1929 the prospect is en- teristic of missions.

14

MISSION IN

BY THE REV. PAUL DE SCHWEINITZ, D.D.

Prc.'fident of the Moravian Rocictv T HE largest mission field While some of these chapels are under the care of the Foreign doubtless primitive they testify to Missionary Society of the the value the Indians place upon Moravian Church in America is in the Gospel of salvation through Nicaragua among the Creoles, Mis- J esus Christ~ which they have rekito and Sumu .Indians, not among ceived through the Mission. the Spanish-speaking Caucasians. This mission is eighty years old, so After the inauguration of the naturally there is a large body of new President of Nicaragua, he Christians of even the second and invited Bishop Grossmann to visit third generations; but there are him, and Major Utley of the United still thousands of unevangeIized States Marine Corps sent the Indians in Nicaragua and Hon- Bishop from the East to the West duras, and· each year reports a Coast to Managua by aeroplane, large number of adult baptisms. thus enabling him to make the The net increase last year was 361. journey in a few hours, which The total number of baptized con- otherwise would have been a hazverts actually enrolled is 12,410, ardous and painful journey of besides a larger number of ad- weeks. The interview was folherents. lowed by results very favorable to the Mission. The work was greatly hindered during the years of the revolution- The settlement of the long ary fighting, as several of the sta- boundary controversy between tions were in the war zone, but the Nicaragua and Honduras threw work went forward. In his recent several Moravian Mission stations report, the superintendent, Bishop into Honduranian territory, and Guido Grossmann, wrote: "In when the Moravian missionaries spite of all drawbacks and hard- sought to visit their Indian conships, nine new church buildings verts they met with strenuous ophave been erected and dedicated position from local commandantes. during the year. Each one has So Bishop Grossmann paid an been built by the people themselves, official visit to the President of who have displayed much interest Honduras with happy results. in their labor. This is especially true of the church at Bilwas In this mission field the Mo- Karma. It is a fine, well-con- ravians have 13 stations, 25 outstructed edifice, which would call stations and 16 preaching places, forth favorable comment any- served by 24 foreign missionaries, where, and is an ornament to the by five ordained native ministers Wangks River. With the excep- and their wives, 65 native evantion of the hardware, everything gelists and assistants and 265 nais of native production. The tive helpers. There is a large field timber was grown and cut in the open here and the only serious obvicinity." stacle to great advance is the lack of men and means. For these we seek and earnestly pray.

15

CHURCH IN THE U. S

BY THE REV. EGBERT W. SMITH, D.D., Secretary T HE special effort made by Bible teachers are trained, is not our Church in 1928, reaching usually crowded because educated an average foreign mission natives cari make five or ten times gift of $3.74 per member, has been more money in the service of the followed this year by a falling off Congo Commercial Companies than in receipts compelling us to "go in the ministry. But President softly." Our nine missions in Crane writes: Africa, China, Japan, Korea, Mex- As for the Bible-school, we are overico, and South America, are this run with students, over 200 men and 150 year, in accordance with the instructions of our Executive Com- women, We have not gone out of our mittee, making a thorough restudy way to get these students. But we have been literally besieged with applications for entrance.

and reappraisal of all their policies From Brazil and Mexico come and methods with a view to the similar reports, while in China the elimination' of what experience has recent upheaval is now seen to proved inadequate and the secur- have been God's plowshare uping of the utmost efficiency and turning that hard soil for a mighty fruitfulness along aU lines of mis- harvest. A new openness to the Gospel is everywhere evident. One sionary endeavor. missionary writes of seventy-one Following our General Assem- coming for examination at a single preaching point. Says another: bly's initiative, our Committee is urging aU our missionaries to make Where I expected to find the usual this year memorable for evan- dozen or so coming up for membership, gelistic effort, stressing the Sa- I found 150. viour's last command, "Go ye and make disciples." Already the year Writes another: is notable for the spiritual awakening evident in nearly all our mis- We have a crowd every time we open the church.

sion fields. From Japan comes Says another: this official report: In two days' visiting in the country district, I found in several places whole Never before was there a time when families destroying their household idols the people seemed so anxious to hear the and declaring their faith in Jesus. Gospel, many coming to our doors inquiring the Way of Life. Another writes of 400 inquiries From Korea one of our mission- in his field and adds: aries writes: In many places I preached to crowds Last Saturday and Sunday the Chris- in the streets. In one place three of us tians had to sit or stand out side the preached to a crowd of over 150 till we building which was filled and jammed were exhausted. After three hours, the with non-Christians, as Mr. Kim people still stood and wanted to hear preached the good news to aching hearts. more. The Chinese evangelist told me he frequently had similar experiences. The From Africa comes the news people seem open to the Gospel as never that all our schools are full and before, many realizing that there is no . hope for China except in the Gospel.

turning away applicants for lack Each quotation is from a differ- of room. Our Bible School, where ent Station, showing how wide- native evangelists and women spread is the awakening.

16 STATES BY THE REV. ALLEN R. BARTHOLOMEW, D.D., Secretary T HE past year has been one of Seven of our missionaries are unusual surprises and emer- in the United Mission in Mesopo- gencies in our three missions tamia. Evangelistic work is reach- -Japan, China and Mesopotamia. ing out into new areas. Two book- The workers abroad have given shops have been opened, one in anew to the supporters at home an Hillah and the other in Mosul. example of the Christian spirit The American School for Boys at which makes men strong in trial Baghdad has among its 400 stu- and challenges a greater trust in dents 14 nationalities and 16 re- the God of love. ligious sects. It is known as "a Special services were held in little League of Nations." A board- March and September at Sendai, ing department was opened in a in honor of the Fiftieth Anniver- building erected on rented ground. sary of the founding of the Japan The Bible has been faithfully Mission. There has been a gratify- studied in all the classes. There ing increase in the number of self- were 18 graduates-four Moslems, supporting churches. Many· stu- two Armenians, one Assyrian, four dents in our institutions have ac- Chaldeans, and six Jews. The cepted Christ. A gift of $50,000 Girls' School at Baghdad has had by a noble woman, the largest ever a good year, enrolling 115 pupils. given, for the new North Japan College Chapel, was a happy sur- By action of the General Synod, prise. Five new missionaries have the Board is to serve as the agency been added to the Mission. of the Church for the relief of our sister churches in Europe, co- Doors which had been closed for operating with the Central Bureau two years were reopened upon at Geneva, Switzerland. much of the work in the China Mission. A brighter day is dawn- The finances of the Board have ing. New Year's Day, 1929, saw been in a more encouraging con- 15 of our missionaries again on dItion than in former years. Care the field, and nine others have re- is being exercised in keeping the turned during the year and were expenses within the income. warmly welcomed by the Chinese. The new educational policy under The number of Japanese who the direction of the Church of emigrate each year is steadily in- creasing. Of the more than 120,- Christ in China was introduced. 000 that will leave this year, Brazil will get the largest quota, ten thou- United school work is being done sand. Other favored places are the at Changsha and Wuchang. The Philippines, Peru, Central Amerevangelistic work has gained a new ica, and the islands of the South Seas. Specially organized corporafervor. One missionary predicts tions in Japan help these colonizers that the next five years will wit- to their new homes. To Manchuria ness a large ingathering among and Korea, the Japanese, because the Miao tribes in West Hunan. of climatic conditions, dislike to go.

17 3

FOREIGN MISSION

BY THE REV. JOSEPH C. ROBBINS, D.D., Foreign Secretary BURMA, with its abounding murderer and a bandit chief. He natural resources, lying, as it came under the influence of Judson does, between India and at Moulmein, and in May, 1828, China, is one of the richest and he was baptized by George Dana most strategically located prov- Boardman, at Tavoy. He became a inces of the Indian Empire. Great veritable apostle to the Karens, changes are now taking place. winning thousands to Christianity. There is everywhere evident an in- There are now nearly 200,000 tense nationalism, marked by an Christian Karens in Burma. Last increased interest in politics and year, a deputation from America, education, and by a renaissance of with 2,000 people of the different Buddhism. The demand for politi- races from all parts of Burma, cal separation from India is prac- gathered at Tavoy to celebrate the tically una.nimous on the part of centenary of the baptism of this the Burmans, who claim that his- first Karen convert. At a continuatorically, racially, geographically, tion of the Centenary Celebration economically, and religiously there in Rangoon, the Governor of the is no justification for the existing Province, Sir Charles Innes, said: political connection with India. In- This is a great day for the Chris- tian Karen community of Burma. dia is Aryan, Burma is Mongolian; Christianity among the Karens is no longer dependent for its life on in- India is Hindu and Mohammedan, spiration from outside. It has taken Burma is one of the great Bud- root and draws a great part of its sustenance from the Karens themdhist countries of the world. Final- selves. Karen churches are to a large . extent self-supporting and self-govern- Iy, B urma completely separated ing. The work is carried on largely IS through the Karens themselves ….. . Christianity has proved a powerful from India by almost impassible lever for raising the moral as well as mountains and by the Bay of Ben- gal. Burma, with a population of thirteen million people, thinks she has a just case in urging political separation from India.

The peoples of Burma are also the material condition of the Karens. With them education goes hand in manifesting today a g row i n g hand with religion. Where there is a .knowledge and appreciation of the church, usually there is also a school, life and teachings of Jesus. From and some of the schools I have seen a missionary viewpoint, the out- have surprised me by the excellence of standing event of the past year was their buildings, and the thoroughness the Ko Tha Byu Karen Centenary of their equipment. The more so be- Celebration. Adoniram Judson, pi- cause the Karens are not usually rich, oneer missionary to Burma, had and money has frequently been sub- been in Burma a number of years scribed at considerable personal sacri- before he knew there was such a fiee. A community which is ready .lInd willing to spend money on its schools people as the Karens, a wild, jun- needs have no fears for the future, gle race that lived in the mountains and I have no doubt that the Karens of the Province. Ko Tha Byu, the are destined to play an increasingly first Karen convert, had been a important part in the life of Burma.

18 An interesting recent develop- intensified by the work of the semiment in missionary work in Burma nary and college evangelistic bands, is the remarkable response of the led by. missionary Dyer. Burma Kachins, one of the wild races of had a delegation of forty young northern Burma, to the Christian men and women at the Quadrenmessage. This race is definitely nial All India Student Conference moving from its old traditions and in Madras in December, 1928. A animistic religion into a new day Burma student evangelistic band of education and Christianity. The has recently crossed the Bay of three organized groups of Kachins Bengal and held evangelistic meet- -the Namkham Association, the ings in some of the mission schools Myitkyina Association, and. the of India. Bhamo Association-have each petitioned for additional missionaries Adoniram and Ann Hasseltine to take advantage of the present Judson lived six years in Burma response of these people to Chris- before they won their first convert. tianity. The Kachins themselves That lone believer of 1819 has now are taking a large initiative in seIf- become a multitude. The Bible has support and in evangelistic and ed- been translated into most of the ucational work for their tribe. languages of Burma, and there are now planted in all parts of the There is today a new spirit of Province strong churches of misevangelism manifest among the sionary passion and evangelistic Christians of all the peoples of Bur- zeal that are a prophecy of the day ma, and this spirit has been greatly when Burma will be won to Christ.

JUDSON COLLEGE, BURMA SOCIETY BY MISS MINNIE V. SANDBERG, Foreign Secretary A SIGNIFICANT event of the bodies and the opening of a new past year was the laying of one, at the same time developing , the cornerstone of the Ad- Moanza and Leopoldville as regu- ministration Building and of the lar stations.

Woman's Building of Judson Col- This year has also marked the lege, the only Christian college in sixtieth anniversary of the Girls'

Burma. The College has a faculty School at Dngole, South India.

of 32 Americans, Burmans, and In- Soon after Dr. Clough arrived in dians, and a student body of 278. Dngole, his wife Harriet opened a With the completion of the build- primary school on the veranda of ings, at a cost of a million dollars, her home, with only six pupils in on the new site at Kokine, the Col- attendance. This was the first lege will have a complete material girls' school in a region of about equipment. 7,000 square miles and among more The cornerstone of the new than a million people. Education Woman's Hall was laid by Lady for women was then a thing quite Innes, wife of the Governor of unknown. During the past year Burma. The building will provide the enrolment was 336, with 200 a home for the 75 young women living in the boarding home. There who are students at Judson Col- has been a constant effort to mini.

lege, two of whom are doing grad- mize the difference between life in uate work for their Master's a little village and in a big station Degrees. like Dngole. To this end, simple Fifty years of Christian effort in projects suited to Indian life are Congo called a number of visitors carried out. Hygiene and domes- from America to celebrate the J u- tic science are related to the home bilee of Christian missions in that life in the boarding department land. Following this meeting the and work with the hands has an missionaries of the Baptist Boards important place. Gardening, spin- in the Congo met for conference at ning, weaving plain cloth, net-mak- Sona Bata. After two years of ing, rope-making, book-binding and study a comprehensive plan for poultry-keeping, all have their part the development of the work of the in the daily life of the school. All mission was adopted. This pro- the cooking and housekeeping are gram calls for the reorganization done by the girls. Food supplies of the work in the turning over of are sold to the cottages by a com- two stations to other Christian mittee of the older girls.

Eternal Goodness, grant us to walk before Thee in the glory of a lighted mind, serving our fellows with hands skillful and love-anointed. Dwell within us with the spirit of power and the deep peace of a triumphant hope; then we shall serve Thee in fruitfulness and joy. And when the day is done, and our work is ended, and the night falls, may the dimness of our evening be the dawn of Thy eternal morning. In His name, Amen.

-JOSEPH FORT NEWTON.

20

CHURCH IN

BY THE REV. WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN, PH.D., Secretary D EVELOPMENTS d uri n g the Church have become more 1929 in the Amoy Mission, acute and are being studied mutu- the oldest of the Reformed ally and with harmonious results.

Church in America, have been The Arcot Mission in India is characterized by great uncertainty looking forward with keen inter- because of undisciplined troops est and elaborate preparation to coming from without the area of the commemoration of the comple- the Mission and, through Commu- tion of seventy-five years, in Janu- nistic propaganda, so disturbing ary, 1930. The emphasis is being conditions that the only wise course placed upon the enlargement of the seemed to be for all missionaries of Christian community and Church inland stations to remove tempora- through earnest, persistent evan- rHy to the port city of Amoy. This gelism, in the hope that at least brought about interruption, not 3,000 members will be added to the only to evangelistic work, but also Church as the Jubilee offering of to medical and educational work, the Mission, thus raising the Chris- particularly the latter, since there tian community to a membership is a fresh insistence upon the gov- of 25,000. Encouraging progress ernment "recognition" of schools to this end has been made during upon the basis of omitting religious the year. The financial objective is exercises and Bible instruction the raising of Rs. 75,000, repre- from the curriculum. For the pres- senting Rs. 1,000 for each year in ent the schools continue under a the history of the Mission. This modified status, having freedom of fund has been raised primarily by management and conduct, but the voluntary contribution of one without the status of government month's salary from each mission- "recognition." No special disabili- ary, catechist and teacher, and by ties seem thus far to be attached to contributions in kind from the vil- this modified procedure. These may lage Christians.

develop later. A Deputation from the Board From its earliest history, mis- will be present at the JUbilee Ex- sionaries of the Reformed Church ercises, and will also visit the in South China have promoted the other mission fields of the Church.

organization of a united church as- The Japan Mission, concentrat- sociating themselves with the mis- ing upon the Island of Kyushu in sionaries and Christians of the the south of the Empire, is length- English Presbyterian and London ening its cords and strengthening Missionary Societies in the same its stakes in the field of village area. The momentum of seventy evangelization. A new and effec- years in the life of the United tive organization has been formed Church of South Fukien has aided for the cooperation of Japanese in the recent organization of the and missionaries in the promotion United Church of Christ in China. and direction of this united effort.

By this larger union the problems The major achievement of last of the relationship of Missions and year was the reconstruction of 21

Ferris Seminary, Yokohama, which year that the persistent Christian was destroyed by the earthquake testimony of our missionaries is of September, 1923. The comple- having its effect in the conversion tion of the main building, bearing of individual Mohammedans. There the memorial name of Miss Kuy- is a readiness not only to listen to per, the principal, who lost her life the story of Christ but to regard in the earthquake, and its dedica- Him as a unique Teacher in the tion in June, 1929, occasioned great spiritual realm. There is less tendrejoicing. The cooperation of pu- ency to compare Him with the pils and parents, the alumnre and Prophet Mohammed, with conse- Government officials, political and quent antagonism, and a larger educational, has been remarkable. willingness to consider Jesus Christ as a true interpreter of God. Another major achievement in which the Reformed Church Mis- The building of the Jubilee sion has participated has been the Girls' School in Basrah and the notable advancement toward as- growing strength of the Boys' sumption of the support and ad- High School in that station, are ministration of theological educa- giving our educational work a tion, particuJarly in Tokyo, by the place of increasing importance, Church of Christ in Japan. The while the medical work in Bahrain, Synod at its annual meeting in Oc- Kuwait, Muscat and Amarah, the tober accepted the offer of the two coastal and river stations, increases theological schools in Tokyo to influence in winning attention to pass themselves over to the juris- the Christian message and its diction of the Church, with diminishing subsidies of the associated fruits. missions, Presbyterian and Re- The United Mission in Mesopoformed. It is hoped that a strong independent Divinity School in tamia, in which the Reformed Tokyo will be developed within the Church in America cooperates next ten years, the basis being the with the Reformed Church in the two in Tokyo associated with the United States and the Presbyteri- Meiji Gakuin and with the Church an Church in the U. S. A., strengthand work of the late Dr. Uemura. ened its staff and its work during the past year. The steady evan- The Arabian Mission among gelistic work carried on through Moslems in the very cradle of Bible shops and coffee shops in the Islam has been developing slowly cities of Baghdad and Mosul and but surely. While the organization Hillah, and the increasing strength of the Church in this hard field has of the Boys' and Girls' Schools in not yet been brought about, there Baghdad, have been notable feahave been evidences in the past tures of the past year, and the out- look is encouraging.

AVIATION IN BRAZIL Brazil is rapidly becoming convinced of the advantages of aviation. Last year the Companhia Viru;ao Aerea Rio Grande ftew its planes 108,860 kilometers and carried 1,530 passengers. The Condor Syndicate's planes flew 366,224 kilometers, carrying 5,224 passengers. The letters carriej by the Compagnie Generale Aeropostale (a French aviation company serv- ing Brazil) totaled 8,112,820, and its kilometrage rose from 69,415 to 481,185.-New York Times.

OF THE HOME MISSIONS

BY THE REV. WILLIAM R. KING, D.D.

l1a:c('utive ~~'ccrct(1;ry of the Ooun(,~il T HE' work of the Home Mis- given sections. Considerable inter- sions Council for the year est is being developed in this effort.

1929 has proceeded along the Second, the meeting in January usual lines with gratifying results. of the three large commissions There is a growing spirit of good- that are preparing for the North will and Christian comity among American Home Missions Congress the denominations, and an increas- which is to be held in Washington, ing desire on the part of the de- D. C., December 1-5, 1930. More nominational boards to work out a than one hundred carefully selected finer interdenominational coopera- men and women, who constitute tion. In addition to the regular these commissions, met in Atlantic lines of work, through the various City for two days in January to re- standing committees and the State view the work of the previous year Home. Missions Councils, the out- and to make plans for further standing events for the year have study and research during 1929 been in connection with the Five- and 1930. This meeting revealed Year Program of Survey and Ad- the interest that is being taken in justment. Four things may be the coming Congress and gave mentioned as the most significant promise of a great epochal meet- events of the year in this program. ing in Washington this year.

First, the organization of state Third, the Council, with the co- and regional councils and commis- operation of the Council of Women sions. Two new State Home Mis- for Home Missions, the Federal sions Councils have been organized Council of Churches and the Comduring the year-New Mexico and munity Church Workers, is mak- Arizona. The Home Missions ing a survey of the entire United Council is cooperating with the States to discover the conditions in Quadrennial Extension Program small towns and rural sections with of the Federal Council of the reference to overchurching, inade- Churches in an effort to secure in quate churching, and overlooking.

every state an inclusive State This survey is under way in fifteen Council of Churches. Two of the states. One State, New Ramp- State Councils-Montana and Ore- shire, has been completed in which gon-have voted to join in a State 83 towns were found to be over- Council of Churches as soon as churched, 33 towns inadequately other state interdenominational churched, only 15.4'10 of the popagencies will agree to cooperate. ulation of the State is in the mem- First steps have been taken toward bership of the Protestant Church; the organization of interdenomina- 33.1 % is Roman Catholic, and tional home mission commissions 50.9 % is totally unchurched. Some in certain rural regions, which striking instances of overchurching shall be charged with the local re- were found, communities of 1,000 sponsibility of coordinating the to 1,500 people with as many as home mission activities of these seven Protestant churches. Seven- 23

teen towns with a total population the United States. By the estabof 8,709 have 50 churches, or an lishment of a Joint Committee of average of one for every 161 per- r.ine, three each from the Home sons. The aggregate church mem- Missions Council, Federal Counbership is 1,317, or an average cil of the Churches, and Commembership per church of 26. munity Church Workers, a plan These conditions in New Hamp- has been devised to care for the inshire are typical of conditions that terest of the independent comobtain all over the country. munity churches of the country, so as to hold them in connection Fourth, the fourth outstanding with organized Protestantism and event of the year is the cooperative the regular going order of the agreement that has been effected churches. with the community churches of HOME MISSIONARY WORK OF PRESBYTERIAN WOMEN BY M. KATHARINE BENNETT BOl>rd oj Nationa! Missions of the Presbyterian Onurah in the U. S. A.

T HE year 1929 has been San Juan, Porto Rico. At the marked by a fine building former, a new hospital of 75 beds program for the schools and has been built and the former hospitals cared for through the small hospital building has been Board of National Missions of the remodeled as a Teachers' Home.

Presbyterian Church. Teachers' In Porto Rico, a splendid new homes at Wasatch Academy, Utah, Nurses' Home, named Sellew Hall and at Cardenas, Cuba, make pro- in memory of her whose gifts made vision for retaining married men this possible, will care for one hun- on the staffs and for housing more dred nurses and increase the hos- comfortably some single workers. pital capacity. Smaller buildings Allison-James School, Santa Fe, and repairs in many places increase New Mexico, and Farm School, efficiency and the comfort of the North Carolina, have each dedi- missionary workers.

cated a new dormitory to replace As the mission field is surveyed, buildings that had to be abandoned. the constant adaptation of service Sheldon Jackson School, at Sitka, to changing needs becomes a factor Alaska, has a much-needed Indus- that is of interest and importance.

trial Building, making possible the Local conditions are as varied at teaching of more varied types of mission stations as elsewhere, and work and thus preparing students there must be at all times the study better to meet the needs of the Ter- of these and a flexibility of pro- ritory. Tucson Indian Training gram to meet them. There is great School, Arizona, proudly adds to encouragement in the increasing its campus a Graduate Home for leadership and cooperation of local boys who, having finished grade groups which point toward the work at the school, will attend the final assumption of full responsi- city high school. bility by them – the desideratum Medical service is being much toward which all service must enlarged at Ganado, Arizona, and strive.

MISSIONS AND CHURCH

IN THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH BY THE REV. JAY S. STOWELL Director of Publicity and Promotion DURING the fiscal year ending gelical Congress held in Havana in October 31st, the program June was attended by several of of work extending over the our secretaries and by representa- United States and into Hawaii, tives from our churches in Porto Alaska, Porto Rico, and the Do- Rico and the joint enterprises of minican Republic continued on a the Dominican Republic. It was relatively even keel with encourag- an occasion for broadening hori- ing reports from all parts of the zons and gaining new strength and field, but no resources were avail- courage for the work ahead.

able for the undertaking of urgent During the year a number of new projects. Porto Rican churches destroyed . Because of limitation of funds by the hurricane have been re- and as a matter of policy, special stored. The immigration of an in- emphasis has been placed upon the creasing number of Porto Ricans development of self-support. Ad- into the United States is creating vance steps have been made in in- a new challenge. Several Porto terdenominational cooperation at Rican congregations have been a number of points. Notable among built up and Porto Ricans are now these projects is the plan for han- settling in neighborhoods formerly dling the school work for Spanish- occupied by other national groups speaking boys in Albuquerque including New York's Little Italy.

jointly with the Presbyterians, re- Our Department of Evangelism suIting in a practical federation of has given specia) assistance to the Harwood Boys' School with the churches in locating and reclaim- Menaul School. Cooperative enter- ing nonresident inactive members.

prises in government In d ian At present it is promoting "preach- schools, in the Dominican Repub- ing missions" and other evangelical lic, and in many local fields, par- enterprises, and aiding churches ticularly in larger parishes in in their preparations to make this rural areas, have been continued 1900th anniversary of Pentecost a and extended. notable year in the field of evan- The great influx of Filipinos into gelism.

Pacific Coast states has created a An unusual departure this year new challenge and opportunity, has been the launching of a new and, during the year considerable periodical of church administraprogress has been made in culti- tion known as "The Pastor's J ourvating this important field. Much nal." It has met an amazingly of this work for Filipinos is now cordial reception on the part of the handled in American churches. pastors and has seemed to fill a An important conference of Fili- very definite and long-felt need.

pinos and Filipino workers was Two new superintendents of de- held in San Francisco in 1929. partments have taken up their re- The Hispanic American Evan- sponsibilities this year-Dr. F. W.

25

Mueller, Superintendent of the Unfortunately, our fiscal year Department of Church Extension, ending October 31, 1929, closed succeeding Dr. W. L. McDowell; with a deficit of. approximately and Dr. C. A. Richardson, Super- $200,000, so that some curtailment intendent of City work, succeeding and readjustment of work will be Dr. M. P. Burns. necessary in the year ahead.

MISSIONS OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE U. S. A. AMONG THE MORMONS BY THE REV. ANDREW J. MONTGOMERY, D.D.

Director, TrHl'1t and CountlJ D('pa1~tl1u:nt A RECENT study of the mis- ary work in reachable outstations. sionary map and forces of There is only one county in Utah, Utah and southern Idaho, and none in southern Idaho, in the home of nearly four-fifths of which Protestant churches have the followers of Joseph Smith and not established missions or 'visited.

Brigham Young, may cheer those the Mormon villages through Sunwho are intloi~ested in the work of day-school colporteurs or by sum- the Protestant Church in our Gali- mer itineration. The larger Prot- lee of the Gentiles and the cities estant churches have also a and villages of our Samaria. resident bishop, superintendent or There are 200 Protestant min- executive who visits the missions isters in this region, 75 in Utah aided or supported by the church and 125 in southern Idaho. Over which he serves and scores of other fifty of these ministers are resi- adjoining settlements.

dent pastors of self-supporting Beside these ordained or com- churches, ten in Utah and forty in missioned ministers, the Protestant Idaho. Ten teach in the Protes- churches have three academies and tant colleges and academies. The an interdenominational college in churches also support ten Sunday- Utah and two academies and two school missionaries or colporteurs colleges in' southern Idaho. Sixty inside the Mormon lines. These teachers are at work in these acad- men help us keep in touch with emies and c'oIleges in Utah and little fellowships beyond the fre- nearly as many in the academies quent ministry of settled mission- and colleges of Idaho. In one acad- aries and do an effectual service in 'emy, which has an enrollment of the hinterlands of the Mormon over 200, sometimes as many as area. forty per cent of the pupils are of Besides these traveling mission- Mormon heredity or training. Sev- aries, the Protestant churches have eral churche,s also support com- over one hundred ministers who munity workers, kindergartners are partially or wholly supported and deaconesses, usually in fields by the various church boards and otherwise unoccupied. There are are resident in dominantly Mor- at least fifteen of these good wom- mon communities. These mission- en who are doing missionary work aries minister not only to the little in our Samaria under the direction flocks in the towns or villages in of the boards of the Protestant which they reside, but do mission- churches.

ANNIVERSARY OF THE WOMAN'S

FOREIGN MISSIONARY SOCIETY OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH BY MRS. C. C. PEALE, Cincinnati, Ohio T HERE recently closed in Co- people, was taken with some doubt lumbus a meeting unique in as to its wisdom. The President the annals of missionary ac- of the Chamber of Commerce said tivities. It was the annual meeting to the women of Columbus, "There of the General Executive Commit- are not enough people in the United tee of the Woman's Foreign Mis- States interested in Foreign Mis- sionary Society of the Methodist sions to fill this hall." He sat on Episcopal Church, but combining the platform Sunday night and with it the celebration of the six- saw hundreds of people unable to tieth anniversary of its organiza- get in. It became necessary for tion. the police and firemen to take charge of the situation, and for Mrs. F. I. Johnson, President of three days literally to guard the the Federation of Woman's For- entrances to prevent a panic.' The eign Missionary Boards of the streets were thronged with earnest- United States and Canada, was the faced women with notebooks in moving spirit of the anniversary their hands, hurrying to imbibe the days. For two years her ingenious knowledge being given by specialand inventive mind worked out ists, missionaries, nationals, and the details. It has been said of her men and women from every dethat she "specializes in the impos- partment of Christian activity. sible," and where others were faint-hearted and felt that the ob- The scene in Memorial Hall can stacles were too great to be over- hardly be described. It might be come, this little dynamo of human compared in miniature to the great energy never faltered in the task. Centenary held a number of years To her, more than any other wom-. ago and, like a miniature, it was an, is due the honor for the over- delicately wrought out showing whelming success' which crowned the evidence of a woman's hand her labors. and planning. A large painting made in sections by school girls of Women came by the hundreds Japan almost covered the ceiling. and thousands from every section Other paintings used as a backof the United States. Situated as ground and representing many Columbus is in the heart of Meth- countries, were displayed as misodism, every city and hamlet sent sionaries brought the story of the large delegations until the local progress of the Gospel. committee in despair ceased to register the throngs. By actual Booths lined the walls, some of count, 5,713 were present, but them filled with Oriental displays many "did not register and there and others representing the eleven were probably 8,000 people in at- branches, showed the resources tendance. from which missionary money is Memorial Hall, seating 4,000 secured. The Communion Booth 27

with its mahogany table from might be described-a woman with Japan, prayer rugs from South toil-worn hands weeping over the Africa, communion cups from little cup. "I wanted so much to China, delicately and intricately be a missionary," she said to a wrought linens from Mexico, brass friend, "but I could not fit myself plates from Korea, silver pitcher so I have kept a child for years in from France, and rugs from Bul- one of the schools in China. Pergaria and Africa, was the center haps this cup is from that school." of reverent interest. The last night was thrilling. A The unpacking of the "Love great map of the world was at the Gifts" in the basement of Memorial back of the platform with lines of Hall transported us from prosaic electric light converging at Co- America to the mysterious Orient. lumbus. As cables were read by Queer-shaped hampers, baskets of nationals, the light ran down to different kinds, trunks and boxes Columbus, Calcutta, Tokyo, Hamyielded up their treasures. Hand- merfest, Lovetch, Algiers, Singawork from the schools brought a pore, until all the countries had vision of dusky faces bent intently sent their messages. Then the over their work. Hundreds of circle of light ran around the whole pairs of cunning Chinese shoes world and it was complete. When with cat faces, gifts of brass from Senor Mario Cappelli, the conse- Korea and India, woven baskets crated singer, sang, "If with all and trays, costumes from many your hearts ye truly seek Him," lands, linens from Lingayen, form- and facing an illuminated cross ed a bewildering array that made poured out his soul in "The Old the work fascinating. Over it all Rugged Cross," and the "Taps" the odor of far-away lands, cloves were sounded for the close of this and spices, made us think of the wonderful meeting, we were ready docks in Boston; and to crown all for the "Reveille" which was the gifts, the lovely silver bowl from beginning of a new epoch in mis- Burma which, on the last night, sionary work. The watchword for was to hold the anniversary gifts the new decade is "Forward-Toof 112 women-$112,OOO-what a gether-To the Unfinished Tasksight that was! To Know Christ and to Make Him Known." The missionary cause The Sunrise Communion Serv- has received an impetus which ice was a scene never to be for- will tell mightily in the coming gotten-the tall candelabra of Indian brass shedding a soft light, years. the organ playing softly, and the The city of Columbus was deeply thousands of women in solemn procession receiving the bread from stirred by the crowds and the inthe twenty-two laquer trays and terest shown in a religious gaththe wine from the porcelain cups- ering. Even the taxicab men said the gift of the women of China- they could not understand why peoand to be carried away. Eight ple would stand so long to get into hundred women were standing in a missionary meeting. Governor the rain at 4: 30 A. M., waiting for and Mrs. Myers Y. Cooper gave a the doors to open. The service con- beautiful reception at the Executinued three hours and 5,000 com- tive Mansion and attended many muned. Many touching scenes of the sessions.

A brilliant array of speakers

BAPTIST HOME MISSION SOCIETY

were on the program. Bishops Tupper, and others charmed every- Nicholson, Leonard, McConnell, one by their gifts of speech and Welsh, Warne, Hamilton, Oldham, song. and McDowell; Dr. J. M. King, a colored man, Mr. Cuadra from the Mr. Homer Rodeheaver led the Philippine Islands, Dr. J. M. M. vast throngs in song which con- Gray, Dr. John R. Matt, Mrs. tributed greatly to the success of Henry Peabody, Judge Florence every service. Mrs. Thomas Nich- Allen, Mrs. Ella M. Boole, Presi- olson showed herself to be a master dent Soper, Rollin H. Walker, Dr. in the difficult art of presiding S. D. Gordon, and others. over such a large assembly. Her words were like "apples of gold in A group of Nationals among pictures of silver," and she rose to whom were Miss Lillian Wu, Miss every occasion with a dignity which Carol Chen, Mrs. Induk Kim, Miss was beautiful and charming. Avelina Lorenzana, Miss Helen BAPTIST HOME MISSION SOCIETY . BY THE REV. CHARLES L. WHITE, D.D.

n/T OUR doors, throng the peo- ness, vice, crime, and degradation. pIes of every land. In the Like Jesus Himself in the days of work of evangelizing these old, the workers in these centers new Americans, Baptists are ex- make themselves a part of their pected to have large responsibili- neighborhood, a healing part, a ties. The magic growth of the helpful, hopeful, and saving part.

cities, with populations from forty Many are the stories of self-sacri- to sixty per cent of foreign birth fice and unheralded heroism on the or parentage, has created large sec- part of the workers which come tions where thousands of people from these life-saving stations are without church privileges. every year, and into the thousands Our foreign-speaking pastors and run the number of lives which, Christian center workers report a through the ministries of these response to the Gospel on the part workers, have caught sight of of these racial groups that should Jesus as their Saviour and have hearten everyone who finds it a yielded themselves to Him.

joy to build with Christ. The educational work of the So- From the experimental stage of ciety is facing far-reaching deci- ten years ago, our center work has sions. The rapid development of already passed into that stage of our schools for Negroes into col- its development where we can point leges and the greatly increased to definite permanent results and cost of carrying on a college bring where we know with a fair degree us again to the question of the fu- of certainty whither we are going. ture of some of our schools. Thirty We now have forty-four institu- years ago, $10,000 a year would tions which claim the distinction maintain a school of 400 children of being full-fledged, half-grown, below the twelfth grade. Now or budding Christian centers. Many $40,000 will not maintain a school of them are nothing less than life- of 300 college students. Yet the saving stations set in the midst of appropriation of our Society for stormy communities of ungodli- these schools has hardly changed

in these years. We have, however, commodated in the present buildsecured partial endowments for ings. A choice piece of land of fifty three or four of them, and students acres has been purchased for the pay much more tuition than for- Baptist Academy in Barranquitias. merly. We have also reduced the In Mexico the laws do not allow us number of schools to which appro- to hold public worship in rented priations are made. buildings or private homes. There- fore the Home Mission Society is The mission schools for negroes, called upon to help provide church as well as the other institutions of buildings if the Gospel is to be learning maintained by the Society, planted in new centers. The exare evangelizing agencies, minis- penditure of $50,000 per year for tering to their respective student ten years would scarcely enable us bodies, and by the directed activi- to overtake the building needs of ties of Gospel bands, to neglected our Baptist churches in Latin outlying communities. Practically America. all of our schools devote special attention to the training of preach- The Next Step in Home Missions ers and Sunday-school teachers either in special courses or sum- The ever-recurrent problem of mer institutes. There are more how to induce the foreign-speak- students in the regular theological ing groups and churches receiving department of each of the four financial aid to assume larger fi- largest schools-Virginia Union nancial obligation, with the conse- University, Shaw University, quent measure of self-determina- Morehouse College and Bishop Col- tion, is a vital one. This work lege-than for several years past. should be persistently carried for- ward and every group and church The Home Mission Societies enjoying the gifts of the general conduct mission work in six Latin denominations should at the earli- American countries-Cuba, Porto est possible moment come to self- Rico, Haiti, Salvador, Nicaragua support.. Heartening progress has and Mexico. In Haiti the language been made in this direction during is French; in all the other fields the past ten years. The next ten it is Spanish. The Home Mission years should see many advances in Society has under appointment to bringing groups and churches to these fields eleven English-speak- self-support. Just because a soing missionaries and 122 French or ciety has been working for a hun- Spanish-speaking pastors. Of the dred years is no reason why it latter, twenty-nine are supported should continue to do its work for- entirely by churches on the various ever. It must always justify its ex- fields. During the past year there tension of life by its extension of were 1,236 baptisms in these six work. countries, and the total offerings from the churches amounted to BIBLE DISTRIBUTION $74,632. The American Bible Society dis- In all of these countries there tributed eleven million Bibles in 1928 in 182 languages. Four and has been a change in the moral a half million Bibles and Bible por- atmosphere favorable to the tions were distributed in China alone. preaching of the Gospel, and the . people are coming to hear it in larger numbers than can be ac-

CHRIST OF THE AMERICAN

BY THE REV. CHARLES L. GOODELL, D.D.

Secretary of the Oommission on Eva,ngelism and Life Service of the Fedet'al Council of the Ohurches oj Christ in AmC1''ica I T IS now some four years since nobody. We may slightly para- "The Christ of the Indian phrase the poet's words and say- Road," by E. Stanley Jones, made a real spiritual sensation That one Face rather grows, throughout the country and the And decomposes but to recompose, world. It is interesting to know Becomes my Christ that a proper successor to that book Who feels and knows. has been written by Dr. Jones entitled "The Christ of Every Road." Matters of creedal statement This book dwells especially upon have long been fought over in the coming of the Holy Spirit and America. When we remember the Pentecost, and is peculiarly timely polemics of the last century and in view of the nineteen hundredth more, and recall the names of those anniversary of Pentecost, which is who stoutly withstood each other now engaging the attention of the in the fields of debate, we cannot Church: With the advent of the help thinking of the great revelanew year, this book will be in the tion which must have come to them hands of the people. when the a n gel of grace had washed from their eyes the sleep of death and they stood in common fellowship before their Lord.

The Editor of the MISSIONARY Their swords are rust, their bones are REVIEW OF THE WORLD suggests to dust, me the propriety of a brief article Their souls are with the saints, we trust.

on "The Christ of the American There is a growing conscious- Road." This I am glad to under- ness that Dean Inge was right take. Every few years a new re- when he said that Jesus did. not ligion is being promulgated. This· come to bring a religion but to be year is no exception; a liberal a religion; that He brought us a preacher in New York is standing religion that does not have to be sponsor for the new religion of defended but defends itself; and Humanism. One can not help re- that while we are interested more calling the answer of Tallyrand or less in creedal statements and when a man of his day told him he have no doubt that some of them was launching a new religion and are better than others, we are thor- would like his advice as to the best oughly satisfied that in the last way to do it. The answer was, "I analysis the best creed is the blind would advise you to be crucified man's creed-"This I know, that and to rise again on the third day!" whereas I was blind, now I see."

Whatever may be said about the It ought not to be difficult for all deflections and the indifference of communions to get together on that the Church, there is no question basis, and the unity for which we throughout America as to the su- long will probably come about in premacy of Jesus Christ. It is not no other way. Doctrines may di- a question of Christ or somebody vide us, but a common experience else; it is a question of Christ or through Christ will make us one.

31

Then we can say, "Is thy heart as lives of the buffeted millions we my heart? If it be, give me thy are hearing His words, "Come un- hand." to me all ye that labor and are The attitude which is more or heavy laden, and I will give you less apparent in the thinking of rest." You have been bearing your America today is the attitude that burdens alone and they are too these great questions which center much for you. "Take my yoke up- in Christ must be settled by ex- on you and learn of me, for my perience. Nothing stands the acid yoke is easy and my burden is test but faith in Jesus Christ. The light."

testimony of Dean Sperry, in his In the application of this blessed lectures before the Colgate-Roch- fact, we feel that a new day is ester Divinity School, is signifi- dawning throughout our country. cant. Speaking for that "vague If you are thinking of the great society known as 'Liberal Protes- missionary movements which have tantism,''' he says, "As for wor- so blessed the world and which ship, we are vaguely aware that at need as never before the motive of this point we are unexpert and defi- a divine urge, it is here you will cient; therefore we redouble our find it. Jesus Christ is saying, "Go busyness in the hope that work is quick, everywhere. Lo, I am with the substance of prayer. We try you even unto the end of the to make two blades of grass grow world." If you try to keep your where one grew before, without religion, you will lose it. If you stopping to ask the meaning of give yourself and your life in ut- this endeavor in sight of the time termost surrender to the needs of when some wind shall blow across a world ruined by sin, you will the world and no blade of grass save your own life and the lives of will grow more." The pendulum those to whom you minister. You has swung so far to the things are talking about social service, the which are of the earth earthy, and betterment of all classes and conour busyness has so absorbed us, ditions of men. You cannot face that we are calling a halt. We them in your own strength. You have been straining every energy will grow weary and utterly fail. in feverish anxiety to annihilate You must have a wisdom that is space and time. To cut a second greater than any which grows in from the record is enough to put purely human service. If you want a man or a horse on the front page; to minister to men who toil with but the answer from the bystander brain or brawn, you must bring to is, "If all that means the reaching them the spirit as well as the pracof the graveyard so much sooner, tice of the Carpenter of Nazareth. what is your hurry?" What is the If you want to minister to those end of it all? Alas, on the human who question your sincerity, you side, a few short planks from the must join the Society of the Towel joiner's hand in the windowless and the Basin, whose charter memchamber of silence and death, and ber was the Man who girded a on these lips of ours, so avid of towel around His loins and washed praise, there will rest at last but a and wiped His disciples' feet. If puff of dust. you want to take away the scandal It is here where the Christ of of the Church and bring men from Every Road comes in. Over the the highways and the byways of

THE CHRIST OF THE AMERICAN ROAD

life, from the seats of the mighty psychology and pedagogy, but are and the cottages of the poor, into they walking more closely with vital relationship with God and God? Do they know more intiduty, you must do it as Jesus did mately Him who said, "I am come it. It is the personal touch, the that they might have life and that yearning of heart for heart, the they might have it more abundantpassion which sent our Lord to ly." The psychology of conversion gaze on a ruined city that would or prayer is no substitute for those kill Him in a few days, and weep experiences. The study of the numthere with a love and longing too ber and authorship of the books deep to measure as He cried, "0 of the Bible is no equivalent for Jerusalem! how oft would I have the translation of their message gathered you as a hen gathereth into good and honest hearts. "The her chickens." words that I speak unto you, they are spirit and they are life." And We are coming to realize that that is the purpose which must lie the supreme message of Jesus is behind all our Christian religious not the message of a teacher but education. It is a matter of great of a Saviour. The Sermon on the joy that many of our leaders in Mount was not by any means His Christian education, like Dean greatest deliverance to the world. Athearn, lately Dean of Boston It was only His inaugural, spoken University School of Religious Edwhen those who listened were not ucation, and Dean Weigle, of Yale able to comprehend deeper spir- School of Religion, are emphasizitual truths. His greatest sermons ing this great fact on every proper were those preached to individuals, occasion. Jesus Christ is himself and that supreme message which the Way and the Truth. A weary was last upon His lips before those world standing at the cross roads lips, moistened with the vinegar of is not asking for a new signboard malice and purple in the agony of to point the way, but it is looking death, had cried, "It is finished." for a living message from Him with pierced hands and a wounded Here, in the matter of religious education, we in America are face heart, who alone can guide it into to face with a lesson which we must all truth. not overlook or forget. If secular education is falling down at the At this particular time there is point of character, the same thing an expectancy upon the face of the is also true of our religious educa- Church which she has not worn tion. Taking the country at large, for many a day. It has been quite there are thirty per cent less chil- the fashion for spiritual leaders to dren in the Sunday-school today say that it was time for a new outthan there were thirty years ago. pouring of spiritual power. For But this is not the saddest thing many years there has been a feelabout it. The percentage of those ing that a Pentecost was overdue. who are corning from the Sunday- With a unanimity that is most enschool into vital relationship with couraging and a yearning that is Christ and membership in the inspiring, the Conferences, Assem- Church is also increasingly less. blies and Synods of the Churches have united to make the present No doubt our teachers are better year, the nineteen hundredth annitrained than those of a former gen- versary of Pentecost, a time when eration in matters of philosophy, 3a

the Church should listen to the last Such in substance was the holy message of its Lord and wait for challenge which did thrill and will a new enduement of spirit and thrill the Church till the end of power. If Pentecost was necessary time. It is this Christ who must for the birth of the Church, other walk with us. Once He fell in with Pentecosts must be necessary for discouraged disciples who walked its continued power, and it is this and were sad on the way to Em- enduement which will vitalize the maus; but a little later their hearts whole Christian Church. burned within them as He unfolded The supreme day of the year is to them His holy promise. The Church of our day has been walkneither Christmas nor Easter, ing with leaden feet in a dusty blessed and glorious as those days path. The cares of this world and are; but they both take their the deceitfulness of riches have beauty and significance from what happened on Pentecost. After the choked the Word, and it has stood resurrection, the disciples were still shivering around altars where the a discouraged and timid company, fires had gone out. Some perchance meeting behind bolted doors. But have even been ready to propound when the day of Pentecost was once more the dreary skepticism fully come, there came with it that of John's disciples, "Art thou he power which changed the hearts that should come, or look we for of doubting, helpless men and made another?" With patience unspeakthem invincible by the indwelling able, the Christ has' been saying to of that .spirit which Christ said all such, "Look about you. The would be His alter ego, His other blind see, the deaf hear, the lame self, the spirit of Truth which walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the poor rejoice in a Gospel as would abide with them forever. mighty as their need." It is this Christ who journeys with us. It is Who is the Christ who is to be He alone who is adequate to the the Christ of the American Road? needs of our complex civilization, It is the Christ who is revealed to to the materialism of a nation each individual through the Holy grown rich in things beyond any- Spirit. We are talking about the thing which the world has ever rediscovery of Jesus. How is that seen, whose temptations to the mato be brought about? Not through terial and the sensual have been some ancient papyrus dug from greater than any other generation Egyptian sands or uncovered in has ever known. It is this Christ some ancient library. "He shall who is saying, "All power is given bring to your remembrance all that unto me in heaven and in earth. I have said." "He shall lead you Go ye, therefore, and teach all nainto all truth." He shall give you tions. . . . .. And, 10, I am with you wisdom and strength. Through Him you shall be mighty and pre- alway, even unto the end of the vail over all that is against you. world."

"A great empire and little minds go ill together. We ought to elevate our minds to the greatness of that trust to which the order of Providence has called us."-Edmund Burke, in the British Parliament.

CHURCH AND CONGREGATION AT POINT

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CHRISTIAN WORK IN ALASKA BY THE REV. HERBERT BOOTH SMITH, D.D.

Posto'r, imtnltnud Prc8 bv t erian Church, LOB Angeles, Oalifornia I T IS easy for the tourist to gen- impressions which may be worth eralize. A European whose passing on to others whose knowl- knowledge of America was edge of Alaska is confined to the confined to the country between geography class in the fourth Niagara Falls and the Statue of grade. Liberty would not be able to write One thing which is patent to the a "Guide to the United States." No casual observer is the need of comore can a Californian who has operation between the variou~ spent one month in Alaska, travel- Protestant denominations. Alaska ing from Seattle to Fairbanks and is a big field to cover, with its 600,- points en route claim a thorough 000 square miles and its popula- acquaintance with the land north tron, native and white together, of of Fifty-four Forty. And yet if about 60,000. This means ten you have kept eyes and ears open square miles of elbow room to each and talked with a score of repre- inhabitant. If the 30,000 white sentative leaders from missionary folk are going to give a true picto Governor, you do gather certain ture of Protestant Christianity to 35

the Indian and the Eskimo, they considerable number of Lutherans ought to work together more fully were enrolled in the Northern than is now the case. Of course Light Church, which was none too there is considerable cooperation strong even then. Our Lutheran already, but more is needed. You brethren saw fit to come in and or- will find many Alaskan towns with ganize a church in that city which up-to-date store buildings and mod- drew away to its membership the ern theatres but hopelessly inade- Lutheran folk already happily quate churches. What a sorry ac- working in the former fold. Is count religion gives of itself when this a wise expenditure of home Ghrist's cause is represented by mission money? Mr. Young, the three or four one-room frame Juneau Methodist leader, told me buildings in a town of three thou- that the Canadian plan was the sand, say, whose ministers live on solution of Alaska's Protestant a starvation wage, comparatively problem. Perhaps it is, but that speaking, and preach to a handful cannot come at once; and my sug- of souls each week. Take Juneau, gestion would seem to be the first the capital, for example. The step. The situation at Fairbanks only self-supporting Presbyterian was a much finer. illustration of Church in' the territory is the Christian comity. . The Lutheran Northern Light Church of Juneau. leaders came there on a tour of in- They have a comparatively new vestigation with a view to organ- building which cost about $35,000, ization. They were fair enough with a membership of 140 or there- to hold a friendly conference with abouts. The Methodist Church the Presbyterian pastor and others, across the way is an antiquated as a result of which they concluded frame building and their church that there was no field for another roll numbers about forty. They Protestant church and hence they have a better manse, however, than left the work in its present status the Presbyterians, a reasonably quo. The children of this world ·odist friends could see their way are not always wiser than the chil- clear to dispose of their lot, valued dren of light. One wishes that our at about $10,000, and unite with Episcopal brethren might see their the Presbyterians, a reasonably way to a finer spirit of coopera- strong work could be developed. tion, especially in view of the over- My thought would be that in a tures emanating from that com- town where the Methodists had the munion today in behalf of the re- stronger work, the Presbyterians union of Christ's divided church.

should not establish a church and Take the situation in Sitka as a vice versa. This has been done at case in point. St. Peter's-by-the- Ketchikan for example, whose Sea is a charming little Episcopal Methodist Church numbers Luth- building which has had no rector erans and Calvinists among its for some time and where, accord- flock. Bishop Rowe and Dr. Tor- ing to my information, no services bet, both of the faith of Wesley, had been held for years. The Pres- agree with me in this general posi- byterian Church has had a school tion, though we might differ as to there for a half century or so. The details. time came when tbe need of a As an example of what should church building was urgently felt.

not be done, take Juneau again. A Application was made for the use

1930J SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CHRISTIAN WORK IN ALASKA

of St. Peter 's Church in order to sibly different kind. One of my avoid duplication, but a decided pleasant boat acquaintances was negative was the answer. Bishop Father McElmeel of the Mission Rowe is a man highly regarded at Nulato, way out on the Yukon. throughout all the territory, to be Handsome and genial, cultured and sure, and he may have had wise refined, he would be at home in any reasons for his refusal. But a social group in New York or elsemere Presbyterian cannot see the where. And yet he volunteered need of standing on technicalities for this .work five years ago and in Christian work on this far-flung he loves it. He could hardly wait battle line. A somewhat similar to get back to his dogs! A brother situation at Wrangell might be Jes uit of his said to me : "Ah yes, discussed at length. In the attrac- we give our best men to the hardtive town of Anchorage the Lutheran and Presbyterian Churches ( ,or stand on opposite corners of the same intersecting streets; both of them small and struggling. Why can they not get married? What is the use of passing resolutions about unity in our great conventions unless we begin to practice its precepts in our sparsely settled communities in the home and foreign field? In the present stage of affairs we can expect no sympathy from the Roman and Greek priests in Alaska, but surely we Protestants might unite.

Christ's Ambassadors VISITING PARISHIONERS IN ALASKA A second fact which forces itself est places," and I pondered over upon one's attention is the heroism the words. of Christ's ambassadors. One reads with admiration of the sacri- Well, we Protestants too have fices made by early traders in our saints and our heroisms, search of business success. In though we do not deal in haloes. 1838, for example, the Hudson Bay One hesitates to mention names; Company made a desperate at- but there is that man who put his tempt to establish a trading post wife and baby and household goods at Dease Lake. Four men passed in a rowboat and rowed them up an awful winter SUbsisting on the river to begin work in a native animals and moss. At one time village. When she was taken ill they had to eat their parchment she had to be driven by dog-team windows and their last meal be- for weary miles across country to fore giving up the effort was the find a doctor. There was that lacings of their snow shoes! But other missionary who was one of thank God, the servants of the three trustees for some Indians Cross are capable of equal, aye, who located a gold mine. Being greater sacrifice, though of pos- offered 250 shares (which later were worth $250,000) he refused

the same; although he was so poor One mIsSIOnary acquaintance he had to borrow his salary in ad- who has a wife and four children vance to pay his wif.e's passage to to support on the princely salary the States to visit their daughter. of $1,700 and manse, told me he He was one of Christ's fools. sometimes wondered whether he and his family were really worth An advertising man met a bach- all the money they were receiving elor missionary at a remote point from the Board of National Mison the Stikine River, who begged sions! Selah. him to stay a week with him as he ALASKAN BOYS Lay Leadership was so lonely. His chief earthly A third lesson one can learn is delight was an old-fashion~d bath- the importance of lay leadership. tub he had recently installed, the One of the needs of the church toonly one for miles around. day is a more consecrated and effi- cient laity. Many of our American I know a Sunday-school mis- churches would have to go out of sionary who answered my question business if the ministers should all about hardships in this way: "No, die. Alaska, however, has learned we haven't made any sacrifices to lay responsibility upon some of here. Of course, we lost two dear her elders and stewards and to children who could have been hold them accountable for results. saved if we could have afforded to When I visited the native church give them the care they should at Juneau, most of its members have had, but we haven't made any were away; but they were carryreal sacrifice." No sacrifice, mark ing their Gospel with them. One you. summer their pastor told his peo- ple as they left for the canneries to use every opportunity for getting groups of people together for wor- ship. In the fall they reported one hundred services held in three months. In the Klawock Church there occurred a vacancy of eight- een months between ministers and yet Mr. Bromley found a Sunday- school of one hundred members when he took charge and a field where Sunday services had been regularly held. At one native serv- ice I attended the lay preacher was blind and yet he proceeded with great efficiency. He had memorized his hymnbook and could lead all the songs with a good voice, quoting also whole Bible chapters from memory. One California clergy- man wondered whether his own of- ficial board of sixty members could

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CHRISTIAN WORK IN ALASKA

carryon as well if similar duties to be an officer in a certain church.

were laid upon it. The pastor of this church is prob- There seem to be two theories on ably the most gifted churchman in which church leaders have acted, Alaska. This elder said to me, leading to opposite conclusions. "The people will do everything for One is that the missionary should Doctor Blank but come to hear him learn the Indian's language and preach." Congregations of twenty- try to "think native" as fully as five to thirty people are accounted possible. The other is that the large up in the Northland. You churchman should confine himself soon learn that a minister's in- to the English, insisting that the fluence is not to be measured by his Indian is an American and must therefore learn the English lan- guage, think for himself and stand on his own feet. Naturally the second method would seem to de- velop more initiative.

Humorous mistakes have; of course, resulted from the efforts of interpreters to translate Gospel ideas into the vernacular. Rev.

David Waggoner told me of one of his assistant's interpretations of Psalm 23. He heard the man say- ing in Thlingit: "The Lord is my goat hunter." Since they know nothing of still waters except in the valleys, he put it this way: "He knocks me down on the moun- tain and brings me down to the valley." Still another translator counselled his auditors thus: "Eat, drink and be married, for tomor- row you die!" A little Haidah girl THE "PRINCETON" SPREADING TIlE evidently had her own version of GOSPEL IN ALASKA the Lord's prayer, which ran as follows: "Forgive us our debts as crowd. One of the most useful and we forgive our dentist!" A small active m~m out "to the Westward" Miss at Cordova asked at the close preaches to eighteen usually and ot evening prayer: "Mother, is yet he is a power for God. He God a fish?" "Why, no, child!" goes to cannery and copper mines, "Well, then why do we say so often, wherever men are found; and as long as they don't come to his place Halibut be Thy name?" of business he goes to theirs. He Personal Evangelism builds his life into the lives of those You can write down a fourth about him. One of my Skagway thing in your notebook and that friends probably does as much is the importance of personal work. good in preaching to the prisoners A judge who has lived about a half in the town jail as he does in century in the Territory, happens speaking to his church folk who

are as yet out of jail. He told me attractions of this great frontier how the poor chaps sent for him country as the authoress was who to come and how some of them had made her hero go overland all the straightened up as a result of his way from Washington State to the Aleutian Islands. Some folks seem visits. to think it still belongs to Russia All this is borne out by a thing and are surprised to hear English spoken there. One dear lady said which happened as the result of she wanted to see what an Alaska President Harding's visit to Alaska stamp looked like on a letter. Anin 1923. He appeared fully as other tourist wondered when her much interested in the natives as bags would be opened for examinain the whites, and asked what could tion by the customs authorities, be done to help in the solution of and who the President of Alaska their problems. He was told that was. a new boat in which the Sundayschool missionary could visit the Such persons ought to read of people in their fishing camps would the dramatic incident of Friday be a great boon. Mrs. Harding evening, March 25, 1867. Secreand Mrs. John Grier Hibben, wife tary Seward was playing whist of the president of Princeton Uni- with his family when the Russian versity, were great friends and minister was announced. Baron were also among the visitors in- Stoeckel said he had received a discluded in the Presidential party. patch from his government by It was proposed that they head a cable stating that the Emperor movement to raise $40,000 for such consented to the cession of Alaska a boat, the same to be named after to the United States of America the President. But, as will be re- upon payment of $7,200,000. "Tocalled, the President passed away morrow," said he, "I will come to in San Francisco on his return the Department and we can enter from Alaska and Mrs. Harding on the matter of the treaty." Mr. died some time after. So that the Seward said, "Why wait till tofund for a smaller boat was largely morrow? Let us make the treaty raised through the good offices of tonight." The Russian replied, Mrs. Hibben and the vessel was ap- "Your Department is closed. You propriately named the Princeton. have no clerks and my secretaries On this trim little ship the apostle are scattered all over town." Mr. of the personal touch makes his Seward answered: "Never mind way from one camp to another. that. If you can muster your lega- The little dining-room becomes a chapel and the devout Indians as- tion before midnight, I will be semble for worship and sacrament awaiting you at my office." The there. It is another case of fol- result was that by four in the lowing the people to their where- morning the treaty was engrossed abouts rather than expecting them to come out to church. and signed and ready for trans- Another observation may be mission by the President to the mentioned and that is the need for more intelligent knowledge of Senate. Alaska by the Christians of the homeland. Most of us are as igno- Frequently the thought came rant of the geography, climate and over me as our steamers ploughed their way through the various beautiful channels of the inside

WEEK OF PRAYER

passage, that if the traveling WEEK OF PRAYER world knew the matchless beauty The Federal Council of the of Alaska's snow-clad mountains Churches of Christ in America rising sheer from the water's edge, joins with the World's Evangelical there would not be space enough Alliance of Great Britain in apon the boats of the four steamship pointing a Universal Week of lines to satisfy the people desiring Prayer, beginning Sunday, Janto go. Here is an ocean voyage uary 5. A suggested devotional without the danger of seasickness program will be circulated throughand a foreign country, in some out all English-speaking lands and senses of the word, two days out will be translated for use in other from Seattle. Here are the largest countries throughout the world. glaciers in the habitable world to The year 1930 promises to be sigbe seen in a temperature congenial nificant in the history of the to the normal American; and here Church. Most of the denominaare canneries whose output in a tions are. planning to observe it as single year amounts to ten millions the nineteen hundredth anniverof dollars. In fact, when Russia sary of Pentecost, and. have desold Alaska she gave away "valleys clared their purpose to make it a yellow with gold, mountains full year of intercession for the o~t­ of copper and coal, waters alive pouring of the same Power whIch with fish, and fur-bearing animals was bestowed upon the disciples in and scenery as sublime as any in the first century. the world." Suggested themes are: In similar fashion our people ought to know something of the Texts for Sunday Sermons, January 5: spiritual needs of the great North country. They ought to be taken Behold how good and how pleasant it on pilgrimages of investigation is to'dwell together in unity ….. for under the guidance of their pastors there the Lord commanded the blesswhere possible, that they may see ing, even life forevermore (Psalm 133).

That they may all be one, that the world may believe that Thou hast for themselves the desperate needs sent Me (St. John 17, 20-21). of some of these parishes and the Endeavoring to keep the unity of th;e pitiful inadequacy of the equipment Spirit in the bond of peace (EpheSIwith which Christ's servants have ans 4, 3). to work. Time and again as I sur- Blessed be the Lord God, Who only veyed some need, I wished for the doeth wondrous things: and let the whole earth be filled with His glory. Amen an.d Amen (Psalm 72, 18-19).

presence of some of my parish- Monday, January 6: ioners to whom God had given of Christian Unity; Thanksgiving and Confession. this world's goods in the hope that some special object might appeal Tuesday, January 7: The Church Universal.

to this one or that one, and the Wednesday, January 8: International Friendship and Cooperneed be met. If any who read these ation. lines shall be persuaded to make an adventure of a summer trip Thursday, January 9: Foreign Missions.

thither and should regret the same, Friday, January 10: if they will communicate with this Family, School and University Life. author he will put his hand down Saturday, January 11: Home Missions.

into his pocket and—criticize them Copies may he secured from The Federal for their poor taste. Council, 105 FJast 22d St., New York, at $1.50 per 100.

FIRST MISSIONARY TO SAIL

AMERICA BY THE REV. OTIS CAREY, D.D.

1110r Forty YCtW8 Mi88ianM"V of the A. B. O. P ..ZlI. in Japan I N ANSWERING this question vessel in which he sailed was cap- one perhaps thinks of the Jud- tured July 23, 1803, by an English sons and Newells, who sailed Guineaman and afterwards taken from Salem, Mass., February 19, possession of by an English Man- 1812; or recalls the statement in of-War and carried into Barbadoes, some books that Mr. and Mrs. Nott, from which place he went to Cu- Mr. Hall and Mr. Rice sailed Feb- racoa, and being entirely destitute ruary 18 from Philadelphia. Their and incapable of prosecuting his ship, however, did not leave the voyage, he came to this city and waters of the United States until has cast himself upon the care of February 24, and by that time the the Society."

Salem boat' was well on its way. The directors voted "to take him The inquiry is not confined to under their care," and appointed a American missionaries. An old committee to provide his board and volume of The Baptist Missionary lodging in New York, his passage Magazine, published in Boston, in- to Amsterdam, and needed clothing cludes a letter dated May 21, 1804, for his comfort during the voyage.

that tells of the arrival in New May 30, the committee reported York of three missionary families that it had unexpectedly found a of The Baptist Missionary Society vessel going directly to the Cape of of England who, being unable to Good Hope. The directors there- get direct passage from their own fore authorized them to procure country to India, had come to take passage in it, and Mr. Schmidt was an American boat. This they did soon on his way to the land for soon after the letter was written. which he had set forth nearly two In them the answer to our ques- years before. Nov. 2, his Mission tion would appear to be found, sent a letter from Good Hope tell- were it not for some items con- ing of his arrival and thanking the tained in the old record-books of Society for what it had done in his The New York Missionary So- behalf. Thus, unless some earlier ciety, which tell of another person, candidate appears, our question whose date of sailing was a few must be answered by the name of days earlier than theirs. At the Mr. Schmidt.

meeting of the directors of this It may seem that the accounts of Society, April 23, 1804, there was these English and Dutch persons introduced Erasmus Schmidt, a have little to do with the history of missionary of The Netherland American missions; but during Missionary Society. He had been their sojourn in this country they, appointed a catechist for work in by addresses in the churches and South Africa, had embarked for in other ways, increased and wid- that country in September, 1802; ened the new interest that Chris- but "after being twice blown off tians were taking in giving the the coast of Africa to Brazil, the Gospel to those hitherto without it.

42

UNION IN SOUTH

BY THE REV. ARTHUR J. BROWN, D.D., New York ~MONG the notable events of the uniting Churches that all actions of the year was the annuaI the united Church will be regulated by meeting of the Continuation the principle that it should maintain fel- Committee appointed by the World lowship with all those branches of the Conference on FaI.thaO nd dr er that was held at Lausanne, Swit- Church of Christ with which the unitzerland, in 1927. The meeting was ing Churches now severally enjoy such held in the Maloja Palace Hotel, fellowship, and that it should constantly seek to widen and strengthen this fel- lowship and to work towards the goal ~~ i~~ ~~~~;~o~f ic~:1~t~ody of all parts near St. Moritz, Switzerland, (3) It is also the hope of the uniting whose owner, Sir Henry Lunn, of Churches that their union will be a London, had made generous pro- means to the greater progress of the vision for the meeting. Fifty-eight Gospel in India, in fulfillment of the members were present, represent- Master's own prayer when He said, ing practically all of the historic communions of the Protestant and "That they may all be one . . . that the the Eastern Orthodox churches world may believe that thou didst send throughout the world. me." The result of union should be not merely greater fellowship and peace The special event of interest within the Church and greater eagerness from the viewpoint of missionary for the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ but also a greater release of divine' power and greater effectiveness for the establishment of His Kingdom on earth.

work was the "Proposed Scheme of Under the heading of "Faith and Union prepared by the Committee Order," the report avows "the of the Church of India, Burma and faith which the Church has ever Ceylon, the South India United held in Jesus Christ the Redeemer Church, and the South India Pro- of mankind …… being Himself vincial Synod of the Wesleyan God incarnate" ; "accepts the Methodist Church, for presentation Scriptures of the Old and New Tes- to the governing bodies of those taments as containing all things churches in India and elsewhere." necessary to salvation and as the This was presented by the Angli- ultimate standard of faith"; and can Bishop of Bombay in a printed the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds pamphlet of seventy pages. "as witnessing to and safeguard- The purpose and nature of the ing that faith."

union were defined as follows: The usually difficult problem re- (1) The uniting Churches are agreed garding bishops is solved by an that in every effort to bring together agreement that the United Church is to have "the historic episcopate doniveidoerdgamniezmatbieorns, othfe Cfhinrailst'asimBomdyustinbtoe the union of all who acknowledge the in a constitutional form as part of name of Christ in the Universal Church, their basis of union, without inand that the test of all local schemes of impIy, t union is that they should express locally tending thereby to or 0 exthe prin<!iple of the great catholic unity of the Body of Christ. Their desire, press a judgment on, any theory tihnerSeofourteh, Iins dsioa ttohaotrgiatniszhealtlhegiCvehutrhche concerning episcopacy." Indian expressiou of the spirit, the On membership and the validity thought and the life of the Church Universal. of the ordination of all ministers in the uniting churches, the plan (2) It is the intention and the hope of provides as follows: 43

"All persons who at the time of the judge details of the proposal, but union are communicant members of any of the uniting churches in the area of it declared: the union shall have the privileges and We welcome the statement with which responsibilities of communicant members it is prefaced that "unity of the Spirit of the United Church, and as such shall must find expression in the Faith and be at liberty to receive communion in Order of the Church, in its worship, in any of its churches." The Bishops of its organization and in its whole life." the dioceses concerned "shall be accepted We believe with them that their union, as bishops of the United Church"; and if carried out on right Jines, would re- "all the other ministers of the uniting sult in greater fellowship and peace churches in the area of the union shall within the Church and greater eagerbe acknowledged as ministers of the ness and effectiveness in the proclama- Word and of the Sacraments in the tion of the Gospel of Christ. United Church, each retaining the standing which he had before union in his In this connection, reference own Church ….. The United Church will seek to be in full communion with the may be made to the general fact churches of the Anglican Communion, that the movement for closer union and equally to be in such relations of and cooperation of the people of communion and fellowship with other God both at home and abroad has Churches as are now maintained with made notable advance during the those Churches by the South India United Church and the Wesleyan past year. Some long desired un- Church in South India." "For the thirty years succeeding the ions have been consummated, not- inauguration of the union, the ministers ably that of the Established and of any Church whose missions have United Free Churches of Scotland. founded the originally separate parts of the United Church may be received as A considerable number of pending ministers of the United Church, if they movements are making encourag- are willing to give the same assent to ing progress, and some new ones the Basis of Union and the same promise to accept the Constitution of the United have been inaugurated. It is evi- Church as will be required from persons dent that there is a growing feeling about to be ordained or employed for· the first time in that Church. After this that the time has come to make period of thirty years, the United more earnest and vigorous effort Church will consider and decide the to carry out the prayer of our Lord question of such exceptions to the general principle of an episcopally ordained "that they may all be one."

ministry." It is significant that the· move- Our space limits do not permit ment for union has made greater further citations. The whole re- progress on the foreign field than port deserves thoughtful and at home. Face to face with the prayerful consideration. It is tremendous problems of the nonarousing deep interest throughout Christian world, missionaries and the whole foreign missionary field native Christians have felt the abas well as among the home solute necessity of getting together churches of America and Great in order that they may unitedly Britain. The plan is to be passed press their efforts for the evangelupon by the governing bodies of ization of the millions of people the uniting churches in India and who have not yet heard of Christ. elsewhere, and it is of course pos- We are gratified to add that the sible that difficulties may yet de- Continuation Committee of the velop. It is significant, however, WorId Conference on Faith and that the various interests con- Order is planning to make a special cerned in South India have agreed feature, at its next meeting, of the to the plan by a large majority. unions that have been consum- The Continuation Committee at mated in Japan, China, the Philip- Maloja did not feel free to pre- pines, and other mission fields.

BEYOND OUR SPIRITUAL .INCOME

BY THE REV. D. J. FLEMING, D.D.

Pro!e880'l' oj 111is8io'nsJ Un'ion Theological Seminary, New York A TRIP of five weeks inspecting in recreation or study back in the missions in the Antilles is States. Young women can be bound to leave many impres- found for these posts who are sions. One of them is indelibly drawn by the novel beauty of made by the great majority of the tropical lands, by palm-fringed workers-you cannot help but take plazas, by great stretches of sugar "knowledge of them that they have cane, by ancient forts recalling the been with Jesus." In their tender romantic history of daring pirates concern for the people, in resource- or of the conquistadores of Spain, fulness, in creative love they are by the romance of months in an embodying the God-life. There is environment full of reminders of something about the way they an old civilization. But the head touch their patients or introduce of this school tells us that teachers their old pupils or share their with a warm, vital Christian life vision for th'e future that is con- which they are eager to share are vincing. Before them mountains very difficult to secure. Why is it are being removed-certainly they that from our Sunday-schools and care enough to long that they Christian colleges such a near and should be removed. In such per- strategic opportunity should not sons is manifested love-and love be overwhelmingly met? is of God. Not every worker produces this impression. But the A similar question arises as one divine life is there, and where this is shown through a hospital-the quality of life is, rivers of living outstanding medical institution in water are flowing. a whole republic.. There are the beds-a hundred of them. There But another impression follows are the patients. But at the .top hard upon the first-an impression there does not seem to be an apgailled not so much from our own preciation of the spiritual signifiobservation as from statements cance of this potentially impormade by those earnest spirits we tant institution. Why cannot the have just been describing, viz., that churches of three of the largest our American churches are living denominations of the United States beyond their spiritual income. turn out a consecrated Christian Here is a lovely girls' boarding director for this hospital?

school not more than four days There were other places where away from New York. Most of it was the Christian nurse that the future wives of the evangelical was lacking. Plenty of efficiently leaders of an island people are to trained workers could be found come from this school. The knowl- . who would go to these near-by edge of Spanish is not absolutely islands for the novelty, or for a necessary. Teachers from the job, and who would spend their north would be accepted for terms off-time at the club and come in of three years, or even of one late at night. From a professional year. Each summer could be spent standpoint they do their work. But 45

why did we so often hear the la- missions. But never before have ment that it is hard to get nurses I been so struck with the apparent with a missionary passion? spiritual poverty of our home churches. Possibly this impres- We saw buildings and institu- sion was due to the proximity of tions. Relatively these are easy Cuba, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and gifts for a great land with eco- Porto Rico to the United States. nomic surplus. But the personnel Separations need not be long. fully to run the institutions-the Adaptations to an alien civilization life amply to suffuse these build- are not so severe as in the Orient. ings – was sometimes lacking. The language is much easier to Wanted missionary minded teach- master. And yet even here those on the spot say that we are underers, doctors, nurses! When we manned with contagiously Chriscan buy the land, put up the school tian lives. buildings, and provide the latest X-ray apparatus or operating We are convinced that in Christ, room, but do not raise up enough embodying as He does the selfot those who are eager to use this revelation of God to man, there is material equipment for the deepest truth of inestimable significance to Kingdom purpose it is a fair ques- every human being. God grant that we may show that belief by tion whether we are not as Amer- allowing His power to demonstrate ican churches living beyond our itself by its great out-workingspiritual income. beginning with ourselves.

I have been twice around the world in close touch with Christian DEATH OF MRS. A. F. SCHAUFFLER T HE cause of missions sus- was a Director and liberal support- tained a heavy loss in the er of the Seacoast Mission, and oth- death, August 28th, of Mrs. er Christian and philanthropic A. F. Schauffier, of New York. She enterprises. She was one of the was a remarkably devoted and gen- stockholders of the REVIEW, reguerous friend and supporter of mis- larly attended their meetings, and sionary work at home and abroad. manifested keen interest in every Prior to marriage to the late Rev. department of the magazine. A. F. Schauffier in 1884, she was active in Sunday-school work and Her interest in foreign missions in the Woman's Branch of the New was deep and strong. She was York City Mission. These activi- widely read in missionary literaties she continued for many years. ture. She was familiar with all In 1902 she became Secretary of missionary books, and she bought the Woman's Branch of the City almost every new one that ap- Mission, in 1915 its Director, and peared. Her resume of recent mison her retirement in 1925 at the sionary literature at the monthly age of eighty-two, the Board of meetings of the Woman's Mission- Managers elected her Honorary ary Society was remarkably able. Chairman. In her summer home She poured out her money for miswith her sister, Mrs. John S. Ken- sions without stint, giving largely nedy, at Bar Harbor, Maine, she to her denominational boards and to several undenominational agen-

DEATH OF MRS. A. F. SCHAUFFLER

cies, and constantly sending checks nedy, on her 86th birthday, closing and other presents to missionaries an earthly life of not only excepin various lands. Her mail was tional length but exceptional useheavy, but she read every letter, fulness. She was a woman who ana her sympathetic heart united to a rare degree, beauty and prompted generous response to ap- strength of Christian character. peals. There are buildings in several missions that she erected, and Christian workers in many parts hundreds of missionaries have sub- of the world sorrow in the death stantial reasons for knowing her of this devoted servant of God. personal interest in their welfare. But sorrow is mingled with thanks- She regarded her money as a sa- MUS. A. 1<'. SCHAUFFLEIl cred trust and she found her greatest joy in using it for the advance- giving for the abundant good that ment of the cause of Christ and the she did and the gracious influence assistance of Christian workers. of a life unreservedly consecrated She gave. away practically all of to the cause of missions. The alaher income, except the amount re- baster box of ointment is broken, quired for her modest living ex- but the place is filled with the odor of the ointment. May we not say penses, and in her will she of her passing from earth what bequeathed most of her property Bunyan wrote of Christiana: to missionary agencies at home and abroad. Her skill in presenting "Now the day drew on that she missions to young people was hap- must be gone. And behold all the pily illustrated in a missionary banks beyond the river were full of horses and chariots which were service in the Sunday-school of Oli- come down from above to accomvet Church in the tenement house pany her to the city gate. So she came forth, and entered the river, district of the East Side in New with a beckon of farewell to those York, at which she presided. She that followed her to the riverside."

represented mission stations on the A. J. B. foreign field by candles, and in her explanatory talk to the children she said:.

The secret of all successful work for children in missions is for the leader to be full of enthusiasm and information. Tell over and over again where the money. goes, and what it accomplishes in the field. The best exercise we ever had in Olivet was when a large map of the world was spread on the platform and twenty children came up, one by one, carrying lighted candles which were placed on the stations to which the money from Olivet is sent, while the leader explained how the light from Olivet was shining in Africa and India and brightening places which, but for Olivet, would be dark. The children looked and listened and never forgot the lesson learned.

Mrs. Schauffler passed to her heavenly home at the summer home of her sister, Mrs. John S. Ken-

OF THE

The Editor's Visit to Asia including visits to missions in Bom- bay, Poona, Miraj, Ahmednagar, Hy- The Editor of the REVIEW, Mr. De- derabad, Vellore, Madras, Madura, and lavan L. Pierson, with Mrs. Pierson, Donhavur in South India. Visits to sailed December 2 for an absence of North India stations are to include about a year, during which time they Lahore, Ambala, Lucknow, Allahabad, will visit missionaries in Asia. Their Nowgong, Central Provinces (where itinerary is approximately as follows: Mr. Pierson's sister died), Benares and Calcutta. Sailing from Calcutta, Leaving New York on the S.S. Em- they will visit Rangoon, Burma, Bang- kok and Chengmai, Siam. From thence they will go by way of Singa- pore to Hongkong and Canton, China.

The length of stay in China will de- pend somewhat on the political situa- tion, but they hope to reach Shanghai about April 1 and from there to go on to Nanking, Hangkow and Changsha, later visiting Pautingfu, Tsinanfu, and Peking. Journeying northward through Mukden, Manchuria, they ex- pect to reach Korea about May 15, visiting Sunchun, Pyengyang, Seoul (where there is a Bible school erected to the memory of Dr. Arthur T. Pier- son) and Taiku. From thence the route lies to Japan by way of Shi- monoseki (where Mr. Pierson's sister, Mrs. Frederick S. Curtis, and her hus- band labored for many years) to Na- gasaki, Kobe, Osaka, Kyoto, Hatchi- man, where the Omi Mission is located, Tokio and Yokohama.

DEJ.AVAN L. PIERSON The specific dates for various points are not definitely fixed as their plans press of Australia December 2, going are somewhat elastic in order to have to the Mediterranean by way of Ma- liberty to follow the leading of God deira, Algiers, Naples, Athens and en route. They expect to return via Haifa. They expect to be in Egypt, Hawaii and San Francisco and to December 25 to January 1; then to reach New York about October first.

go by aeroplane to Baghdad to visit In this journey Mr. and Mrs. Pier- the United Mission in Mesopotamia, son are carrying out a long cherished including a visit to ancient Babylon desire to see on the field and at their and Ur of the Chaldees and sailing work the missionaries in whom they from Basrah to India, January 11. have so long been prayerfully inter- About seven weeks will be spent in ested and to the advancement of whose India, from January 18 to March 5, cause they have devoted so much of 48

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

their lives. Mr. Pierson has labored follows to the editor of one of his indefatigably and self-sacrificingly for church papers: many years to make the REVIEW a means of increasing interest and gifts A genuine bargain, this book-the and prayers for the world-wide work Annual Report of the Board of Foreign of the churches, and to bring to the Mission~osting but twenty-five cents missionaries in many lands messages -in bulk, with its 347 pages; in quality, of cheer and information regarding with its score of sepia cuts and outline the work and problems of missionaries maps, showing results of our missions in other fields which they might not throughout the world today; well- otherwise have means of knowing. He printed, thoroughly edited; in interest, has rendered a service of inestimable leading the reader on a mental and value to the cause of Christ and has spiritual journey through the great made the REVIEW indispensable to mis- countries of Asia, Africa and Latin sionaries and to their supporters in America, with accurate news and inter- the homeland. While he has become pretations of human life which are one of the best informed men regard- comprehensive and even profound and ing missionary work he has not hither- always sympathetic. It is well worth a to had opportunity to visit the Asiatic quarter and a few evenings' reading, fields on which the foreign mission- this best of our mission study books. aries labor. He and Mrs. Pierson set Our eyes are opened and our hearts' forth on thei~ journey with eager an- faith revived, as we read in these livticipation, and we are sure that the ing pages of those who are coming to results of their tour will be further the help of the Lord against the mighty. enrichment of the value of the REVIEW. He has promised to write a series of What Mr. Cooke wrote of the annual letters regarding their experiences report of his denominational board and observations which will be pub- might be said of the reports of other lished in the REVIEW, and will be read boards. We hope that our readers with keen interest. who have not seen the reports of their church boards will write to their Sec- During his absence, the editorial retaries for copies. They will find the chair will be occupied by the Rev. Dr. volumes packed with interesting and Arthur J. Brown, as explained in the important facts regarding the world- December number of the REVIEW. He wide work of their respective churches. is confident that readers will follow Mr. and Mrs. Pierson with special The Scope of Modern Foreign prayer that God may give them a safe journey, bring an abundant blessing Missions to the missionaries, and in turn receive rich reflex blessing for them- Statistics are said to be dry; but selves. surely not those that epitomise the onward sweep of the Kingdom of God "The Best Mission Study on earth. It is heartening to remind ourselves of the figures compiled by Books" those high authorities, Harlan P. Beach and Charles H. Fahs in the How many members of home World Missionary Atlas. They show churches read the annual reports of that throughout the non-Christian their Boards of Home and Foreign world of today, 29,188 foreign mis- Missions? They are supposed to be sionaries and 151,735 native workers dry and uninteresting. But a Penn- are conducting Christian work in 4,- sylvania pastor, the Rev. William B. 598 stations and 50,513 outstations; Cooke, who had taken the trouble to 36,246 churches with 3,614,154 comread the annual report of the Foreign municants shine like stars amid the Board of his denomination, wrote as darkness of the non-Christian world. Adherents swell the number of the 4 Christian community to 8,342,378, and an uncounted host stands upon the threshold of the Kingdom; 2,440,148 pupils are being educated in 50,079

missionary schools ranging from kin- that means only one in 80 of the popdergartens to great universities; 858 ulation. In Siam, only seven of the hospitals and 1,686 dispensaries 18 provinces have mission stations, treated in a recent year 4,788,258 pa- and two men and their wives are trytients in the name and spirit of the ing to cover a field as large as Ver- Great Physician. Millions of pages mont and New Hampshire with a popof tracts, books and periodicals are ulation larger than that of St. Paul. annually published. The Bible is be- In the whole non-Christian world there ing distributed in 853 languages and is only one missionary for every 36,- dialects at the rate of over 11,000,000 727 of the population. Dr. Arthur copies a year. The British and For- Mitchell's heart almost broke as on a eign Bible Society prints five tons of night ride on a Chinese river he saw Bibles every day, and the American city after city and not a man to tell Bible Society since its founding in them of the true God. "What can we 1816 has issued 70,082,448 volumes. do?" cried a lonely worker in Africa, The breadth of Christ-like sympathy "but pray without ceasing to God that is movingly exemplified in a great hos- He will bring the needs of Africa so pital for the insane, 104 leper asylums, vividly before the Church that it will 32 schools for the blind and deaf, and make our weak hands strong in deliv- 361 orphanages. For this vast and ering the message of a living Saviour varied work the churches of Europe to a dying people!" "Say not ye, there and America' in a recent year gave are yet four months, and then cometh $69,555,148. harvest? Behold, I say unto you, lift up your eyes, and look on the fields; The very recital of such statistics for they are white already to harvest." impresses one with the magnitude of the enterprise. Dry though they A. J. B. sound, to him who knows their meaning, as a missionary once said, they SUMMARY OF INCOME AND EXare clothed with the flesh and blood PENDITURES OF NINETY-TWO of those whose life work they repre- BOARDS IN NORTH AMERsent. ICA IN 1928 It is a wonderful record when one Reported by Mr.. Leslie B. Moss, considers the comparatively brief peri- Secretary of the Committee of Refod in which missionary work has been erence and Counsel of the Foreign conducted, the difficulty of inducing Missions Conference of North Amerpeople to change hereditary beliefs, ica. the limited resources of mission boards and their support by only a part of the Income from living donors $33.867.920.50 membership of the home churches. IuC'ome from other sources 6.584.084.31 Foreign Missions are not only the vastest but the most successful of the 1'otal income ………… . $40.452.004.81 varied enterprises of the Christian Church. One thanks God and takes Exppnditnres for: courage. Africa . . . . . . . . ~2,ti77.362. 45 Near East and But when one thinks of the work North Africa. 2.467.441. 64 yet to be done, exultance gives way to India …….. 6.735.462.24 anxiety: 164,700 Christians in Japan! China …….. 6,559,448.45 But 66,000,000 people in Japan of Korea …….. 1,508,065.93 whom forty million have never heard .Tapan …….. 3.709.168.58 of Christ; 800,000 Christians in Philippine Is- China! But 438,000,000 people in lands …… 833.716. RS China and only one missionary for Latin America* 4,380,844,29 every 52,000! Nearly five millions Countries not who tell the government census takers (Iesignated by in India that they are Christians! But boards ….. 2.988.772.10 'l'otal r,xpendltures for recurring purposes……………… 31.760.282.56 New property. eqllipmeht, und other special purposes ….. $8.691.722.25 * Reports not received from home mission boards conducting work in Latin Americ.ll.

BY MRS. F. I. JOHNSON, 150 Fifth Avenue, New

President of the Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions A Sunday-school method for develop- (5) What other denominations are at work in this field? ing knowledge of the bigness of the (6) What more needs to be done? church's responsibility for making (7) What more can we do? Christ known; also of the results thus far achieved. In addition, it will lift IV. When your denominational divi- sions are pasted on the outline the interdenominational horizon. map, have a talented boy to Devote ten minutes to this method paste on all other divisions, naming each as he does so, and on each of the twelve missionary Sun- the denominations at work in days. each. Let him close with state- ment of amount per capita METHOD given by your denomination to fulfill the command of the I. Very large map of world with world's Saviour to spread the geographical divisions in out- Gospel of Redemption through- line. (This to be hung up for out the earth, (pastor needed). the missionary period each month and taken down im- KOTE :-This win mean research and hard mediately thereafter. It must work. If the classps ure rightly approu('hed in be kept fresh and clean.) pr~senting this method of visualizing the work hoth at home and abroad, they will gladly un- II. Geographical divisions of each dertake a pie('e of study Which will appeal to them as worth the cundle. The young folks continent in colors made out are tired of huving the Christ's work handed of paper or cloth, durable to them on a platter of ease; they know that enough to hold up well after this is not the way in Which it will he ac- being pasted on the outline complished; they are champing the bits for map. hard jobs, while the majority of so-called mis- siomrry leadcl"S' are treating" them either as III. Assign definite geographical divi- children or "uninterested youth." On with sions to definite classes, each hard tasks for our splendid youth! Thpy will to be reported on at a specific measure up! 'Ve nre the ones at fault.

date at which time the presi- MOTHER INDIA'S CHILDREN dent of the class or other chosen one pastes its division By MISS LAURA DEWITT SOPER, on the outline map in the pres- ence of entire school; report Bakersfield, Calif. to consist of following items Scene: given by as many different in- dividuals as possible: A wayside shrine, in any setting typical of India. (1) What Home or Foreign missionary work has our denomination in Characters: this world geographical division? Mother India, ragged, travel-stained, (2) Where is our work? exhausted. A Poet, dressed in flowing robes, (3) Name of one worker. white hair and beard hanging loose, sandals.

A Warrior, in fighting garb of (4) Approximately how much in- kahki, with turban, knife, and short vested by our local church in this sword.

division? (pastor's help required at A Priest, in saffron robes and carry- this point). ing rosary.

51

A Chela, with begging bowl. Future-Has she no children who A Scholar, dressed in semi-European will care for her? fashion, alert, important. A Skilled Craftsman, bearing a bowl Mother India-(Proudly) Yes, I of carved brass. have many children who have wrought A Far.mer, with rice and grains tied splendidly for me. They are noble in knotted cloth slung over his and illustrious. For me they would shoulder. lay down their very lives. A sma!/' group of women, dressed in saris and bringing with them beautiful Present-Then where are they? silken scarves. Why do they not come to you in your Outcaste Man, dressed poorly but need? neatly in white dhoti, blue cotton coat, and dark turban. (Select this char- Mother India-Ah, I am old, so very acter most carefully.) old, and they are young. Their days The Present, wearing a classic white are filled with the cares and hardrobe draped with gray gauze scarves. ships of youth. In a little while, in a The Future, classic robes of pure little while, when they have time they white. will come.

As curtain rises, Mother India is Present-But in the meantime you discovered feebly trying to worship at will perish. Can we not call them to the shrine. She falls in a little ex- you now? Is there none to find them? hausted heap beside the road. Enter the Present and the Future. The Future-I go to call them. At my Present discovers Mother India and bidding they will come, bearing loyal goes over to her. The Future waits gifts for their beloved Mother. In a at one side of stage. few moments I shall return with them. Do you in the meantime minister to Present-Oh, poor Mother India. her needs. What has happened? Why are you here beside the road, so weary and FUTURE LEAVES PLATFORM disconsolate? The Present kneels beside Mother Mother Indiu—-Daughter, I have India, helping her to recline more journeyed far and the weariness of the comfortably; straightens her garyears is upon me. ments; and ministers to her tenderly. The Future returns leading all of Present·-Whence have you come, Mother India's c;hildren. The Poet, Mother? the Priest, and the Scholar approach Mother India. The Warrior and the Mother India-I have come from the Craftsman stand a little at one side. far boundaries of my own past. Out The women group themselves at her of the misty beginnings of civilization feet or crouch near her head. The I come, seeking fulfillment and peace. Farmer stands deferentially at the I have come at last to the end of the far side, and the Outcaste man stops, journey here by this wayside shrine. barely inside the stage entrance.) Present-But how ragged and dusty Pt'esent-See, Children of India, your garments are! your beloved Mother lies here by the roadside, exhausted and ill. Can we Mother India-They have been torn not aid her? on many a briar and drenched with many a storm. Poet-Oh, beloved Mother, it grieves us to see thee thus stricken with weari- Present-Why do you not rise, ness and pain. Too long hast thou Mother? It is the hour for prayer. gathered dry sticks in the forest; too long hast thou cut the sheaves of Mother India-Alas! I can no longer brown grass on the barren hillsides. rise. My strength faileth me. Arise, cease from toil, take the while lotus of love which flowers in our Present (To the Future) Oh, what hearts for thee, and walk with us the shall we do? We cannot leave her here upon the road to perish alone.

METHODS FOR WORKERS

paths of blessed peace. (He lays a hold the bowl which my hands have flower beside her.) carved. This, Mother, is yours. You are hungry and thirsty. Eat and drink Mother India-Ah, beautiful is your that strength may return to you. flower, my son. My heart is made glad by your offering. (She touches it Mother India-How shall I eat from reverently, but does not lift it.) your bowl of loveliness when my bags are empty? Since I have been on my Warrior-CStepping forward brisk- journey, my rice has all been eaten ly), Nay, what cares our Mother now and my water skin is empty. I faint for flowers of love and paths of peace? with hunger. The world is knocking at her portals to carry away her treasure. She has Farmer-Here is grain, Mother, and need of strong arms and brave hearts. here are fruits from the trees in my Mother, arise and lean upon me. I field. Let mine be the hand that fills shall turn away those who would op- your bowl. pose you. Come, let me help you rise. Scholar-CLording it a bit.) Dh, Mother India-Nay, but I am tired, foolish brothers and sisters, while we son. Your swords have clashed in my argue, our Mother dies. Let us make ears so long. Leave me in peace, a litter of our cloaks and carry her to though it be but to die. her rest. Sisters, lift the grain and water skin. Let us make haste. Priest-Flowers of love and sword of warfare a.like are vain. Come with (The children all crowd around. me to the Shrine, Mother. There shall From their shawls and sticks they you make offering to the gods ….. . construct a rude litter. Mother India is lifted upon it. The litter is lifted Chela-(Pushing in suddenly from to the shoulders of the Warrior, edge of crowd.) Better that you should Farmer, Craftsman, and Scholar. The fill the bowl of this priestly son of women gather up the bowl, the flower, yours. Give to him that he may bless and the veils which have fallen, and you. Perchance a deed of generosity the grain and fruit. (The Priest leads may win merit to raise you from this the way.) (The Dutcaste remains at dusty bed. one side.) (The Poet following.) Mother India-Leave me to die. Priest-Come, let us take her to the How can I give to you that which I holy waters of the Ganges. There behave not? side the blessed stream, waiting in prayer, our Mother shall find healing. Women-Deal' Mother, we bring veils for your shrouding. It is not Mother India-Not, so, my son. fitting that you should lie here before Each year have I made the pilgrimage the sight of all who pass by. These to Benares or Hardwar, but behold, I ragged garments should be covered am no whit better. that you be not mocked in your sorrow. Place your arms about our Priest-Then let us carry you to shoulders and we shall raise you. Lean the hills, to Badranath, the most upon us and we shall lead you into sacred, where Mother Ganges springs the seclusion of our home where you as a tiny rivulet from the cool arms may rest undisturbed by the curious. of the glacier. The way is long, but we, your sons, will carry you. Mother India-Daughters of the gentle voices and the tender hands, I Mother India-Not so, not so. Two would go with you but I cannot rise. hundred miles beyond Hardwar into These limbs refuse to bear me further. the frozen hills! The weariness of death is upon me. Carry me not to Women~CSpeaking with veiled the hills. I am weary, weary, so weary. faces to the men.) Brothers, behold our Mother is ill and unable to rise. Warrior-Let us leave her here in Cannot you help us carry her to our the care of her daughters for a time home? while we unsheathe our swords and drive the stranger from her home. Craftsman-Before you take her Behold, from the far corners of the away, let me make a gift for her. Be-

earth, the foreigner has crowded in Outcuste-You speak truly. I would upon us until there iSJlo place left for not lead. I can only point to One who our beloved Mother to lie down to has called to us, "Follow me." He is rest. Let us to battle! able to lead us where there is healing Present-Peace, brother; too long for all, even for such as I. Have I has the sword been unsheathed in this not followed Him and learned of His fair land. They that live by the sword strange power?

shall also perish by the sword. Not Scholar-Do you say you have thus can you serve your Mother in her learned? How can that be ? You who need. have brains only for the menial tasks!

Poet–Bring her hither, my broth- Have not our holy books made it a ers, to the retreat where we poets and sin even to read their sacred pages in philosophers live. She shall lie at ease your presence? How then do you talk upon the green grass, where perfumed of learning?

fountains cast up their rainbow spray. Outcaste-It is true, brother, that We shall plant hedges of hibiscus and through the centuries we have been fragrant jasmine about her that she stupid and ignorant. I have been as be not tormented by the sight of the poor dumb beast until this great misery …… . Teacher of whom I tell you has made Farmer- (Interrupting.) And me to understand many things. I have would you then carry her away from read in the Blessed Book ….. .

us? In the years when the crops fail, Priest-CAstonished.) You have when disease walks through our vil- read the sacred books?

lages, or when poverty bends us low Outcaste-Nat your sacred books, shall we not be able to come before brother. The Book that tells of this our Mother for comfort and counsel? Great Physician ….. .

Scholar-Hush, villager, your com- (THEY SET LITTER DOWN AGAIN AS plainings trouble her. What have we THEY ARGUE.) to do with the voice of misery? Let us go forth to tell the world of her Mother India-The Physician! The glorious achievements. Hearing of Physician! Where is this worker of these all will love her and she shall miracles? Will He trouble to heal be exalted among the nations. me, a woman?

Future-Is there none among you Outcastf!–Yes, mother, He is tender who can lead? Poet, Priest, Scholar, and compassionate toward all.

can you not rally your brothers and Mother India–Then take me to sisters about you, or will you argue Him, my children, before I die.

together hopelessly while the Mother Wome11!–Come, let us find Him lies dying before you? Who will take quickly while there is hope. Forward, my hand and lead us to a place of brothers.

hope? Warrior-But who shall point us Outcaste-(Humbly.) Oh, my the way? Can you tell us which path brothers and sisters, hear me. I am to take, Poet?

poor and humble. No lotus blooms in Poet-Not I. The paths where my the tanks of my village; no bowls of feet wander are pleasant but lonely.

carven brass or scarves of silk can I I know not where this wonder worker bring in offering to the Mother whom lives.

I too love. My grain and my fruit she Warrior-Thou, Priest! Cans't thou must not eat, for I am untouchable. tell us?

But I have heard of One who can heal Priest-I have heard of Him, but her illness and I can guide you to the I know not where He dwells nor the dwelling place of the Great Physician. way of discovery.

Priest-(Scornfully.) You? What Warrior-CTo Scholar.) Then it is can you do save follow? We are the for you, learned one, to lead us. For- ones whose destiny it is to lead. ward and we shall follow.

Scholar-Alas, I have searched but Outcaste-(Turning to speak to the the way is clouded with the mists of little group just before they leave the uncertainty. I, too, would find the stage.) Teacher, but I search in vain. When we have found him, let us Future.-Oh, Children of India, lay kneel before Him and offer Him the aside your confusions and your pride. devotion of our hearts, for He is This lowly one among you bears testi- worthy. And His name is a name mony to the One who alone can heal above all names-Jesus the Christ. the grievous ills of the beloved Mother. He has followed and found the Teacher (Mother India rises to sitting posiand Healer for whom the whole world tion and lifts her joined hands high.) waits. Follow and He will lead you to the Teacher's feet. (To Outcaste.) Mother India-Jesus ! J esus ! the Humble one, speak plainly. Where Christ! He it is that shall heal me of dwelleth the Blessed One? How shall this weariness. To Jesus be praise! we find Him and how is His name called? Come, I will go with you to All-CAs they pass out of sight.) find Him. (She stretches her hand to Jesus! Jesus the Christ! to Jesus be the Outcaste who takes it as he steps praise! to head of line.) END. Outcaste.-His dwelling I know. It is not in the shrine or in the retreat. NOTE :~-Use with the presentation of tho It is out among the restless weary ahuve demonstration, the two Indi.a songs found ones. He dwelleth in a house not in the Methods Department of the December made with hands. The way I know issue. for He led me and I followed and found peace. Come and we shall guide WONDERFUL WORK you to Him. We will lay our Mother at His feet, for He will heal and raise It's wonderful work, they're saying, when her that she may shine forth like a men put over a scheme, jewel among the nations. But the wonder of all was the laying of Warrior~(Fingering his sword.) the outlines and the dream, And shall we meet with dangers upon the path, or shall we need to force our The bringing to birth of the fancy, the way into His presence? setting the heart aglow Outcaste-Dangers and trials there With visions of use and beauty that the will be, but with swords and fightings work might be builded so. we may not approach, for He is the Prince of Peace. It's wonderful work, they're saying, of the things men do each day, All-(Shouldering the litter again.) Let us go forward! (They move off But the wonder began in the dreaming with the Outcaste and the Future lead- of the light, the truth and the way; ing, the Present following last.) And somewhere the heart and the spirit, Mother India-Now shall I find rest the hope and the faith and the trust and healing. The strong arms of my sons are carrying me where there is Of a dreamer were forming the structure life and light. My daughters are with that the builder lifts from the dust. me. Their loving devotion brings joy -B. B., in "Baltimore Sun." and refreshment to me. With my children about me to uphold me I shall (The above method of progress is find the healing for which I long. dedicated to the young missionary worker who is dreaming great dreams Scholar-And when we have found of the possibilities of Christ's rule in the Teacher, how shall we address the hearts of folks and is fearful of Him? By what title shall we honor making them known lest he may be Him? called a dreamer.) TELEPHONE ANNOUNCEMENT Purchase two toy telephones. Place a table and chair at one side of plat- form or room and another chair op- posite. One announcer sits reading. The other announcer comes into the room, takes up the phone and calls a number. A bell rings. The reader takes up her phone, and during the conversation, an announcement is made of the next missionary meeting, and an invitation given to attend.

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION

EDITED BY MISS FLORENCE G. TYLER, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York WHAT CHINESE WOMEN ARE The government in China today is DOING standing for the political equality of men and women. Women are very By TING SHU CHING and KATHARINE generally being employed in govern- E. VAUGHN ment offices, many for clerical work and a few holding higher positions In these days which are on the bord- which necessitate the carrying of a er land of the period of reconstruction, good deal of responsibility. During full of activity along political, eco- the last twenty years women have taken an active part in the furthering of the revolution and as the nation settles down to the business of recon- struction there is every reason to be- lieve that an increasing number of government positions will be open to women who are qualified to serve their country in this way.

In Development of Rural Life A second concern is for the women in the country districts. U nti! recent- ly the Women's Movement has had to do mostly with a relatively small group of women, who have lived for the most part in the larger cities. It has felt this weakness, but it is looking now toward the time when country women TING SHU CHING shall be included in its activities. Much publicity is being given to the nomic and social lines, the question fact that some eighty-five per cent of arises of how much part Chinese wom- China's 400,000,000 people are living en are having in the up-bUilding of in country districts and villages, septhe nation and with what phases of it arated from each other and isolated they especially are concerning them- from the rest of China through lack selves. of means of communiCation. A direct result of the revolution has been that we are fast becoming more aware of this eighty-five per cent in the coun- try and that they are at the same time becoming more conscious of their own In Governmental Aft'airs strength. Much attention is being paid to The presence of women delegates at the third national conference held rural education. Popular education classes are being organized even in in Nanking in the spring of 1929, in- remote villages and learning to read dicates that they are concerning them- and write one thousand of the mast selves with the government. "Woman commonly used Chinese characters in delegate makes brilliant speech for four months time brings new life to women's rights," appeared in the head- the women in country districts.

lines of one of the conference reports. Churches and groups such as the Y.

56 W. C. A. are gladly joining in China's tional gatherings. Most recent was effort to bring education to the masses, the Pan-Pacific Conference held in especially to the women, looking to- Honolulu in August, 1928. Two Chi- ward the time when they may be bet- nese women went as delegates to that ter educated and more helpful citizens. conference to represent China in con- In Economic Independence sidering problems common to all coun- tries bordering on the Pacific.

Economic independence is a third In China, the National Council of concern of China's women today. The Women, organized for the development number of women who earn their own of women along lines of general knowl- living is constantly increasing. Most edge, social, economic and internation- professions are open to them, many al interests takes its place beside sim- are successful business women and the ilar National Councils in thirty-eight social service field has much to offer. other countries in affiliation with the In addition to these openings for International Council of Women. The trained workers there are endless fac- Young Women's Christian Association tories offering means of livelihood for as an international organization joins the less skilled. The development of the association in China with associa- large scale industry in China has given tion centers in forty-four other coun- work to many women. Cotton spin- tries and is an international fellowship ning and weaving, silk reeling, match for women who believe that Christian packing, cigarette wrapping, hosiery principles are at the root of right so- and embroidery works are all possible cial and economic development. Stu- means for at least a partial livelihood. dents in China are linked with student That the conditions under which movements in other countries through such work is done are far more satis- the World Student Christian Federa- factory is the concern of a steadily tion and the Christian movement it- increasing number of women who ap- self brings together Christian women preciate too, the need for education everywhere. Two years ago the Wom- for women and girls in modern indus- en's International League for Peace trial plants in order to prepare them and Freedom sent two representatives for the part that will be theirs in to China, one from England and one China's developing Labor Movement. from France, to acquaint themselves In this emerging Labor Movement with the problems of Chinese women women are being given a chance, but and to assure the women of China of there are as yet few qualified to take the sympathetic interest of women in it. To quote from a Chinese industrial the West.

worker: "The workers as well as those The status of women is changing who are interested in their welfare and it is changing with much less look forward to a genuine movement agitation than has often been possi- headed up by their own leaders and a ble for siIT,lilar changes in western working women's union to work for countries. The methods by which the women's welfare especially under the changes are accomplished are new to leadership of women with industrial the thinking of Chinese women.

employment." Group life and group thinking are in In International Aifairs contrast to the more individual think- ing when women remained so ex- A fourth concern is international in clusively within the walls of their own its nature. Chinese women are coming homes. New problems bring with more and more to have connections them the need for cooperation and for with women in other countries and to the sharing of responsibility. While consider with them questions which numerically speaking it is true that touch on the interests of women the the majority of the women of China world over. Chinese women have been may be living lives little, if at all, af- represented. in a number of interna- fected by the events of the last years,

it is also true that with each step in in charge of Miss Adams and Miss the economic development of the country the results of the revolution be- White. come more far reaching and touch the lives of far more people. It is the * * * ** concern of the women of China today Among those who spoke at the to prepare themselves for the time when the help of the Women's Move- meeting of the Executive Committee ment will be most needed in the reconstruction of the country. were Miss Josephine Schain, secretary NOTES FROM THE MEETING of the National Committee on the of the Executive Committee of the Fed- Cause and Cure of War. Miss Schain eration of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of North America, 419 Fout·th gave a brief review of late develop- Avenue, New York City, November 7 and ments in connection with the World 8, 1929. Court and stressed the importance of The annual meeting will be held in Atlantic City at "The Breakers," Jan- keeping in touch with our senators uary 10-14. The theme for this meeting will. be: ."Spiritual Factors in a and congressmen that they may know World of Facts." our desires in regard to the World Miss Elinor White and Miss Alma Adams will be in charge of the wor- Court and World Peace. ship service throughout the Conference, with Miss Sarah Maloy at the Miss Bessie MacMurchy, a member piano. Saturday evening the speakers will tell of the interesting World Con- of the Executive Committee from ferences, the Havana Conference, the World Y. W. C. A., the Institute of Canada, speaking on international re- Pacific Relations, and the Paris Conference. lations work from the point of view Rev. Henry P. VanDusen and Miss of Canadian women, said in part: Helen Calder will have charge of the Sunday morning service. There will "The fact that Canada is a member of be a Vesper Service Sunday afternoon when Miss Bertha Conde will speak. the League of Nations gives much Sunday evening will be given over to four outstanding missionaries who help to us in our peace work. The will speak on "The Spiritual Implications of the Task." League of Nations Society which has Monday morning will be chiefly local branches in many places sends taken up with business, and in the afternoon "The World Federation of out a ·great deal of literature which Christian Women" and the Day of Prayer will be the chief topics for keeps us in close touch with all that consideration, and Miss Margaret Applegarth will have a Story Hour. is being done by the League. The Monday evening will be a gala oc- missionary magazines use this macasion, with a dinner and speeches by the Nationals of various countries, and terial constantly, putting it in form the closing session Tuesday morning will be a business session, ending with for the local women." a season of "Worship Through Music," Mrs. E. H. Silverthorn, chairman of the Committee on International Rela- tions, brought many valuable recom- mendations from her committee, among which are the following: 1. That again we endorse the World Court and use our influence for the ratifications by the Senate of the new Protocol.

2. An active Campaign of Education concerning our relations as a government to the present situation of the World Court, and to the Naval Disarmament Conference to be held in London in January.

3. That the office of the Federation do everything in its power to secure a strong 'delegation of outstanding church women for the Cause and Cure of War Confer- ence in January, and that this Committee cooperate in ways deemed most effective.

4. The endorsement of the Treasure Chest Friendship Project.

5. That the Federation and Boards study carefully the report of the meeting of the Committee of the International Missionary Council, held at Williams- town in July.

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 East 22d Street, New York Executive Secretarlj, Council of Women for Home Missions SONSHIP opened by singing hymns, followed by God came down from Heaven a Bible story, reading or recitation of verses by the pupils, prayer, then study To teach me how to live; and recitation period from thirty to forty minutes. Memory work was God came down from Heaven often, but not always, followed by play period of ten to twenty minutes and To teach me how to give; singing. We assigned several Psalms for memory work, and each was aided 'God came down from Heaven in selecting Scripture verses of out- standing merit. To help fix them in To teach me how to die; God came down from Heaven To o lift my dreams on high. small, I am big, nor poor nor Since He has thought me worth it all!

-Anne M. Robinson.

WITH THE INDIANS memory we selected verses for each one with initial letters of his name. September, 1928, Miss Helen M. We spent some time memorizing the Brickman's service as national director good old hymns. of Indian Work, Home Missions Council and Council of Women for Home "We offered a prize for best work Missions, began. It is a pleasure to and two prizes were earned. Two present excerpts from reports that girls, one Pima, a Baptist; the other have come to her from local directors Navajo, a Presbyterian, had perfectly of religious education at Government recited all work assigned.

boarding schools and to let our readers "One night I said, 'Tomorrow is see the countenances of those serving. your night to go to the park to the Miss Brickman's picture appeared in band concert; if you wish to go we the May REVIEW. will not have Bible school.' They said, 'We want to have the school and will Mr. J. C. Ross, religious work direc- not go: I insisted that any who wished tor at Albuquerque and Santa Fe, to go to the concert do so and we would writes: "We conducted an interde- have school for the others. Only one nominational vacation Bible school in girl went; all others were at school. June, at request of the pastors of some We asked them as closing time drew of the Albuquerque churches, for chil- near whether or not they wanted dren of the congregations partici- school to close, so they could have more pating, several children from other time for play in the evening. Everychurches and quite a number gathered one said, 'We want the school to hold in who had no church or Sunday- longer.' school connection.

"Immediately after closing this work we opened an evening school in the "Mrs. Ross arranged a little mis- girls' sitting room at Albuquerque In- sionary pageant, with candles and dian School. Meetings were held five flags of many nations for the closing evenings each week from 7 : 00 to 9: 00. evening. One character was to be an The children were so eager we could American Indian and carry the United hardly get them to go when closing States flag. No one was willing to act time came. With exception of one girl the Indian. At last a Hopi boy said given an outing after she enrolled and he would. He costumed and rehearsed.

one little boy who came only a few He also costumed on the evening of times and then dropped out, we had the play, but instead of filing in with almost perfect attendance. the others, jumped out of the window.

"We had no stated program; usually It was easy to get a Japanese, a Turk, 59

an Austrian or anything else, but no one wanted to play the Indian.

"Saturday follcwing the close, in a truck from the school, we went up the Rio Grande to a nice grove; there had a fine afternoon. Weiners, onions, pickles, coffee and watermelons were served.

"Three weeks in August were spent similarly at Santa Fe. Neither group was willing to quit when closing time came. Nearly all attending were earn- est in study and pleasant in disposi- tion. Only those who wished to come J. c. noss A. A. VAN SICKLE were there; no urgency was used. We have made the usual trips to Santa Fe though we need hymn books badly we this fall and are finding the same have done nothing about them. The hearty cooperation that has always hymn books furnished by the school been extended. They did not get the are not allowed to be taken from the additional grade added, so we lost our Chapel.

leaders among the pupils. Others will "Had a busy day yesterday, taught develop, however." six classes; will have a busy day to- In the July issue there was a pic- morrow, Sunday."

ture of seventy-six young people of Rev. J. M. Hinds, pastor of the Con- Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kansas, gregational Church in Genoa, Nebras- who were received into Protestant ka who serves part time at the school churches at Easter. A September there, sends an interesting calculation: letter from Rev. A. A. Van Sickle, our "Looking over record of attendance at director, says: weekday religious instruction at Genoa "For the past month I have been just Indian School for a recent month, I about swamped, and it looks as if I find total attendance at classes 1,015.

would be for some time yet. Our work Expense was $33.33, or 3% cents per is starting out in a fine way. There is unit hour of worship and instruction.

such a good wholesome spirit mani- Should we include two addresses at fested by the whole student body this Sunday evening assembly at the school year. There never has been in the his- (average attendance 525), expense tory of the Indian a s.tudent body as would be cut in half or would be prac- large as the one at Haskell which is as tically 1Y2 cents per unit hour. On far advanced educationally. Most stu- this basis it cost the church in Genoa dents here are high school and junior twenty times as much to provide unit college grade. We are trying to make hour under the same leadership and our religious program a regular part much of it identical in character."

of the whole school program, and I A Sisseton Indian, Mr. Isaac Grey- think we are getting somewhere with earth, is religious work director at it. We have over 450 Protestant stu- Pipestone, Minn., and Flandreau, S.

dents enrolled in our religious educa- Dak., also serving the rural depart- tion classes this year. ment of the International Committee, "We have chosen for textbook, 'The Y. M. C. A. in work with the boys and Bible: Story and Content,' by Calvin young men on reservations.

Weiss Laufer. We have arranged for The "Personals" column, November three students to use one book. Since REVIEW noted appointment of Rev.

they recite only once each week we Floyd O. Burnett as director of re- think this will be satisfactory. If it ligious education at Sherman Institute, is not we may need enough more books Riverside, California. We hope later so that two students use one book. AI- to give items from him.

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN fi1

A . GRAHAM ROWLAND ISAAC GREYEARTH FLOYD O. BURNETT J. ~L HINDS Theodore Roosevelt School, Fort showed them how they could build one Apache, Arizona has a new religious side so much longer than the others work director, Miss A. Graham Row- that the whole triangle would be land, necessitated by resignation and spoiled. Perhaps they did not undermarriage of Mil'S Bessie Kniffen. Miss stand all of it but when asked to sign Rowland writes of first experiences: their names if they wanted to join, every girl there, twenty-five in all. "Mr. and Mrs. Fred Young (Bessie signed up and I trust that through Kniffen and husband) left this morn- this organization we can lead these ing. I begin my first report by telling girls closer and closer to our Master. of the chive'fa with which the bridal couple were received. It was my first "This month has been fuJi of new such experience so I guess I enjoyed it faces, new experiences, new places. more than most of them, though every- The children are beginning to accept one was there from superintendent to me now, especially the girls, and we missionary. It began after the lights have many jolly games of 'Cat and went out, with guns, bells, whistles Rat' together. Several teachers have and pans being shot, rung, blown and let me visit their rooms and that helps beaten in front of the couple's room. in getting acquainted with the chil- They finally appeared and rode burroes dren. The employees have been very down the middle of the road to one of nice to me too; I think they will be the other houses. There the whole nice to work with. I have also met the crowd assembled and were 'set up' by employees at White River-the Indian the bride and groom. They were pre- school four miles from here. Two pared with ice cream, cakes and candy. weeks ago, four of us from the Fort hiked over, met a group of the White "The head matron and I met with River employees half way and had 6th, 7th and 8th grade girls and or- supper together. We had a jolly time ganized a Girl Reserve group. I drew and decided then and there to do it a tepee on the board and asked what again real soon. it stood for. I drew a tree and asked what that stood for. Then I drew a "Fort Apache is still wonderful to blue triangle and tried to tell them me and I wonder each day what good what that stood for,-a group of girls just like themselves who wanted to things wiII happen. I feel like the poet have good times together, to learn new things, to have strong bodies and alert who says, minds, to learn more about Jesus and to live like Him. I told them that each The day wiII bring some lovely thing, side of the triangle stood for some- I say it over each new dawn; thing-body, mind and spirit-and Some gay adventurous thing to hold Against my heart when it is gone. And so I rise and go to meet The day with wings upon my feet,

AMERICA viously religion was taboo, but now

is recognized as a fundamental and Peruvian Spreads the Gospel eternal phenomenon of human life. Eminent thinkers like Antonio Caso MR. JOHN RITCHIE, a Scotch mis- and Jose Vasconcelos of Mexico, Mari- sionary in Lima, Peru, publishes ano Iberico Rodriguez of Lima Unian evangelical paper called Renacie- versity, the President of Buenos Ayres menta ("Regeneration"). Some months University, and the poetess Gabriela ago a man in northern Peru, who had Mistral of Chile have all dealt with heard of this paper from a passing religious themes in their recent publitraveler, wrote to Senor Juan Retcher, cations. Protestant Archbishop of Lima, sending for sample copies and for Scrip- In most of the South American tures. After reading them he consti- countries the newspapers and reviews tuted himself an agent for securing readily publish articles on religious subscriptions,' and for his pains has topics. Catholic evangelization is been put in prison twice by fanatical making a rapid progress in the larger authorities. Nothing daunted, he con- cities and the mass of the people is tinues his work and has already touch- taking more and more interest in the ed a whole series of towns and villages life of Jesus. There is, however, one around his own town, Chiquian. disturbing factor – the Latin Amer- Among those he has been able to in- ican peoples are showing strong interest is a young fellow whose father clination for Theosophy and Spiritism. came back years ago from the coast In Chile, Mexico and Brazil, Theosophy with a Bible, telling his little son that has already become a serious rival to the friars did not teach the way of Christianity. – Information Service, truth, but that it could be found in the World's Committee, Y. M. C. A. book he had bought. Lately this boy, now grown to manhood, journeyed on Famine in Porto Rico foot nine days to Huacho, there taking the train to Lima where he marched CONDITIONS in Porto Rico are into Mr. Ritchie's church in sandals vividly described by Governor and poncho, and, doffing his great hat, Theodore Roosevelt in the New York asked that some one be sent to instruct Herald Tribune. The population dehimself and his neighbors in his far- pends mainly on agriculture. Average away mountain town in evangelical earnings are only $150 a year. The truth. Mr. Ritchie affirms that there hurricane a year ago destroyed $80,- are dozens of little groups scattered 000,000 worth of property, fruit trees through Peru that would soon grow and coffee plantations. People from into strong evangelical churches, if the farms who corne into the towns in native preachers could be sent to them. the hope of finding employment and -So S. Times. food make the situation even worse than it already was. Housing facili- Spiritual Springtime ties are "woefully inadequate." Dis- ease is increasing, both because of the DR. JOHN A. MACKAY writes in over-crowding and because the Health World Dominion that the univer- Department lacks funds to cope with sities of Latin America have finally conditions. The Red Cross estimates thrown off the burden of materialistic that 60% of the children of the Island philosophy that has weighed heavily are undernourished, a large number on that continent for so long. Pre- 62

1930J WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

of whom are "literally starving." The ganization encouraging and making infant mortality rate is approximately possible, by bringing the cost within two and a half times that of the the means of the average Christian United States. "Tuberculosis is one worker, the reverent study of the of our worst menaces, and under the Bible in the land of its birth. present condition of affairs is fastening on the children, who have no The field department, with headstrength to resist it." quarters in Jerusalem, is the central feature of the Institute's activities. Religion in Canal Zone Its objective is to conduct parties through the Holy Land. Classes are THE religious life in the Panama held at the main stopping places in Canal Zone is rather unique. the Holy Land as well as in the rural While there are two Episcopal churches districts. A short course aimed to and one Baptist church as well as give a sound background to the Holy Catholic churches for the Americans Scriptures from the standpoint of living there, there is a system of union geography, topography and customs of churches affiliated with the Federal the people is the paramount feature. Council of Churches of Christ in The business department, located at America. These four churches are dis- the Bible House, New York, assists tributed at different points on the and cooperates with the work of the Zone, Cristobal, Gatun, Pedro Miguel, field department. – Federal Council and Balboa. These, while having their Bulletin. local church councils, are in turn regulated by a central council and work D. V. B. S. in Palestine in the greatest harmony. Two of the four churches have fine buildings. I N 1928 four Vacation Bible Schools The advocates of church unity can be were held in Palestine; the past proud of the system and its results. year the number increased to four- One of these churches has a Chinese teen. The first school of this kind was Bible class. The four churches unite held in Ramallah in 1925, but in 1929 in a missiouary work being done for they were in most of the important the natives at David, on the Pacific centers of Palestine and Transjorcoast north of Panama City. The dania. The total enrolment has reached Wesleyan Methodist Episcopal Church 674; forty-five teachers have given has missions for the colored people at their time freely in this service. Panama City, Colon, Paraiso, and There is nothing denominational or Gatun. The Baptists have a similar sectarian about the Daily Vacation work for the colored people. In each Bible School Movement, and three of case a superintendent (white) has the schools have been entirely in the charge, with colored pastors in the hands of members of the Greek Ortholocal churches.-C. E. World. dox Church.

WESTERN ASIA One of the most gratifying features of this work is that those who are Toward Understanding the Bible taking part in it-as well as those who are benefiting from it-belong to so To THE many Bible stUdents, many different sections. The teachers clergymen and laymen, limited in are pupils of many different mission time and money but desirous of com- schools; the buildings occupied have ing into a more intimate understand- been lent by different bodies; while ing of the Holy Scriptures, the Travel all branches of the Protestant Church, Institute of Bible Research is render- as well as the Greek Orthodox Coming a service of exceptional value. munity are anxious to help in the movement in one way or another. In Having its genesis in a demand for one school at least a Moslem girl has authentic evangelical leadership in the offered her services as a teacher and historical, geographical and archreo- will help with the teaching of handlogical background of the Scriptures, craft.-Bible Lands S. S. News. the Institute is a noncommercial or-

CHINA and by generous contributions from both Chinese and English in Hong- A Benevolent Railway kong. The site of twenty-five acres on which the school stands was given MANCHURIA is an important field free of cost by the British Govern- for Christian work, made acces- ment. The college provides a Chrissible by the cooperation of the South tian education on modern lines for the Manchuria Ry. Co., some of .whose sons of well-to-do Chinese. Accommoofficials are Christian. This company dation has been provided for one hungives a 50,% discount on tickets to all dred boarders. In the school may be Christian workers living in Manchuria found a large number of non-Christian and passes to those who come in from boys, drawn from the official, comoutside. The three Christian organi- mercial, professional and other leading zations doing the most extensive work classes, both from China itself and are the Presbyterian, Congregational Chinese communities overseas. – The and Methodist Churches. In addition Christian. to these, there are the Anglican Church, the Salvation Army and the Chaplin Memorial Boat Y. M. C. A. I N THE autumn of 1926 the contract At Newchwang, first Manchurian was let for a boat, to be used for port opened to foreign trade, there is evangelistic itineration purposes, as a a well organized, active group of in- memorial to Rev. Maxwell Chaplin, of fluential Christians who hold their Showchow, Kiangan Mission, China, meetings in a rented building. Their who died July 20th of that year from evangelistic spirit is strong and, led Asiatic cholera. This boat has now by their pastor, they are growing in been completed and dedicated. The numbers, as well as working and name Baoling, Mr. Chaplin's Chinese praying earnestly for the erection of name, is cut in large Chinese chara church building. At Darien, where acters on either side of the boat outthe Japanese population is 80,000, the side, and colored bright red. The four pastor and his wife have led their peo- shields of the windows, on the outside, ple to build a beautiful church during are cut with six characters each. their three years of service. They Translated, they read: have increased the membership from a mere handful to 196. There were "The Cross Saves Utterly." 51 baptisms last year. "At a Word the Wind and Waves The South Manchuria Railway Were Stilled." maintains, in the various cities of this land, such constructive institutions as "The Great God, the Living God, a Social Service Bureau, Domestic the True God." Science and other schools, hospitals, libraries and clubs. Manchuria has a "Created Us, Loved Us, Saved Us." Japanese popUlation of 200,000. – A short history of Mr. Chaplin's Korea Mission Field. life, in Chinese characters, hangs on the front side of the cabin. Under it New Public School is a place for his picture. On the op- posite side is a map in colors showing T AST May the new buildings of St. the course of the Hwai River, with L Stephen's College, Hongkong, an the railroad from about fifty miles north of Fengpu to Nanking, all institution of the Church Missionary small rivers in· the district, mountains, Society, were occupied, the foundation lakes, villages where there are groups stone having been laid by the Governor of worshipers, centers where there are of Hongkong in April, 1928. The organized churches and small villages new buildings were erected at a cost stilI unreached by the Gospel.-Presof £40,000, the money having been byterian World News. raised by the sale of the old buildings

1930J WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

"'Nouriah Sou.l" CODvention joy far greater respect than would be expected" on a comparison of numbers, THE Pooi Ling (Nourish Soul) declares Rev. Michael Becker, Evan- Convention at Hongkong is more gelical Lutheran pastor in that land, and more being recognized as a fixed as reported in Neues Leben (Ljubl- institution, interdenominational in jana). Pastor Becker stated that he character, and groups of Christian was able to report "generally satisfac- workers, as well as individuals tory conditions" throughout the Prot- throughout the south look forward estant churches of Jugoslavia. "Aside with much expectation to this annual from financial means we are in a posi- meeting. This is a ten days' gather- tion to cultivate evangelical undering of Chinese pastors, preachers, standing and evangelical thought and teachers, Bible women, and a repre- life among the church members and sentative company of laymen from the awaken interest and goodwill for various churches in the district. A Protestantism among the remaining similar convention was more repre- population." As an indication of the sentative, there being some two hun- loyalty and willingness to sacrifice on dred from various parts of the prov- the part of church members, Pastor ince, in addition to hundreds from Becker points out that in his church Canton and its suburbs. Among district 25,000 members of the Luththose from the country were seventy eran Church capable of earning their Bible women .in connection with the own living contribute annually about Federation of Churches, who attended $90,000 for current expenses and in a body, preferring to rise early and $18,000 for benevolences, which inmake an hour's tramp, in order to save cludes the maintenance of a Lutheran bus fare for the offering. The num- deaconess home, orphans' homes, hosber of young people in attendance was pitals and homes for the aged and encouraging.-AUiance Week~y. poor. Out of 70 preaching stations, 35 are vacant. Because of great dis- EUROPE tances to be traveled and lack of ade- quate railways and other means of Buddhist Temple in London transportation, some groups of Luth- erans often remain unvisited by pas- THE first Buddhist temple in London tors for years.-Bulletin. is to be built in the West End. A site has been acquired, and the temple John Eliot's Bible will be modeled on that of the famous Caves of Ajanta in Hyderabad, be- A BATTERED Old Testament which lieved to date from 200 B. C. John Eliot caused to be printed in an Indian language, and which he At a public meeting in Colombo it used in mission work among the was decided to send three priests to American Indians, has been discovered London, where it is estimated there by chance on a musty book shelf in are about 500 Buddhists. A wealthy Exeter Cathedral. Printed in strange Ceylonese, who has given 75,000 rupees characters, the book is dated 1661 and ($37,500) toward the establishment of was published by Samuel Green of the temple, is meeting the expenses of Cambridge, Mass. The entire text is sending the priests. in an American Indian language, and is the earliest instance of pUblication London already has a Moslem mos- of a retranslation of the English Bible que, and the Nizan of Hyderabad has in a foreign tongue as a means of promised five lakhs of rupees (about evangelization. Eliot, named "The $137,500) towards the fund which is Apostle to the Indians," having acbeing raised for building another.- quired the language of the Indians of Revord of Christian Work. the region in twenty-three years of toil among them, published the trans- "Minority" Respected TWO hundred and thirty-five thou- sand Protestants out of a population of 12,000,000 in Jugoslavia, "en- S

lation, said to be the first book printed liberty of Protestant churches in Italy, in the Indian language and the first it is gratifying to note that the Synod Bible printed in America. of the Waldensian Church at its an- nual meeting in September, 1929, A Society for the Propagation of adopted the following message to the Gospel among the Indians was Premier Mussolini: formed in' London in 1649, and annually sent Eliot money to supplement To His Excellency, the Head of the Govthe salary he received from the church ernment, The Honorable B. MU88olini, at Roxbury, Mass., where he settled Rome: after coming to New England in 1631. -N. Y. Times. The Waldensian Synod, assembled in its annual session at Torre Pellice, con- French Mission Hospital stituted by the representatives of all the evangelical Waldensian churches, with THE Mission Hospital of the French delegates present from the principal Southeast Mission, located at Dig- evangelical churches of the world, has nes, Basses-Alps, France, and under learned with great satisfaction of the the direction of the well-known Hugue- promulgation of the law of June 24, not Christians M. and Mme. Henri 1929, No. 1159, on the exercise of the Contesse, has been in operation but religious forms of service, "admitted" in eight months. In that time a number the state; and, while it expresses its of patients have been treated, and gratitude to His Excellency, the head of many conversions have taken place. the National Government, for solemnly The hospital is a distinctly Christian reaffirming, by it, the great principals of and missionary institution, and is civilization, which under our common manned by a staff that is one hundred law, such as the freedom of conscience per cent evangelical and evangelistic. and of worship, equality of all citizens Daily prayers are held, attended by before the law, whatever their religious all patients who are able.. profession, free discussion on religious matters, invokes the blessing of the Al- In connection with this Mission mighty on the Head of the Government there is also an orphanage, where the and on our country, that she may prosper children of Protestant parents are re- and grow great, for the good of all her ceived and brought up in the Christian sons. faith. Recently there came to the mission two little Armenian girls, The President of the Synod, aged nine and eleven, absolutely homeless and friendless. Their father had GurSEPPE FASULO. been killed by the Turks before their very eyes, and their mother, an exile His excellency caused this message in France, had died of cancer. They to be sent to the newspapers throughwere welcomed to this orphanage, and out Italy, and it was circulated everymade a part of the happy family of where and aroused great interest. little orphans who are being brought La Stampa, of Turin, sent a reporter up in the nurture and admonition of at once by automobile, 37 miles, to the Lord.-Evangelical Christian. interview the Moderator of the Synod and gave prominence to his report. Action of Synod o:f the Waldensian First Atheist Univeroity Church, Italy THE first anti-religious university THERE are over 100,000 Walden- in the world was opened at Lenin- sians, comprising more than two grad, October 10, with elaborate cerethirds of the 150,000 Protestants, or monies. Named aft e r Stepanoff less than one half of one per cent of Skvortsoff, pioneer atheist in Russia, the 41,000,000 population of Italy. In the anniversary of whose death ocview of the widespread anxiety as to curred on this date, the new university the effect of the concordat between the began its sessions with 300 students, Vatican and the Government upon the forty-seven being women. The insti- tution, its founders say, is intended to prepare a large body of anti-religion- ists and active propagandists of mili- tant atheism.

In opening the university, Professor Bogoraz of the Russian Academy of

1930J WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Science, declared that at the present stone missed, falling into the water.

time, "when the church is attempting Bolshevist persecution is bitter. A to regain its lost power in Russia," a new institution in Russia is the read- relentless struggle based upon strict ing room in the villages. One who has science must be carried on against re- entered many of them says that, apart ligion. Following the action of Lenin- from Soviet propaganda, the only lit- grad in creating an anti-religious uni- erature is of an indecent character.

versity, the Society of Militant Parents who forbid their children to Atheists opened a similar institute in go to these reading rooms are punished Mcscow. The students, who number with imprisonment.-S. S. Times.

more than 400, will have as their in- structors Mme. Lenin, Commissar of ISLANDS Health Semashko, and a number of other prominent Soviet leaders. – N. Another Unreached Tribe Y. Times. T HE Crane Pacific Expedition for the Field Museum of Natural His- tory for Chicago recently visited New Russian Evangelical Activity THE Tartars of Kasan are descend- Guinea, the second largest island in ants of the Golden Horde of Geng- the world. In the heart of the island his Khan and are Mohammedans. The they discovered a people, which they evangelical movement is beginning to claim to be of a stone-age civilization, reach them. A Tartar by the name of who had never laid eyes upon a white Krissof received a copy of a Gospel man. They are said to be "savage and while in the army, and was profoundly primitive, wearing few clothes and stirred by reading it. Coming home brilliant bird – of – paradise feathers after the war he strayed into a prayer stuck in their woolly hair. Some of house of evangelical Christians in the tribesmen paint themselves' in Kasan and was converted. In 1921 he stripes of red, black and yellow, and returned home and started meetings others scar themselves with flints or in his village of Kibech. A revival by fire."-Alliance Weekly.

broke out and at present there are twenty-six baptized members in the New Hebrides Synod T church that he formed, with fifteen HIS Synod met at Aneityum June 16th to 20th. The Rev. J. C. Rae, waiting for baptism. The Gospel has already spread to other Tartar vil- Erromanga, was nominated as Mod- lages, and many Tartars have become erator. Appreciation of money gifts Christians in the Trans-Caucasus, from the Presbyterian Church in Can- Turkestan, Caucasus and the Crimea. ada and an anonymous donor in New In Lake Pskov is an island called Zealand was minuted. Gratification Zalito, inhabited by illiterate fisher- was expressed that there has been a men. So ignorant are the people that marked decrease in the central islands when, in cholera times, physicians of the groups in the supplying of were sent .thither for their assistance liquor to natives. The Synod strongly they were driven out with threats of expressed the view that the interests drowning. A little group of six were of good order demand amendment of converted here and abandoned vodka the Code of native law regarding and ribaldry. When Morgunoff, a morals. The old native law and cus- Christian evangelist, came to preach tom demands a higher standard than to them, a drunken crowd tried to kill the European definitions embodied in him, but Morgunoff's wise and kindly the Code prescribed, and the enforc- words disarmed them. On entering a ing of the lower standard of that code boat to return home, he noticed a on the natives is inimical to their in- woman slipping along the shore who terests. Recognizing immorality as a threw an enormous stone at him. The factor of depopulation in the New woman aimed at his head, but the Hebrides, the Synod urgently presses

the need for reform on the Condo- services held once or twice a month. minium legislature. It also complains At present, in everyone of these scatthat the government is somewhat spas- tered districts there are churches, modic in its efforts to suppress sale of more or less self-supporting, and each liquor to natives. Valiant medical and a center of evangelizing influence.- educational work is reported, and that The Christian. evangelistic work wins converts, and baptisms of adults and young are re- NORTH AMERICA ported at nearly every station. Mr. A. K. Langridge was congratulated on Systematic Bible Study his completion of forty years of unselfish service as honorary secretary AS A PART of the movement for of the John G. Paton Committee Fund. ft the encouragement of systematic -Quarterly Register. reading and study of the Bible, the American Home Bible Institute is Whole Island Converted sponsoring the formation of "Around- the-table" groups in hom e sand GoNAVE is a large island fifty by churches. The course selected for twelve miles, in the Bay of Port- 1930, and now ready for use, is au-Prince, Haiti, about twenty-eight "Studies in the Life of the Christian," miles from the mainland. In one year taking up in order Christ the Great seventeen missionary stations have Teacher, the Christian's God, the been established there, with a preach- Christian man, his fellow man, his ing place and a primary school in each. faith, Book, prayer, service, church, Thus 3,000 believers have been en- home, business world, society, state rolled as members of the congregation. and home, in a series of fourteen The inhabitants, numbering some studies, with :final review. The Insti- 12,000, are abandoning voodoo fetish- tute recommends small groups of three ism and worship of the great serpent to ten members, and the course is so god. The people are eager to learn to arranged that the members may, if read. Last year 100 Bibles, 200 Testa- they desire, take turns in conducting ments, and 2,000 Gospels were bought the sessions. The Institute's creditby them.-Sunday-School Times. certificate, applicable towards the dip- loma, will be issued upon completion Inland AUlitralia of the course on the same basis as for completion of prescribed work in the QUEENSLAND, Australia, has an full curriculum. area equal to the former empires of Austria and Germany, and eight The American Home Bible Institute, times that of Great Britain. In the now in its twelfth year, is an associacapital, Brisbane, there is a popula- tion of Christian workers, having its tion of about 300,000, while over the headquarters at the home of its presiremainder of the State, in cities of dent, Mr. E. W. Collamore, 837 Allison from five to fifteen thousand, and in Street, Washington, D. C., conducting tiny townships and in a multitude of full courses of Bible reading and lonely homesteads another half-million study, and having students in nearly of men, women and children are scat- every state of the Union and in Cantered, a large proportion of these last ada. being emigrants from England. Many live remote from any railhead, and Gains of Japanese Methodists from five to fifty miles from the nearest post office, school or church. I N VIEW of the discouraging returns Twenty years ago the Baptists under- on membership from many of the took to evangelize these back blocks, annual conferences, there is encourageand within a few years six or seven ment in the gains reported by the mission centers were created, with Paci:fic Japanese Mission. Small as it is, it made more of a net gain in mem- bership than the California Conference

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

during the past year. The Conference evangel booklets and 20,436 pocket lost about 200 members, while the treasurys, besides Gospels and tracts. Mission gained 221 members. The This literature is sent free to all Mission also gained 366 Sunday-school teachers willing to cooperate with the pupils and its World service offerings Association in its careful distribution advanced from $2,958 to $3,130. There and use. are 3,681 in its Sunday-schools and 1,825 full members in the churches. All scholars who memorize and re- Three years ago there were 17 Japa- cite the Twenty-third Psalm and John nese pastors on the list, and one sec- 3: 14-21 are given a cloth-bound copy ond generation worker. This year 25 of John, and all who read the Gospel pastors, five second generation work- of John and memorize the Bible verses ers, and five special evangelists were printed on a little tract entitled "Four given appointments by the bishop. Of Things that God Wants You to Know," the four young men who were ordained are presented with a copy of the New at the recent session of the Mission, Testament. two are graduates of Boston Univercity School of Theology. This literature is eagerly received, and numerous reports of blessing are Negro Education coming from teachers. Hundreds of boys and girls are memorizing the por- T HERE are in thirty-nine Negro tions suggested. The Association is and sixty-five Northern colleges and endeavoring to reach at least 3,000 of universities a total of 19,253 Negro these mountain schools this fall and students, while from these same insti- winter at an average expense of five tutions there were graduated with de- dollars each. gree's during the last commencement season a total of 2,160 men and wom- Filipino Students Hold Conference en, according to the August numher of The Crisis. These encouraging rev- THE recent Executive Board Conelations are found in an article in that ference of the Filipino Students' issue entitled, "The Year of Educa- Christian Movement in America was tion, 1929," which is the eighteenth held in Upper Montclair, New Jersey, annual report of progress in education September 13-14, with eleven in atamong Negroes. From the thirty-nine tendance. Every member had some- Negro colleges, most of them located thing to say on the topics discussed in the South, there graduated last year and said it with clarity. Subjects dis- 1,776 men and women, and in those cussed included: How can we secure schools there is a total of 16,982 stu- a sufficient number of well qualified dents of college rank. From northern members for Christian leadership? colleges and universities 294 Negroes How can we help to deepen their graduated in 1929 and there is a total Christian convictions so that when of 2,271 Negro students in these they return home they will actively schools. The figures are the result of lend their services to the churches' a nation-wide inquiry made by The work in the Islands? What responsi- Crisis. bilities and opportunities does the F. S. C. M. offer to its members ?-Bul- letin.

Christian Literature for Mountaineers Decade of Cooperation T HE Bible Institute Colportage As- T HE completion of ten years of serv- sociation of Chicago has recently ice by the Home Missions Council mailed large quantities of its Christian of Montana calls attention to one of literature to 700 or more schools in the most promising experiments in cothe mountains of Kentucky, West Vir- operation in home missionary work on ginia and Tennessee. These shipments a state-wide basis. Organized in 1919, consisted of 12,570 copies of the Moody by representatives of the national Colportage Library books, 16,390 home mission boards, it has concen-

trated attention upon securing a more iliary toward the Student Rotary Loan effective distribution of the religious Fund, and this amount is either in forces of the state, the home mission- hand or in outstanding loans to be kept ary superintendents working out a in circulation as repaid. The school comprehensive allocation of territory enrolment for the present semester is in such a way as to provide for the in excess of 50, making a total since effective churching of all areas. In the first of April of the present year general, the principle followed was of over 100.-Presbyterian Banner. that of assigning a territory to the church nearest at hand and already Centennial Celebrated most interested in the field. What has been done in Montana has been a THE First Presbyterian Church of stimulus to cooperative endeavors in Pittsburgh celebrated early in Nomany other areas. – Federal Council vember the one hundredth anniversary Bulletin. of the organization of its first mis- sionary society. An appropriate his- Eager for the Bible torical sermon was preached by the pastor, Dr. Clarence E. Macartney. MR. UNOURA, pastor of the Dis- The first society was organized in 1829 ciples Japanese Church in Los by Jane Craig, Hannah Laughlin and Angeles, is rejoicing in a new oppor- Susan Irwin. A short time later, the tunity which has opened up. A group Western Presbyterian Missionary Soof mothers who gather in a home for ciety was organized; and Harmar regular sewing classes have asked Mr. Denny, for many years a member of Unoura to come and give them a Bible Congress from Pittsburgh and an elder study twice a month as they meet. in the First Church, was president of Several of these are kindergarten the society until it was changed to the mothers and several are Christians, Board of Foreign Missions of the but none of them have any other op- Presbyterian Church. The first misportunity for such study because, like sionaries sent out by the church were most mothers of small children, they former members of the First Presbycannot come to church early. Eleven terian Church. Among them were were present at the first study.- John C. Lowrie, pioneer of Presby- World Call. terian missions in India; Albert O. Johnson, killed at Cawnpore during Sehool Changes Name the Sepoy mutiny in 1857; John Cloud, a martyr in Africa, and Wells T HE Presbyterian Training School Bushnell and Joseph Keer, pioneers in of Chicago has not only a new en- missionary work with the North vironment in its occupancy of the new American Indians. In the First property at 815 Belden Avenue, but it Church were also organized the is now ready to announce a new name. Western Foreign Missionary Societies, By action of the board of directors and the Synod of Pittsburgh, the Board of approved by the Board of Christian Home Missions, Western Theological Education, the name of the school will Seminary and the University of Pittsbe changed to The College of Christian burgh, together with many other re- Education. Three students have gone ligious and philanthropic societies.- from the school during the calendar Presbyterian Banner. year into the foreign field of missions and one more is now in training. Sev- JAPAN eral other students have been placed in strategic positions as directors of Japan Still Resents American Exclureligious education and church secretaries in some of the best churches of sion Act the denomination, while others have been placed in important positions I N VIEW of the impression in Amerwith the Board of National Missions. ica that the Japanese have ceased Approximately $1,500 has been con- to resent the clause in the Selective tributed through the Woman's Aux- Immigration Act passed by the Con- gress of the United States ir. 1924, it

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

is interesting to note that, at the meet- Setting up as our ideal a Christian ing of The Institute of Pacific Rela- social order in which God is recognized tions in Kyoto, Japan, October 28, as Father and humanity is interrelated 1929, a statement read on behalf of as brothers, we firmly believe in the prin- Viscount Shibusawa of Japan declared ciples of love, justice and fraternalism as that "the controversy arising from set forth by Christ. American immigration legislation in 1924 is not closed. The wound so Believing that this can only be realized needlessly inflicted on our national through cooperation and mutual love on honor is still open and will remain the part of individuals and organizations, open until the matter has been rightly we are opposed to every kind of masettled. terialistic education, thought and move- ment. We reject all social reconstruction "I think it necessary to make this based on class struggle and revolutionary plain statement because there seems to methods. We are likewise opposed to rebe an impression in America that the actionary oppression. incident is as good as forgotten in Japan. This erroneous impression is In conformity with these ideals we addoubtless due to our courtesy and vocate the following matters: reticence on this subject in conversing with American visitors." Equal rights and equal opportunities. Nondiscriminatory treatment of na- Kagawa's Pre~ching tions and races. The sanctity of marriage, equal re- SEPTEMBER 1, more than 500,000 sponsibility of both men and women re- people gathered in the Honjo garding chastity and improvement of Square of Tokyo to celebrate the sixth home life. anniversary of the great earthquake. The betterment of the status of wom- The mayor addressed 2,000 people in en in the educational, social, political and the Honjo Public Hall; he spoke ori industrial world. national diligence and perseverance Respect for the personality of the during the years of reconstruction. child, the prohibition of child labor and Other speakers followed, and the crowd the extension of the period of compulsory became extremely bored. However, education. The diffusion of a thorough the moment Mr. Kagawa, the famous vocational education. Christian evangelist, rose to speak, The enactment of a law making Sunthe atmosphere changed, faces bright- day a public rest day (with the expectaened up and everyone became ani- tion that wages will be paid). mated. For nearly an hour he kept The abolishment of the system of pubhis audience spellbound. His message, lic prostitution and the complete regula- "The Spirit of Reconstruction," was a tion of all similar trades. religious one and the proletarian The promotion of national prohibition. crowd in holiday mood had expected The enactment of a minimum wage, something very different, but none the peasants' welfare and social insurance less Kagawa's burning words went Jaws. deep into the heart of his audience. Legislation and equipment promoting The very same evening his preaching public hygiene. at the Industrial Y. M. C. A. of Honjo Government subsidy for the betterbrought over some thirty-four con- ment of housing conditions. verts to Christianity. The encouragement of producers and consumers cooperative associations. Social Creed for Japan The establishment of a suitable agency to attain harmonious relations between THE All-Japan Christian Conference employees and employers. asked the National Christian Coun- The enactment of a reasonable workcil to formulate and issue a social ing day. creed. The Council's committee there- The betterment of home industries and fore drew up the following tentative the improvement of equipment in facdraft: tories. The enactment of a higher progressive tax rate for incomes and inheritances. The realization of a warless world.

-Christian Intelligencer and Mission Field.

Reaching the Lepers THREE young students in the Epis- copal Divinity School in south Japan, too far from home to return there during the Christmas holidays

last year, were asked by Bishop Lea to attendance. The largest enrolment is undertake a missionary journey to the that of Waseda University which, in- island of Tanegashima, where the cluding its higher department, has Japanese Church has mission work. 11,066 students. Nihon University Their special object was to visit the enrolls 9,857, though quite a large lepers. The climate is supposed to be number of these are in the classes of good for sufferers from leprosy, so the night school. Keio University has that the number on this island is 9,187 students and the Imperial Uni- larger than in some other parts of versity 8,434. Conservatively speak- Japan. The island is forty-five miles ing, these schools enroll a total of long and about ten miles wide. The 100,000 stUdents, or about one twenty- three students divided it into sections fifth of the whole population of 2,400,- and went off separately, meeting at 000 in Tokyo.

intervals to compare reports. It is intended to carry out a very They found the lepers living in careful study with regard to plans for miserable little huts, hiding themselves more effectively strengthening the as much as possible. They had spent places where Christian efforts are al- what little money they had on patent ready being made, as well as for enter- medicines, without results. It re- ing those schools where Christian quired much patience and tact on the work has not yet found an opening.

part of the 'students to reach them Twenty-four schools have Y. M. C. A.

with a Christian message, and with organizations where Christian work is the information that new methods of carried on – including Bible classes.

treating the disease hold out some Two others have the beginning of such hope. A clergyman on the island some organization. In ten others, Bible years ago had made arrangements to classes are held with more or less reg- have the lepers visit a doctor on the ularity and success. No others have island, for injections, but through organized Christian work. – World ignorance and fear few have done so. Call.

The doctor himself believes that the Christian message must be delivered Kingdom of God Campaign first, and urged the students to find a A LAYMEN'S Mass Meeting was Christian worker for these sufferers. held in Tokyo, November 6, in connection with the commemoration of The names of the three students the 70th anniversary of the opening were Paul, Barnabas and John. Two of Protestant Missions in Japan. The were from the northern island of Hok- purpose of this meeting was to mobilkaido, and the third came from Brazil.

ize the laity of the church for the Christian Effort for Students Kingdom of God Campaign, to be F OR some time there has been a launched in January, 1930. feeling among Christian workers in The following five Commissions Tokyo that more direct and effective were set up: efforts should be made to reach stu- (a) Commission on General Affairs, dents in the higher schools. A some- to serve as a cabinet, having general what hasty survey revealed that in charge of all matters relating to the Tokyo alone are fifty higher schools- campaign.

that is, schools above the grade of (b) Commission on Evangelism, to high schools, including several uni- help plan local campaigns, select versities. Of these, fifteen are gov- speakers, organize prayer bands, and ernment schools, four are Christian, make suitable plans regarding other three are Buddhist, one is a Shinto matters.

school-the others are private schools. (c) Commission on Publicity, to Twenty-one of these schools enroll each prepare articles for the press and to more than 1,000 students, while eleven make provisions for broadcasting in- others have between 500 and 1,000 in formation regarding the campaign.

1930J WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

(d) Commission on Education, to complishing, and the increasing num- plan for follow-up training of in- ber of entries for examination show quirers and those who make decisions, the rapid awakening of the non-Chris- working through local churches. tian people to the advantages acquired (e) Commission on Social Service, from educating their girls. The to make surveys and plans to follow greatest percentage of increase has up these surveys and to deal with such been made by the two largest com- issues as temperance and social purity. munities-the Mohammedans and Hin- -Foreign Missions' Conference Bul- dus. It is interesting to note that letin. Qadian, perhaps the most bigoted Mo- hammedan village in the Punjab, sent Bibles for Ba.ttleships up thirteen girls for examination.

ON AUGUST 17, in San Francisco Not only Christian, but non-Christian Bay, the officers of the Japanese girls, are qualifying in increasing Training Battleships of the Imperial numbers for graduate work, and indi- Japanese Navy, in full regalia, with vidual examples show marked capabil- elaborate ceremony, graciously and ity on the part of Indian women to cordially received from the representa- take special training.-Woman's Mis- tives of the Japanese and American sionary Magazine.

Christian Churches and the American Bible Society a gift of Bibles to their ]doRleD1 Activity fleet. Vice-Admiral Nomura, in re- NEARLY one-third of the Mohamsponse to presentation speeches, said medans of the world are in India. it was a high honor, the Japanese Rev. F. N. Silsbee, in Darkness and officers felt, to have the Bibles pre- Light, says that Islam is the only resented to them, that he had been many ligion seriously bidding with Christimes to America and knew that the tianity for world-wide dominion, and lofty conceptions and high ideals of that India is a center for its missionary the nation were inspired by the Bible, program. It is the most active in the and that they were happy to receive press of any Mohammedan country, this Book and it was their hope and there being 222 periodicals. About prayer that with the ideals of right- 160 of these are in Urdu, fourteen in eousness and justice of this Bible, English, and the others in various peace would ever reign between the vernaculars. Most of these are' more two nations. He further said that he than newspapers and magazines in the hoped their battleships would never ordinary sense, and many of them have make war, but only be a national police the definite objective of disseminating force for righteousness and peace and and defending Islamic doctrines, not a goodwill.-Indian WUness. few of them being bitterly anti-Chris- INDIA tian. The definite watchword is, "The Islamization of All India." At Karachi Compulsory Education for Women a large meeting of one of the societies AN ALL-INDIA Conference on Re- was held at which circulars appealing f t form in the Education of Women for about 2,500,000 rupees for an en- and Girls has been organized, and dowment fund were distributed. The three annual meetings have been held. following is an extract: "Christian One of the main 'objects of these con- missions have been at work in India ferences is to work towards the com- for some centuries. Their organiza- pulsory education of girls. Only one tion is perfect, their funds are enor- out of each two hundred is now in mous, and their methods of work are .school. Another of the aims is to es- effective. Hundreds of different mis- tablish schools for married women. sions, hundreds of institutions and so- The real progress in education can cieties, and thousands of workers con- best be shown by what the Govern- stitute the strength of the Christian mental Education Department is ac- propaganda. Thousands of Moslems

have already fallen a prey to the Chris- given the use of a house without rent tian missionary, and there are yet for the purpose of the school. The greater dangers ahead."-Moody Institute Monthly. school will not only be a place of teach- ing, but will contain a health center A Large Task and model village home. The ladies of the League are particularly anx- THE Lutheran India Mission com- ious to make this institution a center prises a field about as large as Bel- of village activities. They are taking gium, with a population of nearly 5,- care to make everything within it 000,000. In each thousand of this suited to village conditions and withpopulation there are 898 Hindus, 55 in the reach of all village people. The Christians, 44 Mohammedans, and all teacher will also be the health visitor other religions 3. Of each 55 Chris- and general advisor of the village folk. tians, 21 belong to the Lutheran Mis- She will live the life of the people and sion, the others to the missions of the show them by practical example how Baptists, Church of England, and Ro- life in the poorest village can be made man Catholics. Most of the unreached useful, clean and bright.- Woman's population belongs to the so-called Missirmary Magazine. Sudra castes or the middle classes. They are opening their minds and Changing Methods hearts to the· Gospel and some have been baptized, but the Mission is not rDOinRMIEndRiLa Ywthaes main stress of work prepared to meet the Sudra opportu- laid on open-air nity. It does not have enough missionaries, enough Indian workers be- preaching, either in the crowded longing to the Sudra castes, nor enough money to press forword in this bazaars of cities or to smaller groups direction. met with in the villages. While that Then there is the task of the uplift of the Indian villages. One who has form of endeavor has not been abannever seen a typical Indian village does not realize how much they need up- doned, nor, indeed, is likely to be, yet lift. Missionaries must take the lead in the remaking of Indian villages by there is not so much time devoted to cleaning them up, improving their industries, reforming their social life, it as previously. Various causes have elevating the village women and enlarging the horizon of the villagers.- contributed to this end. The limita- Lutheran N eW8 Bulletin. tions of this method have been real- Edueational League of Women ized; it was seen that street preaching 'rHE Women's Educational League of Delhi is a very active and prac- served to reach only a portion of the tical body. It has taken up with great community and left other classes- unzeal the work of uplift among village women. So far, the work of training touched. The enforced reduction of women who seem to be extremely keen has been done by voluntary workers expenditure necessitated the abandonbelonging to many of the leading families of Delhi. The work has now ment of cold weather tours in the disincreased to such an extent that the League is planning to start a regular trict. There have come other devillage school for women and girls in a neighboring village. A well-to-do mands on the missionary's time. Then, Brahmin widow in the village has too, it has been felt that this was a task which the growing Indian Church could well undertake. A change has come over the nature of the preaching.

It is now less controversial and more experimental.

Institutional work can account for much of the diminution of street preaching. Where a man's connection with a school was once regarded as a subsidiary task, it is now regarded as his main job. Greater attention has been given to vocational schools. At Faridpur in Bengal two missions are cooperating in an industrial school, and the number of such schools has in-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

creased. Similar settlements have Government has seemed quite pleased been opened for girls and widows. with the result. As evidence of this, Even in ordinary schools manual the school received a grant of £50 training has been introduced, and car- ($250.00) to cover expenses. After pentering, spinning or weaving form the fall opening of the school, the In- parts of the curriculum in many spector of Education of the Southern schools.-Missionary Herald (Baptist). Sudan came for a thorough inspection AFRICA of the equipment, the schedule and the quality of the work done. In his re- West African Elijah port to the department he was gen- A REMARKABLE figure in the erous in his commendation, and as a Christianizing of Africa is dead. result the school is to receive this This is William Wade Harris, of Li- coming year a grant of £150 ($750.00).

bera, who worked quite independently Out of this fund some 25 boys that of any mission, and as recently as the Government is sending are to be 1925, 20,000 of his converts in the taken care of, and in addition better French Ivory Coast were awaiting equipment can be secur€d. The Govteachers for further instruction. ernment proposed to bring in boys Bibles had been procured, though few from a distance, and since most of could read them, a primitive form of these boys will be sons of chiefs, the Christian worship had been instituted, influence will be magnified. So far no until a Christian community of 40,000 restriction has been placed on reli- gious teaching. The educational inhad grown up.

Harris' early life is obscure. It is spector has worked out a syllabus of known he had worked on ships and study, and in it religious teaching has later at Lagos, where he attended a been given a very definite place.- Wesleyan Church, probably learning to United Presbyterian.

read there. About 1915 he appeared in his turban and white robes, carry- Christia.nity or COlDlDunislD1 ing a light wooden cross, at Axim on ~~A LARGE number of native South the Gold Coast, but he soon turned Africans are becoming com- west into Ivory Coast territory. His munistically minded, they are adopting message was, "Burn your fetiches, money and goods as their ideal; are warship the one Gad. Get Bibles. increasingly feeling that their wrongs Build churches, and one day the mis- are not going to be righted by peace- sionary will come." ful means alone. They have lost faith, It was not until the end of 1926 that or are rapidly losing it, in the Govern- the old man was found by a French ment; they feel that the missionary Methodist missionary, Pasteur Benoit, has betrayed them, or at least stood at Cape Palmas, where he had been silently by while the unscrupulous living practically penniless in a tiny white man has grabbed their land and hut. He was described as still active, driven them to work; they see the though obviously a very old man.- wide discrepancies in wages paid H. W. Peet News Service. white and black workers for the same work; they see the utter cant and Education in the Suda.n hypocrisy in the liquor laws which THE United Presbyterian School in grant to the white man unlimited the Black Sudan opened August, rights and prohibit liquor to the na- 1928, and during the year ending July, tives in towns. All down the line, 1929, 75 boys, 20 yaung men, and 60 especially in the economic field, the girls were enrolled. Notable during native feels that he is being discrim- the year was an experiment with inated against, and unjustly. Rebel- twelve boys sent by the Government. lion and revolt are not natural to the These boys were in school about five native people. They hesitate to join months. They did very well and the formally an organization such as the

Communist Party. But the general York City has 1,765,000. But Amerattitude which the Communists stand ican Jews are gradually forsaking the for is growing and is becoming in- crowded centers and seeking new creasingly vocal." These are the homes in towns and viIIages, and on startling words of Ray E. PhiIIips of the farms. While two-thirds of the the Bantu Men's Social Center, Johan- Jewish population are found in our nesburg. eleven largest cities, the other third is scattered over 9,701 smaller cities, The man in South Africa who has towns, villages and rural communities. taken the time and energy to look Jews today' are found in 1,121 towns carefully into the native economic sit- having a population of less than 5,000. uation with its accompanying social They are living also in 3,943 villages effects, Dr. Henderson, states, "The and in 3,292 unincorporated rural dissituation is anxious, and there are tricts. There are 110,000 Jews on Borne who fear it is passing out of our farms in 40 different states. – The control."-F. M. C. Bulletin. Presbyterian.

Modernizing EI Azbar The Gospel for Jews EL AZHAR, in Cairo, both the oldest T HE Presbyterian Church now has and the largest university in the centers of evangelism for the Jewworld, is to recast its curriculum. The ish people in twelve cities. The Board old university course of EI Azhar, of National Missions is also encourwhich is said'to go back to the time of aging Presbyterian churches to include Muiz, and has been established from Jewish missions in their ministry. time immemorial, was based entirely Many a church has discovered that on the Koran. The theology, the law, Jews, far from being unreachable, are the traditions of Islam formed almost eager to learn about Christianity and the whole of the education given, in to read the New Testament. Some of the senior course, though reading and these churches have twenty or more writing, grammar, algebra and arith- Jews in their membership. It is estimetic were given to the junior stu- mated that some 1,500 Jews are memdents. No independent thinking was bers of Arne ric a n Presbyterian encouraged, or learning of things out- churches. Of these, sixty-one are minside the realm of Islam. But now this isters. Recently a rabbi of unusual is to be changed. The cabinet, under scholarship and ability has been bapthe inspiration of a new rector of the tized and is studying for the ministry. university, Sheikh Meraghi, has Others are professors in colleges, passed a new organic law for its gov- elders, deacons, and t r u s tee s of ernment. There are to be faculties of churches, teachers in Sunday-schools, Moslem theology, of Islamic law, of presidents of missionary societies.- the Arabic language, as of old, but The Presbyterian. these are to be moved by a new spirit; and to them are to be added new Result of Sound Policy courses of modern languages and modern science, adapted to modern condi- THE Church Missionary Society, tions.-The Living Church. which began its work in Africa about 125 years ago, reports a re- GENERAL markable ingathering. After nearly 100 years in the field, the total number Rural Trend of Jews who had embraced Christianity was 60,901. This was in 1900. In 1927 JEWISH population has long been the number had increased to 488,565; concentrated in towns, and chiefly in 1928 to 519,577; in 1929 to 552,640. great cities. Warsaw has 250,000; The ranks of ordained Africans had Budapest, 169,000; Vienna, 149,000; also increased from 84 in 1900 to 257 London, 150,000; Paris, 100,000, in 1928. The Christians in Southern while of the 4,228,029 Jews in America, 3,553,600 live in 68 cities. New

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Nigeria contributed last year nearly let the nations pay their debts as ar- $500,000 to the work. Sixty-seven ranged (if it is for their good) and European workers were supported then, since the United States would from native contributions in 1926, not feel any loss in canceling them, let and 161 in 1929. These African her put what is paid to her into a fund churches have been taught to support for the education of children throughtheir own pastors and teachers. Now out the world. We would be disposed they are beginning to provide even to subtract from the contracted payfor the foreign missionaries in their ment of the debt, any amounts so spent midst.-Alliance Weekly. by the nations themselves. The fund might be placed in the hands of an Race Relations Sunday international committee – or a plan- etary committee of the foremost men T HE eighth annual observance of in the world, the majority of whom "Race Relations Sunday" has been should be United States citizens-to announced for February 9, 1930. This be administered with the purpose, is an occasion which is coming to be first, of giving education to those chilobserved increasingly in the churches dren who suffered most from the for the purpose of emphasizing the wreckage of the World War; second, meaning of the Christian Gospel for of giving the highest possible training the contacts of the races with each to the teachers of all lands."-Presbyother. Last. year in many communi- terian Banner. ties white ministers and Negro ministers exchanged pulpits on this Sun- Hissionary Distributors day, and in some cases church choirs made similar exchanges. The singing T HE Pioneer Mission Agency, with of the "spirituals" served to give many headquarters in Philadelphia, was a new appreciation of Negro music. organized "to learn and publish the need, and forward workers and means A special message for Race Rela- to other organizations for pioneer tions Sunday has been prepared, work." During the past year more stressing the practical application of funds have passed through the Christian principles to concrete inter- Agency's hands than ever before, the racial conditions that confront the amount for missionary work alone bechurches. A folder of suggestions, ing about $11,000. That which was with sections of interest to ministers, designated has been forwarded as re- Sunday-school superintendents, young quested; the money given for pioneer people's societies, women's groups and work was sent to various missions for interracial groups, will be furnished the opening of new fields or for makupon writing to the Federal Council's ing surveys. Nothing is taken for the Commission on the Church and Race upkeep of the office from funds given Relations, 105 East 22d Street, New for field work.-Report. York.-Bulletin.

War Debt Proposal Stockholm Continuation Committee DR. JOHN H. FINLEY, advisory T HE Stockholm Continuation Com- editor of the New York Times, in mittee has now been transformed his final lecture at Edinburgh Univer- into the "<Ecumenical Council for sity on November 1, suggested that Practical Christianity." At its last America should put what is paid to meeting at Eisenach, Germany, in her in war debts into a fund for the September, the Committee approved education of the children of the world. the establishment of a permanent "If Henry Ford is right, that the centre at Geneva. Steps are being United States would not feel any taken towards a closer cooperation serious loss if it cancelled all its for- with various Christian Youth Associaeign debts," he said, "it seems to me tions.-Information Service, World's that at least this course is possible: Committee, Y. M. C. A.

OOI(S WORTH

Any books mentioned in these columns will be jorwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

Scripture Calendars. Pickering & Inglis. simple. It is found in the fact that Glasgow. 1929. there was greater diversity in primi- Daily Scripture quotations on pad tive Christianity than has been sup- posed, that there did not exist a single calendars give daily messages to type of church order, but that there brighten and nourish spiritual life and were several types, so that the Episequip for service. Five of these cal- copalian, Presbyterian and Independent endars, on attractive boards with col- can each discover the prototype of the ored pictures, offer a variety of style. system to which he himself adheres. The prices range from 18 to Is 6d. The important bearing of this on the Some of the calendars contain only pending question of mutual recogni- Scripture verses, while others give tion of orders in the movement for quotations from such well-known Brit- organic union will at once be seen. ish and American religious teachers Incidentally, the book gives a clear and as Andrew Bonar, Charles Spurgeon, non-technical introduction to the his- F. B. Meyer, D. L. Moody, Arthur T. tory and literature of the first century Pierson and others. There are also of Christianity. "Golden Grain" Diaries (28. to 78. 6d.) and Almanacs (2d. to Is.) D. L. P.

The Primitive Church, by Canon B. H. A New Commentary on Holy Scripture, in- Streeter. 323 pp. $2.50. The Mae- eluding the Apoerapha. Edited by millan Company. New York. Charles Gore, Henry Leighton Goudge This is a thoughtful and scholarly and Alfred Guillaume. 1,598 pp. $3.50.

The Macmillan Company. New York.

study of early Christianity with spe- This is a notable contribution to the cial reference to the origins of the literature on the Bible and it is arous- Christian ministry. Canon Streeter's ing widespread interest. The editors high reputation leads one to expect a and authors are among the most dis- thorough piece of work, and this book tinguished scholars of this generation does not disappoint the expectation. and they have done their work with It is an important contribution to a skill, painstaking care, and deep rev- subject which is being actively dis- erence for the sacred book which they cussed in America, Great Britain and expound.

the mission field. We all know how Particularly interesting features vigorously each denomination insists are the inclusion of the Apocrapha, that its polity and orders are justified and a series of monographs on various by the New Testament, and the result- topics that the authors deem essential ant controversy as to which of the to the proper understanding of the many conflicting claims is the right Bible. We know of no other recent one. The Episcopalian believes that commentary which contains so much he finds episcopacy, the Presbyterian suggestive material within the covers presbytery, and the Independent, inde- of a single volume. The comments are pendency. But while each party has of course usually brief, but they are argued to its own satisfaction it has remarkably luminous. The three edinot succeeded in satisfying its op- tors have provided the principal part ponents. Canon Streeter believes that of the work, but they have associated the solution of the deadlock is quite with themselves a considerable num- 78 ber of specialists in Great Britain and no': an exhaustive commentary, but a practical an inspiring manual for America so that the volume represents members, as well as teachers of adult classes, and it admirably suited to tlie the concensus of opinion of many em- need of devout Christians, who being themselves deprived of fellowship in inent scholars. an active class, want to follow the study of the international lessons. All of them belong to the High R. C. WILLIAMSON. Church Anglo-Catholic party in the What Do We Mean by God? C. H. Valen- Anglican Communion, and all accept tine. pp. 2·13; $2.00. New York. 1929. what are commonly called "the assured This apologl tic for Christian Theresults of the 'literary criticism' of ism does not draw upon the Scriptures as revelation 01 upon ecclesiastical trathe Bible." These presuppositions col- dition; rather does it dig into human experience on its various levels for or their interpretation of many pas- arguments to support the main thesis, that the least we can mean by God sages, and readers who do not concur must be such a conception as can run the gauntlet of modern science, philin the presuppositions will naturally osophy, and religion. "The minimum essentials for the God of religion are not concur in the interpretations. two. As against psychology, we must claim for God the nature of Ultimate Doubtless no human beings could tra- Reality; as against philosophy, we must claim for God the nature of reverse so vast a field as the whole Bi- sponsiveness." Tracing responsive- ness from the lowest levels of life in ble in a way that would be satisfactory plant and animal to awakening per- sonality in man, the author concludes to everyone. Certainly this reviewer that it is conditioned in each stage by the character of the stimulating obdoes not concur in some of the opin- ject. In animals with clearest traces of intelligence, there are closest apiuns expressed. But we gladly recog- proaches to personality only when un- der the constant stimulation of human nize the fine. Christian spirit of the discipline or training, while man, al- ready arrived at the stage of personeditors, and the unwisdom of ignoring ality, depends upon responsiveness in other persons for his progressive exthe views of such influential scholars perience. If mind and personality in man be allowed any place in ultimate who undoubtedly represent a large reality, a quality of responsiveness in the ultimate of science or the absolute constituency. They evidently do not of philosophy is demanded by highest probability as conditioning the remean to be iconoclastic for they say sponsiveness of human personality. God cannot be less than personal as the that they object to "a great deal of character of the system and unity of the ultimate. He may be much more modern biblical criticism which is in- than personality, He cannot be less than responsive in the sense in which spired by a spirit so obviously hostile that term characterizes human beings.

to the Christian faith as to leave no room for real appreciation of its books"; and they declare that "it is not this sort of criticism which read- ers will find in this commentary." It is gratifying to note too that the edi- tors avow their firm belief in the mir- acles of the New Testament, the virgin birth, bodily resurrection and deity of our Lord. A. J. B.

The Lesson Round Table-l930. Richard D. Dodge, Editor. 359 pp., 12 mo., Nashville, Tenn. 1929.

This is a pocket size teacher's manual on the 1930 International Uniform Lessons upon the plan of having each lesson discussed by a different leader among the outstanding ministers, educators and other Christian workers. Joseph Fort Newton, Wm. L. Stidger, Francis J. McConnell, James I. Vance, G. Walter Fiske, Frederick Lynch, Wm. H. Leach, Burris Jenkins, and other notable leaders teach the lesson. Moffatt's Translation is used. It is

In three main divisions, the author ness Life; Entrance and Conquest; deals with the questions, "the reality Early Life in Canaan; the United of the object of religious experience," Kingdom; the Divided Kingdom, and "the responsive subject of Christian the Downward Course.

experience," and "the responsive ob- One excellent feature about these ject of Christian ex·perience." It is a studies is that the great essentials of highly profitable study for all who are faith and life are emphasized and constantly seeking clearer "reason for made clear. They lead the reader to the hope that is in them." a higher regard for the Scriptures and R. C. WILLIAMSON. leave one eager to see the remaining three volumes. HARLAN P. BEACH. Pass on the Torch. Allen Eastman Cross.

104 pp. $1.00. Boston. 1929. The Epistle to the Romans-A Commen- A delightful book of hymns, lyrics tary. H. C. Moule. 437 pp. 5s and free verse by a modern poet. The London. 1928.

poems are all quotable and full of a This book is a new edition of an spirit sensitive to beauty and to God. old work which was so valuable as a A beautiful one is entitled "Into the devotional exposition of the Epistle, Mountain"-Luke 6: 12. that it was thought worth while to The mountain looming in the dark bring it out again. All who know the Is not more strong and still writings of Bishop Moule will recall his "Faith," "The High Priestly Than is thy waiting soul, at prayer Prayer," "From Sunday to Sunday," Upon the conscious hill. and will recognize the luminous char- The waters, dreaming of the stars, acter of the work done by this devout Are not more free and clear and scholarly spirit. There is no in- tellectual debating over minutia. In- Than is thy open heart to Him, stead there is a rich unfolding of Who breathes above thee here. Evangelical Faith. If there were more Spirit who prayest when we pray, pastors studying Commentaries of this Draw thou our souls apart; sort, the sermons they produce would Into the mountain which is God be richer in Biblical content, deeper Bring every wondering heart. in their understanding of life, and "The llook to Know." congregations would not go away from "The Book to Know" is not a large services unfed. JAMES F. RIGGS.

book, but into it is packed a surpris- Power From on High. By John Greenfield.

ingly large number of seed thoughts. Pamphlet. 35<:. Warsaw, Indiana.

Dr. McConaughy learned years ago, The story of the Moravian revival as Bible teacher at Mount Hermon of 1727 which resulted in the conver- School, how to awaken the thoughtful sion of John and Charles Wesley, is mind of youth; here he both stirs and accompanied by a strong appeal for directs the interest of all who would prayer for a new revival. The pambetter know their Bibles. This vol- phlet contains many interesting facts ume is first in a series of four and and has a stimulating spiritual mestakes up "Genesis to Kings: God in sage. Israel," that section which is most D. L. P.

abused and all too little used. Critics A Modern Pilgrim's Progress. Rev. DeWitt will find in this volume that a man Lincoln Pelton, D.D. 136 pp. $1.50. can be thoroughly modern in his New York. 1928.

knowledge and viewpoint and yet be These twelve practical addresses, true to the record in those earlier based on Bunyon's "Pilgrim's Prog- Scriptures. The chapters relate to the ress," deal with the progress of a pres- Book of Beginnings; the Book of De- ent-day Christian. They are inspiring.

liverance; the Books of the Wilder- M. T. SHELFORD.

The Missionary Review of the World — December 1929

Yours a MERCY Christmas7'

.

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Would you like to provide all income for some;,relative; a brother, or sister, a husband, a wife, some more distant relative, or a f,riend ? , Would you like to feel that after you are through with life, and the person or persons for whom you have provided have passed .on, your money will continue to do good for generations to come I Our Life Annuity Agreements /~ will do 10" yo. 1IIe Tery dalncs en….erated . . .ve and wUI …..aatee Absolute Safety Annuity Does Not Change Agreements issued by the undersigned organi- These agreements are good during the lifetime zations have back of them millions of dollars of the beneficiaries and. notwithstanding Huc- worth of property in all parts of the world. mations of bonds. stocks or real estate values, and the moral backing of the Methodist Epis- the amount of annuity is never changed.

copal Church. Annuity Paid PI"ODIpdy Rates During the entire history of these boards, an- nuity checks have been mailed promptly accord- The amount of annuity paid is larger than the ing to the terms of the agreement without a income from most safe investments and is de- case of defaulting. termined by the age of the annuitant.

For further information write: MORRIS W. EHNES, Treasurer, Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y., or W. J. ELLIO'IT. Treasurer. Board of Home Missions and Church ExteElSion of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1701 Ar<h Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

;~;t.~~~~~~~~~;:;~~~;:;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l,~ Please mention THI: 11.IISSIONARY REVIEW OF TilE 'VORLD in writing to advertisers. THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD Spirit-filled Christian stewards like to ma~e DELAVAN L. PIIlRSON, Editor them. CONTENTS-Deoember, 192ft Annuity Gifts to the National Bible Institute are not only extraordinarily fine gifts, but Page they pay dividends in trained Christian FRONTISPIECE …..••••• , ••••..•••••• workers proclaiming the Gospel at home and abroad. TRANSFORMING THE AUSTRALIAN ABO- RIGINES Y011 can help greatly in evangelizing the world and enjoy WOMEN AND CHILDREN LAST ..••••• ……………. .. LAURA M. WHITE 901 a non-fluctuating income for life WOMEN AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN through an Annuity Gift. EGYPT ..••.. DAISY GRIGGS PHILIPS 908 SECURITY STABILITY S~ ABYSSINIA AN EMERGING EMPIRE … · ….••••••••• '.' •..•• H. A. KELSEY 915 999 SHALL WE FOLLOW THE APOSTOLIC For detailed information write to WAY? ……..•.• HOWARD A. BANKS 919 THE NATIONAL BIBLE INSTITUTE CHINESE MISSIONARIES IN BORNEO ………………… R. A. JAFFRAY 922 THE SELF-EVANGELIZATION OF INDIA ……………… MRS. W. W. DUFF 925 THE KURDS OF KHORASAN ……..• • ..•..•.•…. DWIGHT M. DONALDSON 929 340 West 55th Street, New York City AN AFRICAN VILLAGE FOR A DOLLAR Don O. Shelton, President • ..•••••••••••.••••• WILLIAM CLARE: BELL AND ELIZABETH LOGAN ENNIS 938 Hugh R. Monro, Treasurer CHINESE WOMEN AND RELIGION …. · …….. , ……… MRS. C. C. CHEN 941 MOHONK CONF'ERENCE ON THE AMER- ICAN INDIAN ………. COE HAYNE 945 TOPICS OF 'THE TIMES •…………• 947 ( METHODS FOR THE WORLD DAY OF PRAYER .'… EDITED BY MRS. F. I. 1= , JOHNSON •••••.••••••••••.•••••••• 950 LET YOUR GIn" HOME AND FOREIGN MISSION BUL- _LETIN •••••••••.••.•••••…….• 958 to Foreign Missions WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK •••.••••••••• 963 BOOKS WORTH READING ••••••.•••• 978 PAY YOU A LIFE INCOME INDE,X FOR 1929 …………••• , •••• 983 You can make a generous.gift to foreign mis- TERMS.-$2.50 a year. ($2.00 In clubs of sions and have a needed income for yourself five.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies, and others from the money you give by the 25 cents. Published monthly. Cop,.rlghted. 1928. by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COM- Annuity Gift Plan PANY, INC. All rights reserved This plan relieves you of uncertainty- and THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING worry causea by changing values of invested COMPANY, INC. funds and assures you a fixed income of – 4t% to 9% per year for the rest of your life A reserve fund of over $1.500.000 guarantees ROBERT E. SPEER, President the vrompt payment of annuities to yqu. WILLIAM I. CHAMBIlBLAIN, Vloe-Presldent Protect yourself against loss through DELAVAN L. PIERSON, ,seoretary unwise investments and at the same time WALTER McDOUGALL, Treaaurer help send the gospel to all the world. Publication Office, 3d & Reil,. St., Harrisburg, For full £n/ormatiotl write Pa. 25c'a copy. $2.50 a year. Erne« F. HDII, Secretary, Dept. ofAnnuilie. Editorial and Business Office, 156 Fifth Avenue, BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS New York Cit,. of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. Entered as second-class matter at the Post 156 Fifth Avenue. New York Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879.

Please mention Tall MISSlONARY RIlVIEW OF THIl WORLD In writing to advertisers. A CA VE IS THE HOME OF THESE LEPERS F OR the Christ Child there was was NO ROOM in the dweJlings of men. At this season when all Christians celebrate His Birthday, let us remember those others against whom a:l men have closed their doors-the world's helpless, homeless lepers.

Multitudes in Need "Every night the last sound we heard was the moaning, sobbing cry of the sixty homeless lepers outside the gate," says a traveler, speaking of a Leper Hospital which he recently visited. "Every morning we looked down upon that same crowd lying on the ground."

There are thousands of lepers like these; shall they be rescued for lives of Christian usefulness?

Follow Christ's Command Help the American Mission to Lepers, interdenominational and international, to "CLEANSE THE LEPERS."

Through 140 centers of mercy in 40 countries many needy lepers are being relieved and rescued.

Increase your own Christmas joy, and put the light of hope into these darkened lives by sending a Christmas gift to-day.

What Dollars Will £)0 $2-'-Blanket fOf a leper.

$S-Food for one patient for two months.

$l~Chaulmoogra oil for two years of weekly treatments, a period sufficient to "discharge as cured" a leper in the early stages.

$4~Complete care of one leper for one year. > r——————- $30~A cottage for six to twelve lepers at a mission station. Send your Contribution to Enclosed is $ ….. '… , my Christmas gift III to the leper~~ FLEMING H. REVELL, Name of America and other binds. ' Trecuurer .. > •••••••• > ••• > •••••••••••••••••••• ne American Mission to Lepers, Inc. I Address . > •• > >> ••••••• > ••••••• > ••••••••••• Ave., Room II ………….. 156 Fifth 1119L > •••••••••••• » •••••••••••••• New York City !……………….H~ Ple-ase lllPntion THE )JISS]OSARY REVIEW OF THE '~ORLD in writing to aL1w~rtiSf'rs.

by Miss Ma1"qarct Matthcws J Goulbut-n Island. via Darwi·n. Northern

UNEVANGELIZED ABORIGINES OF AUSTRALIA Thp.sp. mp.n are tYoical of the hlack mp.ll of North AustraJia. The balls hanging on the necks of three are charms to drive away evil spirits. They probably contain some portion of a deep-asP.(] warrior wbose virtue is supposed to enter the Dossessor.

f!HRIRTIAN ABOlUGINER AND THEIR LEADER- A MISSIONARY The Rev. R. L. Keiuel"t bas taken a Kreat interest in training the Christian youth to play musical instruments in harmony. These Australian aborigines are said to be the "lowest type of civil humanity." but many are accepting Christ and are living witnesses to Him among their dark brothers.

TRANSFORMING THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES 'l~here are ~stimated to be about 83,000 Aborigines now in Australia- most of them in the Northern 'l'erritory. This is only half the estimated populntinn when the white men first caDle about one bundred and fifty yea-rs- aa;:o.

LII, No. 12 December

WOMEN AND CHILDREN LAST The Story of Christian Literature for the Chinese* BY LAURA M. WHITE, Shanghai, China Missionary of the lVoman's F01~ei{/n Missionar.ll Society of tlH~ Methodist Episcopal Ohurch, 1891-; Editor oj the Nu To p(J·O of the Chri8tian Literature Society J CCORDING to tradition the the plea that it was beneath the f i first Christian missionaries dignity of China to borrow an alphabet from another country. to China were Syrians who blazed their way across Central The famous Nestorian tablet Asia, beginning' in the 2d or even records the work of Nestorian misin the 1st century A. D. They sionaries who journeyed from Perbrought with them two priceless sia to Central China, reaching Sian gifts-the Christian Scriptures Fu in 635. Reference is made to and the alphabet, and seem to have the fact that they brought with had very early editions of the them the Scriptures, a translation whole Bible (Peshito version) ex- of which was to be found in the cepting the three small epistles of imperial library. This evidence is Peter, John and Jude, and the corroborated by an Arab traveller Apocalypse. Every Syrian mis- of the 9th Century, Ibu Wahab, sionary had a copy of at least one who journeyed to the capital of portion of Scripture, laboriously China and was given an audience made by hand; and students were with the emperor. He was shown expected to memorize large parts pictures of the patriarchs, prophof the Psalms and New Testament. ets, Noah and the Ark, Moses These Christians penetrated Cen- with his rod, Jesus on an ass, surtral Asia, spreading their culture, rounded by the apostles and other and adapting their alphabet to the Bible scenes. The emperor seemed various tribes-the Mongolians, to be very familiar with the Scrip- Manchus and Tartars. Mongolian ture narrative. script was apparently popular in China until Kublai Khan ordered Twenty-five years ago Profesa return to ideographic writing on sor Paul Pelliot discovered in a "The writer wishes to acknowledge her in- sealed up cave of Tung Huang, ~;ttcl~llt~S t:;Jl'latl~SPDr~fTi~~~b~aUi~ha:d, ~~~~ Kiang Su Province, a number of valuable ancient manuscripts; P;e g~rti~~ ~~~~l:~d'M~~i~~:~y SS~:i~~7.' ¥~ among them was a roll written in ;fo~~f~~d'viJJ~~·~~~rt~i1~n~rOf~ss~~.. O~t~~~~~~: Chinese characters, perfectly legi- ble, and written in the 9th or 10th ~oe~~0~i~!tliti.;;!n~:1ti()ll on Fire. a History of 901

century by some Chinese Christian. literary and scientific channels. It includes a Chinese translation of Famous western authors, Euclid the Gloria in Excelsis, followed by and Aristotle, etc., were translated a list of venerated Christians and into Chinese. Mathematics, geogbooks. At the end is a note ex- raphy and astronomy were taught. plaining that the number of books Selections from the Scriptures with put into Chinese from the Mother pictorial illustrations were printed Church of Syria was five hundred and published. A lexionary, (readand thirty. Christianity in the ings from the Scriptures for holy T'ang Era (618-845 A. D.) was days) was published in 1636. probably a dominant religion; but These selections cover the printhe adverse edict of 845 A. D., cipal events in the life of Jesus. ordering the suppression of Nes- Also the New Testament was torianism and Buddhism, almost translated faithfully by some undestroyed the Nestorians. These known missionary at that time. Christian manuscripts may have In the 18th century Catholic mis- sionaries were all either expelled or been sealed up in the cave at about put to death. Churches were conthat time. fiscated by the government, and Later, under the liberal Mon- Christianity was again a progolian Dynasty Christianity again scribed religion until 1844. In 1738 grew in strength. There were an English merchant, Mr. Hodgmany Nestorian churches in Kiang son, visited Canton. He had some Su, Chekiang, Honan, Korea, and knowledge of Chinese characters, other provinces. The Chinese em; and his attention was called to an peror, Kublai Khan, venerated the old Chinese book which he found Gospels, and in 1271 sent a letter to be a New Testament. Mr. Hodgto the Pope by the Polo brothers re- son had a copy made which was questing a hundred missionaries. Two were sent, but turned back dis- afterwards presented to the British mayed by the difficulties encoun- Museum. It consists of a harmony tered on the journey. In 1289 of the four Gospels, the Book of John of Monte Carino arrived at Acts, the Pauline epistles and the the Chinese Court, and found the Scriptures, both Old and New first chapter of Hebrews. Testament, in Chinese; and esti- In the beginning of the 19th mated that there were about two century Robert Morrison made a hundred thousand Christians. He study of this book at the British was later reinforced by ten other museum; copied it, and having missionaries and before his death acquired a knowledge of the Canestimated that besides the Nestori- tonese language, sailed as a misans there were a hundred thousand sionary to China in 1804. Morrison Catholics. But the tolerant Mongul earned his living as secretary, first Dynasty was expelled from China to the East India Company and and the Ming Dynasty in a terrific later to Lord Napier. To preach persecution extirpated all Chris- the Gospel or even to teach Chinese tians. to a foreigner was then a capital offense; consequently Morrison's The Jesuits brought new gifts of missionary work was mainly liter- Christian literature to the Chinese ary. He made the first Chinese and in the middle of the 16th century. English dictionary, and translated They made their appeal through the Bible into Chinese, acknowl-

WOMEN AND CHILDREN LAST

edging in the preface his indebted- Americans, Rev. Ernest Faber, a ness to the Testament which he German, and Dr. Timothy Richard, had studied in the British Museum. a Welshman, all made outstanding In · 1844 Monsieur de Lagrene contributions to Christian litera- obtained formal recognition of ture. Later Dr. Williamson and Christianity, and protection of Dr. Griffith John were appointed its adherents from persecution. by a general conference of mission- Former repressive edicts were an- aries to prepare Christian school nulled. Protestant missionaries books. Women in the western part later came to China, concentrating of Scotland formed the first Wom- in five ports in which they were permitted to live. They com- menced to lay the foundations of Protestant Christianity, hardly knowing how to attack the over- whelming problems which con- fronted them. They were ignorant of China's religions and of the classics. Morrison's Bible was not in the language of the common people. In their efforts to put Christian truth into Chinese they encountered the same rock of dif- ficulty on which the Catholic Church in 1715 had been wrecked.

What terms should be used for God? Shall it be "Shang Ti," or "Sheng," or "Tien"?

The edict of 1844 soon became a dead letter. Catholic Christians were still persecuted. Missionary life in China was almost unbear- able, until 1860 when a new treaty was signed, by which eleven new ports were opened to trade, free- LAURA M. WHITE dom to missionaries was granted for travel and residence in China, an's Auxiliary for cooperation in and protection for converts was the work of preparing Christian promised. In addition missionaries literature.

were permitted to rent and pur- In 1887 Dr. Williamson founded chase land in all provinces, and to the Society of Christian Literature erect buildings thereon at pleasure. for China and when he died in Protestantism commenced its 1890, the English Baptists loaned missions in earnest. Bible societies Dr. Timothy Richard as general were established and God raised secretary to the society. Under his up for their tasks literary giants. wise guidance the organization Alexander Williamson, a Scotch- prospered as a society within the man, founded the Scotch Bible different missionary societies of Society; Dr. S. Wells Williams China. Each missionary loaned to and Rev. Young J. Allen, both the service of the Christian Litera-

ture Society received his salary tance. One cannot help smiling at from his own Board. Outstanding the thought of little Lord Fauntle- volumes on theology were begun. roy with his golden curls, and Ellen Ponderous volumes on political Montgomery, a trifle sullen over science, sociology, histories, biogra- her slate colored stockings, both phies, etc., all written in elegant pushing their youthful way into Wen Li, were widely distributed such elegant literary society.

among the literati. These books While reading Tolstoy's "Mar- and the new ideas circulated by chez Pendant que Vous Avez la the magazines published by the Lumiere" Miss White was inspired Christian Literature Society cre- with a brilliant idea-she would ated a great ferment in China, confiscate the plot, and locate it in thus starting a reform movement Shangtung Province. It was a good among the students. plot and well worth appropriating.

A few years later Dr. Young Tolstoy's arguments against im- J. Allen, realizing that practically perialism, militarism, and Roman nothing had been written for wom- and Greek philosophies could easily en and children, commenced his be changed into appeals for Chris- great work Women in All Lands, tianity against Buddhism and Con- virtually' an encyclopedia in ten fucianism. When all was finished volumes, beautifully illustrated and she went with the book to her great written in terse, classical Wen Li. and wise friend Dr. Timothy Rich- This was the beginning of woman's ard.

literature in China. Alas! Women "What shall I call the book?"

and children could not read these she asked. "It is not a translation attractive books, nor would the men or even an adaptation. Tolstoy most of China buy the series to read to certainly would disown the child in them. Only dust and book worms its Chinese dress, with communism took to the elegant volumes which eliminated and an orthodox heaven, were subsequently disposed of as hell, devil, and angels added! In prizes and gifts to school libraries. my arguments for Christianity I Later Miss Laura White with have cribbed from Browning, trembling hands ventured to pre- Ruskin, Phillips Brooks, Lyman sent to the learned Society "The Abbot, Henry Drummond, and Broom Maker" and "Picciola, the even Butler's Analogy."

Story of a Prison Flower." These "My dear child," said the famous two stories seemed incongruous sinalogue. "You have written an with the erudite spirit of the Chris- original story."

tian Literature Society at that "But there is hardly an original time. Yet both books were of good thought in it."

pedigree–"The Broom Maker" "I would not expect it," was the being sponsored by John Ruskin, reply. "Only two or three new and "Picciola" famous as a French thoughts are born in a century."

classic. Both books were given The success of this book, "The Five rather a doubtful welcome, and Calls," which went through twenty grudgingly placed on the book editions, gave Miss White courage shelves. Next year "Little Lord to say "yes" when the Christian Fauntleroy" appeared, and a little Literature Society asked her to edit later "The Wide, Wide World" by a magazine for women and girls.

Mrs. McGillivray asked for admit- Next Mrs. McGillivray, whose

WOMEN AND CHILDREN LAST

husband had joined the Christian as in "The Bird's Christmas Literature staff in 1889, became Carol." Editorials and serials in the editor of Happy Childhood, the the magazine are afterwards gath- popular Christian periodical for ered up and published in book children. A charming little maga- form. In this way we have "The zine it is! Full of pretty pictures, Secret Garden," "Scenes from Ben bright stories, clever puzzles, in- Hur," "Romola," "The Dawn of teresting songs and beautifully Hope," "We Women, Our Golden printed on good paper. The chil- Hope" by Constance Maynard, dren of China are indebted to their "History of Women's Social Prog- understanding friend for "The ress" and many others.

Childhood of Jesus," "Jesus, My For some years the W. C. T. U.

Saviour," a mine of attractive in America furnished funds for stories, and many children's books the production of a number of that one has not the time to men- temperance books, and our special tion here. Perhaps her loveliest catalogue of books for the home book is a translation of Mrs. Pea- and for schools includes many body's wonderful book, "Prayers biographies of devoted women- For Children." "Anne of Ava," "Elizabeth Fry,"

No one can equal Mrs. McGilliv- "Amanda Smith," "Pandita Ram- ray in preparing books for chil- abai," "Florence Nightingale,"

dren and her illustrations are "Mary Slessor," "Mary Lyons,"

irresistible in their cleverness. "Alice Freeman Palmer," "Mary What mother could resist buying Reed, Missionary to the Lepers"

"Prayers for Children" when she and others. There are a few books sees the illustrations of the "Prayer on home making, helps for moth- for Father on a Journey." Here ers and Bible women, health is the coolie with his baggage, and books, many songs and anthems, the wheelbarrow or sedan chair to Christian plays and pageants.

carry him to the canal, and then A few years ago our Chinese edi- the big river steamer to take him torial staff was somewhat troubled to Shanghai. Noone has given in trying to reconcile Christianity more joy to the children of China and science, having read some dis- than Mrs. McGillivray. turbing books. Day by day they In 1923 Miss Martha Pyle, for- gathered at the Christian Litera- merly head of the McTyeire School, ture round table on which they came to the help of the Woman's threw every doubt, difficulty and Department of the Christian Lit- doctrine to which they objected.

erature Society and has done ex- It was Miss White's task to search cellent work. the libraries, and to consult with On the editorial staff of our Nu theologians until the girls' ques- To Pao, the magazine for girls and tionings were answered. Miss women, are several young Chinese Kwangfang Lee, the most strenu- women, all high school and college ous doubter, afterwards wove the graduates. A Gin-Lin Student put conversations and arguments into Mrs. Wiggs into a Chinese cabbage her little story, "From the Seen to patch. In a certain Christmas play, the Unseen." Later the National her little Ruggles are just as lov- Christian Council sent out a ques- able dressed up in Chinese clothes tionnaire as to what books had and living in a Nanking mud hut helped most to solve our young

people's religious problems. High books have stimulated their love on the list were "The Five Calls" for Christ, a loyalty to their school, and "From the Seen to the Un- and given them a better underseen." In another questionnaire, standing of their missionary teachsent out recently in the interests ers? of religious education, students Our Woman's Department of the were asked for the names of their Christian Literature Society ocfavorite books. The boys seemed to cupies two communicating rooms, have gotten their mental entertain- containing four desks for Chinese ment largely from Chinese classics ~ oung ladies and two for the grave Chinese pundits whose duty is to improve the literary style of our feminine aspirants for fame. A fine organ is in one corner of the room and some one is harmonizing a folk song for next month's Nu To Pao. Its tones have driven Miss Pyle for sanctuary to the valuable library on the second floor where she works with two Chinese girls on "Laddie" and "Dr. Orchard's Prayers." Miss Pan is busily en- gaged in collecting native melodies which she is converting into hy- giene songs. She is a graduate of McTyeire School, and is proficient in music, but can also make nimble fingers fly over the keys of a type- writer, and is an adept at dressing pretty stories in Chinese clothes.

Her last achievement in that line is Margaret Deland's "Katie," but A FORMER SLAVE GIRL-MARY LIU in the Chinese version the story does not become tragic. Our Chiand other non-Christian sources, nese young women insist on happy and the latest books of Russian endings, and so the snobbish northought. But the girls reported mal school graduate in China their favorite books as "Little repents, and cherishes her char- Women," "Romola," "Quo Vadis," woman mother. "Lovey Mary," "Little Lord Faunt- The wise ' looking young lady leroy," "The Wide, Wide World" working on an editorial "The Strugand other stories. It has been gle for the Life of Others" is noticed that, while many of our Kwangfang Lee. She was graduboys remained faithful to their ated from Gin-Ling College and Christian teachings during the earned her M.A. at Boston Univerpresent unrest in China, neverthe- sity. Miss Shen, Mrs. McGilless our girls have shown greater livray's faithful helper, sits in the loyalty to their Christian faith and sunlight, reading proofs of this missionary teachers. May it not month's Happy Childhood, while be that these simple wholesome Mrs. McGillivray in her own

WOMEN AND CHILDREN LAST

home, not very far away, super- and condense, until finally a fair intends some Chinese artist in copy is ready for the printer. making illustrations, or adapts her Mary seldom corrects, and never latest book iJl.to Chinese. rewrites her work. She will write a thousand characters in an hour's Perhaps the most interesting girl time, ready for press, without of all is Mary Liu. When a five- alteration. One of the compensayear-old slave girl, through the tions for her mutilation is the fact cruelty of her owner, she lost both that she has learned to conserve hands and feet and was given to and concentrate every faculty. She missionaries. Provided with arti- has already put two books into ficiallegs she learned to walk when Chinese, and her one draft needed she was six years old. Fortunately practically no revision by the old she retained one tiny thumb joint pundit who so freely corrects the and with this she has learned to literary style of our other young sew, to write, to cut out her own ladies. clothes with scissors held between the two wrists, and even to thread Fourteen years ago when she a needle. Being very fastidious she was seven years old, Mary wrote washes her own clothes with those poor calloused wrist' stumps. She her first letter to a missionary writes and draws beautifully and teacher, in which she announced has just been graduated from Gin- her intention of becoming the Ling College where she received a editor of the Nu To Pao, and now unique graduating gift-a new pair her childish ambition seems likely of artificial legs. The handicaps to be gratified. A poem written by under which she has labored have Sidney Lanier about a hero who developed unusual powers of con- harnessed a wolf and made him centration. In the Christian Lit- plow has greatly influenced Mary's ~rature Society the rest of us life. She too has bravely conquered rarely translate more than a thou- the wolf that ravaged her; has sand characters a day. It takes us until five o'clock in the afternoon harnessed him, and is now joyousto make our first draft, to revise ly driving him to till a beautiful field belonging to the Kingdom of God.

I NEW ClIINA FOR OLD ~~ N THE long past China has often had intercourse with outside peoples and religions. Her response, to whatever influences came therewith, was to assimilate them. The assimilation of Buddhism is perhaps the readiest illustration of this earlier and long-enduring motive.

"Today China is doing something different and for the first time in her history she is consciously trying to readjust herself to outside peoples. When a people get a new motive they become new. Most of what China is now doing by way of reconstruction is not due to external pressure, but to a desire to readjust herself. She is becoming conscious of her own potentialities and is trying to rebuild her own integrity in terms of her own wishes."-The Congregationalist.

AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN

BY DAISY GRIGGS PHILIPS, Cairo, Egypt* .MissiOHat"y of the United Pr('~b"tcrian Church oj the U. S. A.

ATANGLED network of super- Moslem lands and (2) because the stition, belief and practice wives of the great Moslem working holds Moslem womanhood in world have always been free in all its thrall. Albeit Moslem women, lands to go unveiled and to take like many of the fair sex in western their part alongside their husbands lands, quite enjoy the sense of be- in the common struggle to gain a ing caught in the meshes of custom. livelihood. Not infrequently wom- It must be borne in mind therefore en of strong mental caliber are met that customs which to the West- with in the villages who practical- erner are often revolting and which ly rule the clan.

we feel have been forced upon de- The system of seclusion here in fenceless Moslem women are not Egypt has been supposed to mili- only frequently hugely enjoyed but tate against girls going astray and clung to tenaciously by the women when I mentioned this recently to of the East. a high class Moslem girl who was The first social custom affecting educated in France, she said, "We women which forces itself upon do not want any such imposed the Westerner, is the seclusion of morality. We want girls to be pure women-although in Egypt there because they know it is right and has been such a marked change in because they have the power within the last three or four years that themselves to resist evil. Nor do one sees scores of veiled women on we want the veil even if it is pretty the streets, some of the large shops and becoming and modish. We do being frequented by hundreds of not want the veil because it stands them. The fact remains that the for the inferiority of women."

thousands are still secluded. In his The practice of secluding women book "La Condition de la Femme has had its effect upon every de- dans la Tradition et I 'Evolution partment of women's life, resulting de L 'Islamisme," Dr. Mansoor even in her exclusion from the Fahmy points out that the Koran Mosque. Dr. Mansoor Fahmy, him- deals chiefly with the seclusion of self a Moslem, says that, in spite the wives of Mohammed, following of the fact that the two sexes were a suggestion of his friend, Omar. equal before the temptation (in The order was made to inclUde the Eden) of Adam and Eve, the God wives of believers to the extent of the Koran has stamped women that they were to veil themselves with inferiority. Besides this, he when they went out, thus rendering adds, conquests, slavery, classes, themselves less liable to insult polygamy and tyrannical govern- from men. Dr. Mansoor Fahmy ment have all played a role in the fails to find the Koranic decree decadence of women. In his con- binding for two reasons, (1) be- clusion he points out the opinions cause it has never applied to all of the woman question of authors "We <leel'l~' 1'egret to BUY that word hnB highly esteemed in the Moslem ~~~~o.recs~~e~u~ ';~~u~~~t~o?Jm~:B'E~~~~~~ ill world. One, a Persian, advised men 908 to be vigilant in preserving friend- the moment of great difficulty ship and friends for he said, rather than to allow the beast to "Friends are not like women become unruly and then himself (wives), whom one can repudiate be forced to escape in an undigniat will." Another, Djahis by name, fied manner. This philosophy a classic writer and philosopher, drives Gazali to lay down the most said, "The superiority of man over tyrannical injunctions for the sewoman is striking and one that is clusion of woman, according to marked in everything. Woman which she must be shut in the should not turn herself aside from house, never climb to the roof nor her own function, her mission is let herself be seen, nor chat with to be a mother and to be a wife." her neighbors but always watch over her husband and his interests Gazali, the mystic, who accord- whether he be present or absent. ing to Dr. Mansoor Fahmy, was in- THE nOME OF A YOUNG EGYPTIAN PEA~ANT GIRL fluenced by Christian mysticism, This is enough from classic audenounced marriage on economical thorities to give us the point of and mystical grounds. To burden view of the orthodox Moslem reoneself with a costly charge is to garding the seclusion of women. assume a weight one would better There is another power, however, not carry. This mystical reason of in the life of the Moslem women, Gazali's (of St. Paul's argument) which has even more weight than that the care of the family can be- classic writings, including the come an absorbing occupation for Koran, and that is tradition folthe heart, leads him to the most lowed by its long train of superextreme conclusions, i. e., that only stitions which affect the whole life idiots are capable of love, and that from the cradle to the grave. love is only a stupid mania whose There are Moslem "books of mediforce one would do far better to cine" which give rise to many break in the beginning as one superstitious practices, some of seizes an animal by the reins at which are revolting, though it

should be said that these practices out and its blood allowed to flow are found chiefly among the peas- into a huge flat basin in which a ant women. Perhaps the most chair had been placed for the common of these practices are con- patient. An attendant bathed her nected with childbirth. Here is a limbs and body with the warm very common superstition which blood without undressing the pa- was told to me by some of my Mos- tient, who in this case was not really lem friends in a village of upper demon possessed but only slightly Egypt. It was given to me in all indisposed and a bit "queer." This sincerity and desire to help me be- woman and her friends were all cause I have only one child. The in comfortable circumstances and belief is that women friends call- could have seen a doctor, perhaps ing upon a mother with a new born had, but here they were at this babe must not wear gold jewelry, performance because they "loved especially the style so common here darkness rather than light."

made of gold coins, because if the The following story is told by a mother sees such jewelry while her missionary in Ismailia: babe is less than a month old she "When a woman becomes ill, she will not have another child. If a has recourse to the doctors whose friend sh0uld be so careless as to medicine may cure her. If a cure forget to remove her gold adorn- is not effected and she has head- ments before calling, the antidote aches, dyspepsia, nervous attacks is for the mother to obtain the gold etc., she will likely send to a or a piece of the same type and sheikha to find out through her value, immerse it in a glass of Nile wisdom what ails her. The Sheikha water brought either by an old gets a handkerchief which the woman or a young girl, and then woman has worn, and wraps in it drink it slowly before sunset, after a twenty piastres piece 4s-one which the evil charm will be dollar, and sleeps with it under broken. her pillow. In the morning she Another practice is the Zar or keeps the coin and returns the ker- the rite of placating demons. I chief saying that in her dreams she saw one of these performances in has seen that a powerful prince of Tanta and my chief impression of the a/rit (evil spirit or demon, it was that the women who were plural a/arit) is in love with the of the middle class enjoyed it woman, but that she has not paid hugely. The friends of the indis- proper attention to this lover who posed woman gathered until the is therefore angry with her, and house was well filled. The per- has sent the illness to chastise her formance consisted of tambourine until she repents and gives him his music and chanting by a band of dues. What is the woman to do to professional women singers, the propitiate the spirit? (Some are eating of rather elaborate cakes Christian, some heathen, some good and sweets for refreshments and Moslems among these demons, a finally the riding of a sheep very favorite one being the Magh- through the rooms and later its raby). She must have a Zar.

sacrifice in a room closed to the "According to the wealth of the public. All who wished to see the woman is the duration and elabora- victim could do so later. The jugu- tion of the Zar. If she is poor it lar vein of the animal had been cut may last only one night and a fowl

WOMEN AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN EGYPT

be killed, but if she is wealthy it demand is for the head net of the may last as long as a week and a Sudan as a scarf to cover the face. full grown sheep be the sacrifice. Th.e woman may have been told In any case the Sheikha arranges beforehand the particular color for women to come who know the which her a/rit likes and in that various tunes affecting the dif- case, at the Zar her dress must be ferent evil spirits. Many women of that color. besides the sick one will gather, especially those who say they have After the Zar, if the a/rit has an afrit lover and as it is only the been pleased with her, the illness beautiful and witty whom the de- will depart, if not, she must give mons desire, every woman wishes another more elaborate performto have such a lover. Some have ance or attend others, paying all many. As each woman hears the the attention she can to the a/rit, tune belonging to her own particu- then eventually when she has done lar a/rit, she gets up and begins all he demands of her, she will rethe danse du ventre as practiced cover. A converted Moslem of by the prostitutes, covering her prominence told me recently that his mother had spent more on Zars face at the same time from the than on the education of her large gaze of all hut the lover for whose benefit it is being performed. She family. * goes on as long as the same tune continues. If she falls exhausted, Besides these superstitious pracother women will revive her and tices there are numerous customs to which women are in bondage in support her while she goes on Islam, such as those of child mar- riage and the consequent lack of again. After a while the tune will leisure for education. Another cuschange to that belonging to another tom which causes Moslem women a/rit and those who claim this one untold sorrow is the practice of as their lover will take their turn, divorce at the merest whim of the while the others rest. So it goes husband, and the taking away of on, with short intervals, until the her children. The divorced wife final sacrifice. If this is a sheep, of the Sheikh who was my friend, told me her story in bitterness of the woman for whom the Zar is heart not so much because a rival given rides round the room on it, then its throat is cut and she be- *SimUar Zat'8, I am told, are beld, but dabbles herself in the blood, while secretly, by men to propitiate female aja.rit some is sprinkled on all those and in a settlement of descendants of freed around and in the house itself. slaves near lsmailia, I have beard there are The same is done if a fowl is sacri- regular Zars in which both men and women ficed, except the riding on it. While take part together, the object of which I have dancing, or at this stage, the woIp- lIot clearly discovered. It does not appear to an may fall into an ecstasy and be open license. whatever she demands of clothes or jewelry, while in this state, must The e:IIect of these Zars on the character of be given her, as it is the a/rit who the persons concerned is very noticeable. demands them for her to make her They often become morose, irritable and more attractive to him. The silver mentally dull, while in the actual attack of rings worn by so many women and demon possession, to which all are liable, girls with colored glass in them, there is a change varying from mere anger are much sought and a frequent to absolute change of personality. I have known girls who were well known among the neighbors to be possessed by four or seven demons; they would attend any Zar and dance when- ever the tune of anyone of their special afMit was heard.

The hold of the Zar on the woman is not, I think, religious. It seems to be either a relic of primitive animism or an 11IllPOrtation from the pagan tribes of the Sudan, probably brought by slaves. The fact that the musicians are generally Sudanese, as well as the Sheik· bas, who really ha.ve 8. la.rge mesmeric power, would seem to support this idea. D. G. P.

r eigned in her place only a stone's of wealth who is in advance of her throwaway, but because her three time. Madame Sharawie meets young sons were cared for by the much opposition, especially from rival and were allowed by the father only to visit their mother. women. Under the care of this movement is a school where weav- Dark as these superstitions are, ing and home'economics are taught. it is gratifying that a small number of women who have been grop- The program of the Feminist ing their way are now coming Movement translated briefly is as A HIGH CLASS EGYPTIAN WOMAN AND follows: SERVANT IN CAIRO 1. To raise the intellectual and moral courageously to the front in their condition of woman that she may realize efforts to defy customs which so her political and social equality with mar their lives and hinder their men. progress. 2, To demand free acCESS to higher There area number of societies schools for all girls desirous of instrucof Moslem women recently sprung t i o n. up, among the most important being Fa,tat Misr el Fata, (The 3. To reform customs relative .to mar- Young Womanhood of Young riage to t he end of permitting both Egypt) and the Feminist Move- parties to become acquainted before bement, the latter headed by Madame coming engaged. Huda Sharawie, a cultured woman 4. To reform certain customs and laws to preserve woma n from the in- justice which the practice of bigamy and repudiation often cause her.

5. To promulgate a law fixing the mar- riageable age at 16.

6. To carryon active propaganda in favor of public hygiene.

7. To encourage virtue and combat vice.

8. To combat superstitions and cus- toms which do not accord with reason.

9. To propagate the ideas of the society through the voice of the press.

It must be born in mind that as yet there is no feminist movement in Egypt such as there is in many a Western country. All of these women's movements have only reached the initial stage, that is, a few individual women have at- tained a sufficient degree of cul- ture and freedom to enable them to believe in the ultimate cause and triumph of their own cause. These few women speak and write and labor incessantly with their own circle of friends, and little by little the impression that they are mak- ing is deepening. Within the last six or seven years they have been able with the help of their advanced and enlightened brothers to pro- mote the cause of education among women. Sixteen years ago there were only two Government schools

192!l] WOMEN AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN EGYPT

for girls in all Egypt. Now all of have come into being. These deal the large cities have several well with all questions of interest to equipped and fully staffed Govern- women and they are usually edited ment schools. Besides these each by women, chiefly in Arabic but provincial capital as well as every sometimes in French. The printed town of any importance, has its page in Egypt carries with it a well organized school for girls. tremendous amount of authority Some years ago it would have been and although the total number of impossible to find girls enough to women who can read and write is fill these schools, much less could proportionately extremely low teachers have been found to staff (Moslems .006 per cent, Copts .98 the schools. As yet there has not per cent, Protestants .232 per been much progress in securing cent), yet these women read to free access to professional schools others or discuss with others the for young women, but at the things which they have read.

present time they are admitted to It was my privilege to attend a the School of Medicine for train- meeting of the Feminist Movement ing in nursing and midwifery. which was addressed by a woman A quiet persistent education of from India. There were nearly a the general, public is going on, hundred women in attendance and which tends to permit young people the address which was given in to meet each other and become ac- English was translated into French quainted before marriage. This of and the response was made in course gives to young women much fluent French. It was indeed in- more choice in regard to marriage spiring to see a few Moslem women than formerly, when everything with so many advanced ideas in was arranged by relatives who their heads, but one is constantly were supposed to know much better saddened by the reflection that than the young people themselves without Christ there is no stability what sort of a partner they re- to this progress. Already one quired in life. Already a law has hears of suspicion and jealousy been passed fixing the marriage- among them and already Christian able age at sixteen for girls and women who have thrown in their eighteen for boys. lot with the Moslem women in seek- Probably the hardest task that ing social and political reforms these new women of Egypt have have been given to understand that set themselves is that of combating they need expect no place of leader- superstitions and customs which ship in a distinctly Moslem land.

do not accord with reason. This Without doubt Christian mis- will mean the destroying of much sions have had much to do in of the great web of Islamic life. taking the lead and setting the ex- We all understand the hold which ample in these social reform move- superstitions and customs have ments among the women of the upon the human race but few of us Orient. Many of the leaders in realize the strength of their hold Egypt have themselves been in and the terror exercised by them mission schools, and now their in many parts of the non-Christian daughters and nieces are getting world. their ideals for social service from Within the last few years a the same source. Christian mis- great many women's magazines sions are calling attention to the 2

high place that woman should oc- the community in which she lives. cupy and the influence that she Various missions in Egypt have should have in the whole com- established centers for child welmunity. Christian missions are al- fare and the training of mothers in so setting a higher standard of the care of their children. All of living. In some cases young men these efforts make a definite contrieven complain that mission-edu- bution toward the sum-total of cated girls demand better houses progress among the women of and better conditions than those of Egypt.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MISSIONS TO AFRICA* BY DR. FREDERICK P. KEPPEL President Of the Oarncgie Oorporation I HAD entirely underestimated the importance of Christian mis- sions as a factor in the development of peoples of low cultural level. In British Africa the work of the missions in the fields of elementary and higher education, of public health and hygiene, and in what may be called rural sociology, seems to be outstanding. Nor had I any conception as to the degree to which government pays directly or indirectly for such service, specifically in salaries, but in many other ways as well. The total must represent an item of major importance in mission budgets, and I question whether the supporters of missions at home appreciate either the amount involved or the responsibilities which its acceptance implies.

My impressions may be summarized as follows: first and foremost is the earnestness and devotion of the individual missionary. I do not recall a single incident of service which I could call perfunctory. Secondly, I would place the high quality of results obtained in view of the limitations existing.

All things considered, the work in the education of children and in health service is surprisingly good. The most significant step taken in this field has been the establishment of training schools for native supervisors. These are known as Jeanes schools, and are in effect a contribution from the experience of the United States in dealing with the Negro to the problems presented by the native Africans. Training of these native supervisors is based on a broad conception of community preparation for the life which the native will actually have to lead, rather than reliance, as has so often been the case, upon educational material and educational technique which have proved more or less satisfactory under whol1y different conditions. The program of the Jeanes school concentrates its attention upon the elements of agriculture, including marketing, home economics, hygiene and sanitation, the elements of construction and the practice of native arts and crafts.

"'Extracts from The InternutiQ'Ylal Review a! Missions (October, 1929). Dr. Keppel has recently visited the following parts of British Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Southern Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa.

A GI,IMPSE OF NATIVE LIFE IN

ABYSSINIA AN EMERGING EMPIRE BY DR. H. A. KELSEY, New Concord, Ohio Tticc-Prl38ident 0/ ![uskingum Oolleue T o SUDDENDLY come into children have lived almost beyond touch with an empire of 12,- the notice of other men? That is 000,000 people, which claims the claim of present day Abys- Jewish origin and nearly two sinia, ancient Ethiopia. thousand years of Christian tra- There have been a few political dition, is disconcerting. Can it be contacts and a few "ferengies" possible that a nation of Solomon's from almost everywhere have 915

wandered in and out, but that is proud and self-reliant. Their all. Abyssinia is one of the most dress is primitive, what there is of isolated countries in the world. it; their homes small and uninvit- ing huts, and they have what we This isolation is not destined to would call a hard life, but they are continue. Abyssinia is awakening. a happy folk. Those who find any Many recent books by well-known opportunity are eager to learn, not world travelers and students of only from books, but especially natural history are creating a new concerning the great world outside. and rapidly widening interest in this hermit land. Her natural re- Social relationships are natursources are attracting attention. ally those which grow out of ages As usual a few intrepid mission- of primitive feudalism. Slaves are aries have plowed into her interior and have stirred her life from the common and their lives often bithumble slave to her lofty monarch. ingly severe, although they are not Nearly one hundred of her ambi- bought and sold openly. The tious youth are studying in nearly American word scarcely applies. two score colleges in half as many They are simply in service to their different nations of the world,hav- overlords who for lack of a better ing been 'sent out by their far-see- term they call "Big Men." It is a ing ruler, and they are compelling most colorful and interesting picthe world at large to notice this ture to see one of them out on the ancient home of Sheba's queen. highway, dressed in his clean shamma and over it the black The people of Abyssinia are woo len cloak emblematically black and primitive and some of adorned with the high horn over them border on savagery. Their the right shoulder, stately erect industries are almost entirely de- upon his white mule with his loyal voted to agriculture and stock and obedient retinue surrounding raising with methods as old as him. Walking close as they do and at attention, the man is well protime. Their educational system is tected. Some of them are armed lacking, except for a few promis- (albeit the guns are sadly out of ing mission schools, and one re- date); some are carrying burcently established at Addis Ababa dens;' some are attending the mule by King Tafari Makonen. Parts to prevent disaster if perchance of the territory are so hot and they should meet a honking Ford, sandy and dry that one feels they and all bearing mute testimony to are spawn of Sahara, and her the greatness of their master. This great lava beds speak of vast and custom is nation wide, reaching desolating volcanoes. In other re- from the lowliest plantation owner gions the towering mountains with up through the more influential almost perpendicular escarpments, business men and politicians and dropping for hundreds of feet, the various dejesmatches and crags and canons and monster rasses who govern the provinces rocks, create a feeling which James to his imperial highness, Tafari E. Baum, of the Field Museum, de- Makonen. scribes as "God-awful." It is a land of great possibility Abyssinian people are illiterate, from the standpoint of agriculture but they are also intelligent and and mineralogy. Great regions of courteous and ambitious. Mild in fertile soil stretch out to the north tone and quiet in manner, but

ABYSSINIA AN EMERGING EMPIRE

and west of the capital watered by wild life for the Field Museum at abundant rain and favored with Chicago. An endless number of an almost tropical climate, and mining experts are besieging the drained by long, winding, beauti- present king for concessions in the ful rivers. Almost anything will hope of amassing immense wealth grow in Abyssinia. Nor is it sur- from the various ores which they prising that the fauna of this emphatically declare (in private) great empire is attracting the nim- are stored in these towering mounrods of earth these days. A party tains. Hence Abyssinia is becomunder Dr. Wm. H. Osgood visited ing "infested" with white men. Abyssinia and returned with a The day when certain subtle peomost interesting display of all this ples hoped to swallow this nation DR. KELSEY A'l' 'l'HE ENTRANCE TO 'l'HE lIIISSION HOSPITAL IN ADDIS ABABA Entrance Tafari Makonen Hospital. Addis Ababa Abyssinia. This Hospital was erected by Dr.

Thos. Lambib. n U. P. Missionary to Abyssinia with mouey furnished by the late W. S. George, pottery manufacturer of East Palestine, Ohio. Dr. Kelsey in the foreground.

up without making a ripple on the Some American diplomats might political sea is past, and there is a well sit at his feet and learn. reason. Burdened with countless details There is great internal anima- which most rulers might easily tion. The empire is coming to life. delegate to others and undertaking There is a new realization of her a program far in advance of the resources and strength. The chief vision of his countrymen, yet he source of her new life is her reign- has plenty of time and endless ing king, Tafari Makonen, a young patience. At the first approach he dynamo. .He works very quietly, seems weary and burdened, but but is starting wheels to spin, the flash of his eye and his quick turning on the lights of education response at once indicate that he is awake and alert. A WELL DRESSED MATRON IN A HIGH CLASS ABYSSINIAN HO:-'lE His reception hall and dining room, splendid but not gorgeous, and religion, calling attention to have welcomed men and women the nation's vast wealth and en- from the courts of all the civilized couraging his people to help him nations and these doors have been utilize it. Perhaps if all mon- likewise open to hundreds from archies could be ruled by such the humble walks of life. Among kings, there would be more mon- his friends Americans are cordialarchies. This young ruler is indeed ly received and not all who have a royal host. Although his life has enjoyed his hospitality have carbeen spent in "darkest Africa," his ried government commissions. Nor whole attitude and generous hos- have they all represented great popitality reveals the heart of a litical or commercial power. The gentleman. Beset with much sel- quiet missionary; the teacher of fish intrigue and a network of in- his "boys" overseas: the ambitious ternational complications, he deals engineer. and the humble artisan thoughtfully and kindly with all. have all been warmed by his gentle hospitality and they have found a ready listener to any message they have brought.

His greatest interest is reserved for those who seek to help him build an educational system and awaken the life of the ancient Cop- tic church to a real service for all Abyssinia. Ethiopia is emerging into something very different from the life it has known for 3,000 years, and no young man in the world needs more the prayers and encouragement 0 f Christians everywhere than this real friend of youth and life-the recently crowned King of ancient Ethiopia. His key position and his genuine Christian ideals mean much to the modern world.

WE FOLLOW THE APOSTOLIC WAY?

BY HOWARD A. BANKS Editor of ((Chri-st Life"

PAUL preached the Gospel in there some years ago and went to Asia and EUrope, and passed London to undertake the task of on, leaving a native church, be- telling the Christian world how he hind him in the cities he visited. believes the globe can be evangel- ized in a generation if Pauline Sometimes he revisited and en- methods are employed. couraged that native church, but he left the responsibility on the For eight years the World Doshoulders of the local elders. minion Press of London has sought to keep the Christian world posted Twenty-eight years ago John R. with up-to-date information about Mott issued his challenge in his the unreached fields, cooperating "Evangelization of the World in with aU mission enterprise, in This Generation." It thrilled the order to secure this information, Church like a blast from Roland's and to inspire men and women to horn to his battle hosts. He go out into these Gospel-needy showed in several chapters the pos- areas in the Pauline, New Testasibility of it in view of the achieve- ment way. ments of the first generation of Christians; in view of some mod- Old Missions Dig In Too Deep ern missionary achievements; in view of the opportunities, facili- "The majority of the already ties and resources of the Church, existing missions," says Dr. Coch- and the burning conviction of lead- rane, "are doing an intensive work.

ers of the Church that it could be In their beginnings they had a done. That book was published in vision no doubt that reached over 1901. If a generation is about vast spaces, but after getting thirty-three years, then that gen- established they become more or eration ends in 1934. So but five less localized. They are doing this years remain to finish the task! intensive work around their sta- How nearly is it completed? tion or compound. There is no end Vast areas with millions of pop- to its intensiveness. You know ulation in Tibet, Afghanistan, you can do a vast deal for one man Central Africa, Amazonia, Central -for a comparatively few. They Europe, Western Asia, India, New have built pretentious and expen- Guinea and many smaller islands si;ve buildings oftentimes, and have of the sea remain untouched. been gradually led on to consider A volume could be written to that they are limited as to the area show why the work is still unfin- they can evangelize. They have ished. Can it be done· within dug in."

another generation from now? World evangelizers need to get Dr. Thomas Cochrane, a Scotch- away from the long followed plan man who labored for 22 years in of curtailing the work, even recaII- North China with the rich blessing ing missionaries, because the home of God upon his work, resigned board gets in debt, or of sending from his medical mission work out an extra missionary or two on 919

a little spurt if there has been an Jew and Greek and Barbarian unusually generous year back alike."

home. A fuller use of the native 3. A new era is dawning upon church will help vastly to solve the the world. There are new inven- problem of advance and of giving tions. Men are thinking new millions more the opportunity of thoughts and following new meth- learning that they have a Saviour ods. If we would properly per- who died for them. form our task, we must follow the Continents or great national methods of St. Paul. "The oldest areas need to be studied as a whole missions are the most expensive,"

by every mission at work on them, declares Dr. Cochrane, "and mis- and the evangelization coordinated sionary enterprise is tending to be- in a better cooperation. Mission come more and more expensive in work has gone on in too haphazard operation. The London Mission- a way in this regard. The parcel- ary Society in which I served for ing out of the mission fields among years has arranged to transfer one the various boards has not proved of its missions after one hundred as advantageous as hoped, and in years to a neighboring missionary some instances jealousy of this society, in order to cut down ex- possession has led missions who pense. It suggests a sort of mer- actually could not do the work chandise transaction, and grieves from allowing others to go in who me."

could. 4. An "indigenous church" is a Some of the foundation princi- vital necessity. "This transfer is ples of this plan are emphasized a result of not having established by Dr. Cochrane: and cultivated an indigenous 1. The Christian Church has church. This is a phrase coming never tapped the resources of an more and more into use in mission- omnipotent God. The principle of ary reports and writings. That is atomic energy needs to be applied partly because of the interest our by the Church in a spiritual sense. little group has created and circu- With an omnipotent God the im- lated in its literature. It is dis- possible is possible-even the evan- appointing how few can define gelization of the world in a gen- what an "indigenous church" is.

eration. But this power cometh A Splendid Example not save by prayer and fasting.

2. In the Kingdom of God there "Without a live indigenous is no nationality. "I was standing church the task of world evangel- on a hilltop in China once," says ization is impossible. When we Dr. Cochrane, "having an interview speak of the untouched fields we with a leading Chinese Christian. think of Tibet, Afghanistan, Cen- As the setting sun made a golden tral Africa, and the South Amer- path of glory in the sky, we talked ican Indians, perhaps, but we have of spiritual things. I forgot that little conception of the vast un- he was Chinese and he that I was reached masses surrounding most a Scotchman. Bare soul touched of the long established mission bare soul. In Christ there is work in all foreign fields. In neither Jew nor Greek. In the Japan the rural regions are prac- little time there is left to me to tically untouched. One Christian work I desire to pay my debt to to nine or ten million is still un-

SHALL WE FOLLOW THE APOSTOLIC WAY?

evangelized. In Korea, China, 7. Many have made the mistake Russia, Asia, the progress of mis- of building great colleges, often at sions is slow as compared with the huge expense, to offer a finished growth of the population. Only a culture to the native converts.

corner of Mongolia is touched. A When we have created an indige- whole generation has passed since nous church, the Godly native Gilmour went in, labored and died. Christians themselves have trained Unless we speed up, the Russian their children in Christian homes, Red may make the work impos- and these children have become sible. leaders in evangelizing their com- "India has 40,000,000 unreached munities.

population with all its missions, "If we can persuade others to Indo-China 18,000,000. We have get this vision and cooperate, we been singing for ages about Cey- believe we can see the world evan- lon's spicy breezes, and as we sing gelized in this generation. A we do not realize there are a mil- young native convert on a field we lion or more without the Gospel in are in touch with, complained re- that island. gretfully that he could only deal "Missionaries are going to with four or five hundred people places easy of access. Arabia and in six months! If every native North Africa are the keystone of evangelist would do that much, Islam, and they are hard fields. vast progress would be made. Op- North and Central Africa is 90 per portunity is slipping away. A cent Islamic." large village in Africa not long ago 5. The missionary societies have asked for a Christian teacher.

been thinking in terms of needs- None was available, and in a year not need. The missionary purpose that village was entirely Moham- is singlar, not plural. We think medan.

of the medical need, the educa- "Our idea is to have a capital tional need, and the like. But there fund, the interest tc be used in se- is only one need-lost souls. If we curing and disseminating infor- can meet the one fundamental mation, and keeping it up-to-date, need, all subordinate needs will be and to aid as far as possible, those met. who will adopt our methods, Paul's 6. Material resources are not methods-not the static method absolutely essential to an indige- nor the stipendiary system. The nous church. Missionary advance more largely we can interest God's work has all too much been de- people to put up the money, the pendent on the amount of money more we can accomplish. All the home church has annually been these plans and resources are of able to send out. But the impor- course useless apart from the help tant thing is spontaneous expan- of the Spirit of God."

sion. A wonderful change comes A man in sympathy with this into the life when a man or woman Apostolic method went to a mission is really converted. He or she has in China, and refused to look at the got a tremendous secret of life and fine school buildings and the neat hope which must be poured out church. He amazed the missionary into the first willing ear. That group by saying, "I only want to was the way the early church ex- see your unfinished task as shown panded. in the unreached multitudes."

MISSIONARIES IN BORNEO*

BY REV. R. A. JAFFRAY, Wuchow, China O VER a year ago, pressed in Christians may worship and there spirit for the lost in the had been a Chinese Church, but it South Sea Islands, the writer had sickened and died three years set forth to visit some of the un- previous. There seemed to be no reached parts of the vast mission aggressive witness of the Gospel in field of the Dutch East Indies. Re- this great cosmopolitan centre.

turning after two months travel- Thank God a Chinese pastor, S. W.

ling, four cities were especially Chue, has been laboring in Makas- laid on his heart. Night and day sar since July, 1928.

the words "Samarinda," "Balik- In Surabaya, the great com- papan," "Makassar," and "Sura- mercial centre of Eastern Java, baya" sounded in his ears. The called by the Chinese Sz-shui (Four darkness of those four places is Waters) , there is considerable probably in the order in which Christian Christian work and we they are named here, and we de- were pleased to meet a company of termined by the grace of God to earnest Cantonese Christians, but do our utmost to bring the Gospel they were a little flock of sheep Light to those who sit in "dark· without a shepherd. They had no ness and in the shadow of death." Chinese leader or preacher and Samarinda and Balik-papan, are pled with me to send them a located on the east coast of Borneo. Chinese worker from China. An- Here darkness reigned. There was other of our Wuchow Bible School no witness for Christ in either of graduates, Mr. T. H. Loh, has been these cities or any of the surround- called to this church and is now doing and neighboring cities on the ing excellent work in Surabaya.

east coast of Borneo. The doctrine Thus, to sum up what the Lord of "the false prophet," Moham- has done in the past twelve months med, and heathenism abounded. for these four cities: First, a suit- We sent forth the challenging call able Chinese preacher has been a year ago-"Who will open a found for Surabaya; Second, Pas- Gospel Hall for the Lord Jesus in tor S. W. Chue has reopened the Samarinda and Balik-papan?" The work in Makassar and has gathered call has been answered first by a little company of Chinese Chris- Chinese evangelists, who, thank tians around him; Third, Mr. C.

God, are now located there as the Y. Lam, with his family, are first missionaries of the Cross of located at Samarinda; and fourth, Christ. we hope that Mr. K. L. Lin will In Makassar, the capital of the take up the work at Balik-papan.

Celebes, there is a Dutch Protes- So we thank God that these four tant Church, where also Malay "other cities also" are hearing the *A ypar ago t1w "'Tilf'!" made his first trip glad sound of the Gospel. to fhp j)nfl'h J,:<I~t I!lCIi~8. I hnve HOW ]"P- The recent trip to the Dutch ('('ntly returllt'ti from a second trip, made with East Indies had for its first purtla~ Jll1r.])()Sf~ of placing two new Chinese mis- pose the locating of Mr. C. Y. Lam SiOllHl'i{'s on the field. rrhey are located on and Mr. K. L. Lin in their new work. the east coast of Borneo, where Gospel Halls ure- being- oppned in the cities of Samarinda and Balik-papall.-R. A. J.

922 Before leaving Wuchow, a solemn Negotiations for the new chapel dedicatory service was held when being closed, I at once left for a a number of Chinese leaders and trip to the interior. The name of missionary brethren laid their the river motor boat was the hands upon the heads of these two "Dyak" and this name embodied young men in the Name of the the object of our trip to the in- Lord. A farewell service was held terior. Samarinda is situated on in Hongkong, attended by five hun- the Mahakam River about eighty dred Chinese Christians. The meet- miles from the coast. The "Dyak"

ing was in a sense something carried us another 220 miles into unique in the history of our the interior of Borneo to a city Chinese work. It was a real called Long Iram. We will not take Chinese foreign missionary fare- time in this article to describe this well service. Many such meetings trip, but will leave it for a later have been held as Chinese workers article. The entire interior of left for a needy field in their own Borneo up this river is without one country, but probably this was the witness of the Gospel of Christ.

first time that Chinese mission- We passed a score of towns on the aries had been sent forth to a way, inhabited by Malays, Arabs, foreign land as missionaries of the Indians, Chinese and Dyaks. In Cross to bring the Gospel not only each town there was a Moham- to their own people, but with the medan mosque, but no Gospel Hall.

purpose of learning a foreign lan- The Dyaks, the aboriginal tribes- guage and preaching Christ to an- men of the interior of Borneo, other race. The missionary meeting have been crowded from the coast lasted two hours and a half. and even from the banks of the In a most wonderful way the river and have made their dwell- Lord led us to a suitable place to ing away in the interior, in the serve as a chapel the day after we mountains and jungles of Central arrived in Samarinda. We knew Borneo.

only one Chinese Christian in this The trip required one week and city, a Fukienese merchant, whom on returning to Samarinda the last we met last year. He and his of the work on the repairs of the family, especially his mother, who Chapel were about complete. On had at one time been a Bible woman Sunday, the 24th of February, a in Fukien Province, were delighted solemn but joyful service was held when they heard that our Chinese in the new Chapel to dedicate it brethren had really come to stay, to the Lord for service. Mr. C. Y.

and to establish His work in Sama- Lam, his wife and mother, Mr.

rinda. Mr. Chong did all that he K. L. Lin, and two Christians, one could to assist us in our search for from Fukien and one from Canton a suitable place to rent. The place Province, and the writer were to which the Lord directed us was present.

given us at a reasonable figure and Mr. Leland Wang, one of China's is suitable both as a home for the most consecrated Gospel preachers Chinese missionaries and also a and an evangelist who has had a Gospel Hall. It took a week to ministry in the salvation of souls clean the place up, and make cer- all over China, in response to a tain slight repairs. In the mean- clear call left China early in De- time we lived in a Chinese inn. cember for the South Seas. After

three months service for the Lord China, and the Islands of the South in the cities of Cochin-China, Cam- Seas converse together in the combodia, Malaysia, Java, and Celebes, mon Malay tongue. Even Chinese speaking in no less than twenty- from different parts of their own six centres, Brother Wang arrived country find it convenient to speak in Balik-papan, Borneo, on Febru- to one another in Malay. Pray that ary 28th, a place which the writer these two young men may become visited a year ago. During the real Malay scholars and able minthree days' sojourn there, two more isters of the Gospel. Chinese Christians were found and the time was well spent with them. At the farewell meeting in Hong- We tried to arrange a public meet- kong, reference was made to the ing for the Chinese, but the time meaning of the names of these was too short. We were able, how- young men. Mr. Lam's name ever, on Mr. Wang's arrival to Ching-ye means "Witness for gather these few Christians to- Jesus." Mr. Lin's name Kwonggether and exhorted them from the lan means "Coming of Light." Word of God. Mr. Leland Wang is from Fukien and these Chinese It is interesting to note how Christians are from Canton, there- these two young men were called fore he could speak to them, not in to Borneo. One morning in Novemtheir own language, but in English ber, 1928, the writer was heavily which the writer interpreted into burdened for Borneo. Suddenly Cantonese. We urged the four the thought came to me that if Christians of Balik-papan to rent a foreign missionaries are not yet pl~lCe where regular meetings could available why not send Chinese be held and we trust that our new- mlsslOnaries to these "other ly arrived Chinese workers in cities"? At once these two young Samarinda will be aWe to minister men came vividly to mind. At the to them and that ere long a Gospel time one was employed as a Hall will be opened in Balik-papan preacher in a Chinese Church in also. There are 3,000 Chinese in Hongkong and the other was folthis city. lowing a rather ambitious educa- tion course. We could do but one Our two Chinese missionaries thing-commit them to the Lord of are commencing at once in a the Harvest. At once He began to thorough course of study in the work in the hearts and lives of Malay language. This is to be these men and it was not long betheir chief work for the first year fore ·they were set free, not by human manipulation, but by the at least. In the meantime they will, Hand of God. They both made full of course, when formal permission surrender of themselves to Christ from the Dutch Colonial Govern- in laying down all personal ambiment is obtained, commence to tions in view of His call to service preach in their own Cantonese in Borneo. tongue, to the Chinese. A much greater field of usefulness, how- The "wild man" of the interior ever, will open to them as soon as of Borneo and the Celebes still they are able to preach in the Ma- calls, "Come over and help us." lay language. These cities are "the Many of the Islands of the South melting pot" of the Far East, but Seas still wait for the Light of all varieties from India, from the Gospel. Their cry also comes today, "Come over and help us."

SELF-EVANGELIZATION OF

WHAT CAN THE PARIAH CHRISTIANS Do?

BY MRS. W. W. DUFF, Kasur, Panjab " T Mi88i(}nafY oj the Presbyterian Board af Fore'ign MissiQ"ns churches. EN thousand Christians in ing, self-propagating one small district of Kasur! Why this state of affairs?

Then isn't the missionary's For a generation Christian mis- job there about finished? Why sionaries had been assailing the not move out, and let those ten strongholds of Hinduism and Mo- thousand evangelize the others 7" hammedanism in this district, but That is a fair question. It is one only here and there, and a,t long in- that we have been asking ourselves. tervals, had they succeeded in mak- If Jesus could trust the evangeliza- ing even the smallest breach in tion of the world to his handful of those stubborn walls of caste prej- followers, why not leave the Chris- udice. In-bred pride of birth tianization of Kasur district of the rebelled against the doctrine of Panjab to the, ten thousand of His universal brotherhood, and the baptized followers already scat- iron chains of caste and custom tered through her three hundred restrained even those few who villages? Has the missionary be- would have adventured into the come too officious, endeavoring to new religion. They had nothing to steady the ark of God with a nerv- gain, and everything to lose by any ously solicitous hand? Before change, so, in anger or disdain, trying to answer the question, let they shook their heads and turned us take a look at the quality, as well away.

as the quantity of the Christians But always, just skirting the in Kasur. outer edges of those hostile high For the past three years Mr. caste crowds, had been a sprink- Duff and I have known the privi- ling of the despised and outcaste leges and provocations of district serfs, listening too. They had been work in the heart of the "mass- told that God and religion were movement" area of the Panjab. By outside their pale. Their dulled "mass movement" we mean that minds were not expected to grapple singular epidemic of conversions to with theology. But one thing they Christianity which twenty years caught, that for some amazing ago was bringing men, not indi- reason, the missionary treated vidually, but by whole communities them as men. Here was, apparent- at a time, into the new religion. ly, a friend. Perhaps he could and Most of our ten thousand Chris- would do something to help them tians, (which is a larger number, out of their degradation and pov- I believe, than in any other district erty. Perhaps he would use his in the province) were inherited, influence with government to get ready-made, from previous genera- them land of their own, or would tions of missionaries. Yet we find take their part against the oppres- ourselves still struggling to build sion of the land holders. It was an ignorant and inert mass of worth a try, anyhow. They, at least, semi-heathenism into self-support- had nothing to lose, and might 925

gain much by any change, so, get his living from such people, with motives sometimes entirely is taking a step of heroic faith. He worldly, or badly mixed, they be- suffers uncertainty and real priva- gan to come. Timidly at first, by tion. Can we, with comfortable twos and threes they came, suf- incomes from a mission board, ex- fering in the beginning some os- pect an Indian fellow worker to tracism from their own brother- make such sacrifice? And yet, by hoods. Then by whole families, continuing his support, are we not and villages en masse, they clam- pauperizing his church? The di- ored for admission to the Kingdom. lemma is real.

The missiOnary, facing that Second comes the problem of il- eager mob almost single-handed, literacy, coupled with almost total was baffled by the enormity of his indifference to education. The opportunity and his problem. difficulties of church management Looking back after twenty years, in an illiterate group are well illus- it is easy to say that he made a trated by an incident in one of our mistake in letting down the bars village congregations. An elder which normally condition baptism, was to be elected. Nominations and in admitting many who scarce- were numerous. The blue book ly understood what it was all says "elect by ballot," but scarcely about. But in his place, would we three members of the community have found it possible or right to could read or write. Mr. Duff had discourage that dimly-conscious, to resort to the device of having blind groping for something the whole congregation file past higher? To numbers, the adoption him, and whisper in his ear the of Christianity undoubtedly meant name for which each wished to a spiritual re-birth; at least it vote.

brought to all, for the first time, Schools are being established for a taste of self-respect, a hopeful Christians, but the people who looking up, a stirring of deadened have been denied the privileges of ambitions. Was not all that worth education for unnumbered genera- conserving at some price? tions, are slow to see its value, and There was the price, and we are they feel the need of the money paying it now. The present mis- their children could earn out of sionary has fallen heir to a per- school. We visited a school one plexing and discouraging situation morning shortly after 10 A. M. and which has resulted from this leni- were surprised to find, of the thir- ent policy. He faces the task of teen boys enrolled, only two pres- integrating all this unpromising ent, and no teacher in evidence. He material into a vigorous, self-con- had gone, the two boys told us, to scious, expanding, Spirit-moved round up the missing eleven if he church. Can it be done? could. He had to do that sort of In the first place he encounters thing nearly every morning, in the distressing poverty of the order to have any school at all.

people. What hope of a self-sup- A still deeper difficulty lies in porting church among men desti- the low ethical standards among tute of bread enough to satisfy the outcaste people from whom their own hunger? A Christian these Christians come. While evangelist who cuts himself off Hindus and Mohammedans come from mission support, expecting to far enough short of Christian

THE SELF-EVANGELIZATION OF INDIA

standards of honesty and purity, ual awareness, and much engross- in their case, public opinion puts ment in worldly matters. Many of some restraint on unsocial im- the men come to us, not to learn pulses. The outcaste, however, is of God, but hoping to get land. scarcely expected to bother with Sixty-five families in Luliani went morals at all. It is taken for grant- over to the Roman Catholics a few ed that he will steal if he gets a years ago, because they had the chance, and be as promiscuous in idea that the Roman Catholics were sex relations as opportunity offers. going to give them land; when the Such things have scarcely yet be- land failed to materialize, they come a matter of conscience among came back to us a year later. The some of the uninstructed Chris- women interrupt the Scripture lestians. One young woman who was son to ask if we are never going to put forward for baptism, was take these baskets of cow-dung off asked her husband's name. The evangelist (himself of pariah their heads, their badge of servibirth), pointed out a young man in tude. Can we blame them? If the group and said: "That is the wealth and luxury give birth to man she is living with, though she materialism, no less do ugly povis not married to him. But he is a erty and a desperate scramble for Christian, so he wants her to be bread smother the finer instincts one too." of the soul. Is it possible for the new Christian, scarcely removed Mr. Duff turned in some indig- from the pariah, living on a dungnation to the evangelist. "And do heap, spat upon and cursed, houndyou consider such a woman fit for ed by want, to be spiritually church membership? And do you minded? Possible perhaps, but countenance such conduct in a very difficult. Christian man?" Growing out of all these other "Well, you see, it really isn't difficulties is the last hindrance I their fault," explained the evange- shall mention, to the upbuilding of list, placatingly. "They would like a self-propagating Panjabi church, to be married, but she has a hus- and that is the lack of any sense band who refuses to grant her a of responsibility for the Christiandivorce, so what can they do 7" izing of their high caste neighbors; that is considered the job of the Related to their unmoral stand- mission-paid agent, or the missionards, is the materialistic view- ary. It has not occurred to them point of these people. America has that it should be their work. To been hearing much lately, through anyone with insight into caste psy- Stanley Jones and others, of the chology the reason is clear. That spiritual sensitiveness of the In- these despised serfs should suddendian. And true it is that the caste ly assume the role of religious in- Hindu, of whom he speaks, is structors of their masters, is an capable of a personal and mystic idea so preposterous as to be alspirituality, a detached other- together unthinkable. worldliness, which is usually quite unrelated to social ethics, and air- I shall never forget my first ily free from any sense of respon- experience with the problem in sibility for his outcaste neighbors. Kasur district. It had been my But in my experience with outcaste practice each day to visit first the communities, I find little of spirit- Christian section of the village,

and after meeting with the women son of the missionary reaching out there, to make a call or two in the a hand to lift up the untouchables.

non-Christian homes in the more We already see the results of the aristocratic quarter. One day I lesson in the many reform move- conceived the plan of taking some ments springing up among the of the Christian women with me, Hindus and Mohammedans, with and giving them a small share in the purpose of reclaiming the presenting the message, by singing pariah.

a hymn or two. Strange to say, the In the second place, outcaste only opposition I met was not from work, in spite of its discourage- offended high caste hostesses, but ments, has justified itself in the from the timidly reluctant Chris- production here and there of out- tian women. At first it was hard standing Christian leaders, who even to get them to understand have gained prestige even among what I wanted. When asked to lead the highest castes by their up- the way to some non-Christian rightness and ability. There is, home, they took me a few doors too, a gradual raising of the whole to another Christian home. economic level of these people.

When with coaxing and exhort- This is due, in part, to education ing, I got them at last to the door and to the increased independence of a Hindu home, they fled in a of Christian communities fostered panic, when they heard footsteps by their new self-respect. In some approaching. Eventually I led them quarters mission and government into the courtyard. The hostess, have successfully led in certain ag- perhaps for my sake, was gracious ricultural experiments, such as to them, and even asked them to chicken raising and tenant-farm- sit down, but they were too dumb- ing in land newly opened by canals.

founded to do it. Instead, they But best of all, there is growing up lined themselves up in a row in these villages a standard of life against the wall, and refused to called Christian, which is definitely open their mouths. I had to sing higher than the standard that pre- my hymns alone after all. How vails for the outcaste, and in some long will it take even ten thousand respects higher than Hindu and of such Christians to evangelize the Mohammedan ideals.

rest of Kasur? But the missionary's task is not What shall we do about it? Give yet completed. We must Chris- up these outcastes and concentrate tianize the outcaste, grapple with on the higher classes? I think not. great living problems of his pov- In the first place, there could be no erty, his ignorance, his unmorality, more effective method for demon- his unspirituality, and his sense of strating to the high castes the real inferiority. That is a task to chal- meaning of Christianity, than by lenge the faith and courage of man, setting before them this object les- a task impossible without God.

When Gordon Maxwell, a missionary to India, asked a Hindu pundit if he would teach him his language, the Hindu pundit replied, "No, sahib, I will not teach you my language. You would make me a Christian." Gordon Maxwell replied, "You misunderstand me. I simply am asking you if you would teach me your language." The Hindu replied again, "No, sahib, I will not teach you. No man can live with you and not become a Christian."

AUTHOR AND KURDS IN FRONT OF THEIR TYPlf'AI, RFlI,m-WALLl'lD

THE KURDS OF KHORASAN BY REV. DWIGHT M. DONALDSON, Ph.D., D.D., Meshed, Persia / CCORDING to early Persian The fact that Iraq and Khorasan f i geographers and astrologers, are governed by the greatest of the world is divided into the heavenly bodies mentioned seven climates. TltIe word climate would suggest the Magian ori- came into Persian as well as into gin of this divisioI of the climates, English from the Greek, but there for the fourth climate, thus spe- is also an old Persian word, kish- cially honored was their own. And war, which is used in much the the name Khorasan, "the land of same meaning. Each of these seven the sun," the most eastern prov- climates was considered to be par- ince of the old Sassanian empire, ticularly under the influence of one indicates that this astrological divof the planets. Saturn dominates ision of the world is a very ancient over Hindustan, the first climate; one.

China and Khota, which make up The old city of Kuchan lies about the second climate, are ruled by eight miles from the site of the Jupiter; Turkestan, the third c1i- modern town. The old city was mate, is assigned to Mars; the sun known as Khabushan, which in the governs Iraq and Khorasan, the thirteenth century the Mongols fourth climate; Transoxiana, the pronounced Kuchan. It is menfifth climate, is subject to Venus; tioned as early as 1340 A. D. by Greece and the Turkish Empire the Arab geographer Mustawfi as (Rum) make up the sixth climate a "medium sized town of the under Mercury; and the "hyper- Fourth Clime." He relates that it borean regions" are the seventh was reported to have many declimate, which fs under the author- pendencies, and that in the govern- ity of the moon. ment registers the district had the 3 9~

name of Usta (or Ustava), mean- these brethren (as they are seldom ing probably "the Highland." without), he that is overcome, if he be not slaine, flieth to the field Kuchan was destroyed in the with such companie of men as will course of the Mongol invasions, followe him, and there liveth in but was restored by Hulagu Khan, the wildernesse resorting to waterand by his grandson, Arghun ing places, and so robbethand Khan, many additional buildings spoileth as many Caravans 'Of Mar~ were erected. The climate is de- chants and others as they be able scribed as excellent, with abundant to overcome, continuing in this crops of wheat, cotton, grapes and sort of wicked life, until such time fruit. The river Atrak passes as he may get power and aide to Kuchan and flows on to the Dihi- invade s 0 m e of his brethren stan frontier, and thence to the Caspian Sea. "Its length is 120 againe." leagues: it is a very deep river , At Urgence Master Jenkinson and hardly anywhere is it possible was the guest of Ali Sultan, one to ford it. On its banks, for the of the brothers of Azim Khan, and most part, the traveler is never he remarks that his host had but lately "returned from a town free from fear of high'waymen." * called Corasan (which is Meshed, the capital of Khorasan), within It is this 'remark about the high- the borders of Persia, which he had waymen that gives the key to the conquered from the Persians, with study of all this district dUring the whom he and the rest of the kings last six hundred years. The Eng- of Tartaria have continual wars." lish traveler, Master Anthonie Mention is also made of a terrible Jenkinson, who made an adventur- plague that swept this country in ous journey in 1558 from Moscow the year 1558, when more than one to Bokhara, describes the Turko- hundred thousand of the Turkomans whom he encountered in this mans perished.- region. All the land from the Caspian Sea to the city of Urgence, he That in some respects the tribes said, was called the land of the o f Turkomans resembled the Turkoman, and was subject to a American Indians may be seen certain Azim Khan and his five from a further quotation of this brothers. It was not a case of gen- English traveler's description of eral family cooperation, however, the life he found them living in "for everyone will be king in his the sixteenth century. "From the own portion, and one brother seek- Caspian Sea unto the . castle of eth always to' destroy another, Sellizure aforesaid, and all. the having no natural love among countries about the said sea, the them, by reason that they are be- people live without towne or habigotten of divers women, and com- tation in the wilde fields, removing monly they are the children of from one place to another in great shives, either Christians or Gen- companies wit h their cattel, tiles, which the father doeth keep whereof they have great store, as as concubines, and every Can or camels, horses, and sheep, both Sultan hath at least four or five tame and wilde. Their sheep· are wives, besides yong maidens and of great stature and with great boyes, living most viciously: and buttocks, weighing sixty or eighty when there are warres betwixt pour-ds in weight. There are many .yustnwfi. p. 149 and 205.

19291 THE KURDS OF KHORASAN

wilde horses which the Tartars do son, in order to gain opportunity many times kill with their hawkes, to establish his own government in and that in this order. The Persia, Shah 'Abbas 1. ceded sevhawkes are lured to sease upon the eral of his western provinces (Adbeasts neckes or heads, which with harbaijan, Shahrizur, and Lurischafing of themselves and sore tan) to the Turks. Twenty-two beating of the hawkes are tired: years later, however, when he had then the hunter following his game grown more powerful, he recovdoeth slay the horse with his ered most of this territory, and in order to protect his northeast borarrow or sword. In all this land der from the raids of the Turkothere groweth no grasse, but it cer- mans, he transported 15,000 Kurds tain brush or heath, whereon the to the frontier of Khorasan. Colcattel feeding become very fat. onies of Kurds were established at three points,-Bujnurd, Kuchan, "The Tartars never ride with- and Darrah Gaz. They were of out their bow, arrowes, and sword, the Zafaranlu tribe, and the largest although it be on hawking, or at Kurdish settlement was at Kuchan, any other pleasure, and they are under the hereditary rule of one good' archers both on horseback of their own chiefs, who was known as the Ilkhani. and on foote also. These people have not the use of golde, silver, A modern Persian writer, Mirza or any other coyne, but when they Muhammad Taqi Khan (Ganj lacke apparell or other neces- Danish, p. 370), in his account of saries, they barter their cattell for Kuchan, designates it as one of the same. Bread they have none, the chief cities of the Kurdish disfor they neither till nor sow: they trict of Khorasan, with a populabe great devourers of fiesh, which tion of five or six thousand famithey cut in small pieces, and eat lies. He says, however, that most it by ha,ndfuls most greedily, and of these Kurds lived in villages especially the horseflesh. Their outside the city. The geographer chiefest drinke is mares milk Yakut relates that in his day (1225 sowred, as I have said before of A. D.), there were ninety-three the Nagayans, and they wilbe villages that belonged to Kuchan. drunk with the same. They have The whole plain was noted for its no rivers nor places of water in fertility, and beyond, to the east, this countrey, until you come to was the Nisa district, the modern thEdoresaid gulf, distant from the Darrah Gaz, which was the place place of our landing twenty days where for many years the Parthian journey and more. They eat their kings were buried. It is probable meate upon the ground, sitting that the city of Nisa was located with their legs double under them, where we now find the modern and so also when they pray. Art Muhammadabad, which is the or science they have none, but live principal town of Darrah Gaz (Le most idlely, sitting ro.und in great companies in the fields, devising Strange, "Lands of the Eastern and talking most vaineiy" ("The Caliphate," p. 394, note 2). Principal Voyages of the English Nation," Hakluyt Society, Every- The English traveler Fraser, in mans editions, vol. i, p. 450, 451). the account of his journey to Khorasan 'in 1825, observed that In 1590 A. D., a few years after water boiled in Kuchan at two the journey of Anthonie Jenken-

degrees lower temperature than in inhabitants of villages liable to Meshed, and accordingly he esti- their incursions." The prisoners mated its altitude to be over 4,000 they took were usually sold to the feet, or 1,000 feet higher than Uzbeks in Khiva and were often Meshed. While Fraser was in cruelly tortured. He cites the ac- Kuchan he had friendly association count of the embassy of General with the Ilkhani and his people. Mouravien to Khova in 1819-20, He mentions espesially the ex- who reported that there was some- treme hatred that these tribes, who thing like 30,000 captives in the had been located on the border by khanate of Khiva who had been Shah 'Abbas I., of the Safawi sold into slavery by the Turko- dynasty, came to have for the mans, who were known as the princes of the succeeding dynasty, "man-stealing Turks." M. Fer- the Kajars. On the other hand, rier also gives the following ac- the Kurds of Kuchan and the sur- count of how they organized their rounding villages were raided raids; from time to time by the Turko- "When a chief is determined to mans, but to be visited by the make a foray, he plants his lance, Kajar princes, accompanied by surmounted by his colors, into the bands of troops, was equally disas- ground in front of his tent, and trous. a crier invites all good Mussul- In 1837 'Abbas Mirza made a mans, in the name of the Prophet, special expedition into Khorasan to range themselves under his banto put down these rebellious chiefs, ner, and join in the raid upon the the most obstinate of whom was the Ilkhanf of Kuchan. The city Persian infidels.* His wishes, was besieged and taken and the Ilkhani was deposed. There was however, are no law to any of the much destruction at this time, but tribe, for the Turkoman enjoys as the Persian forces pressed on the most perfect liberty, and those to Sarrakhs and defeated the only who have confidence in their Solar Turkoman, liberating three chief ride up and strike their lances into the ground near his, the signal that the volunteer has de- thousand Persian captives who cided to follow his fortunes. When the chief thinks that he has aswere being sold from there as sembled a sufficient number of men slaves, we are led to suspect that to insure the success of the expedithe Kajar kings realized that the tion, he names that day month as Kurds had shown a disposition to the day of departure, this time becompromise with the Turkomans, and were not proving to be the ef- ing required for each man to get fective barrier that Shah 'Abbas his horse into that high state of condition without which he could had intended. not support the extraordinary A Terror to Travelers fatigue and hardships he has to A French military adventurer, undergo. .

M. Ferrier, who was in this part "During this month the forage of Persia in 1845 (Ferrier, "Cara- of a horse for twenty-four hours van Journeys Through Persia," p. consists of six pounds of hay or 81-85), remarks that "these Turk- clover-hay and about three pounds omans are, and with reason, a • The Turkomans are Bunni Muhammadans and the Persians belong to the Shi'ites. great terror to travelers and the

THE KURDS OF KHORASAN

of barley, or one-half the ordinary days the animal is capable of sup- quantity of corn. This reduces the porting the longest forced marches.

animal considerably in flesh, which Then, and not till then, their mas- is the object in view, the first step ters mount them and prepare for in his training; his pace improves the work of pillage.

under it, and he is thus prepared "Previously to this, however, for the strengthening and some- they look out for some hiding place what singlar food which he is sub- fortified by nature, which will fur- sequently to have. nish them with a secure retreat "The horse is then put to his full under adverse eventualities. While speed for half an hour every day, they are quietly resting themselves and is not fed until some consider- and their horses here, three or able time after he comes in: very four are detached from the band little water is given him, and if he to ascertain, if possible, whether is eager to drink it is a sign that any caravans are likely to pass.

he ought to fast a little longer; Sometimes these scouts will join but this training never exceeds a the kafila in the guise of inoffen- month. The thirty days having sive travelers, and as they go along elapsed, the Turkomans take the take very good care to find out the field, each of them with two horses; nature and value of the merchan- the one, the charger, which has dise, the number of armed men, been trained in the manner de- etc., and then suddenly disappear scribed; the other, a yaboo, or in- and convey this information to ferior animal used for burden, their companions. Though the which the Turkoman mounts on Turkomans do not run much risk leaving his aoul, encampment, and in such reconnaissances, they pre- which carries him to the Persian fer, for prudence sake, to obtain territory; the other follows him this information from Persians liv- without saddle or bridle, and never ing in the frontier villages, with strays from the party, for both whom they are frequently in com- have been accustomed to follow munication, and pay accordingly their master like dogs from the these vagabonds, who, without an time when they were foals. The idea of pity, thus deliver up their first day's march seldom exceeds unfortunate countrymen to these three parasangs; the second, four; bandits, explore the roads and give the third, five; and the fourth, six. intelligence, which is generally but When they arrive at this point the too accurate. During the time thus Turkomans change the forage of occupied in reconnoitering, the the charger, and substitute four main body of the Turkomans that pounds and a quarter of barley remain concealed are not inactive; flour, two pounds of maize flour, the maj ority scour the immediate and two pounds of raw sheep's tail neighborhood in small parties of fat, chopped very fine, all well five or six, and, as their numbers mixed and kneaded together: this do not attract attention, they fre- is one day's ration, without either quently manage to carry off some • straw or hay. The horses are very of the peasants working in the fond of this food, which is given field::!: this is the ordinary prelude them in balls, and puts them in to opetations- on a large scale. In tiptop condition, and after having the evening they rejoin their been fed in this manner for four friends to hear the news from their

scouts, and deliberate upon their give way entirely, and they fall, plans for the morrow. they are killed without remorse. Of one hundred Persians thus car- "When the attack is at length ried off and obliged to march with decided upon, half a dozen men are their captors, scarcely a third selected by the chief to remain reach Turkistan, or, at any rate with the provisions and yaboos; the spot from which the party set the rest, mounted on their best out on their villainous expedition. horses, gallop quickly to the appointed spot, whether village or A Turkoman's sensibility is never caravan, on either of which they awakened to suffering, no. matter fall like a whirlwind, and, like it, how terrible-the sentiment of devastate and finally sweep up and pity is unknown to them; a Percarry off eVerything, including sian is in their eyes simply a mermen, women, and children, that cantile and marketable commodity, comes in their way; in a few min- and not worth taking care of after utes all is over. Incendiarism is it has been injured-they are mernot unfrequently their last act; ciless by habit and by calculation. and, leaving the flames and smoke A prisoner who would make his to tell the tale to the distant vil- escape would never forget the lages, thyy fly with their booty treatment he had received at their and gain the spot where they left hands, and would certainly take their horses, putting from thirty his revenge by giving information to forty parasangs behind them at the first military post he came without drawing bit; and in an in- to. In killing his captive, therecredibly short space of time reach fore, a Turkoman looks upon the their encampment. Their horses, act as one of proper foresight and accustomed to these long and rapid a necessary precaution. journeys, accomplish them without In 1873 Russia launched an exknocking up; but this is not the pedition for the capture of Khiva. case with the unhappy persons Not only was this objective .atwho have been kidnapped; these, tained, but a war of extermination if few in number, are generally was carried on with the Yamut taken up behind their captors, or, if more numerous, they tie them Turkomans. In the midst of the on the horses they have stolen burning of the Turkoman camps and drive them before them until and villages, General Kaufmann the animals drop with fatigue. issued the order: "If the Yamuts The unhappy prisoners they car- become submissive, stop ravaging ried are then attached by a long them, but keep watch of what is cord to the saddle bow of their being done among them, and at the brutal tormentors, who drag them least attempt to migrate, carry out along, sometimes walking, some- my order for the final exterminatimes running, according to .the tion of the disobedient tribe." pace at which their own horses are The Yamuts made an effort to pay going at the time. Woe to them who slack their pace! for directly the huge subsidy that was deany show symptoms of fatigue, manded, but as the promiscuous the head of the Turkoman's lance killing and burning was continued, pricks and forces them on to fur- they met the Russians in ambush ther exertion; and should nature and in open battle. The fighting was desperate, for neither side granted any mercy whatever. Fi-

THE KURDS OF KHORASAN

nally the Russians got the advan- breach was made, through which tage, and then we hear from one a deadly fire was poured into the who accompanied the expedi- confined area. The final result was tion: entirely successful. The signal "That same day and the next we was given by the explosion of a began to pursue the Turkomans, mine, which levelled a large sec- who were very much disheartened tion of the wall, and the Russians.

by the result of their attack. We advancing in several columns, burned-as we had done before- quickly captured the fortress. The grain, houses, and everything pursuit of the fugitives, seen by which we met, and the cavalry, O'Donovan from the neighboring which was in advance, cut down hills, turned the flight of the Turk- every person, man, woman, or oman into a rout. Thus fell the child. Many of the men had gone, last great stronghold of Central although a few of them got up and Asia" (Sykes, "History of Persia,"

fired at us. They were generally ii, p. 463, 464).

women and children whom we met. From this time on the raids of I saw much cruelty. The infantry the Turkomans into Persian ter- came at a run ·behind, running ritory were on a much smaller fully eighteen miles, and continued scale, as Russian influence was the work of murder" {Schuyler, carefully maintained on the north- Turkistan, ii. p. 361, 362). ern frontier of Persia. But during Again in 1881, Russia, after the period of the last desperate having subjugated Khiva and struggles of the Turkomans with broken the strength of the Yamut the Russians, there was a series of Turkomans, advanced systemat- earthquakes which destroyed the ically into the Tekke-Turkoman old city of Kuchan almost entirely.

country. It proved a difficult Beginning in 1853, then in 1871, undertaking, and after six years again in 1893, and finally in 1895.

'of repeated efforts, in which there these earthquakes wrought liuch was much loss of life on both havoc that the site of the old city sides, the Russians were forced to was abandoned. The tomb of the retreat. "General Skobeleff was son of the Imam Rida is still stand- now entrusted with the task of re- ing, having been repaired; there habilitating Russia's lowered repu- are a few scattered shops; and tation. Realizing that the question some families of Kurds and other of transport was of primary im- Persians have vineyards there.

portance, he decided, as did Lord The new city of Kuchan was laid Kitchener later, when faced with out by Russian engineers. It has a similar problem, to construct a broad streets, running at right railway across the level steppe. angles, so that it would scarcely With its aid, joined to his own be recognized as a Persian town, powers of organization, he was if it were not for the ever present able to bring 8,000 men, with 52 mud walls around the separate guns and 11 machine guns against lots. The. streets are illuminated Geok Teppe, where the Turkoman by electric lights, and there are had decided to make their last rows of trees on either side, and stand. In January, 1881, In spite good drainage ditches. Besides of the desperate sorties of the there are two wide intersecting Tekke, parallels were dug and a thoroughfares, where one has to

be equally careful not to hit an elaring that for him there is no automobile or be sprinkled by an more meaning in life, for the old fashioned water carrier. reason, which he does not express, In 1926 there was an attempt to that the newly organized departstir up a rising of the Kurds and ments, with their separate re- Turkomans against the present sponsibility, have deprived him of Persian government, and ex-war most of the personal authority foreign aviators helped the Shah's that was so convenient and retroops by bombing the town of munerative for these governors in Kuchan from aeroplanes. We had the past.

a Persian friend who had gotten An Interesting Scene a Bible, in his own language of course, and who had begun a sys- When we were calling on one of tematic study of it, who was one the leading mujtahids (judges of of the innocent bystanders that the religious law) we happened in were killed by bombs thrown on on an interesting scene. The su- the public square. On this visit, perintendent of the Department of two years later, we were told that Public Works was belaboring the the house we rentEld was the same old priest for having encouraged one that the army officer who the people of the town to disobey headed the last rebellion had occu- orders tHat had come from Te- pied. But this time, instead of heran for merchants, school teach- guns, and swords, and cartridge ers, and all officials to wear the belts, the walls of those rooms recently adopted national hat.

were decorated with pictures of The old man himself was a de- Joseph and of Daniel, who had scendant of the prophet, a sayyid, been captives sold into slavery, and and he had enough black crape better still, of Jesus healing the wrapped around his head to equip sick, and of Jesus the Good Shep- a hearse. And in the room wera heFti. They were rooms centrally a number of the old man's sup- located and made excellent head- porters, who were priests too, but quarters for the distribution of not sayyids, who were all arrayed gospel portions and for instructing in huge, white, spreading turbans.

inquirers. Another house not far The old mujtahid vigorously de- away, owned by a Kurdish chief, nied that he had ever intimated was used as a temporary mission to the people that they were not hospital, where many of the de- to obey the Shah's order, but he scendants of the Kurds brought to was met by the retort, "Why does this region more than 300 years every shopkeeper give the same ago came in from the surrounding answer?" One curious objection villages for much needed treat- that the priests raised was that ment. whereas a turban could be washed, A handsome young man who is what would a poor working man in charge of the newly established do if he could only afford one hat Census Bureau, told me that the in a whole year? One's sense of population of the present town of humor is aroused when he hears Kuchan is probably not more than such men plead the cause of the 14,000. The civil governor is a working man.

sort of old pensioner who is dis- In nearly all the smaller towns posed to commiserate himself, de- of Persia, the various officials,

THE KURDS OF KHORASAN

representing the different depart- second, the last Sunday service, ments,-Post, Telegraph, Customs, when four Persian Christian men, Judicial, Public Works, Education, all of whom had been Mohamme- etc., have a considerable amount dans and who were helping in the of friendly association. Here in hospital, all voluntarily and with- Kuchan almost the entire group of out previous request, offered indi- officials are young men, who .are vidual prayers in which they gave progressive and receptive to new public testimony to their Christian lines of thought. Even on matters faith. And following this service, of religion they showed a decided- at a more private meeting, an in- ly openminded attitude. They quirer of long standing and simple called on us personally, they at- but beautiful faith was baptized.

tended mid-week illustrated lec- She is the wife of a man who was tures at the hospital, they attended baptized last year, who has shown Sunday preaching services, they real power and joy in his Christian purchased Bibles, they asked ques- life.

tions, and they were glad to pro- We spent a good deal of time in cure for further study special helping the friends of this family books explaining Christianity. get a more positive desire to really There were something like two know the Christ whom they al.

hundred clean faced young boys ready honor. Many of these as- who came in little groups to our sociations were most pleasant, so rooms to get attractively printed that when the time came to return Persian copies of the Sermon on to Meshed, we were reluctant to the Mount that are provided by leave. And in looking forward to the Scripture Gift Mission. One the next opportunity to visit of these boys has ability at draw- Kuchan, the first thought is of the ing and is occupying himself re- friendships it will be a pleasure to producing some of the pictures he renew.

liked most in the life of Christ. There is, however, a solemn con- And the wall pictures we had were sciousness of how much depends left as keepsakes with educated on how we keep in touch with these young men who asked for them. friends, and on how soon some of Some of these men had called first us may go to see them again, in for the excitement of an animated order to realize our hope that some discussion on religious questions, of them may be the Christian mis- but failing to find an interested sionaries who will be able, by their opponent they proved susceptible daily lives-in the natural going to friendship and came around to and coming that is involved in the religious questions afterwards their work-to carry the gospel of in a different way. Really war is peace and hope to these neglected no more necessary in apologetics peoples of Central Asia, the 50,000 than it is in diplomacy. downtrodden Kurds of Khorasan, But perhaps the two most happy and to the remaining 7,000 families experiences, from the evangelistic of Yamut Turkomans; that here point of view, were first the op- in this ancient valley of the Atrak portunity to give illustrated lec- river, these vigorous people of the tures on the life of Christ to large highlands may come to know as numbers of men and women, and their Saviour and Lord.

AFRICAN VILLAGE FOR A

"CBY WILLIAM CLARK BELL AND ELIZABETH LOGAN ENNIS* AN you buy a village full their upcountry communities are of people for some yards plunged into surroundings utterly of cloth worth only about devoid of the old tribal restraints a dollar?" and the new Christian responsibili- Two groups of Africans argued ties. Amid subtle and severe temp- this question one day before the tations there is no counter influence Portuguese abolished slavery in for good. The elders of the Bail- Angola. From one of the groups undo church were told that if they a small girl had been bought years would select someone of character before for several yards of cloth. and capacity to go to Lobito to She had later married, and her chil- minister to their people, his sup- dren and grandchildren had peo- port would be met by a friend.

pled a whole village. She had Their choice was Jesse Chiula, son proved even a better investment of Chief Chipenda.

than General Motors! Now, in na- Two ragged unpromising boys, tive court, the group that had sold bearing a letter from their teacher, her sought a readjustment of prof- Yovi, in Lomanda, asked to enter its. the Bailundo Boarding School, in A lady in California, in 1924, 1917. The boys' school account was sent $20 to Bailundo "to further overdrawn, and when did a grow- Christian work in Africa." Later ing lad ever succeed in paying his she drew interest on her invest- way?

ment from twenty villages at least, Chiula (or Chivulu) was the for the money paid the living ex- name of one of these lads and all penses for six months of a lad who the other boys had more than one.

went to Lobito and by preaching He became Jesse Chipenda; the ap- and example broUght to Christ pending of one's father's name was many a young man who had come. just then becoming "the thing,"

to that seaport to work for the though he didn't feel particularly Government, and who later re- keen about it. His father had turned to become a center of Chris- turned him out of the paternal on- tian activity in his inland home. janga saying he must be feeble- That $20 arrived at a critical minded to think of going to the time, for the Bailundo church was mission.

baffled by the problem of helping Jesse's mother was one of several its young people who had gone to wives and she had her own little the coast to work. White Lobito hut where she lived with his small tucks its native population away in sister. When he went to Yovi's a "quarter" of indescribable filth school in another village she said: and squalor. It is not concerned "Go and learn the words of Je- with their sanitation nor their pas-sus and then come back and tell times. Boys who go there from them to me. But for you I would • The two nuthors did not collaborate; they go back to the village of my peocouldn't, one being in Africa and the other in ple." America at the present time! The Missionary 1lerald combined the two articles. When his mother died of the flu, 938 Jesse then felt no ties to draw him freely with the inhabitants of the back to his old home, but he always town, work was secured for him dreamed of going back there as a with a construction company em- teacher. He fancied himself telling ploying much labor. His mornings the story of Daniel in the den of were spent in the carpenter shop lions to the people of Lomanda, for or on the dock, and later he would that had been the first story to preach to those whose interest was catch his youthful imagination and aroused. He bore testimony to his draw him to listen to Yovi's teach- faith in his daily activities, and the ing. fact that he did not yield to the Jesse Chiula Chipenda was no temptations of a seaport town was common pupil; he forged ahead in itself remarkable testimony.

as few do when they come in from J esse found many boys whom he the out-station schools. He did four had known and through them came years' work in three and in 1920 to know others. Vesper services he was able to enter Currie Insti- were dear and familiar to the boys tute at Dondi. Here he met boys from Christian villages; how natu- from all the other stations and his ral that together with him they whole outlook began to broaden. should revive the custom, and, sit- The visit of Mr. Aggrey to Dondi ting by the seashore, sing and sing inspired him with new hopes and in the twilight till many others had aspirations. gathered around them. And Jesse When in 1924 Jesse was gradu- would repeat verses from the Gos- ated from Currie Institute, the op- pels, adding pertinent words of his portunity to go back to his own own.

village as its teacher presented it- Meanwhile he made steady prog- self and he gladly seized it and ress from shop to office, and now opened a new school. Five months is trusted with the payroll and the he stayed there and then he was checking of invoices. His school called to enter a new field. grew to great proportions; he had Chief Chipenda, when ap- to have an assistant and the Bail- proached on the subject of his son's undo church sent him one. In 1928· going to Lobito, exploded with he selected for his own helpmeet wrath. Was not Jesse head and Theresa, who had just graduated feet to him? Did he not represent from Means School, Dondi, and to- him before the authorities and at- gether they have built up in Lobi- tend to state business? He would to's dirty sanzalas a clean, sweet close the little school already Christian home.

started! It was only after a per- The influence of the Christian suasive presentation of the Chris- work at Lobito is now felt every- tian standpoint-and the promise where in the uplands. Men who of another lad-that the king at have lived within sight and sound last, reluctantly, allowed Jesse to of a mission station and have never depart. let it interfere with th()ir affairs, As a preacher alone Jesse could go to Lobito to work and suddenly never have accomplished all he pur- find they have been missing some- posed. Practical demonstration of thing all their lives.

the Christ life in social and indus- "So that is what the Jesus folk trial activities is needed in Africa. are like! Well, I never !"

In order to enable him to mingle Some day when they go back

home, they go to the neighboring opportunity. At Catumbela 3,000 mission station and say, "We want natives are employed on a sugar a teacher for our village. Some of plantation. There is need for reus have been working at Lobito, ligious work among the white peoand we have been attending Jesse's ple in Lobito, for there is none at school, and now that we have come present. A Portuguese Christian back we want a school in our vil- through reading rooms and Englage. We want the rest of our peo- lish classes, could come into conple to learn too." tact with and influence many'young men. A missionary is needed to And so it goes on-and on. Jesse start the new work, coordinate and Chiula will never know this side of supervise its various branches. heaven how wide and wonderful Lobito is destined to become one of his influence has been. the largest seaports of West Afri- ca. It is our earnest hope that the The beginnings of this ever- city may be properly staffed as a growing work were financed by branch station of the mission in that small gift from California! anticipation of the need. Oppor- Truly, "Twenty villages for twenty tunities for further investment and dollars." for fruitful service are unlimited.

There is need of new centers of influence' and there is a wonderful MODERN WAR ON SLAVERY T HE Senate of the United States for the first time has agreed to back a treaty-program in opposition to all "forced labor," except by convicted criminals. The League of Nations raises hopes of greater effectiveness in the international war on slavery and near-slavery which exist much more widely than many know.

It is estimated that four or five million human beings are yet in bondage in various parts of the world; in Abyssinia the proportion of slaves is said to be one in five of the population, and in parts of China one in 150; slave importation to Arabia rates 2,000 a year, according to the League, The most notable progress reported during the past year was the freeing of 200,000 natives of Sierra Leone, on the west coast of Africa, a British protectorate, on January 1, 1928.

Near-slavery–compulsory labor-in Africa during mining and other development has been marked at times by an estimated mortality as high as 40 per cent. The International Labor Conference last May listed "forced labor" as one of its chief topics, and a 320-page preliminary report and draft-questionnaire was prepared for discussion. The slavery convention permits forced labor even by private employers for a "transitional" period. America's ratification carries one reservation, namely, that "compulsory or forced labor may only be exacted for public purposes." Twenty-seven nations had ratified this treaty program up to March, 1929.

Abyssinia, admitted to the League in 1923 on condition that slavery be abolished, is still the most active center of the slave trade, despite King RaB Taffari's decree of the death penalty for slave holding, Tibet, Afghanistan, Hejaz and Morocco are listed as other places where slavery continues to exist; Persia and Southern China are among countries which have "officially" declared for abolition. The Moslem World Congress, held at Mecca in the summer of 1926, also adopted a resolution denouncing slavery.

WOMEN AND

BY MRS. C. C. CHEN, Shanghai, China J LL religions came into exist- and yet how futile were men, strugf i ence to fill two great pur- gling for an existence. Therefore his theory, "Be still, it is needless poses. The first is to save to struggle." But how about the men from immediate mental and theory of the "surv~val of the fitspiritual suffering and consequently it leads men to a new vision of life. The second is to satisfy men's quest for God. Buddhism came into existence because Buddha was touched to see the suffering of the old men in the tropical heat; the little child widows and street urchins begging for food, homeless and outcast; the sick, and the annual plague of the hot climate; and last of all death and the grief of the living ones over their dead. The pageant of life smote his tender heart and he tried to show men the life after death-his theory of rebirth. This life, as the belief goes, could be obtained through absolute quiet meditation and physical torture. No matter what the criticisms might be of Buddhism, it has proved that men's longing for supreme life after death, for peace, and for God's understanding is genuine.

Lao-Tze, a scholar and a philos- MRS. C. C. CHElN, OF SHANGHAI opher, was moved by the grandeur and beauty of the firmament-the test';? A great number of scholars mighty waters and the infinite sky, and thinkers followed him but Conthe soaring birds and the prowling fucius thought that his theories animals, the age-old trees and the were too impracticable. beauties of the flowers, the clouds that sail by and the mountains Confucius was born at a time which are everlasting, and the roar when China was divided into many of thunder and the flashes of light- small nations which were constantning followed by a clear, still night ly fighting and invading each other. with countless stars twinkling He longed to give his contribution above. What a world to live in! to the rulers of his time, to bring The great realization came that a man's soul could match it all. Life ought to enjoy the great creation 941

about an ideally governed nation. on of commerce, and the ruling of But his contemporaries were too a nation, a province, a city, or a sure that "might was right." Aft- district. It is obvious that women er wandering for many years, try- at that time were not encouraged ing to make people see that his to become educated. Public opinion theories were righteous and just held that women should be subju- and workable, he was rejected. He gated to men's authority, and un- returned to Lu Kwo (present Shan- fortunately the few educated tung Province) and started. a women also endorsed that idea.

school of his own. He was a schol- Later the sentiment was developed: ar and a statesman. He knew hu- "Women without education are vir- man nature so he set forth moral tuous," so that education for wom- codes 'and golden rules which all en was doomed and they became men can follow and which have intellectually and physically inferi- been China's salvat.ion. Women or to men.

were not much in the foreground From time immemorial we Chi- at that period; their world was at nese have believed that the duty of home. a filial son is to continue the fam- These are the main religious sys- ily name. Therefore it is a wom- tems of China today-with the ex- an's crowning glory when she gives ception of Confucionism which has birth to a son. If a woman should no organized system, the only tem- not have a son-then woe be to her ples which are in major cities, are -her life is useless. She can only the memorial temples which open blame it to her own star of ill fate once a year for official offerings. and prepare to face a life of living Both Buddhism and Taoism have torture and humiliation. Her hus- degenerated. There are many tem- band has the legal right to marry ples and nunneries with idols, sym- again. What would be the future bols and imaginary pictures show- of sonless women? They have no ing the sufferings after death that education; they are dependent on come to those who were wicked, the men folks; the tradition dis- the joy and peace for those who courages women earning a living; were good. The priests and monks the door of vision and aspiration have drifted away from their is closed to them! In the time of founders' aims and purposes, and anguish and despair they go to the have utilized the religious systems temple of idols, make vows to deny to extort money from suffering and themselves normal food, to con- ignorant women. tribute money to endow the tem- How did Chinese women reach ples, to torture their bodies in their present state? In the early order to appease the gods of fate period of Chinese society men's la- to ensure a better life after death.

bor had to be divided. According What a tragedy! Human longing to our Chinese division of labor, for eternal peace and life, for a women should mind the duties of higher aspiration and understand- the home, rear the children, ad- ing, and for a realization of life's minister to the need and comfort value is not satisfied! Their quest of the men, and care for the old. for God was not successful and While men should attend to the their hunger and thirst for eternal duties outside of the home, such as peace and divine understanding the work in the field, the carrying were still unsatisfied and un-

1:129] CHINESE WOMEN AND RELIGION

quenched. It must pain His Father birth until death. Fear and superheart to see human beings helplesH- stition breeds cowardice which is ly groping for a door to see the a curse to our nation. The monks light and trying to understand that and priests of all ages have never whether life is either childless or tried to uplift the womanhood of blessed with children, it has pro- China. ductive value in itself. God wants us to have the great understanding President Roosevelt said that no of eternal life and peace, and that nation can rise higher than the levour life has also its full value on el of its womanhood. Women are this earth. The life which we live the first teachers of every new gencan be most beautiful, most rich, eration. Women constitute the othand most productive. Our life in er half of the national foundation. His sight is the most precious Chinese women have to rise to fulamong all His creations. fil their rightful duty. Her young generation is waiting to drink from What have the great religious her fountain of life and to hear systems contributed to Chinese life her bed-time stories. Are her -especially to Chinese woman- stories going to instill fearfulness hood? In spite of the degeneration and superstitions, or are her stories of the Chinese religions, they have going to be the life-long inspiramade one great contribution to tions for manhood and womanhood, Chinese life; and that is religious and for fair play, and even for unity. For certain reasons-may- loving service and sacrifice for othbe because of the religious pur- ers? Christ has come, not only to poses, aims and truths; maybe the western nations but to China, because of a respect for each oth- to emancipate the Chinese women er's rights and each other's ideals; from illiteracy, from physical bondmaybe for the purpose of making age, from the despair and humilimoney by the later priests and ation of childlessness, and from monks, they have merged into each fear and superstition. For centuries other. One can be a profound Chinese women have been hungry Buddhist and also can be a Taoist and thirsty for the living Word. and a profound Confucianist. The The Word belongs to us as well as Christian churches in China may to the western nations. The gate learn a great lesson from the Chi- of hope, understanding and of nese religions of the benefit of peace is open to us. Out of our working together in unity. four hundred million Chinese there are only about half a million Prot- Our religious systems in China estant Christians. Is the Christian have failed to inspire and fulfil the work going to be reenforced or is longing for spiritual peace and it to be curtailed after this antilight, for the joy of loving and giv- Christian inovement in China? The ing and serving. Instead they have older churches feel that it is not succeeded in holding the ignorant safe to invest money and to send class of people and especially the out more missionaries at present. women in fear and superstition. The work has to go slowly because One acquainted with a Chinese China is on fire. home, will notice that there is a god, a fairy, or a spirit to each Once there were two boys watchhousehold article. Women live and ing a forest fire. One night, one breathe in that atmosphere from boy saw that the sky was ablaze.

He called out to his companion, pecially China needs Christ in the "Fire! Fire!" The other boy mother's heart to guide her youth rubbed his eyes and said, "!tis not from childhood.to manhood, from fire, it is dawn." To the West the bitter humiliation of the past to present unrest in China is fire, but great magnanimity in the future. to us it is dawn. The hour has ar- Think of the undeveloped poten- tialities and possibilities in the rived when we must work. mass of Chinese womanhood! The What will be our program for the harvest is ready but laborers are few. Help us shape China's future. work in China and especially for the women? Do the older churches The older churches of the West want to wait until the troublous have money, have courage, and times in China are over? Why? have personnel,. but have not Do the older churches lack money? enough vision, faith, or under- standing. Whose responsibility is Lack courage? Lack personnel? it to develop these essential quali- Does China need Christ now? ties? How can we Chinese Chris- China does need Christ today more tians help you to bring about a than she has ever realized before. better understanding and to see the China needs Christ in the period harvest in the unsown seeds, and of her reconstruction. She needs the sun beyond the rain clouds? Christlike friends who are close to We need greater faith. We are anxher and from whom she can feel iously watching and. waiting, for warmth and sincere understanding. She needs Christ in all her relations you to reenforce your Christian with other nations and in every work, giving your very best. You phase of her daily life as well as in are not going to fail us. the churches and on Sundays. Es- CHINESE REGULATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS A NY religious sect, whether Chinese or foreign, desiring to establish educational institutions in the territory of the National Govern- ment, must conform to the following regulations recently promulgated by the Ministry of Education: 1. Any school in the system of schools established and maintained by contributions in the name of a religious sect must be supervised in accordance with the rules governing private schools. All schools must be established according to the system relating thereto determined by the Ministry of Education.

2. Any religious sect wishing to open an institution and enroll students for the purpose of disseminating the religious doctrines it believes in, cannot name the schools according to the school system determined by the Ministry of Education.

3. Whenever a religious sect organizes a society for the study of religious doctrines or any other academic subject, such a society must be organized in accordance with the procedure governing the organization of academic societies or clubs.

4. Any organ coming under the first or third regulation must be reported to or registered with the responsible educational authorities, but those which fall under the second category will be subject to the direct jurisdiction of the local governments concerned and need not be registered with the educational administrative authorities.

MOHONK CONFERENCE ON·

AMERICAN INDIAN BY COE HAYNE, New York nJFTER a lapse of thirteen years, Dr. George W. Hinman, of New this Conference has been re- York, approved of Secretary Wilbur's vived through the hospitality policy looking toward the gradual merging of the Indian stock with that of Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Smiley (Oc- of the nation, but he mentioned some of the "hindrances to progress" that tober 15 to 18). Hon. Charles J. have confronted the American Indian. Rhoads, Commissioner of Indian Af- Among other things the hope of re- ceiving riches through the settlement fairs, brought a message from Secre- of tribal claims appears to deprive tary Wilbur which reaffirmed the the Indians of ambition and per- sistence in working and saving. An- policy of the Interior Department an- other obstacle, he said, is the prone- ness of the idle and the hungry rela- nounced early last spring. The Sec- tives to hang about a thrifty Indian to dissipate all his gains. retary said in part: The widely diversified character of The endeavor of the Department of the the conference as well as the activities Interior in the Indian question has been on Indian fields was brought home as to set up a constructive program which one listened to statements by Reprewould gradually lead in the course of, sentatives in Congress, army officers, say twenty-five years, to the placing of heads of government departments and the Indian and his property upon the bureaus, health officers, clergymen, normal basis of contributing citizen- teachers, editors, executives and misship. . . . .. We must seek to obtain every possible contribution of value which the sionaries. Indian can bring to our American civilization. Dr. John R. Mott, in the closing ses- sion of the conference, gave a view of The principal immediate problem is to international and interracial goodwill do substantial justice to the Indian chil- that revealed the necessity of bringing dren of today so that they may have ade- all considerations of the Indian probquate educational and health opportuni- lem to higher levels. His definition of ties. A long period of parsimony has "fractional Christians" I e a v e s no been damaging. Our first effort should ground for loitering for those who be toward working out the practical halt in the application of the whole of daily problems so that justice may be the Gospel to this sore spot in Amergiven the Indian. With this much on ican social life. its way, we should be able to model our plans so that the Indian will become a Dr. Charles L. White, president of self – sustaining, self – respecting, inde- the Home Missions Council, pled for pendent citizen. the disinterestedness of a sincere fol- lower of Jesus Christ in devising and Assistant Commissioner Scatter- carrying to fruition all plans in behalf good expressed a conviction that in of the Indians.

the development of leaders among the Dr. Samuel A. Eliot, of Boston, was the conference chairman and M. K. Indian people we should not lose sight Sniffen, secretary of the Indian Rights of the magnificence of the old racial Association, served as conference sec- retary. characteristics. To inspire the In- dian to build on his own nobility and develop a race consciousness that will enable him to produce his own leaders in a social environment that has been created for him by forces beyond his will to control, is a task, in the opinion of Mr. Scattergood, worthy to call forth the best efforts of every indi- vidual and group having to do with Indian social, economic and religious welfare.

4 945

The resolutions adopted included given as an essential factor in all recommendation of the appointment by lationships of the government and President Hoover of Charles J. Rhoads missionary agencies. and J. Henry Scattergood, respectively, as Commissioner and Assistant Com- The report of the Committee on missioner of Indian Affairs, and Findings made the following statepledged the cooperation of the mem- ment in regard to Missionary Activibers of the conference in services that ties in behalf of the Indians: may be helpful in advancing the welfare of the American Indian. .Special The new day in Indian affairs brings mention was made of the necessity of a tremendous challenge to the churches funds for the adequate feeding of chil- and the religious people of the nation. dren in Indian boarding schools, for Large as the contributions of the Missufficient appropriations for the Indian sion Boards to the welfare of the Indians Bureau in the task of reorganization, may have seemed in the past, they are the need of continuity in the Indian now entirely inadequate for the needs policy and of a definite program for of the immediate future. Material each reservation in accordance with its forces must not outrun spiritual forces. own conditions and requirements. If the appropriations for religious work These resolutions also commended do not rise in at least equal proportion the efforts of the Indian Bureau to to those of the Government, the Indian raise the standards of education and will suffer spiritually. Now is the hour training for its employees and urged of opportunity. The churches must lay an educational program for Indians upon their memberships that responsithat shall be rooted in the real needs bility for the salvation of the Indian of the Indian people, helping them to which every historical consideration and make their own way in four essentials every spiritual insight makes so evident. -health, economic well being, family Moreover, the Indians of this and other and community life and wholesome lands are now in the limelight of public recreation, including cultural and spir- and private attention. The churches can itual interests. The need of further refuse to go forward only at the cost of appropriations was pointed out in a seared conicience or of a dimming spirorder that the Indian service hospitals itual vision. The new vision of life, an-d and sanitoriums may meet the min- that more abundant, will inspire to multiimum, at least, of the standards for form new services for the Indian brother. health set up by the American College New methods and new instrumentalities of Surgeons, and the American Sani- will give the missionary of the Cross new torium Association. The Conference conquests for the Kingdom. Let the sevrecommended that not only vocational eral missionary agencies continuously training and guidance be continued measure their work in every feasible but that actual placement of the In- way. Accurate annual statistics are esdian youth in productive enterprises sential to real efficiency. They are necesbe attempted with the necessary fol- sary if the world is to know what the low-up to see that the boys and girls existing situation is, and what the measare satisfactorily established in their ure of progress is. It is high time, too, new environments. They urged the that the practice of cooperation for mucreation of a fund out of which in- tual benefit signalize the relations of herited and other allotted Indian land Government and missions, and even may be purchased for Indians who more of denomination and denomination. have not lands, and the amendment Missions should always work with Inof the allotment and other laws re- dians as well as for Indians. Permanent lating to Indian land titles making pos- devotion and enlarged efficienCiY will sible an inalienable and nontaxable widen the opportunities for the discrimhome-site for every Indian family. inate encouragement of native leaders; Cooperation for mutual benefit was for the safe utilization by the Govern- ment of the moral insights of the mis- sionary, and for the spiritualization of every phase of Indian life. Pure re- ligion and undefiled will give us econom- ical and social missionary activities which will lay solid bases upon which the highest spiritual structures will rise. Community centers for the safeguarding and improvement of family and social life will become demonstration points. leading the government in widespread efforts for civic and social welfare among the Indian people.

to Dr. Brown on the Foreign Missionary, Unity

Missions, Rising Churches in Non- On December second, the Editor and Christian Lands and the Mastery of Mrs. Pierson are due to leave New the Far East. York on the Empress of Australia for a long-desired visit to some of the mis- In writing of his thirty-four years sion fields of Asia. It is thirty-eight as a missionary secretary, Dr. Brown years since the Editor first became as- says in Women and Missions for Sepsociated with the REvrnw. During his tember: student days in Princeton, he was Among the most highly prized of a Managing Editor in the absence of the secretary's experiences is his relation to Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Arthur T. Pier- mbeisasiofnraiernieds. a. n. d…cowI oarrkdeerntwlyitdhesaireddeetpo personal i n t ere s t in the individual son, who spent much of his time dur- worker…… I have encouraged pering the last twenty-five years of his sonal correspondence with individual life preaching, and lecturing in Eng- omfistshieonnaruimese,roanusd lIethtearvse trheaatd tehveeyryhoanvee land and Scotland. On the death of sent me ….. .

his father in 1911 the whole of the Editorial responsibility devolved upon My mind teems with memories of two the son. visits to the foreign field, which alto- By a very fortunate and providential gether occupied about a year and three- quarters. I saw how the missionaries arrangement, the Rev. Arthur J. live and work. I traveled with them in their boats and carts and litters, on their Brown, D.D., who has recently retired ponies and elephants, and sometimes on vfoilloatg.e.s.,..m. anAystiImejsouirtnseeyeemdedamtoonmgethaes as a General Secretary of the Board if in the missionary the Son of Man once F orel.gn M"ISS Ions f the P resbyetrI'- more walked among men; that once more of 0 an Church in the U. S. A., has agreed to edit the REVIEW for the year 1930, during Mr. Pierson's absence in Asia. he said to the weary and heart-sick, No man could be found better fitted "Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you for this important service. As an rest"; and that once more men "forsook author, speaker, missionary executive, all and followed him."

world traveler and student of home I have valued also a secretary's relaand foreign missions, Dr. Brown is tionship to union and federated moveparticularly well qualified for such a ments. These movements are among the most significant manifestations of our position. For the past thirty-four age. I have said many times that it is years he has been Secretary of the no part of our missionary duty to per- Presbyterian Board. Previous to that petuate on the foreign field the sectarian rich experience he was pastor of divisions of Europe and America. If a man believes in God as Sovereign and churches in Ripon, Wisconsin, in Oak Father, in the Bible as the revelation of Park, Illinois, and in Portland, Oregon, the will of God, in Jesus Christ as the and was very vitally affiliated with propitiation for our sins and for the sins home mission interests. In the last of the whole world, I am willing to unite with that man or to federate with him twenty-five years he has been partic- or to cooperate with him on any terms ularly active as a foreign missionary that may prove to be practicable, whether executive and has written numerous I agree with him in other matters or stimulating and illuminating articles not….. .

and many books on the Philippines, The experiences of a secretary also China, the Near East, Japan, Siam include relations to social, economic, edu- cational and political movements. None and Russia as well as valuable treatises of these are primary objects of the for- 947

eign missionary enterprise, but all of influence may be increased and their them affect it and are in turn affected own program may be promoted. Rusby it…… I unhesitatingly side with sia is today the home of this systemthose who believe that all things are atic propaganda. With it naturally summed up in Christ; that "godliness is is linked opposition to international profitable for all things, having promise peace based on brotherly confidence of the life which now is and of that and treaty obligation. Atheistic comwhich is to come"; that the Cross of munism also is naturally antagonistic Christ is the central regulative principle to the teaching of children and youth of the world; and that the Gospel is re- to honor and obey God rather than lated to the entire life of man and all man. This philosophy advocates the his relationships….. . use of any means-deception, lying, theft, murder, betrayal-in order to While I recognize the obstacles that gain world-wide control. must still be surmounted and the problems that must still be solved, I have no A recent report to the executive doubt as to the outcome. Mighty as are committee of "The Communist Interthe forces of evil, the forces of righteous- national," printed in the Pravada, ness are mightier, and "if God be for us, the organ of the central committee in who can be against us?" Russia, advocates strong measures to win control in all countries. This re- Dr. Brown has been particularly in- port rejects reliance on peaceful means terested and effective in fostering and says: "Our fight for the majority Christian unity. He has traveled ex- of the working class will be accompatensively in Europe and in the mission nied by bloody battles not only against fields and has been active on many the bourgeois but against social deboards and ·committees to promote in- mocracy as well …… In order to win ternational cooperation. We anticipate, the majority of the population to its under Dr. Brown's able editorship, a side, the proletariat must first of all year of unusual satisfaction for RE- overthrow the bourgeois and seize the government, smashing the former VIEW readers. governmental machinery into a thou- sand bits." The communists openly Missionaries of Atheism advocate efforts to foster revolution in England, America and elsewhere and, Apparently Satan's only fear is the in order to do this, they seek to orfear of God. His wiles and disguise ganize the laboring classes and resort as an "angel of light" too often mis- to deeds of violence (as in the recent lead men but God cannot be deceived Gastonia textile strike). Their policy or His purposes thwarted. The anti- is to secure control of "the most im- Christ, and all opposed to the spirit portant positions in the most strategic and program of Christ, believe that places-the mails, telegraph, telephone, they can succeed in carrying out their wharves, railroad junctions, etc…… . anti-religious program by making men and to win those groups of working think that God is a tyrant, that His men in factories without whose parcommands and warnings are unjusti- ticipation in the process of production, fied and may be disregarded, and that the normal functioning of those fac- His son was a myth or an imposter. tories is unthinkable." Their greatest fear is that men will believe in God as an all powerful heav- In other words the atheistic comenly Father and will choose to obey munist leaders are organizing and car- Him rather than accept the teachings rying on an extensive propaganda to of atheism. Therefore the atheistic incite the laboring classes to strike, to communists of Russia are striving seize control of industries, of sources with all their energy to destroy belief of wealth and of the government. This in God. Without any basis for their spirit and program is characteristic of position in science, in history or phil- a comparatively small group but they osophy, they seek to persuade men to reject all religion and to cast off its restraining influence. They seek, with energy and determination, to promote this unbelief in order that their own

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

are energetic and, from their seat of and Russia represent two nations, control in Russia, are seeking to ex- two races, two forms of civilization, tend their influence and to carry out conflicting economic and political prothis program in other lands. grams. Both are emerging from monarchical to a nominally democratic That the Russian communists reveal government. China is strenuously characteristics of anti-Christ is shown seeking to establish an independent by recent utterances of the All Russia republic, while Russia is trying an Communist Party which stated: experiment in a new form of class "From now on the anti-religious front rule-the sovereignty of the workers must be spread out on an international of the world. China is seeking to scale, like the entire revolutionary unify her own people and to establish struggle of the working class." national order and prosperity; Russia is endeavoring to promote communism "Comrade" Yaroslavsky was ap- and to unite the proletariat of the plauded at the All Union Congress of world regardless of the disorder and Atheists in Moscow last June when he conflict which may be aroused in the said: "We are against God, we are process. The trouble between China against capital …… We are for a so- and Russia arose when the Soviet cialist revolution." propagandists were expelled. Fight- ing has been reported at the border These facts and remarks are quoted, town of Manchouli in the west (where not from fear of the power of the athe- the Swedish Free Mission has had a istic socialism, but because no one station) and at Blagoveschenk and should shut his eyes to the facts. He Pogranichnaya on the eastern border that is for us is far greater than any between Asiatic Russia and Manthat are against us. Christ is destined churia. These centers are so remote to win and to rule. that Europe and America are scarcely conscious of the conflict. Neither The Russian communists are sadly Russia nor China can afford to go to ignorant of true religion and of the war. They both have their hands full true character and purpose of Chris- at home and in their international retianity. They have been misled and lations, and they need all their reneed our prayers rather than our de- sources, energies and goodwill to work nunciation. The Christianity they out their own problems. have seen has not borne the marks of the sacrificial love and godlikness of Northern Manchuria is almost un- Jesus Christ. The challenging task occupied as a Christian mission field. that confronts His followers today is The country is thinly populated and to reveal Christ by their patience, their the coming of winter will make a love, their loyalty, so that they may military campaign exceedingly difconfound the adversary. The Chris- ficult. There is great need that Rustian religion is not wedded to capital- sia and China both put their own ism or to militarism. True religion houses in order and keep their own is not an opiate but a stimulating pow- doorsteps clean. In the present day er; Christianity does not mean bond- war in any continent, however remote, age but liberty. Freedom from servile is a menace to the peace of the world. fear, from intellectual bondage, from industrial slavery, from political tyran- Unfortunately, civil war has again ny are obtained through full surrender broken out in China. Marshall Feng to Jesus Christ. This has been demon- Yu-Hsiang has rebelled against the strated in countless ways among all regime under Chiang Kai-shek, on the classes and races of humanity since the beginning of the Christian era. ground of corruption and inefficiency in the Nationalist Government. Peace The Conflict in Eastern Asia in China seems to be more remote than ever. Men are slow to learn that there is another way to settle disputes than the way of force of arms. China

BY MRS. F. 1. JOHNSON, 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW

President of the Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions BY MRS. S. S. HOUGH Ohadr1Jwn of .,Joint. C,?11I mitt r.c on lVorld. Da·y of Pr(1yr;r oj l"('dcnltiiJ1t of lVomen'8 Boards of ForC1gn Mt88wns 01 ~7o"th Amerwa and Council of lV{Jmen jar H(nne Missio-ns METHODS FOR WORLD DAY OF Subcommittees on program, place of meeting, publicity, etc., should be PRAYER appointed; also special committees for young people's and children's meet- THREE months hence, on March 7, ings. 1930, the World Day of Prayer, Christians of all races and many na- The leader for each meeting should tions speaking varied languages will be selected many weeks in advance, be joined again in a great fellowship and all details of program assigned, of prayer all round the world. Who different denominations, races and can measure· the mighty possibilities nationalities given parts. of such united praying! What could be more central to the life and service In one city many simultaneous of church women than this irresistible meetings were held with a woman of energy of the prayer kingdom; there- a different nationality or race in fore it is hoped that groups in every charge of each meeting. community, whether rural or urban, will early plan to share in this world It is especially important that the fellowship. leader take time to meditate on the program until it becomes a part of Preparation herself.

The preparation for this observance Those in charge of the music should is simple but very important. If there be persons who know how to make an is a federation or council of church organ pray and singing real worship. women in the community, the planniIg should be in their hands. If no inter- +V1ake this a day for prayer and denominational organization of church not speaking. women exists, then any woman or girl who is interested should take the initi- Some communities have divided the ative. entire day as follows: The services on this one outstand- 7: 00 A. M. to 9: 00 A. M. and 12: 00 ing day of the year are community- M. to 1: 30 P. M. for business and wide, interdenominational, interna- professional women. Luncheons are tional and interracial; therefore the sometimes planned for this group with general committee should be composed a special speaker. 9: 00 A. M. to of representatives of different de- 12: 00 M. and 2: 00 P. M. to 4: 00 P. nominations and other Christian or- M. for the general public. The conganizations; also of various nations secration service, "Looking Unto and races in the community. These Jesus," price 10 cents, is very aprepresentatives should be women, propriate for the morning session. girls and leaders of children:* 4: 00 P. M. to 5: 00 P. M., children's meetings. 7: 00 P. M. to 9: 00 P. M., for young people.

*All HlI!)1)1iI'R Rhonltl hi~ ol'tl(,l'i~d illlJllP(lin t ply How One Group Made It Known ~fIl''OO.ILl:l'j·1UJ11ltS'l,lom"Tillhnatiton.nTlesmnsis siulln r y mny he hctHlqulll'tel's', Letters were sent to all pastors of ner I..Iifted 'lIp;; the city. Cull $1.70 h1l1J{ll'ed: postt'rs. 10 cents leetatcehr~' A publicity committee had a short, "The to PruYf>r." free: seals for graphic article describing the observ- Ilnd . invitations. 25 eeuts per hundred: the specIal consecrat.ion service. "Looking Unto .Jesus," 10 cents each.

950

METHODS FOR WORKERS

ance in many landl'l published in daily "Around the balcony hung the flags papers, followed by additional notices of forty-two nations. Plants and from time to time, with pictures of bright flowers added to the attractiveleaders, interesting items on objects ness of the room. A large map of the for the offering, etc. Notices appeared world hung across the platform." in church calendars, church and Y. W. C. A. bulletin boards. The Oft'ering The "Call" was distributed in all Since addresses should be eliminated churches during December and wom- entirely if possible from the Day of en and girls urged to use the cycle. Prayer program another time should be arranged when women may be made Members of the committee visited conversant with the four projects tovarious church meetings and made ward which gifts on the Day of Prayer personal announcements. are devoted. This may be done through meetings in separate churches The Day of Prayer poster on which or by one or two union meetings held the time and place of meeting had been several weeks previous to the day. inserted was put up in all churches, These will prove of great educational Y. W. C. A., etc. value as well as spiritually helpful, and will stimulate the desire to par- Invit!ltions were sent to all women's ticipate in the work through the freeand girl's clubs, missionary societies, will offering on the Day of Prayer. young peoples groups and students. In one community such meetings were Day of Prayer seals (25 cents per held by the women of a local church hundred) were used on all letters and and the offering taken and then invitations. brought by each group of women to the Day of Prayer service. Many ma- A special luncheon is held each year terials are available for such prothree or four weeks preceding the grams. Day of Prayer. The "Call to Prayer" is used as place cards and a special Indian Work. An intensely interaddress given. This offers a fine op- esting program may be prepared on portunity to visualize the projects for Indian Work using the leaflets, "After the offering by an address and an ex- School-What?" "Why Educate Him?" hibit of pictures, posters and leaflets, and "My Neighbor, the American Inetc. dian." Unified Thinking," also has a section devoted to this topic. Copies of the "Call" and program were distributed among shut-ins and Christian Literature for Women in hospitals, and patients invited to and Children in Mission Fields. One join in the fellowship of {Jrayer. is deeply stirred by the need revealed in the leaflets UNothing to Read," We found two of our city pastors "What $10,000 meant in 1928," or by were broadcasting two devotional the presentation of the little dramaservices daily, so we interviewed them tization, "A Day in the Office." Samand secured their cooperation. The ples of the children's magazines in one who was conducting a vesper serv- nine languages and dialects may be ice each evening gave a very sympa- had, thus making possible a small disthetic talk on the history and play. significance of the day the night preceding the Day of Prayer, and the Migrant Work. A stereopticon lecpastor in charge of morning devotions ture of sixty beautifully colored slides very beautifully devoted the period depicts Migrant Work in the eastern from nine to nine-thirty on the Day and western parts of the United of Prayer to the service. This pre- States. The pageant "The Kingdom ceded any service in the churches. of Love" was presented most beauti- ful at Northfield and Chatauqua, N. Place of Meeting Y., and numerous other places, large It should be central and comfortably large. Women appointed to usher and take offering. A woman writes,

and small have effectively presented it messenger in white, singing the an- indoors or out, elaborately or simply. swers. "Amelida" is a dramatization showing the need for schools in Mexican labor In the responsive reading which camps. The leaflet giving printed pro- follows, the congregation voices the gram may be utilized or it may be heart cry of mankind in all the world, preferable to arrange a program from and the leader brings Jesus, in His the leaflets, "Whither Bound," "Our own words, as the one who meets Greatest Crop," "A College Girl's every need. If the hymn, "I heard Summer Diary," "Little Gypsies of the Voice of Jesus Say" could be sung the Fruit." by a group representing many nations it would help to sustain the thought Women's Union Christian Colleges that Jesus is universal and meets the in Foreign Fields. There are leaflets needs of all mankind alike. on the work of each of these seven colleges and joint leaflets on the seven Following this comes a great period entitled "Share Your Education with of thanksgiving by personal testimony, the Women of the Orient," "New in prayer, and by bringing our gifts Ships for Old." "Seven Candles," a of thanksgiving through which He short dramatization of the work of may be made known to others. A these colleges is also available.* suggestion in advance of the meeting to various persons will avoid any loss Thinking, Through the ProgralU of time during the period of testi- mony. Jesus, as the world's Saviour, is the central thought running through- Following this comes the period of out the program. During the opening confession as we call to mind our failperiod of meditation as people are en- ure to lift Him up. This is too sacred tering the church, hymns centering a time to publicly voice personal conabout the Cross and Jesus as the fession, so each person is asked to do world's Saviour may be played softly so in silence before God, followed by -"In the Cross of Christ I Glory," directed prayer for our failures na- "Beneath the Cross of Jesus," "When tional, and international. I Survey the Wondrous Cross," "We Would See Jesus," "Jesus Saves," Weare led now into a very sacred "What a Friend We have in Jesus," part of the program. We hear the etc. call, "He Must Be Lifted Higher" and the challenge of Pentecost to per- After the call to prayer, the pro- sonal witnessing for Him, so in silence gram opens with the great hymn of we shall pray that He may have His exaltation, "All Hail the Power of own way with us. The hymn, "When I Jesus' Name." Then during a short Survey the Wondrous Cross" is played Scripture reading we meditate on softly, not sung unless it be the last what He was and what He did for the stanza only. world. Surely we shall then be ready to Through the messages from dif- renew our dedication to Him in the ferent nations and the antiphonal duet, words of David Livingstone and in the "Art Thou Weary" is visualized the song, "Oh, Love, That Will not Let Me unsatisfied longing of hearts every- Go." where for one who can satisfy. The latter may be made effective if one is After this renewed dedication of represented as a weary traveler sing- ourselves, we shall be ready to enter ing the questions, and the other a into the period of intercession for the world, bearing in mind that Christians * Materials on ((Indian lVorkJJ [HId 111ianwt in many lands all around the globe, are praying with us for these same needs. 1t'orf:. may be seenl'ed from the COU1I('il of 'Vouten for Home MissioH8, 105 E. :!:!d St., The call to renew the habit of per- Ne,,,, York City, und the materials for Ohri8tian sonal witnessing for Christ which Litwrahwe and lVotnen's Union Oolleges from comes to us during this nineteen hunthe Federation of "roman's Boards of ~~oreign dredth anniversary of Pentecost is bellissiollS, ~i19 Jj10urth Avenue, New York City.

ing answered by women and girls all as the Spirit of Thanksgiving might round the world, and we may go out preside, introducing herself, making from this service on the Day of Prayer an introductory statement, then calling with the consciousness that we are for personal testimonies. (By previous linked with them not only in prayer, appointment see that some are ready but also in this new fellowship of per- to respond immediately.) After this sonal witnessing, so with confidence she may direct prayer as suggested we can close our day with the hymn and receive the offering.

"Lead On, 0 King Eternal" and our The objects of the offering lend "World Family Prayer." themselves to presentation in the A Girl Tells of Plans for Girls form of living pictures. For example, the picture representing "Migrant In putting on the program for the Work" may consist of a mother, poorly World Day of Prayer for the young clad, carrying a large basket of vegeta- people of our city there was no exist- bles and several little children holding ing Federation of Young Women's to her skirts. The one for "Religious Missionary Societies, so we got in Education Directors in Government touch with pastors, and secured one Indian Schools" may be a youth, repre- outstanding young woman leader from senting an American Indian, and a each denomination. These with repre- teacher, studying the Bible together.

sentatives from the Y. W. C. A. and For "Christian Literature for Women churches for colored and foreign born and Children in Non-Christian Lands,"

constituted the general committee. one could have a group of women and At the first meeting an enthusiastic children dressed in Chinese, Japanese explanation of the World Day of and Indian costumes each with a mag- Prayer, and its widespread observance azine or book in her hand. The name was given. We went over the program on the magazine should be concealed.

together and discussed the suggested The "Seven Christian Colleges for plans. This general committee was Women in the Orient" could be repre- then dissolved into three subcom- sented by three girls in costume of mittees; program, publicity, and Japan, China and India, each carrying room-arrangement. (For committee a diploma. As these pictures are suggestions see "How We Made It shown some one should explain very Known," "Place of Meeting" and briefly what they represent.

Thinking Through the Program"). One city always plans a combined Every detail of the program must service with young people for their be carefully planned, if the service is evening session. A year ago a com- to be effective and worshipful. This mittee of young people, one from each makes the responsibility to the pro- church, was called together. After gram committee great. As the pro- plans were completed each one was gram for 1930 is studied carefully by asked to visit a church other than his this sub-committee it will be found or her own and invite the young to lend itself to touches of color. For people's groups to attend the service.

example, the part, "Jesus, the Desire They responded more than 200 strong, of All Nations," would be more effec- both white and negro races, meeting tive if, instead of it being read, it in an adjoining room for a few mo- would be presented by girls dressed ments of prayer.

to represent the students of the coun- They marched into the dimly lighted tries quoted. If there are representa- auditorium from the doors on either tives from these nations living in the side of the pulpit singing, "Onward community, use them. They could also Christian Soldiers," and carrying sing the hymn, "I Heard the Voice of lighted candles. They marched to the Jesus Say." rear of the church, down the outside For the part, "Let Us Give Thanks" aisles and came up the main aisle to a girl dressed in a pretty flowing robe the seats reserved for them. All stood

facing the audience while the whole When planning the program the congregation joined in singing, "All theme, "That They All May Be One,"

Hail the Power of Jesus' Name." used around the world, was followed, The young people took a prominent though the program was entirely dif- part in the evening program. ferent from the one prepared for the adult groups. It consisted of stories Children and the World Day of of children in many lands, with songs Prayer and prayers phrased in language During the past two or three years understandable by children and in be- a few communities have arranged half of children of all lands.

special services for the children on THE FOLLOWING Is ILLUSTRATIVE the World Day of Prayer. It is one of the finest opportunities in the whole Prelude-A medley of well-known hymns year to lead the childven of a com- played softly as children assemble. munity to think in world terms and of children of all races and nations as kin Hymn-Brightly Gleams the Banner. to themselves. Thinking back over Salute to the Christian flag and the flag of the United States-A Boy Scout and Girl Scout or Girl Reserve in uni- the plans made for one of these chil- form holding the flags.

dren's services we find a few sugges- Hymn-My Country 'Tis of Thee. Recitation-"If all the girls in the world tions which might be helpful to others. took hand, beginning with me, First, one who was working success- 'Twould make a line from sea to sea; fully with the children in one of the churches was made chairman. Then If all the boys took hands stretching from shore to shore, conferences were held with the paster 'Twould make a world of friendliness and children's worker of each of the where wars could be no more." churches, the executives of the Girl Call to Worship–Read in unison. Reserves of the Y. W. C. A., the Boy Hymn-We've a Story to tell to the Na- Scouts and Girl Scouts. Perhaps there would be other children's organiza- tions.

Story-Giving a glimpse of the life of children in China.

tions in your community that could be Prayer-Read by children with bowed approached-much enthusiasm was heads. (Phrased in language undercreated as al could see the tremendous standable by children and mentioning possibilities. The chairman was in children of other lands.) touch frequently with the leaders of the various groups for the two weeks Hymn-Saviour Like a Shepherd Lead Us.

Story-Telling of the unprivileged chilprevious to the Day of Prayer-so dren in the homeland.

the enthusiasm never waned. A meet- Prayer-Read by children with bowed ing of all these leaders to make first heads. (Special mention of newcomers plans and then another get-to-gether for checking up purposes a week be- to our land and others here who are fore the Day of Prayer helps tremen- in need.) Story-How the Artist Forgot Four Colors.-Margaret Applegarth.

dously. "Write-ups" in the church Hy'mn-In Christ There Is No East 01'

calendars and local newspapers; an- West. nouncements at meetings of children's Closing Pmye1'-By leader.

mission bands and in Sunday-schools As each child arrived he was given for two or three Sundays previous to a program on which were printed the the day; attractive posters on the prayers and words of the hymns so church bulletin boards-all brought that the service proceeded without anthe meeting to the attention of both nouncements. A song leader and a the children and their parents. It was gifted story teller contributed greatly. found advisable in all publicity to The program was completed in an hour link the children's meeting with the or perhaps a few minutes less so that other meetings being held for young people's and adult groups and to hold the children's interest was maintained al the services in the same church. throughout.

METHODS FOR WORKERS l}55

The following songs are exceedingly And crown thy good with brotherhood usable and e:lfective when used in From sea to shining sea. connection with an India Progralll. 0, beautiful for pilgrim feet INDIA'S SUNSET SONG Which suffer mortal pain, Tune: Jua.nita Who strive to find the way to God Now o'er the waters, °That way so clear and plain. B.urns the crimson afterglow, India, our India, God mend thine every flaw From a hundred temples, Make strong thy soul in self-control Fades the day so slow. Thy liberty in law. Where the Palm Tree rises Telling of a foreign strand 0, beautiful for patriot dream That sees beyond the years Turn our hearts in sorrow For this stranger land. Thine alabaster cities gleam India, sad India, °Undimmed by human tears. Let the dead years speak no more, India, our India, God shed His grace on thee India, sad India, And crown thy good with brotherhood Open now thy door. From sea to shining sea. Well may the sunset -Adapted by Mrs. Ferguson of Madra8 Leave the color mark of pain from "America the Beautiful." On sky and waters In its crimson stain. The followIng songs were written by Bishop Frederick Fisher and And where fiery sunbeams Rest on pyres where widows died Harry e. Knight, a young boy, after See we then the anguish each had visited Kalighat, the temple Centuries cannot hide. described by Katherine Mayo in Mother India. I secured them in Cal- Oh, how we're longing cutta. That you know the Prince of Peace A HYMN When He shall enter, Thou shalt find release Tune: Canonbury 01' Mary ton Methodist Hymnal 411 When the whole world's Saviour Lay beneath the Eastern Star Behold the millions in their tears Of sorrow, slave-hood, sin and shame: Saw you not your Day-spring Rising from afar? They grope through superstitious fears, Unloved, unknown is Jesus' name. India, 0 India, Dull worshippers of stones and trees, ° Lift your eyes from ruins old; Blind children of a blinder god; India, India, Weary, they crawl on hands and knees, Now thy Light behold. But know not why they toil and plod.

Far towards the sunset Gaunt women faint with loads of care, Lies a land to pilgrims dear, Unnurtured children fade and die, But alone in dreaming Nude pilgrims spend their lives in prayer, Do its shores appear. Yet find no answer to their cry.

Ah! the heart grows braver ° Master, of the ransomed life, Looking toward that Homeland shore, Give me the word to set them free, Let thy sweet calm replace their strife, And the time is coming When the sea's no more. Teach them the joy of trust in Thee.

India, our India. No cost too great to make them Thine- We would still with thee go on; These hungry crowds that seek in India, our India, o fiIl vain- with power divine, Onward toward thy dawn. Thy church INDIA, MY INDIA The clamoring millions to reclaim.

Tune: Matet'na -Frederick Fisher.

0, beautiful for azure skies, (Composed at Calcutta Tuesday, August For golden waves of grain, 30, 1921, on returning from Kalighat For snow-capped mountain majesties -famous Hindu shrine.) Above the palm-strewn plain.

0, India, my India, God shed His grace on thee

A PRAYER FOR INDIA center candle; each of the tables lights a candle before depositing the money. Tune: True-Hearted, Whole-Hearted The table having the most mite-box Father, Creator, Omnipotent Being, money has the pleasure of cutting the Save, Oh, we pray Thee, "mite-box cake" which has been hidden This land from sin's chain! in the large mite-box.

Give of thy grace and thy glorious teach- The music and five-minute program ing, provided by each table must be on the subject of mite-boxes. Souls of the heathen By love to regain. The following suggests the type of material to be used by tables. Chorus: Hark, they are crying! I paid for my hat, I paid for my gown, I paid for my coat I purchased down Out of the darkness Cometh a voice full of pleading to me, town, And when I returned, 'twas as plain as Hark, they are calling! Father, in kindness, could be Give us the wisdom to set them all free. A mite-box for Him, and a band-box for Father, Creator, Thou Heavenly Ruler, me. Send to thy followers Thy bountiful grace; I tossed in a dime but it did not seem right That, full of love and Thy wonderful power, I was not proud of that, 'twas a curious sight. We may help heathen To see Jesus' face. I took out my check book, I wished to be on the square Chorus: Hark, they are crying! etc. I wanted my giving to look like my prayer. -Harry C. Knight. The Mite-Bol< Opening TWO MITE-BOX SUGGESTIONS MRS. RAuBENALT, Ashland, Ohio A Mite-Box Party Last year a mite-box came to you Representing the four seasons, Winter, 'Twas empty, pale and sad; Spring, Summer and Fall. It held one tiny seed of hope The Winter Table. That you would make it glad. Covered with white crepe paper and (empty mite-box is shown) decorated with Christmas trees and It thought, perchance, 'twould be its lot Poinsettias. To sit all year and mope The Spring Table. But when you said, "I'll do my best" Covered with green and pink crepe Your interest roused its hope.

paper, cut out flowers, bluebirds and (tiny flower pot, no green visible, butterflies. Wax some butterflies and labelled, "Interest") put on the flowers. Use a little hoe, rake and shovel tied together and stand Thanksgiving came with merry cheer them up. Put a seed catalogue by them. For blessings great and small: The Summer Table. Your heart was filled with gratitude The mite-box felt them all. Covered with red, white and blue crepe paper. (larger pot, with green plant, labelled "Gratitude") The Fall Table. Use a paper table cloth with turkeys, You learned of sisters far away Now struggling towards God's light; apples, peaches and fruit in it; autumn leaves will add beauty. Your mite-box held the Sacrifice You made to help their plight. Each table in turn reports the number in attendance, its amount of mite- (larger pot with plant with buds on box money and the amount per capita. labelled, "Sacrifice") The one dressed as a mite-box writes When spring proclaims the Love of God this on a blackboard and the table chair- In everything that grows man takes the mite-box money to the head table and drops it in a large, Remembering those who know him not, beautifully decorated mite-box resem- Your mite-box overflows. bling a cake. Have on it five large candles. As the first table representative (blooming plant marked, "Love") is approaching the President lights the This mite-box held a seed of hope, Your love has made it grow.

We dedicate it now to Him From Whom all blessings flow.

(full mite-box)

METHODS FOR- WORKERS

INCREASING SUBSCRIPTIONS in his heart that he would not defile him- self.-Dan. 1: 8. Send to the Women's Missionary eociety of the United Lutheran Church "I wouln he true, for there are those in America, 723 Muhlenberg Building, who trust me." 1228 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa., for a copy of Wave Length. Have *** your slips ready for subscriptions. Youth and Pleasure-She that liveth OUR MISSIONARY MAGAZINE in pleasure is dead while she liveth.- 1 Tim. 5: 6. Tune: Old Kentucky Home "God calling yet! shall I not hear? The sun shines bright on the missionary Earth's pleasures, shall I still hold field, dear?" The harvest is rip'ning today; But who will reap, if we never see it ** grow, Youth and Opportunity-So then as And who will bear the sheaves away? we have opportunity, let us work that And gaze on that glorious scene; which is good toward men.-Gal. 6: 10. Go up an~ stand on the mountain top "Sowing in the morning, today, Sowing seeds of kindness." And the glass that will bring all the dis- Youth and the* C"all "to Service-And tant harvest nigh, Is our splendid magazine. he said unto them, Follow me and I will make you fishers of men. . Chorus "Jesus calls us o'er the tumult." Wait no more, my lady! Oh, come sub- scribe today! ** For our magazine is the best you've ever Youth and Consecration-Also I heard seen, the voice of the Lord, saying, Whom shall I send and who will go for us? Then said And it's more than worth the price that I, Here am I; send me.-Isaiah 6: 8. you will pay. "Just as I am, Thine own to be Come down and toil in the harvest on the Friend of the young, who lovest plain, me."

For, Oh, the laborers are few! ** For it's only love that can garner in the Youth and Friendship-There is a grain, friend that sticketh closer than a And there's surely a corner left for brother.-Prov. 18: 24.

you! "Jesus is all the world to me." If you work all day in the Master's ** golden field, Who knows what a sheaf you can Youth and Wisdom-Study to show thyself approved unto God, a workman glean? that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly And the sickle so bright that is ready for dividing the word of truth.-2 Tim. 2: 15. your hand Is our interesting magazine. "Break Thou the Bread of Life."

The following took first prize at *** Chautauqua Institute of Foreign Missions, August, 1929, for the best De- Youth and Giving-Freely ye have revotional Service method. ceived, freely give.-Matt. 10: 8.

Mrs. J. H. Rush, its author, lives in "I gave my life for thee, What hast Ontario, Canada. Be sure to pass this thou given for me?" on to your young people. >I< >I< >I< Youth in Scripture and Song Youth and Vision-Where there is no Youth and Worship—Give unto the vision, the people perish.-Prov. 29: 18. Lord the glory due unto his name; worship his name; worship the Lord in the "Open mine eyes, that I may see." beauty of holiness.-Psalm 29: 2. >I< >I< >I< "Crown Him with many crowns." Youth and Courage-Watch ye, stand " … … fast in the faith, quit you like men, be strong.-1 Cor. 16: 13. Youth and Purpose-Daniel purposed "Be strong! we are not here to play, to dream, to drift."

*** Youth and Missions-Other sheep have I which are not of this fold; them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold and one shepherd.-John 10: 16.

"Christ for the world we sing, The world to Christ we bring!"

WOMAN'S HOl1E AND FOREIGN

COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS AND FEDERATION OF WOMAN'S BOARDS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS PARTNERS IN PRAYER say, "The harvest truly is plenteous, World Day of Prayer, March 7. 1930 but the laborers are few. Pray ye It is a wonderful privilege to be a therefore" ! partner in the World Day of Prayer. What we need to guard against is the proneness to limit ourselves to a Who can measure its values? It is itself the product of prayer set day of united prayer. Rather shall which by the new vision of the world the day be the expression of the habit field united home and foreign mission of our lives, that we may always think of </urselves as members one of andays of prayer into one throughout other, humbly and gratefully saying, this land, and then extended the fel- "Our Father," and so joining in a unilowship to include Christian women . son of prayer, that the day may be 'round the world. hastened for which Christ himself Its fellowship overlaps all barriers prayed, "That they all may be one …. of race, color, national and class pride. that the world may believe." It includes the shut-in and the traveler, as well as those who assemble. Where MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD, meetings are held, prayers may be President, Council of Women offered in various languages; though for Home Missions.

the words are strange, the spirit that DEAR WORLD FRIENDS: animates them is understood by all. Those of different race and color and In the twelfth chapter of John's creed are seated side by side. National Gospel, Jesus, the World's Saviour, antagonisms are swept away by the excuses Mary's anointing of his feet. rising tide of Christian understand- The high priests are consulting to kill ing and good will. The inclusiveness him. The Christ rides into J erusaof Christ's love becomes an actual ex- lem; many who did not know Jesus perience. Sympathy is quickened to desired to see him. Jesus foretells active friendliness for the immigrant, His death. Many chief rulers believe, the oppressed and disadvantaged in but do not confess Him; therefore our own country, and the unprivileged Jesus calls earnestly for those who beand religiously destitute of every land, lieve in Him to confess Him openly. that they may learn of the love and It was at this hour that the Christ power of the compassionate Christ. gave to them and to us the key to the world's salvation: "And I, if I be In the spotlight of united prayer lifted up from the earth, will draw all the task which Christ has committed persons unto me." to His Church is more clearly seen, more fully apprehended. New methods Our World Day of Prayer, March are born, old ones adapted to meet 7, 1930, is to be one of sincere confes- present needs. United prayer leads sion and loving witnessing. Let us, as to cooperative effort. loyal daughters of our Heavenly All over the world the missionaries Father, set aside this day as Holy unto who bear the Gospel are heartened by the Lord. Every morning at sunrise, the consciousness that they are sup- until that day, let us study our own ported by the prayers of the Church lives, asking devoutly that the Holy at home. Prayer calls forth new mes- Spirit may lead and guide us into all sengers also, sends reinforcements in- truth.

to the ranks. Did not Jesus, our Lord, Preparation for this great and spe- 958 cial day of witnessing should be made FRIDAY. That the spirit of love may in an atmosphere of deep consecration, rule in the affairs of men, and that whether in colleges, high schools, day through a better understanding all :t:aces schools, or in churches and chapels. may be drawn into a universal brother- hood.

Let us all pray that March seventh SATURDAY. That in 1930, on this may indeed be another Pentecost. 1900th anniversary of Pentecost, the Christian Church in all lands may ex- Yours in bonds of service, perience anew the power of the Holy MRS. F. 1. JOHNSON, Spirit, and that Jesus may again be lifted up through a revival of the simple President, Federation of Woman's daily witnessing of His followers. Boards of Foreign Missions of North America. Pray Ye Therefore A Call to Prayer Many have been observing the noon- tide in prayer for peace, the sunset "And I, if I be lifted up from the hour each Sabbath as a time of prayer, earth, will draw all men unto me."- and now are setting aside the first John 12: 32. waking moments of each day for medi- tation and communion, for spiritual You are earnestly invited to join infilling in order more perfectly to with Christians of all lands in a World witness by word and life. Fellowship of prayer on March 7, 1930, by attending the service in your Has the "Call to Prayer" been discommunity on that day; also to unite tributed in your church, and throughwith others in "daily prayer with one out your acquaintanceship so that all accord during this 1900th anniversary may be joining in this daily cycle of of Pentecost. prayer? If not, it would be weli to get a supply immediately-it is free. "Evening and morning, and at noon Is the 1900th anniversary of Pentewill I pray * * * and he shall hear my cost claiming the attention of those in your area? The leaflet, "The Birthday voice."-Psalm 55: 17. of the Church" will aid in focusing though on this wonderful privilege of The following subjects for prayer, personally announcing the glad tidwhich were outlined for us by a young ings of more abundant life. woman of the Philippines, may well claim our waking moments each new day: SUNDAY. That all those in the Have plans been completed for pro- Church of Christ may, in preparation motion of the World Day of Prayer for the World Day of Prayer, March 7, in your community? Has a sufficiimt 1930, give themselves earnestly to the number of posters been procured to ministry of intercession. place one in each church, the Y. W. C. A., store windows, offices and other MONDAY. That we may be filled places of prominence? If not, they with the spirit of the Master, and may had better be secured at an early date manifest the devotion and sacrifice of the –10 cents each. early disciples, among them, women, who followed Him. Are the little seals being used on personal and official, social and busi- TUESDAY. That the Light of God's ness correspondence by all in your dis- Word may dawn upon the minds and trict? If not, why not start right guide the lives of all earnest seekers away-they are 25 cents per 100, $1.75 after righteousness. per 1,000.

WEDNESDAY. That there be an Have arangements been made for a awakening among Christians to their devotional service on the part of the opportunity to witness for Christ, and leaders and committee in charge prior that those who have not yet come to to the observance? The Service of know the Lord may find Him through Consecration "Looking Unto Jesus" a vital Christian experience. has been prepared to meet this need. Only two are required-10 cents each. THURSDAY. That the Youth of the World may consecrate all their powers to the building of God's Kingdom and may with rejoicing testify to Him and His power through their lives and message.

Do you know that a picture of each of women's, young people's and chilof the four projects designated for dren's groups, whether church, club special interest and gifts is included or social. with the program this year'! To be sure to have enough programs for all, Will all shut-ins and those in hospiplace the order early to avoid a dis- tals and institutions have a share in appointment-$1.75 per 100. the blessing of the observance? That is contingent upon distribution to them Will the meeting place be filled to of the "Call to Prayer" card and the capacity? That will partly depend program. upon local publicity. Do not forget to make plans early to utilize radio, news- Are we expecting an outpouring of papers, church pulpits, weekly calen- the Holy Spirit on the World Day of dars, bulletin boards and all meetings Prayer? "Ask and ye shall receive."

:B-'OREIGN MISSION BULLETIN THE NEW SECRETARY en's organized work in the church. Miss Tyler conducted the discussions At the November meeting of the of the conference with marked ability. executive committee of the Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Mis- Miss Tyler's family home is in East sions, Miss, Florence G. Tyler was Aurora, N. Y., but for several years elected to the office of executive sec- she has lived in Tenafly, N. J. Her retar;y, left vacant since the death of church affiliations are Presbyterian. Miss Ella D. McLaurin in July. ANNUAL MEETING Miss Tyler comes to this position with excellent equipment for the task. The annual meeting of the Federa- Her training for organizational work tion of Woman's Boards of Foreign and her wide acquaintance with church Missions will be held at Atlantic City, women in all parts of the country were January 11-14, 1930. Mrs. Katharine gained first in the five years from 1915 Willard Eddy, chairman ,of the Proto 1920 when she was traveling young gram Committee, has issued a prepeople's secretary of the Presbyterian liminary announcement of the program, (U. S. A.) Board of Foreign Missions. which bids fair to be a most interest- The next five years she traveled among ing and inspiring one. the colleges as joint student secretary for the Presbyterian Board of Foreign The theme chosen is Spiritual Fac- Missions and the Woman's Board of tors and one of the meetings will be Home Missions (now the Board of Na- a forum on worship as a part of the tional Missions). In 1926 she resigned technique of religion. It is expected from this position to become secretary that the use of music as a means of of the cooperating committee of the worship will be especially stressed. Women's Union Christian Colleges of Dr. Rollin Walker has been asked to the Orient, and closed her work with give a series of addresses based on that organization only when the com- his new book, Jesus and the Present mittee went out of existence in Janu- Day. At one of the meetings Mrs. ary of this year. Henry W. Peabody will present the plan for a World Fellowship of Chris- In May, Miss Tyler acted as presid- tian Women. ing officer of the Presbyterian Conference of One Hundred Women A special feature on one evening meeting in St. Paul, Minn., which was will be a dinner at which women from called by the General Council of that other countries will be the guests of church to consider changes in the ec- honor and the speakers. Some recent clesiastical status of women within the international gatherings including the denomination and the future of wom- recent Evangelical Conference at Havana, the meeting of the Institute of Pacific Relations held in Tokyo in

J WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN BULLETIN

October and November, and the meet- be presented by speakers who attended ing of the World's Y. W. C. A. will these conferences.

HOME MISSION BULLETIN BOOTH SHARED BY THE Y. W . C. A., THE W. C. T. U., AND THE COUNCIL 01<' WOM]1)N FOR ITOMg MISf'IONS INTERESTING THE UNINTERESTED Amid displays of fashions and service being rendered in Christ's foods, household appliances and arti- name. For a whole week folk flowed cles of all sorts at the Exposition of by. Results, who can measure? Women's Arts and Industries at the Hotel Astor, New York City, Septem- One afternoon a church women's ber 30th-October 1st, one discovered a booth thirty feet long shared by the forum was held, presided over by Mrs. Young Women's Christian Association, Fred S. Bennett, a former President Council of Women for Home Missions of the Council. Nine hundred churches and Woman's Christian Temperance in Greater New York received an- Union. Here attractively arranged nouncement for the church calendar were artistic posters, samples of lit- and pulpit notice. erature and pictures of projects. And what of the unseen audience As women not particularly or not at that listened to the program on the all interested in missionary activities air? On Wednesday morning, Septempassed, they stopped to look at the flags of many nations or the illumi- ber 11th, over WGBS the Executive nated cross flanked by the Christian Secretary of the Council told of the and American flags and were greeted work and on Wednesday afternoon, by the hostesses who described the October 2d, Mrs. Orrin R. Judd, Presi- dent, spoke over WOR. On both days 5 the Y. W. C. A. and W. C. T. U. also presented their activities.

This was the fourth time the Council youth of the American Indian race had an exhibit at this annual Exposi- shall walk "the Jesus road"; we are tion. It is realized that a changing longing that all "citizens of tomorrow" world demands changing methods. To may be strengthened in body, mind and go out into the highways and byways soul. You are privileged to have a to make disciples now means not only share in enriching and gladdening to conduct mission stations, churches, these lives through your gifts on schools, hospitals, community and Golden Rule Sunday, December 8th. social service centers, to print books It will serve to make more joyous and prepare programs for missionary your celebration of that greatest gift groups, to address gatherings in of all, the child Jesus. churches and schools of missions, but means as well lifting the Cross in ANNUAL MEETING PLANS crowded commercial circles and sending the good news speeding over in- Again the Annual Meetings of the visible air waves to unseen hearers. Home Missions Council and Council of Women for Home Missions will be We would recommend to missionary held in Atla"ntic City. On January 7th women in other districts participation to 8th meetings will be held of the in similar expositions in their cities Commissions of the North American and in county fairs as a rewarding and Home Missions Congress in preparasatisfying experience. tion for the Congress itself which comes in December, 1930, in Washing- GOLDEN RULE SUNDAY ton, D. C.

Many have, through these latter The evening of the 8th, the Annual years, been observing Golden Rule Meetings of the Councils will open Sunday annually in December as a day with a session devoted to Mormonism, of self-denial when special gifts are the 100th Anniversary of Mormonism made for those less fortunate. It has occurring in 1930. The Highlanders been decided that this custom continue of the South will be considered in joint to be fostered, the underprivileged session on Thursday evening. childhood of the world to be the recipients. People are asked to have a Separate daytime sessions of the frugal meal that day and to give Council of Women for Home Missions generously. will be occupied with reports and discussions on the many varied activi- One of the major projects selected ties-missionary education through for these gifts this year is the work literature, student work, international conducted by the Council of Women relations, legislative matters, law enfor Home Missions among migrant forcement, World Day of Prayer, confamily groups. Religious work in ferences and schools of missions, Government Indian schools, also con- women's local and state interdenomiducted by that Council, is another of national groups-and a joint business the projects for which gifts will be session of the two Councils will remade. Donors may specify toward ceive reports on Indian Work, City and what specific activity gifts are to be New Americans and other items. used. All gifts made through the Golden Rule Foundation will go in en- The prayers of all church women tirety to the objects specified, no de- are earnestly requested during the duction being made. The overhead days of preparation and especially on expenses of the Foundation are met January 8th-10th while the Annual from other sources. Meetings will be in session-that deci- sions shall be Divinely guided and all We are longing that more abundant that is done be in accordance with His life shall come to the little folk in the holy will "that they all may be one," families that harvest the crops so that "that Jesus may be lifted up," and to we may have fruits and vegetables the furtherance of the complete comon our tables; we are longing that the ing of His Kingdom on earth.

tion to this, more than a half a

A, Children's Crusade tracts were handed out.

FIFTEEN European countries have Helping French Protestants formed Committees on W 0 rId Friendship Among Children, similar THE French Protestant churches are in many ways to the American Com- faced with the cumulative difficulty mittee that has carried through the of the migration of their members two friendship projects with Japan from rural districts to the industrial and Mexico. The International Com- centers and to Paris. Some of the' mittee now includes eighteen coun- most fruitful centers are in districts tries, and it is hoped that a project in where the soil is very poor, and the which the children' of these countries temptation to go where they could will unite can be developed during earn higher wages was not to be re- 1931. England has already appointed sisted. But in the industrial areas and the officers and members of her Com- the great cities these people found mittee and plans to carryon a project themselves scattered among an unsymduring 1930 with the children of some pathetic population, practically pagan, European country. Holland and Bel- largely inclined to communism and acgium have agreed on the wisdom of tively hostile to all religion. They ofan exchange goodwill project between ten found themselves miles from the the children of the two countries.- nearest Protestant church. It was very Federal Council Bulletin. difficult to follow them up and keep in touch with them.

Belgian Gospel Mission The Protestant churches, many of which were destroyed in the war and THIS Mission recently made a test their supporters ruined, have had a at a Sunday meeting in Brussels. hard struggle to maintain themselves. There were about three hundred peo- With the greatest efforts the minimum ple present, and when, at the close, pastor's stipend was only £80 a year, they were asked how many had been and the average manse family was brought to Christ through the instru- four children.-The Christian. mentality of the Mission, some two hundred and twenty-five arose. This Girls' School Obtains New Site was a single testimony at one station.

Last year they were able to open four THE gift of $10,000 has made pos- new posts and dedicated three new sible a new site for the American halls. Today they have forty-three College for Girls in Athens. It con- posts at which services are regularly sists of 16 acres in a new suburb called held. Elleniko, on the sea front about four From the standpoint of Bible dis- miles beyond Old Phaleron where the tribution, one year's record will indi- college now occupies temporary quarcate how much the Mission has been tera, and about six miles from the city instrumental in circulating the Word of Athens. The location is remark- of God. Last year alone they dis- ably lovely, with the dark shoulders of tributed eleven hundred and twenty- Mount Hymettus as a background and nine Bibles, fourteen thousand New the marvelous blue iEgean in front.

Testaments, one hundred and three The village of Elleniko, with about thousand Scripture portions. In addi- 150 houses erected and 300 going up, 963

is being occupied for the most part by Youth in the Balkans professional people-doctors, lawyers, engineers,-graduates of Robert Col- ACCORDING to a statement made by lege and the American College for .t. Dr. W. R. Visser 'tHooft, of Girls of Constantinople, a highly congenial neighborhood. This site could Geneva, the immediate spiritual probnot have been secured but for the co- lem of holding the youth to the Church operation of the Greek government and is particularly acute in the Balkan the Refugee Settlement Commission. countries. The spread of modern Funds to erect new buildings will now secular civilization to the Balkans is a be the objective.-Record of Christian relatively new phenomenon, and is Work. coming with such swiftness as to make the task of the Church extraor- Conditions Change in France dinarily difficult. Orthodox Churches are only beginning to develop pro- DR. CHARLES MERLE D'AU- grams of religious education adapted to modern needs. According to Dr. – BIGNE, in the 83d annual report Visser 't Hooft, however, the most farof the World's Evangelical Alliance of seeing leaders in the 0 r tho d 0 x London, speaks of changed conditions Churches are awake to the situation in France since the Great War. and are trying to arouse their con- stituencies to deal with it effectively. "The materialistic and agnostic Especially in Greece are progressive philosophy .which with Taine and forces under way where the Brother- Renan had reigned supreme during 50 hood (Zoe), a group of young men years has been replaced by another who are devoting themselves to the infinitely more respectful of the tenets task of vitalizing the Christian reof the Christian faith, and mindful of ligion, is having a great influence, the spiritual nature of man. The Ro- through its schools and its publication man Catholic Church, which had lost of literature. In the present transiits hold on the mass of the French peo- tion period, Dr. Visser 't Hooft feels ple, is developing a remarkable ac- that the three Christian youth movetivity in all spheres of human enter- ments-the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. prise, social, political, scientific, and C. A., and the World Christian Stumore than all, literary; and by the dent Federation-have a unique part zeal of its priests, its work among the to play in the Near East.-Federal young, its schools and colleges, its mis- Council Bulletin. sions and retreats, the strengthening of its sacramental action, it is en- AFRICA deavoring,. and has in a great measure succeeded, in retrieving the losses it Black Jews of Abyssinia made during the last half century. The working classes and peasantry are MISSIONARY work among the still generally indifferent or hostile, Falashas or Black Jews was bebut the well-to-do and educated are gun by the Church Missionary Sobeing won back rapidly to the influence ciety before 1838, for in that year the of the Church. .:r'his change of atmos- missionaries were banished. The work phere is naturally affecting our own was again resumed in 1855, and in work. The days are past when mass 1859 the London Jews' Society sent movements towards Protestantism took out a worker. From 1864 to 1868 the place among the Roman Catholic pop- missionaries were thrust into prison. ulation and ex-priests sought admit- Until 1923 no work was carried on tance into our Reformed ministry. among the Black Jews, but since then Our propaganda has to adapt itself to the London Jews' Society has kept its the new conditions, and our enrolment workers in the field. Rev. Thomas of converts has to be made one by Chalmers, Editor of The Jewish Misone." 8io~wry Magazine, states that the Black Jews have evidently been in Abyssinia since before the days of

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Christ. Their worship is modeled tents, with a staff of one doctor and after the Tabernacle, with its altar and his wife, a woman missionary and dissacrifices, and not after the synagogue. penser, three Egyptian catechists, nine They are unfamiliar with the Feasts dressers and servants. of Purim and Dedication, which points to a separate existence since before "Some 200 people had assembled, the days of Esther. Missionaries of having tethered their donkeys and the London Jews' Society, now at camels, then came in turn to the rework among the Black Jews of ception tefit, where they registered Western Abyssinia, have just cele- and received a message in Arabic. brated their diamond Jubilee. From there they go to another tent for examination, then treatment. In a Populations Decimated small tent minor operations are made, more serious cases being sent to Old I N ONE small area of Africa alone, Cairo. Of the three catechists,. one with a population of three and one stays in camp, the other's visit villages half millions, there were recorded, in in the vicinity. the first three months of 1925, no fewer than 200,000 deaths from Re- "Before they leave the camp patients lapsing Fever and Cerebro-spinal are given the little pamphlets prepared Meningitis. Large areas have been by Dr. Harpur dealing with simple almost entirely denuded of population hygiene and treatment, written in diafrom the ravages of sleeping sickness. logue form. In this way a beginning In some parts of Africa the entire is made towards dispelling the utter population is affected with hookworm ignorance which in countless cases is and others with yaws. There are the cause of so much of Egypt's suf- 32,000 known lepers in the Northern fering and disease. They are also giv- Provinces of Nigeria and a mild esti- en copies of the Gospels and Epistles mate places the lepers in the Southern written in the colloquial Arabic spoken Provinces at 100,000. Malaria, yellow in the Delta country, and in this way fever, blackwater fever, plague (which the lessons of the camp are driven is mostly bubonic), smallpox, phythisis home for those who hear them, and (which is unfortunately rapidly in- through them passed on to villages far creasing), dysentery, and diarrhrea, and wide."-C. M. S. Gleaner. venereal diseases, etc., give rise to a mass of suffering, and sadly depreciate "ANight Life in Johannesburg the manhood which is the real wealth UNIVERSITY of crime!" The of any people. Mention must also be late Dr. Frederick B. Bridgman made of the diseases of women and t h u s characterized Johannesburg, children: the high mortality in preg- South Africa. Miss Mabel E. Emernancy and among infants in the first son, foreign secretary of the Amerifew weeks of life. In one place the can Board, confirms this description estimate of the infants dying within in The Congregationalist. the first three weeks of life was placed at 9 in every 10. In many places the "Hundreds of thousands of black infant mortality is known from sta- men and boys are recruited annually tistical data to be 480 per 1,000.- from all over South Africa to work "Conquest by Healing" Report. in these mines. These men come, usually under a nine months' contract, Medical CaDlp in Nile Delta and furnish the cheap labor which makes the mines pay the white man. OLD Cairo Hospital maintains a So high does racial hatred run in medical camp near Mit Ghamr, South Africa that the black man is desome fifty-five miles up in the heart barred by law from any skilled labol', of the Nile country. Rev. G. H. Har- however well he may be able to perris, editorial secretary of the C. M. S., form it. tells of a vlsit to this camp of fifteen "These thousands of black miners live like prisoners in the great bar-

racks of the mine compounds. There, "tell me the story you're telling in the segregated, .they are without the re- villages; I feel my sin; I must get straints of home and tribe, and often rid of my sin; I must know God. Ma adopt all the vice of 'civilization.' Risasi, tell me the story you've been Johannesburg offers splendid oppor- telling in the villages." tunity for speedy development along these lines." She told of the sacrifice on the Cross, explained the hope of Heaven. The Bantu Men's Social Center, The power of sin waR broken; a new founded and conducted by Rev. Ray dynamic came in. Since then he has E. Phillips, offers to these African been witnessing. He is learning to boys and young men recreational, edu- read, though probably fifty years old; cational and religious opportunities. he has started a school in his village; Gymnasium, lunch rooms, n i g h t and four months after his conversion, classes and clean movies fill the week. made a profound and absolute dedica- Phillips works closely with the Cham- tion of himself to God.' At the conber of Mines and the mine owners. ference six months later, when Masaba He has established circuits of moving rose to lead in public prayer, it was pictures which are shown in the com- the sensation of the day among the pounds. three thousand natives gathered to- gether to wait upon God for ever- One film, "From the Manger to the widening revival. Cross," is shown especially" on Sunday evenings. Reverent, silent when they The Church in Tangale should be silent, singing gloriously as the hymns were shown on the screen, MISSIONARY work for the Tanthe 3,000 men gathered in the com- gale tribe was begun early in pound made an impressive picture. 1917. In 1925 a small building was put up for a school at Kaltungo. One Congo Cannibal Won of the first converts taught the Gospel at Biliri, where interest steadily grew W F. ROADHOUSE, in the Sun- until in 1928 some 80 young people • day-School Times, tells of Ma- were enrolled, and a second station saba, employed twenty-five years ago was opened. This growth was con- tinued, until the past year saw 150 by Congo officials to commandeer rub- young men and about 50 young women enrolled in a Christian school. Each ber gatherers, men or women. He Sunday, from two to four hundred gather for worship, a feature of each had authority, and when men would service being testimony giving. At the Wednesday night prayer-meetings, not go with him to work, he would one has to be prompt to be among those who pray aloud. In one of the shoot them down, cut them up, put villages, the young men have put up their own building for school and them in a pot, add palm oil, cook them, chapel. In all, fifteen schools are now in operation. The most encouraging and eat them. He ate his hundred! feature of the work is the way the Christians are zealously carrying it All the natives knew him. He was forward the m s e I v e s.-Evangelical Christian. also the executioner for his chief, WESTERN ASIA hacking off men's heads, and was Turkey and Manual Labor known as the most cruel monster in I N TURKEY, work was formerly all that Congo country. .. looked upon as degrading, but to- day the Turks are reaching out eagerly In December, 1927, he carne to the Deti Hill station, directed by the"Heart of Africa Mission, and inquired for Ma Risasi (Miss Mary Rees, whose African name means Miss Bullets, because she shoots the Gospel so fast).

She treks down among the villages around Deti, alone, wades the streams, tackles big black men about their sins, preaches about hell and Heaven and God's requirement of righteousness.

"Ma Risasi," said this merciless black,

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

for more knowledge of how to do reports that he is about to establish a things with their hands, and do them new Baptist Church at Cana, where skilfully. When the American College Christ performed His first miracle. in Tarsus was reopened after the war Converts number more than twenty, and Turkish boys began to attend as and come chiefly from people who pupils, one dignified officer brought have not been identified with other rehis son, saying, "I and my father and ligious bodies. Baptists of the South grandfather were government officers, purpose to further extend their 'work but I want my son to get out of this throughout Palestine. life and earn his bread with his hands. Show him how to work." The Persian Church Slowly mechanical devices are being T HE work of evangelizing Persia adopted, and machinery installed, but has become a vital and well-organlarge factories are few and skilled ized campaign, dating from the interworkmen in these are largely foreign church conference in Ispahan in 1927. and not native Turks. This hurts the At this conference the ground work pride of Turkish leaders and makes for future complete union of the them more eager to receive help from churches was laid and a representative America in the form of schools teach- committee formed, which met in 1928 ing trades and industries. to make plans for a beginning of the evangelization of Persia by the native Rev. Paul E. Nilson, in charge of church. Also, four young men were the school at Talas, points out that in appointed by the Persian Church, conhis opinion the greatest contribution stituting the first board of home misto the Christianization of Turkey is sions in Persia. This board has sent not in teaching the young men various to all the churches detailed suggestions trades, but in helping them to be for enlisting every member in the honest workmen. The training in the work of spreading the Gospel-a work use of tools must be accompanied by which has been supported by the the teaching of those elements of char- churches throughout Persia. Misacter which make for a good and sionaries and native Christians now honest workman. Easy-going and go on walking or cycling tours through careless laborers; leaders who accept the country, depending on conversabribes and steal capital; both work- tions with Moslem fellow travelers and men and leaders with no sense of distribution of the literature which duty, punctuality or exactness; lack they carry for their work of converof cleanliness in using equipment; sion. A beginning in bazaar preachlack of confidence between partners ing has been made with caution in and lack of organization in industry some localities. The problem of rural have been very active factors in caus- evangelization is being studied and ing the downfall of native industrial methods devised for its solution. Perprojects in T u l' key. – Missionary sians are in some ways fickle folk. Herald. They constantly need something fresh to stimulate their enthusiasm, and Baptists in Galilee they soon tire of a new idea, yet both in church and out of church there is T HE Baptist Church in Nazareth unmistakable proof that many lives reports a Sunday-school with an are found again in Christ Jesus. average attendance of 235 maintained Among all the Persian Christians by the Southern Baptists of the United there is a readiness and confidence in States. It stands near the traditional prayer to which they respond magsite of that synagogue in which Jesus nificently should some sudden call Christ, returning from Capernaum, arise.-ConfJrr.qati()nab:~t Chu1'ch Migread the Bible lesson3 as described by Luke. The organization is rapidly be- sionary Outlook. coming self-supporting, and the pastor

INDIA eastern horizon) and when I get to Congress Considers "Untouehables" Dalat, the god of heaven is there"

T HE Working Committee of the In- (pointing to the western sky). dian National Congress is advocat- There are said to be anywhere from ing the following measures for the two to six millions of the Moi, yet removal of untouchability: there is not one missionary or even a (1) Throwing open Hindu temples native Annamese evangelist anywhere to the so-called untouchables by ap- among them.-Alliance Weekly.

proaching their managing trustees, etc.; Christ's Ethical Standards M (2) Throwing open of public drink- R. H. C. BALASUNDARAM, writ- ing in the Indian Witness, gives ing-water wells for the use of the socalled untouchables; the following testimony to the influ- (3) Throwing open public schools ence of Christianity in India: to the children of untouchables without A very valued Hindu friend in South distinction; India is at the head of a large banking concern. In the course of conversation I (4) Better living and sanitary habi- askl:!d him if he did not take very great tations for the untouchables; risks in advancing large sums of money to his constituents. He explained the (5) Instruction in sanitation and long p,rocess before any sum is given. hygiene; "But,' said he, "after the lawyer and the inspector have submitted their re- (6) Weaning the untouchables from ports I have a talk with the man. If in the evil habits of using carrion and the course of the talk I get the impresdrink.-The Congregationalist. sion that the man is unreliable I refuse to make the advance." He ended by say- A Degraded Race ing that after all the one thing which Counts with us in the bank is "char- T HE Moi of French Indo-China are acter." Another Hindu friend saying somewhat like the lowest type of goodbye to me said "Follow Jesus al- North American Indians. Ethnologists ways." These are just two examples out consider them the most degraded race of many which' can be paralleled in the on the earth. They are the original experiences of almost every Christian inhabitants of this land, but were driv- worker, indicating that the accepted canen into the mountains by the Chinese on of conduct in business and public life and Hindus three thousand years ago, is the Christ's conduct. It is not merely when they began the admixture of the adoption of the Christian standard, races which resulted in the Annamese. but the perpetual basking in that sun- Between the Moi and the Annamese is shine that counts. Nothing else is comthe bitterest hate, fear on the part of patible with the best interests of the individual and the community.

the Moi, and contempt on the part of the Annamese. An Undermanned Field I The Moi cannot count more than two F THE Moslem population of India received its proportionate quota of or three, and have no way of measuring distance or time except by the sun. missionaries as compared with the A Moi chieftain was asked how far Hindu population, nearly twelve hun- away he lived. He said he lived down dred missionaries would be devoting the road a long way. As every road themselves to the Mohammedans, but is well marked with milestones every out of 6,027 missionaries in this area kilometre, with names and distances only about 35 have had specialized clearly painted, he was asked how training for work among Moslems, and many kilometres away. He did not most of these are in Central and North know, and could not count the stones. India. At present there are only three Then. – (he understood Annamese or four men missiona1-ies (and two of well) how many hours it took to get them well beyond the age of retire- there. He pointed to the sun and said: ment) for over three and a half mil- "When I leave home, the god of heaven /.ions of Moslemll in South India,- al- is just coming up (pointing to the though the Church of England Zenana

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Mission and other societies in Madras these areas serve to show the impor- Presidency and Mysore State are doing tance of this work. In the Telugu work among Mohammedan women and country there are 68,000 baptized ad- girls. Moslems in South India form herents, 45,000 are u-nder instruction six per cent of the whole population. for baptism, and on the average 7,000 The great importance of India for are baptized annually. The figures mission work among Moslems has been under the corresponding heads for summarized by Dr. Zwemer: Travancore are 38,000, 2,900, and 700; "It is the largest Moslem country in and for the Punjab 37,000, 400, and 1,- the world. It is the most active in the 900 respectively.

press, having 222 periodicals. It has 17 Moslem-spoken languages; is the Christianity at Work only country which has sent out Mos- "WTE DARE no longer use foul lanlem missionaries;. and, owing to Brit- W guage; the Christians would not ish rule, Moslems can publicly confess Christ as in no other land." work for us if we did!" was the testi- mony of a caste woman in a Christian village of fifteen years' standing.

Christian Witness for Nepal In some areas testimony has come OPEN preaching of the Gospel is that Christians, on account of their in- forbidden in Nepal, but for the tegrity, command higher field wages; past five years a Christian physician, that Christian laborers are in demand Dr. B. Pirthi .Dal, has been established for transplantation and harvesting be- in the last village within British Ter- cause they do not require close super- ritory, Jhulaghat, on the borders of vision; that poisoning of cattle, abu- Nepal. Without the aid of a grant sive language, and drunken brawls from any missionary society he has have become unknown since the Chris- been silently witnessing for Christ tian religion was introduced into the among those who have come to him for village; and that a non-Christian caste healing, and on one occasion he pene- man spent as much as Rs. 1,500 in trated Nepal itself for a distance of feeding his Christian serfs when the some 60 or 70 miles with three co- whole Christian village was burnt workers. He has established a chari- down by an accident.-Church Mis- table dispensary at Jhulaghat, where sionary Outlook.

thousands of Nepalese patients hear the message of Jesus every year. In OHINA fact every patient is given the mes- Christianity Taking Root N sage of the Great Healer of souls and OW and again one reads evidence of Chinese appreciation of Chrisbodies.-Indian Standard. tian principles. Prominent officials and C. M. S. M""", Movement bankers in Peiping and Tientsin re- THE Church Missionary Society has cently headed a successful drive to se- large responsibilities in India in cure $25,000 for a new men's regard to mass movement work in sev- dormitory for Yenching University, en different areas. The result of this Peiping, a most encouraging instance particular work is that literally thou- of good-will and international coopera- sands of people are baptized every tion. To this may be added the fact year. In some of these centers the na- that about a year ago a Child Wel- tive church has been able to undertake fare Association was organized in a large share in the work both with Shanghai. It is under the chairman- staff and finances, while 'in other areas ship of Dr. H. H. Kung, Minister of the Indian workers are few and not Commerce and Industry and an active yet fully experienced, consequently the member of the Congregational Church.

supervision and guidance of the for- During the year this Association has eign missionary are still necessary. received and distributed, mainly for The following figures for three of famine relief, about $20,000, of which

about 16 per cent. came from Chinese have formally assumed full responsifriends. The rest came from America. bility for all work heretofore known as At their first annual meeting, they the American Board Mission. The inadopted the aim of upholding the digenous church becomes the center rights of the children of China, and from which the whole missionary enpromoting their welfare in every pos- terprise of North China Congregationsible way. Other events show that alists will be directed. The Council Christianity has taken root in China. becomes a Promotional Board of the -Frank Rawlinson. Church instead of a joint mission- church administrative body. As such Idols Overturned it will have, among other things, direct communication with the churches of ASECULAR movement a g a ins t the West through the American Board idol-worship, impelled by a of Commissioners for Foreign Misstrong nationalism, is under way in sions, with which it cooperates. Amerthe Shantung Province of China. Na- ican Board missionaries are invited to tionalist workers have removed idols become members of the Chinese from many temples and have inaugu- Church, and only as members or aprated several types of community serv- pointees of the Chinese Church will ice therein. One of the largest of they hold any office in the administrathese temples has been made into a tion of work in China. In other words, home for the aged, and 200 poor men missionaries of the American Board and women, 60 years of age or older, now become missionaries loaned by the have been admitted. The "Throne American Board to the Chinese Room" in another celebrated temple, Church.-Missionary Herald. where for centuries the god, Tai Shan, had received the homage of millions, Ra.iders Slauglo.ter 20,000 has been turned into a city hall. The huge image, once worshipped with fer- A MASSACRE by Mohammedans vor, now lies with many smaller of 20,000 men and boys in Danimages in a rubbish heap.-Indian gar city, province of Chinghai, China, Witness. is reported by Findley Andrews, an American missionary of the China In- Ameriean Board Milestone land Mission, who has returned from a three months' investigation in the A CHANGE in the method of se- famine areas of northern China. His lecting delegates was a feature story is one of the most terrible on of this year's session of the Council of record. He says that Mohammedan North China Kung Li Hui (churches raiders in two hours annihilated the associated with the American Board) : male inhabitants of the mountain city Heretofore each station association and then looted the homes. Religious had sent one Chinese and one foreign fanaticism is given by Mr. Andrews as missionary delegate. This year there the motive for the raid. A Moslem re- Wml to be no discrimination as to na- bellion has prevailed in Kanau province tionality. Out of the thirty delegates for some time. The missionary says present, eighteen were Chinese lead- Dangar presents a new type of probers_ This reorganization marks what lem, for there are thousands of women may be called the third stage in Ameri- there witho",t husbands or brothers, can Board work in North China. Be- and in despair. The city was full of ginning in 1860, with no Chinese starving refugees at the time of the church at all, missionaries were obliged to assume full control. In rajd.~Missio1J-S. 1914, most administrative functions were transferred to the joint Chinese- JAPAN-KOREA Foreign Council, which for the past 15 years has been one-half Chinese and "What Think Ye of Christ?" one-half foreign. After two years of study and discussion, Chinese churches REV. FRANCIS N. SCOTT asked fifty-seven young men in his class in ethics at Aoyama Gakuin to say un-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

reservedly what they thought of Jesus schools and the 1,353 government Christ. The students averaged 22 schools, less than thirty per cent of years of age. Although Confucius the boys and girls of school age are in ranks very high with the educated school. Six church bodies are working class, the majority considered Jesus in the Korean Federal Council, and by the greatest man who ever lived. mutual consent the territory has been About one-third of the group thought divided among the various missions so of Jesus as a Saviour. that there is no overlapping. This has A little more than half the class worked out splendidly, and many work- cannot think of Jesus as the Son of ers have been able to push out into God. One said he was not a Christian, unevangelized territory.-Presbyteri- but that he "worships Christ." One an Survey.

who said he couldn't believe Christ more than man is a third-generation For Chinese in Korea Christian whose father is an ardent T ARGE colonies of Chinese, undisciple of Bowne. Practically every L touched by the Gospel, are living man in the class is greatly impressed with the teaching of Jesus concerning in Korea. Rev. C. E. Scott tells of Love. Love seems to be one of the out- preaching circuits established for standing things' in the Japanese con- these Chinese, the work centering in the capital of Korea, Pyengyang, a ception of Christianity. Several were impressed with the sinlessness of Je- flourishing city of 100,000 inhabitsus, which they seem to accept quite ants. With the help of Americans, naturally, and lament their own sin- Koreans and Chinese, a site was sefulness and inferiority as compared cured in the heart of the city, and with Him. yard and building remodeled to supply a chapel suited to the purpose. Rev. That Jesus is an ideal character, and Lieu Yen Ting, Shantung pastor and one whose example may safely be fol- former professor of theology in lowed, was a practically unanimous Tenghsien Seminary, was persuaded opinion. to take charge of the undertaking.

Although many of the Chinese women Heroic Faith have lived in Korea for ten to twenty I T IS estimated that two per cent of years, they have not learned the lan- the entire population of Korea are guage, and following Chinese custom, professional beggars, many of whom never appear in public and do not are orphan boys and girls; between know other Chinese women. This is eight or nine per cent are in the pov- in striking contrast to the Korean erty-stricken class. It is also estimated women, who appear on the streets in that seventy-five per cent of the best as large numbers as the men, and who rice land is in the hands of the J apa- attend religious meetings by the hun- nese; seventy-five per cent of the Ko- dred. In some cases, Chinese women rean farmers have landlords, and the are eager to attend services, but are average annual income of the farmers prevented from doing so by their hus- is $137.00, yet last year the Korean bands. "Not Chinese custom," say Church gave $623,380 to carry the they. The great need is for Bible Gospel into Asia. All baptized Chris- women, to visit these sisters living in tians give to Home and Foreign Mis- isolation.-Record of Christian Work. sions, and the Korean Church is carrying on Foreign Mission work in Christian Church in Korea B Siberia and in Shantung Province, ECAUSE it is a small country, without such dialects as exist in China. At present, in Korea, there are 571 China, it is not difficult to obtain ac- mission schools in which 42,000 boys curate information about missionary and girls are getting a Christian edu- progress in Korea. The Christian con- cation. Yet with these 571 mission stituency is now about one and one

half per cent of the population, after AUSTRALIA AND THE ISLANDS forty-five years of effort; whereas in Japan, after seventy years, it is two Church Aeroplane thirds of one per cent; and in China, after one hundred and twenty years, A STRIKING ministry of an Aus- less than either Japan or Korea. Sta- tralian Home Mission Society is tistics for 1927 give the total of com- that of the Bush Church Aid aero- municants, catechumens and probation- plane. This machine is devoted ex- ers in Korea as 157,852. Of this clusively to the work of the Gospel, number the Presbyterians and Metho- and Rev. L. Daniels is pilot and me- dists have a joint total of 141,534, chanic all in one. With the plane (a while the remaining 16,318 are divided De Haviland' "Moth") he ranges all among the Church of England Mission, over the vast outback, ministering not Oriental Missionary Society, the Or- only to people in the far distant town- thodox Russian Mission, the Seventh ships, but also to the folk on the sta- Day Adventist Mission, and the Salva- tions and isolated sections. Nature tion Army. This body of Protestant has provided many excellent landing Christians totals with adherents and grounds, and the people of the Far attendants, perhaps 300,000 in a popu- West are keen to have the "sky pilot" lation of about twenty millions. The give them a visit. For twelve months number of Roman Catholics is given as the plane has been in flying commis- 108,298. sion, and results have fully justified its use for the Kingdom of God.-Aus- The Presbyterian Church in Korea trafia Christian World. has been autonomous since 1907. It erects all its own church buildings, Hospital Nam.ed for Bishop Brent pays all current expenses for its church buildings, and furnishes all the ON MAY 11th, National Hospital .salary of its ordained pastors. Day in the Philippine Islands, the name of the Church Hospital in Zam- Students Make Use of Training boango, Mindanao, was officially changed to Brent Hospital, to honor CHOSEN Christian College has some the memory of the late Charles Henry thirty students who assist in reli- Brent, first Bishop of the Philippine gious services regularly on Sunday. Islands and the founder of the hospital. During the fall term of 14 weeks, 22 Formally opened on February 7, 1914, such students reported having Brent Hospital was the first to be es- preached 59 sermons, taught 245 Sun- tablished for the civilian population of day-school classes, assisted in music Zamboanga. Since the establishment and other forms of pastoral work. of a government hospital much of the During vacations, student groups go charity work of Brent Hospital has to all parts of Korea on evangelistic been transferred to that institution, tours. Thus new Christian centers are but Brent still renders a large volume established, and churches are renewed. of free medical assistance through its dispensary, and a large proportion of In February of this year a survey the American and foreign elements of was made of the 197 living graduates the community are cared for. The of the college at that time. It was medical work is in charge of Dr. J. C. found that 59 of them were paid help- Trota, a young Filipino surgeon, who ers in the church or in church and acquired his medical and surgical edumission institutions; 30 were known cation in the United States and who to be active lay workers in the church, has had a wide experience with dis- while 53 others were known to be eases of the temperate and tropical Christians; only a few of the total zones. The nursing staff consi~ts of ~umber are known not to be Chris- six nurses all trained at St. Luke's tians.-Korca Mission Fidd. Hospital, Manila. During Ii recent month seven different nationalities

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

were treated: Filipinos, Chinese, ized and a Survey Committee ap- Americans, Moros, Japanese, Armeni- pointed.

aIlS and Spanish.-Spirit of Missions. In Arizona, an Interdenominational Cou neil of Bishops, Superintendents, Christmas tor a Buddhist Priest Executives and Field Representatives ONE of my most valuable experi- has been set up and a Survey Commit- ences in the Philippines, writes tee appointed. Orville L. Davis, has been the friend- ship of an ordained Buddhist priest Christ-the Hope of the Jews I who attends my class on the Life of N 1905 there were 8,000 converted Jews in the United States; now Jesus. Noting some of the glamour of Christmas celebrations in homes, there are approximately 20,000.

he contrasts it with some of the beau- More Jews have been converted in tiful church services held in Japan, Europe since the war than in any emphasizing the fact that Christmas twenty-year-period before the war in is a day of deep religious significance, the history of Europe.

and not for indulgent merrymaking. Much is being said about making He takes pride in the fact that the Palestine a national home for the Japanese along with their dramatiza- Jews, but this race will never really tions and games, have "solemn cere- be at home except in the Church of mony and good preach." The following Christ. It is a remarkable fact that are his own words: "I believe that, despite all the political and financial step by step, Christmas will be intro- inducements that prominent leaders of duced among the Japanese families as the community have offered to Jews in other civilized countries. I sincere- to go to Palestine, so few of them have ly hope that the true Christian right- gone there hitherto. While Christian eousness and love shall soon penetrate missions to the Jews have been inade- throughout our nation." quately supported, and have had few indeed of the human resources en- NORTH AMERICA joyed by the Zionist Movement, they State Home Mission Councils have persuaded almost, if not quite, as A NEW cooperative spirit among many to turn to Christ as the Zionist churches of the south has re- organizations have induced to go to sulted in the development of State Palestine.

Home Mission Councils. In Georgia, the organization of a Baptist Growth T Council of Home Mission Superintend- HE American Baptist Home Mis- sion SOclety, in its 97th annual reents' has been effected, which is .e~­ pected to bring the denominational port, summarizes the year's progress leaders together annually in confer- as follows: Two new Mexican mis- ence. sions opened, one in Wellington, Kan- In Tennessee, a Home Missions sas, the other in Gary, Indiana; the Council has been organized whose an- completion of a cooperative undertak- nual meeting will be held during the ing in Nevada whereby the mission- period of the Institute for Rural Pas- aries of the two Home Mission Socie- tors at Vanderbilt University, each ties are now enabled to reach five April. fields; the dedication of new buildings In Alabama, a State Council of at Lodge Grass, Montana, and Wa- Home Missions convened in the city tonga, Oklahoma; growth of Bible and of Birmingham, on June 7th. Christian fellowship groups in Chris- In Florida, there' was a meeting of tian centers; completion of tlie church the denominational executives in Or- building at Winnemucca, Nevada; lando in June. dedication of a church and parsonage In New Mexico, a Superintendents' following an evangelistic campaign by Council for the state has been organ- the workers in charge of chapel car

"Grace," in Utah. The number of Canada lead with an annual expendicollege students in the Negro schools ture of thirty-five millions. Great assisted by the Home Mission Societies Britain spends eleven millions each increas&d from 500 to 2,500 in the last year while the Protestant churches of five years. Germany, Norway and Sweden each average slightly over a million. The Missionaries and general evangelists report a total of 6,402 baptisms as Protestant churches of South Africa follows: English-speaking, 403; In- are giving on an average of half a mildian fields, 184; foreign-speaking, 1,- lion annually to the extension of the 239; general evangelists, 2,500; Latin Christian faith in the hinterlands of America, 1,236; colporteur-mission- that great continent.-OuUook of Misaries, 840. sions.

Pre8byteri~ns Reach Two Million Union Approved FOR the first time in its 141 years DELEGATES to the general confer- of existence, the Presbyterian ence of the Evangelical Synod of Church in the U. S. A. has a communi- North America have approved a plan cant membership of two million people, of union with the Reformed Church according to the official census just in the United States and the United made public by Dr. Lewis Mudge, Brethern in Christ without a dissentstated clerk of the General Assembly. ing vote. The church merger, if ap- The exact membership is 2,004,467, a proved by commissions of the three net increase of 41,629 for the church denominations, will unite about 1,000,- year which closed April 1, 1929. This 000 communicants. is the largest annual net increase in the past four years. The number of Both the Reformed Church and the new communicants added on confes- United Brethern have approved the sion of faith was 113,995, the largest plan in principle. Organic union will accession of new converts in the past be mapped out at Dayton, Ohio, by the five years. Presbyterian statistics re- three commissions. The plans then lating to membership are based on the will be submitted to the separate de- nominations again for final action.

number of communicants in good standing, and not on the Presbyterian Church. Boards Merge A population or upon the number of bap- MERGER of missionary boards is taking place in the Methodist tized members. The number of infants baptized during the past church Protestant Church. The new board of year was 45,470, an increase of 846 missions, consisting of twenty-one over the previous year, and the largest members, including six ministers, four number in the past four years. The laymen, ten women and the president Sunday-school statistics are less en- of the general conference, takes over couraging. The total number of Sun- the duties 'of the former board of for- day-school members enrolled is now eign missionary administration, board 1,595,313. This is a loss of 18,700 for of home missions, and women's home the year, whereas for the previous missionary society, and combines two year there had been a gain of 17,498. weekly publications, the Methodist Re- corder and the Methodist Protestant.

Expenditures for Foreign Missions I N A table recently prepared in the Su.mmer in Tenneesee Mountains offices of the International Missionary Council, the aggregate annual in- THE summer of 1929 has been in come of Foreign Missionary Societies many ways the greatest in the hisin different countries reveals a total of tory of church extension in the Tensixty millions of dollars spent annually nessee mountains. While many on foreign missions around the world. churches in large centers were closed The churches of the United States and for the summer, it was a time of great activity in 'isolated and neglected

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

places in the Southern Highlands. support has increased 700 per cent to Thirty-five vacation Bible Schools were nearly $3,000, and total giving to nearheld in Cumberland Mountain Presby- ly $50,000. tery, practically all in regions beyond churches and pastoral care, and under "Our objectives are three: Stratethe directions of the Sunday-school gically located modern equipment, well Missionary of the Presbyterian Board trained racial and bilingual leaders, of National Missions. The smallest and the awakening of all to inter-racial school was at Annadel, where classes cooperation."-WorI4 Service News. were held under the trees. Their wretched school had been destroyed by LATIN AMERICA the flood disaster of March, 1929. The largest school was at Gobey, a lumber 1"HE Latin-American Prayer Fellowcamp. The young men there all work ship was organized by Mr. A. B. in the saw mill, so the young people's DeRoos for evangelizing the unreached class and the adult class met together in Mexico and Central America. It is at night. Each evening there was a composed of a band whose hearts the recreation period from 6: 30 to 7: 30, Lord has touched, people of one heart after which the pupils went into the and one spirit, seeking to get the Gos- . house for classwork. After the devo- pel to unreached peoples, while dependtional period. the teachings of Jesus ing upon the Lord to furnish all were studied, and the last period was needed means for the work, without spent in discussing young people's any advertising. problems. Important results have come and will come from the work done in This Fellowship is aggressively this class. All the places have asked seeking the evangelization of Mexico's for Bible schools next year, and three millions of neglected Indians. new Sunday-schools have been organ- Through Mr. DeRoos and a group of ized in neglected communities.-James native Indians two tribes are being D. Burton. reached; two others have been entered with marked success. Beside the six- Interracial Opportunity teen native workers there are seven foreign men ahd women, whom God REV. VERNON M. McCOMBS, has gathered from New Zealand and Supt. Latin American Mission, America, all mentally and spiritually Los Angeles, says: "There is no op- equipped for aggressive work. They portunity to reach the hearts of the plan to enter as many as possible of peoples of Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, the forty-three tribes of Indians in Portugal, and other Latin races like ]Hexico. that offered by home missions among their 8,000,000 fellow Latins living in Three Joys the United States. The" last four years in the Latin American Mission have DON MARCELINO Vasquez is the seen seventy-three workers making outstanding Christian leader of 150,000 visits, preaching to over 1,- the Indians in Guatemala. The follow- 000,000 worshipers at 30,000 services, ing story of finding his Lord is transplacing 12,000 copies of God's Word, lated from the Spanish: and a quarter of a million copies of other Christian literature, winning "The knowledge of the way of God nearly 3,000 converts, and receiving has brought me three great joys, Ilnd 1,200 full members. Church schools I know that what is true of me is true now enroll 3,225 and there are 1,100 of many of my people. The first joy Leaguers. The growth in leadership is the joy of a song. I never knew the in four years shows the number of joy of singing until I learned it with ordained ministers more than doubled, the Gospel. The second joy is the joy and twelve others.in training. Self- of prayer. Ever since the first mis- sionary by his example tauJlht me to speak to my Father, it has been my joy to take all my problems to that Father. We have sometimes taken a

night and a day to talk it over, but we ber of towns in the southern part of have never failed to come to an under- the Republic and to the rural sections. standing. What confidence prayer puts -Jay S. Stowell. into life! Leaven in Brazil "The third joy is the joy of service. I had to learn to read after I was con- THE Penna Evangelica, published verted. With what pleasure I began under auspices of Presbyterian misto spell out the words and so discover sionaries in Cuyaba, Brazil, has 500 the will of God for myself! When God subscribers, and carries a weekly gosgave me fellow believers, we had to pel message into the homes of many erect a house of prayer. What Ii joy it who do not attend church service. was to sacrifice and save and see God's This little paper, edited by Senor Jose house take form before our eyes! We Nonato, has made a brave fight against had to found a school so our children corruption, vice and unrighteousness, might have opportunities we had never even in high places. The state lottery, enjoyed, and this brought with it dif- the cabarets, drinking, gambling and ficulties and even persecutions which other social evils have been couragethe Lord gave us joy in facing and ously condemned and combated. The overcoming. The joy of having a mes- editor has been subjected to threats, sage of salvation to give to men and ridicule and persecution, but has never of having men to whom to give it is given an inch of ground to the enemy. beyond all comparison. Personal reasons have compelled him to resign the editorship, but the work "The joy of the Gospel has kept us goes on under the direction of the new through sickness and persecution, and, pastor of the Cuyaba Church. while we are grateful to those who have aided in any way to bring to us Critical liituation in Peru the knowledge of the Gospel and to enable us to bear testimony more ade- THE following translation of a Pequately to the truth among our people, ruvian Government Decree which it is the Christ to whom those of us has been published in various papers who know Him must bear a united in South America, calls for urgent testimony wherever man is found, and prayer for the Master's work in that it is to Him that we owe the joy of our country. This will affect all Protessalvation."-Robert E. Speer. tant work being done in Peru.

Another Cooperative Project Article 1: In the educational estab- lishments which are in operation in the A HOME mission project being put RepubliQ, both official and private, doc- into effect in the Dominican Re- trines which in any sense are opposed to public is the direct outgrowth of co- the religion of the State may not be operative Protestant work in the taught. neighoring island of Porto Rico. Instead of assigning territory to the dif- Article 2: The private educational ferent denominations, Protestant institutions in which this decree is ingroups began a strictly cooperative en- fringed will be closed. The government terprise which bears no denominational may, in such cases, confiscate in accordname. The work includes evangelism, ance with the law, the respective buildworship, religious education, school ings and educational material. work and hospital service, which has not only done much to help relieve Article 3: Moral and religious educaphysical suffering, but has helped to tion shall be given in all the colleges and raise health standards for the entire schools of the Republic, both official and island and provides opportunity for private, subject to the plans, program, the professional training of nurses. and decrees which the government may This program began in Santo Domingo make, and in accordance with the text and has since been extended to a num- books approved by the ministry of educa- tion.

Article 4: The children of parents who belong to different religious persuasions may be excused from religious instruc- tion, prescribed in the foregoing articles,

19291 WORLD-WID:8 OUTLOOK

provided that the dispensation be ob- world in our own generation, and emtained from the ministry of education by phasizes evangelism at home as well the respective parents or guardians. as abroad. In view of the immensity of the world task, it urges the neces- Article 5: The government shall, es- sity of every Christian being a soultablish schools for the indigenous popula- winner and the coordination of work tion where it deems convenient, and, in at the home-base and in the foreign the departments of Puno, Loreto and field. Ayacucho, it shall establish pedagogical institutes for masters and mistresses of The case for America was recently the indigenous population. epitomized in the Literary Digest: Article 6: In the ministry of educa- "More than thirty-two per cent of tion there shall be created a department all Presbyterian, Northern Baptist, of indigenous education, whose organiza- and Methodist Episcopal churches in tion and functions shall be determined the United States do not report a by the government. single convert last year (1927). The figures show that Article 7: The present decree shall form an integral part of the reform to be "In 3,269 of the Presbyterian adopted in accordance with Law No. churches there were no converts. 6520. "In 3,474 Northern Baptist churches -Inland So. American Mission Bul!e- there were no converts. tin. "In 4,651 Methodist Episcopal MISCELLANEOUS churches there were no converts.

Lambeth Conference "This ratio seems to show that in sixty thousand churches of all denomi- THE year 1930 will mark the hold- nations in America during 1927 not ing of the Lambeth Conference, one person was added on confession of which, once in a decade, brings together faith in Christ." the bishops of the Anglican communion throughout the world. The con- Missionaries Increasing ference will be held from July 7th to August 29th, and invitations have al- AMONG the signs that point to inready been addressed by the Archbish- ft creasing interest in Christian op of Canterbury to the 370 bishops of missions abroad is the fact that the the Anglican body. The central theme number of new missionaries sailing in of the gathering is to be "The Faith 1928 exceeds those sailing in 1927 by and Witness of the Church in This over one hundred. This is the first Generation." Included in this general year since 1920 to show an increase heading are the following concrete over the previous year. topics: Outgoing missionaries last year 1. The Christian Doctrine of God. numbered 667 but these are not 2. The Life and Witness of the Chris- enough to maintain missionary pertian Community. sonnel abroad. At least 1,500 new mis- sionaries are needed annually to make 3. The Unity of the Church. good the losses due to retirement, ill health, and other causes, in the total 4. The Anglican Communion. Protestant mission force of about 30,- 5. The Ministry. 000 missionaries. North America has furnished over four-sevenths of that 6. Youth and Its Vocation. total, so that at least 850 new mission- aries are needed each year from North World Dominion Movement America to maintain the present mis- sionary forces.-Student Volunteer. THE World Dominion Movement which was organized in Great Britain by Dr. Thomas Cochrane a few years ago, is neither controversial nor sectarian; it is inspirational and constructive; a unifying fellowship. It stands for the evangelization of the 6

00K5 WORTH

~§ Any books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

Through Central Africa. W. J. W. Roome. subject. HiB'many wanderings through 8 vo. 5s. Marshall Morgan and Central African forests as agent of Scott, Ltd., London, England. 1929. the British and Foreign Bible So- ciety, during which he has become the This volume is just what its author intimate friend of missionaries of all calls it, "a story." It deals with the the societies working there, have envery heart of the African continent, abled him to see the work in the large the section about the border lines of and have qualified him to give council Southern Sudan, Uganda and Congo of the utmost importance as to its BeIge. Remote from the rapidly ex- further development. tending paths beaten by civilization, this area still represents Africa at its P. H. J. LERRIGO. wildest and Mr. Roome's story pre- Aggrey of Africa. By Edwin W. Smith. sents to us the little people of Bido in Illustrated. 8 vo. 292 pp. $3. New the depths of the pigmy forest and re- York and London. 1929. lates how the African apostle, Apolo, won their hearts and set his Bakonjo This Christian son of Africa, eduboys the task of foliowing them in cated in three continents, was proud their forest wanderings with the mes- of his color, though cultured white sage of Christ. people slighted and sneered at him be- It is but seldom today that the white cause of it. He was wont to say: man's travels take him into the midst "If I went to heaven and God said, of tribal warfare but Mr. Roome's 'Aggrey, I am going to send you back motor did just this and enables him to earth, would you like to go as a to tell of the Lugware revolt in the white man l' I would reply 'No, send midst of which only the missionaries me back as a black man. I can do a walked unguarded. Occupying the work as a black man that no white man center of the book is the account of can do. Please send me back as black the attack upon the ancient curse of as you can make me.''' Babel, made by the Rejaf language conference, which resulted in shedding There spoke the Spirit of Christ in light in the midst of a linguistic chaos this saint in ebony. He was a man and deciding upon what languages who was loved and respected by all who should be used for educational pur- knew him. The color of his skin did poses in a broad area. not affect the purity and beauty of his soul. J. E. Kwegyir Aggrey was born The book tells of training wild ele- on the Gold Coast, West Africa, in phants at Abi and pictures the work 1875 and died in New York City on of the several missionary societies July 30, 1927. He came of a line of which are taming the wild men of this powerful chiefs. His father and area. Perhaps the most important mother were both strong characters. chapters of the book are those in the They could not read or write but imend which deal with the question of bued their son with a high sense of occupation and the strategy governing honor. He was baptized and sent to a the development of the Christian cause Wesleyan Methodist school when he in Central Africa. No one is better was eight years of age. The boy fitted than Mr. Roome to speak on this showed great eagerness to learn and 978

BOOkS WORTH READING

aptitude in his studies. Later he said heroic young Church of England Canon that his father and mother became live before us. Many striking and Christians through him. stimulating quotations, taken from his This story of Aggrey's life is stimu- diaries and letters, show his innermost lating and instructive. It shows a man thoughts and feelings, his ambitions of rare spirit and culture. He was and conflicts. Canon Gairdner showed well informed, witty and wise; his his courage and spiritual sincerity as judgment was sought by black and a Christian when a student at Cam- white and he was an orator and a bridge and these characteristics were continually manifested during his teacher of high ability. Though he died at the age of forty- thirty years in Cairo. He was a true eight he had received many honors in friend and a faithful missionary. to Africa and in America. He was suc- Moslems. The story of his life is incessively teacher in West Africa; in- tensely interesting to all with a like terpreter in the Ashanti Expedition nobility of spirit and unselfishness of (at twenty-one); professor at Liv- purpose.

ingstone College, North Carolina; a It is a stimulating life story and student at Columbia University; will help to perpetuate Temple Gaird- pastor of a Methodist Church; a mem- ner's influence on young men. The ber of two Phelps-Stokes commissions record of his life magnifies his Lord to Africa and a member of the staff and Saviour, Jesus Christ.

at the Prince of Wales College and School, West Africa. Seven Thousand Emeralds. By Frank C.

Edwin W. Smith, the author of Laubach. Illustrated by Margaret "The Golden Stool" and other volumes Ayer. 12 mo. 158 pp. 75c paper, $1 has given us a well-written and an un- cloth. New York. 1929. usually stirring story of a remarkable man. This will do more to alleviate Enthusiasm for the, subject and the and destroy race prejudice than will way it is presented is the feeling with many theoretical or rhetorical dis- which one lays down this little volsertations on the subject. It is also ume. It is the best short story of the a conclusive proof of the image of Philippines and is a masterpiece of God in ebony and the worthwhileness missionary writing for young people. of Christian missions to the Africans. It will interest those from ten years of age to one hundred for it has hero tales of adventure, of sacrifice and Temple Gairdner of Cairo. By Constance service. Perhaps the picture of the E. Padwick. 8 vo. 78. 6d. London. Filipino people given here is a bit 1929. rosy but it is an inspiring picture. It Intellectual keenness, specialized is a story of the struggles of these training, a keen sense of humor, well island people for freedom from the developed artistic temperament, re- cruel oppression of Spain and the markable musical talent, a lovable dis- friars; a struggle led by the heroic position, deep spirituality and whole- young patriot Rizal and others. Then hearted devotion to Jesus Christ as follows the story of the establishment divine Lord and Saviour, made Temple of civil and religious liberty under Gairdner an unusual character, a American protection; the eager desire unique man and a wonderful mission- for education; the giving of the Bible ary. which had long been a forbidden book; The' story of his life-at home in the preaching of the Gospel of Christ England, in Cambridge as a student and the establishment of churches.

secretary, and as a missionary in Cairo There is much of spiritual stimulus -is simply, beautifully and sympa- here and a wealth of human interest thetically told by a fellow missionary in the stories of these young Filipino of kindred spirit. Miss Padwick is an men and women. Any redblooded able biographer and has made the American will be thrilled. The author

is an optimist and an idealist. He is China: Yesterday and Today. Prof. Edalso well informed and writes with ward Thomas Williams. Fourth edithe touch of romance and of poetry tion, revised to December, 1928. 768 concerning a people whom he loves pp. $3.75. New York. 1929. and admires and to whose welfare he has devoted his life as a Christian After 35 years in China, the remissionary. viewer unhesitatingly recommends Royton Manor. By Caroline Atwater this volume as the one book that gives Mason. 8 vo. 302 pp. $2. New York. most completely all that the general 1928. Mrs. Mason's books are well-known reader needs to know about China. The author, who is now Agassiz for their literary quality, sustained Professor of Oriental Languages and interest and high purpose. The pres- Literature in the University of Calient novel deals with a young woman, fornia, was formerly American Charge Deborah Duane, who faced the prob- d' Affaires at Peking, and more relems that arose from a marriage .with- cently chief of the Division of Far out love; who passed through stormy Eastern Affairs, Department of State, seas and came out victorious. It is Washington, D. C. His first experithe story of how a young woman, ence in China was as a missionary with Christian character and ideals, met modern conditions and tempta- in Central China, and his equipment tions without being overwhelmed by for his task is about as complete as them. The characters are well drawn, it could be. the scenes are graphically depicted and the lesson is clearly impressed This book was first published in without moralizing. 1923, and, through its own merit and the special interest in China aroused Our Husband. By Myrta H. Dodds. Pam- by the stirring events of the past phlet. 35c. Indianapolis, Ind. 1928. three years, has called for three later This play of harem life in Africa editions in 1927, 1928 and 1929, the last including the Nationalist "Unifigives a clear idea of the evils of cation of China" and other important polygamy among Moslems and the events to December, 1928, with a reblessing of the missionary. It uses vision of the work and a more logical from twenty to forty characters and is arrangement of the chapters. The suitable for women's and young table of pronunciation of Chinese people's societies. Suggestions are names will prove helpful, but his own given for costumes, stage setting, etc. acquisition of the language in Central China has led him to give other than Blazing New Trails. Archer Wallace. 12 the official pronunciations to the mo. 149 pp. $1. New York. 1928. vowels e and o. These fifteen brief missionary biog- The book is perhaps most open to raphies practically all relate to well- criticism for its scant recognition of known pioneers but the stories are the large part played by Christian freshly and vigorously told. They in- missions in the transformations of the clude James Chalmers of New Guinea, past century; but the few references James Evans among the Cree Indians, to missions are all appreciative. Keith Falconer of Arabia, Mary Slessor of Calabar, James Stewart of Appendices give eight pages of "Im- Lovedale, Arthur Jackson of Manchuria and others. The sketches are portant Dates in Chinese History," rather too short to give a rounded picture of the heroes presented. The thirteen pages of Bibliography, Popuauthor is an associate editor of the Sunday-school publications of the lations, Railways, Steamship Com- United Church of Canada. panies, Distances, Foreign Pr>pula- tions, General Foreign Mission Statis- tics, Banks and Banking, the Press, Exchange, Weights and Measures, and Meteorology. A 1929 map of China is inserted, and the book is fully in- dexed. COURTENAY H. FENN. NEW BOOKS ~ They listen -Little Kin Chan. IlIus. Berthae Harris eagerly when . Converse. 102 pp. $1.25. Friendship leaders apply I Press. New York. 1929. methods from F. B. Meyer-Preacher, Teacher, Man of I God. A. Chester Mann. 221 pp. $2. New York. 1929. THE LEADERS HANDBOOK SERIES Neighbour India. Agnes Rush Burr. 200 i pp. $2. Revell. New York. 1929. The Missionary Education of Beginners, I ! A Padre in Paraguay. C. E. Newbould. 192 pp. Macmillan. New York. 1929. by Jessie Eleanor Moore. , The Present Crisis in Religion. W. E. The Missionary Education of Primary i Orchard. 280 pp. $2:50. Harpers. : New York. 1929. Children, by Wilhelmina Stooker.

Steeple Jim. W. Wyeth Willard. 301 The Missionary Education of Juniors, pp. $2.75. Princeton Pub. House. by Gertrude Hutton. Princeton. 1929. The Missionary Education of Interme- What Do We Mean By God1 C. H. Val- diates, by Mabel Gardner Kerschner. entine. 248 pp. $2. Macmillan. New York. 1929. Each volume offers an unusual oppor.

For Others-Methodist Missionary Society tunity to share the rich experience of a of Australia Annual Report-1928. 72 pp. Sydney. 1929. successful teacher and distinguished ped.

World Missions as Seen from Jerusalem- agogist. A Study Course Based on Roads to the City of God. Milton Stauffer. 93 pp. $1.00 50c. M. E. M. New York. 1929. , I MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT Anti-Saloon League Year Book -1929. I Edited by E. H. Cherrington. 224 pp. 150 Fifth Avenue, New York $1.15 cloth; 75c paper. Westerville, Ohio. 1929. I Cut this Out and your Christmas problem is solved— A subscription to THE PRESBYTERIAN MAGAZINE is just the gift for mother. father, sister. brother, friend, a shut-in. missionary'—any one who will appreciate a Christmas reminder twelve months of the year instead of one.

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The Missionary Review of the World — September 1919

VIII

New Missionary Books You Need On the TheD1.es of Mission Study for 1919-20: Christian Americanization: Christianity and Human Conservation THE LATEST PUBLICATIONS OF THE MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT NEW LIFE CURRENTS IN CHINA …………………………….. Mary Ninde Gamewd! New Ute current.s are vital'zing and regenerating Old China. A "moving picture" of the wonderful work being done by Christian Missions. Physically and spiritually they are helping to develop a m;ghty n~ tioD. 1Uns1 rated. Price, cloth. 75 cents; paper, 50 centsj pcstpald.

FOREIGN MAGIC …………………………………………….. . Jean Carter Cochran ~:;e~Ft~i~' ~d~~Yr~! ~, r~~:rts.an£~!:l~~~n:uij~ltif;uCh~er:ilh ~ ~~~tlet~~~~ Illustrated. P£ice. $1.50, postpaid, CHRISTIAN AMERICANIZATION ………………………………. Dr. Charles A. Brook., Here is a valuable book ror those who are striving to accomplish the Hafter-the-war" tusks. It outlines the part the church must take in solving new problem~. Illust.rated. Price, cloth, 75 cents; paper, 40 cents; postpaid.

MINISTERS OF MERCy……………. . …………………. . Dr. Jam.. II. Franklin The storie~ or ten famou!'!' medical missiona,ries are told in the ten chapt,ors of this book. Wonderful glimpses oi Christian missions in the fj~ar East. Illustrated.

Price, cloth, 75 cents; paper, 50 cents; postpaid.

THE HONORABLE CRIMSON TREE ………………………………… .Anita B. Fnri, The boys and girls of China, :with their childIsh hopes an? trials and amhitions, are singularly I1ke the hoys and girls here at home. Eight brIght and wholesome .tories.

Illustrated. Price, cloth, 60 cents; paper, 40 cents; postpaid.

ORDER FROM YOUR DENOMINATIONAL MISSION BOARD OR FROM THE MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT, 160 Fifth Ave., New York Let One Magazine Do YOU CAN STAY AT HOME the Work of Many and We have many requests from libraries for PREACH THE GOSPEL TO issues of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW MOHAMMEDANS OF THE WORLD that are entirely out of stock. They need them to complete their through files to use for reference. We have to refuse these requests but you may be able to help The American Christian Literature meet this demand. In case you do not keep Society for Moslems a file of the REVIEW, do not discard your copies. Send them to us and they can still (Incorporated in 1915) send their message through the libraries. We will gladly pay you the amount we This Society is Interdenominational receive for copies of the following issues: Committees of Missionaries Cooperate on the Fields The Literature is Adapted to Moslems The Messages are Thoroughly Evangelical The Tracts are Printed Attractively They go where no Missionaries are allowed They can be read in secret and repeatedly February, 1917 October, 1918 Many Moslems have been converted through Tracts. October, 1917 November, 1918 Will you help give Moslems the Gospel? February, 1918 December, 1918 tn~~:~t':n!~~i~~~o~f:~liari~~ e::t~ship, needs, sample July, 1918 January, 1919 August, 1918 March, 1919 MRS. JAMES MONTGOMERY, Seuelory April, 1919 Box 888, New York City Address correspondence and return copies to OTHER OFlI'JCERS OF THE SOCIETY Rev. &mueJ M. Zwemer, D. D., of Cairo, Pre8id~nt Dr. Robert E. Speer of New York, Vice President The Business Department Delavan L. Pierson of New York, Vice President The Missionary Review Publishing Dr. James L. Barton Mrs. Wm. Borden COD1.pany, Inc. Mrs. Wm. B. Hiil Dr. Frank Ma<;()n North Miss Anna L. Dawes 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City Mr. Fennell P. Turner Mes. Finley J. Shepard Dr. Charles H. Tyndall Dr. Charles R. Watson Mrs. D. L. Pierson SEND GIFTS TO Mrs. E. E. Olcott 322 West 75th St., New York, Treasurer Please mention TIlE: MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers ~FAC,,,T_S., ""W"" O~"R-T"H""Q""U,O,,T,IN,-G,~ Only twclIty thousand of the 1~().UO() Chinese lahorers sent to France to help win the war have as yet returned to their homes. The remaining 120,000 are kept in Eur()re to assist in rehuilding devastated areas. Sixty-nine Chri"itlan workers re- cently met to consider how hest to COIl"erve the results of l11issiona:y effort among these Chinese. (See page 562.) One of the hopeful s'gns of Christian awakening in Spain is that last year the sales of Bibles increased over thirty per CC111. Protestant churches there have united in a Spanish Evangelical Alliance and are enlphasizing Christian educatiotl. Spain may h~' ob1iged to liberalize hel' constitution and to give tTIore_ complete religiol1" liberty in order to qualify for membership in the League of Nations. (See page 563.) Canada is p:-oilloting all Interchurch Forward lviovcment for missions. The aim of the campaign is distinctly spiritual, and the plans include a National Executive C01TlIuittee, COllll11ittees for each province and a national Conference to discuss the whole task. (See page 565.) Chinese Christians are forming home luissionary societies, and one of these in Nanking has sent out an appeal to the native churches, urging the obligation of carrying the Gospel to distant pans of China. (See page 565.) A building is to be erected in Shanghai to house the China Continuation Com- mittee. and to be a headquarters fur the varions union mission agencies there. One hundred and fifty missionaries have cooperated in preparing a "Survey of China." which the committee expect to publish in 1920. The Christian forces are seeking to formulate plans to promote statesmanship. (See page 566.) The British and Foreign Bihle Society distributed hetween nine and teu million Testa- lnents in seventy-six languages among cOlnbatants and labor battalions during the war. The American Bible Society and other organtzations distributed several mil- lions more copies. Vith demobilization. these volumes are being carried to the ends of the earth. Six hundred and fifty versions of the Bible have been printed, representing the spoken languages of seven-tenths of the human race. (See page 571.) Within fifty years the work of the Salvation Army has been established in no less than sixtY-lhree separate countries and colonies, fratn the Arctic Circle to the iar South, in the Orient and in Africa. among Zulus and Kaffirs. Its outposts nnmber 9859, and there are 1231 rescue and industrial institutions. (See page 581.) Rahai missionaries have been in America for more than twenty years, and a few thomand have become enmeshed in Bahai sentimentalities. They have established congregations. promoting what they call "The National Association of the Uni- versal Religion." They even send workers to Pe-sia. the home of Bahaism, to strengthen the canse there. (See page 591.) Far-reaching reforms in the 1(oman Catholic Church of Bohemia are demanded by 17,000 priests of that country. Among these reforms are the use of the mother tongue in religions services, the permission for priests to marry, and change in the educational system for priests. (See page 622.) The Christian message has been giveu pnblicity in four of the daily papers of Tokyo, so that Christianity is becoming a leading topic of conversation on rail- roads, in public places and even in out of the way villages. (See page 627.) There are one bundred and fifty million women in India, nearly half of whom are high class Hindus or Mohammedans, and cannot be reached by any but women physicians. For this vast number there are only one hundred and sixty women physicians. about one-fourth 0 f whom are now on furlough. This shows the im- portance of establishlng medical schools for tbe training of Indian women physi- cians. (See page 617.) NEW BOOKS ON MISSIONS Are You Looking Japan Day by Day. Edward S. Morse. for 2 vols. Illus. London: Constable. Missionary Information? • 365 nPl. 1919. Rising Japan. Jabcz T. Sunderland, Secure Bound Volumes of The RevieuJ D. D. XI +220 pp. New York and Through a London: Pntnam. $1.25; 5s net. 1918. Special Clearance Sale Report of the Indian Industrial Com- mission, 1911)-18. 481+XII pp. 1.on- Each volume of The Missionary don: H. M. Stationery Office. 45 6d. Review contains 1000 pages of 1919. valuable material and never out- Through Eastern Windows: Life Stories of-date missionary information. of an Indian City. A. J. Marris. Volumes are profusely illustrated IIlus. 166 pp. London: R. T. S. 35. with photographs and maps. od. net. 1919. Any volume of The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day. M. A. Czap- THE MISSIONARY licka. 242 pp. London: Oxford Uni- versity Press; Oxford: Clarendon ~W~WORLD Press. ISs. net. 1919. The Countries and Tribes of the Persian is a veritable cyclopedia of mis- Gulf. S. B. Miles. 2 vols. London: Harrison. £1. lIs. 6d. net. 1919. sionary lrnowledge—always read- The Rage of Islam. Yonan H. Shah- baz. xi+175+vii pp. Philadelphia: able—inspiring-e-ver a valuable Roger 'Williams Press. $1.50. 1918. Report of the United Conference of Mis- reference book. . sionary Societies in British East" Africa. Kiknyu, July 23-26, 1918. We have a limited number of 22 pp. Nairobi: Stationers Ltd. 30c. bound volumes for the years 1918. 1892-93-95-96-97-98-1909-11 -12- The Pacific: Its P<.tst and Future. Guy 13-14-15, which we will dispose H. Scholefield. JIIus. Maps. 352 pp. of at $1.50 per volume post- London: Murray. ISs. net. 1919. paid. Each volume is hand- The Ships of Pe<.tce. Basil Mathews. somely bound in red cloth with Illus. 136 pp. London: Oxford Uni- gold lettering. It is possible for versity Press. 2s. 6d. 1919. you to complete your files of the History of Zionism, 1600-1918. Nahum Review at small cost. This is an Sokolow. Vol. 1. Illus. Ixiii+313 exceptional opportunity. Send pp. London: Longmans. 215. net. your order now before it is too 1919. late. Palestine, Mesopotamia and the Jews. Sir Andrew Wingate, K. C. I. E. xi+ Missionary Review Publishing 290 pp. London: Holness. 5s. net. Company, Inc. 1919. The Little Daughter of Jerusalem. By 156 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK CITY Jules Lemaitre. 8vo. 289 pp. E. P. Du.tton & Company, New York. 1919. Scriptural Authority for Missions. ]. L. Hoffman. 9 pp. Baltimore: Lu- theran Church. $10. 1918. Winning the World. Ixxii+178 pp. Mil- waukee: Young Chnrchman Co. 60c. 1917. The Crisis in Church and College. By G. W. McPherson. 8vo. 238 pp. $1.25. G. W. McPherson, Yonkers, N. Y. 1919. Social Christianity in the New Era. By Chaplain Thomas Tiplady. 8vo. 190 pp. $1.25. Fleming H. Revell Com- pany, New York. 1919. The Fundamental Doctrines of the Christian Faith. By R. A. Torrey. 8vo. 328 pp. $1.40. George H. Doran Company, New York. 1918. Greatest Thoughts About Jesus Christ.

By J. Gilchrist Lawson. 8vo. 322 pp. $1.50. George H. Doran Com- pany, New York. 1919. Student Witnesses for Christ. By S. Ralph Harlow. 8vo. 83 pp. 60e. Association Press-, New York. 1919.

Please nlention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE VORLD in writing to advertisers Missionary Personals JOHN ,WILl,IS BA:>:R, LL,J')" moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly, has / been elected Vice-Chairman of the New Era Movement, to succeed the late J. Wilbur Chapman, D. D.

'" '" '" '" '" '" · . '" '" '" '" R:>:v. J. STUARt' HOr.D:>:N, D. D., of London, has been compelled on account of ill health to cancel his engagements to speak in America this summer. R:>:v. EDGAR WHITTAKER WORK, D. D., pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian Church, New York City, has been chosen to succeed the late Dr. A. F. Schaufller as chaIrman of the Executive Committee of the New York Evangelistic Committee.

****** BISHOP FRANK W. W ARNI, who has been in America assisting m the Methodist Centenary Campaign, has sailed for India.

'" '" '" '" '" '"

DR. JOHN W. WOOD, Foreign Secretary of the Protestant Episcopal Board of Missions, has returned from an extended visit to the Far East.

'" '" .. '" * * R:>:v. ADOI,PH K:>:r.r.JlR, pastor of a Reformed Church in Zurich, Switzerland, is visiting the United States as an official representahve of the Protestant churches of Switzerland for the purpose of promoting cordial relationship with American churches.

* .. .. * * * WILLIAM T. ELLIS, LL.D., of Swarthmore, Pa., lecturer and newspaper corres- · '" '" '" '" pondent, was under arrest in Egypt for a time because of his alleged activities in connection with the nationalist movement in that country.

'"

· '" '" '" '" REV. J. Y. AITCHISON, D. D., has been selected hy the Baptist General Board of Promotion as its General Secretary.

'"

DR. AUR:>:n T AGI.IALA'J':>:I.A, an Italian preacher and one of seven scholars chosen by the British and Foreign Bible Society to make a new Italian translation of the New Testament and the Psalms, has come to America to conier with Christian leaders · . '" '" '" '" in regard to plans for strengthening Protestantism in Italy. SIR T. F. VICTOR BUXTON, vice-president and honorary treasurer of the Church Missionary Society, died recently in England, as the result of a motor accident. He was also President of the Aborigines' Protective Society and was an authority on aU subjects relating to the African native.

'" '" '" '" '" '"

R:>:v. JOHN G. WHEIlN, general secretary of Methodist Missions in New South Wales, has been elected as President of the Australian Methodist Missionary Society.

'" '" '" * '" '" t!, DR. EMM:>:TT J. SCOTT, secretary to Booker T. Washington for eighteen years, and more recently special assistant to the Secretary of War, has been elected Secretary and Treasurer of Howard University, Washington, D. C.

'" '" '" '" '" '"

R:>:V. WM. A. HILI. has recently been appointed Secretary of Missionary Education for the Northern Baptist Convention. Mr. Hill has been for two years secretary for New England Baptist Missionary Societies.

>I< >I< '" '" >I< ..

DR. G. W. STANL:>:V has been asked by the Secretary of State for India to assist in re-establishing missionary work at Bagdad, Mesopotamia.

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According to scientists "death is Dramaticfailure to respond- to environment." Material A man finally expires when he breathes out without being able to tor breathe in. He is then no longer able to receive and appropriate, and Church Use so is cut off from usefulness. His body may be alive while his mind or A Pageant of The Church his spirit is dead. By Eleanor B. Forman and Mabel E. Some men and women expire long Stone before their time of usefulness should be over. They no longer take Sev(>n episodes in tht' historic growth of and so cannot give. Every month the Church. Showing the contribution some subscribers expire and die- of each epoch to our modem life. others by forethought renew their life with the life of their subscrip- Price 30 cents tions. Some live a year at a time. Others provide for long life. To World FelloUJship which class do you belong? Live and help others to live. Take and By Mathilde J. Vossler and Jeannette give. If your subscription life is Perkins running out renew it now. Sttength'

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A three-year educational, financial and spiritual campaign has been launched by

Protestant Episcopal Church in America to consolidate its work in present fields. and to undertake new work in other fields. The underlying motive of the movement is a spiritual awakening of the Church as a whole. (See page 641.) The outlook for quieter conditions in India is encouraging. Mob violence has been strongly disapproved by intelligent Indians, and the Commission appointed to con- sider the franchise in India has reported favorably on "communal representation." This will divert the minds of the people from destructive methods and educate them in the principles of self-government. The recent disturbances have made clear that Christian education _has a restraining influence on disorder. (See page 641.) Energetic measures have been taken by American Christians to put an end to the maltreatment of Koreans. Missionaries in Chosen have sent a delegation to Japan to appeal to the Government, and in America Lhe Federal Council of the Churches has made representations to the Japanese ambassador in Washington, and direct to Premier Hara in Tokyo. (See page 647.) A leading Japanese statesman testifie,s that missionaries have been pioneers in the field of education. Last year the Japanese Parliament voted 40,000,000 yen, and the Emperor gave out of his own purse 10,000,000 yen more for higher educa- tion. Yet this will not adequately meet the intellectnal demand of young Japan. (See page 657.) Of all the causes of anti-Japanese feeling in Chosen, both near and remote, Rev. T. Suzuki, a Japanese Christian, considers selfish imperialism most important. Materialistic patriotism permeates the entire educational policy of Japan, and produces a race unsuited to colonization. Thorough-going reformation in political ideals is called for, and to this end 110 work is so urgent as the evangelization of Japan. (See page 661.) Democratic tendencies are manifest in the Japanese Empire as well as in the rest of the world. Recently two auto loads of Japanese rushed through the streets of Seoul, shouting "Democracy Banzai." (See page 664.) Uke Jewish leaders of Christ's time, Japanese statesmen are trying to bottle llew wine in old 5kins. Tryiug to reconcile antiqnated institutions with modern thonght, democratic idealism with militarism, individualism wi th ancestor worship, and industrialism with feudalistic conceptions of society, have brought a train of problems for which only the Christian solution is adequate. (See page 673.) Forty-eight years ago Japan had only a mere handful of mills. Last year she operated over 25,000 modern mills, and her foreign trade totaled more than two and a half billion yen. This rapid development of economic resources has not been accompanied by a normal adjustment to new conditions, and constitutes a serious handicap in her bid for world power. (See page 676.) Careful estimates give the proportion of women and girls employed in Japanese industry as three-fifths of the total. Thirty-four thousand labor in coal mines, and three-fifths of these are under twenty years of age, while ten per cent are between twelve and fifteen. (See page 680.) A free clinic and dispensary is now being built at Ahualulco, Mexico, where re- ligious instruction will be given to all who apply for treatment, and which is to be named "Sala de Curaciones Stephens," in memory oj the first evangelical Chris- tian martyr in Mexico, Rev. John L. Stephens. (See page 687.) A Japanese peasant sect, Tenrikyo, is said to bave 3,500,000 adherents and 2,000 preaching centers. It is a variation of Shintoism, and in some respects analogous to Christian Science. (See page 70J.) Twenty-one prayer group,S in Korea meet on the last Thursday of every month to pray for Israel. Five hundred Japanese Christians have organized a Prayer Union for Jews, and a similar union in China recently held its eighteenth annual meeting. (See page 704.) A Christian newspaper published at Aintab, Turkey, has a subscription list of four hundred, and is said to be the mo,st important single agency in preventing dis- turbances. Funds for supporting it are supplied by British officers. (See page 797.)

A LIFE SIZED AFRICAN KRAAL AT COLUMBUS

Women at the mill, the drum call, industries and customs were exhibited A PILIPINO HOME AND FILIPINO CHRISTIANS SCENES AT THE METHODIST CENTENARY, COLUMBUS, OHIO LIFE AND WORK IN ALL LANDS WONDERFULLY PRESENTED

MISSIONARY

EVIEW'

VOL SEPTEMBER, 1919 NUlIBJlR XLII NINBjI BUDDHISM VS. CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN T HIRTY years ago, when Japan was making such wonderful progress, she unfortuuately took a misstep. Seeing that missionary work, although not in any sense a political organization, had an immense political influence, she feared that the spread of Christianity would lead to the democratization of her government, and possibly to the dominationof the East by America. To avert what she considered a calamity, Japan began to promote Buddhism. The temples which had fallen into decay were rebuilt. Christian methods of propaganda were imitated in the attempt to revive this old and dying religion. The influence of the leaders of Japan was turned against Christianity.

In her ambition to become the dominating force in Asia, Japan is pursuing much the same policy today, in spite of her professed religious liberty. One of her demands on China was to the effect that Japan should be allowed to propagate Buddhism. She has already established in Shanghai the Haloon College for promoting Japanese ideals and Buddhism. The natural sympathy of missionaries with freedom, progress and patriotism in Korea and China, intensifies Japanese suspicion and hostility to Christianity.

What is to be the outcome of this politico-religious crisis? "God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise, and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty." Who would have thought that the simple preaching of repentance and salvation would have thrown off as a by-product so much intelligence and patriotism as to revolutionize the Orient~ Japan herself was reorganized largely through American and Christian influence. China threw off the Manchu yokp and thp decadf'nt monarchy. KOTf'a is now 6U

calliug 011 God to deliver her from Japanese militarism. Missionaries do not preach politics, but God works through political events as well as through the Church.

If only the broad-minded and more intelligent Christian element in Japan can gain control of Japan's policy, things will be different. ThE' Ohurch can help forward the day of freedom and the acknowledgment of God's love, not by political intrigue hut by preaching the Gospel of peace, goodwill and righteousness.

Japan is today facing a crisis. Never before did the nation face such a critical period, according to the judgment of General Hibiki, a prominent Ohristian and member of the Presbyterian Ohurch who has recently returned from France. General Hibiki believes that the religious and spiritual welfare of his people hangs in the balance, with great opportunity for evangelical awakenings. He asks America to send her strongest Ohristian speakers to reach the intellectual classes of the Empire through lectures on Christian theology and practical experience, to cover periods of one or two months. He also is anxious to mobilize the strongest native leaders and send them about from center to center. The Allied nations have had their great financial drives to enable them to provide the sinews of war. Is it not fitting that the Churc,h unite in a great spiritual drive to mobilize the spiritual forces in .Japan and enable them to meet successfully the temptations that come with military victory and material prosperity~ .Japan's great need is for Christian character and this can only be had through the indwelling of Jesus Christ in the individual Japanese. The non-Christian leaders in Japan realize the need of strength of character and purity of ideals in education, business and politics, but most of them do not know the secret of such character. The nation's successes and the virtues of the people in- . crE'ase the difficulty of leading them to see the supreme importance of spiritual life in Christ. This is the opportunity of the Christian Ohurch.

THE SHANTUNG AWARD AND MISSIONS F ROM a purely missionary point of view it may matter little what nation has political control of a given territory or people. The work of establishing the Ohristian Ohurch was no doubt better carried forward in Apostolic days, under the militaristic and materialistic government of Rome, than it would have been under the more idealistic rule of GreE'ce or the more religious domination of the Hebrews. So, today, it is not primarily a missionary question whether British or French, American, Chinese or Japanese power shall be in temporal control of any corner of the globe. Anyone of these governments may establish order and promotf' eivilization. But it is of great importance

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

whether the political "powers that be" mete out impartial justice and guarantee freedom from oppression, and whether they arc controlled by high ideals that make possible enlightenment, peace and liberty of conscience and worship. These are essential for the progress of Christianity and for the welfare of humanity. Thl' Christian Church recognizes God as the one Supreme Ruler, and while Christians acknowledge that, "the powers that be are ordained of God," they hold that only these governments are right, or have a right to exist, that conform to the laws of God. Men owe allegiance to the State, but the requirements of the State must not conflict with man's duty to God.

While the Japanese occupation of Shantung is not in itself a matter of special concern to the missionaries, the administration of justice, freedom from oppression and vice, the enjoyment of full liberty under Japanese or any other rule, is a matter of deep concern to all interested in the progress of the Kingdom of God. Reports from Americans in Shantung state that there are many instances which seem to indicate that the Japanese are endeavoring to establish their authorHy there, not by enlightened mefuods of good government, education and mercy, but by arbitrary military force. The omnipresent spies are ruthlessly seeking to discover anti-Japanese propaganda, which the anthorities combat with a strong hand. Such things naturally create opposition, and, as onl' result, the school girls of Peking have issued a circular statingthat 200,000,000 women of China are interested in the fate of Shantung and will support the men in their fight for justice. There is also a well organized boycott of Japanese goods and money among Chinese in the province.

Unfortunately, also, the Japanese authorities seem to be manifesting in some ways their antagonism to Christian missions and their lack of sympathy with Christian ideals. A correspondent writes: "Our (mission) work is quite broken up; evangelists ar0 nfrnid to preach, Chinese teachers fear to teach; people have their Bibles seized; the populace is enraged and terrified." The authorities have recently expelled one of the Chinese Christian teachers in the Mission College at Tsinan for distributing patriotic pamphlets.

The Japanese people' have many excellent qualifications for conducting an enlightE'nE'd civil government, which might make any pE'ople welcome their cooperation in efforts to establish freedom find civilization. Three great faults are, however, manifest in their rule in Korea and in China. These cause unrest in thE' territory they control and awaken deep concern in the minds of all who seek to promote Christian civilization. First, Japanese dependence on military power and methods as the basis of peace iR coupled with hE'r large use of spies to diRcovef what she COll-

siders subversive movements. Second, Japan's suspicion and ignorance Qf Christianity leads her officrrs to count as treason the Christian teaching of the "Second Coming of Christ," lest His Kingdom should interfne with Japan's program. Third• . Japan's secret and selfish diplomacy destroys confide nee in her sincerity and nohility of purpose as expressed in the public utter- ances of some of her statesmen. These faults would be as objec- tionable in any other nation, but they are especially injurious to the government that has recently become a "first-class power" and is seeking to establish a reputation for justice and enlightenment.

As a missionary correspondent in China writes : ' 'But for God and prayer the lovers of China would be in despair."

RECENT DISTURBANCES IN INDIA R EPORTS are only just beginning to come from India to show the gravity of some of the disturbances there. Rights and demonstrations have been numerous, especially in Mohammedan seclions like the Punjab. Some lives have been lost and conditions are critical. The spirit of unrest is general and the desire for self-government prevails; but while the British are committed to some rdorm measures, and will grant these as fast as the people show ability to profit by them, the agitations will probably delay for some years the granting of political reforms in India. The action of the mob in attacking Europeans and in destroying Government property has been strongly disapproved by Indians, especially the educated classes. This does not mean that the people are satisfied, but they recognise that the Government is [strong and is determined to maintain law and order, and therefore they advise quiet. The method adopted by the new Amir of Afghanistan to secure his throne by invading India may also have had a quieting influence, for no Indian wishes his country to be invaded by Afghans. The present outlook is brighter, and if the Government will bring forward their proposals for the government of the country in a practical form as soon as possihle it will be a great pacifier. The publication of the Act to confer additional powers on the people of India would give the people something upon which to exercise their minds and educate them in the principles of self-government. They would thus be diverted from anarchist and destructive idealS to consider constructive and practical methods of government. There is great need for a campaign to educate the masses of India politically. During the recent agitation the way in which the Government was misrepresented shows that evil and designing men misled the masses. The educated must help to form a true public opinion.

The Commission appointed to consider the franchise in India has practically reported in fllvor of "communal representation,"

for as long as people think only in terms of their caste or sectarian community, they cannot take broad national views. Communal representation is not however the ideal desired. – The Anglo-Indian press traces the cause of the trouble to Bolshevik activity, and the Indian pres,s traces it to the Oriminal Investigation Department, and what is called the Rowlatt Act. Dr. E. D. Lucas, Principal for Forman Christian College, Lahore, writes that in his opinion the real roots of the trouble are the economic dist'ress; the unjust enforcement of the recruiting laws amongst the peasantry; the extremist politicians who desire almost immediate home-rule; the great mass of inexperienced students in the large cities; an uneasy feeling that India will not get her just reward for having helped the British Government in the great war; the unwise propaganda against the Rowlatt Act and the unsympathetic actions of certain EngliJsh officials.

One Scene of the disturbance last April was Lahore, where the Forman Christian College students were involved with the students of other colleges in the city. Black banners, inscribed with patriotic sentiments, were carried in procassions, and when these students clashed with the police a number were slain. Shops we're closed and martial law was proclaimed. Forman Christian College buildings were occupied by British troops, other colleges were put under martial law, and one medical college was closed fOT five months. Dr. Lucas was requested to conduct an educational campaign to explain to the student class the nature of the Rowlatt Act, about which there wa:s much misunderstanding. A meeting was called of all principals of colleges and head maste'rs of schools in Lahore, and a very successful campaign of education was conducted.

One thing was made clear in Lahore-that the Christian influence of a mission college ha:s a restraining influence on disorder, and prepares the young men of India for responsible self-government. The impressionable and excitable students must be steadied and taught self-control, and must learn the principles of righteous- ness and good government.

A "NATION WIDE" EPISCOPAL CAMPAIGN A THREE-YEAR, spiritual educational and financial campaign is the program of the Protestant Episcopal Church to strengthen and consolidate its work in its present fields and for new tasks in hitherto uncultivated fields.

A large sum, running into the tens of millions of dollars, is to be raised in the three-year period, the larger share of which will be spent at home, but with a considerable amount left to further the work in foreign mission fields. In America, the money is to be used to further the Church's work among the immigrants, to obtain and train reoruits to carry out the increased work, to build up and

strengthen the churches materially, and to find a real substitute for the saloon. The underlying motive of the whole movement is a spiritual awakening through exerting the full spiritual power of the Church upon the whole, world-wide task now confronting it.

The campaign will be conducted on a national scate, and with, it is hoped, the united backing of every diocese and missionary di:s- trict, so that the final result will be a re-awakening of spiritual life in every branch of the Church organization. More than seventy- five of the Bishops have already endorsed the movement, and it is believed that the others will do so.

The purposes of the national campaign have been officially presented as follows: 1. To bring the spiritual power of the Church to bear upon the Church's whole task.

2. To secure and train an increased and adequate number of people for ChTistian leadership-clerical and lay.

3. In consultation with the proper authorities, to care for the financial needs of all the Provinces, Diocelses and Missionary Dis- tricts of a missionary, religious, educational or social service nature.

4. To care, on a yearly bwsis for three years, for the financial needs of all the General Boards, including such general agencies as the mrl's Friendly Society, the Church Periodical Club, etc.

Every general agency of the Church will be included-the Board of Missions,· the General Board of Religious Education and the Joint Commissions on Social Service; the two auxiliaries of the Board of Missions, the Woman'iS Auxilia>ry and the American Church Institute for Negroes; also such organization'S as the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, the Girls' Friendly Society, etc.

A survey will be made of all the work of the Episcopal Church at home and abroad, covering all departments of the work, to ascertain what work is now under way, how it can be improved and what new undertakings should be entered upon; committees will be formed in each Diocese to cooperate with the Bishop and with the national organization; and a combined budget will be made up, based upon the survey, covering all the needs of the geneTal agencies. and, if the Bishop approve, of each Diocese. Hence the exact amount to be raised through the national campaign cannot be told until the surveys are all in. An every member canvass will take place in the fall and in the meantime a program of education and inspiration will be carried on throughout the whole Church.

The campaign :Us in charge of the Campaign Executive Committee consisting of Bishop Arthur S. Lloyd, the Treasurer of the Board of Missions, Miss Grace Lindley, Rev. Dr. Robert W. Patton, National Directo'r, and Rev. R. Bland Mitchell, named as manager of the Central Office.

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TEAOHING MISSIONS TO MULTITUDES WHO would have conceived, a few years ago, of the possibility of inaugurating a mission study class of fifty or sixty thousand a day to cover a period of twenty-four days? Add to this the fact that the preparation for this class took many months, cost over one million dollars, and that the area covered by the demonstration was over one hundred acres. Add still further to the program that for this mission study, men and women were brought from all over the world, that government officials, statesmen and business men, professors, philanthropistf', bishops, missionaries, secretaries and pastors wore the teachers. Yet this gives only a slight conception of what has been actually done by one denomination-or twins-at the Methodist Oentenary celebration, which was held at Oolumbus, Ohio, from June 20th to July 13th, inclusive.

This celebration partook of the character of a Missionary World's Fair, a visit to most of the mission fields of the world (home and foreign), a gigantic mission study class and a demonstration of what Ol1ristian missions have done and are doing for mankind. Over 10,000 people were employed in connection with this missionary exhibition. They included one thousand boys, who acted as Oentenary Oadets, over four thousand demonstrators and lecturers for the exhibits, and a chorus, orchestra and performers in the pageant numbering over 2,000. The attendance was from 20,000 to 75,000 a day, and one who wished to study the whole exhibition and hear all the lectures would require at least fifteen days.

Several remarkable features of the celebration should be noted. First, it was wonderfully well organized under the direction of Dr. S. Earl Taylor, Dr. Fred B. Fisher, Mr. H. B. Dickson and the various heads of departments. One whole huilding was devoted to the administrative offices.

Second, the magnitude of the undertaking was remarkable. There were thousands of men and women giving their whole time to the work. There were huge buildings-one seating over 8,000 peopJe-and a grandstand with larger capacity. The huge screen for open air stereopticon pictures measured over one hundred feet in diameter and human figures thrown on it were over twenty feet tall. Great buildings were devoted to exhibits from various countries and the painted scenery reproduced wit h remarkable 647

exactness the setting of mission work in other lands. The daiJy official program noted some two hundred or more events and the Ohio State Journal devoted four pages daily to an illustrated supplement under the editorship of Rev. Charles Stelzle.

Third, there WB:S a wonderful variety in the methods of instruction. The pageant gave an artistic and dramatic demonstration of the purpose and power of Christianity; the history and habits of the peoples of every nation and tongue were shown in curios, models, charts and pictures. Houses, temples, shops, restaurants and streets were reproduced in lifelike character and proportions. There were motion pictures, demonstrations, tableaux and lectures to explain the customs in various lands and the methods of missionary work. In the North Africa section there was a daily debate between a missionary and a Moslem to show the arguments for and against Christianity. There were contrasts-as in Chinashowing the native method of treating disease with iron needles and disgusting potions as compared to the methods of modern science. There were the mission chapels in each country, in which sample misHion services were conducted.

Fourth, each mission field was shown by unique methods and exhibits. China had its mission hospital and its large temples of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. India had its bathing ghats of Benares, its heathen temple, schools, homes of high and low caste, and its marriage scenes and mission work. Japan had its garden with bridge, waterfall and torii j its kindergarten, with real Japanese children, and its houses and shops. Malaysia had its Malay and Borneo houses, its mechanical model of a Filipino mountain village. Latin America was rich in churches, homes of the peon and the aristocrat, and Aztec scenes. Central Africa had its.kraal with stockade and a dozen huts, with women grinding corn, and men beating the drum, while North Africa showed the Moorish village, harem, bazaar, camel and other life touches. Europe showed the areas devastated by war and the plans for reconstruction. Norih America contained Eskimo huts, Indian tepees, homes of southern mountaineers, a miniature Ellis Island, a model community church and countless other attractions. But, aside from the lectures by missionaries, the most impressive feature of the exhibition to those who knew their significall(=" was the number of native Christians drawn together as followers of Christ from almost every nation under Heaven. There were American Indians, once ignorant blanket warriors, now Christian preachers; and black faced Africans, whose hearts have been made white and whose minds have been educated; there were Filipino Christians, men and women, with beautiful faces; there were Chinese, Japanese and Koreans, all living and working together in harmony. Men and women from India and Burma showed the power of God

EDITORIAL COMMENT

to transform worshippers of Vishnu and Buddha, and to bring all castes and people into one family.

This exhibition by one dwomination shows what might be accomplished in a united demonstration. Many features failed to do more than interest or amuse, and some were valueless from a missionary standpoint, but most of the exhibits were highly instructive and could not fail to make a lasting impression. There is danger in over e,mphasizing the novel and the dramatic in missionary work, but eye-gate and ear-gate, are twin entrances to the brains and hearts of men. Duty must not be neglected because it is uninteresting, but neither need a vision or a task be considered less spiritual and diviIH~ because it is made attractive.

THE CHURCHES AND THE INTERCHURCH T HE SUCCESS of the Interchurch World Movement will depend, first, on the nearness of its ideals and plans to the program of God; second, on the spiritual emphasis and power in each department of the work; third; on the sanity, energy, and Christ-likeness of the leaders; and fourth, on the extent and heartiness of the cooperation of various sections of the Christian Church. The first means right aims; the second, real power; the third, satisfactory machinery; and the fourth, the necessary sinews of war-both men and money.

The ideals of the Movement have been clearly defined and effective machinery is being set up and put in operation. It is the other two factors that are not yet fully determined. 'The Movement was inaugurated by Church leaders and has been approved by some seventy official denominational and interchurch boards, including home and foreign missionary and educational agencies; interdenominational organizations, such as the Bible Society, the Tract Society, the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Y. P. S. C. E. and the Laymen's and MisHionary Education Movement. These have all expressed approval. though the real relation of the interchurch program to the nOll-denominational organizations is not yet determined. It is not certain, for instance, whether the Y. M. C. A. will be officially related or how close will be the cooperation of such missionary agencies as the China Inland Mission, the Christian and Missionary Alliance and independent Christian workers in city, home and foreign fields. Their work cannot be ignored in any world program, but they are not denominational societies. , The following reports show the official action taken by some of the denominational bodies and indicate their attitude toward the Movement.

The Seventh Day Baptist general conference was to meet August 19-25th and to reach some decision on its relation to the

movement. Concerning this a further announcement will be made later.

The Northern Baptist Convention assembled in Denver last May and adopted the following resolutions in regard to the Movement: "Resolved, That the Northern Baptist Convention, reaffirming the im- perative duty of. Baptists to bear full testimony to the full truth in Jesus Christ as they find it taught in the New Tesament, and recognizing the right of each local church to determine its own duty without dictation or control by any outside human authority, expresses its readiness to cooperate in the Interchurch World Movement of North America on the following condi- tions: "First, that we be represented in the joint survey of the home and for- etgn fields by members of our denomination appointed by the denomination, and while giving careful consideration to the report of such survey, we reserve unimpaired the freedom to follow our own convictions of truth and the leadings of divine Providence.

Second, that a joint campaign of information and inspiration be con- ducted for the promotion of stewardship.

"Third, that a simultaneous financial campaign be promoted in which each denomination shall present its own budget to its own constituency, secure its own pledges, collect the same, and administer its own program of expansion.

"Fourth, that the Baptists who are officers of the Interchurch World Movement, members of its Executive Committee and of its General Com- mittee be selected by the Northern Baptist Convention.

Fifth, that in our cooperation with the Interchurch World Movement we act through the General Board of Promotion of the Northern Baptist Convention. It is assumed that the State Conventions will act through their respective State organizations.

Sixth, that evangelical denominational bodies only be represented in the Interchurch World Movement.

"Seventh, that the Interchurch World Movement do not promote organic union of denominations or of local churches, or the establishment of local church federations, or non-denominational churches. .

"Eighth, that the literature and promotion methods of the Interchurch World Movement be not in contravention of these principles, and that we reserve the right to supplement the literature of the Movement by literature prepared by our own denomination."

This action was a compromise between those who would have been ready for unreserved and complete cooperation and a considerable number who prefer no relation to the Movement whatever. Some local experiences with nominal federation efforts had created complications and caused prejudice against the Movement. Many prefer to restrict the financial appeal to organize church activities because of a fear that the simultane,ous appeal to the same persons for several distinct causes would not produce the best results. Since the Baptist churches are congregational in government, the vote of the Convention will have no more authority with the individual churches than each ·wishes to accord to it.

The Congregational Churches have not yet taken official action

through their National Coullcil, but the Commission on Missions and the various home, foreign, educational and Sunday-school boards have voted to cooperatf'. Some changes may be made in view of the action of the Baptists and Presbyterians.

.The National Baptist Convention (colored) is to meet in Newark, N. J., on September tenth and will then take final action on the subject. It is expected that the Convention will vote to cooperate with the Movement.

The Disciples of Christ have had no convention to act upon th(~ question of participation, but the missionary boards have entered pnthusiastically into the program.

The Christian Church in its quadrennial convention at Conneaut, Ohio, in A.pril, "endorsed the purposes and aim of the Movement and pledged its hearty cooperation."

The American Friends, through the executive committee of the Five Years Meetings, expressed sympathy and unity with the Movement and the determination to cooperate fully. The details were left to a Forward Movement Committee. Other ]1~riends boards have also expressed hearty approval.

The Lutheran Church has not yet taken definite action, as their general convention has not convened.

The Methodist Episcopal Church has heartily endorsed the Movement through the action of its various boards and Bishops, and has furnished much of the fundS, the men and the machinery to inaugurate the work. They have, however, recently completed a successful campaign in which they secured pledges for about $100,- 000,000 for the work of the Church, at home and abroad, in the next five years. The General Oonvention will not meet until 1920.

The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, has taken Mtion through the annual meeting of the Board of Missions as follows: "The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, has always stood for the most hearty cooperation between all evangelical churches, and we stand ready to cooperate in every practical way with those who have in hand this Movement in the interest of closer relationship between the churches of Ohrist in America; "But in view of the fact that we, as a Church, have just completed our Centenary Drive, we do not see our way clear to participate in another drive for funds such as is contemplated by the Interchurch W orId Movement.

"However, we offer to the leaders of this Movement the benefIt of our experience in organization and methods and the results of all onr various surveys; and we declare our willingness to cooperate in a more extended and minute survey of religious conditions in the United States and in foreign fields, and we recommend that our secretaries be instl'Ucted to prepare for and enter

upon such cooperation in consultation with the executive committee of this Board."

The African lliethodist Episcopal Church expresses sympathy with the Movement, but have not thus far taktn any definite action.

The Methodist Protestant Chrurch has not yet been able to act, as the general conference will not be held until uext year. The officials of the church boards, hav~, however, expressed approval of the Movement and have voted to cooperate. They are in the midst of a quadrennial campaign for missions and education. The officials are opposed to organic union with other denominations.

The United Brethren in Christ have not held any meeting of the general conference, but the executive committees of the various Boards of the church have voted to cooperate in the Movement, but to what extent has not been considered.

The Moravians, through the directors of the Society for Prol1<1sating the Gospel, have heartily endorsed the Movement ami expressed approval of it and willingness to cooperate, provided it does not involve them in preliminary budget and overhead expenses out of proportion to any financial returns which may be reasonably expected from the Moravian constituency; and provided further, that it is clearly understood that it is impossible to determine accurately Moravian responsibilities in the foreign field until it is known whether or not Moravian missions can be administered internationally as before the war.

The PTOtesiani Episcopal Church is not able, through its Board of Missions, to cooperate with the Interchurch Vorld Movement. The Board is, however, keenly interested and has commended the Movement to the consideration of the Bishops. An "Every Name Campaign" is now being promoted in the Church, and the resulting survey, with recommendations, will be submitted to the next general convention.

The PI'esbyterian Ch~trch (North) voted at the general assembly in St. Louis, last May, to commit the whole question of cooperation with the Movement to the executive commission of the assembly, with power to act within the limits of five principles, namely: (1) That the cooperative movement, as above specified, be one of agencies of evangdical churches. (This specification rules out non-evangelical churches and non-ecclesiastical organizations.) (2) That in the proposed cooperation, the Presbyterian Church shall function through its committee on the New Era Mowment.

(3) That the cooperation shall involve the following features: (a) a common survey of the home and foreign fir Ids; (b) a united ~ropaganda to reach the whole Protestant Church of North America in (;lducational and inspirational campaigns; (c) a simul-

1I1l~1 EDITORIAL COMMENT

taneous campaign to realize the budgets; (d) a full presentation to the Interchurch Movemrnt of the Presbyterian budget for all the boards and agencies as approved by the exeC'utive commission.

(4) That the cooperation shall be upon the condition that funds raised by the Presbyterian churches and agencies shall be paid to and distributed through the regular channels of the Presbyterian Church..

(5) That no financial obligations for the administrative expenses of the Interchurch Movement shall be incurred by any of our boards or agencies without the authorization of the general assembly or its executive commission.

"There the matter rests for the present as far as the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. is concerned. The executive commission is thus left free to proceed to cooperation within the ahovespecified principles. It is also left free to do nothing, if that seems to be the wise course. The Presbyterian Church is waiting for fuller information, but desires to cooperate with every organization laboring for the coming Kingdom of Christ."

The Presbyterian Church (South) also took action, at its general assembly in May, expressing gratification and approval of the Movement, endorsed the action of the executive committee, and votrd to cooperate, provided that such action would not interfere with the denominational program on foot to secure $12,000,000 fo~ benevolrnces. Plans for participation in the Movement was re-. ferred to the general assE'mbly's stewardship committee.

The United Presbyterian Church at its General Assembly recommended: "That the Assemhly approve the full cooperation of our Church with the Interchurch World Movement in its proposed campaign, in so far as it may not interfere with the recognized missionary and financial policies and methods of the United Presbyterian Church, and on condition that a lar~e majority of the principal denominations agree to cooperate in this Movement."

The Reformed Church in America, at its general synod in June, adopted the following resolution: Resolved, That we set the seal of our sympathetic endorsement upon the Movement. . . . . . and that we empower the Boards of our Church and the Progress Campaign Committee to cooperate with the Interchurch Movement in so far as they can do so in harmony with their work."

This action was intended to express the sympathy of the denomination with the Movement and to give the boards liberty of action in developing their cooperation with the Movement, which would be essrntial to the plans already adopted by these boards.. A Reformed Church Progress Campaign is now fully under way.

The Rf'formed Chtlren in the 1'nitcd States took definite action when the Board of ForE'ign MissionI', at its annual meeting held

last February, "gave its hearty f'ndorsement to the plan of the Interchurch World Movement," and when the general synod endorsed the Movement last March and "offered cooperation. " These two actions are interpreted to mean that the Reformed Ohurch "regards the Interchurch Vorld Movement as a united effort to lift to a higher plane the entire work of the Ohurch of Ohrist. There seems to be a practical unanimity as to the need @f such a Movement in order to carry to a successful issue the smaller movements in the several denominations." A forward movement has been authorized by the general synod with a goal of $6,000,000 for the boards and institutions of the Ohurch.

JAPAN AND THE KOREAN REVOLUTION W E PUBLISH this month various statements relating to the distressing situation in Korea. Baron Goto's address delivered in New York speaks a word in behalf of the Japanese Government; a Japanese Ohristian viewpoint, is found iu an article published in the Japanese press, and other quotations are given from missionaries and eye witnesses in Ohosen. We have purposely omitted the most extreme and bitter reports and denunciations of Japan issued by Koreans connected with the In- . dependence Movement. The evidence presented is convincing that the Japanese anthorities in Korea have been cruel and inhuman in their treatment of the Korean men and women whose only crime was an earnest desire for freedom. These Koreans were unarmed and for the most part confined their riots to the shouting of "Manzai," the closing of shops, and peaceful demonstrations in the streets. It is reported that a thousand people have been killed and six thousand imprisoned.

While Korean Ohristians have naturally been connected with the demonstrations, as lovers of liberty and leaders in reform mov('- ments, they have counseled moderation and peaceful measures. They have been ready to suffer with courage, but have sought to prevent violence. In spite of this, the Japanese have seemed to be especially bitter against the Ohristians and in one instance at least are reported to have gathered the Ohristian men in a .church, to have slain them and then set fire to the whole village.

The situation is still critical. While the active demonstrations have ceased and the most violent repressive measures of the Japanese government have been discontinued, the spirit of unrest prevails. Schools have been closed since March because teachers and pupils in many places refused to attend. Church services haY<.' been discontinued because of Japanese terrorism, and shops were only kept open under threat of the gendarmes.

The missionaries have kept aloof from the political phases of the disturbance, but as men and women with heart and conscienc('.

1919J EDITORIAL COMMENT

they could not stand idly by and see, without r~IDOnstrtlnoo, unanned old men and children shot, bayonetted and clubbed, young girls and· women stripped and abused by the police and every kind of indignity and abuse jnflicted on the people, to whom the missionaries are devoting their lives. They are in peculiar need of our prayers for, while they do not consider themselves in personal danger, their position is one of extraordinary difficulty.

Energetic measures have been taken by American Christians to put an e·nd to the maltreatment of Koreans. The missionaries in Ohosen have appealed to local Japanese authorities and before the Governor-General, and have sent a delegation to Japan to lay the matter before the government. In America, the Federal Oouncil of Ohurches, through its "Committee on Oriental Relationships," has made representations to the Japanese ambassador at Washington and direct to Premier Hara in Tokyo. Some publicity has been given to the affair in the press, but the great mass of evidence has not yet been made public.

The chief cause of the trouble seems to be the failure of Japan to give Korea a civil government, or to put into operation a system which could ,yin the respect and cooperation of the Koreans. The milita,ry party in Japan, which has been in control in Korea, has been characterized by the same system and ideals that have brought German militarism into disrepute. The Japanese have not Christian ideals and have ruled Koreans with an iron hand. Many of the officials in Chosen have feared and hated the Christian Church. Thev have not understood the Korean language, nor their ideals, "and have endeavored to force upon their wards Japanese milita,ry ideals and institutions. If peace and prosperity are coming to Korea there must be a change in the Japanese policy. The Honorable Yukio Ozaki, formerly mayor of Tokyo, Minister of Education and Minister of Justice in Marquis Okuma's cabinet, has disapproved of the militaristic policy in Korea and has expressed the opinion that the time has corne when "Korpans must be given a stronger voice in their government."

Word has just been received (August 21) to the effect that Japan will immediately replace the military by a civil government in Chosen, and will establish other reforms to benefit the Koreans. Among these reforms are the abolition of all distinction between Japanese and Koreans, politically, socially and otherwise. The military governor is to be replaced by a civil g-overnor, Baron Saito, and a Director-General, Mr. Midzuno, both civilians.

The proposed reforms do not satisfy the Independence Party in Korea, who declare that nothing short of self-determination will bring peace in Chosen. The Koreans are skeptical as to the beneficent character of the changes. Friends of Japan and of Korea hope, however, that a right solution of the trouble is in sight.~Editor.

Will of God for the

A MISSIONARY BIBLE STUDY BY REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, LL. D.

"Then said I, La I am come; in the roll of the book it is written of me I delight to do Thy will 0 my God"-Psalm 40: 7,8. (Cf. Heb. 10:7).

"After this 11Ulnner therefore pray.ye: Our Father ….. . Thy will be done"-Matt. 6:10.

"The good and acceptable and perfect will "of God"-Rom. 12:2 "Making known unto us the mystery of His will according to His good pleasure which He purposed in Him unto a dispensation of the fullness of time to sum up all things in Christ …… who worketh all things after the counsel of His will"-Eph. 1 :9-11. _ T HE NEW TESTAMEN'I' iutcrpretation of Psalm 40 shows that the Incarnation was the glad fulfilment of God's will. Christ came from heaven to do the will of God (.Tohn 6:38). That will for the world, as wen as for the individual, is good in its origin; acceptable in its working to those who love God, and per- fect in its final result. When we know God's will for the world we also know it for ourselves. Study the use of the word world, for example, in the prayer of our Lord in the seventeenth chapter of John's Gospel.

The only thing that really matters for a Christian is the will of God. It is supreme. It is the only clue in the maze of cir- cumstance. Nothing can shake the faith or zeal of the man who knows it. "He that doeth the will of God abideth forever."

We know God's will for the world: 1. By His eternal purpose to save a lost world. John 3:16. 2. By His definite command, repeated in Christ's fourfold com- mission. Matt. 28 :19, 20 j Mark 16 :15 ; John 20 :21; Acts 1 :8. 3. By His gracious promises, which, like the blue-prints of the architect, show the glory of the palace that is to he. Its elevation, its four-square foundation, its many mansions, its golden beauty. God will sum up all things in Christ. Every tongue will confess Him and His glory will flood the earth. Isaiah 60: Psalm 72. 4. By His character. God's truth must overcome all error and burn the falsehood from the souls of men. God's purity can not tolerate moral sepsis in His world. God's compassion shows us how to look upon all human. sin and sorrow and shame. 5. By His Providence. "Thy will be done on earth." If you would know God's will for the world look around at the new day that is dawning. The crisis calls for courage. The· open doors , beckon, the closed doors challenge. God is, unmistakably, working out His purpose for the world. Shall we fail Him T 6. By His disciples and the program before them. Paul said, "Be ye followers of me, as dear children." The glorious company of the apostles.. the noble army of martyrs, the holy church. througbout all thc' world-what is thc'ir program "I Follow after.

656

Statesman on Christian

BY BARON SHIMPEI GOTO, TOKYO, JAPAN From an address delivered by Baron Gala at a dinner given to him by the Presby- terian Board of Foreign Missions in New York last J""e.

I EMBHACE this opportunity to speak of three points re- garding Christian missionary work in Japan. (1) What Chris- tianity has done in Japan. (2) What Japan has done for Chris- tianity, or rather our attitude towards it. (3) What I hope missionaries may do for our people.

The work of Christian mis- sions in Japan has not been properly recognized by our pub- lic men. This is not so much from lack of appreciation on their part as from the fact that ''ork of a religious character is necessarily wrought in silenc€'

and privacy. If full justice is impossible, we can still bear wit- BARON SHIMPEI GOTO ness to such labors as were not hidden under a bushel, but have been as lights shining before men.

In no field of activity, 01' enterprise, have missionaries accom- plished more than in that of education. At ll'ast to a layman this has been most apparent. In the early seventies when our govern- ment and people were engrossed in readjustment, both at home and in foreign relations, and you could pay but scant attention to the all important question of education, missionaries rendered inestimable service, espEcially in the lines then most neglected by us-the education of women and of the poor. Even after our school system was more or less perfected, they continued to make good deficiencies in our general scheme of instruction. We own, with no small sense of shame, that the country cannot satisfy all the demands for education among our own people.

Among the late Emperor's five articles of oath, which were practically the Magna Charta of new Japan, it was stated that the low, as well as the high, should have their desires satisfied, and no desire has been stronger with both than that for education. This, of course, not only means the expansion of the soul, but the less spiritual opening of careers. The government has by no means

neglected its schools, but has llE'V(f been able to keep pace with the growing needs. Only last spring Parliament voted some 40,000,000 yen and the Emperor gave out of his own private purse 10,000,000 yen mon~ for the el'('ction of higher institutions of learning. Even then the intellectual demands of young Japan cannot be adequately met. W emust for some time depend upon private enterprise and upon missionary efforts to remedy the insufficiency. As to the education of women, missionaries have been pioneers in our country.

But missionary activities are in no way confined to strictly religious and educational lines. What they have done and are doing in the :(ield of philanthropy is comparatively little known. As I have myself always been interested in public charities, I have watched with peculiar interest the development of Christian effort in this line. The many institutions connected with church organizations, started with the purpose of assisting the poor, of comforting widows and orphans, are innumerable. Their endeavor to overcome moral and physical degradation-such as prostitution on one hand and tuberculosis on the other-may well serve as an example. The Salvation Army is constantly widening its sphere of work, while the Young Men's Christian Association and Young Women's Christian Association are contributing a valuable quota to the uplifting of our youth and the amelioration of social miseries.

I am well aware that with all that Americans may have achieved in education and philanthropy, they are not satisfied unless they have at the same time brought our people to Christ. Some years ago, the Salvation Army inaugurated the slogan-"Japan for Christ," and some charged them with the desire to upset the reigning dynasty. I could but laugh at their unnecessary fear for I know that the Kingdom of God, which you Christians preach, is not to be confused with principalities and powers.

I have always in my official career shown my sympathy for Christian missions. As far as I see, there need be no conflict between Christian teaching and our nationalistic idea, as long as no attempt is made to interfere with the political regime. In fact, I am wondering whether the idea of God, as Lord of lords and King of kings, will not find more congenial acknowledgment among the subjects of monarchies than among the citizens of republics.

However that may be, you will give credit to Japan for the liberal attitude she has taken towards Christianity. If she has not welcomed a strange religion, she has not shut the door in its face. We have put no obstacle in the way of missionary progress. Having no state religion, we have put no disabilities on any form of faith. The Constitution has clearly guaranteed religious freedom. The Jesuits, who are not tolerated in many countries, have lately

A JAPANESE S,!'ATESMAN ON CHRISTIAN MISSIO~S

been coming to Japan, and we have placed no barrier to their efforts as long as tlwy refrain from political intrigues. A country that has ill the past thousand years tolerated every sort of alien philosophy and religion, be it Buddhism, 'raoism, Confucianism, still consistently goes on without meddling with individual conscience and faith. If at one. time there was persecution, it was because of political danger incited by a certain profession of faith, and not on account of theological nonconformity.

About two decades ago, there was great concern expressed among missionary boards in regard to our educational laws, lest they should prove hostile to their enterprise. I believe it did not take long to convince them that there was no obstacle to Christian activity in the said la,v". A similar law in Korea created similar anxiety, but this, too, disappeared in a short time. The letter of the law may sometimes sound severe. Does not the Bible itself speak of the letter and the spirit of the law, as two distinct things-the letter killing and the spirit saving? Laws and statutes are necessarily carnal, they are of the earth, earthy. Spiritual concerns are beyond the pale of their authority and they will not intrude into the sacred precincts of religion. Conversely, it will little profit a religious hody to encroach upon the domain of politics. "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's."

. Ever since my arrival in America, I have heard much of socalled Korean massacres. While T have no official report on the incidents, I am m.ost sincerely grieved to heal' of any thing which may give ground for reflection on our rule of Korea. I have some comfort left in thinking that when the alleged cases of maltreatment are thoroughly ('xamined, we shall find them as much exaggerated as were the stories of "water-cure," which was said to have been practiced in the Philippines, but which we were afterwards relieved to heal' were not so shocking as at first reported. If a degree of harshness was inflicted upon those who participated in the Korean riots, this was not intended as an anti-Christian measure. Insurrection must be punished and it makes no difference whether that insurrection is perpetrated by Christians or Buddhists or whatever religionists. As a matter of fact, a very conspicuous part in the late insurrection was played hy a native quasi-religious body which is opposed to Christianity.

I do not know when the time may come that the parliaments of the nations will frame their laws in consonance with the Golden Rule, when mankind shall be ruled by the precepts of Christ. I would be among the first to hail the coming of such a time, but I regret to say I do not see any signs of its near approach. Nevertheless, I believe it must come. It hides as yet far up among the clouds or lies deep down in our breast. I wish to say that without religion it will never be fully reaJizf'd, though I confess I am often be-

wildered by a list of names which may mean everything or nothing or anything-God, Truth, the Iufinite, the First Cause.

Laotze says, "The Name that can be named is not the Eternal Name. The Way that can be way€d, is not the Eternal Way." Infinite wisdom is beyond the human power to comprehend. I sometimes feel that I catch sight of such a Being; for .only at odd moments does He reveal Himself to the inner sight. And yet-all honest and earnest souls must at times feel the presence of such Power.

The oriental mind is vague and abstract. Christianity has been presented to us in so concrete, definite and exact a form, that it has been unacceptable to us. I have read the New Testament and I have sometimes wondered how Christianity came to assume its present form, and thfn I begin to doubt whether this is its final form. Christianity, like any organic body, will, under varying conditions, take forms fit for the time and place of its work. It may thus become more local in color; but the universal and the infinite can best manifest itself in the finite, definite, in order to be comprehended by beings that are themselves limited in power.

The Great Being has been speaking to us in different languages. He has been manifesting Himsf'lf 10m in rli fff'rrnt forms. Shuffie off the raiment in which He is clothrd by fantasy and custom of belief, will He not reveal Himself as Universal Light, as Father of all good, the Fountain of all mercy rnd justicf'-to accept whom is Life and to rejrct whom is Death ~ I shall not preach-it is not my purpose to do so. I have uttered a little of my heart to show you that I am "almost persuaded," and I know that in this respect I represent many of my compatriots. By a slight change in the interpretation and presentation of the teachings of Christ you will open a wide door for the wandering sheep, and I wish to know if Christianity, like so many other beliefs, will see some adjustments as the result of the impending world reconstruction. May the New Age thus pave a New Way for the nations of the earth to come closer in faith and hope, and, above all, in charity.

Looking towards the future, I feel justified in saying that Cht·istianity in Japan will be in safe hands-that in the hands of Japanese disciples the teachings of Christ will not degenerate or decay, but will remain vital and potent through centuries to come. . . . It would be preposterous for me to say that the Japanese will make any improvement upon the Christianity of the West-the Christianity which you of the West have introduced to us. I am, however, quite confident that Christianity, once introduced into Japan, will never decay or decline, but will always remain a living faith.

Emergency in

BY REV. TAKASHI SUZUKI This is a lapanese Christian viewpoint of the disturbances in Korea, printed in the Fukuin Shimpo, May 15, 1919. Most of the facts have, however, been kept from the lapanese press.

T HE DISTURBANCES will be suppressed. What cannot be suppressed is the spirit of the Chosenese, their anti-Japanese thoughts. What should be done about these thoughts and feelings 1 The sources of the ideas are deep and rrmote.

The distant causes are: (1) the historical feeling of contempt for Japan; (2) the enmity due to the TVako (Japanese invasion during the Ashikaga period); (3) the enmity due to the Hotaiko invasion (under Hideyoshi).

The near causes are: (1) opposition to annexation; (2) opposition to Japan's selfish imperialism; (3) political dissatisfaction; (4) financial unrest; (5) opposition to bad treatment socially; (6) disapproval of .Japanese morals.

Of the above causes I comdder .Japanese selfish imperialism the most important. Of all bad governments, that by a Governor- General or Vicerov is considrred the worst. Is it not a fact that not only in Chosr-it, but in China, in America, in Australia, everywhere, this selfish imperialism of Japan has as its shadow the so-called anti-Japanese sentiment ~ Before we hate the shadow it is necessary to look at ourselves. The ideals and principles under which Japan has gone forward are exprl'ssed in the familiar phrases, "Shed the national glory abroad;" "greatly extend our territory;" "rule the world;" and other such expressions. The result is that our neighbors have become anti-Japanese and today on all sides barriers, invited by ourselves, are being raised against us.

Chosl'nese are human beings. They have their national prine, their love of native land. .Tapanese have no monopoly of patriotism. With our shameless swagger and brandishing of "Japanism" how can we quiet their opposition 7 If we do not get rid of this spirit and take our stand upon conduct growing out of the love which "loves the neighbor as onesf'lf" I do not think we can long hold our position as lord of the East.

For example, in school the:> blood of our youth is made to boil (with patriotic fervor) whpn they hear of the Wako invasion and the later subjugation of Chosen. But when one goes to Chosen, he finds that all this was merely sowing the seeds of hatred against Japan. Thifl was to be exppcted. In the TVako invasion the entire roast WIlS ravagpd. the housps burnt, the people killed and their g'oods plundered. The Ja.panese were feared more than tigers.

MI

And in the later punitive expedition the whole land was swept by fire. ~y this invasion, Chosen was so impoverished that she has never recovered. The Chosenese cannot but hate Japan.

And yet the educational policy of Japan has never changed, but goes on just as it was ten and twenty years ago, never getting away from this selfish imperialism. In ethical training, in history, in school readers, in school songs, the old ideals of culture in patriotism permeate the entire system. The patriotism taught is an indiscriminating, Japan-centered, materialistic patriotism which knows of the existence of Japan, but is blindly ignorant of the existence of other nations. The result is the production of a race of people which is very unsuitable for colonization abroad. In Chosen the Japanese who are there, even the women and children, know how to swagger, but they do not know love. They know how to take away, but not how to give. They put on high-spirited airs as they seem to say, "I am a Japanese. Why don't you bow down before me ~" But they know nothing of the moral principle, "He that would be great among you, let him be your servant." On the contrary they seem to think that Yamato Damashii (Japanese spirit) must act on the principle, "He who is chief shall exercise authority," and that the Chosenese are to be suppressed and trampled upon. Consequently wherever the Chosenese go, to market or to the public offices, they find no place where they are loved by the Japanese. They always feel that they are being trodden upon, teased, made fools of and tyrannized over.

The Chosenese are opposed to the fact of annexation itself. Thev are also dissatisfied because the Government-General is full of iinperfections. Th€y also feel that the Japanese ought to 1w expelled because of the oppression of Japanese capitalists Who seize their lands and keep all the profits from their exploitations. But these causes of discontent affect only part of the people. The thing which affects every Chosenese is the social mistreatment thC'y receive. This is why the present disturbance has spread like a conflagration through the entire land. But the fundamental cause is the poisoq of imperialism. It is the inevitable consequence of the educational policy pursued in our schools and military institutions. Hence, any attempt at good gOVE'rnment through the Government-General will be futile. There m,ttst be a change in the essentia~ character of the Japanese people.

IMMORALITY OF JAPANESE IN CHOSEN Next, consider the moral character of the Japanese residents in Chosen. Of course, there are not wanting among them persons of :splendid cliaracter, but when we speak of the great body of them, we have not a few things to regret. The great majority of them do not fear God nor know ~hame. They have no ideals higher than

THE EMERGENCY IN CHOSEN

making money. Consequently, there are no limits to the wickedness practiced by great numbers of them in dealing with the ignorant, poor Chosenese. Even in the homeland the low standard of commercial morality is a very troublesome question, but it is intolerable that this low class supply the representatives of Japan. It is their dishonestv which has caused Americans to look down on the Japanese. Fa; example, when Americans give orders to Chinese or Chosenese workmen under a guarantee that the goods will last three years, they do last three years. Japanese workmen, on the other hand, will aceept the high price for three year goods and then run off to other parts, having supplied goods which do not last even a year, boasting withal, that they have" got ahead of the keto" (contemptuous term for "foreigners"). Merchants use false weights and measures.. And since the coming of the Japanese the morals of the Chosenese have deteriorated also. Chosenese merchants recently have hegun to use false weights and measures.

Coming to morality between the sexes, we can by no means say that the Chosenese are high in this regard. But certainly they are not like the Japanese, who seem to "glory in their shame." Truly the licentiousness and ahandonment of our countrympn is inexpressibly deplorable. Spnsuality is widespread, even in country places. There are not a few places where prostitutes number a tenth of the population. At banquets and public gatherings the conditions are shocking. They consider this one of the privileges of life in a colony. Once, when I was taking a train at a certain station, a number of people came noisily after me. On looking around, I saw a divisional chief of the local government, and a chief of police, each being carried in the arms of several prostitutes as they swayed from side to side, with their official sword dragging, reeling drunkenly to the train which finally they boarded, or rather were pushed aboard.

Such being the condition of affairs how can we secure the respect of the Chospnese 1 We want the Chosenese to love Japan. But have we any affection for them ~ Love is begotten by love, but as I said before, the Japanese do not know love. How, then, C8Jl love originate in thpm towards us 1 With the present day morality of the Japanese can we demand their respecU With neither love nor respect how can we hope that they will loVE' J apan ~ Therefore, the mOTe we think of the Chosen question the more we realize that it is a spiritual question. In other words, it is pe'rfectly clear that what is called for is a thoroughgoing reformation in Japan's political ideals, educational policy, and in the individual character of the people of Japan. By all 'means Japan must be born again. Therefore, there is today no enterprise which compares in urgency with thr work of evangelization.

on the Korean

T HE NEWS of the situation in Korea (Chosen) is not yet reassuring. Reports of repressive measures by the Japanese remind us too vividly of the Bryce reports on Belgium and Northern France in the early years of the war. The following extracts from a long report by the special committee of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America give some of thp results of their investigation. The evidence has been carefully sifted and is believed to be reliable. While names are not generally giwn, more than thirty British and American individuals have testified and their names are in the possession of the committep. The documents include reports, personal letters and signed affidavits of eye witnesses. The Korean Independence Movement is, no doubt, a mistake and doomed to fail, but the Japanese military policy in Korea is a still greater blunde.r and can bring only disaster.

The df'sire for self-determination and national ideals has been fostered in Korf'a by the ideals expressed at the Peace Conference. The movement for freedom became country-wide last March at the time of the funeral of the ex-Emperor. Propagandists include Christians. memhers of the reformed native cult, the Chuntokyo, and Buddhists. Students of government schools are equally iY'- volvrd with those of mission schools. The causes underlying the agitation appear in documents presented on May 10th to influential Japanese in Tokyo b~r a committee from Chosen. They are briefly as follow,,: THE CAUSES 1. The desire for independence. 2. The rigors, cruelty and injustice of Japanese military administration- including the spy system, even in religious meetings, and constant show of force. 3. The Korean opposition to the apparent program of denationalization, in- including the exclusion of the Korean language and history from the school curricula. 4. The failure to give Koreans a share in their government either legislative or executive. S. Discrimination against Koreans in salaries, in schools, in employment and in the courts. 6. The lack of liberty of speech, press and assembly. 7. The limited religious liberty-forbidding the teaching of religion or of the Bible in private schools, the imposition of the observance of cere- monies which are against Christian conscience, and the intimidation of Christian. converts. 8. The practical prohibition of Korean travel and study abroad. 9. The appropriation of Korean crown lands by the Japanese.

10. The demoralizing influences introduced by Japanese~inc!uding lic;ellsed prostitution, the sale of morphine and cl,tltiv:).tion of 0l?ium. 664 11. The forced migration of Koreans into Manchuria. 12. The exploitation of Korean forests by Japanese and the licensed monopolies which bring hardship to Koreans.

The Independence Movement was so secretly organized that neither the missionaries nor the secret police of the government knew what was going to happen, though all were conscious of the great tensity of the time. In a very few days it spread to all parts of the land, even to remote mountain valleys. The police, gendarmes and soldiers were everywhere called out to disperse the crowds and to arrest the leaders. The first day or so no very rough methods were used, but from then on, and especially out in the country districts, the most brutal methods have been employed. Men, women and children have been repeatedly kicked, beaten with fists or gun butts, bayoneted, sabred and shot, until mission hospitals and, if report be true, the government and other private hospitals, too, are filled with the wounded; Severance Hospital having cots and beds in every available space, even the hallways. Testimony gathered from these wounded is consistent that until attacked .the crowds of demonstrators used no force but simply shouted for independence, and were fired upon or otherwise attacked. The barbarities have stirred all to deepest indignation and have to a certain extent terrorized the people, who were expecting merely arrest, yet they remain firm in their determination, although they are changing their method of demonstration and protest for the purpose of saving life. It is obvious, however, that if the brutal methods of repression are continued, retaliation on the part of the Koreans will inevitably be the result, even though they have no weapons.

THE FAOTS REPORTED The facts reported by the Governor General deal with an atrocity of the first magnitude, the particulars of which have reached Tokyo.

The missionaries who investigated were in a party of ten who visited several villages which had been burned by the Japanese gendarmes and soldiers, the villagers being driven out of their homes and not permitted to take with them anything whatever of value. All they owned was destroyed, and the villagers, young infants and old men and women, have been hiding in the hills, afraid to return to the site of their former homes, and without shelter, food or covering for their bodies at night.

In the course of their investigation, the searchers for facts reached one village where the little church had been destroyed by fire. The gendarmes and soldiers, marching into this village, had summoned the men of the village to attend a meeting in the church, where they were told certain orders would be read to

them. As soon as the men had been gathered together, the soldiery opened fire upon them through the open windows, after having surrounded the building. Volley after volley was poured into th(~ gathering, until the floor was covered with moaning heaps of dead and wounded men. To complete their work, the surviving women of the village told the missionaries. the soldiery entered the buil(l- .ing and bayoneted all the men whom the bullets had not killed, while two women, who had approached the building to learn the fate of their husbands, were likewise bayoneted and their bodies thrown among those of the men. Then kerosene was poured upon the dead and the bodies and the church building consumed by fire. When the advance guard of the investigating party reached this place, there were two bodies still left in the smoking ruins, the others having been raked out and disposed of out of sight.

March 28th, 1919, a girl, , about 21 years of age told the fol- lowing: "I was arrested on the streets of Pyengyang, the third of March, and taken to the police station. There were many others, both men and women.

They asked if we smoked, if we drank, and if we were Christians. Soon all were let out with little or no punishment, with the exception of twelve Methodist women, two Presbyterians, and one Chundokyo woman. Three of the Methodist women were Bible women. They stripped all the women naked in the presence of many men. They found nothing against me except that I had been on the street and had shouted 'Manzai.' They beat me until the perspiration stood out all over my body. They then said, "Oh, you are hot,' and threw cold water over my naked body. My arms were pulled tight behind my back and tied. Then saying I was cold, they stuck me with the lighted end of their cigarettes. (Some were stuck with hot irons.) Some were beaten until they were unconscious. After four days we were taken to the prison. Here we were packed in a room with men and women. One day an old man was beaten until he died. One of the Bible women was right next to him. She asked to be moved, but they compelled.

her to watch the dead body all night. One of the Bible women not only had her hands bound, but had her feet put in stocks. They took our Bibles.

away and would not allow us to talk or pray. They made vile and indecent remarks to us. All this was done by the Japanese. Though there were: Korean policemen in the room they took no part in the beating or in the vile-· ness. The Japanese blaspheme the name of Christ, and asked us if there'

was not a man by the name of Saul who was put in prison. They asked'

us most of all as to what the foreigners had said, and were most vile and'

cruel to those who had been with the missionaries, or who had taught in the mission schools. Some of the girls were so changed that they did not look like persons."

Hon. T. Hara, Premier of the Japanese Cabinet, sent the following cable message to the Federal Council of Churches in reply to a communication from them on the subject: "I desire to assure you that tl,c report of abuses committed by agents of the Japanese Government in KO'ea has been engaging my most serious attention. I am fully prepared to leok squarely at actual facts. As I have declared on various occasions, the regime: Qf ~dministration inaugurated iR

REPORTS ON THE KOREAN UPRISING

Korea at the time of the annexation, nearly ten years ago, calls for substantial modification to meet the altered conditions of things. Ever since the formation' of the present Cabinet in September last, I have been occupied in working out the scheme of needed administrative reforms in Korea. A comprehensive plan of reorganization with this object in view has already been on the tapis. For obvious reasons it has not been possible to proceed at once to its formal adoption in the presenc~ of the disturbances which have unfortunately broken out in various parts of the peninsula.

"In view, however, of the recent improvement in the situation, the contemplated reform can now be, in my estimation, safely introduced, and will be carried into effect as soon as the legal requirements of procedure to make them definitive shall have been completed. Announcement of the plan in a more complete form shall be withheld for the present, but I trust that the fixed determination with which my colleagues and I have been endeavoring to promote the lasting welfare of our Korean kinsmen, and to insure a distinct betterment of conditions in the country will not be misunderstood or misconstrued. "

The uncertainty as to the outcome of the disturbances is in- creased by the fact that the government of Chosen finds critics of the administration in the ranks of its own civil officials and in the Liberal parties in the Imperial Government. Investigators are not slow to criticize what they characterize as the stupid policy of the military regime, while the leading journals of Japan are to the extent of their meager information joining in a protest. The "Peninsular Magazine," a month1y published in Seoul by a Japanese but for the Koreans and in the Korean language, had its April number confiscated, further publication prohibited, and the editor arrested because it published a long editorial criticizing the Government-GeneraI's handling of the situation.

SIGNS OF HOPE IN JAPAN Except for rumors to the effect that the student class in Japan are beginning to favor Korean liberty, there is of course no one among the Japanese who favors independence for the Koreans, though the more advanced, like Viscount Kato, have come out in favor of autonomy; but many of them feel that the military administration ought to give place to the civil in the future, and that the military administration has made a failure in its colonial policy.

It is possible that government reform may take place. A recent statement of Mr. Yamagata, the Administrator-General, is to the effect that "the agitation is deplorable, coming as it does just on the eve of government l'pforms." But all officials seem to agree that the present uprising must be crushed before any reforms can be instituted, while th~ interpellations in the Diet in regard to the Korean situation seem to be a criticism of the administration for failing to keep order in the peninsula. rather than a suggestion that thE' underlying causE'S of thr <iistnrlml1CP he disCOVE'fPd and removed.

Democratic tendencies are manifest in the Japanese Empire

as well as in the rest of the world, and momentous events may occur at any time. Only recently two automobile loads of Japanese rushed through the streefs of Seoul, shouting" Democracy Banzai." Some sixty arrests have been made in connection with the demon- stration. Many conflicting forces are at work today in Japan as well as in Korea, but unless there is some marked change in gov- ernment policy or in the character of the administration, or both, mission work in Chosen faces a period of great limitation and difficulty. There are grave problems ahead. When the Adminis- trator General returned from a trip to Tokyo in April, he made the official announcement that the "lenient" measures employed in the past would be exchanged for utmost rigor, and a new law was promulgated by the Governor General making "any disturbance of the peace with a view of effecting a change of government" an offense punishable with ten years of penal servitude. This law significantly and specifioolly includes foreigners in the ruling.

The ultimate effect of this movement on the Christian Church in Korea is wholly problematical. The leaders went into it with their eyes open, realizing that failure meant persecution and probably severe repression of church activity, but the Moderator of the Korean General Assembly and others say that they prayed the matter through and felt that it was God's will for them to make this attempt to secure not merely civil but real religious liberty at this particular time in the world's history, when so many small peoples are apparently to secure these blessings. It is reported that officials have stated that the Chun Do Kyo (Heavenly Way Association) is to be suppressed entirely and that the Christian Church is to be reduced to about half its present size. If the military government remains in Korea and the present movement collapses the outlook for the future is dark. If, on the other hand, in view of the obvious failure of the admistration of the last nine years to conciliate the people, a civil administration and go-:ernmental reforms are introduced, while there probably would not be such an aggressive anti-Christian activity we must anticipate some restriction of Christian missions. It is evident that the most rigorous repression of demonstration is directed against Christians in those sections of the country where the Church is prominent.

The effect of the movement on mission work is equally problematiool, for the government, whil-e officially stating that they do not regard the missionaries as having any direct uesponsibility for this uprising, which took government and missionaries alike by surprise, seems to be making every effort in the examination of prisoners to fasten responsibility upon the missionary body. But the Koreans under examination uniformly insist that the missionaries are not connected with the movement.

A MOHAMMEDAN SCHOOL IN NORTH AFRI

Christianity in:';Tunis Past and Present BY ARTHUR V. LILEY, TUNIS, NORTH AFRICA Missionary of the North Africa Mission T HE Phoenicians, with their offerings to Moloch and Baal- Ammon, passed away from the Mediterranean coasts to be replaced by the Romans and their deities. Among the Romans, however,. there appeared a little flock who worshipped the one true God, in the name of Jesus Christ, His Son.

There is no record as to how Christianity reached Carthage, though it is well known in church history that Perpetua, Felicita and other martyrs sealed their testimony in blood in the amphitheatre, the ruins of which are seen today. The ruins of the churches used by the Carthaginian Christians have also recently been unearthed, and it is well known that Augustine labored at Hippo with some success, for the Kabyles became professing Christians.

In the seventh century the Moslems, led by Okba, invaded North Africa and by the sword converted the people to Islam. Thus Christianity disappeared from North Africa.

In the center of the city of Tunis the minaret of the mosque Zetouna, which towers above the bazaars and houses, is said by some to be the ancient Spanish Cathedral of St. Olive. No longer is Jesus Christ spoken of there as the Son of God, and "the Sav- 669

iour of men; nor is the theology of the Bible taught in the college near by. To this college some 500 or 600 Moslem students come <,ypry year to study the Koran and Moslem tradition.

An Arab boy's education bpgins at the lcoutab or school under the direction of a rnmuldab or master. The school consists of one room situated generally near a marabout or saint's grave. Desks, spats and copy books are things unknown. The scholars, having ll'ft their shoes or slippers at the door, squat on a grass mat spread on the ground. After mastering the Arabic characters, the young pupil traces, with a reed pen on a piece of board smeared with a thin coating of clay, the first chapter of the Koran. He swings his body backward and forward, shouting his lesson at the top of his yoice and thus commits it to memory.

One can und0rstalld what a Babpl such a school is when some 20 or 30 scholars are memorizing ill this way at the same time. The Koran having been committed to memory after some five or six years study, the young man goes to the medressa or college to study the commentaries of the Koran grammar and syntax, logic and Moslem theology. It is all a matter of memory, they are not taught to think. At the end of four or more years the young Arab, having passed his examination successfully, may become a notary, a teacher or a writer in a government office. Further studies are necessary to become a judge, mufti( religious leader) or a professor. Wherever these young men go they carry with them some re- ligious influence. It is therefore of the greatest importance to evangelize them while they are in the city; otherwise they may return to their distant homes and never come in contact with a Ohristian missionary again. For this reason a special work is carried on among the students in Tunis. Some of their questions are foolish and their arguments are illogical and ignorant.

When all are quietly listening to God's plan of Salvation, an Arab may suddenly shout out: "What is written on the door of heaven ~" or, "",Vho is the father of Jesus OhrisH" or again: "Who is the greatest and last of the prophets 1"

In answer to the first question the Arabs say that the Moslem "witness" is written on the door of heayen: "There is no god but God and Mohammed is His prophet." I generally ask, "What is the use of knowing if there is anything written on the door of Paradise if you don't know the way there? The Bible tells us that the Lord Jesus is the way and this is more important than what is written on the door."

The Moslems deny that man is a free agent. Everything is Mektoub decreed. Thev say that God foresaw the fall of Adam and therefore ordained that he should partake of the forbidden fruit. This was necessary, they argue, in order that Adam and Eve

19191 tHRIS1'IANI'I'Y IN TUNIS- PAST AND PRESF:NT

THREE TUNISIANS CONV}:R'fE;D TO CHRISTIANITY might come down to the earth and people it, for the Arabs say that the garden of Eden was in heaven. Thus they make God employ evil in order to carry out His purposes and say that He decrees evil in order that good may come.

Moslems reject the Bible, first because they say that the early Ohristians tampered with it changing its meaning, and because all its teaching is found in the Koran. They deny the Deity of Ohrist, His atonement and redemptive work, and give first place to Mohammed, a man who had eleven wives, and professed to have special revelations commanding him to marry Zeinab, the divorced wife of Zied, his adopted Bon.

Moslems have a very lax idea of sin. Lies are permissible to get one out of a difficulty; a poor mali may steal in order that he may feed his family, and when a man kills his friend or companion in a fit of passion, it is declared mektoub, decreed.

Are there no converts to Christianity from Islam 1 Thank God, there are. Some converts have stood well, some are faulty and others have caused great sorrow. Our Bible depot keeper gives us much joy. One who is persecuted by his friends and is tempted by an inheritance has consequently gone back somewhat, while another has quite dishonored his profession of faith in Christ. The Gospel is being preached to all sorts and conditions of men, the educated Arab, the ignorant Sudanese; the students at the university and the illiterate workingmen, the old women and the young maidens. Who can tell what the harvest will be 1 As yet only the fringe· of the population of Tunis has been reached. Men willing to endure hardness as good soldiers of Christ are needed to carry the news of salvation to camps and villages. With the decline of Moslem power, which is evident on every side, there is more freedom for the proclamation of the message of the Cross. A revival is needed in the home· churches to thrust out some as messengers of "good tidings" to this needy land.

THREE KABYLE MOSLEM STUDF<NTS IN A KORANIC SCHOOL The Student in the center is a daily reader of' the Bible

FUJI SPINNING MILLS IN TOYKO

'ren years ago this was an open field. Today this is one of eight mills employing 20,000 people.

The Need for Christ in Japan's Factories BY J. MERLE DAVIS, TOKYO, JAPAN Honorary Secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association I.

T HAT Ohrist is needed in the factories of Japan may be in- ferred from the need of Him in American and European mills. If our Western factory system with all its brutalities of overwork, under pay, child labor, and inadequate protection has flourished notwithstanding a Christian inheritance and atmosphere, we cannot be surprised at the presence of gross evils and a callous conscience in the Ohristless labor world of Japan.

With no adequate government legislation, with employers of labor accustomed to sacrifice the welfare of their working people to profiteering, with public opinion indifferent or ignorant of the solution of social problems, it would seem that the hope for Japanese labor lies in organizing for its own protection. However, since the heroic efforts of Katayama and his associates, twenty years ago, the combination of labor in any form has been an offense punishable by heavy penalties. Nor has the Japanese working man the protection of the franchise. He is helpless in the hands of capital, unable to utter a protest to the intolerable conditions imposed upon him, except the protest of revolution. An eloquent witness to this is the rioting of last August, when the cup of the people's wrath at the profiteering of rice brokers overflowed. At that time ~,OOO,OOO yen worth of property and many lives were lost in the only protest left to labor at inequalities imposed upon it. The 1,460,000 Japanese property owners are today making the laws and controlling the destinies of an empire of 70,000,000 souls.

A suffrage qualification of 10 yen property tax automatically 673

shuts out the men upon whose shoulders the nation's prosperity is depending,. from any share in self-determination.

On the other hand, along with the denial of opportunity the government is enforcing universal education. The worker may not vote, but he must learn how to read and write. Every child between six and ten is compelled to attend the primary school. The result is a higher percentage of literacy than is found in any other nation. The sources of knowledge concerning the economic, social and political status of Western labor is forced into the hands of the Japanese worker by the same paternal government which denies him any voice in regulating the conditions of his wealth-producing toil. Like the Jewish leaders of Christ's time, modern Japanese statesmen are attempting the impossible task of bottling new wine in old wine skins. Antiquated institutions and modern thought; universal education and a restricted ballot; democratic idealism and militarism; tpe leaven of universal brotherhood and a narrow nationalism; individualism and ancestor and emperor worship; industrialism, with its train of social and economic problems, and feudalistic conceptions of social relationlShips; low economic standards of daily life and wage and increasingly high economic demands of the world's markets; the unblushing immorality of the old order overlapping upon the moral requirements of the new. The pressure toward liberal id€'as, d€'mocracy, suffrage, women's rights, economic righteousness, labor unions and clean social standards is like a rising tide. No strengthening of old walls can hold it back:; every sign of Ht€' times points to the fact that the old bottles are bursting.

The defeat of Germany, with the discrediting of political and economic standards which she had been following, has greatly hastened the birth pangs of this nation. Stubbornly refusing, until the very last, to admit the possibility of Germany's overthrow, the military clique of Japan has, at length, admitted that the nation, for forty years, has been putting its money on the wrong horse. This admission is not an easy experience for a proud and. able people, but once made, will clear the way for sweeping changes in the national life. Christian leaders like Ebina Danjo and Kanamori Tsurin state their conviction that Japan is now to enter a period of openness to Christian truth and leadership of Christian ideals unprecented in her history. There is no question but that the triumph of Christian idealism in diplomacy and statecraft has moved this critical nation to a desire to know the sources of such ideals. One of the most far-reaching results of the world war mav be the demonstration on a nation-wide scale of the practicability and power of the spirit of Christ when applipd to int('rnationaI relationships.

THE NEED FOR CHRIST IN JAPAN'S FACTORIES

For 250 fateful years Japan shut herself out from vitalizing contact with the rest of the world; while the nations of Europe and America were passing through a steady development of material, scientific and moral life, the Island Empire prided herself on a splendid isolation. Thus Japan has herself, alone, to thank for the present heavy handicap she is carrying in her race for the markets of the world. For the last half century she has been straining to overtake the long lead which her western competitors hold. That she has, in such a brief time, so nearly approximated to this apparently impm;sihl(' goal, is eloquent of the intelligence CLEANING UP AN ALLY IN THE SLUMS OF THE INDUSTRIAL QUARTER, TOKYO and ambition of her people. Heavily handicapped by lack of natural resources and low economic standards, she early saw that to hold a place of power among the nations, she must industrialize ll er life.

Today,Japan holds in her hands the material equipment of national power, but along with her factory-lined cities, her whirring mills and fleets of merchant ships have come as guests, unbidden to the feast, a whole hrood of unwelcome social and industrial problems, labor questions, questions of public sanitation, public rights and morals,-problems which she never bargained for in her hid for national power; problems with which she is poorly prepared to cope in any adequate manner.

That the Christian solution, as applied to these manifold proh- 1 ~;lI1s of the nation is the only hope for approximating to the life of hoI' si.ster nations of the West is the conviction of many of Japan's best friends and an increasing' number of her leaders.

Japan has been so long accepted as the land of kalE·idescopic change that the transformation is supposed to be complete. How- ever, evcli many leading Japanese and foreign residentH are un- aware of the amazing speed with which the metamorphosis is even now progressing. It is the high-powered factory, invadhlg every city in the land, which is responsible for this latest sweeping change in the nation's life. Japan, using American and Britil'lh bi~)'c1es, sewing machines, electric dynamos, locomotives, boots, cotton goods, and coal was an object of romatic interest and a valuable customer. But the romanc~ wears off when, today, Japan ll')t only produces her own coal, cotton goods, shoes, bicycleR, e]"c- tric machinery, and rolling stock, munitions, arms, leather, and glassware, but produces these and many other commodities in such volume as to step into the current of world trade as a competi- tor for the markets of all nations. Her vast arsenals, her grf~at shipyards, capable of launching battleships and merchant vessels equal in tonnage and speed to any ships afloat, her whirring looms, the mighty resources of power stored in her mountains, her cheap labor and favorable position for Asiatic and Pacific trade, all means that the Japan of the tea-house girl and samisen, the lacquered screen and lotus pond, is gone, and in place of th" silken-gowned, artistic gentleman there has stepped into the world lists a grimy-handed young giant, clad in grease-stained overalls, eager to measure strength with the champions of the West.

Nor can Japan turn upon the road which she, has chosen. An island empire, with a dfmsity of population of 359 to the square mile, with but one-seventh of her area capable of cultivation,and her people multiplying at the rate of three-quarters of a million a year, the nation has passed the point where agriculture can support the people. With very limited natural resources, flanked on either hand by Russia and America, jealously watching for every sign of military aggression, her exit to the South Seas barred by Australia, and her immigrants turned back from the doors of Canada, Australia and the United States, Japan is increasingly thrown upon her own intensive powers of development. There is only one possible form for this development to take,-the industrial and commercial.

In entering into competition with western labor, this island people find gq-ave conditions to overcome, many of which are common to industry the world over, but others peculiar to Japan alone. These cOIlditions constitute a serious handicap in her bid for world trade and power and need a Christian solution.

First among these conditions peculiar' to the industrialization of Japan is the phenomenal speed of her transformation from the agricultural stage. Forty-eight years ago, Japan had a mere handful of modern mills, while her foreign trade amounted to but

THE NEED FOR CHR1ST IN JAPAN 'S FACTORIES

THE SPINNING ROOM OF THll FUJI SPINNING COMPANY, TOKYO 48,559 yen, Last year she operated over 25,000 mills, and her foreign trade totalled above two and one-half billion yen, After more than ' a generation of experience as a debtor nation to the West, for the last four years Japan has turned the tables upon most of her former creditors and has played the role of creditor to America, England and Russia, 'I.'his bewildering speed in transforming the economic sources of her life has not given a normal period of adjustment to the new conditions of modern industrialism. Knowledge of high grade tools, the manipulation and ca're of intricate machines, the development of skilled mechanical traditions, the adjustment of output to the needs of the market, the assimilation, housing and welfare of the crowding workers in the cities, adequate legislation for factory life, and the adjustment of society to this new class of the population, are among the problems which r equire time for solution. This element of time has been omitted from Japan's industrial formula. It is not strange that the nation is bafHed in seeking a solution, nor that her growing pains have sorely weakened her development.

Second: The nearness of the nation to feudalism may be named as another of the striking factors which constitutes an industrial problem peculiar to Japan. No phase of the life of this people can be correctly appraised without full recognition of the lingering influence of the feudal system. But seventy years ago

the feudal princes of Japan were living on their great fiefs like miniature kings, each surrounded by his court, by his military retainers, and by larger or smaller groups of vassals in the towns and villages, who looked to their lord as the dispenser of justice and order, and the source of their prosperity and protection. In return for these Teal and imaginary favors, the loyal retainer gave military service and labor upon great public works. ,Vhen the central govel'1lment in Yedo, fearing the growing power of Lord Date, Daimyo of Sendai, summonded him to build half a mile of a difficult section of the castle moat, this prince called 7,000 of his retainers and for four years conducted their construction of the , mighty moat, now known as, '0 cha no mizu."

Under such conditions of mutuai interdependence, strikes aud lockouts were as improbable as were slum sanitation or questions of minimum wage and overwork.

The influence of this patemalistic relationship of lord and man still persists in some of the old-fashioned industries, and has been slow to disappear, with the result that strikes in the past have been almost unknown. But not so with the modern factory. Here, the government has not taken the place of feudal lord. Neither has the modern mill owner accepted the responsibility of the old Daimyo employer of labor.

With the breakup of the feudal system and the entrance of Japanese labor into the open market of competitive modern in- dustry, a most serious gap appears which neither government, employer, nor society in general has attempted to bridge. Into this unbridged chasm Japanese labor is falling, and with it the power and health and reputation of the nation is also in danger of falling, unless it is spanned by a new sense of responsibility on the part of Japanese society. Into the timbers of this crucial structure of the future, the spirit of Christ must build' itself in ways to arouse a new social conscience in matters of labor, the sanctity of womanhood and child life, and the rights of the producer to a fair share of the wealth he creates.

Third: Another result of the feudal regime is that a society accustomed to receive from its superiors its orders, its care and its occupation, and having lived for centuries in deeply grooved class lines, is both helpless and indifferent when faced with the social problems of the amlY of modern mill hands that clamor at the city gates. Public institutions for the defective and charity organizations did not flourish in old Japan. The sick, the defective, and the indigent were, to an amazing degree, cared for by the family or relatives. While seeming to eliminate' some of the most serious problems of modern society, this system placed an almost unbearable burden upon the homes of the nation and a heavy handicap upon its health and prosperity, Its practical effect has

THE NEED FOR CHRIS'f IN JAPAN'S FACTORIES

been that the Japanese have not been trained to sense or to eolve society's needs. Intolerable conditions are existing among the slums and 'factories of the .cities which are not only unknown to great numbers of the most iutelligent and progressive citizens, including Christian leaders, but even when known arouse little more than a passing comment of regret or of curious interest. In a vast majority of cases, these conditions do not stir men to remedial measures nor to a fundamental study of conditions looking toward adequate legislation or the education of the public conscience. At this point, the education of a tender conscience 'in matters relating to individual and public welfare, the Gospel of Christ will find in the future one of its priceless gifts to Japan.

There is probably no other class of society in Japan more open to the gospel of Christ and more in need of the new life and blessings of the gospel than the Japanese laborer. Usually from the country, the factory hand, on moving to the city, enters a class of society which has no recognized traditions or status in the eyes of the citizens. On leaving his mountain village, the influence of the ancestral shrine, and the appeal to the tutelary deity of his trade are left behind, while 'no god of the factory is substituted. The god of the world he now enters are steam and electricity, its faith is materialism and its shrines, shelter, untold power and wealth. The new-comer has also parted company with the social relationships that have hitherto moulded him and which have contributed to his sense of responsibility and self-respect. On entering the industrial quarters of the great city, no club or guild takes the place of the rural organizations to whose activities he has given so much of his spare time.

In this new world, with its overpowering evidences of greed and force and materialism, he easjly loses his sense of accounta~ bility, his identity, his former self-respect, and sinks to the level of his benumbing enviromnent, a mechanical atom, matching his vitality against that of the tireless machine which he tends~ Like water seeking the lower levels, the flood of factory workers from the country districts pour into the low lying slums and tenements which abound in the industrial districts. Here may be found housing conditions which give rise to a whole brood of moral, sanitary and welfare problems, which this article can only barely indicate in passing.

One such typical slum district in the famous East Side of Tokyo has been made the subject of a careful government survey. Of its eleven hundred families, 66.4% are living in one-room tenements, nine feet square and 375 of these families occupy homes which average six feet square. WDen it is considered that the average family in this district numbers five persons and that more than half are keeping single laborers, as "roomers", some

idea of the congestion may be had. Over 3,500 workers without families are boarding in this one small district. No wonder that under such housing conditions, illegitimacy thrives. Not a few of these homes maintain their identity by the efforts of the mother alone, the children each acknowledging a different father, who comes back to lodge as convenience or fancy may impel.

The fact that most of the East Side of rrokyo lies below the level of the highest tides means periodic, wide-spread inundations, which bring added misery to these wretched districts, which are practically never dry, slime standing under the thin floors, in the shallow gutters and over the surface of the alleys most of the year.

The output of crime, disease, deficiency, degeneracy, pauperism and immorality from such conditions is very large. There are nine such districts on the East Side of Tokyo, alone, and as yet, with the exception of the Salvation Army, no adequate Ohristian remedial institutions to bring the joy and cleansing power of the gospel.

Ohrist's keynote of the value of the individual man is of paramount importance for the labor world of Japan. Not the individual, but the family, the clan, the state is the unit of Japanese society. The rights of the person are negligible as compared with the larger group. A vast modern factory system, employing labor by the hundred thousand, breaks down when built upon this conception of society. It is a slow evolution for mill owners to recognize the individual worker and his welfare as the key to the welfare of. his mill and of the nation. Only Ohrist can adequately supply this conception in the teaching that each laborer is a child of God, and, what is fully as important, the impelling motivf' power for applying its implications. Without such a reconstructed vision of the central value of each worker, Japan's industrial future is doomed, for she cannot continue to burn over her fields of human resources, in the prodigal fashion. of the last decade, without irretrievable loss.

Japanese modern industry is unique in the phenomenal proportion of female labor employed. Some careful estimates place the proportion of women and girls as three-fifths of the total. The vast cotton and silk spinning and weaving mills are responsible alone for· half a million girl employees. Thirty-four thousand are laboring in coal mines, while women and girls tend the machines of a dozen different modern industries. Three-fifths of these workers are under twenty years of age, and 10% are children between 12 and 15. These spinning and weaving industries are exacting a heavy toll from the health of the nation. It is estimated that 250,000 girls are drawn annually from country homes to the city mills, attracted by the high wages, steady employment and the lure of city life. The life in these factories is little removed from

THE NEED FOR CHRIST IN JAPAN'S FACTORIES

AN AUTUMN FLOOD IN TOKYO SLUMS AFTER A HEAVY STORM slavery. The remark of one mill managel' to the writer, "We own the bodies, minds and souls of these girls," being only too true. Sold by parents for terms of from two to four years, the girls receive only 20% of their wages, the balance being sent to the parents, who are often paid ~ lump sum in advance for the year's toil of the daughter. Seventy per cent of these women workers live in dormitories within the factory compound, never leaving the premises save two or three afternoons a month and then in charge of a foreman or attendant. This forethought on the part of the management is not for the protection of the girls, but to keep them from running away, as considerable numbers do at their first opportunity.

Work in the large city mills lasts from twelve to fourteen hours, but in many of the more remote provincial factories, fifteen, sixteen and even seventeen hours per day at the looms is not infrequently exacted.

Night work, prohibited by la,v, is still common in not a few factories and makes serious inroads upon health. In mills where night work is the rule, the women on the day and night shifts are often obliged to share the same bed, which is neither aired nor dusted, as the weary night worker takes the place of the girl who rises for the day shift. Such conditions, naturally, greatly accelerate the. national predilection towards tuberculosis.

Few can long stand the strain, the monotony, the ceaseless roar of the looms and the unsanitary surroundings for more than a year. A turn-over of sixty-six percent each year and an estimated

sickroll wastage among those returning home of from 10 to 15 per cent are facts more eloquent than words of, not only the economic loss, but the price in human health and vitality which the nations is paying for its factory output.

Japan's factories differ widely in the attention paid by the management to the moral and social welfare of their employees. The best mills, like the Kanegafuchi and the Fuji companies, each employing over twenty thousand hands, take pride in their care for the health and the moral and recreational life of the girls in their employ. These mills are justly the pride of the country and are frequently shown to foreign visitors. Not so with the mills of the country t0W11S. These remote centers, far removed from the government inspector's eye and run on old-fashioned principles are occasionally centers of frightful physical and moral evils, overseers and wardens holding the girls in virtual moral slavery, even compelling the day hands to act as public prostitutes at night. One expert in factory conditions states that it is not uncommon for one-half of the girls in a mill to lose their virtue within the first year of their employ. It is in the sad lives of these toiling daughters of Christless Japan that the blessings of the Gospel are needed more than among anyone class of the people today.

The future of Japan as a great power is, as never before, depending upon the integrity and the efficiency of her working classes. Why is it that Japanese-made goods so often do not meet the requirements of western markets ~ Why do American firms reject certain Japanese products, and make from Japanese raw material and Japanese patterns their own goods 1 Why has Japan already lost so many of the markets gained during the early years of the wad '1.'he answer is not difficult to one who knows the status of Japanese labor. This nation can no more hope to win in the world race for markets, on the basis of underfed, overworked, immoral and helpless factory hands than she can hold back the tides which wash her shores. A mediaeval conception of exploited humanity, colored with the fatalism of Eastern philosophy can never stand before the highly organized, individualized ranks of Western labor, bulwarked with democracy and the concept of life's values which Christ has given to the Anglo-Saxon nations. The Christ who bears burdens, who brings hope to -colorless lives, who cleans up homes and neighborhoods, who cares for the health and joys of little children, who takes a vital interest in the status of labor and who stands for the rights of sanctity of womanhood will profoundly affect the Japanese labor world. Such an interpretation of Christ will equally move all classes of society, for by such activities, alone, will the Japanese nation adequately begin to understand the meaning of Christianity.

OF THE KONDA HUTS ATTACKED AT

An African Autobiography A Fragment by Daniel Uhlane, a Christian Convert PRESENTED BY REV. DONALD FRASER, NYASALAND Missionary of the United Free Church of Scotland, Livingstonia Mission Chapter II-First Contact with the White Men When the Europeans came to the country I was still a lad. They called me to work in their .house, and I washed the dishes, and made the beds, and stood by them when they ate. Dr. Elmslie was my master.

I began also to learn to read the primer. But in those days it was difficult to learn, for the chiefs would not allow the people to be taught. So men wondered that I should stay with the Europeans. They said, "You are foolish to live with strange people. Those are fish out of the Lake. They are not men like us."

And they asked me at home, "Do the white people sleep as we do? Have they habits like ours ~ Their clothes fill us with wonder."

683

So they'plied me with questions. But to me the most awful thing was when the Europeans prayed. I was amazed to see them speak alone as to themselves. Among us it was a forbidden thing to speak to oneself. We said such an one was a sorcerer. So I trembled when they prayed, for I thought, "See there is no other one in this secret place. They are talking to themselves."

At last my fear took so great a hold of me I could stay no longer. I went to Dr. Elmslie and asked to be allowed to return to my own village. The doctor refused, and his wife said: "We love to have you here. I do not wish you to go away." I plead to be allowed to go for a little while, but she answered, "I would love to teach you until you can read a book just as well as I can."

But at these words I was more terrified than ever, for I thought, "She wants me to be like herself, and to talk alone. Then everyone will fear me, for I shall be reckoned a sorcerer."

I agreed to stay, but only with the intention of running away, as soon as an opportunity occurred. I saw now that the doctor and his wife were keen to teach me. They used to ask me in the evening to pray along with them. But when they prayed, I took care not to.

My fear only grew, for I dreaded that my companions in the village should hear that I prayed along with the Europeans, and that I should be labeled a sorcerer. So one day I asked to go home, promising to return quickly. This was agreed to, but they said, "Gome back in the evening." I answered that I would, but I was as sly as the owl when it talked round the bat. The doctor and his wife, however, would not do without me.

When they saw that I did not return, they sent to my uncle, and asked him to send me back. This he did, saying that the white man was anxious for me to work in his house.

At this time the other chiefs separated themselves frum our Moho villages. They said: "The Moho people invited the white men in. Now they are demanding their children. Wait a bit, when the Europeans return to their own country they will carry away these Moho children. Then the fathers will come to us and say, 'See, they have carried away our children.' But we will answer, 'Whose blame is it? You invited them into the country_' "

But the missionaries grew bolder and taught openly. A little class met on·the verandah of their house. There were six of us in it. Our teacher was Mr. MacIntyre. He had only the stump of a first finger. When he began to teach, he said, "What is this~" pointing to a letter of the alphabet. But seeing his little stump of a finger, I burst out laughing. He rose angrily to thrash me,

AN AFRICAN AUTOBIOGRAPHY

TUMBUKA SPIRIT 'l'EMPLES INTO WHICH OFFERINGS OF "mAL OR BEER WERE PUT but I jumped aside, ran into a house, and turned the key in the lock. Dr. Elmslie was called, and he rebuked me, saying, "You must not do this again, but try to learn all your teacher tells. Some day you will receive good things, and then you will be glad you listened."

New when I heard this, I said to myself, "What good things are these he talks abouU Is it sugad" He says, "When you understand you will eat good things."

So I went back to my fellows, and said to them: "The European has told me not to laugh when I am being taught, for when I understand, he will give me good things, I think he means sugar, the white man's beer. I know how sweet it is, for I have tasted it when I was washing the dishes." We all agreed to learn diligently. But the doctor was talking of the everlasting good. Alas ! We were so blind that we feared without cause, and wished to grow up in our ignorance. Many days, however, had not passed when the chief closed down our school, saying that he did not wish his people to become cowards, and useless for war. Now William Koyi (Mtusune was his native name) in his public teaching had said:

"~angoni, listen to my words. Give over war, and what you seek, we shall help you to find. Live in peace, and God will be with you, and you will be His people. Once I was such as you, but now I belong to God."

But the Ngoni had answered, "If a man calls the people together, is he to talk to them, and receive no answer? Let us speak." Then up rose the orator Nkwelula, and spoke thus, "Yes, we have heard. Some of the words are good, but you say that God forbids us to war. There you lie. Whom are the people to fear? When were the Ngoni ever defeated? You speak of the things we desire, where are they to come from 1 Listen, lads, Mtusane lies when he says that God does not approve of war. In our wars we worship God. If he allows ~s, we destroy a stockade, and take cattle and goats; if He forbi.ds, we are unable to enter the stockade. But when He approves great is our fame among people. So when Mtusane speaks of war, he lies. But all he has said about adultery, and lying, and theft is true. For we know that if a man is a thief, or adulterer, he will be killed when he goes to fight. There he speaks the truth, but as for war, he lies."

Nevertheless, we went on learning, for we had already been ostracized, and there was no place in the tribe for us. We were derisively called "The Bricks," for we were helping to build the European's house. When we went to join in the dances of the people, they cried, "Clear out. We don't want to see the white man's folk. If we allow them, they will draw us also to be with them."

One of our number was bold enough to join them openly in the dance, and shortly afterwards he was killed on the path. This frightened the children, and none of them would come to be taught. When we attempted to enquire into the murder of our friend, the people jeered at us, and said: "Consult your books, and your white men. They should be able to tell you who killed your friend. We won't." One day shortly after this I was in the white man '8 house set- ting out the table, and the doctor was lying in bed very ill. Suddenly I heard a rush of people outside, and women fleeing to NJuyu hill. They cried out that a war party wason its way to kill the Europeans and the people of Mop.o who had befriended them. I roused the doctor, and though he was very ill, he went out, and climbing an ant-hill, he looked through his glasses. In the distance he saw a regiment on the march. It was not making for the mission house, but for another village of Moho, where it seized the cattle and goats, and tlwn returned to Ekwendeni, whence it had come.

(To be contintle(l)

Forty-Five Years After

BY REV. ALFRED C. WRIGHT, GUADALAJARA, MEXICO I -N 1872, following up the splendid opening made by Miss Melinda Rankin of the American and Foreign Ohristian Union, mission- aries were sent to Guadalaja'ra, Mexico, and in spite of the bitterest opposition of the Roman Oatholics, converts were gained and groups of evangelical believers were established in many different points in the Isurrounding country, which is one of the most thickly inhabited agricultural regions of the Republic.

Early in 1874, one of the missionaries of the American Board, Rev. John L. Stephens, went f'rom Guadalajara to Ahualulco, where a small- group received him cordially. He Tented a house on the central plaza for services and for a night school, and was rapidly gaining the sympathy and the active cooperation of a considerable number of the people.

The parish priest, however, was aroUised by his success, openly denounced him from the pulpit, forbade his own flock to have any dealings with the Protestants, and burned in the plaza such Bibles and evangelical literature as he could lay hands upon. Not satisfied with these measures, he incited the people to mare definite action. Getting together a mob of the most fanatical and ignorant. after furnishing them freely with intoxicating liquo'r, he sent them out at midnight to attack the house of the missionary.

Aroused by the stoning of his door and by the shouts of the mob, with his Bible in· his hand, Mr. Stephens climbed to the roof, together with the Mexicans who we're with him in the house. The door wrus soon broken down and the mob rushed in. Others had gained entrance from the back, and among them were seveTal of the town guards dreiSsed in uniform. Stephens, thinking that these would protect him, climbed down and appealed to them, but was felled by the stroke of a mache~e, and was hO'rribly cut to pieces by the infuriated mob.

Later his Mexican helper, Jesus Islrus, was found and murdered; and a blind boy, who had been the innocent recipient of kind attentions from Stephens, was brutally killed. The p'riest who instigated the crime escaped, but the government arrested three hundred of the mob and retained one hundred of them for formil trial, of whom twenty were convicted. About eight were executed and the rest were sentenced to imprisonment for life.

This was forty-five years ago. Has Mexico changed in these years 1 On March 2, 1919, the anniversary of the martyrdom of Stephens, the missionari('s at Guadalajara were invited by the * From the Missionary Herald.

687

church at Ahualulco to attend a commemorative service such as is held each year on this date. The house in which the crime was perpetrated wa:s secured for mission premises soon after the scene described, the owner contributing about half of its value for that purpose. A congregation was soon formed, first under the American Board, subsequently transferredlo the Methodist Episcopal Ohurch South, and has just been turned over again to the American Board, in accordance with the new cooperative plan of mission work now being inaugurated in Mexico.

While the carnival which precedes Lent was at its height, with services crowding the great church to its capacity and with hundreds of adherents, chiefly pure Indians, kneeling in the open court and out to the middle of the street; although many devotees had taken advantage of the open booths on the plaza, devoted to the sale of liquor, to get drunk; and although they promenaded the plaza in front of the evangelical church with bands of music and songs, yet not a word offensive to the Protestants was heard.

The church proper was not used on this occasion, rus it was not a strictly religious service, though held on Sunday night. But the extensive corridor at one side was draped with evergreen. a large picture of the martyred Stephens was surrounded with wreaths, a platform for ispeakers was arranged at one side, and an orchestra of five pieces was employed to provide the music. A vivid description of the events leading up to the assassination and of the event itself was read, and there, followed an address by the director of the public schools, not an evangelical, but a warm sympathizer, recitations, and music by the orchestra.

The influence of evangelical Ohristianity in that place may be judged from the fact that two of the mOist highly esteemed of the public school teachers are graduates of our Instituto Oolon, and the director of schools and his wife were educated under evangelical influences. A former student of the Collegio Internacional is employed in the office of the tax collecto'r; and two other graduates of Instituto Colon and of a training school for nurselS at San Antonio, Texas, are considered the best medical authorities of the place, and are busy constantly with ~patierits rrom all classes of society.

These two trained nUI'lses have offered their services to the mission, free, for two hours daily, to direct a clinic and dispensary in a room now being built as an addition to the mission property. The poor will be treated f'ree of charge and medicines will be provided at cost to those needing such aid, while religious instruction will be given to all who apply there for treatment. It is proposed to name the Toom "Sala de Ou.raciones Stephens," in memory of the first martyr of evangelical Ohrilstianity in Mexico.

Appeal from

A RCHBISHOP PLATON, the senior surviving Bishop of the Russian Church and the Metropolitan of Kherson and Odessa, who spent seven years of his life in America, has now come over from Russia to ask help for his people against the Bolshevism that has brought ruin to Church and State. While Archbishop Platon is asking help for his own Church, and has never been sympathetic to the evangelical Christian work in Russia, it is of real interest to read bis plea; and the plight of the Russian Church should lead to prayer that through this affliction the Church may come to true spiritual life. The Russian Church is today the strongest organized force against Bolshevism, infidelity, anarchy, immorality, and the attendant evils so rife in Russia. The awful sufferings of the Jews at the hands of Russian churchmen in past days are now being visited on the Church, whose buildings are destroyed and whose priests and people are persecuted. f;lynagogues are spared in regions where the Bolsheviki are in power.

ARCHBISHOP PLATON'S APPEAL The wrath of God, justly directed against us, continues to be poured forth on Russia. The exceeding great distress of the Christian Russian nation has reached its climax. The Russian people, numbering over two hundred million souls, is perishing. No human power or words can describe the affliction and horrors of the Russian tragedy of today. The history of the world has nothing on record to compare with it. The faith of a most r~ligious people has been humiliated, derided, profaned. One half of the educated class, small at best, have been massacred. Russian women, of the type described by Pushkin, Turgeneff and other masters of Russian literature, have been violated and dishonored. Children have been mercilessly butchered. The machinery of government has been destroyed. Agriculture and industry have been deranged. The finances of the country have been completely exhausted.

I pray you to support and succor a great nation, even if you cannot save it from destruction. Help it by your prayers to God on behalf of the most unhappy of countries. . . . Prevail upon your fellow-countrymen to help an unfortunate people, who have fallen into the hands of thieves (Luke x, 15). Call upon your charitable societies and organizations speedily to assist the Russian people. Persuade your women to help by their sympathy, to dry the bitter tears of Russian mothers, sisters and daughters, who have been cruelly violated by monsters from hell in the shape of human beings ….

To the calamities of the Russian people already enumerated, still another is now being added-the most awful of all-HUNGER. The most fertile of lands, the erstwhile granary of the world, has been turned into a land of famine under the rule of the Bolsheviki. People are dying from exhaustion. Epidemics are raging. There are no medicines.

It is not possible that Russia's present downfall represents the end of 689

her history. Russia will yet play a great part in the activities of the world. Only let her fulfil her historic part as your friend and ally, let her not desert to the camp of your enemies, for she has only yielded to necessity and. does not accept her present fate as final. . . .

Russia is now an enormous prison, shut off from the whole world by a broad and lofty wall. More than two hundred million people are immured within that prison-people who are, as you know, kind-hearted, simple, politically youthful and inexperienced in the negative qualities of world politics; a nation deceived, a nation wilfully and deliberately poisoned and drugged. In this prison they are being tortured, racked and tormented. Why do your nurses and men workers now not hasten to Russia, the land where torture, torment, suffering and death have been legalized under fine-sounding, socialistic and communistic phrases? The only reply to that question, which I can imagine, is that you are not acquainted with the actual conditions prevailing in Russia. Continue and enlarge at all costs the splendid work accomplished by your Young Men's Christian Association on behalf of our suffering prisoners and also on behalf of our soldiers and other young men.

The Russians are critically ill, but they are not yet beyond the hope of recovery. Russia's sickness is severe, but it is not deep-rooted. Bol- shevism was imported into Russia. The first to be inflicted with Bolshevism were those Russians who had severed their connection with their native land, who were imbued with the most violent anger towards their native land, for various reasons. Bolshevism captivated the youth of Russia, especially those who were at the front during the last stages of Russia's participation in the great war. Bolshevism also won the sympathies of a section of our unorganized industrial workers, and of a certain proportion of our peasantry, who certainly had just cause to complain of their unenviable lot. These, however, represent only a small percentage of Russia's inhabitants, who number more than two hundred million souls. The overwhelming majority of native born Russians are terrorized, or are simply holding their peace for the present. They are disgusted with the reign of terror which has been set up in Russia, and under which the whole land is groaning. . . .

The Russian people are not yet organically infeeted. They are in the throes of a violent fever; they are burning and shivering in its paroxysms, but they will speedily recover, if only their faithful Allies will help them. Help and save the unhappy Russians, who, although humiliated, despised and dishonored, are verily great and fine, even in their ruin. . . .

Sooner or later, Russia will rise again, but she will never forget it if America abandons her in her hour of grievous suffering. In like manner she will never forget it if America helps her.

This stirring plea is wholly for physical help. Russia needs relief for body and soul, and the only power that will save Russia is the spiritual help which thus far the authorities of the Russian Church have refused to receive from the Christian forces of America and England. The Russian Church is being aroused b~cause of their intense physical and political distress. This may, perchance, be the means of awakening in them the sense of their spiritual need.

BY MRS. E. C. CRONK, RICHMOND

Chairman of the Committee on Methods of Work of the Federation of Women's Foreign Mission Boards GLEANINGS FROM THE SUMMER CONFERENCES N ever did any other year have so many Summer Conferences so large:y attended as has 1919. From one conference alone two hundred registration fees had to be returned because there was 110 more room. The REVIEW is l1!ad to pass on some choice things from some of the conferences, which will be suggestive to leaders of smaller conferences and to the local churches.

FIRST AND LAST, PRAYER auditorium in which the meetings were held and the assembly room ONE strong feature of the seven in which meals were served had conferences conducted by the In- their walls transformed by charts ter church World Movement was the which spoke striking and eloquent spiritual emphasis, directed by Mr. messages. These charts may be W. E. Doughty, Associate General secured for use at other conferences Secretary. Weeks before the con- from Mrs. Horace M. Hill. The ference date each leader received sets of posters issued by the Couna card giving a call to prayer for cil of Women for Home Missions the conferences. As each delegate and the Federation of Women's registered, a call to prayer was Boards of Foreign Missions have mailed with the registration card. been in. convincing evidence at all. There was a daily period of in- the conferences. These may be tercession in each conference which obtained at fifty cents a set from was spent not in talking about denominational boards. prayer but in praying. Little groups kept Morning Watch on the One poster which attracted much heights of the Blue Ridge Mountains attention was home made and called in North Carolina, on hillside and by to the study of the text book the lake at Silver Bay, New York, "A Crusade of Compassion." On down on the beach at Ocean Park, a large sheet of card board was Maine, on the mountain peaks at pasted a picture of an ambulance Estes Park, Colorado, by Lake Gen- and a Red Cross nurse. Underneath eva, in Visconsin, and in the beau- were printed the words, "After ties of the early morning in Asilomar, Red Cross and War Work-What? California and Seabeck, Washington. The Crusade of Compassion," fol- To each delegate at an of these lowed by an announcement of a conferences, at the last session a card study class and an invitation to was handed for "The Homeward join. Way." The card gave a beautiful poem of consecreation together with The Christian Americanization an outline of prayer for the home- Charts made by Miss Brenda Mehlward journey. house utilized in a very clever and effective way the patriotic emblems POSTERS AND CHARTS and border effects obtained from rolls of crepe paper. A roll of Among the most attractive posters crepe paper, a jar of paste, some and charts seen during the summer striking fact from "Christian Amerwere those made by Mrs. Horace icanization" together with a little in- M. Hill and displayed first at the genuity wiII give atmosphere as well Minnesota School of Missions. The as information to any meeting.

691

HUMANIZING THE AUTHOR that tin shop she sped with eager feet. No one being in charge to "Belle J. Allen, M. D., author" wait on her, she lifted the knife looked like a star from another to cut off th€i strip of tin and cut off world to the girls in a summer her finger instead. conference. The "M. D." was enough to command respect. The "author" "It's all over now. Her recovery was rapid, both from the amputaadded a bit of awe, as they gazed tion and from the infatuation for at the text book "A Crusade of Com- curls. If she had been successful passion," and the years of service in who knows what might have hap- Japan and India put her on a pin- pened to her. Failing in her effort nacle that seemed absolutely un- she turned her attention from curls approachable. Then there was a to weightier matters with such emifore finger missing from one hand nent success that 'Belle' became the which added the last touch of mys- lady to whom I now have the tery and reverence. There were var- pleasure of introducing you, Dr. ious rumors afloat about that finger. Belle J. Allen the distinguished au- Some said that it had become in- thor of our text book 'A Crusade fected during an operation that of Compassion.''' saved the life of a Hindu widow. Some suggested one form of sacri- It was a bit disappointing to have ficial service and some another to to give up the rumors of the noble account for it. One even dared to sacrifice of that finger on the altar go so far as to say that it had of missionary service and quite a been bitten off in a thrilling mis- descent from the thrill of the tiger in the jungle to the shudder of the sionary adventure with a tiger in knife in the tin shop, but the. rethe jungle. straint was gone and the girls of the conference, flocked eagerly and un- Meanwhile the distinguished au- derstandingly around its humanized thor walked apart and the girls re- author. garded her with awe-until she was humanized by a daring friend who A MOHAMMEDAN INCIDENT had inside information on her pre- At the Silver Bay Missionary Edmissionary proclivities. ucation Conference the crowds were "Once upon a time" said she gathering for the evening pageant. They were reluctant to leave the "there was a little girl whose name beauty of the outdoors till the signal was Belle. Her hair was as straight should call within. In such a still as is the path the needle doth point moment the figure of a Mohammeto the Pole. With longing eyes she dan mullah appeared in the tower looked at the beautiful curls which of the auditorium and from the clustered about the heads of some wide opening tn the belfry intoned of her companions while her own the monotonous call to prayer, "La locks hung limp and straight. That allaha-illa-'llahu, Mohammed Raswas before the day of electric curl- ulu ?-Alah-with each cadence raisers and magic waves, so Belle sat ing the pitch or lowering it, as the her down and sighed. Then one custom is. Just as this white turby one she saw certain of her school baned mullah appeared aloft, four mates whose hair was wont to be turbaned Mohammedans were seen straight as her own appear with strolling across the lawn below. At glorious ringlets. She was told that the call to prayer these four immethese wonderful curls were achieved diately spread their prayer rugs, and, by winding the hair around strips of one in front, three in a row behind, tin which might be procured at the all facing towards Mecca went thrice tin shop near by. At last Belle through the prayers and genuflections saw her dream about to be realized. Dazzling visions of herself with bewitching curls, rose before her. To

1919J BEST METHODS

appointed for a pious devotee of World Movement, 111 Fifth Ave., Islam. "Picture Department" for informa- The demonstration caught the eye, tion about securing these slides. the ear and the imagination and will On the last night of the confer- scarcely be forgotten by any. The mullah was Prof. John Clarke Ar- ence a beautiful exercise was given cher of Yale, recently returned from by the choir. The girls marchd several months service in Mesopo- in Processional, two by two, then tamia where such scenes, save for separated making an aisle the length the stretch of green grass, might of the auditorium through which have been fairly duplicated. One marched a second group bearing the of the four devotees was evidently flags of the nations, as they ascenda Chinese Mohammedan, from his ed to the choir seats, those bearing dress. As for the others, truth to the flags stood in a row. When the tell, costumes, turbans and prayer notes of the "Star Spangled Banner" rugs were satisfactorily improvised were struck, above them was unfrom the bedrooms. Why should furled a beautiful American flag we not honor the beholders by asking held by two girls. Then the music something of their imaginations? A changed to "The Son of God goes suggestion will do for costume-a forth to war," and above all the towel, a tablecloth, a piece of car- flags was uplifted a beautiful white pet. The result was such an un- cross, as the voices of the girls hurried, careful imitation; and three sang "Who follows in His Train," times repeated, as' permitted of par- The exercise was both impressive ticular observation by the hundreds and inspiring and can easily be adaptof beholders. If part of missionary ed to a program for a local church. education is to give our people to understand how others live, such a Another good suggestion was an scene has real value. impersonation of that familiar little poem, "The Madonna of the Curb," MILES B. FISHER. having one girl to recite the poem while a smaller girl with a little child HOME MISSIONS AT NORTHFIELD in her arms sat on an improvised curb. The poem may be secured By Alma Noble from the denominational literature Christian Americanization was of headquarters. course the keynote. It was stressed and it was visualized in many ways Other material for effective imper- sonation may be had from "Helping * and from many angles. the Helpless in New York," (pub- "The new Democracy," a very effective yet simple pageant was lished by Revell Co.). "The Hapgiven on the lawn of the Northfield piest Plan" is a pretty little play got- Hotel one afternoon and should be ten out by the Baptist Board for given in every church this year. Young Women. Ruth's Donation For detailed information about the Party, published by the Missionary. pageant apply to Miss May Huston, Education Movement is charming Ford Building, Boston, Mass. for children.

Then there were the stereopticon The conference abounded in praclectures. The one prepared by the heal suggestions for the expression of Interchurch World Movement pre- friendliness and neighborliness tosented most convincingly the call for ward the hosts of new Americans. united advance in Christian Amer- with Christianity as the center and icanization. closipg with "0 beautiful source of all activities. Pageants and for spacious skies," superbly illus- programs had a place in making an trated. Apply to the Inter church impression. but the impulses thus * Published by Ihe Council of Women for stirred were not allowed to go into Home Mission$, 156 Fifth Ave., New York. cold storage.

They were foI!owed up by prac-

tical plans for actual work in Chris- There could hardly be conceived a tian Americanization. more opportune year than 1919 to demonstrate the value of all civilizing REACHING THE UNREGISTERED influences in the missionary enter- prise. Soldiers from India to the At the Minnesota School of Mis- number of 1,250,000; coolie laborers sions the influence was widely ex- from China, 200,000 strong, looked tended by two mass meetings for upon new and strange sights in h!Ung women held, one in St. Paul, France. Through their eyes Asia the other in Minneapolis during the must catch a new vision of social summer school dates and addressed life, of industries, of education, of l>y two of their speakers. Hundreds womanhood, of the western religion, of young women who were not in -Christianity. To truthfully por- regular attendance at the school were tray the letters dictated to nurses, reached with the missionary message doctors and chaplains by the men to in this way. their families back home; to give us glimpses of the home circles in Mrs. A. G. Moody very effectively many a village listening with wonextended the influence of the North- derment to the stra{lge tales of refield Conference by sending invita- turned men-this is Kipling's purtions to the presidents of missionary pose in his graphic sketches-using societies of her own and ten adjoin- his suggestive descriptions in two ing counties to come to Northfield scenes, and other information for for an all day picnic on one of the the third, the following presentation conference days. In the morning a was effectively produced. special session was held. In the afternoon there were talks by mission- SCENE I aries and conference speakers. Many leaders can reach a much larger cir- Hospital in England. A Sikh solcle by taking thought on these two dier, wounded in France, convasuggestions in planning meetings. lesCing, is moved to "let off the fumes of my heart" to his farmer CLASS HYMNS brother in Kashmir. A doctor writes One new feature at a half dozen for him, a nurse is in attendance. or more of the Conferences was The themes which fill the man's the singing of the hymns written by mind "as a buffalo is full of water," Laura Scherer Copenhaver, especially range from agriculture to religion. for use in connection with the study He directs that the elders of his of two of the text books. village be told all his thoughts. Each day after the study of the text books the hymns were sung SCENE II more earnestly. These hymns-UA Crusade of Compassion Hymn" and An Afghan village just over the "A Hymn of Christian Americaniza- Indian border. A family receive and tion" may be had from Literature take counsel over a letter from a son Headquarters, 844 Drexel Bldg, Phil- in "FranceviIle." It is serious for it bears upon the education and maradelphia, Fa. at one cent a copy or riage of his thirteen-year old sister, ten cents a dozen. They may be- Kamala. He begs that her betrothal come a worth while part of classes be delayed and that she be sent large or small. over the border to the mission school, for he has seen that girls too can THE EYES OF ASIA "read and write and cast accounts." The stories of Kipling, gathered in book form under this· title. suggested SCENF, III a timely demonstration to appeal to eye-gate and to illustrate the fruit- A village in China. Ding Wong age of the war as regards missions.

nEST METHODS

returns limping-, "a mere trifle," for Northfield Service Flag was pre- he brings wonderful news to his sented. Standing out from its backgrandmother, mother, wife and neigh- ground of red below the arms, and bors, with gifts also. He has dis- blue above was a large white cross. covered that the secret of greatness On the red ground there were one in western nations is the Book and hundred stars representing former he has learned in the camp school conference delegates who had gone to read it. He is determined to out to the foreign field. On the realize two ideals-that of his wife blue ground were three stars of· reading to him as his nurse read in gold. for those who had died in France, and that of all the village serVIce. knowing the Book and its God. The flag was made of silk and will The demonstration can be obtained in the Fall at the headquarters be displayed at each annual conferof the various Boards under the ence with new stars added each year. title given above. Many delegates made note of this presentation of the service flag and MRS. C. H. DANlJi;LS. will have similar flags for their home chtirches or for conferences, HANGING A SIGN and state and district organizations. Ihe flags may be obtained from Everyone is looking for forceful denominational houses or may be ways of presenting "The Crusade of easily made. Compassion" with its call for Christian doctors and nurses. At a num- AN AMBULANCE FOR VELLORE ber of conferences a simple dramatic given after one rehearsal made an As a gift from the Northfield Conappeal not soon to be forgotten. ference the first ambulance is to go to the Women's Union Medical Col- It is entitled "Hanging A Sign" lege at Vellore, India. To tum from and presents a young American doc- ambulances and supplies for war tor with her diploma and her profes- work to similar necessities for missional sign in hand looking for the sion work seemed so natural that best place' to hang it. Bids are as soon as the need was mentioned entered by the various non-Christian gifts poured in until $2,500 was nations that her sign be hung in given. A cablegram was sent to Dr. their lands. Some of the facts of Ida Scudder, in charge of the Vellore the text book are used to advantage. College, that the ambulance was on It closes with an appeal from the the way. Women of the East to the Women of the West which. at Northfield When, after the meeting, the chairwas given by Mrs. Emrich of Tur- man and treasurer counted the money key in a way never to be forgotten and checks they discovered that a by those who heard it. mistake of $100 had been made in the accounting and report in the The presentation requires only auditorium. about fifteen minutes and it could be given at the beginning or the close Upon reaching home the chairman of a program. It might be given received a letter from a friend who effectively at a meeting of doctors had not been present at the meetor nurses, a student meeting, or at ing and who knew nothing of the any local meeting.* ambulance, but who enclosed a check for one hundred dollars saying she UNFURLING A SERVICE FLAG felt impelled to send that gift for some special need. One of the most impressive moments of the Northfield Foreign HOUSE PARTIES ALSO Missions Conference was when the House parties in the interest of ~es may be had for 10 cents from Lit- everything else, why not house parerature HeadQuartersJ 84~ Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

ties in the interests of missions? unconsciously we have appropriated The Ocean Park, Me., Confer- as an approach for Americans only ence makes a special feature of house to their God.

parties. The "Dover Red Coats" Herein lies a suggestion for an were much in evidence, while "The "International Night" in some of 'Jur Blue Birds" with their emblem of local churches, which have wiiilin happiness on white hats and sleeves reach students and peoples frc)m and the cosy cottage they termed many lands.

"The Nest," combined all the de- lights of a well chaperoned house A NEW PAGEANT ON THEYEAR·S party with all the privileges of the THEME Conference. House parties in con- A pageant entitled "The St1 iking nection with other Conferences offer of America's Hour"* on the ·.heme undreamed of possibilities. Some for the year, "Christian Americanizahosts or hotesses who wants a bound- tion and Human Conservation,' has less opportunity for next year's con- been a most successful dramatk feaferences· should be considering house . ture of a number of Conferen<' 'So party possibilities. The prologue suggests the tl erne INTERNATIONAL SESSIONS of the pageant: "Hark ye, oil ye people! We come to spread before The presence of delegates from many lands at many conferences add- you a pageant of today. In mil:;'":, ed some fine features. It brought and color, and motion. We sh<:ll about a more genuine Christian paint you a canvass which shall tell a story of this world. Heed well brotherhood, it required the temper- the words of the central figure, ing of the flights of missionary elo- World Spirit, who since time began quence with the accuracy of up-todate facts. It relegated to the has dwelt upon this earth supported past the portrayal of foreign na- by Liberty and Justice. tives to provoke laughter in the gal- "Before these three see the natives leries. of the Past summoned for judgment.

Last of all behold America appear Said one delegate, "When I was before the judgment seat. Hear the seated by that splendid Chinese stu- indictment brought against her by dent whose exquisitely sensitive face the three judges, in the name, Labor, showed how quickly she sensed the Illiteracy, Poverty and (';lild Labor. attitude to her land I suddenly felt Hear also the pleas of foreign lands that some of the presentations of to America for Life and Light. China we have made, playing up WeIcome the ~ife bringing forces of ridiculous customs far too strongly, have been common and unworthy." Education, Human Conservation, and Play. Heed ye well the words On "International Nights" special which Liberty ~pea;"6 III America, programs have been prepared in which some one from every land and let Imagination paint for you the moving dram?_ of world history, represented took part. In many while Conscience repeats in your ears of the pageants and dramatics the the great cho~ds, intoned by the mulparts have been taken not by imita- titude of voices in every language tion but by real representatives of spoken on the earth today, soundthe various countries, who pleaded ing forth the striking of America's with an irresistible earnestness for opportunity to give to the world their land. At one of the Conferences Him~ who only is set for the healing a profound silence which meant of the nations." more than any applause followed the singing by Mrs. Cavan of the Philip- .. Published by the Genera! I,.iterature Gu.n· mittu, 844 ])re:rp! Bldg., Philadelphia) fa, pines of one of the hymns which Price 10 cents.

BEST METHODS

STUDENTS OF TWENTY· SIX NATIONALITIES AT A NORTHFIELD CONFGRGNCE; HERE AND THERE METHODS trips would be arranged at each stop- over. The tickets were made after In a number of Conferences dele- the regulation model with coupons gates were asked to tell some of the to be detached at each stop, the plans they have used most success- last one on the strip reading "Good fully. Some of these you may use in for one first class passage on the your work. steamship 'Imagination' from Boston to Alexandria." The trip was, of A Trip Around the World course, laid out so we could study the countries and missions with which An attractive poster was placed we were most concerned. in the vestibule of our church, stating that the steamship "Imagination" At each meeting we had a conwould sail on a certain date for a ductorette in charge who made up trip around the world; that stops the program, in which different 1Nould be made at certain points that speakers told us of the points of inpassengers might have opportunity to terest in the country, of its social study the character and customs of customs, its religions, the mission the country and its people; that spe- work being done there, etc. Anycial refreshments peculiar to the one baving souvenirs or curios country would be served at each s:op and an opportunity be given to of any kind from the country at inspect i.nteresting exhibits of souv- which we were stopping was asked enirs. The poster was decorated with to bring them. These were displayed picture of steamer. vVe gave an and opportunity given for asking assurance that there would be no and answering questions. seasickness, and that interes:ing side After the program, guests were in-

vited to the church parlor where first meeting of the year. When the plates were passed for an offerlight refreshments, suggestive at least ing of money another plate was passed asking for an offering of of the country studied, were served. ·prayer. On this second plate were slips upon each of which was a We were fortunate in having a picture of a missionary with a short sketch of her life, and work. Each friend who had traveled all over member was asked to take one home missionary and one foreign missionthe world and who had lived in ary and to become the praying mate, "working together through prayer." many fot;eign lands. She supplied These 'slips with pictures were fur- nished free by our Board. many interesting articles which she Our most important step of all had collected at various times and however has been our Prayer Band.

places. These with the additional From ten to a dozen of us who have signed the prayer covenant card things secured from other members meet weekly for intercessory prayer. We use Andrew Murray's "With made intensely interesting meetings. Christ in the School of Prayer" for a short time of mediation. Then Our trip was a great success, the the requests for prayer are given. Many and varied have been these attendance large and the interest requests, some even coming from headquarters at Boston. The church keen. I am sure other societies turns to us repeatedly with requests and this little meeting place of prayer would enjoy a similar journey as has become a place of power. Amaz- ing have been the results. Somemuch as we did. times they seem almost miraculous. We have prayed for laborers to be MRS. G. W. CHAFFEE, sent forth into the fields. Three have decided to go out Hom our own Prospect Hill Congregational Church, church.

. Somerville, Mass. Nothing-rain nor shine, summer's heat, nor winter's snow-interfere Three Important Features in our Society with our meeting toge~her weekly for prayer. Park Memorial Baptist Church, Springfield, Mass. We have a com- A book is kept in which requests mittee of three, the president making for prayer are entered. We mark a fourth, among whom we divide the them with a star as they are annames of those who cannot attend swered. our monthly missionary meeting. One woman is very deaf, another, who is We prayed for the conversion of vitally interested, is a music teacher, a young physician. According to the who has a rest period of fifteen "exceeding abundantly" of God's minutes between lessons. To these promise. He answered for not only members who cannot attend we give did the young doctor accept Christ the names of all those who are to himself, but his two sisters came have any part on the program, upon with him. the day of our meeting, asking them to be in prayer at the very time of our meeting and in a prayerful spirit all the day for the meeting. We mention especially those who timidly and with fear are taking part for the first time. We give all the information we can which will enable this absentee band of intercessors to pray intelligently.

Great blessing has come upon our meetings and we feel that at least in part the secret of it is in this praying force back of us.

Another good thing was at the The methods you have tried successfully in your church, or Sunday-school, or missionary society would likely help someone else if you would pass them on through the REVIEW. Address Mrs. E. C. Cronk, 222 Fourth Ave., New York City.

PRAYbR

is the greatest aVenue of S£RVIC£, ~. commumtv'

gz~tJ must PRAY You I The Woman's Home Mission Bulletin EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, NEW YORK Executive Secretary, Council of Women for Home Missions NEW POSTERS in repeated sets around a room, so ·SET of posters has been pre- that which ever way one looks the A pared which each Woman's Mis- same message strikes home, will be sionary Society will wish to display found cumulatively effective.

prominently. The message of a The accompanying illustrations speaker appealing for a more perfect show two of the set of six posters service at a program meeting will be published by the Council. Electro emphasized by the "Call to Service" duplicates of these illustrations may at her side on the platform and by be borrowed from the Council for the poster hung before the pulpit, use in denominational papers. The visualizing the truth of the place of symbolic figure with the flags of prayer in the spiritual economy. country and Church has been adopted Soon will be held the regular fall as emblem by the Council. On the District and Presbyterial gatherings; poster, two groups personify the the force of these is greatly aug- needy ones succored by the Boards mented by poster appeals. A study constituent to the Council: Indian, class session may well climax in the Negro, Spanish-American, Immicontemplation of a succinct sentence grant. One of the other posters on a poster. Speakers frequently graphically presents the need of unity make use of the value of a recurring and cooperation. We are told that impression by the repetition of an there is melody in oriental music, but aptly-phrased verity until its message not harmony, that only Christian sinks deeply in the hearers' sub-con- lands have harmony in their music. sciousnes~. Advertisers long ago The Master has written our symlearned the worth of repetition. phony; may we each be attuned to Posters, serving as decoration, hung prodnce the perfect consonance He 699

has planned. The constituency and and the genius of those who had seemed to be serving only Mammon was devoted affiliations .of the Council are pre- passionately to a principle, and that the blood of those who came in seeming sented on .one of the posters, the greed to America was shed gloriously in the high enterprise which called Amer- study books and supplemental ma- ica to this new world crusade. Moses in the burning bush speaking with God, Saul terial are illustrated on another, on the road to Damascus, never came closer to the force outside ourselves which while still another is the poster used makes for righteousness,-the force that has guided humanity upward through the so effectively in the Victory Liberty ages,-than America has come in this hour of her high resolve. And yet for Loan campaign: "Americans All," fifty years she has come into this holy ground steadily, and unswervingly; indeed, displaying an Honor Roll of fourteen ror a hundred years, for three hundred years from Plymouth Rock to the red names evidencing various nationali- fields of France, America has come a long and perilous way-yet always sure, and ties in parentage. The Government never faltering.

has generously given the Council a "To have lived in the generation now passing, to have seen the glory of the large supply of these posters which coming of the Lord in the hearts of the people, to have watched the steady tri- can be advantageously used, especially umph in our American life of the spirit of justice, of fellowship over the spirit of in connection with the study book of greed, to have seen the Holy Ghost rise in the life of a whole nation, was a the year. blessed privilege."

"The Heart of a Fool," a recent Well is it that this year we are centering our thoughts upon Chrisbook by William Allen White, con- tian Americanization, the achieve- ment of national unity, the fulfilling tains the following passages epitomiz- of the spirit of America, servant to the world because she is servant of ing the spirit of those "Americans her Lord and Master, the Servant, the Son of Man. All" : A STL'DY BOOK GLANCE BACKWARD "Here lay a continent-rich, crass, ma- terial, beckoning humanity to fall down AND FORWARD and worship the god of gross and palpable realities. And, on the other hand, By MRS. FRANK M. GOODCHILD here stood the American spirit-the eter- Seventeen books in seventeen years nal love of freedom, which had brought speak eloquently of Home Mission men across the sea, had bid them fight study by Christian women in the kings and principalities and powers, had United States. forced them into the wilderness by the hundreds of thousands to make of it 'the The Ecumenical Conference of homestead of the free' ….. . 1900 convinced certain devoted wo- men of the necessity of more careful "This spirit met the god of things as missionary instruction. And so in they are, and for a generation grappled in faith the Home Mission Study a mighty struggle. Course was initiated. One of the first books published was "Under "And men said: The old America is OUf Flag," written by Miss Alice M. dead; America is money mad; America Guernsey, who has been the patron is a charnel house of greed. Millions and saint of the movement. With no millions of men from all over the earth capital except tremendous earnestness .came to her shores. And the world said: these promoters attempted the diffi- They have brought only their greed with cult task of distributing the books them. And still the struggle went on. through the various denominational The continent was taken; men abolished the wilderness. A new civilization rose. boards, and set about persuading And because it was strong, the world said it was not of the old America, but of a new, soft, wicked order which wist not that God had departed from it.

"Then the n'ew epoch dawned; clear and strong came the call to Americans to go forth and fight in the Great War-not for themselves, nor for their own glory, nor for their own safety, but for the soul of the world. And the old spirit of America rose and responded. The long inward .struggle, Been only by the wise, only by those who knew how God's truth conquers in this earth, working beneath the surface, deep in the heart of things, the long inward struggle of the spirit of America for its own was won.

"So it came to pass that the richness of the conlinent was poured out for an ideal,

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN 70r

Christian women to their diligent His ardent temperament, his instinc- tive compassion and his training have use. fitted him to interpret to the favored Nor were they mistaken about their citizens of America the deep yearn- ing at the heart of European immiclientele. A quiet but effective grants. His innate sense of justice propaganda has circulated the books, and his own virile manhood have organized study classes, captured in- saved him from the mistake of petdifferent women, opened lecture ting the foreigner, a snare to so courses and summer assemblies until many social workers. Added to all thousands who once felt but the most this, Dr. Brooks firmly believes casual concern for the spread of the in the regener<;Lting power of the Gospel in America, have become posi- sacrifice of Jesus Christ for the re- demption of the world, and does not tive forces for righteousness. hesitate to offer this gospel as the When the Council of Women for one sure solvent for the evils in America's social order. Home Missions was formed twelve years ago, this text-book work was This book, in common with other assumed by it and placed under a great social studies, attracts the committee with Miss Guernsey as its reader to further research; while efficient first chairman. For the past making no pretense at finality, it inseven years Mrs. John S. Allen has duces a hopeful attitude towards the been the head of the committee, lend- most perplexing questions, and iming to the task her calm, clear judg- parts to the sordid trappings of alien ment, a rich experience in Christian life such a glamour of idealism that work, and a literary taste and acu- participation in social betterment bemen which guarantees a successful comes positively inviting.

product. The first chapter is a study of The book for 1918, "The Path of America's experiment in democracy. In contrast with Russia's wild orgy Labor," has had a circulation of in projecting a self-governing state, fifty-five thousand. If publishing the early Americans, through their conditions had warranted, another colonial experience, advanced in oredition could have been sold. The derly progress into intelligent nabook on Mormonism had probably tional life. But the sturdy virtues the largest sale, "Conservation of Na- of pioneer days have been wearing tional Ideals" foHowing closely with thin under the refinements of comsomething over sixty thousand; "In fort. With genuine alarm, earr:est Red Man's Land" had a,pproxiinate1y students cif our times have marked a similar sale. The Presbyterians our indifference toward the perils lead in the use of the books, with threatening national unity. The enor- Methodists close behind and Baptists mous influx of foreign peoples has next in line. aroused in most of our citizens only disgust at their unpleasant habits, or The success of the movement nat- else satisfaction at the possibilities of uraHy attracted the attention of other their commercial exploitation. But mission agencies, and this year the the alarm of war roughly awakened Missionary Education Movement re- America from complacency. Friend quested the privilege of co-operation and foe, alien and citizen were in joint publication of the book, brought face to face. Loyalty and "Christian Americanization, A Task disloyalty stood out in bold contrast. for the Churches." The women will- The years of trifling with the crying ingly assented and an initial edition evils of immigration now uttered of seventy thousand is now on the sharp rebuke, and social workers market. The author, Charles Alvin who had long labored to rouse the Brooks, Secretary for Foreign-speaking Missions of the American Baptist Home Mission Society, in this book made a valuable contribution to the study of America's social problems.

public conscience, scarcely controlled temptible atoms of the dust of autoctheir passionate, "I told you so." racy. And because America is young and strong, with daring and initiative While the war revealed the neces- and the spirit of adventure, with no sity for national unity, the end of traditions of the past to fetter her, the war has by no means achieved with plenty of room to expand,with our unification. True Americanism unlimited supplies of the necessities is not in providing capable men for of life, she is the Land of Opporan obedient army, not in standardiz- tunity, the Land of Liberty, God's ing them like peas in a pod, nor in Country "where the air is full of compelling the use of a common lan- sunshine, and the flag is full of guage, nor in perfecting a liberal stars." government, nor in .breeding an exclusive people with a supreme con- At the end of Dr. Brooks' second tempt for all other lands. The true chapter every reader must echo his American holds in sacred trust a great ideal of liberty not for his own * fervid thanksgiving: "America, my enjoyment, but to pass on to those in bondage, and no man craving free- country, thank God!" dom is too mean to be lawful heir. Nor will Americanization be com- A NOTEWORTHY SERVICE pleted until everyone who shares the bounty and protection of this land of Eighteen and a half years of enthe free, gladly pledges everything, thusiastic, arduous, constructive, sec- retarial service for Home Missions even to life itself, to keep burning has Mrs. Robert W. MacDonell given the sacred fires of liberty. In this to the Southern Methodist Church. task Dr. Brooks sees the salvation of After eight years of loving service in America, for by introducing millions Mexico with her husband, until his of foreign birth to the inheritance of death, she became General Secretary a great national life, she will have of the Woman's Board of Home assured her own continued existence. Missions and was somewhat of a pioneer in promoting Christian work The second chapter admits the ar- among Negroes, Mexicans, and deriving foreigners into partnership pendent girls. During her secretarywith American hopes and endeavors. ship also the office of Deaconess was All that is asked of them is loyalty created and a system of social cenand sincerity. They, too, have come ters and of cooperative homes for to discover America, as did our working girls was developed. The heroic ancestors. And now America last half of her service has been deundertakes a singular and splendid voted particularly to the Home Deadventure: to make a nation out of partment of the Woman's Missionary fragments of the world's peoples; a Council. These years of arduous dissected puzzle, to be assembled fin- labor taxed her strength to the limit, ally a new race of mankind. She and Mrs. McDonnell felt compelled has no precedent to guide her. In to tender her resignation which was other lands and other ages, combina- accepted with regret. tions of races into a nation have been formed by subjugation, by incorpora- A fellow-officer writes: "When the tion or by adjustment; but for inside history of Home Missions in America is reserved the experiment our Church shall be written, her of assimilating most unlike elements name will be in the front rank of into a united whole. This new world those who have thought and wrought has been new life to uncounted mil- to a fine and high purpose in this cause." lions who in Europe were but con- * Succeeding issues of the Bulletin wilI con· tain digests of the remainder of the book.

fROM .MrANY

JAPAN-CHOSEN Christian school had an effect on the hearts of the pupils that worked its Sunday School Convention in Tokyo way to the surface through their countenances. Christian Advocate. JAPANESE interest in the World Sunday School Convention, to be The Continuation Committee held in Tokyo in October, 1920, is evident from a letter written by THE JAPAN Continuation Com- Marquis Okuma, of Tokyo, to the mittee, which is a lineal descend- ant of the Committee formed by the late Henry J. Heinz. The letter, Edin} urgh Conference of 1910, links togetner the two union organizations seven feet long and written in Japan- thilt have long been in operation, the ese, was brought by Mr. H. E. Cole- Federation of Japanese Churches man, educational secretary for Japan ~nd the Conference of Federated for the World's Sunday School As- Missions. The Continuation Commitsociation. The Marquis, after ex- tee is composed of forty-five mempressing his gratification that the bers, fifteen of whom are appointed plans for holding the Convention are from time to time by the Federation to be fulfilled, closes his letter as of Churches, fifteen of them by the follows: Federated Missions, and the remain- der are chosen by the. Committee "I have organized the (Koen Kai) itself. General meetings are held Patrons Association among the in- once a year for the transaction of fluential men of my country for en- business and for the discussion of tertaining the convention. Needless important questions touching cooperto say, true peace depends upon the ation and the policy and progress of understanding of the spiritual ideals the Christian movement. of the different countries. Individually I do not doubt that the great Fertile Soil in Japanese Institutions convention will not only be of great benefit to Japan, but that it will give MANY missionaries find the i r a large stimulus to the sympathy and greatest harvest in the factories brotherhood feeling of the humanity of Japan, which have been springing of the world and that it will lead up in every city and where the young to peace and better international un- women from the country are flocking derstandings." to find work and where, as is well known, the sanitary and moral condi- Chlldren of Light tions are appalling. After only a short period these young girls return AJ APANESE mother came to a to their homes physical and social mission school in Japan bringing bankrupts. In some factories there is her two daughters. She wished them a native helper always on hand to to be entered as pupils. The prin- give counsel and care for the sick. cipal asked the usual questions and A less extensive opportunity is found received the usual replies until she in reform schools for wayward boys. came to the query, "What do you ex- Many of them are open to wholepect us to do for your girls?" To some Christian influence. this the woman answered: "I live in this city and have often watched Japanese Peasant Sect the faces of your pupils. They seem to shine more than my children's do. TENRIKYO, a Japanese sect, is I want you to put some of that same said to have 3,500,000 adherents polish on the faces of my girls." It was her way of saying that she recognized that the teaching in that 703

and 2,000 preaching centers. It ing, literature, entertainment, reprevails among the peasants, and wards, music, etc. The fact that so was originated and spread by wom- many Koreans are fitted to lead in en. It commends itself to the an institute of this kind is eloquent Japanese peasantry on the ground testimony to the thorough work done that it is a variation of Shintoism, by the Missions in days gone by. free from any admixture of foreign ideas. Some of its teaching CHINA is analogous to Christian Science as to the art of healing. Tenrikyo be- Women in Church Government lievers. are reported to have been heavy contributors to Belgian relief AT THE Church of England synod funds and are much sought after as of the diocese of Fukien, held at employees in large factories. Like Foochow in February, the question other non-Christian religions, Ten- of appointing women representatives rikyo takes a very compromising at- on the councils of the Church was titude toward sin. considered. The burden of the speeches was to the effect that there Chosen Christian College was much to be learned from wo- men, and that trying to get on with- THE cornerstone of the Charles M. out their advice in the councils of the Stenison Building, the first per- Church was like trying to get through manent structure of Chosen Christian daily life with one hand only. Final- College, was laid on April 19, by ly the synod decided almost unan- Mrs. H. G. Underwood, whose hus- imously that women should be band was founder and first president eligible as representatives, not only of the College. This is the first of on pastorate committees and church five buildings, and funds for four of councils, but also on the synod itself. them are already assured. Model homes for the families of the faculty Church Missionary Review. and married students will be erected, and will exemplify the most modern Prayer for Israel in Eastern Asia ideas in equipment and sanitation. Because of the disturbed conditions THE FUKIEN branch of the in Korea, no formal invitations to the Prayer Union for Israel held its ceremony were issued, and there was eighteenth annual meeting recently at only a small attendance of students, Kullang. In Tokyo last February a considerable number of whom were five hundred Japanese Christians under arrest. gathered to hear the testimony of a converted English Jew, and after- Snnday School Institnte for Teachers ward organized the Japanese Prayer Union for Jews. The first Thurs- AN Institute for the training of day of each month is to be devoted Sunday-school teachers, the first to Bible study concerning the Jews, to be held in Korea, was in progress and prayer for their salvation. Twenin Seoul when the revolutionary dis- ty-one groups in Korea meet to pray turbances became 'acute. At least 200 for Israel on the last Thursday of were in attendance. The course cov- every month. ered three weeks, and the students were divided into four groups: first, Agriculture as Related to Evangelism primary teachers; second, intermediate grade teachers; teachers of CHINA has no less than six speadult classes; and fourth, officers of cially trained agricultural missionthe Sunday-school. The program aries, and there is a' growing conviccovered all the important matters of tion that agricultural training has an Sunday-school organization and ad- important place in the missionary ministration, grading, teacher-train- program. A paper advocating the introduction of agriculture in China's middle and primary schools, read at the Honan-Shantung Educational As-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

sociation, mentions the following ways trains, in China as elsewhere, but by which agriculture will serve both while the steamer mail lines at the educational and evangelistic work. end of 1917 totalled 68,000 Ii, and the railway lines, 19,500 Ii, the over- 1. It offers a field for students not land courier routes aggregated 432,000 fitted to become professional men. Ii. From the rail terminus of Honan to Tihwafu in Turkestan, the Chinese 2. It will dispose of the criticism post office maintains a day and night that mission schools do not train stu- service of over 2,000 miles. The dents for life ·work. carriers cover an average of 70 miles a day on foot. Carrying 40 pounds 3. It will send forth students to be of mail, they do 60 miles at a more independent, and thus better stretch, with only short stops for able to support the Church. food. Often the carriers have to contend with floods and when boats 4. It will develop character and a are not available, they swim with the sense of responsibility, and teach the mail bags on their heads. Bands of dignity of labor. brigands sometimes make necessary the suspension of mail service, the The writer of this paper in The mail accumulating at some center, Chinese Recorder further maintains until it is considered safe to proceed that agriculture will demonstrate the with it. practical phase of Christianity, and furnish a point of contact with the The Tanners' Deity eighty-five per cent of China's population who are farmers. TANNING is the chief trade of Kiangchow, Shansi pro v inc e, Chinese God's Annnal Tour called "The Purple City." Among I T IS the custom in each Chinese its myriad temples and shrines is one city to have a "Ch'eng Huang dedicated to the Pi-shen, (hide Miao," or temple where the god of deity), who reigns supreme over all the city abides. In Man Ch'eng, a the industry of skin scraping. His city not far from Paotingfu, this city origin is lost in obscurity, and outgod makes an annual visit to the side of the Purple City his fame is neighboring villages. Like other unknown. Month by month festivals idols, he is constructed of mud and are held in his honor. Traveling beautified with gaudy colors. On this actors are invited to occupy the stage annual tour he is carried in a sedan on the street opposite the temple chair in the manner of a bride, al- door, and for three days, from ten though unlike a bride in being visible. in the morning till long after mid- The procession is headed by young night, there is the constant din of men carrying a gun, whose detona- clashing cymbals and strident gongs. tions sometimes shatter windows. A In the summer, processions; in wingroup of fanatics follow, carrying in- ter, fireworks; and in all seasons, cense pots which are suspended by candles, meat offerings and incense hooks caught in the under part of make up the worship of this deity. their forearm. Other paraders wear placards hung about their necks "It is impossible that anyone in the which proclaim some crime they have tanning trade should become a Chriscommitted. The custom seems well tian," a missionary was told when he established in Man Ch'eng. took up his r~sidence there in 1914. A year later, one of the most skilled China's Man System of the craftsmen was baptized and continues to witness for Christ. ROBBERS, beasts and floods are Others have followed, but fear and ,'the per<ils against which the superstition is holding many back. Chinese postal authorities must safeguard their carriers. One is likely to think of post offices as receiving and distributing mail by steamers and

SIAM AND LAOS tians in the diocese who have been won from the lowest state of degra- Leper's Systematic Giving dation and ignorance, and in turn they are supporting a mission to THE ENVELOPE system is an carry the gospel into regions where innovation of the leper church at it is now unknown. Chiengmai, Siam. Where to get the envelopes was the problem that con- The Congregationalist. fronted the members, but with a pile of white paper scraps from the mis- Agricultural Missions sion press at their disposal, the lepers fashioned their own envelopes, al- THE Mission Demonstration Farm, most without hands. The crude, mis- Burma, India, has grown from shapen envelopes piled in the collec- ten to twenty acres. On one half tion basket the first Sunday there- sugar cane has been grown, on the after gave evidence of the difficulty other half rice. It is expected that fifwith which the mutilated stumps of teen tons of brown cake sugar will hands had worked. The weekly be yielded. The poultry business has offering has always been about 60 been a great success. The greatest encents, but the first envelope collec- couragement to the agricultural plans tion reached the high mark of $1.44. is the fact that the Government of Burma is willing to help in de- INDIA veloping an agricultural school at Pyinmana. It has made plans for The National Missionary Society an agricultural college at Mandalay, with 4 number of experiment sta- THIS native Christian soc i e t y , tions located over the province. The which has been at work for college at Mandalay will touch only about thirteen years, conducts mis- those who have passed the high sions at six centers, all except one school, while the Burman agriculhaving ordained Indian missionaries. tural school is designed to reach the There is one medical missionary. sons of farmers who are able to get The Society's income in 1918 was only a common school education. the largest ever received, amounting to 25,450 rupees ($8,000). The Southern Workman. steady increase of income from 3,500 rupees the first year promises Burma Student Camp much for the determination of Indian Christians to assume responsi- THE seventeenth annual camp of bility for evangelizing their own the Burma Student Christian Asland. sociation was held at Cabin Island, Kokine, from March 28 to April 2. Transformation in Dornakal Various games and social activities were enjoyed, and there was a daily REMARKABLE work has been program, beginning with "Morning done in the native state of Dorn- Watch" at six. a. m. and followed aka! by Bishop Azariah, the first by a morning and afternoon session Anglican Indian Bishop. When he of Bible study, and a devotional serventered this state ten years ago, he ice at sunset. The morning and was the only Christian in the place. afternoon conferences were con- He bought a house and nine acres of land for $100 and started to work, ducted by Prof. W. J. Hutchins, of almost single handed. Among the great masses in the country districts Oberlin, Ohio. who di:::cussed "The there were no roads, no schools, no Duty of Christians to Win Men," security, no justice. The bishop "The Business of Citizens of God's started industrial schools where weav- Kingdom," and kindred subjects. The ing, carpentry and agriculture were Bible Study Circle was conducted by taught. Today there are 60,000 Chris- Mr. W. T. M. Clewes, of Rangoon.

On the last day of the camp, each student was asked to write briefly his

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

impressions of the conferences, and The new Armenia, if the Armenian to tell what theme had most appealed national delegation has its way, will to him. All had gained a deeper extend from nearly the Caspian Sea knowledge of Christian truth, and on the east to Caesarea on the west, had come to see that their first duty and from the Black Sea on- the north was to win others to God. to the Mediterranean on the south- west. It will contain about 130,000 MOSLEM LANDS square miles and a population of 4,300,000. Of these, 2,500,000 will Mecca MOOr the War be Armenians, 500,000_ other Chris- tians and 1,300,000 Turks, Arabs, THE AVERAGE annual number Circassians, Persians, Kurds, Tartars, of hiijis or Mecca pilgrims is etc. given in the Encyclopredia of Islam at 70,000. During war time this has The arguments in favor of Amerconsiderably diminished. But this ica's accepting a mandate for this year is likely to witness a large in- region are presented by ex-ambassacrease in the number of pilgrims. dor Gerard, Hon. John Sharp Wil- The new government of Hejaz has liams, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Charles now made great improvements in W. Eliot, and others, on the sanitation, security, and facilities of grounds of humanitarian duty as a travel between Jiddah and Mecca. contribution to world betterment, the A leading Moslem photographer has confidence of Armenians in Amerian establishment at Mecca, not far can friendship, the burdens borne- by from the Kaabah sanctuary, so that other nations and the ability of one can now get without difficulty America to render this service. recent photographs of pilgrimage assemblies. It is difficult to realize Such a solution of the problem how the great festival will shape will not involve any great internaitself when the Medina railway is tional difficulty, impose any military completed to Mecca and the port of burden or incur any great expense, Jiddah, and when taxi-cabs become but it will mean untold blessing to available in and around Mecca. Armenians and freedom and protec- tion to Christian progress. Americans C. M. S. Review. have invested millions of dollars and hundreds of lives in Armenia, not Prince Faisal and the Syrian Protestant for selfish financial gain, but for the enlightenment of Armenia and for College the salvation of her people.

AT THE Peace Conference in Turkey Convicts its War Leaders Paris, Ernest Hamlin Abbott interviewed the Prince of the new ENVER PASHA, Talaat Bey and Arabian kingdom of the Hejaz, tind Djemal Pasha, leaders of the heard the Prince's opinion of the Turkish Government during the war, Syrian Protestant College at Beirut. were condemned to death by a Turk- "Daniel Bliss," said Prince Faisal, ish court-martial on July 11. Djavid "is the grandfather of Syria, and his Bey, former minister of finance, and son, Howard Bliss, is the father of Mussa Kiazim, former Sheik-ul-Islam Syria. Without the education that were sentenced to fifteen years' hard this College has given, the struggle labor. For most of the war period for freedom could never have been Talaat Bey was Minister of the Inwon. The Arabs owe everything to terior, Enver Pasha the Minister of these men." War and Djemal Pasha, the Military Governor of Syria. All three ad- America as Mandatory for Armenia mitted the Armenian massacres as a necessity because these people were ASTRONG effort is being made to troublesome. Djemal was instru- induce America to become mandatory for the new state of Armenia, set up by the Peace Conference.

mental in carrying out the massacres toring their former faith, is one outagainst the Beirut Reform League. growth of the Centenary Exposi- This is the climax of a series of tion. Subscriptions are open for this prosecutions, beginning with that of fund and the Methodist Board of Kemal Bey last April, undertaken by Foreign Missions will have the diofficials of the new regime to clear rection of the enterprise. their skirts from blame for participation in the war. Onitsha Industrial Mission A Christian Paper for Turks TRADE and industries are making rapid advance in Africa, especial- THE Rahnuma (Guide) is a bi- ly in Nigeria where coal and tin min- weekly, Christian newspaper pub- ing, lime burning, tile making, rope lished at Aintab, in the characters making, saw mills, the preparation known to the majority of the Turks, of cotton-seed oil to replace linseed, one page in Osmanli Turkish, one in are giving opportunities for the for- Armenian and another in Armeno- mation or development of local in- Turkish. The people of Aintab, even dustries. The Onitsha Industrial though they had to go without bread, Mission is doing such good work in insisted upon having a newspaper, training boys and young men to beand the subscription list has grown come craftsmen that the British Govfrom fifty to four hundred. The ernment has recognized it by the paper contains news, editorials. and a award of a grant of £100. In Basusermon or some Christian educa- toland a considerable development tional article. It is said to be the of glazed and well-finished pottery most important single agency in pre- manufacture is taking place. venting disturbances and quieting the people. The funds for maintaining C. M. S. Review. the paper are supplied by British officers. Christianity and Cannibalism on the Jewish Assembly in Palestine Congo THE first Constituent ~ssembly !n THE Heart of Africa Mission re- the Holy Land will meet III ports remarkable success. At Jerusalem May 18. Four hundred Nala, where work was begun in delegates are to be chosen at elec- 1915,' there are baptisms almost tions participated in by all the Jew- every week, and at Niangara, after ish residents of Palestine. The Jews eight months' work, twenty-seven decided that only Hebrew-speaking people have been baptized. At Wam- Jews shall be eligible as delegates or ba, a station opened still more reofficers at tHis assembly. cently, there are one hundred con- verts. In August, three men were AFRICA set apart as leaders and five as dea- cons. Confessions of some of the Berbers to be Reclaimed converts throw light on what these people were before accepting Christ. CHRISTIANITY had some of its strongholds in North Africa, un- i "My father" said one "killed a til dissension in the seventh century so weakened the churches as to make man, and helped to' eat him." them fall an easy prey to Moham- Another testified: "When I was medanism. Ruins of ancient Chris- three years old I remember my tian churches are still to be found in father killing a man, and because Carthage and other North Africa he had killed my brother I shared in cities. To aid in "the reconquest of eating the stew." It is said that at North Africa for Christianity," and one place the chief's custom when to establish Christian churches in the about to put a man to death was to Berber villages in the hope of res- call out to the executioner: "Come, Bongo, come, Bongo, and take away your meat;" and the chief would

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

actually give salt to be eaten with The Language Need in Africa the victim! The missionaries have now added a translation into Ban- A MISSIONARY in Congo BeIge, gala, the lingua franca of that part Miss Pauline A. Fraser, calls of Africa, of the Epistle of St. attention to the fact that while much James to those of the Gospels of is said and written about the great St. Mark and St. John. unoccupied and unevangelized areas in Africa, very little is noted about C. M, S. Review. the great language need. Tribe af- ter tribe have never had their ver- Wanyamwezi Tribe iacular reduced to writing, so that the people cannot grow spiritually THE Wanyamwezi tribe of East even if they should hear the Gospel Africa is regarded as physically and believe in Jesus Christ. They and intellectually superior to all must have the Bible in their own others in that territory. It was from tongues. It will take years to acthat tribe that the British recruited complish this, but a beginning should their best African troops. Two be made immediately, Christian linyoung men from Aberdeen offered guists are greatly needed. their services to the United Free Church of Scotland, the one as a Christian Work In Madagascar medical and the other as an ordained missionary to this field; but SINCE France took control of the Committee reluctantly decided Madagascar Protestant Christian that this work could not be under- work has been much more difficult taken in view of the fact that this than formerly, being looked upon tribe was situated more than 300 unfavorably by the French Colonial miles from any other work sup- Government. Before permission is ported by that mission and so com- granted to a Protestant Society to pletely out of touch with it, since establish any new out-station, over it must be reached by a different eighty signatures of the villagers repart of the African coast. questing such a station must be pre- sented. Last year Rev. K W. Gale, A Hospital for Mine Workers of the London Missionary Society, received over thirty-six such peti- THE City Deep Native Hospital tions for out-stations, and forwarded is operated to serve the Rand them to the Government. Mr. Gale group of mines in South Africa. reports some most interesting experi- It is fitted with all the care and com- ences in his recent missionary jourpleteness that characterize the best neys into uncivilized heathen disof the local white hospitals and holds tricts. The native pastors put in a high place among the general hos- charge of these new stations are pitals of the British Empire. About ready to endure hardships as good twelve native women nurses are in soldiers of Jesus Christ. These attendance. Near the hospital are college men receive a salarv of only modern, attractively furnished homes twenty-four shillings ($6,00) a for the resident doctor, matron and month; they live in rush huts, have white nurses, with additional quar- only impure water to drink, endure ters for the native nurses. There extreme heat, and are constantly exis great advantage to the mine own- posed to malaria. Their isolation ers in the fact that the native worker from Christian friends is complete. is afforded the best surgical, medical and nursing skill procurable, but The need for Christian teaching in the guiding policy back of this scien- these unreached districts is indetific care is more than economic. It scribable. Morality is unknown. is the practical application of the Parents even build isolated huts for Sermon on the Mount. their unmarried daughters for im- moral purposes for financial gain.

Men are rotting with disease, with proved by the history of Spain and no one to help them. Witch doctors Italy, of Austria and the Latin control the people and bitterly oppose American republics. The papacy is Christianity. When one of these a political machine, with temporal witch doctors is won over, almo~t po:ver a? wel~ ~s a religious organi- zatIOn WIth spmtual claims. the whole village will follow.

EUROPE AND SIBERIA AA Y. W. C. A. Protest NEW organization, to be called Religious Liberty in Ireland the "Evangelical Young Wom- an's Christian Association," has been I T IS said that Ireland is an forI?ed in I:ondon as a protest "imaginary" republic, with an ~gamst the mdefinite, and some- "imaginary" president, Mr. De Va- tlmes rationalistic doctrinal teachlera. But Ireland is not a republic, ing ip. the British Y. W. C. A. Some and is neither independent nor free. 60 branches of the Y. W. C. A. have Independent Ireland may never be decided to cast in their lot with the free, but true freedom is a boon new organization and others in Scoteagerly to be sought. The Irish peo- land and Wales are planning to folple who seek independence from low their example. Similar lines of England are the Roman Catholics work to those in the old Association of the South. The Protestants of will be taken up, such as Travelers' Ulster, the prosperous portion of the Aids, Recreation Centers, Mission- Island, do not wish such liberation. ary Work and Bible Study Classes. According to David O'Connor, late This proposed separation has caused editor of the Sinn Fein Daily, these some leaders in the Y. W. C. A. to promoters of the Irish Republic .qo propose steps to restore the original not wish to establish religious liberty evangelical standards of the Assoin their new state, but to have the ciation. Roman Catholic priests and bishops in authority, and to have "the Catho- War Decreases Sunday School Attendance lic religion openly taught in the public schools as the basis and corner HE official Year Book of the stone of Irish civilization." T Church of England for 1918 re- cords a decline in Sunday-school at- The Roman Catholic Church, tendanc.e of children in England, which the leaders of the Irish Re- amountmg to 60,000 less than in public proclaim as supreme, is di- 1917. Various reasons are assigned rectly opposed to the fundamental for this disquieting fact, among principles of a democratic republic. them the absence of teachers from The authority of the Pope is su- their post. An improvement is expreme, and therefore "government pected with the return of workers of the people, for the people and by from the scenes of war. the people" is impossible. The Catholic Church is also opposed to Advance in Baptist Missions the separation of church and state, and to full liberty of conscience and THE English Baptist Church reopinion. The Church denies the ports that the amount given for right of private judgment and of independent acts which may contra- foreign missions last year was $600,- vene the laws of the Church. In O~O, or $100,000 more than-the presuch a state, marriage and divorce, VIOUS year and the largest amount in education, law making and politics the history of English Baptists. will be under control of church au- Three thousand converts were bapthorities. True independence and tized on the foreign field last year. liberty are incompatible with a government controlled by the Roman Medical Missions ruustrated Catholic Church. This has been A ~EDICAL Miss.ionary Exhibi- tion was held m London in

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June and part of July, and awak- school for recreation, supper and an ened a lively interest, not only hour and a half of study for the by the various tableaus and exhibits next day's lessons. but by addresses, about social and spiritual conditions in other lands. Outside of Paris, other Protestant Demonstrations of medical work, relief has been maintained without with costumes worn and instruments interruption. At Lille, Pastor Bose used, in. Korea, China, India, Is- carried on the regular clubs of his lands and other places, were given. Protestant group, and provided 2,000 There was also a native doctor's meals each week for helpless men, office, a dispensary and an operat- women and children. ing theatre. The Gospel in the VernacnIar Denmark and Missions I N' Rome a welcome innovation THE Lutheran Church of Den- in the church services began from mark which operates mlSSlOns the end of last February. At that in India and Manchuria has come date the Vicar-General issued inthrough the stress of war time vic- structions to the parish priests of toriously. Last year there was a the city that in future at Low Mass, surplus in. the Church's missionary after they have read the Gospel in treasury, and of the fifty-four mis- Latin, they are to turn to the people sionaries which the society expected and read it again in a loud and to have on its staff, sixteen have distinct voice in Italian. On the been sent Qut since the war began. first Sunday in Lent the Society of As many more have been accepted St. Jerome began to issue a weekly and are preparing for service. These Italian leaflet, to be distributed gratis are astonishing facts when one re- among church congregations. Father members how Denmark has been Genocchi, of that Society, has supharassed with high prices and high plied the Bible Society's secretary in exchange. Rome with one of these leaflets. which is well printed, with a picture Moral Leadership in France in front, and contains the Gospel for the Sunday in Italian, followed I T is estimated that even the small- by some comments which form a est of the churches in Paris have sort of sermonette. lost at least from thirty to forty men in the war. The high cost of Bible in the Warld. living and the almost total lack of remunerative work which they can News from Budapest do has left the women and children in helpless panic. Also the moral ONE of the oldest of Jewish Misstamina and energy of spirit is sadly sions is that in Budapest under let down, now that the terrible strain the care of the United Free Church is over. of Scotland. Since the Soviets have taken control there, all religious and The French Protestant Church is educational work has been "nationtaking the lead in supplying moral alized," and representatives· of the leadership and high standards of liv- Communists are placed over the diing, and prominent in this task is rectors. The Soviet Republic has the McAll Mission, which has been decreed that all religious teaching a center throughout the war for the must cease, even prayers in the distribution of relief of all kinds. Girls' Home of the Mission. One In addition to its numerous clubs element of encouragement lies in the and organizations for both men and fact that parents are inquiring what women the Mission has a gymna- will become of their young people sium, where children whose parents if they cannot receive any religious are at work may come direct from training; and another hopeful fea- ture is that the Soviets have not yet

seized the ]i[is5ion funds, although cred books are two: "Kitab al Jil- they have reserved to themselves the wah" (Book of Revelation) and right to seize any property they may "Matzhaf Resh" (Chief Regula~ desire. The Jewish Mission Com- tion5). The first contains only five mittee has made a strong appeal to short chapters, and the second is the British Government on behalf of largely a book of legend. their interests, and it is not believed that these intolerable conditions will Religious Monthly In Siberia continue. A NEW religious monthly called The Bible in ~fodern Greek Blagovest-nik (The Evangelist) is just out. It is published at Omsk, I T is only since the war that the Siberia, by Robert Fetler, a brother Scriptures in modern Greek have of Pastor William Fetler, formerly been permitted in Greece. The of Petrograd, who founded the Rus- Greeks were therefore practically de- sian Missionary and Educational So- prived of the Bible, for few of them ciety in Philadelphia. The paper understood the ancient tongue. One comprises sixteen pages, and the of the workers of the Scripture poor quality of paper and ink used Gift Mission in Salonica reports: testify to the scarcity of those mater- ials in Siberia. One of the items re- "The War has indeed opened up corded in the paper is the closing of large vistas of opportunity in this the Baptist-Stundist Church in Omsk land for those who are engaged in by command of the military authorireligious work. Because of the pres- ties. The church leaders have apence of the Allies it has been possi- pealed to the Siberian Government, ble to get Bibles and portions of the which is headed by Admiral Kol- Scriptures into the country, and thus chak, for the return of their buildto create an appetite for the Word ing, which had been taken over as which would have taken years to a headquarters of the army staff. bring about in time of peace. We are hoping and praying that the new NORTH A~fERICA Liberal Government will let down the bars and allow the Scriptures to Plan to Educate Russian War Prisoners be imported and sold without restrictions." THE Russian Missionary and Edu- cational Society, of Philadel- The Christian. phia, plans to bring over from France from thirty to fifty Russian Devil-Worshippers of the Caucasus converted war prisoners, During their imprisonment in Germany and THE Yezides, call.d by their Austria they came in contact with neighbors "devil-worshippers," fellow prisoners who were Chrislive in a region bordering on the tians, and who by preaching. the Russian Caucasus. Their racial ori- Gospel and giving access to God's gin is in doubt. They are nomadic, Word brought these formerly nonuse the Kurdish tongue in every day converted men to believe in Christ. life and the Arabic in their religion. After the Armistice a number of They number about 200,000, and are them reached France, and the Rusdespised by Christians and Moham- sian Missionary Society is now planmedans alike. Their religion seems ning to bring them to the United to reflect aspects of the teachings 0 f States for education in their schools. Zoroaster, Moses and Mohammed. A campaign to raise a sufficient sum There is nothing in their books or for the purpose is being conducted. practice that would suggest a modeling after the diabolic. Possibly they Missionary Movement in Colleges have acquired their evil pseUdonym because of their secrecy and occult- THE campaign of the Student Ism. So far as known, their sa- Volunteers and the circulation

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

of Lovell Murray's "The Call of a made 23,714 VISIts to hospitals, and World Task" among the college stu- had personal conversation with near- dents of America have helped to pro- ly 60,000 persons and distributed mote foreign missions in many col- over 30,000 tracts and Gospels. leges and universities. Special mis- Some 7,600 people professed con- sion budgets have been proposed and version. The meetings are held in several will hold financial campaigns churches, the open air, rescue mis- for missions in the fall. On the sions, institutions, industrial clubs, Pacific coast five foreign students factories and prisons. from the University of California visited all the colleges of the state The net cost of operating the In- in the interest of a missionary cam- stitute was $211,778.96, and the to- paign. The University of Texas is tal deficit on August 31 was $55,- planning to "put Texas in India" 138.53. This work is worthy of with a gift of $5,000 or more, while generous support. the University of Kentucky leaders have decided to raise a missionary FIanner House, Indianapolis budget each year as a memorial to the fourteen students who sacrificed A TROLLEY trip of less than ten their lives in the war. Dartmouth minutes from the heart of In- College has definite plans formed dianapolis brings one to a strip of for work in Turkey. The colored thickly populated Africa, a mile and colleges of the country are partici- a half by a mile in extent. In the pating in the movement, with the center of this district stands Flanspecial aim of supporting their own ner House, the only community cenmissionary in Africa. ter for the 40,000 negroes of In- diana's capital, who live in dingy, The JIoody Bible Institute dilapidated surroundings, with a minimum of light, air and comfort. A REMARKABLY effective and far-reaching work is being con- The ministrations of Flanner ducted by the Moody Bible Institute, House are many-sided. It serves as Chicago. Not only are horne mis- a clearing house for all kinds of sionaries being trained in large num- helpful activities, including Employbers, and Christian workers in many ment Bureau, Day nursery and Kindepartments of work in the home dergarten, free clinic and anti-tuberchurches, but last year 120 went out culosis society, gymnasium, etc. from the Institute to become foreign Flanner house is not a church, but missionaries. There were 117 stu- seeks to supplement the churches' redents enrolled in the day classes, and ligious instruction by a weekly Sun- 667 in the evening classes. The day-school. former included young men and women from 22 denominations, 42 Conference of New JIissionaries states and 29 foreign countries. The evening classes represented 262 THE twenty-second annual Conchurches in Chicago, 39 denomina- ference of the Presbyterian tions and 136 trades and occupa- Board of Foreign Missions, (June tions. The Bible Correspondence 4-11) at 156 Fifth Avenue, New Courses enrolled 5437 students. York, was record breaking in the number of attendants. The Reformed The work of the Institute is re- Church in America united in this markably thorough and far-reaching. conference and had 22 new mission- It includes courses of study in the aries on the list while Presbyterians Bible, missions, Sunday-school work, are sending out 110 recruits. The music and practical evangelism. The topics under discussion included: number of meetings conducted or at- "World Reconstruction and Foreign tended by students was 59,541; they Missions," "Administrative Systems,'" and "The Missionary's. Equipment." The new appointees go to remote

corners of the earth. Those as- ent languages, assembled to make signed to the Punjab and North In- plans for helping the foreign women dia remained with the Board for of their communities. The three three weeks' special study of Urdu. Chinese delegates came to learn about the Young Women's Christian Conference for Methodist Missionaries Association.

A N intensive training Conference Christian Advocate. for the newly appointed missionaries of the Methodist Episcopal LATIN AMERICA Board was held at Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, Ill., July 8 to In Southern Mexico August 1. Among the lecturers were Bishop F. J. McConnell, Dr. E. D. EVANGELICAL Christian work Soper of Drew Theological Semi- is scarcely so far advanced in nary and representatives of the Bible Teachers' Training School of New Southern Mexico as in Guatemala. York and the Boston School of The- A missionary from the latter counology. Over one hundred were in attendance, most of whom left for try when journeying through the their appointed fields at the close of the Conference. Port of Mexico while on his way to Challenge to Methodism the United States for his furlough, THE report of the Committee on inquired where he could find an Findings of the Methodist Episcopal Church, meeting in Cleveland, evangelical chapel, and was told that Ohio, in June reads : "We recommend that we have a campaign of very likely they could give it to him evangelism that shall occupy the preeminent place in the conservation at the drug store. Thinking he program of the Church," and "that might not have been understood, he the goal shall be at least one million souls won for Christ by June, asked if there were not any evan- 1920." The raising of $112,000,000 for missions throughout the world gelists in the town, and received the was a testimony to the material possibilities of the Methodist Church, reply that the priest could explain but the meeting of this important challenge will call for awakened all about that. In desperation, he spiritual fervor. inquired whether there were any A Chinese Y. W. C. A. for New York Protestants in the Port of Mexico, THIRTY-NINE signatures, some and nobody had ever heard of such of them in Chinese characters, were signed to a petition asking for people. a Chinese Young Women's Christian Association in New York City. Last' Guatemala News. August a delegation of the Chinese women attended the big international Revolutions in Haiti conference which the Young Women's Christian Association held for A DEMONSTRATION of the exall foreign young women in the tent to which the many revoluvicinity of New York city. At'this tions through which Haiti has passed meeting more than two hundred has interfered with the normal life of delegates, speaking thirty-two differ- the people is to be seen on the trails of the country districts. On them one passes a never-ending stream of women-mile after mile and nothing but the female of the species-most of them with baskets on their heads. "Where are the men?" involuntarily rises to the traveler's lips. And the reply comes quickly that they never leave their huts, or at least never go abroad, since the sorrowful ex- perience of years has taught them that when they are at large they are apt to be impressed into service by roving "revolutionists." Hence one seldom sees anything but women as one wanders through Haiti.

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

.obeah Pratice Brazil, was the renowned possessor of an image of San Antonio, and -ELIEF in "obeah" (obsession by kept it in her home. After a long B an evil spirit) is deeply ground- period of drought her neighbors peti- tioned the old lady that she should ed in Jamaica, and is one of the lend them her "Saint" for nine days, most powerful opponents to Chris- so that they might pray to it for tianity. The "obeah" doctor is usual- that period and then return it. The 1y some disreputable renegade, liv- request was granted, and borne on a ing in poverty and filth, but his stretcher, the image made a round :services are in frequent demand. of visits in the neighborhood, finally When summoned professionally, he being returned to its glass case and enters the patient's room and calls a tribute of burning candles placed first for a pint of rum. A few drops about. To conclude the ceremony, .1.re sprinkled upon the patient, the the contents of a stone jar were rest he swallows. Then he takes out handed to those present, and their <>f his bag a few chicken feathers demeanor soon afterward gave evi- and some red cloth, which he lays dence of what the jar contained. All on the table. Next a small yellow went on their way homeward, with :snake is brought out of his bag and a feeling of merit at having done this he guides over the body of their duty to the saint, and confident the sick person. Then the crucial that he would send the needed rain. moment is at hand, for this time the obeah man utters the word THE ISLANDS ·"money." About $15 is handed over .1.nd operations begin anew. A small "A Bible Distribution in the PWlippines pan with a cover, more rum, blue COpy of the Scriptures in :and red lights, and then with a wild every home" is the maxim of whoop the obeah doctor dances, at the organized movement for Bible ftrst furiously, then slowing down to distribution in the Philippines. The a gentle swaying motion. With the aim is to have each church assume pan in one hand, the cover in the responsibility for a house-to-house <>ther, he makes a swift leap upon canvass in their respective districts, the patient, claps the cover on, and making a present of at least a penny amid an awed silence, departs with_ Gospel where no sale can be made. the "duppy" (evil spirit) safely in This reacts as an advantage to the bis pan. churches by bringing them to the attention of the public, by multiply- Ten minutes pass. Then a shriek ing the workers and by furnishing a 'is heard. An exploring party finds point of contact with the non-Christhe obeah man in wild distress. He tian community. bad stumbled, the lid fell off the pan, and the duppy had escaped. Leper Work in the PWIippines Could nothing be done to save the -patient, to whom the duppy had re- THERE are more than 5,000 lepturned? Surely, but it would re- ers on the Island of Culion, and ,quire more rum and more money. probably 1,500 more still at large on 'This time it required only a few other islands of the Philippines. The minutes to capture him, and the pan Evangelical Union directs the Chriswas put in the bag for safe keeping. tian work at San Lazaro and Culion Leper Asylums. Victoriano Mauri- BolTowing an Image cio is the leper pastor at San Lazaro, and he has his church organized PATIENCE and perseverance are with deacons and elders, who send essential qualities in the mis- in quarterly reports to their Consionary who strives to overcome the ference. The congregation numbers :ignorant fanaticism that enthralls the over 150. Lepers h:we recently -people of inland South America. An old woman in Dominge-nigo,

made a gift of 310 pesos for the numbers more outside the United erection of a chapel in Culion vil- States than in. The Presbyterians, lage. Reformed and Lutheran churches, all of which are Calvinistic, number Literacy in the Philippines 115,000,000, or three-fifths of all the Protestants in the world. M M. KALOW, secretary of the • Philippine Mission, is author- Christian Observer. ity for the following figures: Sev- enty per cent of the inhabitants of Fonndation Missionary Work the Philippines over ten years old are literate, as shown by the 1918 MR. K. Miyama, a Japanese census. Of the estimated popula- Christian worker, went to Hation of 10,500,000, 10,000,000 are waii some years ago, and, without "civilized Christians," while 500,000 any mission agency back of him, represents the non-Christians, or so- was the means of converting to called wild tribes. The percentage Christianity the Hon. Taro Ando, of literacy in the Philippines is high- the Japanese consul, his wife and er than in any of the new countries his secretaries. Later, Ando· and now clamoring for recognition by Miyama founded the National Temthe Allies. The Philippine legisla- perance Society of Japan and estabture, now composed entirely of Fili- lished the Ginza Methodist Church pinos, supports 4700 schools, with in Tokyo. The Hon. Sho N emoto, a teaching force of 12,303 teachers; another Japanese Christian and now and at their last session voted a member of the Lower House of 30,000,000 pesos to extend the edu- Parliament in Japan, was the author cational system. of a bill forbidding the sale of to- bacco to minors, and other anti- MISCELLANEOUS NOTES alcohol legislation, which passed the Lower House but failed in the Up- The Bible in America and Other Lands per. Both these Japanese Chris- tians are converts of a Methodist I N seven states of the Union it is Mission in California. illegal to have the Bible read in the public schools, yet China has New Translations of the Bible recommended the reading of the Scriptures in her schools. Thirty- 'THE Gospel by Matthew has been five million copies of the Bible are ~ translated and published in Pali, sold every year, home coming chaplains and war workers report the the sacred language of Buddhism, eager demand for Testaments among for the special purpose of introthe fighting men and missionaries ducing the Christian Scriptures to constantly testify to the transform- Burmese monks. The book of Daning effect of Bible reading upon the iel has been in great demand among heathen races of the world. these monks of Burma.

Interesting Statistics In Siam, an American missionary has succeeded in translating the RECENT denominational figures Epistles of Peter into Kamu, al- reveal some interesting facts though she does not know a word of relative to the strength of the var- that language. This seeming impos-· ious religious denominations through- sibility was accomplished with the out the world. For example: three- aid of a Laos teacher who knew fourths of the world's Baptists live no Kamu, and a Kamu colporteur between the Ohio river and the who knew some Laos. This col- Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic and porteur reads the translation to· Pacific oceans. Three-fourths of all travelers ,along the road, and one the Methodists live in the United manuscript has been worn out by States, but the Presbyterian Church constant use. The work has been revised and is now off the press.

MISSIONARY

Japan and World Peace. By K. K. lsowo Abe to the effect that "social- Kawakami. 12mo. 196 pp. $1.50. istic ideas have been widely diffused The Macmillan Company. 1919. throughout the Empire in the past few years. The socialistic spirit Students of Far Eastern affairs is afloat everywhere, and it would welcome the writings of Mr. K. K. be a great mistake to judge the in- Kawakami as one of the ablest writ- fluence of socialism from the yet ers of modern Japan. His thorough small number of professed socialists knowledge of his own country, his only." (p. 39). He is pronouncedly travels and observations in China, his hostile to the military party in Japan. long residence in San Francisco, where he is the American corres- But while such statements show pondent of some of the influential that he is not a blind advocate of journals of Japan, and his clear and his country, the book as a whole educated mind combine to make shows 'that he is a staunchly loyal his views on the international situation in the Far East command Japanese. The major part of the respect. His former volumes were book is devoted to a vigorous adon "American-Japanese Relations," vocacy of Japan's foreign policy, (1912), "Asia at the Door" (1914), especially in its relations to China, and "Japan in World Politics," Siberia, the Pacific Islands ankl (1917). Mr. Kawakami is a loyal America. He courteously and skil- Japanese of the progressive school, fully flays America for inconsistency and naturally interprets Japan in in demanding a Monroe Doctrine terms of his own liberal thought. He for itself and denying one for China; does not hesitate to characterize the exposes politely but effectively the in- "divine origin" .of the Emperor as consistencies and the injustice of sev- "the sinister doctrine (p. 23), and to eral western nations, including the declare that "unfortunately, the late United States, in their dealings with Price Ito was influenced by the Far Eastern affairs; asserts that German idea of government, and, "China left to her own resources will in drafting a constitution for his ultimately become the Turkey of the country, preferred to follow the Ger- Far East if it has not already become man pattern rather than the Anglo- such"; and that Japan is abundantly Saxon conception of democracy." He justified in the course that she is takvigorously champions the growth of ing toward China. He admits howdemocracy in Japan, demands the ever that the notorious "21 demands" extension of suffrage from the pres- upon China in the spring of 1915 ent percentage of franchise-holders were a blunder, not because they from 28 of each 1,000 of the popu- were wrong in themselves but belation, calls for greater liberty for cause the manner of presentation trade unions and for greater free- were not characterized by "greater dom of speech. References to social- discretion and saner judgment." (p. ism remind us that he was long 166.) distrusted by many of his countrymen, and is still by some of them, Some things in the book will be as himself inclined toward social- challenged by American and British ism. He says: "to throttle the ad- readers, and probably by all Chinese vocacy of socialism is ridiculous" readers who. will feel that the whole (p. 36); and he quotes with ap- discussion is an eX' parte one. It is proval the opinion of Professor delightfully written, and gives an ex- cellent understanding of Japan's point of view.

717

The Crisis in Church and College. By -(1) Roman Catholic (a majority Geo. W. McPherson. 12mo. 238 pp. $1.25 net. Published by the author, !n the North) ; (2) Moslems (strong- Yonkers, N. Y. 1919. m Central and Southern Albania); There has been a great deal of (3) Orthodox Greek (strong minori- ties in Southern and Central Aljust complaint of the destructive bania and (4) Protestants-a very criticism that has characterized the few converts of the work conducted teaching of many preachers and in- by the American Board missionaries. stitutions of learning. Even before The three leading religious forces men know what the Bible teaches are antagonistic, but Mr. ChekrezL they are told that it is not true. Many so called scholars and teachers holds that this element of discord adopt the premise that all knowledge can be ignored since "the weakest is attainable by intellectual investiga- point of the Albanian is his religion." gation and that the only scientific method of study is inductive. They With the return of peace there is ignore revelation and spiritual dis- ground for hope that Christian edcernment. Dr. McPherson' applies ucation will be promoted. the inductive scientific method to his study of rationalism in American A. Mosaic of Missionary Methods. By colleges and pulpits. He quotes Stanley Sowton. 12mo. 156 pp. Wesfrom text books and correspondents leyan Methodist Missionary Society, ~o show that the religious teaching London. 1918. m many of these training schools of the coming leaders creates unbelief These are methods for the home rather than faith. Dr. McPherson proves his case and then he points churches and not for the missionary. out the causes and the remedy for this "new theology." They range from the method of Albania-Past and Present. By Con- keeping missionary accounts in the stantine A. Chekrezi. 12mo. 255 pp. Maps. $2.25. The Macmillan Co. 1919. local society to the conduct of a Albania, the bone of contention in week of missionary meetings. There the Balkans, has been better known since William of Weid, the German are countless valuable suggestions Prince, was appointed ruler and then suddenly abdicated. Still Albania is taken from actual experience-misa mysterious country, about which few American's know anything defi- sionary teas, summer schools, games, nite. The Albanians are said to be the oldest race in the Balkans-they lectures, programs, mo~toes, posters, are certainly picturesque and interesting. This book is the most com- mothers' meetings, lending libraries, plete description of the country, the people and their history. advertising, curios, music, programs, Mr. Chekrezi, of Columbia Uni- etc., etc., The methods are adapted versity, is an Albanian who has studied at Korcha, at Athens and at Har- to all sorts of churches and occasions vard. He brings forward the claims of his people for an independent and will be a practical help to future. The book is full of valuable information and sh-ows the strength worried chairmen. . of Albanian character. The Albanians, however, net:d Christian educa- Robert and Mary. A Missionary Rotion. We have four religious groups mance of South Africa. Dramatized by Anita B. Ferris.

With ten characters and five scenes Miss Ferris gives a very simple and attractive missionary play based on "The Moffats"-a true story of love' and adventure. Try it in your Young People's Society or Sunday-school.

Fifty Years in China. By Samuel Isett Woodbridge. 12mo. 231 pp. Ma!) and illustrations. Presbyterian Com- mittee of Publication. Richmond, Va. 1919.

The Presbyterian Church (South) has been half a century at work in China-having begun work there in 1867. This story of adventures and a history with a polemical purpose.

achievements is a history in the form The author's aim is frankly revoluof a text book for mission studv classes. Dr. Woodbridge as a former tionary. His point of attack is premissionary in China is well fitted dictive prophecy. There is no such for his task and has given us a thing and cannot be, so this history clear, condensed, accurate and in- of Old Testament interpretation forming volume. While it relates tries to prove. chiefly to the fields of the Southern Presbyterian Church, it has a wealth Mr. Fullerton does not minimize of interesting facts for all. Ithe radical character of this thesis. It works, he assures us, first of all a fundamental change in current The History of Religions. By E. Wash- ideas of inspiration. It makes im- burn Hopkins, Ph. D. 8vo. 624 pp. possible the conception of the infalli- $3.00. Macmillan, 1919. bility of Scripture. "Prophets pre- One's view of non-Christian reli- dicted many things which never gions depends on one's view of reli- have been and never will be ful- gion. Dr. Hopkins, the professor of filled." It is no less revolutionary Sanskrit and comparative philology in in the way it affects Messianic Yale University, defines religion as Prophecy. Christ fulfills no predic- "Squaring human life with superhu- tions, only prophetic ideals.· When man Life." . He believes in the evo- Jesus told his disciples that all lution of religious consciousness and things must be fulfilled "which are convictions, but his treatise consists written in the law of Moses and the for the most part of a brief descrip- Prophets and the Psalms concern- tion of the origin, character, belie'fs ing me," He was mistaken. Our au- and practices of each religion. He thor's position, as he himself tells does not doubt the historicity of us, excludes also the miraculous, Jesus, but his view point is seen but not,. as he thinks, the supernat- in the statement that "Buddhistic uraL And finally much to his own teachings affected the story of satisfaction it cuts the tap root of Jesus." He casts doubt on the vir- the millenial hope, which he calls gin birth, the miracles and the an anachronism in our age. If there resurrection as recounted in the Gos- was no prediction of the first Ad- pels. Dr. Washburn believes in vent, there can be none of the Christianity as the ideal religion, but Second Advent. Some of us may not as a direct revelation from God. go further and wonder what is left to our Christian faith.

Prophecy and Authority. By Kemper In the preface Mr. Fullerton ad- Fullerton, Professor of 01d Testa- mits with some reservation that ment Language and Literature, Ober- the conservatism of the Church is lin Graduate School of Theology. 214 a good thing. We agree with him pp. $1.50. The Macmillan Co. 1919. there; and we trust that there is enough of this saving conservatism In this volume Mr. Fullerton has even in our theological seminaries, given us an exceedingly interesting to repudiate the red radicalism and well written "history of· the which this book would teach. doctrine and interpretation of Scripture" more especially of the Old Testament and of Messianic Pro- Madame France. By R. Louise Fitch. phecy in particular. He is thor- .8vo. 189 pp. $1.50 net. The Wo- oughly familiar with his subject, man's Press, New York, 1919.

and simply as a history of exegeti- The story of what the French cal methods and principles from the women did to help win the war. Full Patristic Fathers down t6 the mod- appreciation is shown, and some things ern school of criticism, it excites "French" are entirely overlooked. The our admiration. Unfortunately it is beautiful and the good are pictured while the evil is almost overlooked. ment." Among the most helpful are Miss Fitch's view point is shown in those by Dr. A. C. Gaebelein on her statements that "Protestantism is "The Preeminence of the Lord a tiny bark in the sea of Catholicism" Jesus Christ" and "The Influence and that "the Catholic Church has of the Study of Prophecy on Life done all in its power to give spiritual and Service" by Dr. W. H. Griffith aid to its believers." Thomas. There are also addresses by Dr. James M. Gray, Rev. R. A. The Conscience and Concessions. By Torrey, Dr. Joseph W. C. Kemp, A. W. Anthony, D D. 12mo. 270 pp. Rev. W. B. Riley, the late Dr. ]. $1.50. Revell, 1919. Wilbur Chapman and others.

Dr. Anthony, the Executive Secre- John W. Stevenson. By Marshall tary of the Home Missions Council, Broomhall. 12mo. 95 pp. 2s. 6d. discusses the principles of federation Morgan and Scott, Ltd., 1919. and cooperation between various denominations. He endeavors to show A brief sketch of "one of Christ's how men may join in Christian work stalwarts" for over fifty years a miswithout surrendering conscientious sionary of the China Inland Mission. convictions. After tracing the steps He was a man of courage and faith, toward unity and noting the unifying methodical, simple in his tastes, loyal tendencies of the war, Dr. Anthony a~d a bulwark of strength to the mistakes up the protests of individualism sIon. and the broad basis of brotherhood. His "Practical Program of Valid Con- Those Who Have Come Back. By cession" includes a recognition of the Peter Clark Macfarlane. Illustrated. right to differ and the validity of 8vo. 269 pp. $1.50. Little, Brown & varied experiencies, the adoption of Co. Boston, 1914. an adequate program for world bet- Eight remarkable stories of men terment, knowledge joined through fellowship, the exercise of patience, and women rescued from evil livesopen mindedness and Christian char- including a morphia fiend, a bank burity. glar, a White-chapel woman, "Lucky Baldwin," and "Mel Trotter"-all Handbook of French and Belgian Prot- changed but apparently not all con- estantism. Prepared by Louis Sey- verted to Christ. Between the lines mou,r Houghton. 12mo. 245 pp. 7S we seem to read that these men and cents. Federal Council of Churches. women owe their new life to Christ, New York, 1919. but the author does not give Him fulI credit. Protestants are a live and important factor in France and Belgium. Amer- John P. Williamson. By Winifred E. ican Christians should know more Barton. 8vo. 269 pp. $1.75. Flemabout them and must help them to ing H. Revel! Co., 1919. rehabilitate themselves. This handbook gives the facts-historical and The life of' a well known missionpresent day. It is valuable for refer- ary to the Sioux Indians in South ence. Dakota. His life story is full of in- cident and shows the inspiring results Christ and Glory. Edited by A. C. of faithful work. Gaebelein. 8vo. 243 pp. $1.50. Our Hope. New York, 1919. Charles Chapin Tracy. By George E. White. 12mo. 80 pp. $1.00 net. These addresses delivered at the The Pilgrim Press. Boston. 1919. New York Prophetic Bible Conference in Carnegie Hall last Novem- A brief sketch of the first President ber are of varying merit. They are of Anatolia College, Marsovan, Turall Bible expositions and include ad- key. Dr. Tracy was a missionary in dresses on "the Second Coming," Turkey for half a century and his "The Last Times" and the "Judg- work as an educationalist and lover of men abides. Your Money Will Make More For You!

A N incorporated organization of Christian workers desires a loan. Want to open up new work for which funds are pledged but not immediately collectible. Adequate security given. Interest at rate of 10%, paid quarterly or semi-annually, at option of lender. This is the legal rate in the state under whose "Blue Sky Law" we hold charter. You are offered THREE ADVAN- TAGES: a, safety of loan as good as with any Bank; b, an interest rate above average in the East; c, a chance to help the work of some folks who stand for the Gospel as preached by all evangelical churches.

Write Pastor, Lock Box 918, Indianapolis, Indiana.

~nr~nu THE BEST MISSIONARY STORIES AND PICTURES FOR BOYS AND GIRLS raiblt Picture Sheds to make into scrap-books Fascinating Stories to tell to children I} CIt 0 liege A Stamp Book for a new kind of collection THEOLOGICAL, Missionary, Everyland Picture Sheets: Religious-Educational College course of 4 years. Graduate School Chinese Snapshots; Chinese Boys and Girls; . of Theology, 3-year course. Col- Armenians and Syrians; Mexicans in the legiate and advanced degre~s. Two United States; The Orientals in America; year collegiate training course. In- Children of the City. and others.

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The Life of Arthur T. Pierson written by his son Delavan L. Pierson Dr. J. H. Jowett says of this life story:- "The story of • noble ministry. filled with fervent devotion and strenuous endea.vor from el'd to end. Dr. Pierson had the gift of a. consecra.ted ingenuity. He was a. llkililul fisherman in the waters of life. His record is 301.0 the story of a great Bible student. The passion for Biblical .tudy eEl·me to him "ery early. and the lervor of it never grew cool. Mr. Pierson gives us the privilege 01 looking into his father's workshop, and we see the Bible student at his hest. The biography is well done. It gives us a U,il1g ma.n-Do man whose work will long abide, and whose memory remains fragrant among all bis flie:nds."

The book gives the ,eeret of Dr. Pier,on', success as a Bible student-a preacher-a pastor-an editor and a missionary crusader. Dr. Pierson filled some of the largest and most important pulpit, in America and in England. He had remarkable experiences in spiritual growth and power, in answered prayer. He travelled widely and came into close personal contact with the outstanding leaders of his day. This life-story is one of absorbing interest and unusual value. If you have not read it, do so without delay. Regular price $1.65 (postpaid.). Special price to REVIEW Subscribers (postpaid) $1.20 – Have You Read These Books By Dr. Pierson?

THE LIFE OF GEO. MULLER. Thepatriarch of Ohrist. These messages will stimulate preachof Bristol. Few lives have had a greater influence ers of today to new Vitality. They are BihlicaJ. n the past 100 years than that of George Muller spiritual, practical, powerful. Regular price $1.37 "Vhose work of faith is known all over the world. – (postpaid). Our price $1.10 (p"stpald). "'us authorized biogra.phy re"eals the secret of his power as SBen in his letters and diary. Regular THE ACTS OF THE HOL Y SPIRIT. An price $1.65 (postp~..id). Our special price $1.25 unusua I exposition of the Book of the Acts. This (postpaid). will be especia.lly valuable to teachers and preach- ers who plan to tollow the Sunday School lessons THE CRISIS OF MISSIONS. A book that has in The Acts. These studies throw new light on made many missionarieE'. It tells the wonderful the Book. Regular price 85e (postpaid). Our story of the call of God through the events of his- Special price 63c (postpaid). tory. Paper edition rfgular price 45c (postpaid). Our special price 35c (pcstpaid). MANY INFALLIBLE PROOFS. This is one of the most widely used and successful of any of the SEVEN YEARS IN SIERRA LEONE. The story many volume~ giving the arguments for the truth of.the wonderful work of God through the minis- of the Christian Religion. It shows the facts try of W. A. B. Johnson quite as remarkable as about prophecy, miracles, personal experience and the story of John G. Paton. Regular price $1.12 the character and work of Jesus Ohrist. Those (postpaid). Special price S2c (postpaid). dealing with doubt9rB or young people with un- formed faith will find this book of great value. THE HEART OF THE GOSPEL. Burning mess- Published originally at $1.10 (postpaid). Our ages that re'eal the secret of power in the Gospel Special Price SSe (pcstpaid). -..

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R. H. Howland 156 Fifth Ave., New York Please mention TH. MrSSIONAllY R.l(vliw OIt 'tHIt WOR["P in writing to advertisers MISSIONARY PERSONALS fuv. SAMUEl, M. ZWEMER, D. D., of Cairo, sailed for England August 16. After spending two weeks in England in the interests of the Nile Mission Pre.ss he will proceed to Cairo to resume his work in the Cairo Mission and Theological Seminary. Dr. Zwemer has spent fifteen months in the United States in response to a call from "the Laymen's Missionary Movement.

DR. PAUl, HAIUUSON of Arabia writes For my sermons, I use that he has recently taken a second jour- the large, bold type. ney to Riadh, Central Arabia, and found Then by "Just turning a friendly spirit among the people. The Bedouins are in the throes of a tremen- the knob" the &~ dous revival of orthodox Mohammedan- t"l1>e' 11 ,.e.a.~~ ~o,. …… ism. They come to the mis.sionary for medicine, but afterwards would not recog- ~,.~a.~e. co,.,.e,~o~~e~clI. nize the "infidel" doctor on the street. 6, SundAY School not'ces.

REV. CORNELIUS H. PATTON, D. D., Secretary of the American Board, and his party have arrived safely in Japan.

DR. GEORGE C. RAYNOLDS, veteran medi- "Many Typewriters In One" cal missionary of Van, Turkey, is at present living in California, and has recently made a short speaking tour through the southern part of that state.

MISS MARY J. CAMPBEl,l" author of Would you. like to know wh'll the Multiplex Hamrnnud is so popular with "The Power House at Pathankot" is the ALL claues of people' ".,.e ca.n tell national temperance organizer for all In- you in /011.7 words: dia. Miss Campbell has been a missionary of the United .Presbyterian Church Becaullft of its lreraatiHty! for thirty-three years, and the Indian Government, recognizing the imporlance The 11 ulttplbX H ammon.oJ does everyof her temperance work, has awarded her thing any other typewriter will do, the Kaisar-i-Hind medal. and buide,<" if you "Just tum the BISHOP JOHN M. MOORE, of the Metho- knob" you can chan~tI (rom one style dist Episcopal Church, South, has gone to or type, or from one Jangua.g'fi, to an- Rio de Janeiro, where he will be OCC't- other. Note the abo,"e specimon pied with Episcopal duties until the end (s1Jghtly rool1(,oo) all wTiU8n on U~. of the year. He will return to the United States to take part in the Commis- SAME machine. sion on the Unification of Methodism. No Other Typewriter Can Do Thi. MISS VAN SOMMER, founder of the Egypt General Mission and of the Nile No matter who Mission Press, has opened a book shop in you Ire. what you Jerusalem which will eventually be are, or where you stocked with Hebrew and other books for ….e, the Multiplex the increasing Jewish population, in 'l. Mi- Hammond Is the tion to a full supply of books in Arabic wrltln~ m&chlne for Moslem readers. for YOU. M&U the coupon ! 0 r MR. CHARLES V. VICKREY, Executive Cree tolder Secretary of the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, has gone to Also a PORTABLE Model Armenia and Syria with four other mem- Full capacity. Weight about 11 pound•. Continued on page xii Ask tor lIP,,,;,,, (old.,… Mailed free.

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THE HAMMOND TYPEWRITER CO. 577 East 69d~ St., New York City. Please send free Fold…- to: Name Add~ ________________________ Occupatioo _______________________ Please JDtntion THJ; MISSIONARY R.(vu:w 01' ~HJt WORLD in writing to advertisers OldBi hi es Continued from page xi Re-Bound bers of the organization to make a special Haven't you often wanted that old survey of both relief and reconstruction Bible re-bound-that old Bible with all work. its associations and sentiment ? You have wondered where you could have Tm: RT. REv. BISHOP WESTCOTT of the work done, and perhaps you have Chota Nagpur has been appointed to sucthought the price would be high. ceed the late Bishop Lefroy as Metropoli- tan of the Anglican Church in India. You can have your Bibles and Hymn Bishop Vestcott is President of the Na- Books re-bound inexpensively and tional Missionary Council of India, and well-Ieatner or doth, as you prefer. is therefore familiar with the problems of the Christian Church in India. Send me your Bible by parcel post insured-} will send you an estimate of MR. S. H. Gr.ADSTONE:, treasurer of the the cost subject to your approval be- Conference of Missionary Societies of Great Britain, vice-president of the fore the work ;s done. If this estimate Church Missionary Society and member of the Central Board of Missions, has is not satisfactory, I will return your been elected President of' the London Bible without charge. Jews' Society.

R. H.HOWLAND BISHOP WII,LIAM F. ANDE:RSON of the 156 Fifth Ave., New York Methodist Episcopal Church has been in attendance at the Denmark Conference. the first time since the outbreak of the war when an American Bishop has visited any of the Scandinavian Conferences.

Rev. Wn,LIAM RE:~n'RY HUNT, F. R. G. S.. missionary to China for thirty years. has been decorated by the Chinese Gov- ernment and by the Chinese Red Cross Society for his services in relieving fa- mine suffering.

American Motherhood DR. TASUKU HARADA of Kyoto, Japan, former president of the Doshisha, the For Every Home in the Land leading Christian institution of his coun- try, is taking a year of rest and travel, and has made a brief visit to the United States.

Recognized Authority on REV. BRENTON T. BADLE:Y, who has for two years been representing India in the The MOTHER Methodist Centenary, has returned to In- The CHILD and dia as executive secretary of the Centen- The HOME ary Movement for India and Burnr!, with headquarters at Lucknow. $1.25 per Year BISHOP FRANK W. WARNE:, who has With Mi••ionary Review, $3.15 been in America for the past fifteen months, has left to hold Conferences of THE ARTHUR H. CRIST CO. the Methodist Episcopal Church in Nortl, India, Bengal and the Philippine Islands. Cooper.town, N. Y. MR. N. W. TILAK, Indian Christian patriot and poet, died at Bombay on May 9th,. 1919. Mr. Tilak spent several years of his early life wandering from one part of India to another studying religions, and in 1895 publicly declared his ac- ceptance of Christianity. From that time he has continued to teach Christianity by pen and speech.

Please mention TH:t MISS10NARY Ravntw OJ' 'tHJt W~RI.D in writing to ~dvertisers NEW BOOKS ON MISSIONS Do You Believe in the Heroes of Faith in Japan. Edward L. Supernatural Pell, D. D. Edited by E. B. Chap- pell, D. D. Map. 101 pp. 25c. Pub- IF you offer your Sunday-school lishing House of the M. E. Church, South Nashville, Tenn. 1918.

About Little Folks in Japan. Edited class anything less than the by E. B. Chappell, D. D. 40 pp. supernatural, your Sunday-school Smith and Lamar, Nashville. 1918. work will be a failure. For this Boys and Girls of an Island Empire. Prepared by Lucy Foreman. Edited reason The Sunday School Times by E. B. Chappell, D. D. 48 pp. offers you every week, Smith and Lamar, Nashville. 1918. -a supernatural Bible: a book which in The Opportunity for Religion. By every syllable is God's very Word: God- Harry F. Ward. 12'0. 66 pp. 60c. breathed, unique, authoritative, infallible. New York: The Woman's Press. 1919. -a supernatural Christ: a Saviour who Social and Religious Life of Italians in is God, supernaturally born of a virgin, America. By Enrico C. Sartorio. 147 working miracles of love and omnipotence, pp. $1.00. Christopher Publishing dying as our Substitute, His body mir- House, Boston. 1919. aculously raised from the dead, able to save to the uttermost, and coming back Christianizing Christendom. By S. L. to reign OVer His earth. Morris. 206 pp. 12mo. Richmond: Presbyterian Committee of Publica- -a supernatural Life for every believer, tion. 1919. Christ· Hhnself liYing iu victory in you: winning others to Himself through you Standing By: War-time reflections in 2nd making your service for Him a thrill- France and Flanders. Robert Keable. ing adventure of testimony and results. 12mo. 271 pp. $2.00 net. E. P. Dut- ton & Co., New York. With all this, the Sunday School Times also offers you fte most success- The Napoleon of the Pacific: Kame. ful methods of natural efficiency in hameha the Great. By Herbert H. Sunday-~chooI and church work; a corps of a dozen trained ~pecialists Gowen, F. R. G. S. 8vo. IlIus. 326 writing for you every week on the pp. $2.00 net. Fleming H. Revell International Improved Uniform Les- sons, and so many other remarkable Co., New York. 1919. features that it will take a whole series of advertisements to tell about them. Helps for Students of History: The Study of Colonial History. By A. P. Watch-but don't wait-for these Newton, M. A. Pamphlet. 46 pp. 20e. coming adverti,ements: there is no need of going another week without London: Society for Promoting all that this Bible-study-and-teaching- Christian Knowledge. 1919. and – Christian – service journal will bring into your life. You can get Ministers of Mercy. By James H. acquainted for a quarter with Franklin. Illus. 239 pp. 12mo. Cloth, 75c; paper, SOc. Missionary Education Movement. 1919.

The Spread of Christianity in the Mod. ern World. By Edward Caldwell Moore. 12mo. 352 pp. $2.00 net. University of Chicago Press. 1919.

The Adventurous Arab; Four Mission· ary Lessons for the Sunday School. 8 pp. 4d. net. Edinburgh: U. F. C.

Mission Study Council. 1919. .

The Jew Throughout the Ages; Tableaux Thousands of persons are saying, and Dialogue. By Amy Steedman. 16 pp. 6d. net. Edinburgh: U. F. C. with real joy, "Why didn't I learn ". c~.. Mission Study Council. 1919. about· this paper before?" Village Evangelization. No.3. Edited by H. D. Griswold, D. D. 44 pp. My- Will you give yourself- ",,< "," THE sore: Wesleyan Mission Press. 1918. and your friends- SUNDAY Palestine of the Jews. Past, Present this experience o'f>- and Future. By Norman Bentwich. as quickly sa ~'" -ll0 SCHOOL TIMES 288 pp. 6s. net. London: Paul Ke- possible? gan. '1918. o~.</ COMPANY The Consuming Fire. By Harris E. or; 1031 Walnut St., Phila. Kirk. 183 pp. $1.50. The Macmillan Company, New York. .;,,<:>1(; For the 25 cents encIo~ o.~ Why We Fail as Christians. By Rob- please send the Snnday School ert Hunter. 180 pp. $1.60. The Mae- millan Company, New York. 1918. …..",,(I Times for 10 weeks to ••c,. N'etre O~ Addre~~s~_________________________ Please mention THJt MISS]ONAllY ~VIlCW OJ' i'Hlt WORLD in lPri.ting to advertisers A Campaign to Educate One Hundred Russian Converted Students at the Russian Bible and Educational Institute during the 1919-1920 School Year Come that they had decided to support one of the students during the next School Year. over Needless to say, this offer has given us and much JOY and encouragement, being the first towards the support of a student for next help W: ~ea~an~~dh:~di~inllij~h'sOfex~:ri;~t:~~. dal:~ us hope and pray that the unselfish and sacrificial spirit of these three Scotch sisters will be We desire to bring over from Franc~ from just a forerunner of a great cloud and mighty 30 to 50 Russian converted war pnsoners. showers of blessing. Through the reading of God's Word an.d the preaching of the Gospel to them by therr A few days after the visit of the Scotch fellow prisoners, who were believers bef~re. sisters, a Russian Chr.istian lady came to see many Russian war prisoners were saved dUrI!lg us in Philadelphia. Since her conversion all their imprisonment in Germany and AustrIa. her life has been one of sacrifice and service. A number of them have made their· way to As she heard of our plan to support the France and now there is a possibility of Russian students, she earnestly said: "May I bringing them over and placing them in our take one?" So thus far two of the hundred are already provided for-Ebenezer! And a SC~h~~e are also a number of Russians con- member of our Board of Directors. has alsO' signified his intention of provid.in~ for a verted in our M:ss:on Stations in the United States who should be trained for the .Lord's ~~~~~~:sh7~ ~~~niir!, dth~esn ~~el~o a~di~:s ~~~ an all to our Hfriendly interest" list.. waf:' costs $250 b? support a student for..the By the second week in September of whole year. includmg board, room and tuttton. the squares should be filled up. We earnestly Can we count on you for the support of one, ho-pe that we shall not be compelled to close two, three or four students? Perhaps some friend will take five, another ten. Last year the door of our School to anyone who loves. two dear Christian friends of our work. a the Lord and wants to be equipped for a husband and wife, took 20 students to sup- more useful ministry. port. A liberally inclined and mIssion-zealous Not only individuals, but Churches, Sunday prominent minister, to meet the pledge of the Schools and Young People~s Societies can also husband, took Ul)on' hi.mself the support of te.n more. Are there any this year who will go be interested in this plan. A noble example and do likewise? If your heart is stirred to of this was given last year by the Galilee do so kindly sign your' name and adrlress on Baptist Church, of Denver, Colo., which, under the opposite page of the "Missionary Review." Each square represents one student. The the able leadership of Rev. Joshua Gravett. pledges can be paId any time during the the Pastor, supported several students during Schoo! Year. last year.

The squares marked "taken" represent sup.. There will be a number of readers who will port already promised. The beginning has find it impossible to support one student. already been made. It happened in this way: They should not lose interest on that account.. as the gifts of la, 20, 50 or even 100 people th~~er~o~f: gh~i;tl~~ ~~:te~:ty Thfp.vP1!~1telr~: could be grouped together into the support of a student. There may be others who .can dear old Scotland. Wbile in Glasgow, con.. organize in groups of 2, 3, 5 and more, tonected· with Pastor Findlay's Miss.on, one take upon themselves the support of a evening they heard Pastor Feder speak on student. We should like e"l"ery one of the Russia. Ever since that time th.eir hearts readers of "The Missionary Review of the have been drawn out towards that needy land. WorldH to do someth~ng towards the training Reading in the May issue of "The Fdend of of missionaries for Russla during our next Russia9' the appeal to help the poor Russian year. people with warm garments or otherwise, two of the sisters walked into our office and All those who cannot subscribe the full handed us a donaf.on of $15. and expressed amount of $250 are requested to strike out their desire to send a trunk of clothing to that amount in the square on the sheet and the poor people in Russia. put down the amount that they are able and· inclined to give. As we sat down in the office and talked about the things of the Lord, one of the The pledges and payments for students' ~l:sten said that they had been present at the support should be sent to Mr. G. Percy Fox, Bethany Presbyterian Church at the close of the School Year. where they heard the Rus- Treasurer. Russian Bible Institute. 1820 Spring. sian students sing and play, and where an Garden Street, Philadelphia, Pa, appeal was made for friends to take upon themselves the support of some students during REMARKS BY THE DONOR. the next year. The ihree sisters thought and prayed about the matter, and now told us Please mention THE: MISSIONARY REVI~W OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers

The Missionary Review of the World — August 1913

WHITING

An Ideal Missionary Volunteer (see page 567) November 1, 1887-April 9, 1913

·The Missionary

® of the World ~ VOL. XXXVI, No. 8 AUGUST, 1913 VOL, XXVI, No. g, Old Series New Series Signs of the· Times WORLD·WIDE STUDENT EVAN. "that there will be no adequate re- sponse to this call? If so, there is GELISM sure to be a terrible reaction." The Chinese students in the British Isles A REMARKABLE student con- have now a Christian Association of their own, said Dr. John R. Mott, ference has recently been held "and they have pledged $40 each to at Northfield, Mass. (June 20th-29th), send their own student secretary to when in addition to 500 students China." President Yuan Shih Kai from the colleges and schools of himself has been so imprest with the New York and New England there importance of the work that he has were present some 100 foreigners and asked to have a special student secforeign delegates from Europe, Asia retary appointed as his personal repand Latin America. Eighteen of the resentative. This young Chinese, a Chinese students were non-Christians, Harvard student, is to go back to but three of these were converted and China this autumn, and his expenses were baptized on the last day of the as association secretary will be paid by the President of the RepUblic. conference. Over 30 young men were present from South America, many Similar stirring reports and appeals of them non-Christians, but some of were made by representatives from these are returning to their homes Germany, HolIand, France, Switzerand colleges with a new purpose and land, Austria, Italy, Spain, Russia, power to serve Jesus Christ as Lord Poland, Syria, India, Japan and the and Savior. South American republics. The stu- dents of the world are alive to prac- Several sessions of the conference tical, mental and material progress, were devoted to the reports of the and many of them are beginning to great opportunities and substantial see the unsatisfying nature of the progress of the Student Christian world's husks and hunger for spiri- Movement in Europe, Asia and South tual things. The Student Christian America. Mr. Fletcher S. Brock- leaders are generally placing more man, of China, voiced the nationwide calI in the new Republic for student secretaries and Bible teachers. "Can it be possible," said he, The editors seek to preserve accuracy and to manifest the spirit of Christ in the pages of this REVIEW, but do not acknowledge responsibility for opinions exprest, nor for positions taken by con· tributors of signed articles in these pages.-EDITOR.

and more emphasis on the importance national organizations. In Denma,rk of personal and group Bible study. meetings are held for boys in private The greatest difficulty and danger is, homes and one summer camp is pro- perhaps, due to the lack of Spirit- moted. In China, Korea, and Japan, filled Bible teachers. Above all school boys are members of the city things, students must have teachers Young Men's Christian Association, who have unshakeable faith in the but have no organizations of their "Word of God" and who have spiritual own. In India and Ceylon there are discernment to teach the Truth. Let six associations for school boys, two Olristians pray for these devoted of" which are directly conneCted with leaders of the work among students, city Young Men's Christian Associa- that they may be Spirit-filled and tions.

Spirit-guided, and that the needed In North America, the work in men may be thrust forth and conse- what we call "preparatory schools"

crated to this great work of bringing is directly under the supervision of to Christ the coming leaders of the the Student Young Men's Christian nations. "Pray, ye, therefore, the Association, while the "high school Lord of the harvest that He send forth work" falls under the Boys' Depart- laborers into His harvest." ment of the Young Men's Christian Association, with such cooperation STUDENT MOVEMENT WORK from the college associations as is desired. The two methods of work T AMONG BOYS which have been found most success- HE Student Christian Movement ful in all this work for boys are has adopted, with a certain sim- plification of method and a little more Bible study groups and summer rigor of supervision, the same plans camps. in its work among school boys as are used in the colleges and univer- THE MODERNISTS IN ITALY slbes. In every country where the work for young men is being carried IT is well, at times, to look at reon, plans are being made for extension and development of work for ligious questions in a foreign land boys. In Great Britain this Olfis- through the eyes of a native who has tian work among school boys is con- been brought up in the religion of his ducted by three organizations, en- fathers, but has learned to think things tirely separate from the Student out for himself. Prof. Gennaro Movement, tho Christian university Avolio, who is still a Roman Catholic men, as individuals, are engaged in of Italy, but is working for the spirithe work. tual resurrection of that church, has written an impressive statement of his Informal school boy groups are views of religion in Italy.* He says also promoted by movements in Hol- that the Italian people, in spite of all land, Belgium, French Switzerland, appearances to the contrary, have still France, Germany (where there are a good foundation of faith in God. 2,800 boys in 250 unions and 900 This faith, however, is often hidden school boys in Bible study circles), under a thick veil of superstition and Finland, Norway, Sweden, and in the materialism. The Roman Catholic schools in the various lands without • Tile Bible Magazine, July, 1913.

OF THE

Church still seeks to dominate the po- God only. Do away with worship of the litical, social and religious life of the saints, the magic functions of the priest, people, even dictating as to how men and obligatory auricular confession. shall vote. Thus, the mass of Roman Catholics in Italy have lost all right 6. The Gospel must be given to the criterion for judging in religious mat- people. ters and blindly depend on the dictates of the priests. The result is spiritual 7. The abolition of the Latin lanslavery. The use of Latin in religious guage in the liturgy, and the reform of services also keeps the people ignorant the liturgy. in spiritual things-the unknown tongue does not edify the church, but 8. The giving back to the laity the is a barrier between the people and right of the election of pastors. the Word of their Lord. The formal exercises of religion have no real 9. Sympathy with all great, reasonpower over the daily life of the wor- able and just social reforms, without reshipers. Consequently, people who are gard to party, and in keeping with the most regular in attendance at Roman Christian ideal. Catholic services live disorderly, frequent obscene theaters, practise usury, 10. Brotherly relationship between etc. Protestants, Roman Catholics, and as many others as truly follow Christ. These evil results of Roman Catholic doctrines and practises are in spite The carrying out of such a program of the fact that the church still holds would be a long step in advance for the essence of Christianity under a Italy, but it would destroy the Romass of rubbish which obscures the man Catholic Church as such. truth. THREE SIGNS IN NEW CHINA The Roman Catholic Modernists, priests and laymen are working in T HERE has been a marvelous in- Italy to demolish the superstition, am- crease of horizon and vision bition and worldliness in the church, among the Chinese since the Revoand to reestablish truth, intelligence, lution. "China is fully awake," purity and simplicity, justice and hu- writes Bishop Molony, in the C. M. mility. These Modernists have for- S. Review,' "the most industrious namulated a simple program of reforms, tion in the world has started on a as follows: path of great industrial development. The superstitions which hindered it 1. Freedom of scientific research in are exploded, official corruption and all fields. commercial 'squeeze' are put to shame through the publicity of the press; 2. Absolute obedience to God alone. the country, where for centuries the Obedience to man against conscience is aristocracy of learning has been the a sin. only aristocracy, is now fully com- mitted to Western education, its sons 3. Separation between Church and and daughters pour out to colleges State. abroad and into every college opened in China; the most capable and popu- 4. Abolition of compulsory celebacy lous of non-Christian nations has of the clergy. turned at last into the steady channel of reform and progress." 5. Reform of worship to secure simplicity and purity. Worship is due to From the point of view of mission- ary work, the Bishop sees three spe- cial characteristics of the new period just begun. First, new classes of

people are coming under the influ- been made toward the suppression of ence of the missionaries. Formerly vice and iniquity. It is a fact worthy the work was almost entirely among of note that within three months af- the artizan and agricultural popula- ter the new Cantonese government tion, now the refined and intellectual was formed, this city, formerly one are accessible. "Women of honor- of the worst in China, has become able estate" are opening their doors practically a clean city. The chief to missionary ladies, and the great of police of Canton, in a determined student class is presenting amazing effort to wipe out slavery from Can- opportunities. ton and its environs, set free 500 Another feature of the period now young girls kept as slaves in the commencing is sure to be contro- homes of Canton. Most of them versy. Contact with the Western were kept for domestic service; but world and Japan, higher education in the chief was determined to liberate China, the inrush of the intellectual them, and he took more than 400 to classes, are sure to bring a period of the government industrial school in criticism and controversy. The third the city, where they are being trained feature will be church organization, for occupations in which they can bringing together the large materials earn wages.

that are ready to be woven into the Seventy-one of the number who fabric. were found to be blind, were frankly Each of these signs of the times is admitted to be too great a problem an appeal to the strong men and for the authorities to handle. There women in our colleges to give their was nothing to do but to appeal to lives to China at this crisis. the missionaries for assistance, and ITHE TRANSFORMATION OF CANTON Dr. Mary Niles was besought to re- T used to be a common proverb in ceive the blind children into her China, "If you wish to be wicked, school. They are now being taught go to Canton." The countless forms to read and write the Braille system, of iniquity found in Canton could and will be trained for self-supportscarcely be duplicated in any other ing occupations, such as knitting, lace city of the world. Now all this is work and massage. Some of those changed. There is not an open at least who turn to Christ will be gambling den in this city of over a given work as Bible women under million and a half of people. Opium missionary control. smoking, China's greatest curse, is gone, never to return. Twelve of But not all China has received the 13 Confucian temples of the city Chdstianity. There is still a crying have been turned over to the control need for more workers and more of the educational department of the money for the support of those in government to be used as schools. the field. These refonns undoubtedly are the I A REVIVAL IN WEST CHINA N the far-away province of Kansu, result of the influence of Christianity West China, remarkable results upon China. Since the banishment have followed a series of meetings of the Manchus and the formation of conducted by Rev. A. Lutley of the the Republic, marvelous strides have China Inland Mission, and a Chinese

evangelist, Wang. An eye-witness of fest having stolen many things while the work writes as follows to the working on the mission station. All Christian and Missionary Alliance: the mission evangelists and colpor- "At the very first meeting in Tihtao teurs, and nearly all the Christians great conviction of sin took hold of were filled with an earnest desire to the Christians. Those who had been live a holy life and help win souls for at enmity were reconciled; those who Christ.

had stolen returned the things taken, The West China Mission, which and all the Christians, with perhaps was formerly in the hardest and most only one or two exceptions, were thor- unyielding field, has now become one oughly broken up and made a clean of the greatest harvest fields in mis- confession of things that were wrong sion work.

in their lives. This made room for NORTH AFRICA DISCARDING ISLAM the incoming of the Holy Spirit, and the joy that followed can not be W RILE many tribe" of Central described. A number of unconverted Africa have been turning were also brought into fel10wship toward Mohammed and have been with Christ, and voluntarily came to taking the teachings of the Koran as the front and con fest their sins. At their law of life, North Africa is the last meeting a thank-offering was breaking away from Islam. The new taken, which was so generously re- spirit in Egypt is diffusing itself all sponded to that the women took off along the Mediterranean coast, and their earrings and other silver orna- great political changes are taking ments and gave them to the Lord's place. Germany, England, France, work." and Italy are present in the adminis- During the meetings in Minchau tration of all North African countries in the English prayer meeting early 111 some form or other, or to some in the morning the missionaries degree. The Church has taken ad- brought those before God in prayer vantage of the new condition and that were especially laid on their the native church of Egypt, through hearts, and in almost every case these the influence of the American Mis- can fest their sins before the day sion, is sending miSSIOnaries to closed. An old woman, who had neighboring lands. The Methodist never been in the chapel before, went Episcopal Church has organized mis- to the meetings and broke down ut- sion work, under Bishop Hartzell, in· terly, confessing her sins with great a field embracing Morocco, Algiers, weeping, and experienced peace from Tunisia, and Tripoli. The Rev. E.

God. Her husband was also saved. A F. Frease, superintendent of the woman who had been in the mission's North Africa Mission, writes: "The employ 5 years, but who had never way is at last opening for the Chris- shown any desire to be .a Christian, tian Church to throw an adequate became One of the brightest of the missionary force into the vast region Christian women. Her husband, a from Morocco to the Red Sea for a c<l;rpenter, who never before had strong, persistent attack on Islam shown any real earnest desire for sal- under conditions the most extraordi- vation, was thoroughly saved and con- narily favorable and from there grad-

ually across the Sahara to the Sudan, The need of a Christian university following up great channels of com- of first rank was emphasized. munications now opening up." NEW LIFE IN THE ANCIENT SYRIAN THE MOTT CONFERENCES IN JAPAN CHURCH W RILE the immediate outcome T HE ancient Syrian Church of of Dr. Mott's work in Japan Malabar claims to have been (April 3-11) may not have been so founded by the Apostle Thomas. A dramatic as in India, or so remarkable large. section is known as the Reas that in China, yet a powerful formed Church of St. Thomas, and impression for good was made. The these Christians assemble annually at first conference was with about 75 a convention at Maramanna, in Travrepresentative missionaries, the ancore, for the deepening of the spirisecond, with some So Japanese leaders, tual life. The meetings this year, and the third, with lOO prominent mis- which lasted for eight days, were held sionaries and Japanese. in a temporary shed, seatmg 20,000 people, which was full on more than The program for the first two one occasion. All round the outskirts assemblies was identical, and their of the building Cattanars (Syrian findings were discust and voted up- priests) were seated, who kept order on by the joint conference, under the and took up the collections, bringing following headings: Occupation of the the money to the platform. Meetings Field; The Japanese Church; Raising were held for both men and women, up Christian Leaders; Training of and some were attended by both, each Missionaries; Christian Education; sex sitting separately. Christian Leadership; Evangelistic Work; Vomen's Work; Cooperation. The speakers at these meetings were European missionaries, two of them Among the striking facts brought belonging to C.M.S., one a Presbyout and the findings formally adopted terian and one a Wesleyan. The were these: preaching was very earnest and good, and was well translated by some of Only 20 per cent. of Japan's popula- the educated Syrian young men. The tion is being reached at present. order and silence of the vast assembly were wonderful. Hour after hour, There are in Formosa 121,000 day after day during the eight days of savage aborigines who have no oppor- this convention this great audience tunity of hearing the gospel. listened. The presence of God and the power of His Spirit was in the midst. The 300,000 Japanese in Korea and Manchuria are especially open to Dr. Louis Meyer, editor of Fun- Christian instruction. damentals, the eminent lecturer on missions to Jews, and Bible teach- To occupy properly the field the er and the efficient coeditor of this Japanese working force should be REVIEW, died in California on July quadrupled and the foreign (evange- 11th, of tuberculosis. His place listic) missionary force should be can never be adequately filled.- doubled. D. L. P.

There is to be a Japan Continuation Committee of 45 members.

A three-year aggressive evangelistic campaign was decided upon.

BORDEN AND HIS GUIDE MOUNTAIN CLIMllING IN

This was one of his favorite forms of recreation during his last summer in Switzerland AN IDEAL MISSIONARY VOLUNTEER A SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF WILUAM WHITING BORDEN· BY PROFESSOR CHARLES R. ERDMAN, D.D., PRINCETON. N. J.

m.S INCE the death of Ion' a difficult and important task, is Keith-Falconer. at called from the field, when the service '. Aden, ~r.abia, in 1887, is but begun; and the Christian world . the rillsslOnary world wonders at the inscrutable providence , . has suffered no more of God.

-. mysterious loss than in Many points of similarity have the death of William Whiting Bor- been noted in these two brief lives.

den, which occurred on April 9, 1913, One was of the flower of British at Cairo, Egypt. In each case, a nobility; the other represented the chosen workman, peculiarly fitted for best product of American social and • The Biography of William W. Borden is being prepared by Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer, D.D., at the request of the family. Any friends who have letters or incidents that they could contribute are requested to sena them immediately to the ed itor of this REVIEW.

academic life. Both were men of definite religious convictions, in a physical and intellectual strength, of public confession of faith in Christ, unusual wealth, of marked personal at- in habits of Bible study, and in the tractiveness, who were wholly devoted daily prayer "that the will of God to the service of Christ. Both studied might be wrought out in his life." in Egypt in preparation for mIS- This is the real secret of his resionary work among Moslems. Both markable character and his unusual left behind them surprizingly wide career. circles of influence in lives they had affected, in forms of service they had William Borden's school life was fostered. When the heroic death of spent at the University School, and Keith-Falconer was announced at the Manual Training School of Chi- New College, Edinburgh, and a vol- cago, and at the "Hill School," Pottsunteer was asked for his place, it town, Pa. Before entering Yale Uniis said that thirteen of the graduating versity in 1905, he spent a year in class at once responded. The example foreign travel, and it was an experiof Keith-Falconer's consecration was ence that turned the whole tenor of an important factor in establishing the his life and thought. The Rev. Student Volunteer Movement which, Walter C. Erdman, who is now servin the next few years, led thousands ing as a missionary in Korea, was of young men and young women of chosen as a Christian companion to England and America to undertake accompany him in a tour of the service on the foreign field. Wil- world. They visited Japan, China, liam Borden, in addition to other abid- India, Egypt, Syria and Turkey, ening influences of his life and service, joying unusual opportunities to obhas bequeathed for the evangelizing serve the problems, the methods, and of the world a larger sum than any the results of Christian work in many man of equal years in the entire his- of the great mission fields. They tory of the Christian Church. saw the great and indescribable need of the world for the Gospel. To one Boyhood and School Life who was convinced of the unique power of Christ to meet that need, In the very year Keith-Falconer the call to service was definite and died in Arabia, William Borden was clear. William Borden's decisions born in the city of Chicago, on No- were never hasty, but both he and vember I, 1887. He was a son of his companion returned from that the late William Borden and of Mary tour with a purpose, if God so willed de Garmo Whiting Borden. From it, to devote their lives to service on his father he inherited business qual- the foreign field. He had not been ities of a high order, executive abil- in mission lands eight weeks when ity, exactness, fairness of mind, fa- he wrote home that he wished to cility in reading character, prompt- become a foreign missionary. Later, ness, decision, and a rare kindliness when he was asked by a wondering of jL1d~ment which made him abso- friend why he planned LO throw his lutely silent as to the faults and fail- life away among the heathen, he reings of others. To his mother he plied significantly: uYou have never was indebted for the influences seen heathenism." which, in early boyhood, resulted in

IDEAL MISSIONARY VOLUNTEER 56<

This year of travel was marked by with the Scripture standards, in another important experience. 'When thngs both great and small, that he in England, shortly before sailing for might please his Master-"bringing home, he attended a meeting in Lon- every thought into captivity to the obe- dience of Christ." This became the THE BOY ATHLETE vital and controlling purpose of his career. William Borden, at the Hill School, and later at college and seminary, was fond of all When Borden entered Yale U ni- forms. of athletics, and was successful versity in the fall of 1905, he at in tennis, football, golf and once became a positive factor in the yachting religious life of the institution. He was active in athletics, a good boxer, don conducted by the Rev. R. A. skilful at tennis and as a yachtsman, Torrey, D.D., where the truths empha- and became very fond of mountain sized were the tests of the New Birth. climbing. At the same time he main- These, given in the First Epistle of tained a high standard of scholar- ] ohn, are righteousness, avoidance of ship, qualified twice over (in two known sin, love of the brethren, be- separate years), for election to the lief in Christ as the Son of God, and Phi Beta Kappa, of which society he overcoming the world. As was his became the president. But it was custom, Borden took careful notes and not in the athletic nor in the acaadded original comments. A new de- demic activities of the university that termination was born in him that day his influence was most strongly felt; to bring all his life into conformity it was 'father in the lines of definite Christian work. He was elected class deacon, served as leader of the Student Volunteer Band for Foreign Missions, and for two years was president of the Connecticut Valley Student Volunteer Union. He also generously contributed to the Yale Mission in Central China, and aided in the formation of bands for prayer and for Bible study, and in the or- ganization of classes for mission study. Any college man will realize what it cost him to refuse to allow his name to be considered for elec- tion to any of the popular college secret societies. This decision he reached, not so much on the ground that it would separate him from some of his fellow students, as for fear lest it might bring in some- thing between himself and the serv- ice of his Lord.

Religious Life at Yale tured university student, kneeling in His activities in religious work prayer, at the Yale Hope Mission, were not by any means confined to with his arm around one of those the sphere of university life. In his hopeless drunken men for whom the sophomore year Borden was asked to mission had been started. At the join a little group in one of the memorial service held in New rooms of Dwight Hall (the Univer- Haven, some of the most striking sity Y. M. C. A. Building), and tributes were from the lips of men there pray that the way might be whom Borden had brought to Christ.

opened to start a Gospel mission, to Dr. William H. Sallmon, secretary bring the Gospel message every night and treasurer of Yale Mission in to the helpless and homeless and China, writes in The Yale News: hopeless men of New Haven. The "A deacon of his class, a member of result was the founding of the Yale the Senior Council, he will best be Hope Mission at 55 to 59 Court remembered as a man who devoted Street, in March, I 907, a work himself to the moral and spiritual largely financed by Borden's gener- betterment of men. He was an ar- ous gifts. Great numbers of men dent supporter of Yale in China, have been reached by this rescue generously supplying the funds to mission, and it has also had a marked keep a classmate as his representa- influence upon the university men. tive in that field. His monument in Many have been enlisted as workers New Haven is the Yale Hope Mis- there, and have learned the joy of sion, of which he was the founder Christian service, while others, who and patron."

came to the mission out of curiosity Of his general influence in the or friendly interest, have there been university, one of his classmates convinced of the power of Christ to writes: "He seemed like a fixt "save unto the uttermost:' beacon-light in moving waters, by Professor Henry B. Wright, of which the fellows could safely steer Yale, gives this testimony: "It is my their course; he was so uncompro- firm conviction that Yale Hope Mis- mising with anything that he con- sion has done more to convince all sidered wrong; he was so determined classes of men at Yale of the power to carry out every plan that he and practicability of Christianity to thought right."

regenerate individuals and commu- Upon his graduation, in I909, Wil- nities than any other force in the liam Borden was at first inclined to university. Its influence for good enter at once upon missionary ser- among the students has been inesti- vice, but was wisely advised to equip mable." The Rev. Henry W. Frost himself more thoroughly by taking a once asked a distinguished foreigner full course in theology. He accord- whom he had been showing some of ingly entered Princeton Theological the wonders of America, what he Seminary in the fall of the same considered the most remarkable thing year. His modesty, his clear vision he had seen in this country. The of duty, his physical, mental and foreigner replied at once that it was spiritual vigor, and many other ad- William Borden, the wealthy, cul- mirable qualities endeared him at

IDEAL MISSIONARY VOLUNTEER 57!

once both to professors and students. Cairo. To the work of the National During his three years' stay in Bible Institute in particular he gave Princeton, his mother transferred her much time and earnest effort. He residence from Chicago to Princeton, never allowed these varied activities, where there was extended to his fel- however, to interfere with his regulow students the most generous hos- lar duties in connection with his pitality. The students were not only theological course. No student was influenced by what they saw of his more diligent, more faithful, more beautiful life in the family circle, but loved by those who knew him best. were there privileged to meet missionaries and other Christian workers The summer of J912, after his from all parts of the world. graduation from the seminary, was spent chiefly in evangelistic work in Seminary Days in Princeton New York City, in connection with the National Bible Institute. This In the seminary Borden was a involved not only administrative duleader in student activities, and was ties in the office, but also street particularly prominent in all that preaching, the conduct of open-air concerned missionary service. Dur- services, and the distributing of ing his first year he was a delegate tracts and Testaments and other reto the Student Volunteer Convention ligious literature. at Rochester, and there rendered most self-denying service in con- In September, William Borden nection with the ':missionary exhib- vas ordained to the ministry, in the its." The same year he was ap- Moody Church, Chicago, of which pointed as a delegate to the World he was a member. The following Missionary Conference at Edinburgh, three months he gave his services to represent the China Inland Mis- as a traveling secretary of the Stusion, which he served as the young- dent Volunteer Movement, and vispst member of the American Coun- ited many of the eastern colleges, cil. His knowledge of missionary where he aroused new interest in literature, missionary leaders, and the needs of the unevangelized worldr missionary activities made him a On December 2I, 1911, he had ofdefinite force in the missicnary life fered himself for service under the of the seminary. By deputation work China Inland Mission; and on April in schools and colleges he also ex- 8, 1912, just one year and one day tended his influence beyond the before the date of his death, he rebounds of his own institution. ceived his appointment, at a meeting of the council held in Philadelphia. During these busy seminary days his sympathies were by no means He had learned that there were confined to work on the foreign field, more than 10,000,000 Chinese Mosfor he was at the same time serving lems to whom no Christian mis:;ionas a director of the Chicago Bible ary has ever been sent, and at his Institute, and of the National Bible own request, he was assigned to Institute of New York, and was an work among the Mohammedans of active member of the American Com- Kansu, the westernmost province of mittee of the Nile Mission Press, of China. He chose this field because

of its difficulty and its appalling vices were held not only in Cairo, but need. in Chicago, in Princeton, in Phila- Last Days in Cairo delphia, in New Haven, and in New In December last, he left for York.* The daily papers in every Cairo, Egypt, to perfect his prepara- part of the world printed more or tion by special study in Arabic, and less extended accounts of the life in Moslem literature under the di- in which a universal interest was rection of his friend, Dr. Samuel M. awakened by its high promise and Zwemer. During these three months tragic end.

he endeared himself to all the mis- An Ideal Volunteer sionaries with whom he came in con- Even a superficial study of Wil- tact, and encouraged them in all liam Borden's life and character sug- forms of service. He was instru- gests the qualifications of an ideal mental in the distribution among the missionary volunteer.

Moslems of 12,000 Christian tracts, We see in him, first of all, the and greatly furthered the work of peculiar endowment for missionary the Nile Mission Press. Of these service, the gifts of physical and months spent in Cairo, Dr. S. M. mental strength, of wealth and so- Zwemer has written: "William Bor- cial position, of culture, of inspiring den left a deep impression here at friendships. These endowments may the study center, even during 'his be granted to few of us in the same short stay. He was identified with degree, yet the example of this life every good movement of the mis- is none the less stimulating. Here sions and the Y. M. C. A., and per- was one who was faithful, not in the sonally superintended a house-to- few, but in the "many things," and house convass of Cairo with Chris- it surely requires a higher degree of tian literature, and was greatly be- consecration to use many talents well loved by all those who learned to than to be faithful with a few. In know him even for such a short our Lord's parable, the talent of the time. We hope the message of his slothful servant was given, not to the life will tell for the cause in America one whose two had gained other two, and in China as much as it has and but to him whose five had gained will in Cairo." five. If William Borden was faithful On March 21st he was .taken ill in the use of his many gifts, how with spinal meningitis, and died on much easier should it be for others April 9th. Before news of his illness to prove faithful with their few.

had been received, his mother and There was also the clear mission- younger sister had sailed from New ary vision. It is true that this was York to spend some time with Wil- awakened by the unusual opportu- liam in the East, and they arrived in nity of a world tour; but it was Cairo only a few hours after his *' Accounts of SOme of these services appeared death. His body was laid to rest in the American Mission Cemetery at in the Princeton Seminary Bulletin, and in special Cairo, in a land of the very Moslems memorial numbers of The Bible To·Day. A beaufor whose redemption he had given tiful appreciation also app'eared in The Sundayhis life. Impressive memorial ser- school Times. Philadelphia. from the pen of the Rev. Henry W. Frost, an intimate friend of the family and the American director of the China Inland lrIission.

9 1 31 AN IDEAL MISSIONARY VOLUNTEER

brightened and broadened by patient not commend itself to his judgment investigation, and by constant study as a Christian steward, and it was and reading. Many other young men refused. How many would have have returned from the Far East made the donation merely for the without having taken the trouble to sake of friendship! How few would visit the missions, and with the re- have declined for the sake of Christ. sulting incriminating confession that they "do not believe in foreign mis- Last Will and Testament sions." Others, who have had their eyes opened to the world's appalling This same sense of stewardship is need while at home, have -turned in- embodied in his "last will and testadifferently from the sight; or they ment," which stands as an example have allowed the appealing vision and an appeal to the whole Church to grow dim through a wilful or of Christ. It is an extraordinary careless neglect of the'means which document, not only in view of the are found on every hand for receiv- actual bequests which it provides, but ing missionary intelligence and culti- also because of the spirit it manifests vating missionary zeal. of loyalty to Christ and devotion to the work of world evangelization. Complete Dedication It is in itself a missionary appeal. Its largest provision is for the China We see likewise a complete dedi- Inland Mission, in connection with cation to the missionary task. It is which the donor had expected to one thing to see the need and to pos- serve and on whose council he held sess the means for giving relief; it a place. For the work of this misit quite another thing to yield all that one has and is to the service of sion he bequeathed the sum of $250,- Christ. Here was a young man who not only surrendered all, but who 000; and with unique sympathy and did so in such a spirit as to indicate, thoughtfulness for one so young, this as Professor William Brenton Greene was added: "I suggest that $100,000 suggests, not only the duty of con- of this amount be invested, and the secration, but the joy and blessedness income thereof be used for the supof consecration. When he saw the port and maintenance of missionneed of men, and the glory of his aries and other workers connected Lord, he cried out with alacrity and with said Mission who through age in true sincerity: "Here ani I, send or infirmity have become incapacime." tated for active service in the mis- sion field or at home, and who are William Borden is a striking ex- in need of and deserving of aid." ample of Christian stewardship, which is another expression of sincere dedi- The sum of $100,000 was left to cation to Christ. His money was a the National Bible Institute of New sacred trust, and he was as careful York; and like amounts 'to the in his gifts as he was generous. An Moody Bible Institute of Chicago, intimate acquaintance has told of an and to the Chicago Avenue Church; appeal which he made to Borden on $50,000 each was given to Princeton the ground of personal friendship; Theological Seminary, to the Board but it was for an object which did of Foreign Missions of the Presby- terian Church, U. S. A., to the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presby-

terian Church, U. S. (South), to the ther my desire," so runs the will, Board of Foreign Missions of the "that the said bequests hereinbefore United Presbyterian Church, and to made be used and disposed of in ac- the Chicago Hebrew Mission; and cordance with the following recom- $25,000 each to the Nile Mission mendations by me, to wit: That each Press, to the American Bible Society, of said bequests be used for and in to the Chicago Tract Society, and to connection with mlsSlonaries and the African Inland Mission. Of the teachers who are sound in the faith, remaining estate the China Inland believing in such fundamentals as the Mission and the three Presbyterian doctrine of the divine inspiration and boards were made the residuary lega- authority of the Scriptures, the doc- tees. trine of the Trinity, including the The devising of money is a mucb Deity of Jesus Christ, and in the doc- simpler matter than the devotion of trine of the atonement through the a life. The fact that he belonged substitutionary death of our Lord wholly to Christ, and that there were Jesus Christ. . . I declare that millions of Moslems in Western each and all the gifts shall be absolute China whom no one had volunteered and unconditional gifts to the respect- to evangelize, led William Borden ive beneficiaries (except as they are to undertake this difficult and for- conditioned by the doctrinal require- bidding task. For this work he gave ments which I have made above), his life. There may be those who, rand that my purpose in expressing wiII ask, "to what. purpose this· my desire as to the mode in which waste ?" There can be no doubt of' the same, or any of the same, shall the approval of that Lord who beheld be used. . has been and is the vision of a world filled with the merely to indicate my considered fragrance of the perfume which in wishes and judgment, and not to seeming extravagance was poured impose upon them any legal obIiga- upon His feet. Whatever of wealth tion to carry out my desires if, for or of life is dedicated to Him is any reason they deem it best not to accepted by Him and used in ever comply with the same."

widening spheres of blest influence.

Another provision of the last will Personal Convictions and testament suggests that William William Borden's own definite and Borden had a definite and adequate clear religious convictions appear fur- missionary message. Nothing troubled ther in the standards of the National him more than to see men of culture, Bible Institute for which he drafted ability and devotion planning to un- the articles of belief. They appear dertake missionary work while they again in the declaration of his per- were evidently ignorant of the great sonal faith, which he submitted to essential truths of the Gospel. He the council of the China Inland Mis- therefore requested that his money sion when applying for appointment, should be used in the support of only and in the article written by him for such men as held absolutely to the The Bible To-Day, entitled "What deity of Christ and His vicarious, is a Christian." In the latter ar- atoning death for sinners. "It is fur- ticle he says:

IDEAL MISSIONARY VOLUNTEER

"A Christian is first of all one who in the army of God. He was too has Jesus Christ as his personal Sa- big to wear the distinctive colors of vior. But in the New Testament any regiment."

,'ie find that Christ was not looked upon as Savior alone, but also as Thorough Preparation Lord. It was the Lord Jesus Christ The full course of study during whose name his followers bore, and which these convictions were matur- that meant that he had absolute juris- ing, and his faithful devotion to hi~ diction over them. (I Cor. 6: 19, 20. academic and theological disciplines, Rom. 12; 1-2. Philip I :21.) A suggest a helpful message in the Christian is not merely one who matter of missionary preparation. He trusts in Christ for salvation, but believed that this should be broad and thorough, with special adaptation one who also strives earnestly to to the needs of his particular field. He was not one of those who feel please Him in all things, great and willing to rely upon natural re- sources, or who postpone serious small. But Christ was even more work until they reach their mission than this to the early disciples.

He Himself was God manifest in the flesh. A Christian is one who worships and adores Him, to- stations. He worked with diligence, gether with the Father and the Holy with this in view, during all the Spirit, as very God of very God." years of his university and seminary Among the beliefs which were par- course, and elected branches of study which he believed would equip ticularly precious to him were those him for his chosen task. This led related to the inspiration of the him to the study of Arabic in Prince- Bible, justification by faith, the re- generating power of the Holy Spirit, ton, and to go to Cairo for special the grace of God in Christ, the spirit- work with Dr. Zwemer.

ual union of all true believers of Yet more striking was his example every denomination, and the person- in the matter of present missionary al pre-millenial return of our Lord. effort. He felt that one who was to His acceptance of such truths was save souls in China should begin never careless, for he was always rescuing men in New Haven, and ready to give a reason to every man that one who was to speak in the for the faith that was in him. These bazaars and market places of the truths were the inspiration of his Far East should not be ashamed to life and the explanation of his ca- preach on the streets and in the reer. parks of New York. Still more, he In spite of the definiteness and de- showed that one who was preparing cidedness of his beliefs, he was broad for world-wide evangelization must and generous in his sympathies. As have the broad sympathies which Dr. Zwemer declared at the memorial lead to participation in all forms of service in Cairo: "He gript the Christian service, and which obliter- essentials. He had no shibboleth. ate the lines between "home" and His was no narrow creed. His "foreign," and which do not recog- Egyptian brethren could never have nize any arbitrary limitation of sect.

told to which regiment he belonged The student who engages in varying

forms of Christian service at home to a fruitful visitation of the leadis being prepared for the largest and ing eastern colleges and universities, best work abroad. It was this de- and many are the students who wittermination to be thoroughly prepared ness to the influence exerted upon for his difficult task that made Wil- them by personal contact with him liam Borden so diligent a student at during those memorable days. New Haven and at Princeton, and it further resulted in two unique proj- One who has just returned from ects. The first was his plan to se- the Orient and whose knowledge of cure his degree of Master of Arts the student centers there and in from Yale University by reading in America makes him best qualified to the department of missionary science. judge, remarked recently that the ef- The second was to pursue the study fect of the life and example of Wilof Arabic in preparation for work liam Borden would result in bringing among people who spoke Chinese. into missionary service hundreds of The latter plan led him to Cairo; the strongest and ablest volunteers. and during those crowning months Nor is the influence of that life to of his career he showed in most be confined to those who will enter marked degree the same zeal in specific forms of Christian service. study and enthusiasm for Christian There is something deeply significant service which had characterized his in the words written by one Yale whole course of preparation for mis- classmate to another on the day that sionary service. word was received of their common loss: "The unbelievable has appar- Recruiting for Missions ently happened, and I feel over- whelmed with the sense of the small- One certain result of "the message ness of life; but there is one thing of his life" will be an immediate in- I know, that if ever a man was crease of volunteers for missionary guided by God's will in his life, that service; and this suggests another man was 'Bill.' His life and his particular in which he was an ideal firm purpose to be a missionary have missionary candidate; he was ever been an inspiration to me for more recrtliting for missions. He was not than six years, and I know his influonly a volunteer, but he was seeking ence will never depart from me. . to enlist others. The leaders of the Let us continue his influence in our Student Volunteer Movement for lives and do something he would Foreign Missions bear eager testi- have approved." mony to his devotion to this great cause. Not only did he support it by The Secret of the life generous financial contributions, but he devoted unstinted time and effort The secret of such a wide and to the work. He served as a leader abiding influence is not difficult to in the volunteer bands at the "Hill discern. It is found in a whole- School," at New Haven, and at hearted and complete dedication to Princeton. He attended the great Christ. This devotion was maniconventions and helped to further fested in the stedfastness with which their success. He finally gave the he adhered to any course which he last months of his life in America believed his Master had marked out, and in the faithful observance of

those practises which stimulated and versation with men whom he meets nourished his spiritual life. When in the colleges: "Are you steering he was convinced that anything was or drifting?" Borden comments: in accordance with the will of his "This served to open up the whole Master as indicated by Scripture or question of a student's choice of his Providence, that thing was hence- life work. The dangers of drifting forth an actual part of his life. He were, of course, manifest, and if a would allow no circumstances to in- young man said he was steering, the terfere with the daily reading of his next question might well be, 'What Bible, nor with the precious privilege is your goal' and 'Who is in the of daily prayer with his beloved boat with you.' May each one of mother. When he had joined the us be able to say that we are steer- Princeton Volunteer Band, he was ing, and that He is not only on certain all during the winter months board, but at the helm." Noone who to be present at the prayer meeting, ever spent a day with William Borbefore breakfast, at seven o'clock, den doubted that he was steering, every Wednesday morning; and when and that his course was being dihe had identified himself with the rected by his Master and his Lord. National Bible Institute, he was And now that he has "crossed the found in the summer, giving up rest bar" and seen "his Pilot face to face," and recreation to carryon the work his fellow Christians are privileged to in the offices and to preach in the rejoice as they see the abiding influstreets of New York. This dedica- ences of his course and the many tion to Christ gave to his character who are being led to follow in the its peculiar transparency, and gentle- way he went. They are assured that ness, and strength. his faith is triumphant, his hope for the cause of his Master made more He was particularly influenced by radiant, and his love for them and that saying of Mr. Moody which he for Him made perfect. "For now often quoted; "The world has yet abideth faith, hope, love; these three, to see what God can do with a fully but the greatest of these is love." surrendered man." William Borden had a laudable desire to be such a Every remembrance of this comman. One of the last articles he pleted life, every review of this finever wrote was a history of the ished career, brings to each of us an "Origin of the Student Volunteer added responsibility, an inspiring in- Movement for Foreign Missions," centive to action, a clear, commanding which appeared in a recent number call to press forward with devotion of the Christian Workers' Magazine. and courage and zeal, to the supreme In this he quotes a question which task of proclaiming the Gospel of Mr. Robert P. Wilder uses in con- Christ to all the world.

The consecration of all to our Master, far from lessening our power to impart, increases both our power and our joy in ministration. The five loaves and two fishes of the disciple, first given up to and blest by the Lord, were abundant supply for the needy multitudes, and grew, in the act of distribution, into a store, of which twelve hampers full of fragments remained, when all were fully satisfied.-HuDsoN TAYLOR.

HEART OF THE MOHAMMEDAN WOl'rlAN*

BY MRS. BENJAMIN W. LABAREE E sat in the apartment radation and humiliation–who can blame her if her heart is not happy lWi of a Mohammedan and care-free? The very physical princess, not in her trials which come to her because she grand reception room is a Mohammedan woman add ~ where she had usually entertained us, but in greatly to her suffering. The Koran the more familiar sitting-room up- itself allows a man to beat his wife, stairs. With our feet cosily tucked tho with the distinction that he "must under the handsome qUilt that cov- not beat her as he would a slave."

ered the pan of charcoals, we sat on In Moslem lands there are no in- comfortable cushions on the floor and stitutions for the care of the insane, listened while she told us of her se- the crippled, and others who are vere illness, of how she was going helpless, except such institutions as to Russia to see a specialist, and have been introduced through Chris- of her awful fear lest she should tian missionaries or in imitation of soon become blind. Suddenly she their example.

exclaimed; There came once to our dispensary "Will you pray for me? Your in U rumia an old woman with a hearts are good and pure, and God girl of 16 or 17, who was deaf, will hear you. He would not listen dumb and blind. She appealed for to me, for my heart is impure and help to the physician, and to her deep bad." sorrow, found there was nothing that It was a longing cry from the could be done to cure the girl. In heart of a Mohammedan ''ioman, a despair, the old grandmother asked, heart which she felt to be utterly "What can I do? Must I kill her?"

unworthy of addressing hff Maker, The lady physician talked to them but a heart that reached out with in- lovingly and sent them away. They tense desire to a Divine Power and came again and again, but nothing to those who could put her in touch could be done to effect a cure. Some with that Power. years after the doctor had returned Shall I tell you something about from her furlough, a woman arrived the heart of the Mohammedan wom- on dispensary morning whose face an? Listen, then, and try to realize seemed familiar. She brought a girl of first what a suffering heart it is. about twelve who was deaf and dumb, Why should it not be sad and sor- and something about the case caused rowful, when one of the Mohamme- the doctor to look more closely and dan holy books says, "The threshold to ask, "Were you not here once be- of the house weeps 40 days whenever fore with another granddaughter?

a girl is born"? Unwe!comed, con- What has become of her?" With the sidered inferior to her brothers and tears streaming down her face, the father and husband, and surrounded poor, old woman answered, "I had by so much in her religion and cir- to poison her. There was nothing cumstances that simply means Jeg- else to be done."

* From an address delivered at 1Ir. and 1>1rs. E. E. Olcott's Parlor Meeting, New York. in the interests of the Nile Mission Press, January. 1913. A Fearful Heart "Do you mean to say that your It is not only a sorrowful heart husband can not divorce you?"

that the Moslem woman carries, but "N0, it is against the law of our it is a heart full of fear, full of sus- religion."

picion, dread, and horror. We can "Oh! that must be a good reli- scarcely realize how many things have gion!" exclaimed a woman once, after to be avoided in order not to bring such a question and answer. A few the "evil eye" upon her, nor how real moments before she had been mourn- and terrible is the suffering on the ing that I was not a Mohammedan, part of those subjected to these su- and thus could have no hope of perstitious fears. If, for instance, heaven.

some one in the room sneezes once, A Jealous Heart it is sure to bring misfortune; two sneezes are all right. It took me We will not be surprized to find some time, when in company with the heart of the Mohammedan woman my Mohammedan friends, to learn to a very jealous heart when 'we learn invent a second sneeze when it did something of her home-life. Never not come naturally! can I forget the scenes in some of There is the fear that hangs over the homes visited in Persia, where the young girl as she is sent out there were two or three wives of the from her father's home to an un- same man, and the superior wife, the known husband, -an unknown mother- one in special favor, would receive in-law, and the absolutely unknown her callers and do all the honors of future. The little, shrinking girl, af- the home, while some older woman ter a question has been asked by a who had borne children to her huspriest outside the curtain or a win- band and had at one time been at dow, and 'Some old woman has an- the head of that home was not even swered for her, must sit, silent and allowed to sit in our presence. These almost motionless through the long conditions very often result in the festivities, awaiting the moment when poisoning of some favored wife by her husband comes into the room others, or in inflicting some terrible where she has been placed, lifts the injury. The results are disastrous, veil, and looks at her. In some re- not only to those who are injured, gions she knows full well that if he but in the reactipn upon the hearts does not like her appearance, he may of those whose jealousy drives them spit in her face and send her back to to desperate deeds.

her father. Even when this does not Impure Hearts occur, she knows that if she fails to bear him a son, if her health or her Do you wonder that we must speak beauty is lost, he may at a word di- of an impure heart after we have vorce her, or may bring in another visited these Moslem homes? It wife who will take the first place in. would be impossible for me to de- his affections. scribe to you the sin and impurity There is horrible, grinding fear of thought, word, and deed which all the time, and these women look are revealed to us who try to take into our faces and say: something of the light of Christ into

Mohammedan homes. Once, as a of the missionary ladies overheard man suddenly came into the room the old grandmother asking, "How and the women who were not of the do these people pray?" Shouting household cowered away in the cor- across the large room, the missionary ner and pulled their chudders over told of how we go to our Heavenly their faces, the incident led to con- Father with all that concerns us, of versation, and I can not forget how family prayer, and secret prayer; and one woman exclaimed, "It is all then we were electrified, as our host- right for you to see and be seen. ess asked, "Did you bring the Book?

Your hearts are pure, but ours are Will you read us something?" Next not." day they said to a mutual friend of Hungry Hearts ours, "Those women seemed so free and happy,' while we-we are just Not only do we find a sorrowful like animals caged in."

heart, a heart full of fear and jeal- Responsive Hearts ousy and impurity, but it is a hungry heart as well. One day a Moham- Yes, they are hungry for some- medan woman, the sister of a high thing bigger and better, and as we.

ecclesiastic, called on us with her see how many of them use the op- daughter, daughter-in-law, several portunities they have, we realize that children, and a number of servants. we are dealing with responsive hearts.

It was a call of curiosity, and one of See how they are responding in vari- the most uncomfortable I have ever ous Mohammedan lands-Turkey, received. They refused to drink our Egypt, Persia-where changes are pussy-willow water because anything taking place with startling rapidity.

wet belonging to a Christian defiles It seems strange, indeed, to read of one so much more quickly than some- the "New Woman in Persia," and to thing dry; a few felt obliged to drink hear that in 1912 the American our tea, but hurried home to rinse School in Teheran enrolled more than their mouths 'from its unholy con- r60 Persian girls alone, while there tamination. They found fault with are said to be 70 schools for girls in us and what we said and did, and that city-schools that have sprung it was with no pleasant anticipations up suddenly in response to the eager that we started out to return their demands for education and enlighten- call. Noone received us at the gate, ment for women. At the closing ex- nor at the threshold of the house. ercises of the mission school for little In the ante-room we had to pick Moslem girls in U rumia, the mothers, our way around one of the daugh- older sisters' and neighbors sat lis- ters, who was ostentatiously saying tening in wonder and delight as the her prayers toward Mecca. The at- children told Bible stories, sang mosphere of the large reception room Christian hymns, recited their lessons was absolutely icy; and tho the in various languages and displayed proper refreshments were served with their needle-work. One mother was all due ceremony, our remarks and overheard to whisper to another, questions were answered with mono- "We are like animals, but just see syllables or not at all. Suddenly one what our daughters are going to be!"

HEART OF THE MOHAMMEDAN

Grateful Hearts Jesus Chdst and learned to rever- ence and to love Him. After finish- Many a grateful heart have I found ing the New Testament she was with among my Mohammedan friends-a difficulty persuaded to read the Old heart that tried in some way to ex- Testament, for she did not want to pres's warm appreciation for love and stop reading about Christ. But soon sympathy and help. A woman who she came with a shining face to say had accepted Christ as her Savior she had found Him in the story of came one day with her young daugh- the creation. The book of Leviticus ter, whose wailing, sickly baby was thrilled her deeply. She came to improperly nourished, and who was say how she had been comparing it forced by her mother-in-law to keep with the book of Hebrews, and the it quiet at night with doses of opium. matter seemed to her like this: The After I had shown them how to pre- book of Leviticus was like a person pare the baby's milk and had given who had a great, terrible debt (it them a much-prized American medi- is the chronic condition for a Percine bottle as a nursing bottle, the sian to be in debt which rolls up at grandmother exclaimed, "Jesus Christ 10, 20, 60, or 100 per cent. of intold us to take all our troubles to terest), and was trying to pay it half Him. We bring ours to you and you a cent at a time, while the Epistle help us!" to the Hebrews showed how Christ paid it once for all! Receptive Hearts Could any of us have explained the People in this Christian land ask us matter more satisfactorily? in tones of doubt if it is possible for a Mohammedan to become a Chris- One day Miss Van Duzee learned tian. Yes, indeed, for we have to of an old Mohammedan woman lying deal with a heart capable of receiving sick, her eyesight gone. So she Christ. Let me introduce you to my began .to call on her regularly and to friend R—, who had, marvelous read her some of the beautiful Bible to say, learned to read, and was stories. Slowly the woman began to married to a renegade Christian. He understand the "good news" through proved to be superior to any of the the glorious simplicity of those Goshusbands of her friends So that after pel words, and when one day the his death she could never be persuaded reading was about the "many manto marry again lest a Mohammedan sions," it really seemed as tho a new husband should not measure up to his light had burst in on that darkene-l excellencies. One of my missionary soul. The next week, when Miss neighbors became acquainted with Van Duzee made her call, the woman R—, and after some effort pre- was too weak for conversation or vailed on her to read tIle New Testa- reading, but she drew her visitor ment. However, as she insisted on down by the bedside and whispered, beginning at the book of Revelation, "I am going, and when I get there and was unabl~ to understand all its I am going to sweep out a mansion contents, she declared the Koran to and have it ready for you when you be far superior to the Bible. After come !" And the next week when a while, however, she began to study Miss Van Duzee called, she learned the Gospels, and there she found

that her old friend had died cal1ing hammedan wO):l1en and girls, may our for forgiveness on the sinless Christ hearts be stirred by the love of who had died for her sins. Christ to an eager response until each one of them has learned that Oh, as we think of these sinful, for her there is a mansion waiting in sorrowing, hungry, responsive hearts the home above! of the more than 100,000,000 Mo- THE GLORY OF THE IMPOSSIBLE BY MISS I. LILIAS TROTTER, TUNIS "Y ou do not test the resources of God till you try the impossible."-F. B. MEYER. "God loves with a great love the man whose heart is bursting with a passion for the impossible."-WILLIAM BOOTH. "We have a God Who delights in impossibilities."-ANDREW MURRAY.

~F AR up in the Alpine hol- as if it bore the traces of the flight lows, year by year, through which it had come. God works one of His marvels. The s now – And the fragile thing rings an patches lie there, frozen echo in our hearts that none of the into ice at their edges jewel-like flowers nestled in the warm from the strife of sunny days and turf on the slopes below, could waken. frosty nights; and through that ice- We love to see the impossible accomcrust come, unscathed, flowers in full plished. And so does q()d. bloom. **** Back in the days of the bygone summer. the little soldanella plant spread Gazing north, south, east, and west its leaves wide and flat on the ground over His world, with the signs of com- . to drink in the sun-rays, and it kept ing spring in one nation after another, them stored in the root through the two great tracts catch our eye, still winter. Then spring came, and stirred frost-bound, as it were, in snow and its pulses even below the snow-shroud. ice. Hitherto, in the main, they have And as it sprouted, warmth was given held out against the gleams of His out in such a strange measure that it sunshine, that have come to them, and thawed a little dome in the snow above it looks as if it must be long before its head. Higher and higher it grew, we shall see grass and flowers appear. and always above it rose the bell of They are the Caste Religions of India, air, till the flowerbud formed safely and yet more unbroken in its resistwithin it; and at last the icy covering ance, the power of Islam throughout of the air-bell gave way, and let the the world. blossom through into the sunshine, the crystaline texture of its mauve And the watchers there have a fight petals sparkling like the snow itself, sometimes, lest the numbness and chill that reign around should creep into their own souls with the hope de- ferred; and the longer they stay, the

GLORY OF THE

more keenly they realize the dead purpose of the devil, that these his two weight, impenetrable, immovable, that entrenched positions, shall not be shut;, down like .3 tombstone the weak wrested from him. He employs every little germs of life that lie buried be- art of hell to keep the truth from neilth it. r~aching the souls bound there; or, if It may be you have, half uncon- it reaches, from touching them; or, if ciously, avoided looking the situation it touches, from waking them into life square in the face, lest faith should and liberty.

be weakened. But faith that has to This is a distant sight of these great ignore facts is not real faith. snowfields; but it can give no sense of Think over steadily the position of the icy coldness and hardness that per- one of these imprisoned souls as he vade them. For that you need contact.

comes in contact with God's message. Then the Adversary goes a step Try to understand the intense preju- further. Not content with dealing di- dice and conservatism, the absolute rectly with his captives, he rivets their satisfaction with a creed that fits so chains by dealing with God's people well the religious instincts, and leaves about them. He works on our unbe- him so free to sin. Then, if a stir be- lief and our faintheartedness, and gins in the rigidity of his mind and breathes a half-uttered word-"impos- the torpor of his conscience, and he sible."

wakes out of the paralysis of fatalism, Ah, but he over-reaches himself it is only to stumble up against a fresh when he gets to that word. He means barrier. His very heartstrings are in- it to sound like a knell, and instead volved in the matter. Think what it of that it breaks into a ringing chime means for him, with his Eastern im- of hope: for agination and his Eastern timidity, to "Things that are impossible with face the havoc that confession of men are possible with God."

Christ would involve-the dislocation Yes: face it out to the end: cast of every social detail, the wrecking away every shadow of hope on the hu- of home and prospects, and the break- man side as a positive hindrance to the ing of the hearts of those he loves. Divine; heap the difficulties together Everything that has made life to him recklessly, and pile on as many more must go, and possibly life itself, if he as you can find; you can not get be- moves toward the light. yond that blest climax of impossibility.

Behind all this and beyond it, both Let faith swing out on Him. He is in this case of Mohammedanism and the God of the impossible.

Caste, is the strange, magnetic hold of It is no new pathway, this. "The the system over every fiber of the na- steps of … our father Abraham trod ture. It is so strong that even tiny it long ago;" and the sentences at the children are nnder its spell-creatures beginning of this paper bear witness that with us would be still in the that the footprints of those who "do nursery, take a pride and delight in know their God," mark it still.

their stern Caste regulations, and their Look in the Revised Version at the share in the Ramadan fast. And be- description of how Abraham went hind that again, and probably the true forth. He considered (there is such a explanation of the fascination, lies the beautiful quietness in the word) the

whole extent of the hopelessness, and God gives "a passion for the impos- went straight forward as if it did not sible."

exist, "being fully persuaded that what And if these promises are not He had promised He was able also to enough, there is an infinite horizon perform." out beyond them in God Himself. If But have we a promise to go on, for it were only a matter of asking Him these people? Has God spoken any- to repeat the miracles of the past, faith thing upon which we can reckon for would have plenty of room. But He them? is not bound to reproduce. He is the Do we need more than the follow- Creator: have we ever let our hearts ing? I think not. and hopes go out to the glory of that "0 Lord, my strength … the Gen- Name? Look at the tiny measure of tiles shall come unto Thee from the creative power given to man, in music, ends of the earth, and shall say, Surely poetry, art-where there is a spark of our fathers have inherited lies, vanity it, how it refuses to be fettered by and things wherein is no profit. repeating itself! The history of His "Shall a man make gods unto him- wonders in the past is a constant suc- self, and they are no gods? cession of new things, and He is not "Therefore, behold, I will this once at the end of His resources yet. Years cause them to know Mine Hand and ago, at Keswick, Dr. Campbell Morgan My Might, and they shall know that gave us this rendering of John 15.7: I am the Lord." "If ye abide in Me, and My words From the ends of the earth-the abide in you, ye shaill demand that for farthest away and the hardest to win which ye are inclined, and it shall be -they shall come with the cry of generated for you." "Generated for broken hopes that nothing can wring you"-oh the depth of the "possible from them yet, sweeping away the with God" that lies in these words!

idolized prophet and the idols of wood Will you ask Him to do a new thing and stone among the "things wherein among these fast-bound races: to there is no profit." And oh the tri- Itgenerate" a glow of Holy Ghost fire umph of the words, "I will this once that will melt its way up through all cause them to know, I will cause them the icy barriers, and set a host free?

to know Mine Hand and My Might!" Hitherto the work done has been And lifting the veil from the time more like trying to break through these to come, we have the vision, "I be- barriers from above, in the hopes of held, and 10 a great multitude which finding solitary life-germs imprisoned no man could number, of all nations, -how few they have been, and how and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stunted and weak for the most part, stood before the throne, and before the at any rate, among the Moslem races.

Lamb, clothed with white robes, and God has yet to show what can be done palms in their hands." if He stirs thus by His Spirit from Have the Mohammedans and the within.

Cas'te races a fair representation there No matter if for the time it is a hid- yet? If not, those who shall stand den process: the sunlight will be stor- before tpe throne are still to be found. ing underground as you pray, and life They will be found by those to whom will be set moving. Nothing is seen

A DEBT, OR A CHARITY-WHICH?

of the soldanella under its frozen crust, Let us, then, give ourselves up till the moment comes when the top of to believe for this new thing on the the air-bell gives way, and the flower earth. Let us dare to test God's reis there. We believe that God is be- sources on it. Let us ask Him to ginning already a mighty work below kindle in us and keep aflame that pasthe surface in these seemingly hopeless sion for the impossible that shall make fields, and that it may be with the same us deUght in it with Him, till the day suddenness that it will be manifested; when we shall see it transformed into and the miracle of the snow-hollows a fact. will be wrought afresh by the crowding up of human souls who have won "Behold, I am the Lord, the God of through in the hardest of fights. all flesh: is there anything too hard for Met"

MISSIONS A DEBT, OR A CHARITY-WHICH?

BY REV. R. H. GLOVER, D.O.

"I am debtor both to Greeks and to Barbarians. . . . So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the Gospel to you also that are in Rome."-Rom. i: 14-15.

~I N these forcible words to be feared that very many even of tph~ees~grheisat owAnpopsetl~eso~eaxl- those who do profess and possess a mIssIonary convIctIon degree of interest in this work con- and resolve. He con- ceive of it merely as a charity. fest himself the hea- Is there any essential difference bethen's debtor. He owed them the tween regarding missions as a charity Gospel. Even tho he had already done and as a debt f Here comes a ragged, more along this line than any dozen unkempt creature, holding out his other men of his time, he laid no claim dirty cap to me. I recognize him as a to merit, nor considered that he was beggar. So I pull out a coin-a conferring any favor on the Romans in nickel, a dime, anything-and throw making an added effort to take them it to him. That is "charity." It is the Gospel. It was his duty, his debt, cheap: it is easy. It is free from and he was only seeking, as an honest any sense of responsibility, purely a man, to discharge it. matter of personal choice. But now another man steps up and hands me a But if it was for Paul a debt, can bit of paper. I open it and find it a it be· something less for the rest of us? Yet, the majority of professing bill of debt-for $100. Do I presume Christians regard missions with utter indifference, missionaries as an enig- to get rid of this second man as I did ma, and their task as self-imposed. the first, by flinging him the first coin They wonder by what strange freak that comes handy? By no means. It of nature certain pious people choose is a very different matter, for this is to go and live among yellow or black a debt, and I am bound to face it folks rather than stay at home. It is seriously, and do everything in my power to wipe it out, to the very last cent.

Missions viewed as a charity-sec- one supreme thing. They play at mis- ondary, optional, no serious concern sions as a sort of diversion; she works or prayer or effort, spasmodic and in- at missions as the business of her life.

significant giving. In which light have you regarded Missions viewed as a debt-pri- this work-as exprest by your pray- mary, obligatory, deep heart concern ers, your gifts, your efforts to go?

and prayer and effort, systematic and Has your conscience been convicted sacrificing giving. of a debt you owe the heathen, or Charity foots the list of your ex- have only your emotions been stirred penditure and claims your spare cash. at times with a feeling of pity?

Debt heads the list, if you are con- We OWE the heathen the Gospel; scientious, and cuts out everything we are their DEBTORS. non-essential, until it is fully met. You give a little of the interest on your Out of gratitHde for our own salva.- money to charity, but you dip deep tion, since only "by the grace of God down into your principal and give all, I am what I am"; if need be, to pay your debts. Out of loyalty to Christ, Who com- In a church where a number of the missioned us to go into all the world leading members are all earning liberal and preach the Gospel to every creasalaries, they profess great interest in ture; missions, but that church gives $25 a year to the cause. On the other hand, Out of compassion for heathen suf- I know of a colored washerwoman fering and sorrow; and finally who puts $200 into the missionary offering. It is her yearly custom. Out of the realization that in the What makes the difference between Gospel we have the only remedy for those two standards of giving? Sim- their temporal ills and the only an- swer to their soul's eternal needs.

May God convict His children of ply the viewpoint. The church treats their debts, and make them "ready, missions as a charity, the woman as as much as in them is" to meet them!

a debt, and both give acsordingly. Then, at last, will there be no lack of To the church it is one among a score missionaries to go, or intercessors to of equally important (or unimport- pray, or money to send. May this ant!) things; to the woman it is the conviction begin 'With YOU.

A WIDOW'S MITE At a mission in Northampton, EngIa-nd, a poor woman was present who earned her living by stitching boots at one halfpenny a boot. During one of the services she rose and said: "I will have a share in this effort to save souls." For 40 days she sewed two boots each day for Christ, and put aside the penny paid for them. At the end of 40 days she modestly carried the three shillings and four pence to the mission to help forward the work in the prisons of England.

S'l'PERINTEKDENT L<) NG AT HIS

PREACHING THE GOSPEL IN HELL'S HALF ACRE A STORY OF THE INASMUCH MISSION, PHILADELPHIA BY GEORGE LONG, SUPERINTENDENT OR fifty years there ex- promoting the now well-known and isted a little segregated sLlccessful "Inasmuch" Mission. village of vice which became famous, owing The story of the inception and to the fact that it was formation of this work, together with located in the heart of its unique method, has attracted the attention of religious and social Philadelphia's business and exclusive workers from everywhere; in fact, residential section. The district was the eyes of the religious world are known as Hell's Half Acre. It was centered upon it. well named. The writer, having lived in the slums of many of the large In the Beginning cities, with a full knowledge of the underworld, had never in his 20 years About July I, 1909, the wasted of experience in this life of sin and remains of what once had resembled degradation seen conditions worse a man, was drifting midst the slime than confronted him and his asso- and filth of the tenderloin of Philaciates when they opened their cam- delphia. After being ej ected from paign of rescue by organizing and his vile rendezvous he wandered aim- lessly among the hundreds of human derelicts that are found in the slums

of all large cities. Every substance budded into the glorious inspiration having been wasted, a moral, mental of the "Ina:smuch" Association, and physical wreck; dissipation had which shortly afterward blossomed sapped the last ounce 6f vitality- into the "Inasmuch" Mission. leaning against a building, with his A devoted and faithful little band brain petrified and saturated with of Christian workers, calling them- cheap whisky, cocaine, morphine and selves the Island League, give their opium, in a dazed and weakened con- time in bringing joy and comfort to dition, trembling with a thousand the poor, sick, and needy in the City fears, suffering with horrible hallu- Home on Blackwell's Island. The cinations, the refrain of that beauti- motto of this band is "'Inasmuch' as ful old hymn, "Nearer, My God, To. ye have done it unto the least of Thee," came through the open win- these, My brethren, ye have done it dow above his head. The old hymn unto Me." Mat.. 2S :40. Its presipenetrated the callous heart of its dent was a constant attendant and listener, and its magic drew him personal worker at the old Jerry through the open door of Galilee McAuley Mission, Water Street, New Mission. A feeling of security-yet York. After meeting the derelict a feeling of indescribable fear-sent mentioned above who had been led the wanderer from the little chapel to New York City, and to the famous back again into the streets. During old mission, he invited him to accomhis short stay in the meeting he heard pany the band on one of its trips to a voice, but did not recognize it at Blackwell's Island, where the fasthe time-but which he has since cination and joy in the service of learned was the voice of J esus- Christ was fully revealed to George it brought him to a realization that he Long-now superintendent of the was lost. The fear of God, some- "Inasmuch" Mission. A spiritual thing he had never known, soon drew ·vision was born in his heart. him back again to the haunts of the After a year of service, which reunderworld. Yet, when the service sulted in a remarkable spiritual and began the following night this physical growth, George Long accepted strange power drew him again to a call from the superintendent of Galithis haven of rest. Night after night lee Mission, to return to the blessed for about three weeks this human spot where he found Jesus. Six months derelict repeated his visits, until be- of endeavor as a personal worker ing noticed by the superintendent, not only resulted in the conversion who approached him as he sat in a of scores of lost souls, but enabled rear seat (with many others in a the worker to develop a Cnristian like condition), on that never-to-be- character and personality that drew forgotten, memorial night, July 20, many to him-among whom was a 1909. This worthless specimen of Christian man who told to him the humanity saw a great light, as did story of Hell's Half Acre, and inci- Saul of Tarsus, and not only was dentally remarked that there were this poor sinner born into the King- a group of 20 houses situated in dom of Heaven, but the seed was the center of this crime-ridden dissown which less than two years after trict, that had been unoccupied for

THE GOSPEL IN HELL'S HALF ACRE

a number of years: These houses dreds of decks of playing cards, sevhad been used for years and years eral discarded silk wrappers, a dozen in the past for dens of vice and or more barrels of whisky and beer crime. Dpon learning the name of bottles, etc., etc.-in fact, II loads of the owner of this property, George this sort of debris were carried from Long, with some of his associates, this one building. It must be recalled on him. It is hard to forget membered that this work was all the sympathetic smile which illumined being done on· faith. The original the good-natured face of Dr. George capital of its founders amounted to SOME OF THE RAW MATERIAL AT THE MISSION Woodward when presented with a 27 cents. The superintendent, with proposition by these redeemed men his blackened character behind him, to open a rescue mission in his de- found it very difficult to interest any serted old houses, but he quickly con- whom might help, but having felt it sented to give the use of the houses was the direct Will of God, he gratis. claimed the promises of Christ, and through consecrated prayer, one by Transformed Houses one the articles of furniture, etc., began to come in. By March 24, It took many weeks of hard work 1911, the store Of the building at to scrape and clean the main build- IOI9 Locust Street was in readiness ing, now used as a chapel, offices to hold the first meeting. At 12 and living room of the superintendent o'clock at noon on that day a little and his wife. The contents of this house, like the rest, consisted of hun-

group–made tIP of about a dozen their honor has been a new experi- men (most of them redeemed drunk- ence with most of them, and it is ards) , sent a mighty prayer of con- remarkable how a great majority of secration up to the Throne of Grace. them have shown (and are show- Just what has been accomplished from ing) their gratitude to the cause, that date until now (a little less than At the present time one of the most two years), would fill a large sized important sources of revenue comes book. I will, however, endeavor to from our redeemed men, give the meat of the method of work, together with results obtained. At the beginning of onr work, when our plan ,vas made known, The original plan was, and is to- those who had experience in this line day, to help men and women who were skeptical; they claimed that show a disposition to help themselves while our faith was beautiful, we -to feed the hungry, clothe the would, nevertheless, be loaded up needy, giving comfort, strength and with a lot of bums who would simply sympathy, both material and spiritual, work the place for a good thing. with but one object in view-to do They failed to recognize that the the work of Christ, i.e.} to seek and management of this new venture had to save "that which wa:s lost." The come through the mill and knew the plant to-day consists of a half dozen tricks of the trade, which made it of the original 20 houses, fully impossible for an impostor to get equipped with dormitories, shower very far. lVe have also demonstrated baths, splendid kitchen, eating rooms, that the poor fellow who is down etc., an average of 40 men under and out (in many cases having been reconstruction are living in the mis- kicked about for years), ,yill yield sion. It would be interesting to see to real sympathy–espccially when the various stages these men pass given by one who has lived the same through from the day of their ad- life. The impostor is given fooel and mittance. Of course, most of them shelter, but asked to leave in the come to us in such a wretched con- mornmg. Those who mean business dition that every other door is shut are given a bath, clean clothing, and against them. No questions as to plenty of time to regain their physichurch, belief or otherwise are asked cal strength. If they continue to grow in the rig-ht way, work is sethese derelicts, who apply daily for cured for them. Then they have the help-no one is refused food or 'shel- preference of staying in the instituter. There are no industrial features, tion until deemed strong enough no charge is made for anything. A spiritually to live away from the little notice at the conclusion of the simple rules which are hung in the miSSIOn. plant reads as follows: "Everything you receive here is free, and comes Some Results from God. If He, through His great love, helps you, let us remember the We have never had any difficulty other fellow who is'in the ~ame con- in securing employment for our men. dition we once were." In fact, the demand has been greater than the supply. There is hardly a Placing these poor unfortunates on day passes that we do not receive several calls for men for almost every

THE GOSPEL IN HELL'S HALF ACRE

kind of employment. It has become who are working for us have proved an established fact with employers steady and filled their positions to that we will not send a man out un- our satisfaction. less we can recommend him, and it is most gratifying to know that of "Very respectfully yours, the 3,000 or more for whom em- Signed, "THOMAS S. DOWNING, JR., ployment has been obtained, a splendid percentage has made good. The "Coatesville Rolling Mill Co." following is the copy of one of the many encouraging letters on file 1I1 A card index system was instituted our office: at the inception of the work, which is a very important factor in the "In regard to your inquiry as to following-up of those who profess conversion. "While this system is far from being perfect, yet it has proved INTERIOR OF THE IN ASMUCH MISSION, PH ILADELPH I A what success we are having with the a mighty asset to the work, and we men we have brought out from the have on file in our office a complete Inasmuch Mission to work in our record of most of the men who have mills here, I beg to inform you that been under our observation-showing we have brought out up to this date date of their coming to mission, final somewhat over 150 men. 'He have disposition made of them, their presbetween 50 and 60 per cent. of these ent standing, etc. men working with us at present, and I think I can safely 'Say that we are We have learned the value of the very well pleased with the results we card index, and find that it is the have obtained in securing men missing link to a constructive work through your mission. We have been of rescue; therefore, we are conable to get several very satisfactory stantly working to improve this sy'Sworkmen, and as a whole the men ~m of follow-up. It is a very easy matter to preach the Gospel and leave

the results with God, but we can not for open-air services in and through bring ourselves to believe that our the tenderloin. God has wonderfully duty ends there. blest these street meetings, and the The zeal and desire shown by great amount of good coming from many of our redeemed men is most them will never be known. The remarkable. Only recently about 20 converts of the mission have been of them banded themselves together only too eager to give their testi- and formed a little organization which monies from this truck. The follow- they called the "Inasmuch Service ing is only one of the many known League," and after meditation and. results through this endeavor: prayer drew up the following plat- "My DEAR MR. LoNG: form, which has been framed and "On Saturday night, January IIth, hangs in our little chapel: I happened to pass along Market Principles and Purpose Street at the time the testimonies INASMUCH SERVICE LEAGUE were given of what God had done Whereas, Almighty God, in His for sinners, and I thought if He could great mercy, has seen fit to establish forgive them, why not me. When I THE INASMUCH MISSION got to my stopping place I asked God for the purpose of saving souls and to forgive my sins, and I promised leading men to the Him If He could help me I would go Kingdom of Jesus Christ, to work and be honest. God did we, the undersigned converts, believe answer my prayer, and I am now it our duty to render all the aid and earning an honest living, and with assistance in the work of the mission His help I am through with the old.

under the direction of the superin- life of sin. How better one feels for tendent, according to our several being free. Why, I can now lie abilities, and, down at night and sleep in peace, Whereas, after prayer and medita- whereas, before I was not only tion we believe service can be ren- troubled by my conscience, but by dered by all those who are sincerely the fear of the authorities as well.

converted, through the united efforts You are doing a noble work, Mr.

of all such converts in an organiza- Long, and may God bless and keep tion having for its object the ad- and help you to save many poor, vancement of Christ's Kingdom weary souls. I do 1'10t know whether among fallen men, your field takes in woman; if it does Wherefore, we resolve and agree and you ever happen to meet a wom- to institute such an organization and an by the name of , I wish place it and its individual members you would let me know. You will at the disposal of the superintendent hear from me again. Accept the en- to assist him in furthering the work closed donation, and my best wishes of the mission under any and all lines for success.

he may suggest." "Yours sincerely, About four months ago a friend of " "

the mission presented to the superin- A Convert'. Testimony tendent an auto truck, which was. Time will not permit me to go completely fitted up with organ,. etc., into the scores of personal testi-

THE GOSPEL IN HELL'S HALF ACRE

monies; they would have to be seen Mission), in a cheap lodging house.

and heard to be appreciated. Our He took me to the mission, and after nightly meetings are given over to spending three days in what is called the testimonies of our converts. They the 'flop' or 'alcoholic' ward of the are most inspiring and helpful to all.

I will, however, submit to you one of them: "There was a time in my life when I thought I was the last man to be addicted to intoxicating liquor, and often said that I hoped the first time I took a drink it would kill me.

I began drinking socially-first beer once in a while with the men I worked with, and it gradually went on until after a big head in the morn- ing I had to have two or three whis- kys before I was able to do anything -always thinking, like other poor fellows, when I wanted to stop I could, and was often told by my friends what my end would be if I continued to drink. My answer gen- erally was 'that it was my business and my money,' little thinking how WILLIAM BECK I was worrying my loved ones and bringing trouble and sorrow to them. A converrt of the mission, who came in a ragged The time finally came when I real- drunkard at the age of sixty. He is now ized I was a lost drunkard, and sexton of one of the leading churches in Philadelphia finally reached the gutter. At this mission-suffering the tortures of hell time my dear wife left me-taking and praying constantly for death, I with her our two beautiful children, was induced to attend one of the a boy of eight and a girl of two. I meetings, and after hearing the testi- remember how relieved I felt to find monies, I felt that there was hope for that I had nothing and nobody to me. When the invitation was given care for but myself and rum. For I was more than glad to throw my- nine months I lived the life of a self on the mercy of God, and on common bum. I managed to keep that night, October 9, 19II, God agoing by doing odd jobs, just surely did answer my prayer for enough to get rum, because I did not death, for the old man died and a need much food. One by one my new creature in Christ Jesus was friends had turned me down, until born. After staying at th'e mission I found every door shut in my face. for ten days, I secured employment Sick and helpless after a nine days' with myoid employer, where I am debauch, I was found by my brother to-day, having been promoted several (one of the converts of the Inasmuch times. It took nine months of pa-

tienee and prayer to gain even the vania. When Bishop Rhinelander slightest hope from my dear wife and moved into I025 Spruce Street, he children, but at the end of that time was astonished to find that the rear God sent them back to me, and to- windows of his new home looked day we have a comfortable and happy out into Hell's Half Acre. Having heard of the "Inasmuch" Mission, he GEORGE LONG became interested and wrote a letter to Mr. Long, asking for an inter- Superintendent and founder of the "Inasmuch view. Upon hearing the story of the l'Jjssion" mission, the bishop became enthusi- astic, and from that day to this the home. God has wonderfully blest work has been near to his heart. Last fall the superintendent began to me, and is fulfilling His promises in feel the need of substantial help and advice. He appealed to Bishop my life day by day. When I meet RhineLi.nder, who gladly consented to call together a number of Philaa man on the street who is in the delphia's prominent clergymen and laymen, asking them to form a board same condition as I was, I always of managers. As a result, the fol- lowing board organized and went into stop and tell him about the Inasmuch office November 1st of last year: President, Bishop Ph. M. Rhineland- Mission and what it has done for er; treasurer, Arthur V. Morton; secretary, Mrs. George Long; Rev. me, and let him know there is a ]. ]. Joyce Moore, Rev. David M.

chance for the man who wants to Steele, Rev. G. J. vValenta, Mr.

help himself. Morris V. Stroud, Dr. George Voodward, Dr. Herbert M. Goddard, "One year, four months, one week Mr. George Vharton Pepper.

and three days of freedom from sin Two years ago Hell's Half Acre comprised about 65 disorderly houses of the lowest type, several opium joint, policy shops, gambling houses, and dens of vice of the lowest char- acter. These dens have been forced out of business, until (thank God), Hell's Half Acre is no more.

and drink, and to God I give all the Results Obtained Since the Inception glory. "JOSEPH CfIRLIN." of the Mission, March 24, 19II, The New Organization to February I, 1913 A little more than a year ago God, Attendance 81,694 in His great wisdom, sent as a resident to Hell's Half Acre the new Lodgings – 35,461 bishop of the Diocese of Penl1'syl- Meals served – – – 95,278 Profest conversion – 5,068

IN HUNGARY AND IN

UNITED STATES Compiled from papers by l-tcv. .lcx ilarsamji, IIo111eslead, Pa., for twenty years a missionary to n. Hungarialls 1ll ~mcrica.-E. P.

~T HO nearly half the This is one of the youngest of the population of Hungary Protestant denominations to gain a call themselves Catho- foothold among the Magyars. It lics and the Church is first started in Hungary in 1874, but backed by the power was not recognized by the govern- of the government, and ment until 1905. According to the enjoys large revenues and great in- most authentic data available, the fluence, the Protestant bodies have Baptists in Hungary number about a membership of nearly 4,000,000 and are constantly gaining adherents and 16,000. gradually extending their fields of The Reformed Church of Hungary as the most important and powerful usefulness. Among the Protestant Protestant body receives annually denominations the Reformed, or Cal- several million crowns from the govvinist Church leads in numbers with ernment for the support of its para membership of over 2,600,000 and ochial schools and in recognition of is, therefore, the largest Reformed its social services. It employs about Church body on the continent of 25,000 teachers, while 2,000 congre- Europe. The remaining Protestant gations are ministered to by about the same number of clergymen. Church membership is divided be- Seven years ago the Hungarian Retween the Lutheran, Unitarian and formed Churches joined the Alliance Baptist denominations. Until 1894, of the Reformed Churches holding there was no such thing as real re- the Presbyterian system. ligious liberty in Hungary. Men were compelled to belong to one of the de- It is unfortunate that under the nominations recognized by the gov- present church conditions in Hungary ernment, and to support the church individual soul-saving, as we underill which they were born; that is, the sland it, is almost impossible, for church of their parents. Such Pro- while some of the Protestant congretestant denominations as the Method- gations number only a few hundreds,' ists, Protestants and Baptists were many run into thousands. Thus in not allowed to form congregations. Debreezin, there are only five The laws passed in 1894 made liberal churches for 50,000 Calvinists, makconcessions and incidentally opened ing it impossible for the several the way for the spread of atheism. ministers to do more than attend to Parents are no longer obliged to the regular services of the church.

have their children baptized. State In the United States marriage is now strictly enforced, and elementary education is being The majority of Hungarians in the slowly, but surely, taken out of the United States have come here withhands of the different religious de- in the last 15 years. While almost nominations. A t present the only all are ignorant of English when Protestant Church body making they arrive, the greater number can proselytes in Hungary is the Baptist. read or write in some language. They generally bear a reputation for

honesty and are more intelligent welfare, and tho of a different race, than the Slavs with whom they are we are all children of the same lov- so often confused. Morally and in- ing Father.

tellectually the Protestants are supe- "While much has been done for rior to their Catholic compatriots. the Hungarians in this country along Missionary work among the Hun- religious lines, they would more read- garians in America has been carried ily respond to the appeal of the on successfully for many years with church if they could be improved . gratifying results, but many colonies morally and educationally. Social have not been touched by the gospel, conditions in many of the foreign and have never heard the Word of settlements are deplorable. Provi- God. The Rev. Alex. Harsamji, who sion should be made by the great for nearly 20 years has been engaged firms, or companies employing thou- in missionary work among immigrants, sands of laborers, for decent places and especially Hungarians in Amer- of resort where the workmen could ica, has this to say: "I wish to make meet for healthful enjoyment instead a special plea for help to enable of being forced to seek saloons, or those of foreign birth to form little other disreputable places. And steps congregations and establish little should be taken to protect them from places of worship. Give them minis- the powers that prey, that they may ters who would preach to them in not be victimized and cheated out of their mother tongue; the only lan- hard earnings. We should defend guage they understand. Distribute them against every injustice that they Bibles, tracts, and religious literature may have faith in our laws and learn among them and a blest harvest will to love our country. I should be glad be reaped. to see a Y. M. C. A. led by foreign- "I am not unmindful of the great ers, established as a social center in good that has been done and is be- every foreign settlement in the United ing done by the Presbyterian and Re- States. There are over 1,000,000 formed Churches of the United States Hungarians in this country, but only for the Magyars and Slavs. The two Y. M. C. A.'s for their exclusive former supports 30 missions and the benefit. It is true that we have a few latter IO missions for the Magyars young people's societies connected and about as many for the Slavs. with some of the Hungarian churches, They are all flourishing institutions, but these do not make such· a wide doing God's work in uplifting the appeal to the needs of our young men poor foreigners. There is also an in- as does the Y. M. C. A. There is a teresting church paper published in great need of good libraries in these Hungarian, and Sunday-school liter- foreign settlements which have neither ature and Sunday-school picture cards church nor mission; they would do are distributed quite freely among much to check the flood of vile, cheap the young people. This work is not literature that poisons the mind of the only done in the interests of the dif- poor laborer."

ferent churches, but to make the Has not God sent these foreigners stranger in a strange land feel that to America in order that Christian we have a brotherly anxiety in his people may give them the Gospel?

A DECADE OF WORK FOR THE

THE PRESBYTERIAN BUREAU OF SOCIAL SERVICE ANY a man, if he dreamers. Modern church work, in its best development, not only aims IMl thinks of the Church to make, but does make men and at all, has only a vague women more efficient and self- conception of its far- respecting, it harmonizes class differ- reaching activities and beneficences. It does ences, broadens human sympathy, re- not represent to him a vast and virile fines home life and domestic rela- institution, an inspiration to noble tions, and makes the community a living; a tireless force for good in better place to live in, and these are social service, softening the asperities accomplishments which must speak of life, and refining the dross in hu- with compelling force to even the man nature. The Church is, no most thoughtless minds.

doubt, largely to blame that for so To the Presbyterian Church be- long it has hidden too much of its longs the distinction of being the light under a bushel, that its mar- first denomination in the United velous work for humanity is so little States to establish a department to known outside the ranks of church- study social problems. Other de- adherents. But in recent years many nominations in this country and in Christian workers have begun to feel Canada, Europe and Australia have that they should make known to the since inaugurated similar movements, world at large what the Church is so that now there are probably a doing to reach out helping hands in dozen bureaus actively engaged in every direction wherever there is hu- social service; every phase of the man need for moral and spiritual work being of a practical nature and betterment to the end thal men and immediately applicable to the church.

women may be inspired to right liv- On April I, 1913, the Bureau of ing and appreciate their obligations Social Service of the Presbyterian to each other, to the community and Church of the United States cele- to God. brated its tenth anniversary. The When the man in the street, the story of the work accomplished by non-church-goer, or indifferent church- the Bureau since its inception is one attendant, learns something of the of continued achievement, and among great humanitarian service the church the pioneer movements of the Ameri- is rendering, then many of them will can Church this service has a special take new interest, and it may secure value for the far reaching influence their cooperation. To accomplish such it must exert over ~he thoughtless desirable results, to paraphrase Dan- and irreligious elements in the com- ton's historic utterance, "We need munity. It is the declared purpose publicity, and more publicity, and of this Bureau "To place the religious ever more publicity." The practical emphasis upon social service, and the side of church movements will appeal social emphasis upon religious work.

strongly to the practical man of busi- To increase the efficiency of the ness, who too often regards Chris- church through standardized pro- tian workers as well-meaning vision- grams, which may be introduced into aries and impractical theorists and communities of a common type. To

bring about a more cordial relation- great downtown theater district of ship between the church and labor. the people. Here, until long after To give vision and program to mu- midnight, there is a blaze of light, nicipal authorities, so that they may and surging crowds, and clamor of minister more effectively to the social many voices, where every door in- and moral needs of the people. To vites to cheap, and often vicious, en- enlist men and women of the churches tertainment. South and east lie great in definite social service tasks." tenement districts, so densely popu- The Bureau of Social Service has lated that some blocks house 5,000 carried on investigations in about a people. Here socialism is strong, hundred cities, and in thousands of and the socialists hold mass meetings churches, and as a result of this in the various halls in winter, and in work, has reached certain definite summer harangue crowds 111 the conclusions which show how the streets.

church may become more effective in The Bureau of Social Service se- every community. lected this field because of its diffi- The Bureau in the important field culty. The purpose was, and is, to of Labor has accomplished some strik- demonstrate what the church can do ing results. There are six times as in such a community. And the Labor many men in the labor unions of the Temple is a success. The people are United States as there are in the losing their prejudice against the Presbyterian Church, and there are church, and have become friendly to certain well-organized movements it. They are getting a conception of among these workers which declare the significance of the old Gospel, and their antagonism to the church, and whether Jew or Catholic, Protestant seek to create bitterness, not only be- or Agnostic, they are learning the tween labor and capital, but between meaning of practical Christianity; labor and the church. The Dureau that they need it in their lives seven has been pushing various campaigns days in the week. Nine-tenths of the with special reference to labor, with average audience IS composed of marked success. The workingman, men; about one-half are Jews, and whether a member of a union or not, fully three-fourths are foreigners.

has too often a gross misconception Abobt 30 meetings are held in the of the church, its mission, and its Labor Temple every week, the Sun- work, and it has been the business day program being continuous from of the Bureau of Social Service to 2: 30 to ro. It begins with a chil- remove this misunderstanding, and dren's hour and an adult Bible class.

impress on him the necessity of re- An hour later is the Sunday-school, ligion and the church in his life, if and an organ recital in the auditori- he wishes true happiness. um at the evening service, when a Among the important things ac- choir of 80 voices begins with song, complished by the Bureau since its crowds are often turned back for inception was the establishment of lack of room. The sermon is always the Labor Temple, in lower New thoroughly evangelical, a practical York, at Fourteenth Street and Sec- heart-to-heart talk with men.

ond A venue, within a block of the Monday night is devoted to social

A DECADE OF WORK FOR THE NEEDY

purposes, when men and women living of labor. It established "Labor Sun- in cheerless halls, or shaft rooms, can day," now observed by nearly every get acquainted with each other among Protestant denomination in the pleasant Christian surroundings. United States. It originated the plan of the exchange of fraternal dele- It would be interesting to describe gates between ministers' associations in detail the weekly program of and central labor unions, now in meetings which are arranged to con- operation in over roo cities. Minis- tribute to the social and spiritual wel- ters often serve as chaplains to or- fare of every man, weiman, and child ganized labor, opening and closing in this vast parish. There is the the meetings with prayer. Their in- open forum for the discussion of fluence has entirely revolutionized the social problems; the Young Woman's discussion of social, moral, and eco- Club, or Class in Domestic Art; the nomic questions, and they have en- Imperators, a club for ambitious listed labor in practical reform meas- young men; the Temple Brotherhood, ures in towns and cities. For seven which discusses health problems and years the bureau has been sending shows the people how to get well delegates to the annual convention of and keep well; and there are classes the American Federation of Labor, in sight singing, in cooking, embroid- which at one time passed a resolu- ery, literature, etc., and varied ellter- tion prohibiting any minister from tainments and lectures of an edifying addressing the convention. and moral character. VVhatever is instructive and improving, that ap- Appreciating the value of publicity, peals to the mind and heart, that the Bureau furnishes an article every develops the best qualities in human week to 250 weeklies and roo month- nature, broadens the outlook, builds lies of the labor press. As a result, up character, and emphasizes the radical articles against the Church need of religion in all lives, these are rarely appear in labor periodicals, and things which the Labor Temple aims the general attitude of the working- to provide, and is succeeding. For man toward the Church has under- the people are tremendously in earn- gone a complete change. est about their own problems, and are willing to be helped in a democratic The Bureau conducts great work- spirit, tho they would be quick to ingmen's mass meetings nearly every resent anything which savored of pat- Sunday afternoon in winter, present- ronage or paternalism. "It is largely because the Church has not been ing the claims of JeSllS Christ and keenly sensitive to the changing con- ditions among the masses that its His Church to the toilers. In one hold upon the city is weakened. The year, in six cities, 500 ministers ad- 'old Gospel' must be preached with drest 1,000 different shop meetings, all its old-time fervor-but it is while at the same time a shop cam- largely a question of emphasis." paign, planned and directed by the Bureau, was conducted throughout the The Bureau of Social Service of country. The Bureau has also been the Presbyterian Church has done developing "industrial parishes" in other important things in the field industrial centers for the churches, each cht1fch becoming responsible for a particular shop. Since the Bureau inaugurated a workingman's temper-

ance movement, the liquor interests superintendent of the Social Service are losing their domination of organ- Bureau addrest groups of leading ized labor. The workingmen appre- citizens and authorities on social conciate what the Bureau is trying to ac- ditions discovered in these cities, sugcomplish, and the superintendent is gesting what action should be taken often called in to arbitrate industrial with a view to benefiting the com· disputes, and at times presides at munity. "While the Bureau of Social conferences where capital and labor Service is naturally interested in soare represented. These are hopeful cial evangelism and church efficiency signs. "Let us reason together." it has constantly sought to A most valuable feature of the demonstrate that evangelism which Bureau's work is its survey depart- seeks to regenerate the individual, ment, which investigates conditions may be harmonious with the social and recommends methods to meet service which seeks to regenerate an these conditions. These investigations entire community." have been made in nearly 100 cities and 1,000 churches. "The Bureau has We have only touched on a few of sought to interpret the movements of the most important features of the populations, especially in cities, antici- work which the Bureau of Social pating the character of church enter- Service is carrying on with such notprise required to meet the present able results, but enough has been situation and the fu~ure." written to show its value to the na- tion, as a powerful force for good in Representatives of the Bureau fre- improving social conditions, checking quently confer with mUlllcipal officers the forces of evil, harmonizing in various cities on social evils, edu- classes, and demonstrating the imcation, sanitation, prison reform, etc. perative need of the church to every During the past year in 20 cities the man and woman in the community.

DO FOREIGN MISSIONS PAY?

TEN YEARS' GROWTH IN SOUTHERN METHODIST MISSIONS Per cent.

1902 1912 Increase Missionaries and wives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 354 63 Native preachers ……………………. 251 329 31 161 Bible women ……………………….. 78 204 120 Organized churches …………………. 292 643 Members …………………………… II,713 29,825 155 Increase for year.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918 2,448 Sunday-schools ……………………… 372 580 56 Officers and teachers …… , , .. , …….. , .. 886 2,168 144 Pupils ……….. , ….. , … ,.,………… 10,463 31,347 199 Colleges, seminaries and boarding-schools.. 27 40 48 Pupils …….. ,……………………… 4,667 6,699 43 Day-schools .. ' … , ……. , …. , .. " .. ,',. 83 97 17 Pupils …….. , … , … , … , … , …… ,.,.. 2,769 3,463 25 Total pupils …. ,', … " ……. , … "….. 7.436 10,062 35° 8 Hospitals, dispensaries … " … , …….. ' , . 8 Patients treated .. , … , … , … , ……. ".. 26,362 59,025 124 Total income …………….. , ………. : $461,266 $894,777 94 The above exhibit, in a chart, 28×42 inches, together with three other strik- ing charts, may be secured for 25 cents from the Board of Missions, 810 Broad- way, Nashville. Tenn.

A lVIISSIONARY OPPORTUNITY FOR

THE NEED FOR SOCIAL REFORMERS IN THE NON. CHRISTIAN WORLD BY GEORGE W. HOLLISTER, DELAWARE, OHIO g;IgT is only in ccmpara- tively recent years was only developed through a very few individuals, yet in its effect it was , Christian nations have detrimental to society as a whole. Therefore it was a social evil. realized the claims of the non-Christian world In the light of this definition let us upon Christianity and consider just what are the social evils ;t~ representatives. A new conscious- of the non-Christian world. It is hard ness has brought a partial realization to analyze or dissect these evils. They of these claims. To-day we are im- form one big blot on the landscape, prest more than ever before with and it is only possible to suggest a few the vastness of the opportunity, the of the more prominent features and magnitude of the challenge, and the of the mor~ characteristic outlines. It tremendous need. Perhaps the is only possible to suggest a few of the spiritual need of the non-Christian ingredients from which the chemical world was realized first. It was not compound is formed.

long, however, before the Church saw We might be able to group the social more clearly the magnitude of the evils into three typical groups, the task, that not only must the spiritual group pertaining to the private life of nature of the millions of "heathen" be the individual, the group pertaining to recreated, but that every phase of their home life, and the group pertaining nature needed recreation. Among other to large masses of people. That is, phases of the need, the call of the there is a type of social evil which non-Christian world in view of its affects the individual mainly, and social evils became more prominent. society through the individual. Then and it is because of these evils that there is a type which affects the family the foreign field lays one of its stronf,;- or home life mainly, and society est cl~jms upon all Christians, and through the unit of the home. An- especially upon the educated young other group of social evils acts upon people of our nation. society as a whole rather than on the What is a social evil? Such a term individual or on a small group of in- is difficult to define, and any defini- dividuals. Each larger unit includes tion must be imperfect. We might the preceding smaller unit or units.

say that any evil so common, or so With the individual life as a center, prevalent among people as individuals. each larger unit is a concentric circle that the whole body of society is in- including the preceding smaller circles.

jured and corrupted, or an evil de- The social evils of the non-Christian veloped by or through an individual to world that affect the individual mainly, such an extent that masses of people and society through the individual. are are injured, is a social evil. For ex- due, in a large degree, to uncontrolled ample. social impurity is developed by passions. They are not unlike some people as individuals, and is so com- of America's social evils. The use of mon as to injure society as .a whole. alcoholic liquors may be mentioned as Therefore it is a social evil. On the one of these, because it not only has other hand, the slave trade in Africa been a tremendous curse in the past,

but its influence and misery are becom- to her husband in all lands, no matter ing greater every day. The opium what the claims or demands of that habit, which has curst China so ter- husband may be. The same thing is ribly, is another expression of this seen in the fact that Indian tradition same evil. One of the most prominent and religion place more value on a cow evils of this type is social impurity, than on a woman. Throughout nonwhich rages in nearly all non-Christian Christian lands, woman is considered lands like a deadly and loathsome pes- as a machine for reproduction and for tilence. These evils that have been the satisfaction of man's baser pasmentioned are merely examples of a Slons. great type of social evil which destroys individual character, individual moral- Another representative of this type ity, individual strength and manhood; of evil is the degradation and desecrathat brings the individual down to a tion of marriage. One of the means level with the beast; that destroys of this desecration is polygamy, which physical, intellectual, and moral ca- is sanctioned by some religions, and pacity. These results in the individual by the moral and ethical codes of the reproduced in countless individuals non-Christian world. Concubinage is have a marked influence on national another expression of this same evil, life and national progress. where man is not bound by marriage to remain faithful, but where the wo- There is another type of social evil man is. Divorce is a matter of mere which affects the home life primarily, personal volition in many of these and thereby affects the life of the na- lands, is dependent mainly upon the tion. One of the most important evils desire of the husband, and is legal for of this type is the degradation of wo- anyone of numberless causes. With manhood. As a barometer indicates the marriage relations unbearable the change in atmospheric pressure from polygamy, made wretchedly and the consequent change in weather worthless by concubinage, and with conditions, so the motherhood of a na- divorce a matter of momentary fancy tion indicates with a fair degree of ac- or pleasure, marriage has become a curacy the future life of that nation. "whited sepulchre," a mere mockery. The influence of the mothers can do But marriage is still further degraded more than any code of laws that ever by its immature consummation, This existed. In Asia and Africa espe- is characteristic of alI non-Christian cially, and in all non-Christian lands lands without exception. Immature with hardly an exception, womanhood parenthood leaves its lines traced inis degraded and debased. There is effaceablyon the human embryo, and a tendency on the part of these na- future generations witness the physitions to place her on a level with mere cal results. Not only is this true, but lower animals, far below the level of immature parenthood means the man. This is shown by the attitude dwarfed development of ·spiritual caof the Chinese and of others toward pacity after the birth of the child, girl babies, by the manner in which and the result is seen in the moral education has been denied to woman, and spiritual life of the nation. by her rigorous seclusion in some lands, and by her enforced submission These are merely illustrations of the type of social evil which destroys

A MISSIONARY OPPORTUNITY FOR

home life with all its wonderful po- tern built up on the foundations of re- tentialities. Naturally these evils af- ligion, to show how real and vital fect the individual also, but they af- ~these evils are. Thuggee, that system fect the home primarily. It is through of wholesale murder in the name of their action on a home, reproduced in religion, which was only put down by myriads of homes, that these evils eat British rule in India, and the wor- out the life of a nation like tubercu- ship of idols that are only pleased with losis eats out the lungs of a human human sacrafice and with ceremonies being. so filled with licentiousness and im- In addition to these two types of morality that a woman endangers her evils, there is a third type which per- purity by even venturing on the street tains primarily to large masses of during certain festivals, are illustra- people, to nations, ,to sodety as a tions from recent and present life in whole. Some of these evils are those India. Asceticism, demonology, and c(;mnected with the civil life, with the witchcraft are not only moral evils, government of the non-Christian na- but have a great influence on society.

tions. Civil tyranny and legal op- There are still other evils relating pression, with their most glaring ex- mainly to the industrial and commer- amples in the Mohammedan nations, cial life of the masses. Some of these are illustrations of these evils per- are ingrained into the people by the taining to the civil life. The inability influence of generation after genera- of many nations to protect their citi- tion. For example, take the lack of zens, illustrated by the former slave business principles of honesty, and the trade in Africa, is another of these business trickery always seen in non- evills. While these are resultant from Christian lands. Some of these are the rulers of those nations, there are the result of modern civilization.

also civil evils due to the public. The These are especially apparent in Ja- lack of patriotism and of public spirit pan, where modern civilization has is sufficient to indicate these. brought with it the problems of the Among the evils affecting the factory, of child labor, of protection masses are some pertaining to intel- for workingmen, and kindred ques- lectual life mainly. The intense igno- tions.

rance of the masses in the foreign field These are merely illustrations of the is a tremendous social evil. This type of evil which affects the masses ignorance makes itself manifest in the through civic, intellectual, religious lack of progressive methods of agri- and commercial life. These are mere- culture, of commerce, and of indus~ry; ly ripples on the vast expanse of the in the filth and squalor where disease gulf stream-mere indications of the is nourished and spread; in the in- trend of the current and of its power.

tense poverty and degradation of the Any stlch division and separation as people. has been made is merely artificial and There are also some evils affecting incomplete. The social evils of the the masses, pertaining- to the religious non-Christian world from one vast life of the people, which are tremen- network of nerve fibers and cells, dous social evils. One only needs to each inter-related and interdependent.

cite the caste system of India, a sys- The non-Christian world is honey-

combed with social evils, and it is be- Can not the other religions of the cause of these evils that such a power- world remedy these evils as well if ful challenge has been hurled at the not better? The answer is very simple. Christian nations of the world. Chris- No other religion can meet the chaltianity is the only hope of these na- lenge of the foreign field in view of tions in view of their social evils. these evils. The proof is very ample. Christianity is the only power that can free society, that can establish the In the first place, a great many of brotherhood of mankind, that will give these evils are the direct result of the a man control of his passions, and that other great, "world religions." Most will recreate man and his environ- evils may be traced to two of these ment. causes, ignorance and religion. Igno- The question may well be asked, rance, itself, is to some extent the dihowever, What has Christianity to do with the social evils of the non-Chris- rect result of religion, also. It is a blot tian world? What has any religion on any religion, and no religion is sufto do with the social life of a people? ficient to meet the needs of a people The answer is simple, although the that does not carry with it intellectual question itself is a complex question. enlightenment. These other religions A man's religion determines his own have tolerated ignorance and in many individual life, his attitude toward cases have fostered it. Therefore the his fellow-man, and his attitude to all social evils due to ignorance are, in a of the various phases of life. Religion sense, the result of religion. is the source of his inspiration and his ideals. His life is dependent upon But even if we should not add the his ideals, therefore it is essential that burden of the evils caused by ignorance his ideals be noble and worthy. Re- to the evils due directly to the great religion rules life by ruling the inner- ligions of the non-Christian world, the most nature of the individual. Low criminal charge against those religions ideals and base aspirations created in is nearly as great. Any religion must an individual life, reproduced in vast be judged by the same standard by numbers of individuals, mean that the which an individual is judged: "By national and social life is low and their fruits shall ye know them." This base. High ideals ruling the mt1lti- is the standard by which we must tude as individuals mean high na- judge Mohammedanism, Confuciantional and social life. A man's re- ism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, the ligion and his life are as clearly related four great religions besides Christianias cause and effect, for his life is ~. Mohammedanism has been premerely the result of his religion. So- dominant in Turkey,Arabia,andNorth cial life is the result of the religion of African nations; Confucianism in the masses. China; Hinduism in India; and Bud- dhism in Burma, Siam, and Japan. Admitting this to be true, the ques- These nations reflect more than anytion may be repeated, What has Chris- thing onecan say the influence and powtianity to do with these social evils of er of these religions. Other religions the non-Christian world? Why does have had a hand in these nations, it is the challenge come to Christianity? true. For instance, Mohammedanism is very prevalent in India. These relig- ions, however, have had th~ most to do

A MISSIONARY OPPORTUNITY FOR STUDENTS

with themolding ofthe character ofthe sufficiently. Ideal Mohammedanism is people in the countries that were men- faulty because of its destruction of tioned, and by their influence on the individual rights, and of licensed pocharacter of the people, they have been lygamy and concubinage. Confucianthe predominant factors in shaping ism lays the emphasis on ancestral society. It is only necessary to look at worship. Hinduism demands social Turkey, Arabia, and the North Afri- vice in its ceremonies, and fosters the can nations, with their oppression, caste system. Buddhism favors astheir ignorance, their licensed impuri- ceticism and the elimination of all huty, their mockery of home life, to see man desires and passions. These are the true nature of Mohammedanism. only suggestions as to the impracti- It is only necessary to look at China cability of these religions, and of their with her contempt of women and girls, faults under ideal conditions. Surely except as "incubators," with her an- these are sufficient proofs of the incestral worship, her absolute lack of ability of the great and most vital nonpublic spirit and patriotism, to realize Christian religions to remedy the what Confucianism will do. In India, social evils of the non-Christian in social impurity, in the form of that world. Juggernaut, Caste, in social oppression, poverty, ignorance, and vice, we Christianity, however, is able to see the work of Hinduism. In asceti- remedy these evils. North America cism, in the suppression of individuali- and the Protestant nations of Europe ty, in legalized social vice, we see the are fair examples of Christianity and effect of Buddhism. its influencej in practical life. We must admit that the ideals of Chris- The accusation, however, is still tianity have not been carried out in harsher. We cannot judge the results many respects. That is not the fault of these religions by simply looking at of the ideal, but of the human agency, those nations as they exist to-day. for Christianity is theoretically, ideally Vestern civilization and Christianity perfect or as near perfect as the huhave already worked miracles in their man mind can conceive of perfection. midst. We must judge these religions Granting this to be true, these nations by these nations as they were before are leagues ahead of all non-Christian Christianity and Western civilization nations. Christianity has brought a (which is the product of (hristianity, recognition of the rights of the indito a large extent) made their influence vidual, it has established the ideal of felt. We must remember the African justice and fraternity. and it has given slave trade carried on under Moham- mankind noble aspirations and high medanism, the wife burning and thug- ideals. gee of the Hindus, and such evils, which have been eliminated by Chris- There is no social evil of the nOlltianity and its influence, not by any Christian world which Christianity work of the non-Christian religions. can not meet and conquer. It gives the individual power to subdue pas- Not only have these religions failed sion. It outlaws intemperance and practically, but they are faulty theo- impurity. It has made of the home retically, that is, ideally, as well. A one of the most sacred institutions the few examples will serve to show this world has ever known. It honors mar-

riage and makes the marriage vow simply the call for Christianity-C1l.ris- sacred. It places motherhood on a tianity that is Christianity, not any pedestal but a "little lower than the weak, shrivelled up, bottled up relig- angels." Christianity brings freedom ion, but Christianity in all its breadth and good government with it. Educa- and depth. The non-Christian world tion follows in its footsteps. Igno- calls for a Christianity that will de- rance and falsehood vanish before its velop man's physical and intellectual light. nature as well as his spiritual being; Christianity, however, is not a stale that will teach him how to satisfy his religion. It is a practical religion that physical hunger as well as the hunger can meet the practical needs of the of his soul; that will help to triumph people. The great social trend of over physical pain and disease, as well Christianity, to-day, is an illustration as over moral disease. It wants a of its adaptability. It grows to meet Christianity that will help its people the changing needs of the people. So, to get good government, that will give to-day, in this country, it is battling them Christian homes as well as with the social evils of modern indus- churches, that will develop a manhood try and commerce. The outcome is and womanhood that is pure and certain, for it will solve these prob- strong, and by reproducing these ef- lems. It is solving them now and will fects in countless numbers of homes continue to do so. In the same way, and individuals, to create a Christian Christianity can meet even the social society.

evils of the non-Christian world due This call comes to the college stu- to modern civilization. dents especially, because they are the Since Christianity can meet the ones Lest prepared to answer it. Others social evils of the foreign field, and are not, as a rule, so well qualified to the other great religions are practi- meet the needs. The best workers are cally and theoretically unable to do so, needed to present Christianity to these Christianity is the only agency that nations in such a manner that the can effect the needed reform. The vork may be done efficiently and suc- weaker and more insignificant relig- cessfully. Those who satisfy the ions of the foreign field are not factors claims for a broad and strong Chris- to be reckoned with. They are as tianity must be broad and strong them- faulty theoretically and practically, selves. They must be men of vision, and are not vital religions because they of foresight, of intellectual and moral fail to grip mankind. The reforming strength, ancl of great character.

agency must be a religion, because the There are several forces which em- life of the people is dependent upon phasize this call of the non-Christian religion as the fountain of its being. world to the educated young people of Since others fail, Christianity is the our colleges. One of these forces is only agency able to meet the social the demand of humanity that these evils of the non-Christian world, and social evils be blotted out. To-day the to conquer those evils. world is 'a society of nations, an im- This being true, the call of the for- perishable unit, with one circulatory eign field, in view of its social evils, and one nervous system, each part to the college student of America. is interdependent. Humanity is seek-

A MISSIONARY OPPORTUNITY FOR

ing a higher plane of civilization, a to the captive, peace to the weary, and greater intellectual capacity, a more God-given ideals to society and indi- powerful religious experience, and the viduals. All the force of our religion conservation of human resources. In demands that we answer this challenge the struggle to attain to this goal, it and satisfy the needs of the non-Chris- is necessary that all humanity be tian world by sharing our religion raised to a higher level. Each nation with them.

either tends to elevate the others or The call to the educated young to drag them down. Ultimate suc- people of our nation, in view of these cess can only be achieved by the world evils, is still greater when we con- at large, for one individual nation can sider the magnitude of the task com- not achieve it. This being true, hu- pared with the task in our own land.

manity is fettered as if by the ball and The social evils of the foreign field, chain of a convict, until these social compared with the social evils of our evils be remedied. This makes it im- nation, are as the Pyramids of Egypt perative that Christianity meet the compared with a modern family-bury- social evils of the foreign field. ing vault. Then too, when we con- There is a greater force urging the sider how inadequate the force of college student to answer this call, workers is, the task appears still however, and that is simply the im- greater.

pelling force of the Christianity that Some of these evils, the non-Chris- is our possession. As Christians we tian world will remedy, itself, through are not true to the ideals of Christiani- Christian ideals and Christian civili- ty unless we answer the challenge of zation, but most of them will never the foreign field. Christianity says be remedied, and the source of all the that we are our brothers' keepers, and social evils will never be obliterated, are responsible that they shall have until Christianity recreates the inner- the light which they need. Our Chris- most nature of the inhabitants of tianity is one of brotherhood, of love those nations.

of sympathy, and practical works. We The call of the foreign field in view are only stewards, and all that we have of the social evils of the non-Chris- is a trust, given for use in the service tian world is the call for Christianity; of God and mankind. We have the and humanity, Christianity itself, and great commission to go into all the all that is noblest and best in life, im- world, healing the diseased bodies, the peratively demand that the educated blighted intellects, and the dark souls. young people of our nation answer the We have the command to give liberty call by supplying the need.

STUDENTS AND MISSIONS One hunded years ago only about one college student in te,n profe&t faith in Jesus Christ, even in this Christian country. To-day about 50 per cent. of all college students are profest Christians. A hundred years ago college students thought less about Christian missions than they did ahout the climate of Mars. or the rings of Saturn, To-day the Student Volunteer Movement enlists hundreds of bright, well trained, educated young men and women for the missionary field. Yale University, through its students and alumni, is raising $200,000 for the equipment of a mission in Changsha, China, and other great educatio-nal institutions are giving like heed to the missionary cause. The Chris.tianization of the world. by preaching, and teaching, and living the Gospel, is now a world problem, and sane men everywhere are giving heed to It.

PROTESTANTISM IN SPAIN *

BY JAMES 1. GOOD, D.O., LL.D.

mF OR three centuries. Prot-r~J to mass and said, "Whosoever wishes estantism was not al- to confess can go." Only five went lowed in Spain, but in to confession. When they had fin- ished the officer again offered the 1869 religious liberty same opportunity, but no one went. was granted. Seven He offered it a third time, but the years later, in 1876, when the Bourbon dy- soldiers refused to move. As no nasty was restored to power, this one wanted to go to confession and liberty was reduced to mere tolera- mass, he ordered the regiment back tion, and the Protestants were not to the barracks. The Roman Catholic allowed to show any outward signs chaplain, greatly irritated, complained of Protestant worship on their build- to a higher officer, who called the of- ings. In every way the Protestants ficer to account. The latter replied, were opposed and persecuted as much "I have taken my company to mass as possible. In 1884, two lads and according to orders, but I can not a young girl were condemned to 20 compel them to confess. Every man days' imprisonment for not kneeling is free to act as his conscience dic- to the "host" as it passed by on the tates." The higher officer could. do street. . When the priest called on nothing, and the chaplain complained them to kneel, one of the lads an- to the bishop, and he appealed to the swered, "The Apostle Paul says 'God general. As a result the whole regi- dwelleth not in temples made with ment was ordered to go to confession hands, neither is worshiped with the following Sunday. The general men's hands.''' went to confession and was followed As late as 19IO the authorities of by about 20 officers and men. On a village near Burgos called a non- returning the general glanced around, Catholic family before them and but the majority of officers and men asked why they did not go to con- made no movement. He ordered them fession. They replied, "Because our back to the barracks, and the efforts faith does not allow us to go." The of the priests to compel them to authorities informed them that they confess were frustrated.

had forfeited all rights of citizen- Another tendency that is breaking ship. The family took an appeal up the influence of the church is the to the governor, but he, under the growing feeling against the monks.

influence of the priests, put them off Spain has become the camping with an excuse. Not being citizens, ground for the monastic orders their cattle were not allowed on the driven out of other countries. These parish-common. monks are lazy, and too often im- The inquisition is, of course, no moral, so that their lives have in longer able to persecute in Spain, some instances become a public scan- but there is no end to the indignities dal. A very remarkable scene took that Protestants still have to endure. place about ten years ago. In 1868, No wonder that there are only about the clericals, under the lead of Father 10,000 to 20,000 Protestants in a Montana, a Jesuit, gained control of popUlation of nearly 20,000,000. the political ministry of Spain. He In spite of these trials Protestant- so banked on his authority that he ism is slowly and steadily increasmg dared to write in a newspaper, "To in numbers and influence. There is be a liberal (in politics) is a sin."

also an increasing drift out of the The anti-clericals took this up and Roman Catholic Church into indiffer- he was compelled to retire. Just ence and infidelity. Some years ago about the time of his retirement a a military officer took his company drama, "Electra," written by the * From the Christian I ntelligencer. most celebrated Spanish novelist of to the grave, and throwing in a the day, was played. Electra, whose handful of earth, recited the Scripmother was dead and whose father ture passage: "I am the Resurrection was unknown, was adopted by an and the Life. He that believeth on uncle in whose house a Jesuit held Me, tho he were dead, yet shall live; sway. She fell in love with her and he that liveth and believeth on cousin Max, but the Jesuit wanted Me shall never die." Silently the her for the convent. By telling her crowd listened in surprize, and an old. a lie, namely that she was Max's woman on the other side of the grave sister, he succeeded in getting her murmured an "Amen." He did not to enter a convent. The truth was know but that he might be prosediscovered and she fled from the cuted for repeating a verse of the convent to her lover's arms. The Bible in a Roman Catholic cemetery, bridegroom, in a transport of rage, but some days later the son of the attacked the Jesuit for his deception deceased noble sent to him and asked and threw him to the ground. Such was the plot. The play completely him for the words he had repeated carried aw.ay the audience, and when over his father's grave. He had at the end Max exclaims "We must never before heard them and did not kill him," a voice in the gallery know from what book they came. shouted, "Kill the Jesuits," and a He was so much imprest with their beauty that he wanted to place them thousand voices applauded so that for a time the play could not proceed. on his father's gravestone. In Barcelona the people rose up Every now and then the Protestagainst the monks and destroyed the nunneries. This anti-monk feeling is ants of Spain are surprized to find growing all over Spain. a little congregation of believers of whose existence they had previously The masses are slowly breaking with Romanism, while on the other known nothing. Some one in the hand Protestantism is slowly gaining village had secured a Bible and had converts and adherents. There are been converted; he had read it to many secret believers who have not his neighbors, and some of them had yet come out as Protestants. A beau- been converted. Thus a little comtiful story is told by Rev. Theodore pany of believers was formed. A Fliedner. For a long time one of rather remarkable illustration of this the leading nobles of Spain, the Duke was in a little congregation that had de Ie Victoria, would quietly slip into sprung up in one of the villages. the evening service of the German They met regularly for the reading Protestant Mission. He always placed of Scripture and prayer, and ab- 25 pesetas (five dollars) on the col- stained from going to mass. Their lection plate and then slipt away. existence would probably not have He died in the autumn of I903, and become known had not their leader Mr. Fliedner went to the funeral as died. The priests refused to ala friend. He was surprized to not see a priest present to celebrate mass low him to be buried in the cemeor any priest bearing candles on each side of the hearse on the way to the tery because he had not gone to cemetery, for there is generally a host mass, and his friends in despair finally appealed to the Spanish Presof them at a nobleman's funeral. In byterian pastor in Madrid. They did burial chapel the priests repeated not know his name or the name of any Protestant, and in their simtheir paternosters and the body would plicity and ignorance, they addrest have been lowered into the grave their letter to "John Bunyan," at the without a word of comfort, Mr. Protestant chapel, Madrid. They Fliedner felt the funeral was too must in some way have become acmuch like a heathen one, and out of quainted with John Bunyan's immorrespect to his old friend, he stept tal "Pilgrim's Progress," and as his was the only Protestant name they knew, they wrote to him. Of course,

the Protestants of Madrid soon pro- She is now feeling the pressure of vided a place for the burial of this the nations around her, as France Protestant. and Portugal have declared for re- ligious liberty. Thus prest upon But the greatest ork of Protest- from without, and with a growing ant Missions in Spain is in their constituency for religious liberty schools. Each Protestant mission, within her, some day there will be whether it belongs to the American a revulsion, liberty will come, and Board or British Presbyterians or Catholicism will loose its domination. Irish Episcopalians or Germans (for Vhen that time comes there will be these are the four leading bodies found many who have believed In working in Spain), has large schools; Protestantism secretly. altho their communicant membership is often small. The number of the THE OUTLOOK IN SPAIN pupils runs into the hundreds when the number of church members is THERE have recently been several only in the tens. The reason for encouraging signs of progress this is that many of the Catholics toward religious liberty in Spain-the realize the wretched instruction given home of the inquisition. The political in the Catholic schools. The pupil unrest has apparently helped, rather than hindered the cause of liberty of there is taught more about the Ave conscience and worship. Earnest ef- Marias, Pater Nosters and the creed forts are being made to secure legislathan about reading and writing. Mr. tion that will exempt Protestant sol- Fliedner was one day seated opposite diers and sailors from attendance at a priest on the car, and said to him: Roman Catholic mass. Recently "It is a shame that in the Catholic Colonel Duan Labrador, a staunch schools nothing of Christian religion Protestant and esteemed officer of the is taught beyond the Lord's Prayer, Royal Naval Artillery, was ordered to the creed, and Ave Maria." He ex- attend "mass of the Holy Spirit" bepected an indignant denial, but the fore presiding over a naval court. priest replied: "If they would at least Colonel Labrador petitioned the King learn· that, we should be satisfied," for exemption from this obligation, thus granting that it was true. One but his request was refused, altho of our guides in Spain had to take such attendance is no longer required his little girl from the Catholic school in the army department. Colonel because in her first two years there Labrador wrote to his superior officer she had never learned to read, and that his conscience would not permit 011iy learned to recite Ave Marias. him to attend mass. He was placed under arrest and tried for insubordi- The Protestant schools are, in C011sequence, filled with Catholic chil- nation. His conviction would mean dren. It is true many of them join loss of rank, salary, and general imthe church of their parents, but they poverishment and distress. The case have at least lost their bigotry, anti has already attracted considerable atout of them is growing up a continu- tention. The president of the Spanish ally increasing constituency desirous Cabinet has submitted to the Cortes of religious liberty. Altho the Prot- a law harmonizing the laws of the estants of Spain number only be- navy department in this respect with tween 10,000 and 20,000, yet in 191I, those of the army. The passage of a petition of 150,000 signatures welle such a bill will remove the obligation up to the Spanish Cortes asking for to attend mass-which Protestants religious liberty, many of them being look upon as idolatrous-and will be the Protestant Catholics who had another step toward Christian liberty been Protestant pupils, and who used in backward Spain. their influence with others for that cause. Spain is the last country in Eu- rope not to have full religious liberty.

THI<.: LORD'S PRAYER AS A

DOCUMENT * BY HEV. JOSEPH HENHY ODELL, SCHANTON, PA.

~W" ITH" a smug self-satis- If this thrilling and romantic spirit faction, which is surely fails to touch us the reason will be found in the fact that we have un- . the 111o-St incomprehen- consciously acceded to the conven- tional use of the prayer, we have sible mood of modern become the unwilling victims of a fa- miliarity which needs to be broken Christendom, the in upon by an interpretation taken from the mind and character and i • Lord's Prayer is of- sacrifice of the Master Himself.

~" fered daily by millions Our Father Which Art in Heaven!

who are oblivious of its real mean- That little pronoun "OU?/' is more than comprehensive, it is all-inclusive. ing. It has been assumed, hy tacit I do not see where you can drive a single stake to mark a boundary. agreement, that this prayer may be Truly, it implies possession, has an intimate accent, affiliates the individused by people who can not frame ual beyond a doubt; but it does these things universally. If there linger in any other petition, as tho it were the your mind anything like racial preju- dice, it may startle you to be reneutral grourid of religion upon minded that the Semitic people by whom the word was first heard are which all kinds and conditions of farther removed from our Anglo- Saxon type than are the Aryans of men may stand without danger of Northern India. There are many races with whose blood ours will spiritual commitment. By common mingle more freely than with the Hebrew. Science ought to have made consent we treat it as the irreducible this finessing on features utterly im- possible, but science makes slight minimum of worship; it has even be- headway against prejudice. However, if I am in need of a commentary come the official counter which passes upon this initial word, I prefer to trust myself to that vision of the current for prayer in political and consummation of Christ's kingdom found in the Apocalypse, rather than commercial cOllventions; it does so- to the conclusions of anthropology or comparative anatomy: cial service upon occasions when any- "After this I beheld, and 10, a great thing supposed to be definite or dog- multitude which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, matic would be in bad for111. Thus and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white our Lord's Prayer may be said to robes, and palms in their hands; and cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation have become thoroughly devitalized. to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb." Instead of being the minimum, it is Noone can truly say, "Our Faththe very maximum of prayer; rather er," who consciously isolates himself from the rest of the race. vVe are than a pale substitute for a pro- nounced spiritual attitude, it is the most positive, virile and dynamical utterance that can possibly fall from human lips. Therefore, if we can pour back into its depleted veins what Christ had in His mind and heart when He gave it to the dis- ciples, we shall be doing nothing more than starting again at the be- ginning, tracing the head-waters of the river of life to their source.

Nothing seems more certain to me than that the Lord's Prayer contains Christ's complete purpose for the re- demption of the entire world-the motive, program, method and goal of what we call either home or foreign missions can be found in its various clauses and stamped upon its entire structure. Everything aggressive and progressive in Christianity is involved when it is properly recited.

* From a leaflet printed by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A., 156 F,fth Avenue, New York.

bound to all humanity the moment knit the whole human family into we bend our knees in prayer. a brotherhood with a common ances- try. A Dyak or a Patagonian is Our Father which art in Heaven! our brother by right of birth; there The God with the geographical habi- is one God and Father of all; "Haltat is gone. Bethel, Jerusalem, Be- lowed be Thy name." No deeper nares, Mount Olympus, Mecca, hold degradation can be put upon the Dithe eye and draw the feet no more. vine Fatherhood than to disallow the The Maori in New Zealand is as right of some of His children to parclose to God as the minister in New ticipate in the shelter, food and joy York. Heaven is equinear to every of the Father's home. We can not soul that feels an aspiration or cher- disinherit one of His sons without ishes a sacred hope. The heresy of cutting a,vay our own kindred rights special privilege has surreptitiously and privileges. fastened upon the consciousness of Western Christians, blinding their Thy Kingdom Come! vision and blighting their faith. And it will remain with its curse until we Olrist's teaching may be grouped rediscover the universal significance under two main divisions: the Fathof these memory-dulled phrases. erhood of God and the Kingdom of Heaven established on earth. Christ's Our Father which art in heaven; conception of the Kingdom was in- finitely greater and grander than our Hallowed Be Thy Name! thought of the Church. I believe it comprehended not simply redeemed What name? Father! Just to lives, but a human society controlled hedge the Almighty against verbal and guided by the will of God. The irreverence is a very narrow and Church is an organization of Chrisshallow interpretation. Hallowed be tian men and women governed by the name of "Father," for it means certain definite rules; the Kingdom of everything our poor, disinherited and Heaven is composed of all people, disendowed humanity can need or societies, institutions and influences crave. Read into it all the best that that interpret the will of God on natural paternity illustrates and you earth. So in this prayer the Master have a large content to the word- looks for more than the salvation of the giving of life, protection, guid- individuals; He craves the permeaance, and an instinctive affection. tion and subjugation of every hu- But read it through the life of Christ man relationship and enterprise by and you have a wealth of loving the spirit of God. It is not enough solicitude and wise governance quite to build up little churches in India, inexhaustible. And yet, strange as Africa, China, Europe; the law of it may seem, I think the wonder and the heavenly life is to conquer and glory of the name must be found in control the legislation, social customs, its correlative-in the sonship of art, commerce, politics of these variman. As the sons of God, made in ous lands. The Kingdom of God His image, we can safely leave the will have fully come only when every accidentals and incidentals out of ac- thought and activity of mankind is in count. Man's height in feet and harmony with the Divine mind. inches, the cranial contour, the hue of the skin, the cast of the features, I know of no better illustration of have nothing to do with personality, how the Kingdom is coming than and personality is the distinguishing the words of Count Okuma, one of characteristic of mankind. Person- the founders of N ew Japan, and at ality is made up of three interacting one time Prime Minister: "Altho things-thoughts,emotions and voli- Christianity has enrolled less than tions. Wherever these three-the 200,000 believers, yet the indirect inpower to think, to feel, to will-co- fluence of Christianity has poured exist and cooperate, there is kinship. into every realm of Japanese life. They are the essential qualities that

LORD'S PRAYER AS A MISSIONARY

It has been borne to us on all the tremendous task that we must always be in the best of condition to accurrents of European civilization; complish it. But I think we can get onto a higher plane even than most of all, the English language and that. God's purpose in the estab- lishment of His Kingdom compreliterature, so surcharged with Chris- hends the whole life of man. It is to be a kingdom on earth, amid ideal tian ideas, has exerted a wide and conditions becoming actual, in which all His children are to share to the deep influence over Japanese thought. utmost of their capacity. Christ healed the sick and fed the hungry; "Christianity has affected us not that is, He removed temporary dis- abilities and liberated men for a realonly in such superficial ways as the ization of the full meaning of life. The program of modern missions is legal observance of Sunday, but also strictly consonant with His example; industrial, medical, educational misin our ideals concerning political in- sions are the logical application of His spirit. Men must have the means stitutions, the family, and woman's of livelihood as a prerequisite to living. station. Not a few ideals in And notice the pronouns again: Japan which are supposed to have Give us this day our daily bread I The prayer is as far removed from been derived from Chinese literature individualistic selfishness as can be imagined. To offer it and then proare in reality due to European litera- ceed to grasp a 'Superfluous amount of earth's resources to the exclusion ture. The Chinese influence may still of our brother men is the hoIIowest mockery. No one can utter such supply the forms, but the soul has words sincerely without including the Indian and Chinese famine victims come from Christianity." * in his budget. I t is socialism sub- limated, sanctified, glorified. Thy Will Be Done in Earth as ]t ]s in Heaven Forgive Us Our Debts as We Forgive This is the way in which the King- Our Debtors dom comes. But the clause has an unfortunate grammatical cast which This seems to imply that the Kinghas given rise to the impression that dom is at least partially established; man's relation to the will of God is that the petitioners have already an attitude of passivity. God's will reached the level on which they have is not alone something to be borne, conquered their animosities; that they an unappealable and unrepealable de- have established a happy relationcision to be accepted with resignation. ship of amity and love toward all God's will is not simply a divine men. But very few of us will dare judgment passed upon us, but a di- to claim so much. Does it not rather mean that we seek pardon for vine program to be worked out by our sins of omission? Doubtless our us. We discover it, adopt it, em- lives would be much richer and body it, in' thought and word and stronger than they are if others had deed; we translate it into ideals, and done their duty to us. Let us forcustoms, and laW's, and institutions; give and forget what might have we transmute it into temperament been. But can we forgive ourselves? Have not we eaten our morsel alone, and character; we make its articula- have not we allowed truth to lie tion the ruling passion of our lives. And we do all these things not only as individuals, but as citizens, as societies, as municipalities, as nations.

Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread At first blush this is a descent. We seem to have dropt from the universal to the particular, from the spiritual to the temporal. But such is only a superficial verdict. An easy interpretation is to the effect that we need physical strength for spiritual tasks. That is true. The doing of the will of God on earth is such a + "A Japanese Statesman's View of Christianity in Japan. A Statemernt _by Count Okuma"-Thc International Re'l.:iew 0/ Missions, October, 1912.

dormant in our minds which should the privilege of exceptional spiritual have been distributed, have not we heritage might lead to bigotry-as accepted and appropriated for our use in the case of the Jewish disciples alone the love which .we should have who would not eat with the Christransformed into the energy of ser- tianized Gentiles. These are a few vice? St. Paul said he was "debtor of the temptations, some of the wiles both to the Greeks and to the Bar- of the evil one, set to ambush and barians; both to the wise and to the overthrow even the best of men. unwise"-not because he was their Have not we reason to pray for debeneficiary, but because God had liverance from similar perils? Far made him a trustee of truth on their too many who sincerely love and behalf. And almost the entire teach- reverence the Master to-day are vicing of Jesus Christ concerning the tims of just such moods and deduc- Judgment is to the effect that cul- tions. The supercilious air we aspability lies in neglected duty and sume toward the people of the backunseized opportunity. To be for- ward nations, the inference that God given for such omissions we must in His Mercy will take care of the pray; but our prayer must hold a unsought and untaught even if we resolution and a consecration for the neglect them, the concentration of infuture. The Hindus, the Japanese, terest upon our own affairs as if we the denizens of South America, with alone were of value in the eyes of a hundred other races, have been the Heavenly Father, the cynical conand still are our spiritual wards. If clusion that the half-lights and diswe have defaulted and defrauded torted truths of other religions are them in days gone by because we best adapted to the multitudes who have not appreciated our steward- hold them because they have known ship, we must seek pardon along the none other-these and many similar lowly path of penitence, and in the attitudes of mind and spirit are alfuture we are pledged to be true to ways endangering our faith. No state our trust. of Christian experience, however ele- vated and triumphant, can grant us Lead Us Not Into Temptation, But immunity from temptation. And the richer that experience grows the Deliver Us From Evil! more subtle and sinister become the enticements to evil. Remember, Christ is speaking to such as are already children of the For Thine is the Kingdom, the Power, Kingdom, or at least candidates for the Kingdom. We may assume that and the Glory, For Ever. Amen. He had in mind not the gross sins of the flesh-drunkenness, sensuality, These closing words of the great theft and murder-but the subtler prayer form a consistent and splensins of the spirit-the temptations did conclusion to this noblest of supof temperament and calling, the perils plications. If they are an addition that lie hidden within the very dis- from some Eastern liturgy, they show positions that shine brightest in the how completely the early Church Christian life. The highest places in caught the largest and fullest purthe Kingdom might be sought for pose of the prayer, felt the universal unworthy reasons. The consciousness heart-throb. What could be a more of virtue attained might create the fitting close than this Doxology in vice of censoriousness-the temper of which "the Kingdom, the power and the elder brother. Zeal for the Mas- the glory" are offered to God as the ter might use a devilish means to at- triple crown by those whom "the tain a godly end-calling down fire first-born among many brethren" from heaven upon the thoughtless taught to pray? Samaritans. Pride of nationality and "LOltD TEACH Us TO PRAY."

RISING TIDE IN ALASKA*

REV. S. HALL YOUNG, D.D. Special Representative of the Presbyterian Board for Alaska N Knik Arm and Turn- as the dominant power in the territory was endeavoring always to control the mO again Arm, the extreme appointment of territorial officers, and head waters of Cook's to shape Congressional legislation and policies so as to create fat offices for ~ . Inlet, at low tide you themselves and their friends and to frame mining, fishing and other laws can look out ·for I S or in the interest of the big, selfish mo- ~ 20 miles across mtiddy nopolies vith which they were allied. They opposed the development of the and forbidding flats. territory and the giving of the right of citizenship to her people. No sign of life or beauty; a barren, For many years Alaskans have desolate waste of sand and mud. been agitating for their civil rights- for home rule. Venal and incompe- Should you attempt to cross it, you tent Eastern carpet-baggers had too often filled the important offices, unwould be engulfed in quick-sands, or just laws and the gradual encroach- ment of the big syndicates kept the swallowed in slime, and be spattered people in a state of agitation and irri- tation. Alaskans are as intelligent, as with the filthy ooze. You turn from brave, as independent and as moral as any people upon the face of the the ugly waste and stroll for half an earth. When it was attempted to pass through Congress the "Beveridge hour in the forest bordering it. Your Bill" for the government of Alaska by an appointive commission, the steps bring you again to the beach. same way in which the Philippines were governed in their turbulent What is this? Out yonder there seems period, the people of Alaska raised their voice as one man in loud proto be a high white wall advancing test. We thought ourselves some- what superior to the Tagalogs and toward you with railroad speed. Soon Moros. The politicians urged the passage of the biIl; they were after you can see coruscations of foam. the fat offices it created. The syndi- cates urged it; they wished a body N ow it curls over and pours forward of lawmakers and administrators whom they could control and buy. like a wave of the sea breaking upon Ve were fortunate in having as the beach. It is what the inhabitants our delegate to Congress a strong- and fearless man-Judge James Wickerof that region call The Bore; it is sham. He is a fighter and the larger the foe the better he enjoys the fray. the incoming tide. While you gaze With the help of the best people of Alaska and of many progressives of it sweeps by you and in a few minutes all political parties he won his fight. He kiIled the Beveridge bill, and last that great, ugly waste is a sparkling, summer Congress passed and the dancing, shimmering expanse of liv- President signed a bill giving Alaska territorial rights. On the 5th of N 0ing water, and "all the world is in the vember last we elected our first terri- sea." The tide has come in.

Alaska's tide has been out the past few years. All the great stampedes into the gold fields ceased for the time.

The flurries about the great coal re- gions, the copper mines, the Copper VaIley and Central Alaskan railroads, the rapidly increasing salmon can- neries, and the agricultural lands of Alaska subsided. The people of the coast, especially, have been in a state of uncertainty and depression on ac- count of the tmsatisfactorv condition of certain vital questions, such as the coal, land and railroad questions.

They did not wish their coal lands, which are among the richest of the world, to be monopolized by selfish syndicates, neither did they desire them to be conserved for th'e use of their great-great-grand children.

The Alaska political machine which existed through four administrations • From The Assembly Herald. Jun". 1913.

torial legislature. We now feel our- mining camps within the past year, selves American citizens, able to Ruby on the Yukon, and the country make our own local laws and elect . around the head of Cook's Inlet, and our own local officers. We have not two new mis&ionaries have been re- our full rights as yet, for the bill cently commissioned to the&e fields.

was bound and hampered by many Last summer I spent some little restrictions, but we have at ieast time at. the new mining camp of the right and the means of protest- Ruby on the Yukon. It is situated ing agaimt unworthy legislation and I25 miles below the mouth 'of the of bringing before Congress our Tanana River. The town site is needs. In addition to this bill, Can· beautiful. A number of gold-bearing gress passed a much more liberal and creeks have been explored and many just miner's bill, doing away with the pay streaks of low grade gravel, but location of association claims and th(; large in extent, have been developed.

power of attorney evil. Those big A thriving little town has grown up syndicates can no longer "blankcc" as if by magic. The people are eager our gold-bearing creeks, our coal for a church. I presented this matter fields, or our copper mines. The in·· to the Board of Home Missions, and dividual prospector and miner has a it was advertised in our papers.

chance. Now, we have sent the Rev. E. N.

An act was also passed authorizing Bradshaw, D.D., from Leon, Iowa, the President to appoint a Railroad to that field. He sailed on March 10 Commission, to report upon the most from Seattle for Cordova. At Cor- feasible route for government rail- dova he was outfitted for the trail roads from the Coast to the Interior with the help of Dr. M. E. Koonce, of Alaska. That commission has re- and went on to Fairbanks.

ported and urged the construction of There are several fields in Alaska a railroad from Cordova to Fair- to be manned, and doubtless within banks, opening up the greater Yukon the next year several new camps will Valley with a branch to the Bering open up. The charm of that work Lake coal fields, and another railroad grows upon me with the years. Its from Seward, via the Matanuska coal chief element is the newness of the fields to the Susitna Valley, and field. There the missionary is build- across the McKinley Range to the ing upon no other man's foundation.

important Kuskokwim. He is doing work that would not be Watch Alaska the next few years! done were he not there. Our mis- A stampede of farmers, as well as sionaries at Knik and Ruby are the of gold, copper and coal miners, is only mini&ters of any denomination confidently predicted. Cordova and in a wide territory. Iditarod, where Seward on the Coast, with Fairbanks I spent last winter, is at present un- and other towns in the Interior, are manned, but we have not forgotten looking forward with hope to a large it. The churches are responding no- growth in the near future. The tide bly to our appeals for special equip- is coming in! ment, such as boats, bells, organs, fur With thi'S expected and immanent coats and robes, reading matter for material progress and growth in our free reading rooms, hospital sup- population, a corresponding increase plies, etc. We need these, and most in missionary activity is noticeable. of all we need the men and the There have been more changes and women who are adapted to that pe- new missions in the Alaska field with- culiar work, and who are thoroughly in the past year than in four or .five consecrated. Pray for and study previous years. I explored two new Alaska.

EDITORIALS

PEACE ON EARTH many years a missionary m South MANY events took place last May Africa, remarks: bearing on the theme of interna- "Let the man who labors under the tional peace. In addition to the con- delusion that 'the native is all right as ferences in America, at Lake Mohonk he is,' visit the middle of a large native and at St. Louis, we learn that a body kraal. Let him go and sit down on of 150 German Protestant ministers a dirty mat, by the smoky fire, in an sent out an appeal to all the pastors of unventilated heathen hut. Let the Germany asking them to preach and cockroaches and other creatures crawl teach the introduction of international over him; let him see and feel the arbitration. A conference of French greasy skins and blankets worn by day and German deputies was also held at· and night. Let him sleep a night in Berne for the purpOse of bringing such a place, and then report. Let him these two countries into closer and hear the cursing that puts English more friendly relations. An Interna- bad language in the shade. Let him tional Commission met at Washington learn the filthy customs, common to to settle some pecuniary claims long men and women and children. Let outstanding between Great Britain and him wallow in all the 'morals' of Canada on the one side and the United polygamy. Let him see the utter lazi- States on the other. Secretary Bryan ness and selfishness of the men, the announced that he would ask for the ignorance and dirt of the women, the rellewal of the arbitration treaties neglected condition of the children.

between the United States and Great Let him attend a 'beer drink' and a Britain, which expire soon. He. also native wedding, and see heathenism explained to the delegates who came in all its naked ugliness and grossness.

across the Atlantic to arrange the de- And then let him say honestly if he tails of the celebration of the One still holds the same delusion that 'the Hundred Years of Peace, President heathen are all right as they are!' "

Wilson's plan for the prevention of But even if the people of Africa, war. The delegates determined to in- India, China and other lands were as vite the governments and peoples of care-free and contented as a well-fed, the civilized world to take part in the unabused dog, would that be sufficient peace celebration. reason to "let them alone ?" Yes, if vVe do not know if peace between man is only an animal; but no, a thou- nations can be secured by political sand times NO, if man is made to be agreements and courts of arbitration. like his Creator; if Jesus Christ, the Such peace is worth working for and Son of God, came to give life and im- praying for, but it is not to be com- mortality to mankind; if it is true that pared in importance with the peace "there is none other Name under hea- between God and man, the peace of ven given among men whereby we soul that can come only on the basis must be saved."

of the atonement of Jesus Christ and ONE CURSE OF CHINA WITHDRAWN the new life that He imparts.

ARE THE "HEATHEN" HAPPY? T HE statement of the British Under-Secretary of State for W E still hear the' statement made India that the Government was pre- by some who disparage missions pared to revise the treaty of 19II with to the non-Christian peoples that they China regarding opium, and not to are "happy as they are." If so, why send any more opium to that country not leave them alone? does not mean that opium smoking is Caustically replying to this state- tooted out of China but it does mean ment and question, Dr. Hertslet, for that Great Britain is now ready to

cooperate with the Chinese Govern- prayers has no parallel in history, but ment in their earnest effort to rid the as the Rev. S. C. Carpenter points country of the mischiefs caused by the out in the Church Times, there is an traffic. The British Government made instructive parallel between China's an agreement in 1907 whereby the friendly change of front and that of Indian trade was to be extinguished in the Emperors Galerius and Constanten years; and in 191 I a modification tine in the fourth century. While not was made because the extinction of suggesting that the new friendliness the poppy in China went on at such a of the Chinese authorities is due to rate. Three Manchurian provinces superstition, as that of Galerius is and Szechwan and Shansi were closed thought by some to have been, or to the traffic in August, 19II, and of prompted by political motives, as was two more provinces in January, 1913. that of Constantine, Mr. Carpenter By treaty engagements China might points out that once again a governhave been compelled to receive be- ment has began to appreciate the value tween now and 1917 over 43,000 addi- of the contribution which the Church tional chests of Indian opium, the makes to the life of an empire; and that value of which would be some the recognition comes at a time when iI7,000,000 sterling, and Great Britain an effete system has been swept away has surrendered that right. and a new regime is being initiated by men who are not professional politi- The British opium trade with China cians, but desire to establish a form of is dead if China remains true to her really popular government-a parallel present purpose to prevent the produc- which, he thinks, is calculated to reastion of opium at home. This end of a sure those who may now fear for the traffic which has long been a disgrace Church in China the dangers of sucto a Christian nation is a cause for cess, establishment and popUlarity. great thanksgiving but may not be deserving of any special praise. The atti- It is no doubt possible to overestitude of the Chinese Government to- mate the meaning of the new signs of ward opium had brought the British to friendliness to Christianity manifested the point where it was necessary either in China, for all the student class is to force a market for Indian opium or leading in a search for new and better to relinguish the right to sell it, and in things. They are cutting away from consequence the trade has been stopt. old foundations and there is danger Much credit is due to Christians of lest they select too carelessly the new, England and America for their cam- and build too hastily upon them. The paign against the British trade in sobering influence of persecution is opium but many will share the feeling also withdrawn from those who conexprest by the London Times, "an fess Christ. A great work is going on indisposition to praise with unction the and there is a wide open door but British Government's recent decision." China needs our prayers. Now is the time for the American Government to take some action BIBLE TEACHINGS ABOUT THE against the continued wholesale importation of the pernicious American HOLY SPIRIT cigarets into China. 1. John, iii: 3-5 : "Except a man IS CHINA ABOUT TO BECOME be born of water and the Spirit, he can not see the Kingdom of God." CHRISTIAN? 2. Romans, viii: 14 : "As many as T HERE are dangers as well as en- are led by the Spirit of God, they are couragements in the present atti- the sons of God." tude of friendliness toward Christianity in China. The appeal of the 3. Ephesians, v: 18: "Be filled with Chinese Government to the Christians the Spirit." of that and other lands for their The first shows us where life be- gins, second, how it controls man, and third, how it maturps.

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MISSIONARY NEWS EUROPE-BRITISH ISLES might profitably be attempted in many country towns. A Mission Pre… Bureau Salvation Army Mi••ion. W ORD comes from London of a new enterprise which may have eENERAL BOOTH recently dedia large influence on the popular British cated a party of 102 officers for attitude toward missions. A mission service in India, the Dutch Indies, Press Bureau has been established Korea, Japan, Holland, Canada, with its headquarters at the Laymen's South Africa, New Zealand, South Missionary Movement which finances America, France, Malta and Gibraltar. the experiment. An experienced and This is the largest party ever sent out able Fleet Street journalist keenly at one time by the Army, and over 75 interested in missions has been secured are going to India. The event was for an initial experiment of a year. emphasized in a striking fashion. In The aim is to secure a wider use of addition to the foreign mission continmissionary information in the secular gent, there were 350 men and women press. There are, as all Missionary accepted from the Training College Secretaries know, quite a large number for work in the home field. Colors of stories from the field coming in to were also presented to the officers the offices of the Societies which, when appointed to open a number of new properly written for newspaper use, corps in the United Kingdom. The exceed in thrilling interest and fas- whole of the meeting was conducted cination much of the ordinary contents on a spectacular plan. The 350 ne,w of the daily paper. The possibilities officers marched into the arena and in such an undertaking stimulate the mounted five pyramids, and as they imagination. stood there sang a Salvationist fighting hymn. The missionary officers were A Good Plan for Country Towns shown a typical Indian village, with hospital, school-house, temple, etc.' I Na small country town, a few ladies The new colors were taken by Mrs. who were keenly interested in the Booth from white-robed children, and Lord's work in other lands, formed, handed ·to· the waiting officers. At the not a series of small working parties close, General Bramwell Booth dein connection with each church, but a livered a consecration charge to the "Women's Missionary Union," to missionaries by the light of a huge gather once a month for work, and the cross formed of electric lights, a11 the reading of some instructive mIssionary other lights in the hall being exbooks and prayer. Members of the tinguished. Clmrch of England and all the Free Churches work together harmoniously, Serious Deficits Reported and the Union includes representatives of the CM.S., the L.M.S., the Friends' T HE London Christian World notes Foreign Missions, the China Inland that four of the leading British Mission, and the Wesleyan Methodist societies report this year having defiand the Primitive Methodist Mission- ciencies. The London Society has the ary Societies. At the close of the year largest, amounting to about $I45,000. a decision is come to, as to the pro- The Church Society reports $140,000; portional disposal among the societies the Baptist Society $50,000, and the of the articles made and money col·· Wesleyan Society $4°,000. The delected. Mr. Albert Lutley (CLM.), ficiencies are not due to expanding who informs us of the facts, suggests work, but to falling off in receipts. that developments along these lines The London Society has now a debt

of about $370,000. It would appear part of students. In Germany, the Stuthat an every-member canvass is dent Missionary Union, which comneeded by the friends across the sea. prizes those who, after the completion of their University course, intend go- Then and Now ing out to the mission-field, numbers at present 87 members, mostly medi- T HE meeting held in the Chinese cals. Compared with the American Embassy on the Day of Prayer student volunteer movement, the figure for China reminded more than one is extremely modest, but judged by observer of the fact that in that very German conditions, as they were ten building 17 years before Sun Vat Sen years ago, there is good ground for was held a prisoner, awaiting his de- hopefulness, the more so as, apart portation to China to be decapitated, from the Missionary Union circle, in all probability. His release was there has been a real increase of secured at the last moment by his old interest in missions among the general missionary teacher, Dr. Cantile, to body of students and associations whom he succeeded in sending a mes- which, until recently, showed but sage. The Revolution, of which he feeble signs of life; they have been became the leader, has borne no more awakened to a renewed responsibility striking fruit than the request for for carrying forward their work. prayer which was the occasion of the meeting referred to. A representative Exodus from Rome in Germany audience from the Chinese student body in London wa.s present,. !he T HERE is a constant passage from President of the Chmese ChnstIan Catholicism to Protestantism in Student Union was in the chair, at the Prussia which is not counterbalanced invitation of the Chinese Ambassador, by an' equivalent movement in the who himself took part in the meeting. other direction. Thus, in 19IO, the Among the Europeans who joined in number of Catholics becoming Protthe intercession for the welfare of estant was 6,126; of Protest.ants and China was Dr. Cantile. Jews becoming Catholic, 544. Even more marked is the "out-of-Rome" A Livingstone Memorial Station tendency in Austria. Between 1908 and 1910, the Austrian Protestant T HE Directors of the society which community grew from 534,941 souls had the honor of sending Living- to .<;93,256. This growth of. 58,~15 stone to Africa as a medical mission- adherents is due partly to emigration arv are appealing to the public for a from Germany, partly to natural insu~ of at least fIO,OOO in order to crease, and partly to abandonment of establish a mission station in Central Romanism. It is reported that an A frica to be calIed the "Livingstone "away-from-Rome" meeting, held in Memorial Station." It is desired that Vienna in protest against the supersuch a center may be so efficiently stition of the Eucharist demonstraequipped with mIssionary· age~cies, tion last fall, was closed by the seevangelistic, medical, and educatIOnal, cession of 84 heads of Roman Cathothat its work shall be a fulfilment of lic families to Protestantism. Livingstone's service and prayer for the peoples of Central Africa that it Loose-From-Rome in Austria may stand as an outpost against the advance of Islam and its accompany- S INCE about 1897 an evangelical ing slavery, and be recognized. as a movement of larg-e proportions has most effective force for the uphft of been going forward in Austria and has the African. resulted up to 191 I in the transference of over 64,000 Roman Catholics to THE CONTINENT Protestant churches. From 1900 to 19IO there was a net gain for Austrian Germany and Missions Protestants Lutheran and Reformed of 95,754.' To understand the rise ONE of the most promising signs of awakened missionary interest is to be found in the response on the

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and progress of the "Loose-from- and incidentally strengthening their Rome" movement, racial and reli- initiative and enterprise at the expense gious conditions from the medieval of their fatalism. By encouraging selftime must be taken into consideration. support and self-government in the The Hussite movement which swept management of the native congrega- Moravia and Bohemia during the first tions, the American missionaries in half of the fifteenth century was itself Turkey have taught wholesome prinhased upon antagonism between the ciples which made for the progress of German and the native populations. the country along individualistic and democratic lines." MOSLEM LANDS Where Islam is Lacking What Mis.ionaries Are Doing for NOTHING is more sad in Islam Turkey than the ideas and customs con- nected with death. In the Moslem T HE Earl of Shaftesbury is re- death-chamber,' parents and friends ported as having described the surround the dying man, seeking to de- American missionaries in Turkey as ceive him by assurances that he is "a marvelous combination of common getting better; everything is done to sense and piety. Those I have met, revive his hope of recovery. At last. a and I have met and known very many Moslem scribe is sent for, who writes of them, have been distinguished also out a talisman. This may either be for their refinement and education. written on a piece of paper which is The American missionaries, as I have then hung up in the room, or on the known them in Turkey, have had to part of the dying man's body where be all things to all men-physicians, he feels the most pain. Or it may mechanics, savings banks, legal ad- be written in a white soup plate, on visers. I once saw a typical American which water is poured. missionary, who recently died in Sidon -Rev. Dr. Samuel Jessup-within an Moslem Women to Christian Queens hour perform the following functions: Converse with a native mule-driver T HE Orient, published in Constanand hand him a copy of the New tinople, gives a translation of an Testament, produce from his vest appeal to the queens of Europe, pocket a plaster for a wounded hand, adopted at a meeting of Moslem repair a badly damaged mm,ic organ, women, . held in February: advise some tillers of the soil regarding machinery for crushing olives. Your Majesty is not ignorant of the fact that against Turkey, who is "American missionaries created the accused of fanaticism, but who has, cotton lace industry of Turkey, which nevertheless, never waged religious has become a national asset. This year wars, the Balkan States have organthe export of Turkish cotton lace. to ized a crusade, the King of Bul- America will amount to about'$I,OOO,- garia, in a proclamation that has 000, as against half that amount in become sadly famous, having very· 191 I. Manual training schools have loudly declared that this war was to been started in Turkey by American be the war of the Cross against the missionaries, so also model experi- Crescent. mental farms. At Robert College, in Constantinople, they have an up-to- Therefore, madame, the Balkan date engineering school-the only one soldiers have invaded our country, in Turkey; at the Syrian Protestant proclaiming themselves the soldiers College, in Beirut, they have a school of Jesus, Son of Mary, of Him whom of commerce, by. far the best of its we also venerate as a Prophet and kind in the Ottoman Empire. Ameri- whom an humanity cherishes as the can medical missionaries have intro- most striking personification of jusduced new remedies for sickness, thus tice, sweetness and kindness. preserving the health of the people Yet what have these self-styled soldiers of the Christ done?

Ask the old men, the women, and dwell among native Christians and the frightened children, who flee be- bring back the story of Christian life. fore them and who go even into Asia They looked for good teaching and to seek a little safety i ask rather the also for people whose life and conduct thousands of miserable persons who reflected the teaching. These found were unable to flee, and whose this, and they accepted Christianity. corpses are rotting in the mud, after their poor bodies have undergone What Indian Christians Would Know such tortures and such shameful outrages that we, women speaking to I T is proposed to hold a conference women, can only abstain, out of re- of native ministers in South India, spect for our common modesty, from and The Christian Patriot, of Madras, conjuring up too vivid pictures of has been asking some questions, which them. are almost as pertinent for the minis- ters of the United States as for those Madame, you are a queen; there- of South India. Some of the quesfore, you have a mother's feeling tions are as follows: "Is India to have toward all the humble and feeble a single form of Church government? among your people; you are a Chris- Is the form of worship to be the tian queen, professing the religion same for all the churches? What of Him who placed compassion and would best foster and strengthen Inlove before all the other virtues; and dian Christian leadership? Can interlastly, you are a woman of the most change of pulpits and inter-comillustrious nobility, and as such, you munion be encouraged? Is there no have in the highest degree the senti- reason to have the pUlpits reformed? ment of honor. What attempts might be made to bring about revivals in the churches? How In the name of chivalric honor, in could we awaken a desire to underthe name of Christian charity, in the take voluntary preaching work? name of maternal compassion, gra- Could not our sisters be enlisted in ciously deign, madame, to hear the special work for the spread of the cry of indignation and despair ut- Kingdom? What about the rising tered by heartbroken mothers, sisters generation and such a movement as and daughters. Deign in reply, to the Children's Ministering League?" raise your most profoundly respected voice; deign, Your Majesty, to bring Awakening in Western India the law of Christ in regard to the life of men and the honor of women, T HERE are evident signs that a to the minds of the infamous hordes mass movement is beginning in who are trying to hide under the the Nasik, Manmad, and Aurungabad shadow of the Cross the most lurid districts of Western India. The series of fires, murders and viola- C.M.S. Gazette for June says :-"A tions that one can find in any Euro- number of baptisms are recorded, and pean war of our times. over 1,000 adults have given in their names· as inquirers. At Manmad a INDIA, CEYLON AND BURMA good number of people have been bap- tized, many inquirers have been admit- A Test of Christian Doctrine ted, and a larger number are expected shortly to enroll themselves." A MISSIONARY in India used to tell of the steps which led the The Alliance Mission in Gujerat residents of a certain heathen village to renounce heathenism and accept T HE work carried on by the Chris- Christianitv. The villagers sent two tian and Missionary Alliance in successive ~ deputations of their own Gujerat. Berar and the Khandesh is number-the first had to follow the thus summarized in the home organ of English missionary on one of his the Alliance: tours, and bring back the story of Christian doctrine; the second had to We are compeIled to summarize in

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a few sentences the work of 77 foreign three years and a half ago he was missionaries and 95 native laborers, in converted. Born ina religious Hindu three provinces, with an aggregate family, brought up in all the rites of population of 3,000,000. It is organ- Sivite Hinduism, he was very zealous ized around 23 central and 30 out- in the fulfilment of its observance. He stations. It reports a thousand com- worshiped many idols and believed in municants and twice as many native the superstitions and traditions of his Christians; 2, I 50 children in 33 Sun- people. In 1901 his uncle became a day-schools; 400 in other schools, and convert to Christianity and won the IS in the two training schools for bitter hatred of his o;thodox nephew native workers. We note that the for it. Instead of resenting the orphanages have now about 300 chil- nephew's ill-feeling, the uncle gave him dren. The baptisms of the year have numbered 34 and the inquirers 135, aNew Testament, offering him one and the fruit of the mission has been rupee if he would read one Gospel. more widely distributed among many The nephew angrily refused the book stations than confined to the larger and the rupee. He hated the very centers and orphanages. The indus- name of Christ. Yet he watched his trial work at Akola, under the charge uncle's life and was very much imof Mr. Peter Eicher, reports 43 work- prest by his godliness and patience, men and receipts for actual work and by the religious spirit of a Chrisamounting to $8,750, and is carried on tian family in the village where he without loss, indeed, with a fair dwelt. He imitated them in his praybalance. ers to his gods.

Unreached Classes in India One day he heard the Sermon on the Mount. Struck by its beauty, he read ONE class wholly untouched by mis- it to his mother without informing her sion work is the many thousands that it was a portion of the Bible. He of deaf and dumb. When we think was u)1willing to give this credit to the of the abundant provision made for Christian Scriptures that they conthe education of the deaf and dumb in tained teaching so excellent and in- Christian lands, and remember that teresting. there is in India no school or home for these unfortunate thousands-how After hard struggles, he went to his can we but groan in spirit? praying uncle, but, alas, tho a pious, praying man, he knew not how to lead Another class almost untouched by him to Christ. Months of anxiety and missionary effort are the blind. There of earnest seeking passed. One Sunday are in one province alone 105,722 per- he went to a church service,having sons who are blind in both eyes. never before attended one. Afraid of being seen by friends, he hovered out- There are only two institutions in side the open door. The preacher anthis province for the blind. nounced his text, "Come in, thou blessed of the Lord; wherefore stand- It is a sad fact that little or nothing est thou without?" (Gen. 24:31.) To has been done for the blind either him, the words were a call from God. by government or missionary societies. He entered the open door, and his de- Thousands of them go from house to cision was made for Christ. house, day after day, begging bread, and probably not two hundred of them Then came the storm. His mother know how to read the characters for the blind.-(Rev. Dr.) 1. 1. Lucas of angrily struck him when he told her of Allahabad. his faith. He refused to worship From Hinduism to Christian Endeavor idols, and his mother and sisters were MR. S. P. KADAMBAVANAN has been made a Christian En- filled with indignation. His schooldeavor secretary in Madras. Only mates mocked him and his new relig- ion. His mother hid his Bible and threatened to poison him. Then he fled to his Christian uncle in Madras,

but returned in answer to the per- industry by the Empress giving her sistent, tearful entreaties of his moth- personal attention to the silk worms in er. He was kept a prisoner after his the mulberry groves in the temple enreturn and was always watched by closure. One of the recent acts of some relative. He received many the present government was a problows and often he was curst. At last posal from the Ministry of Agriculture he determined to be baptized in spite and Forestry to turn these temples of the tears of his mother and sisters. into agricultural and experimental sta- He fled from home, went to Madras tions and farms. Very naturally this again, and in Zion Church accepted proposal called forth the charge of Christ as his Savior in public baptism. vandalism and impiety. The Depart- Then he attended the Kellett Institute ment of Agriculture, however, makes in Madras, and now, only twenty-two a plausible reply to this charge. It is years of age, he has been separated said that the temple buildings and unto the work of a Christian Endeavor grounds have been going to ruin secretary. through neglect, and that it is the pur- pose of the government that all the Language Schools for Missionaries palaces and halls and sacrificial altars connected with them shall be carefully T HE Indian Methodist Times repaired and preserved as monuments says: "One of the most practical of the national art and architecture. results of the Edinburgh Conference Also that if in future the Republic has been the establishment of lan- should feel called upon to continue to guage schools for missionaries. One perform the former sacrificial rites to has for some time been at work in which the temples were devoted, they the United Provinces for Hindi could be performed without the fear speaking missionaries, and it is now of any interference.-Missiona.ry Surproposed to open one to work in vey. Bengali. The Rev. W. S. Page has been asked to take charge of it and LHow the Day of Prayer Was Kept has consented if he i5 released from ETTERS from China contain very his present work as vice-principal of striking descriptions of the man- Serampore. The Serampore College ner in which Christians and their symcouncil has met the committee in the pathizers observed the Day of Prayer, most generous spirit, and it is ex- April 27. Writing from Tientsin the pected that so far as Serampore is Rev. Arthur Sowerby states that about concerned there will be no difficulty. a thousand people assembled in the After a careful survey of the possibil- afternoon in the Li Hung Chang Meities, Calcutta has been selected as morial Hall, two galleries reserved for the most suitable location for an ex- ladies being well filled. The President perimental school; and if, as is ex- was Mr. Chang Po Ling, principal of pected, sufficient students are forth- one of the· large goverment schools coming, and if, as is hoped, adequate and a leading Christian. Addresses financial guarantees can be secured, were given by two Chinese pastors, the school will commence work dur- another read Psalm 86, and others Jed ing the current year." the gathering in prayer. Lieut.-Co!. Chang Shao brought a written mes- CHINA sage from the provincial governor, and several leading officials were present. Radical Changes in Progress Another report is sent by Rev. R. T HE most famous of all the temples C. Forsyth, who describes the obser- of China are the Temple of Hea- vance of the day in Tsinan fu, the ven and the Temple of Earth at capital of Shantung. Here the ser- Peking. These temples were originally vice was held in the new chapel of the consecrated for the purpose of prayer Baptist mission, all the arrangements by the Emperor for good harvests, and for the encouragement of the silk

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being made by the leaders of the native It is safe to say that the next genechurch. The Governor of the prov- ration of Christians in this district ince was represented by two of the will not countenance the old heathen members of his staff, and several practise of engaging the children in officers in full uniform attended by babyhood and that other ancient evil order of the colonel of the Fifth Divi- customs will also be abandoned. sion. A Chinese gentleman presided, and the program included hymns by a A Temperance for Children choir of students. The proceedings, N "International School Children's which were closed by the singing of Temperance League" has been the Chinese national anthem, were of formed by Rev. Edward W. Thwing, a most impressive nature throughout. the Oriental Secretary of the Interna- Also from Tai Yuan fu, the capital of tional Reform Bureau. Many chil- Shansi, comes a similar report by the dren are already wearing the button Rev. T. E. Lower: "Our chapel was which has a white cross on a blue crowded last Sunday, when special field with red letters "I. S. C. T. L." prayer was made on behalf of the for title above. The pledge they sign nation and its leaders. Representa- i!, as follows: "I will wear the League tives from the civil and military button, and promise to try and keep governors attended, and some 20 my heart pure, not to say bad words, members of the provincial assembly not to look at bad pictures, not to were present. smoke, not to drink intoxicating liquors, and to do what I can to help A Women's Convention in China others to take the stand, and God will help me." Mr. Thwing has been ap- T HE recent convention of women pointed an official adviser of the New in China is a marked evidence of Board of Education of the Chinese the progress of that great Republic. RepUblic, which has established a Parts of four counties were repre- special department of "Social Service" sented, Christians coming as far as at his suggestion. His chief work for 60 miles in some cases, on barrows the government is as the official adand afoot. The leaders were Chinese viser of the Opium Commission. and women spoke from the platform without hesitancy, but with eloquence Changes in Two Provinces and spirit. Miss Ho, a young woman not much over 20, addrest the THE Mios of Yunnan and Kweiaudience of men and women on the chau, who have been pouring into "Duty of 'vVomen in the New Repub- the Church in the past few years, lic." The subject of foot binding was were, before they became Christians, introduced by a Chinese woman of not illiterate, but had never even seen infiuence and some 80 women prom- their speech in written form. The ised to unbind, or influence others to missionaries have reduced it to unbind. The subject of family prayers writing, translated part of the Scripshowed that a fairly representative tures and have now been instructing number present already observes this thousands,in reading. This has been duty. The subjects of discussion were largely brought about with the help all especially applicable to the Chinese of the colporteur readers of the Bible women-such as: Society. These spend a week in a village and then pass on to another Equal authority of husband and wife. hamlet. Over 300 villages are thus Partiality between sons and daughters. helped in the course of a year. The The duty of sending girls to school. ~ios make the most of their new op- The duty and power of women in portunity, studying night and day. prayer. vVearing apparel. Mr. Pollard of the China Inland Cleanliness and order of the home. Mission, who pioneered this work, Dedication of children to thf, Lord. often had three generations in a sin:- Guarding of speech against gossip and tattling. Marriage engagements.

gle class. They would keep on study-;~ were to receive a non-religious educa- mg, hundreds at a time, until twelve, tion. It was in many quarters plainly one and two A. M. They would come declared that youths in schools were in f.rom seventl-five miles, eating too young to select a religion and nothmg all the tIme but raw oatmeal should let religion alone till they reach softened in water. When their food maturity. Now, the government was exhausted they would proceed recognizes the need of religion in the homeward, and at every village show formation of the moral character of their books and explain what they had youth and the Christian Church is at learned. This meant fresh streams of perfect liberty to enter in at the open learners converging on the mission door with the other religions."

station. It is related that, on one occasion, Mrs. Pollard shut her hus- Christian Endeavor in Japan and Korea band in his bedroom for a nap. When THE Japan Union of Christian she opened the door to· see if he had Endeavor has just held its 21st "fallen off" she was astonished to find annual gathering. It is thus of age three Mios sitting beside the bed wait- and is making a new effort to fit itself ing for him to awake, that they might into the special needs of the far East.

be the first to get the coveted teaching. Among the delegates was a Korean, -Herald and Presbyter. named Ko, who gave a very encourag- JAP AN-KOREA ing report of the Society'S work in that country begun during the past A Y. M. C. A. for Tokyo year.

TWO Chinese from the distant west One day he was set upon by 30 province of Yunnan, converted of his fel!ow countrymen, most of while studying in Tokyo, have on their them Christians, with whom he was return organized a Y. M. C. A., to dining in a Japanese restaurant. They which two secretaries have been dis- charged him with being disloyal to patched by the general committee. Korea, and the affair might have ended Miss Jessie Ding, a Chinese Christian seriously, had not a Japanese policeworker, has been shepherding the man come to the rescue. In order to Chinese women students in Tokyo. avoid further danger Ko left Tokyo A general secretary has been secured before the close of the convention. for the work among the 10,000 Japa- In some of the other cities where he nese students-Prof. M. Kurihara, a tarried he was threatened with further graduate of the Imperial University ill treatment, but no harm came to him. and for seven years a teacher. For the permanent conference site land has Christian Endeavor feels that it has been bought under the shadow of Mt. a mediating and healing work to do Fuji. One young Japanese graduate for the two peoples in this time of mutual distrust and distress.

has contributed 1,500 yen and John Batchelor, Apostle to the Ainu another, a member of the national committee, 500 yen (out of straitened THE Ainu people, the aborigines of Japan, live chiefly in the Hokpocket) toward the purchase money; kaido, the North Island of the Empire. 1,200 Japanese students are in Bible A few are found in the chain of circles, studying such courses as Pro- Islands to the N. E. of the Hokkaido, fessor Kashiwai's "John and the also not a few in Sagalein. The Ro- Teaching of Jesus," and Professor man Catholics have done some work Abe's "Romans." among them, but the apostle to the School. No Longer Non-Religious Ainu people is John Batchelor. A HE Rev. G. M. Rowland writes debilitating fever compelled Mr. T from Sapporo, Japan: "Hitherto Batchelor to leave China, his original in government schools no religious field, about 30 years ago and he sought teaching has been allowed. The youth and found health and work in the

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Hokkaido, where he acquired both the to become the evangelizers of the Japanese and Ainu languages. The Orient. Ainu people have no written language, and English letters serve them better The following incident will show than the Japanese syllabary since how readily the Koreans receive the many Ainu words end in a consonant gospel. The missionary and his native while all Japanese words end in a helper were belated one night among vowel or "n." Mr. Batchelor prepared the islands, and put ashore for the a grammar of the Ainu language and night. They preached to a chance compiled an Ainu – Japanese – English crowd that gathered to them at the dictionary. He also translated the landing, evening and morning, left New Testament, some books of the tracts, and a manual showing how to Old Testament, parts of the Prayer conduct services. In a year the mis- Book and a small hymn book. He sionary returned and found a congrelived among the Ainu people, obtained gation of ISO gathered. There is now their respect and affection, and is at that place, three years after, a better known among them than any church of 125 members, and a congreperson out of their own nation. For gation of 300; 48 were baptized at 17 years he labored but baptized none. one time. This is not an unusual inci- Then the time came when he began to dent. receive them into the church, and now over 1,000 have been baptized by Japanese in Korea him. No other Protestant Church has regular work among these people tho SINCE Korea became a part of Mrs. Pierson and myself have done Japan, the Japanese are flocking a little among them. The results of thither in great numbers. It is estiour meager efforts we gladly turned mated that there are now 250,000 in over to the Church Missionary Society the country, and they are entering which Archdeacon Batchelor has in rapidly. It is generally agreed here charge.*-Geo. P. Pierson. that the material results of Japanese dominion, and even the distinctively The Outlook in Korea educational, will be good; but that the spiritual results will be bad. Of W HILE the result sought for a course, Christian workers can do few years ago in the cry, "A nothing in regard to the political million converts this year," has not supremacy of Japan, but they are dobeen reached, remarkable results have ing what they can to bring the been attained. It is now estimated Japanese in Korea to Christ, so that that there are 125,000 baptized mem- their personal influence will not be bers, and as many more probationers detrimental. Several churches have and adherents. The excitement of the been organized among them in the great revival has died away, the chaff larger cities, and they seem to be more has been blown from the wheat, and readily reached than their brethren at the work is now on a solid basis. The home, being separated from their Koreans are still reaching out their friends and relatives. hands for the gospel, and there are more open fields than the present mis- The great importance of this work sionary force, large as it is relatively, in Korea will be recognized when it is can enter. The Koreans are naturally pointed out that these Japanese are the spiritual-minded. They readily take most important personages in the up the work of the teacher and the cities in which they are located, being evangelist, and it has been suggested political, financial and industrial that in the providence of God they are leaders, and should have the en- couragement of religious leaders. * In THE l1ISSIONARY REVIEW for February there was an erroueous statement, as Mr. Pierson writes Korea's Work of Foreign Missions that he has baptized only ten or twelve Ainu. and these were people to whom Dr. Batchelor had not T HE Korean Presbyterian Church access at the time. asks that a distinct territory in China may be set aside for it as its

"foreign mission" field of to-day. It The opponents of the change argued should stir the hearts of all Christians that the alternate definition is not a to realize that Korea, a land lately comprehensive but an arbitrary one; heathen, then grievously troubled by it expresses no principle and therefore political tribulations and persecutions is not adapted to the exigencies of of Christians, should reach alit in its any and every period. It is merely poverty, to help other nations. The a mechanical list of Churches which Board 6f Foreign Missions, which the are now evangelical but may not re- Korean General Assembly organized main so. The vote by which the last year, has requested the native "Portland Basis" was maintained inchurches to raise $r ,000 toward mis- tact was 521 to 392, which may be sionary work in China. 'vVork is regarded as a signal victory for orthoalready being carried on by Korean doxy.

Christians among the Japanese in Korea. Perhaps, in the Providence of "The Ideal Student" at Princeton God, the weaker nation, made tribu- THE statue placed upon the campus tary to Japan, may be the means of of Princeton University to comintroducing the Gospel tidings among memorate the organization there of that people, where other nations have the Intercollegiate Young Men's been partially successful. Christian Association stands upon a NORTH AMERICA granite base which bears two impres- sive inscriptions, one historical, the The Membership Basis of the Y. M. C. A. other expressing the ideal for which HE most important matter brought the memorial stands. The first reads: T before the Thirty-Eighth Inter- "1876-Near by, in old East Col- national Convention of the Y. M. C. A. lege, some words of William E.

of North America, held in Cincinnati Dodge, Junior, led a little group of in May, was the report of the com- students to form the Intercollegiate mission, appointed by a previous con- Young Men's Christian Association, vention, for the purpose of considering from which the Student Volunteer ,the question of the desirability of Movement and the World's Student rephrasing the deftnitio'l of the word Christian Federation have grown."

"evangelical" as contained in what is The inscription on the opposite face known as the "Portland Basis," and, was composed by Dr. Henry van Dyke, if it was deemed expedienl, "to recom- and reads; "

mend a substitute, which ~hall ir, no "For a nobler, stronger manhood in way weaken the statement regarding body, soul and spirit; for the better the value and place of the Holy Scrip- service of mankind and the coming of tures alld the Deity of Jesus Christ, God's kingdom, the Christian students our Lord and Savior." of the world are united in brother- The Commission recommended to hood in the nam"e of Christ."

the Cincinnati Convention that no The sculptor, Mr. French, intends attempt be made at this time to re- his heroic figure to stand for all the phrase the definition of the word qualities combined in a student ful- "evangelical," but that "for such Asso- filling the highest Christian ideal.

ciations as may desire an alternate These Dr. John R. Mott, at the dedica- definition of the word 'evangelical,' tion of the statue, defined as especially this Convention authorizes the use of including manliness, reality, vision the following : 'We hold those and purpose.

Churches to be evangelical in the United States, which are affiliated in World Student Christian Movement to "The Federal Council of Churches of Date Christ in America," or have been in- HE current report of the World vited to affiliate, and those in Canada T Student Christian Movement fur- which correspond to them in name, or nishes inspiring reading. When the history or both,' " Federation was formed in 1895 there

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were 599 local organizations with miIlionaires. It is stated· on . good 33,275 members. These have grown authority that there are perhaps 3,000 in number to 2,320 with 156,063 mem- Presbyterian millionaires in the Pres- bers. In the United States there are byterian Church, U. S. A. No one now 20 student secretaries of the In- has attempted to state how many mil- ternational Committee, 21 belonging lionaires are to be found in the to state' committees and 138 local membership of the other denomina- secretaries giving their whole time to tions, but it would be safe to ~ay that this work. Successful evangelistic the number is greater now than ever meetings have been held in the State before in the history of the Church.

Universities of Michigan, Wisconsin, The recent enormous increase of Iowa, Pennsylvannia, Oregon and riches among Christian people lays a Washington. The Federation was at tremendous responsibility upon those the start organized only in North to whom God has committed the trust America, Great Britain, Germany, of large sums of money. If these vast Scandinavia and in mission colleges. riches are consecrated to the work of Now it is well rooted in Holland, Bel- God, many of the difficulties that now gium, France, Italy, Switzerland, confront our Executive Committees Australasia and South Africa as well. will be solved.

Visits made by Messrs. Matt and A Good Plan for Summer Evangeliam Wilder to Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht and Delft in 1912 have proved A PLAN for effective evangelistic very fruitful. work during the summer was per- fected by the session of the First Presbyterian Reinforcements Presbyterian Church, of Louisville.

T HE list of new missionaries ap- The pastor, Dr. J. S. Lyons, planned pointed this season by the Presby- to take about a dozen men from his terian Board in New York number church to Whitesburg, in the moun- 94 names. Practically all of these tains of 'Kentucky, during the month were in N ew York il;I June in atten- of August, where they were to conduct oance on the 16th annual conference a house-to-house religion campaign.

for outgoing mlsslOnaries. There The laymen who accompany Dr.

were also present six young men and Lyons wiII go out two by two and women under appointment by the visit every hamlet and every home In Reformed Church in America, who as the community. They will tell the a matter of interdenominational fra- Gospel story to the people and invite ternity were invited to be guests of the them to the preaching service each Presbyterians. A large number of night in the town, and especially to the missionaries about to return from central meetings to be held on Friday, furlough and a few reappointed, in- Saturday and the Sabbath following.

cluding Dr. and Mrs..C. A. R. Janvier, In this way it is hoped that the mes- were likewise present; 42 or the com- sage of the Gospel may be carried to pany were under appointment to the every individual and to every home in various missions of the Board in the county. It is a plan that can be China, 17 were to go to India, IS to put into operation in any county in Persia, and I I had not yet been ap- any State, and will be a most effec- pointed to their fields. An even tive means for any pastor to use to larger proportion than usual are col- enlarge the influence of his church and lege trained men and women. to carry the message of the Gospel to A Christian Millionaires unevange1ized regions. STATEMENT was made re- Atlanta's Campaign Against Vice T cently by one of the representa- HE splendid fight made by the Christian people of Atlanta last tives of a church board of the Northern Presbyterian Church that year against protected vice in that city he had a list of 1,600 Presbyterian has attracted the attention of the

entire country. In June, 1912, the The Proprietor of this well-known Executive Committee of the "Men pharmacy advises his many customers and Religion Forward Movement" and the public in general, that a good began to publish at frequent intervals supply of material medicines, prepared bulletins which gave publicity to facts by chemical processes and pharmacists connected with protected vice and in laboratories of high standing, may were intended to arouse the con- be found in his establishment. These science1 of the people by presenting are for the healing of bodily sickness actual conditions. but are often of uncertain effect.

In September, four months after He has in stock also a large quantity the appearance of the first bulletin, of spiritual medicines of certain rethe chief of police issued the sult and not made by the hands of man order which closed the segregated -as the Holy Scriptures, which are district. The Christian people of the power and wisdom of God for Atlanta made provision for taking the salvation of those who repent of care of those who were unable to sup- their sins and give themselves to Jesus port themselves as a result of the Christ, the only Savior of sinners. campaign. Thus Atlanta found a practical and effective solution of the The material medicines as well as problem that perplexes every city. the spiritual are sold at any hour, at low prices and furnished freely to the In order that other cities may profit poor. by Atlanta's experience, 27 of the bulletins used in the campaign have been Then follow in large type seven published in pamphlet form, and can texts from Scripture.-The Neglected be secured at the actual cost of publi- Continent. cation (ten cents per copy), from Mr. ]. P. Jackson, Executive Secretary, Leprosy in Paraguay Y. M. C. A., Atlanta, Georgia. T HE South American Journal calls SOUTH AMERICA attention to the grave and increas- ing danger from the spread of lep- Ending Putumayo Atrocities rosy in South American countries, especially in Paraguay, since the local T HE court of chancery in London authorities do not seem to take any has ordered the compUlsory wind- steps for the isolation of existing ing up of the Peruvian Amazon Com- cases. It is stated that in one town pany, the British corporation whose of Paraguay a prominent business agents were held responsible for the man, who was horribly disfigured with horrors of the Putumayo rubber "Lepra Tuberosa," was sitting in his forests first revealed by Sir Roger office, receiving callers, and attending Casement, the consul-general at Rio to his business, while a woman, who Janeiro. had been a leper for fifteen years, kept a confectioner's shop and made the A Remarkahle Advertisement cakes, which she sold, with her own hands, until her face became so dis- T RANSLATION of a unique ad- figured that she was forced to give vertisement issued by Nestor up her business. In Asuncion, the Escobar, a crente in Goyaz. Sr. Nes- capital of Paraguay, leprous women tor was converted through the reading sit in the public markets and sell of a Bible purchased from Mr. Glass fruit and cakes. In Belen, with a some nine years ago, and later on was population of 3,000, Dr. ]. W. Lindbaptized as a member of the Presby- say affirms that he knows at least teri2n Church. 20 lepers who are natives of that place, and the man who plays the POPULAR PHARMACY clarionet in the church is afflicted with the disease. He states that he has OF often observed lepers mingling with NESTOR ESCOBAR FOUNDED IN 1905 BOMFIN-ESTADO DE GOYAZ

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the crowds at the great religious Mennonik Union of the Netherlands, feasts, or moving freely among the the German Neukirchen Mission Insti- passengers on the river steamers be- tute, the Reformed Churches in the tween Asuncion and Concepcion, or Netherlands, the Netherlands Mission- selling milk and other refreshments ary Union, and the American Metho- to the passengers on the railroad dists. The Salvation Army also has trains. He declares, "I am abso- entered Java and is doing much good.

lutely certain that there is not a vil- The total number of native Chtistians lage in the whole of Paraguay where upon Java is estimated at a little less you would not find various lepers." than 28,000 to-day. Truly, Java is While the authorities pay no atten- still destitute of the Gospel.

tion to this danger to the public Methodist Work in Java health in Paraguay and all South America, we have to chronicle with BISHOP ROBINSON writes to the regret that little medical missionary Pittsburgh Christian Advocate: work is done in South America by "It was my fortune to be able to visit Protestant forces. The World Atlas every station, with a single exception, of Christian Missions reports 2 hospi- in which our missionaries are labortals and 2 dispensaries in Chile, I dis- ing in Java. Good progress has been pensary each in Brazil and Dutch made in foundation-laying, and on Guiana, and we know of no leper every hand promising openings preasylum in South America beside that sent themselves. As compared with of the Moravians in Dutch Guiana. work in British India, missionaries in the Dutch Indies labor under restric- MALAYSIA AND OCEANIA tions and disabilities unknown in the A Destitute Field former. Every missionary is obliged to obtain a special official permit to THE islands of the Dutch East carryon his work, and the territory Indies, which consist of Java, within which he shall be at liberty to operate is carefully defined. Often Madura, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the process of securing the permit is the Molucca islands, the Sunda island5, a tedious one, and rather trying to, a number of smaller islands, and a the patience of enthusiastic mission- part of New Guinea, are said to have aries. There are restrictions, also, in a population of 38,000,000, of whom regard to open-air work, which ham- more than 22,000,000 are Moham- per the missionary in certain lines of medans. The comparatively small activity, and prevent the use of meth- island of Java contains 30,000,000 of ods of reach~ng the people which inhabitants, who belong to the Malay have been found helpful elsewhere. race. Nominally they have been It must be said, however, that as a Mohammedans since the 15th century, rule the Dutch officials show us, as but spirit-worship, interwoven with a mission, much consideration and fragments of Buddhism and Moham- sympathy, and our missionaries are medanism, is really the dominant faith grateful for many kind courtesies re- of these peaceable, sober, and indus- ceived at their hands. The officials trious people. Among this multitude whom I personally met while in the . of heathen 7 Protestant Missionary island were extremely kind, and it Societies are at work and 66 mission- was abundantly evident that the atti- aries, 9 physicians, and 25 femaIe tude of the authorities is wholly workers are settled upon 36 stations friendly to the mission." and 104 outstations. What a small force, roo missionary agents among 30,000,000, even tho it is assisted Progress in Sumatra F by ra8 native workers and 265 native ROM that once far-away island, William T. vVard writes of his teachers. These societies are the old Netherlands Missionary Society, the work: "I recently baptized the first Java Committee at Amsterdam the Chinese reformer in Sumatra, with 5

others. Later I baptized the first of the former savagery of the natives. Chinese editor in Sumatra, with 13 others. This makes 23 baptisms in oLi his second visit to one particular six months, and brings our churchmembership to 50. We gave our village, he found not a single person Christmas program in the Chinese remaining, the whole of the villagers theater, about 400 Chinese being pres- having been killed by an invading ent. They looked on with great sur- tribe. The zeal shown by converted prize, while the boys and girls sang natives to carry the Gospel to those and recited and performed their parts around them was illustrated by the without an error. Our second pro- case of an old woman who, at the age gram was given in the Malay theater of 70, learned to read, and then went and was an even greater success than to different villages with the teachers the first. Among those who have re- to assist in the work of evangelizacently joined us are afnumber of tion. One of the converts referred to amateur musicians, who are helping by Mr. Paton was a native chief who to make the Sunday services very formerly had killed and eaten 2 attractive. Our Sunday evening white men. The results of the work service at the Malay theater is some- on the different islands are usually times so crowded that people fill the slow, but finally the Gospel wins its verandah and part of the road." triumphs among the people.

The New Hebrides to Date The Lotu in Fiji FOR the past 50 years the mission T HAT the lotu (Christian religion) to evangelize the cannibal natives has not lost its influence in Fiji of the New Hebrides has been asso- is shown by a letter written in the ciated with the name of Dr. John G. Messenger by a correspondent sign- Paton, the heroic missionary who ing himself "Rejoice-at-advancement." spent his long life for the salvation He writes that at a district council of these islanders. So far as Great of chiefs, held in the Tailevu Divi- Britain and Ireland are concerned, sion, the leading chief arranged that the mission is now represented by a prayer meeting should be held each the voluntary organization known as night, at which Fijian ministers, and the John G. Paton Mission Fund. some of the members of the council, The fund is responsible for 5 Euro- vvere to speak. These prayer meetings pean missionaries, 2 European assist- were well attended, and characterized ants, nearly 200 native teachers, and by much fervor. The chiefs and peo- 3 hospitals, 5 missiorf motor-boats, ple also joined in thanks to God that and the general upkeep of the mis- the population had increased in their sion-sta tions. district by 150 during the year.

A goodly number of supporters and NORTH AFRICA AND THE SUDAN friends of the mission' met recently to bid farewell and God-speed to Rev. T Woful Spiritual Needs HE latest religious statistics for Fred. J. Paton, son of Dr. Paton, the Dark Continent give 9,000,000 as adherents to Christianity, 40,000,- who has himself been for some 20 000 Mohammedans, and 8r,000,000. years among South Sea cannibals, pagans. If the entire population were and after a time of furlough is re- divided among the ordained missionturning to the field. aries now at work, each would receive . Mr. Paton said that since England 88,000 persons as a parish.

and France had undertaken joint con- Women's Education in Egypt trol of the islands, women and children were less safe than formerly, T HE Church Missionary Gleaner as the result primarily of the illegal is authority for this encouraging sale of strong drink which is allowed report concerning one line of progress to go on. He gave a striking instance in Egypt under British control:-

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"In 1899 Lord Cromer stated that first stage. The kind of literature no girl had yet presented herself for sent out always awakens an appetite the primary certificate and that no for more. It is life-producing; it Egyptian woman had yet received a arouses investigation; it awakens intel- professional training for the vocation lectual life; it can only satisfy by of teacher. In 191 I Sir Eldon Gorst larger supply. Various missionary reported 43 girl candidates for the societies are already beginning to look primary certificate. In 1912 Lord to the Nile Press for printing and Kitchener states that 'there is prob- publishing on a scale which it is utterly ably nothing more remarkable in the impossible for us to undertake with social history of Egypt during the last the present equipment. dozen years than the growth of public opinion among all classes of Egyptians Moslem Workers Active in the Sudan in favor of the education of their I Na recent letter to the secretary daughters. The girls' schools belong- of the Sudan Interior Mission, Dr. ing to the Ministry of Education are A. P. Stirrett tells of the terrible in- crowded, and to meet the growing de- roads that Mohammedanism is mak- mand sites have been acquired and ing. Writing of a recent journey, he fresh schools are to be constructed, says: "I stayed over Sunday at a one at Alexandria and two in Cairo.' small town at which I had halted In 1900 there were 1,640 girls in two years ago, and was pained .to kutabs inspected by the government; see that Moslem customs have gained in 1910 there were over 22,000. As a stronger hold there. Later, the one .example : Six years ago when a reason for this became evident. The school in Cairo was opened the only next place I stayed at was a .large way to obtain pupils was to command Mohammedan center. After looking the government employees residing in about the city, I interviewed the Brit- the district to send their daughters for ish resident as to the prospects of instruction. To-day the school is starting a mission there. He was packed with 314 girls, in charge of a quite decisive in his answer that he man principal and 6 Egyptian women. did not wish a missionary there, altho The latter teach unveiled before men." he thought that in other parts of his jurisdiction there would be no objec- .0Missionary Value of a Printing-press tion whatever. In fact, he said his R. S. M. ZWEMER, writing in influence on that city was that of Blessed Be Egypt, concerning the making the people more Mohamme- future of the Nile Mission Press, says: dan. He seemed to fear that the ad- "When the acorn of faith was planted, vent of Christianity would complicate the friends of the Nile Mission Press matters in the administration of the expected growth, and the situation law. Now, since smaller towns are which faces us is exactly similar to usually tributary to the larger ones, that of a gardener with a young sap- and since in the latter Mohammedan- ling which has struck root and had a ism is encouraged, one can easily see good start, but which badly needs the effect upon the smaller. Further, transplanting to a place where it will note that the turban, worn almost have permanent room for growth of universally by the Moslem, is a dis- all its branches. The statement made tinguishing mark of his religion. in the last report of. the Press, that Now, when a chief in a semi-pagan already no less than 55 societies and district is crowned king, the official 37 countries, from Morocco to China, ceremony usually consists in giving ordered literature from the Press, is him a turban to put on, altho he may sufficient evidence that we must plan be a pagan. Must not the effect for a much larger development in the of this ceremony, upon the pagan and future. The work of the Press has semi-pagan, be to incline them to only begun; both on lines of ~roduc­ think that British rulers are Mohamtion and distribution we are at the medan? Indeed, I have heard it

given out by a Moslem that if people have promised at least $50 per dared to become Christians they annum in collections. A young lad would at once be disciplined by Brit- who was trained in the institute and ish authority." is in the government service getting WEST AFRICA AND THE KONGO $270 per year, has offered to be the Moslem Activity teacher, altho he will receive only $150. SINCE the advent of Moham- medanism into the territory of Fruits of Nigerian Missions N Sierra Leone, schools of that religionUMBERS ,of Africans from Southern Nigeria are engaged in have been maintained in Moslem centers. A group of native boys mining at various places on the rail- gathered around their Mohammedan way line from the coast to Coomassie instructor is a common sight. A in Ashanti. The Bishop of Accra written language, the classical Arabic (Gold Coast) says of these immi- is taught, and the Koran is the text- grants; "The Yorubas are always book. Mohammedan education among notable for being earnest Christians, the natives of Sierra Leone may be and do great credit to the missionaries divided into two distinct parts. The of the C.S.M. in Southern Nigeria, first part pays attention to the pro- whence they come. We get Bibles, mmciation and writing of the Arabic prayer-books, and other literature for language as it is found in the Koran. them from Lagos, in their native lan- No effort is made to explain the mean- guage, and they purchase in large ing of the text. The greatest value is quantities. They often establish their ascrieed to mere pronunciation. Hence own church communities and build a Mohammedan education lays stre~s church without any assistance from upon forms rather than meanings. outside."

.I The second course in Mohammedan Waiting for a Teacher education comprises instruction in N West Africa a town on the delta fetichism and witchcraft. It has been of the Niger was visited for the the custom that a student must finish first time in 1909; and early last year, the first course and be redeemed with the price of a slave before the second in response to repeated invitations, course can be taken up. The second course prepares the student for the Rev. J. D. Aitken, of the Church Mis- sionary Society, went thither. The making and selling of charms an.d whole town turned out to meet him, and he was taken to see a spot where greegrees of various kinds. they propose to build a school. He In the Calabar Country observed in their houses pieces of T HE reports from the Free Church wood, bored with seven holes, and a of Scotland mission in the Calabar peg inserted in one of them. This was country show that the people are "U:ow their contrivance for keeping the re- eager for the Gospel and all the bless- currence of Sunday in remembrance, ings it brings, and are cheerfully tho in their ignorance they observed it shouldering the responsibilities. that on Saturdays. They wished to be also come with it." At several places taught to pray; and being asked how good buildings for churches and they did pray, they replied that they schools have been erected entirely met each morning and said (so it was from native contributions. The mis- interpreted to Mr. Aitken); "0 God, sion at Ediba illustrates the liberality we beg you, make you look good to- and interest shown at other stations. day; make you no trouble we, or do At Ediba the young people have put we any bad; we beg you, we beg you, up a splendid building, and the chiefs we beg you." How pathetic it is that have given $15 for benches, these Nigerian people for two years and promised $roo per annum should have been keeping the Sabbath for a teacher, and the young people and offering their prayers to God

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

while waiting and longing for a Chris- can not be the slave of another. But tian teacher! when various Christian governments stopt the nefarious traffic, and the A New Kongo Language Difficulty bodies of the blacks could no longer be exploited, the enterprising Moslems REV. J. L. COPPEDGE writes of at once went to work on their souls it serious problem which is con- with an energy which Christian mis- fronting the Southern Presbyterian sionaries would do well to emulate, if mission in the Kongo. The territory they do not deem it wise to fol1ow all of the Kongo Free State has now their methods in detail. In German passed into the hands of Belgium and East Africa the government, insistent for years French has been the official as they are at home on confessional language. In most African colonies education in the public schools and the .the official language must be taught maintenance of a subsidized state in all schools, or they are closed by church, preserves an attitude of abso- the government. The Romanists are lute religious neutrality. All beliefs everywhere gaining the support of are on an absolute equality; the chil- the government by teaching French dren in the public schools hear nothing thoroughly and efficiently to their na- of the Bible, much less of Christian tive converts. doctrine; and missionary enterprises, altho not discouraged, are left entirely In order to do this also, we should without assistance of any kind. have a native Frenchman or Belgian to conduct classes for our missionaries, A Toro Princess Testimony evangelists and native teachers. MALIZA, a native of Toro (the I have been told a number of times western province of the present by influential chiefs whose children at- Uganda Protectorate), had been taken tended Roman Catholic schools, that <;aptive by Mohammedan slave-raiders if our schools only gave a course in and sold as a slave in Busoga. When French. the children would be sent to the British Government took over ef- us. If 'we do not grasp this opportuni- fective control of that country, Maliza ty to enlarge the usefulness of our mis- regained her freedom and made her sion, we must be prepared to see all way back to her own land, a journey of our schools closed by law. of at least three weeks. She passed through Mengo; and as she was suffer- Fortunately a consecrated Belgian ing from an affection of the eyes, was· advised to visit the E11yumba Yedaga/a Protestant has been offered to us as a (House of Medicine-C. S. M.) teacher. To secure his services, his where, she was told, friendly Bazu11gu traveling expenses and salary must be (white people) looked after the sick. guaranteed. This she did, got quite well, and went on her journey. When she arrived in UGANDA AND EAST AFRICA Toro, it was found that Maliza was a princess of the royal house, and she Islam Making Rapid Gains had her former residence and honors restored to her. She speedily sought GERMAN East Africa is the lead- ont the missionary there, and told him ing German colony, a state with of the medical help she had received twice the area of Texas, with about at Mengo. "Now," she added, "I the population of Pennsylvania. It is want to learn about a religion which literally true that this Christian state teaches its followers to be as kind as is being Mohammedanized more rapid- that." The missionary readily re- ly than it is being Christianized. The sponded, and in the course of time, chief reason for the vast increase in after due instruction, she was bap- proselytizing zeal among the Moham- tized. medans in Africa is a very curious one. When the Arabs were still per- mitted to enslave the natives, there was never any thought of winning them to Mohammedanism, for "the Faithful" are all brethren, and one

King Daudi, of Uganda, in England The Delights of Travel T HE young King of Uganda will A MISSIONARY writes home: be followed with interest during "I suppose that since the behis visit to England. He is a son of ginning of the year I have trav- Mwanga, the king of Uganda who eled between 300 and 400 miles bemurdered Bishop Hannington in 1885, hind oxen that journey at the furious who persecuted the Church of Christ, rate of two miles a hour. I have who was notorious for his profligacy, slept in native homes, on friendly who cut short his own career by rebel- verandas, in the traveling cart, unling against the British Government der trees, and out in the open. I in 1897, was exiled the same ye,ar to have traveled through mud, over stony roads, through places where the Seychelles Islands, and who, in the there was no road at all. I have been lost in the jungle in the middle quietness of a little island in the Indian of the darkest of nights, and have Ocean, received the light and was bap- been almost hopelessly stuck in the tized. A few years after his death his mud when the darkness was so dense body was brought to Uganda as to seemingly almost swallow up and buried in the tomb of his father the flickering light of the lanterns Mutesa, and on the cross to be erecled we carried. We have had to pull on his grave these words are to be a broken tonga out of a rice s,",:amp, inscribed in the native language, "At tie it up with ropes, and drag tt off eventide there shall be light." Now three miles to a village to be rl"- his son, an educated Christian boy, is paired. In our night wanderings we visiting England accompanied by his have heard the yelp of the jackal, the cry of the hyena, the roar of the ' f " tutor, ]. S. R. Sturrock, and three tiger. On each trip we were sure of meeting some new experience." chiefs. Daudi has shown his interest in the A Martyr's Memorial in Madagascar Christian Faith by being confirmed at T HE memory of the brave Malahis own request-no pressure what· g-asy Christians, who su.ffp.r~d ever was brought to bear on him-<:.r.d death during the long persecutlOn III also by building a church in his court- the last century, is being kept alive yard, for which he has provided silver in Mada!Sascar by memorial churches, communion vessels, and a large harmo- in which are tablets which tell the nium which is played by a Muganda. story. One such memorial has re- He is a keen footballer and a coming cently been erected near where Rasagolfer, being a member of the Uganda lama, the proto-martyr of Mad~gas­ Golf Club, and playing regularly two car, was speared in 1837. It IS of or three times a week with the govern- interest to note that, many years ment officials and civilians stationed ago, a monument cot;Imem.orating at Kampala. Rasalama was erected III Htghbury Chapel, Bristol; and also that her Of the three chiefs who are accom- figure is g-iven, together with other panying him, two are prominent mem- female saints and martyrs, in one of bers of the church in Uganda, which the windows of the magnificent has now a following of 80,000 baptized chapel erected by the Duke of Westpersons. minster adioin;ng- his palatial resi- dence at Eaton Hall, Cheshire. It SOUTH AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR was felt to be hig-h time, therefore. that in her native' land, there should A Mission in the Gold Mines be something tangible to hand down to coming generations the story of T HE American Board is about to fidelity connected with her name. begin work in Johannisburg, by sending there for the purpose Rey. F. B. Bridgman, who for years has been stationed at Durban in Natal. Johannisburg is in the immediate vicinity of gold mines with an output of $I75,000,000 last year, and a total in 25 years of $1,750,000,000!!! AND MISSION LANDS THE STRUGGLE FOR CHRIS.TJAN TRUTH IN to them. Public opinion has turned in their favor, and the press speaks ITALY. By Giovanni Luzzi, D.D. 12mo, well of them. The cultured classes 338 pp. $1.50, net. The Fleming H. apply to various pastors for evan- Revell Company, New Yark, 1913. gelical servants, knowing their hon- esty and diligence, and the royal Dr. Luzzi holds the chair of sys- family entrusts its own children to tematic theology in the Waldensian the care of Protestant governesses. Theological School, at Florence, and as a scholar, author and preacher, is Dr. Luzzi finds that one of the recognized at home and abroad as a greatest hindrances to Christian misleading figure among the Protestant sion progress in Italy is denominaforces of Italy. The present volume tionalism. Far greater results would contains his mission lectures, dehv- be attained if all the Protestant ered at Princeton Theological Semi- churches combined under some such nary, in 1912-13, augmented by con- general title as the Evangelical siderable new material. He presents Church of Italy. The Italian is acconcisely, but eloquently and with customed to the idea that the trne much picturesque detail, the histo~y church is one. "Certainly, unity in of Christianity in Italy from Its the Church of Rome· is unity of form, . beginning, in Rome, the Prolestant not unity of spirit; but he has never development and progress, the spread been in the habit of inquiring too of the Scriptures in Italy, the relig- deeply; the Church, to be true, must ious revival of 1800, and cognate be one, he thinks, and that is events of importance, up to the move- enough." ment called "Modernism," whIch aims to bring the Roman Catholic By concentrating all energies into Church back to Christ. one undenominational movement, it would be possible to have in every As to present-day conditions of the town one or two churches, tastefully Christian Church in Italy, there are ap- built, and in harmony with the arproximately 600 Protestant churches tistic ecclesiastical buildings which are and missions in Italy, exclusive of the glory and pride of Italy. the centers in which the Salvation Army is at work. There are several THE LAND OF THE PEAKS AND THE PAMPAS. medical missions, educational institutions, soup kitchens, and poor re- By Jesse Page, F.R.G.S. With map and lief agencies, and about IS religious 18 illustrations. 12mo. 359 pp. 3s 6d, papers and reviews carry the Gospel net. The Religious Tract Society, news throughout the peninsula. In London, 1913. round numbers, there are 25,000 communicants of the various Protestant This book calls attention to the religchurches, among which the Walden- ious needs of the people of South sian Church leads over all others America. Tho various evangelical combined. Are the results in pro- agencies are engaged in carrying the portion to the work done and the Gospel to "The Neglected Continent" sacrifices made? That depends, says very little has been done in comparison Dr. Luzzi, on the idea one has of to the missionary enterprises in China, results, and how one estimates them. India, Africa, or Japan. Mr. Page Italian converts, once regarded with tells the fascinating story of the Incas suspicions, even morally infectious, and of the Spanish conquest; he deand boycotted in public offices and scribes with many striking details the factories, are to-day respected and various attempts to spread the Gospel sought after, and all doors are opened through the Continent from the 16th century to the present day. One chapter is devoted to the birth of the Republics and one to the Indians of be often misjudged by Western minds. to-day. The South American peoples The Malays under British and Dutch are shown to be still in spiritual bon- rule are pictured in their true colors dage to an evil past, having inherited by a keen observer who has studied from Spanish and Portuguese rule his subj ects at close range. The priestly tyranny, ignorance, loose sketches lack literary finish and are morality and forms of religion' that not of as great interest and value as are little better than downright idola- we might wish, but they may lead us ty. The author lays much stress on to see that the Malay has not received the value of Bible distribution, for the anything like full and fair considera- Book can go to those whom the mis- tion from Europeans. sionary is unable to reach. A great spiritual revival is needed among the THE CONSTRUCTIVE QUARTERLY. Edited by people themselves to strengthen the Silas McBee. 212 pp. $2.50 a year. Christian workers already in the field, George H. Doran Co., New York. and to open doors of opportunity. All Henry Frowde, London, 1913. South Americans, cultured and ignorant, need to learn as only God can Probably the vast majority of Chrisreveal it to them "that there is a power, tians would be astonished to know the greater than politics, richer in blessing number of points on which Christians than any ritual, more available for the of various sects and creeds are in welfare of the soul than any priest, agreement. So much emphasis has strong to uphold the weak, made per- been placed on the differences that the fect in suffering, ennobling all service unity is forgotten. Silas McBee, memand purifying the very springs of the ber of the Continuation Committee of heart by the grace of a common sal- the World Missionary Conference and vation." former editor of the Churchman, has, in his new quarterly, set himself the THE STEEP ASCENT. Missionary Talks task of emphasizing the points of faith With Young Children. By Emily E. and practise in which Christians of Entwistle. 12mo. 216 pp. $1.00, net. every name-Roman, Greek and Prot- Fleming H. Revell Company, New estant-are in harmony. The result York, 1913. is interesting and broadening, if not always inspiring or convincing. The Here are some well written stories writers and the editorial Board infor young people, dealing with strik- clude Roman Catholics and Greek ing incidents in the life of the Master Catholics as well as all kinds of Proton His way up the steep ascent to estants. While many devout Christians Calvary, and of the Christian soldiers, would be unwilling to fellowship with heroes and martyrs who through the some of the writers in the Construcages have followed in His steps. The tive Quarterly, and are far from author has fine descriptive power and being convinced that they are true folpoetic phrasing, but her style seems lowers of Christ, nevertheless the somewhat better adapted Ito adults study of their positions in a fair and than to juvenile minds~ Readers open-minded way not only can awaken familiar with the scenes and incidents no fear of compromising with presented, will still be imprest by truth but should be exceedingly helpthe charm, distinction and spiritual ful in bringing about a clearer combeauty which invest these studies of prehension of the true positions taken the life of Christ and His missionary by those from whom we may differ on followers. radical points. Christianity thrives on intelligent investigation carried on APA SUKA TUAN. Malay Stories. By in the Spirit of Christ and for the John Angus. 12mo, 181 pp. 3s 6d, net. advancement of His Kingdom. Arthur H. Stockwell, London, 1913. Two numbers of the Constructive These 23 sketches of Malay life and Quarterly have now appeared-with character relate to a peculiar people articles by James Denny, Seth Low, who are little understood and may Robert E Speer and others, These

THE MiSSIONARY

articles are excellent reading for ear- VISIONS. For Missionaries and Others. nest and well instructed Christian Second Series. By H. H. Montgomery, thinkers who are willing and able to D.D. 12mo, 254 pp. Is. 6d. net. S. P. see another viewpoint and to acknowl- G., London, 1913. edge the sincerity of many who may be considered mistaken in many of These "visions" are scenes and anecdotes, many of them drawn from their views. experience and told with fictitious names. The real and the imaginary THE SORROW AND HOPE OF THE EGYPTIAN are combined to give their helpful SUDAN. By Charles R. Watson. Illus- trated. 12mo, 233 pp. $1.00. Board messages.

of Foreign Missions, United Presby- PASTOR HSI: One of China's Christians. terian Church, Philadelphia, 1913. By Geraldine G. Taylor. 12mo, 400 pp. This is the story of the work of 6d., net. Morgan and Scott, London, the American Mission in the Egyptian To publish this remarkable story Sudan, together with an account of of the converted opium smoker at the tragic history of slavery and sixpence is a great boon. It would Mahdism in Upper Egypt. The story be well to scatter it by thousands is of great interest. In an appendix among young people in all our Sun- Dr. Watson has gathered statistics, day-schools and churches.

bibliography, ethmological notes and no OUR MISSIONARY HERITAGE. By the Rev. other valuable information. It is A. Duff Watson, D.D. Booklet. pp.

prepared especially as an up-to-date 6d., net. United Free Chnrch Offices, text book. Edinburgh, 1913.

LOTUS BUDS. By Amy Wilson-Car- An excellent little missionary text michael. Illustrated. 8vo, 340 pp. book on the United Free Church of $2.00, net. George H. Doran Co., New Scotland Missions. The fields are York. taken up in order and the work at each station is briefly described and Miss Amy Wilson-Carmichael is a weighed.

remarkable missionary, and writes AROUND THE WORLD IN STUDIES AND with a woman's heart, a skilled pen STORIES OF PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONS. By and an artist's touch. Her "Letters Charles E. Bradt, William R. King from Japan" were among the most graphic and intelligent pictures of and Herbert W. Reherd. 8vo, 488 pp. life there that have ever been printed. $.150. Missionary Press Co., Wichita, Her "Things as They Are" and Kansas, 1913.

"Overweights of Joy" have made the The Presbyterian "investigating author famous. "Lotus Buds," which committee" here present their illus- is now published in a popular edition, trated report in a volume of 488 is, like its predecessors, an unusual pages. It describes visits to Syria, book. Miss Wilson-Carmichael is India, Siam, and Laos, the Philip- particularly imprest by the needs of pines, China, Korea, and Japan. The the children of India. Her descrip- evangelistic, medical and educational tions of them, and her photographs, problems and progress in various seem to throb with life. The horrors fields are presented in a way that of child-marriage, child-widowhood, will give new insight to many into and temple slavery are pictured faith- the conditions and opportunities pre- fully and with pathos and a woman's sented in Presbyterian mission fields.

delicacy. The work of rescue stirs THE GHOSTS OF BIGOTRY. By Rev. P. C. the heart of the reader who so lives Yorke, D.D. 8vo. Text Book Pub.

in the true stories that every victory Co., San Francisco, 1913.

brings a throb of joy. The book is This is an attempt to discredit the fascinating in its interest; it awakens attacks on the Roman Catholic love for the little brown babies and Church in America and England.

makes an unusual appeal for the Only those who know the facts can rescue of the children in India. Read judge of the truth or falsity of the it. .author's contentions.

CHILDREN OF BORNEO. By Edwin H. ~MISSlONARY EXPLORERS AMONG AMERICAN Go~es, ~.A. 12mo, 98 pp. ~ illus- INDIANS. By Mary G. Humphreys.

tratlOns m color. 60c. Flemmg H.I…. 12mo. $1.50, net. Charles Scribner's Revell Co., New York, 1913. ~. Sons, New York, 1913. As missionary and teacher, Mr.~J 'THE ~EW AJ.IERICA. A Study in Immi- G. omes spent 17 y" ears in Borneo and, gLreamtlOuenl. CBalyl BMaarrnyes.Cla1r2kmBo.arn1e6s0 apnpd. gamed a thorough knowledge of the 50 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., :lea Dyacks and people of the Borean 1913. jungles. His little volume for chil- THE IMMIGRANT, AN. ASSET A~D A LIA- dren is packed with curious informa- BILITY. By Fredenc J. Haskm. llIus- . d' b .k d trated. 8vo. 251 pp. $1.25, net. tlOn conveye mans an enter- Fleming H. Revell Co., 1913.

taining style. The young people of AMERICA, GOD'S MELTING POT. By Laura Borneo are not allowed to remain G. Craig. Paper, 96 pp. 25c. Fleming ~h'Ild ren very Io~g owm. g to est.ab- COHMR. ARDEeSveFlRl OCMo.O, T1H9E1R3. LANDS. By Leila hshed cnstom, whIch forces them mto A. Dimcock. Paper, 74 pp. 25 cents, marriage and family cares at an age net. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1913.

when they should be at school. CANADA'S GREATEST NEED. By Edgar Mr. Gomes describes the beneficent Rogers, M.A. Illustrated. 12mo. 365 reI. gns f the B rookes, an d f th e pp. 2s, net. S. P. G., London, 1913.

0 0 PAMPHLETS AND PAPER BOUND BOOKS coming of the missionaries in 1855, who built houses, churches and schools and won the love and esteem SOME FACTS AND MORE FACTS ABOUT of the Dyaks by living with them in PASTOR RUSSELL. By J. J. Ross. lOc. the jungle. e. e. Cook, New York. THE MOR'rIMERS. A Story. By J. A. S. ALL ABOUT ONE RUSSELL. By e. e. Cook. Batty. 12mo, 138 pp. Illustrated. So- ciety for the Propagation of the Gos- 10 cents. e. e. Cook, New York, 1913. pel in Foreign Parts, London, 1913. YEAR BOOK AND REPORT OF THE BAPTIST A story for young people, describ- CHURCH AND MISSION, AND THE CHRISing the adventures of three children TIAN ARMY OF THE GOLD COAST. Geo. who went to live in a castle in Surrey, England, and became acquainted Tucker, London, 1913. with a wandering Chinese boy, a fas- RIGHTLY DIVIDING THE WORD OF TRUTH. cinating "magician." The aim of the little book is to interest young people By e. I. Scofield. Bible House of in missionary work, especially in Los Angeles, Cal. China, and in the course of the story ADDRESS.ES ON PROPHECY. By e. I. Scothe author conveys a great deal of information concerning religious and field, D.D. Bible House of Los Ansocial conditions in that country in a geles, Cal.

A MILLION FOR MISSIONS. Presbyterian Church in the United States, Nash- ville, Tenn.

AROUND THE WORLD ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. By Henry K. Rowe. A. B. e. F. M., Boston.

SIMPLE GUIDE TO THE SPELLING AND TRANS- LITERATION OF ARABIC NAMES. By W.

manner to impress and interest boys H. T. Gardner and A. T. Upson. Nile and girls. Mission Press, Cairo.

Religious instruction and enter- REPORT OF THE NEW YORK SABBATH COMtainment are skilfully combined. MITTEE. Bible House, New York, 1913.

NEW BOOKS COOPERATION BETWEEN MISSIONARIES AND THE 1. R. M.. Edinburgh, 1913.

DESTRUCTIVE CRITICISM VS. CHRISTIANITY.

HAND BOOK OF MODERN JAPAN. E. W. By A. e. Dixon, D.D. Bible Institute, Clement. New revised edition. Map Chicago, 1913. and illustrations. 436 pp. 12mo. $1.40, THE DEVIL'S RIGHTEOUSNESS. By 1. M. net. A. e. McClurg & Co, 1913. Haldeman, D.D. lOc. e. C. Cook, SURVEY OF THE MISSIONARY OCCUPATION New York. BUREAU OF SOCIAL SERVICE. The Board of OF CHINA. Thos. Cochrane, M.B., e.M. 12mo. 372 pp. $1.00, net. Christian Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of Amer- Literature Society for China, Shang- ica. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. hai, 1913. GETTING AT THE HEART OF THE DOWNTOWN THE ACTS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT. By Ar- PROBLEM. A concrete illustration of thur T. Pierson. Reprinted in popu- what the church is doing. Board of lar edition. 16mo. 142 pp. Is, net. Morgan & Scott, London, 1913. Home Missions, 156 Fifth Ave., N. Y.

The Missionary Review of the World — March 1913

RESULT OF DAVID LIVINGSTONE'S PIONEEl

Part of an Audience at a Preaching Service of the Scotch Pl-esbyterian Mission in Livingstonia. Central Africa

Missionary

@ e of the World VOL. XXXVI, No.3 MARCH, 1913 VOL. XXVI, No. 3 Old Series New Series Signs of the· Times IA CHANGE OF FRONT IN ISLAM Another more hopeful sign of T has been thought that Is[am, like progress is noticeable in the recent Rome, never changes, and it is gathering of some 65 missionaries for true that with change must come a an eight-day conference in Egypt.

loss of identity. Is[am is changing, as Their report of the state of affairs in we see clearly and forcibly in the that country declares that to-day as Moslem press of Egypt. From time never before there is manifest among to time in the daily papers and the the Moslems an interest in Christian- religious magazines, we see signs that ity and its teachings. Copies of the Moslems are becoming less fanatical Scriptures and religious tracts are be- and are not only wi!ling, but anxious ing bought and read by Moslems to to examine the evidence of Christian- an extent unparalleled in the past his- ity as it is found in the New Testa- tory of Islam. A spirit of religious ment. Formerly the New Testament inquiry is manifest among many Mos- was rejected on the charge of hav- lems, even of those who are recog- ing been corrupted, or abrogated by nized as sheikhs or religious teachers.

the Koran. In these days Moslems The attendance of Moslems is in- often seem eager to prove their posi- creasing in both the regular and spe- tion by quoting Scripture. A series cial meetings held under Christian of articles which have been appear- auspices. Requests for baptism on the ing in the paper calIprj El ManaI' part of Moslems are not infrequent.

seeks to prove that the original Gos- Formerly few Moslems were willing pelon which our present four Gos- to listen to Christian teaching, now pels are based, did not teach the deity few there are who refuse to listen of Christ nor His Atonement. In when approached. There is also, we are other words, Mohammedans are fol- told, "a spirit of unrest in Moslem lowing the lead of those who by criti- .circles, and an increasing effort to cal methods profess to be able to discover ways by which Islamic stand- eliminate the supernatural from the ards and practises, Islamic laws and New Testament. institutions may undergo such revis- The editors seek to preserve accuracy and to manifest the spirit of Christ in the pages of this REVIEW, but do not acknowledge responsibility for opinions exprest, nor for positions taken by contrib,-tors of signed articles in these pages.-EDITORS.

ion and reconstruction as will ellable largely attended meeting has been them to retain the respect and com- held, which, strange to say, was at- mand the allegiance of a Moslem pub- tended by a number of Hindus also.

lic which is advancing in knowledge The speakers declared that the Chrisand enlightenment." For all of tian nations have joined hands to rob which . Christians everywhere give the Moslems of all their possessions; thanks. that the believers in the Bible are WHOPE FOR PERSIAN GIRLS always the enemies of the believers HEN the girls who will be the in the Koran, but that they are unable future mothers, become Chris- to extinguish the fire which Mohamtians, we may have greater hope for med has started, and that some day the coming generation. So it is en- the cry "Allah Akbar," once heard cOUl'aging to know that Miss Annie before the gates of Vienna, would be Stockwell, missionary of the Presby- heard again in the uttermost parts terian Board at Teheran, Persia, esti- of the earth. mates that there are now at least 1,000 Moslem boys and girls attend- Mohammedan newspapers are being the 13 Christian mission schools ginning to show more plaillly their in Persia. Miss Stockwell estimates opposition to Christianity, as the folthat this number is twice what it was lowing sentences, taken from an edifive years ago. The education of Mos- torial, show: "In none of the Gujarat lems in Christian schools is, in fact, districts have any Mohammedan ora very recent development, but the phans been handed over to Christian ambition of Mohammedan parents to missionaries during the present famsecure good education for their chil- ine, and instructions have been issued dren is rapidly overcoming all relig- that collectors of famine-stricken disious prejudices. Of this thousand tricts, who have Mohammedan ornearly 700 are paying tuition, so that phans to dispose of, should inform the the movement is no pauper scheme honorary secretary of the Bombay to get something for nothing. There Presidency Moslem League, at Poona, is no concession on religion to these before handing them over to any non- Moslem scholars. They are required Moslem missionaries or institutions." to attend school on Friday, which is the holy day of Islam, and all of the The importance of this Moslem unschools require the Bible as a regular rest and anti-Christian activity in Instudy in the curriculum. So far, how- dia is made clear by the fact that the ever, from there being any prejudice unrest has spread to Hindu colonies aroused by this method of teaching in other lands. For instance, the Mosthe Bible lesson is distinctly popular lem Hindus who have settled in the among the Mohammedan children in Transvaal Colony have addrest a most of the schools. telegram to the British Government in which they ask humbly, but very earnestly, that England aid the Turks against the Balkan Powers. The col- THEMOSLEM UNREST IN INDIA ony of Mohammedan Hindus in Lon- Balkan war has greatly ex- don, also, is showing signs of in- cited the Mohammedans of the creased activity and of great interest Indian Empire. In Calcutta, a very in the Balkan war.

OF THE

It is a peculiar symptom of this and the mission buildings were de-. Moslem unrest that there is shown a mandeel to be emptied at once. The certain anger with the British Gov- faithful servant got a respite of a few ernment for 110t coming to the aid of days by giving gifts to officials. In the Moslem cause, and a certain sym- the meantime the French army arpathy for Germany, which is often rived, and the houses were saved. called the unselfish frienel of Turkey anel Islam. But the activity and un- The work of the dispensary was rest are sure proofs of the fact that kept partly going by the servant dur- Moslems throughout the earth are be- ing the· absence of the missionaries, ginning to feel their oneness in re- so that the people never really lost ligion and in politics. touch with it. Thus the work now moves on again as if there had been THE WORK IN MOROCCO no war. The attendances are large and the evening classes are crowded, THE missionaries of the Southern so that opportunities for the preaching Morocco Mission, who had been of the Gospel are great, tho the ladies fancy that the women are a little forced to abandon their work in the more opposed to the Christian religion city of Marakesh during the rebellion than they were before the loss of inand the war, have now returned to d~pendence by their country. that city and have again entered upon their work. They were warmly wel- REFORM IN THE GREEK CHURCH comed by the natives, who have become very humble, it seems. J:i'ormerly A GREEK paper, St. Polycarp, the fanatical Mohammedans used to say that the blessing of the Prophet edited by the metropolitan biis more than a match for the forces shop of Smyrna, calls for reform in of the unbelievers. N ow they see the Greek Church. The writer, that they have lost their independence George Zacharoulis an "orthodox and that the news from Turkey means preacher," calls attention to the depractically the overthrow of :Moslem cline in religious and ethical life and power. Some, however, declare that says (a s translated in The Orient): Hiba will yet return and turn out all the obnoxious and, more or less se- "We elo indeed hole! and keep the cretly, hated Frenchmen, and they Evangelical Truth, … but our faith seem more firmly than ever deter- is a dead and empty faith, because it is mined to cling to their religion. faith without works (Jas. 2: 17, 20) ; our Religion is empty and vain, be- The Mission itself has suffered cause 'Pure religion and undefiled comparatively little from the war. Be- before God and the Father is this, fore the Pretender entered the city, to visit the fatherless and widows in much looting was done, and many their affliction, and to keep himself buildings were burned, but the efforts unspotted from the world' (Jas. I : 27) . of the servant, who had been left in While sticking to the letter, we have charge, saved the houses of the mis- fallen from the spirit, we have stript SlOnanes. After the Pretender en- ourselves of Christian grace and tered the city, he at once began to comeliness, we have lost the true and seize European houses for his friends, living faith that renews arid cleanses the heart, that uplifts and ennobles·

. the thoughts and fixes the will on the preparatory work is a necessary pre- liminary to this task, to get ready right. . We are named by the and make easy the propitious settle- ment of it at the right time. Who name of Christ, but we have not will undertake the study and exami- nation of the above questions until Christ abiding in us, and therefore the day dawns when the Church her- self will take up their solution?" we have neither the Truth nor the HOPEFUL OUTLOOK IN SYRIA Light nor the Life. We have for- NOTWITHSTANDING the checks saken the Word and turn again to and opposition bound to occur to 'the weak and beggarly elements,' all missionary enterprises in Moslem lands, the work in Syria is in a prosobserving days and months and times perous condition. One should not judge by the advance made in any and years (Gal. 4: 9, 10), and paying one year, but from a comparison with that of a decade or more. The attention to the liftings and moving progress made in self-support and the llesire for education during the past of tables, calling on evil spirits, and decade is wonderful. When we com- pare it with 30 years ago it is most inquiring of the dead, and all but marvelous. In one station alone the amount given by the native church reviving the ancient oracles. To these in one year was less than $100, and last year nearly $10,000 was raised and similar things is religion limited for the support of the Church, its benevolences, and for education. It by us, and Christianity has become with is the experience of workers in Mos- lem lands that the work of Christian us an empty word and an abstract missions is gradual, but sure. If not, why are so many Moslem theologians theory, exercising no influence on and thinkers warning their followers of their danger and arousing them heart or morals. And those who to renewed efforts to place every ob- stacle possible in the way of Christian have some education and have suc- mISSIons. 1S one said, "The work of the missionaries is like a tidal ceeded in seeing that this is not wave; when you see it approach and you make an effort to escape there religion but vain and empty super- may be safety, but if you do not heed the warning, you will be overwhelmed stition, have rejected the superstition, and lost."

but as they have no clear knowledge The problem that is to be settled by the missionary in Moslem lands of the essence of Christian faith and is how he can best assist in helping of true and genuine piety, they have gone into cold unbelief, which is no less destructive and demoralizing than superstition. And so we stand to-day before this wretched division of the body that is called by the name of Christ and see the children of the one Orthodox Church either grovel- ling in the darkness of black and evil superstition or blinded and hardened to stone by cold unbelief, and thus furnishing a cause why the name of our God should be blas- phemed among the nations!

"Religiously we are sick, seriously sick; this is a truth of which no one in his right mind has any doubt. We therefore need healing, that IS, religious reform; but what is the means of healing, and what the method of reform? Long

the people, not, surely, by engaging in by a storm not many months ago the different factional troubles, but and had been rebuilt quickly and well. by maintaining a tactful silence on These quarterly meetings are mile- all things political, and by devoting stones in the work, whose need and all his energies to the advancement growth is daily seen, however. of the principles of truth and light.- DR. IRA HARRIS. The lepers at the Leper Colony, where a service is held every Friday SIGNS OF DAWN IN WEST AFRICA .. afternoon, and many of the poor suf- ferers have con fest Christ, sent a THE news of a record-breaking contribution to the church on the day Lord's Day (June 2, 1912), has of the great meeting. Everywhere in and around Elat and in the part of come from Elat. This was the Kamerttn where the West Africa monthly Collection Da):, and also Presbyterian Mission is at work, the Communion. The preceding week the opportunities are great and the renineteen evangelists returned from sults of the work are inspiring: "God their trip, bringing their "sheaves" gave the increase." with them, and during that week more than 1,700 confest Christ. The PROGRESS IN SOUTH AFRICA sunrise prayer-meetings were attended I T is encouraging to hear from an by large crowds, while the daily meetings at 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. at- expert and a resident of a mission tracted multitudes. On the Lord's field the results of his investigation Day, 5,270 people assembled for a and observation. This is what we three hours' morning service, where 170 adults and 23 babes were bap- have in a statement made by Rev. J. tized. In the afternoon, at another three hours' service, about 700 par- DuPlessis, the author of the excellent took of the Lord's Supper. That day "History of Christian Missions in 50 more confest Christ and 508 were South Africa." He writes in a recent promoted to the "Nsamba," or sec number of the International Review of and year class, from which they are Missions concerning the evidences of eligible to' church-membership in a progress: year. Many of the school boys confest Christ, but, alas, 39 poor people I. Heathenism is receding; old bewere suspended, because they had liefs are vanishing; younger members been overcome by temptation. "They of various tribes are clamoring ever will all come back," says the mission- more loudly for education, which ary, for in the foreign field converts means to them wage-earning abihty; from heathenism are still willing to the old conservative heathen can not submit to discipline. turn a deaf ear to the call.

The collection was about $125, and 2. Societies are closing up ranks; the congregation worshiped in the a united front is appearing. "Edinchurch, which was partly destroyed burgh, 19IO" gave powerful impetus to this tendency; a new and high ideal —— has been set for missionary coopera- '* We have made l-eference to the prosperous tion.

work of the West Africa Presbyterian Mission in 3. The government and the public Elat before. See MISSIONARY REVIEW.. February, generally show increasing interest in 1911, page 151; November, 1911, page 873; Febru- the progress of missions. Governary, 1912, page 147.

ment attitude toward missionaries has seems certain that there will never been not one of mere civility, but of be orderly and settled government in cordial approbation; the most respon- Mexico until steps have been taken sible journals of the Union concur in by which the ownership of the land this judgment. in Mexico passes out of the hands of these landlords into the hands of 4. The end of the missionary enter- those who actually till the soil. prise is within sight. Vhile a generation ago only Cl'l1e native out of every The principles of personal liberty ten wa$ a Christian, we have now and national righteousness must come one Christian convert to every four with Christian education and the of the native population; while during worship of God. that period the native population has about doubled, the Christian cOlistitu- MEMPHIS HOME MISSION CONVEN· ency has quintupled. T TION UNREST IN UNHAPPY MEXICO HE General Assembly of the Southern Prebyterian Church T HE people of .Iexico have not last spring ordered the holding of a Convention in the interest of Home yet recovered from the blight of Missions. The Executive Committee centuries of official misgovernment, of Home Missions not only invited intellectual darkness and religious the Laymen'S' Movement to assist in misleading. The condition of the this enterprise, but practically turned people is such that the masses believe over to them the making of all that no change of government could arrangements for the Convention. make things worse and they hope by As a result, this Third General Consuccessive revolutions to effect a vention of the Laymen's Missionary change for the better. Madero took Movement was held at Memphis, advantage of the unrest and discon- Tenn., February 18-20. tent to overthrow Diaz. He promised numerous reforms and reliefs which As 'an educational event in the he has been unable to carry out. For Church's home activities and opporexample, most of the land is held tunities it promises to be immense. by wealthy owners, and is farmed out It would be difficult to estimate what to peons on terms that give no this Convention may mean in the chance of bettering their condition. broadening of vision and inspiration lI.ladero and subsequent revolutionary to larger things and more thorough leaders have been producing an im- .work for the church in the south impression that if they can be in and southwest. It was expected to power this condition of things will be be the largest assemblage of men changed. When Madero came into ever held in the south in the interpower, however, the same conditions est of one denomination's work. continued and the people are restless and discontented as before. Among the speakers announced were the following: Rev. Homer While no such thing' as the whole- McMillan, D.D., Rev. ";",. L. Philips, sale confiscation of the property of the rich and its distribution among D.D., Harry Wade Hicks, J. E. Mctile masses is feasible in Mexico it Afee, Rev. S. L. Morris, D.D., Rev. T. S. Clyce, D.D., WI11. T. Ellis, and J. Campbell White.

FROM THE LIFE OF LIVINGSTONE"

BY PROF. WILLIAM J. HUTCHINS, OBERLIN, OHIO O~G after men have again, Gutzlaff's Appeal on behalf of China, which led him to resolve to mL forgotten Livingstone, "give everything beyond his subsist- the explorer, they will ence to missions ." remember him as the man whom God chose DAVID LIVINGSTONE as His servant, the man who chose God in Jesus Christ Livingstone's Choice as his Lord and Master. Perhaps the life of Livingstone In these days when the thought of brings to us greater inspiration as the immanence of God is leading men the story of a man who chose God to a subtle pantheism, which denies in Christ as his Lord and Master. to God a personal interest in the Weare all of us in danger of beindividual, it is good for us to watch coming victims of a sort of moral God at work choosing, disciplining, determinism. We drift easily with leading his il1an. Mark how God the tide of circumstance. passes by the homes of the "mighty," the "wise," the "noble," enters the We limp between two opinions till the choice goes by forever. We say cottage of one of His own plain "There are many more summers in the sky," until winter settles down people, picks out for His peculiar upon the heart. Living'stone without service the son of a quiet layman, reservation chose God as his Master. "a tea-merchant, who had the soul In this life-choice there was no of a missionary." At ten years of wavering, no vacillation. From his age, the lad was set to work in the journals written at any period of his mill. "I had to be back in the factory by six in the morning, and 'continue my work with intervals for breakfast and dinner till eight o'clock at night." There were Latin lessons to be learned in the night-school, to be conned by day as the lad at his work passed back and forth before the open book placed upon his spinning jenny. Thus God was training Livingstone to sympathize with the lowliest man that walks the earth, to love the great and the common, the great which always lies hid within the heart of the common.

Note the books which fell so "accidentally," so providentially into his hand : Dick's Philosophy of a Future State, "which led him to Christ, but did not lead him away fr0111 science,"

* For photogr aphs, ITIcllJ, hooli: s, pr ograrns, (,h… , fur the L i villg~tol1c CCll tc c ary ("larch 19 th), sen d to your denominational publishil1g honse,

life, you can pick up words which on one day he was delivered three express this utter life-long sel£-devote- times from impending death. He ment. In the midst of great perils he went on through the forest expecting writes this prayer: "Soul and body, every minute to be attacked. my family and thy cause, I commit By and by he was prostrated with all to thee." A little more than a grievous illness. As soon as he year before his death,. he writes could move, he went onward, but he agam, "I9th March, birthday, My felt as if dying on his feet. Jesus, my King, my life, my He was getting near to Ujiji, howall. I again dedicate my whole ever, where abundance of goods and self to thee. Accept me, and comforts were, no doubt, safely grant, 0 gracious Father, that ere stowed away for him, and the hope this year is gone, I may finish my of relief sustained him under all task. In Jesus' name I ask it. Amen, his trials. At last, on the 23d of so let it be. David Livingstone." October, reduced to a living skeleton, The words which close his book, he reached Ujiji. What was his "The Zambesi and its Tributaries," misery, instead of finding the abundmight well serve as the motto of his ance of goods he had expected, to life: "Fiat Domine Voluntas Tua." learn that the wretch Shereef, to whom they had been consigned, had Yes, but one says, "Think how sold off the whole, not leaving one much that choice of God as Master yard of calico out of 3,000, or one cost the man." We count the cost string of beads out of 700 pounds." for ourselves and are afraid. It is true few men in history have paid so Harder for us to bear is what we heavy a price for choosing God as may call social privation and be- Livingstone paid. We dread physical reavement. For years this man met pain, flee willingly to "the land with no white man, heard no English where it is always afternoon." To words save those from his own lips him the cost in mere physical suffer- or from those of his own black sering was enormous. vants. For years he received no let- ters, even from his own children. Take a single passage from his Separated from his wife through biography, and by no means excep- many of his earlier journeyings, he tional. "On the 8th of August they welcomed her again to Africa only came to an ambushment all pre- to see her die of fever in haunted pared, but it had been abandoned Shupanga. Through terrible lonely for some unknown reason. By and years he wandered. with no hand by on the same day a large spear of love to comfort and no word of flew past Livingstone, grazing his love to cheer. neck. The native who flung it was but ten yards off. The hand of God Perhaps still harder for us of the alone saved his life. Farther on twentieth century is it to endure the another spear was thrown, which sight of the sorrows, the degradation, missed him by a foot. On the the cruelty of humanity. How often same day a large tree to which fire we hide our faces with our hands had been· applied to fell – it, came as we pass the weeping places of the people. Livingstone's choice of God down within a yard of him. Thus

FROM THE LIFE OF

compelled him for years to witness the would-be builder of "God's scenes the very story of which leaves Road" to see that the paths he had one stricken and sickened. Again opened to the interior for "Christianand again such records as these ap- ity and Commerce" were proving only pear: "vVherever we took a walk, new ways by which the slavers could human skeletons were seen in every spread misery and ruin over the direction." Or again, "Shot after shot continued to be fired on the LIVINGSTO NE ATTACKED BY A LION helpless and · perishing. Some of the long line of heads disappeared quiet- country. Lincoln "heard the hisses ly (beneath the water) while other turn to cheers." Livingstone never poor creatures threw their arms high saw the results of the travail of his as if appealing to the great Father soul. He counted the cost and gladabove, and' sank." And the man ly, lavishly, paid it. must live in these habitations of cruelty, and hear only mocking laugh- Was Livingstone's choice of God ter or viciotis threatening when he after all worth while? Were any raises his voice in protest. one of us asked, what would be his personal ideal, he would surely an- Perhaps to us the bitterest experi- swer back in one phrase or another: ence of life is the disappointment "I should like to be a friend of God; which comes, when for once we I should like to be a master of life; have given ourselves to the cause I should like to be a servant of of human liberty, and meet with humanity." the disapproval, the distrust, the misunderstanding, the stupidity or the treachery of friends; when we discover that our efforts have but fastened more securely the fetters of those we have been trying to free. For years the men who should have believed in Livingstone were feeble in their support or failed him altogether. The men upon whose cooperation he was forced to rely, sent him "helpers" who hindered his every movement. Other men got the credit for work that he had done. Just when his hopes for the Universities Mission were highest, the Bishop must abandon the project and withdraw to Zanzibar. Happily he never knew that in seeking the sources of the Nile he was blindly following the upper waters of the Kongo; but it must have been most grievous to

A Friend of God nals the great word, "Trust in the Lord with all thine heart and lean Precisely these three ideals were realized by David Livingstone as not to thine own understanding. In the inevitable issues of his life-choice. all thy ways acknowledge Him, and as God's servant, Livingstone became He shall direct thy paths. Commit thy way unto the Lord. Trust also God's friend. He writes, "Traveling from day to day among barbarians in Him, and He shall bring it to pass." Or, :>.gain, the larger porexerts a most benumbing influence tions of the Bible would bring to him on the religious feelings of the soul;"

and yet through this very. experience the· message of his Friend. In the God seems to have drawn the man midst of the hideous loneliness of his more closely to his side. He does, later days he writes, "I read the indeed, cry, "Oh, divine Love, I have whole Bible through four times in Manyuema." God spoke to his friend . not loved Thee strongly, deeply, warmly enough," but that divine again in the calm assurance of duty.

Loye he never doubted. "But for One of the most harrassing experi- ences of the Christian life is this, : the belief that the Holy Spirit works • and will work for us, I should give that when a man has honestly sought up in despair." Ever and again in to do God's will, the horrid question comes back insistently, "Was I mishis journals his level speech will suddeniy ascend straight to God. taken? Was I deluded?" Living- Thus, in 1856, when the air is full stone's letter to Moffat in 1854 is very remarkable: "I had fully made of danger, he writes, "Oh, Jesus, grant me resignation to thy will and up my mind as to the path of duty before starting. I wrote to my entire reliance on thy powerful hand.

On thy word alone I lean. brother-in-law . . 'I shall open Evening. Felt much turmoil of spirit up a path into the interior or perish.'

in. Viiew of having all my plans for I never had the shadow of a shade the iwelfare of this great region of doubt as to the propriety of my and teeming population knocked on course." The servant knoweth not t.he head by savages to-morrow; but what his Lord doeth. Livingstone became God's friend. I read that Jesus came and said, 'All power is given unto Me in heaven A Master of Life and on earth. Go ye, therefore, and Again choosing God as his Master, Livingstone became to a quite extrateach all nations, and 10, I am with you alway even unto the end of ordinary degree a master of life. His character gained a singular unity. To the world.' It is the word' of a gentleman of the most sacred and a woman who complained that as an explorer he had ceased to be a strictest honor, and there is an end on't.. I feel quite calm now, missionary, he writes: "Nowhere thank God." As he became God's have I appeared as anything else but friend, God spoke to him more freely a servant" of God, who has simply of His will. Now some great text of followed the leadings of His hand.

Scripture would be as God's loving I have labored in bricks and mortar, whisper to him. at the forge and carpenter's bench, Again and again occurs in his j our- as well as in preaching and medical

"A LARGE SPR AR GRAZv.n LIVI NGSTONE'S BACK"

MAKING FURNITURE INSTEAD OF BREAKING HEADS These African boys have been taught to make all kinds of furniture at a station in the country south of Lake Tanganyika, which Livingstone discovered on his last journeys THEN AND NOW I N CENTRAL AFRICA'

• Plates from the Missionary Education 1fovement.

"HE ENTERED THE HUT" "HE LET THEM L1ST.EN TO THE TICKING OF HIS WATCH"

SCENES FROM DAVID LIVINGSTONE'S LIFE' .. Plates from the Missionary Education 1-fovement.

FROM THE LIFE OF

practise. I feel that I am not my I t is emphatically no sacriown. I am serving Christ when fice. Say rather it is a privilege. shooting a buffalo for my men, or taking an astronomical observation, I never made a sacrifice." or writing to one of His children. The common Anglo-Saxon tenacity became in him a patient persistency, . " His very being was identi- which finds few equals in history. fied with the Cause. "I mean to Others have used lightly enough the make this a Christian expedition, words, "Try again." Livingstone telling a little about Christ wherever made the words his motto. Mark we go. His love in coming down these highly characteristic sentences: to save men will be our theme." "In my case duty would not call As his character gained unity, it me home, therefore home I would gained as well a singular nobility. not go;" "I shall not swerve a hair- The common Anglo-Saxon honesty breadth from my work while life is became in him the honor of the spared." There is one episode which heart. It was the year 1854. He will never be erased from the memory was at the west coast. On the of men. Gordon Bennett had said journey thither he had suffered frofU to Henry M. Stanley: "Take what hunger, from the hostility of sav- you want, but find Livingstone." ages, from 31 attacks of fever. And After incredible hardship, Stanley now Her Majesty's cruiser was ready found Livingstone, a mere "ruckle to take him back to England, to of bones," a broken down, disaphome, to honors. But there were 27 pointed, deserted man. Stanley plead black men of the interior whom he with him to return home, to enjoy had promised to lead back home. the well-earned rest and glory. Liv": They trusted him, and he led them ingstone refused. His work was not home. Surrounded by the foul moral yet done. Back he plunged into the atmosphere of Africa, he led a life wilderness. The rains descended as so pure that no lips have ever dared if they would never stop. The nahint an innuendo upon his character. tives deceived him as to the way. His followers were worn out by The common Anglo-Saxon courage disease. At last the weary frame became in him a sublime heroism of the man gave way. Nevertheless which feared neither man nor life we find the words written in his nor death, a heroism, too, which de- diary, "Nothing earthly will make clined to call itself heroic. Very me give up my work in despair. I quietly he asks: "Can the love of encourage myself in the Lord my Christ not carry the missionary where God and go forward." So with him the slave trade carries the trader?" it was ever forward, forward, until In his noble address to the students he could go no further forward. at Cambridge, he says: "People talk His servant found him upon his about the sacrifice I have made in knees. He had been praying for spending so much of my life in Africa, when "God's glory smote him Africa. Can that be called a sacri- on the face." fice which is simply paid back as a Livingstone chose God as his small part of a great debt owing to Lord and Master, and God gave our God which we can never repay?

Livingstone a character unified, en- expounded the principles and methods nobled. God's servant became a master of life. of missionary strategy which have A Servant of Humanity been pursued with such glorious suc- Not only this: His choice of God cess in Lovedale, Livingstonia, Ugan- made him what each one of us da and elsewhere.

Bu t through the influence of his character itself he has wrought his greatest service to humanity. Blaikie tells a beautiful story of a later ex- plorer who met a certain black man who wore upon his right shoulder the relic of an old coat, evidently of English manufacture. The coat had been given the man ten years ago by Livingstone, "a white man who treated black men as his broth- ers, and whose memory would be cherished all along the Rovuma Val- ley after they were all dead and gone; a short man whose words were always gentle, and whose manners were always kind; TH E LI V l N GSTO NE l.f ONUMENT I N' CEN TR AL AFR ICA whom as leader it was a privilege At Chitambo's Vi llage, where he died, and where to follow, and who knew the way • his heart was buried into the hearts of all men." Africa, would like to be, a servant of human- the world, is a better place to live ity. To understand how great has been the service, one must read in, because of what Livingstone was. again and again Blaikie's last great chapter, and then one must study Westminster Abbey never received the work of governments and of mis- sions in Africa and elsewhere since higher honor than when her dust be- the biography was written. As an . explorer, "he traveled 29,000 miles came the resting place of this "5011 in Africa, and added to the known part of the globe about a million of a tea-merchant," this Scottish square miles." As a philanthropist he revealed to civilization "the open weaver, the friend of God, the master sore of the world," its character, its causes and its cure. As a missionary of life, the servant of humanity. advocate, he summoned hundreds of the choicest young m"!n and women There is a great appeal to. us in of Christendom to join "the long crusade." As a Christian statesman, the word of President Hyde, '~Ad­ he pointed out the most suitable places for missionary endeavor, and mire heroes if· thou wilt, but only admire, and thou remainest a slave.

Learn their secret, to commit thy- self to God and to obey Him, and thou shalt become a hero, too." There is a greater appeal in the word of Livingstone himself, "I would venture anything for Christ. Pity I have so little to give. But He will accept us, for He is a good Master. Never one like Him."

HOUSES OF ONE MONSEMDE MAN AND HIS

For each addi tional wife the man must build an additional house.

PIONEERING AMONG KONGO CANNIBALS A STIRRING VOLUME OF AFRICAN EXPERIENCE * REVIEWED BV MISS BELLE M. BRAIN Review and Extracts from a volume by Rev. John I-I. 'Veeks * WENTY_THREE years spirit, who ranked as one of the finest tribes on the Kongo. The risk I lTI ago, on July II, r89O, would be great, but such splendid two Baptist mission- men seemed well worth saving. aries boarded the little mission steamer Peace The experiences of th e Kongo .., at Bolobo on the tribes with white men-King Leo- Upper Kongo and began a long and pold's officials and brutal, unscrupuhazardous journey up river in search lous t raders-made the undertaking of a site for a new station. One of doubly difficult. Nevertheless, the them, Rev. W. H . Stapleton, had just two missionaries started out, unarmed arrived from England; the other, save with a modest supply of nails, Rev. John H. Weeks, had been at tools, barter goods and medicines. In work on the Lower Kongo since his fascinating volume, recently isr881. sued, entitled "Among Kongo Canni- bals," Mr. Weeks relates some ex- The English Baptists already had periences, which are most interestingthree stations on the Upper Kongo, ly told and which give a vivid picbut there was a great unevangelized ture of the life of the missionary in region occupied by the Boloki, a Africa. fierce and warlike tribe of cannibals, strong in physique and independent in • "Among Kongo Cannibals," by John H . Weeks. 8vo. Illustrated. $3.50. (J. B. Lippincott Company.) The ill ustrations are taken fr om the book by permission of the publishers.

Searching for a Site about two hours before, bring two of their young men, and with trustful The search for a site proved full of simplicity, place their hands in ours, adventure. In a few days the dis- saying, 'Here are two of our men; trict of Bungundu was reached and when you have done with them bring the little steamer headed for the them back again.' " largest town. From the deck the missionaries could see the people hurry- After that, on arriving opposite a ing away to the bush with their chil- town, the two Bungundu men went to dren and live stock. On landing not the bow of the boat, and shouted a single soul could be found. Ex- to the ,people not to be afraid, that perience had taught them that white these were good white men who were men, took sheep and goats and fowls buying fowl at a very high price. without paying for them. The mis- As a result, many of the towns were sionaries called to them to come out warm in their welcome and gave and sell them fowls, and at last one pressing invitations to the missionold man ventured to peep around the aries to stay with them. corner of a house. Being assured by some native boys who had come with But it was not so everywhere. As the missionaries that the visitors were they neared one of the Bokome1a not state officers but "white men of towns, the missionaries could see the God," he at last came forward and, women and children hurrying to the beating on a large drum, summoned bush and the men gathering on the the people back from the bush. The river bank. As they were about to missionaries bought a few fowl, and step on shore, the men on the bank by paying the enormous sum of three poised their spears ready to throw; pence each (the usual price was two and others in the trees overhanging pence), completely won the hearts of the river, fitted arrows to their bows. the people. When they understood the purpose for which the mission- It was a critical moment. A single aries had come, they begged Mr. false step would have brought a dead- Weeks and his companion to settle ly shower of poisoned weapons. "Tho in their town and eagerly pointed out outwardly calm," says Mr. Weeks, its advantages. The missionaries ex- "our pulses ran high and our hearts plained that they must visit other thumped our ribs. But not until towns before making a choice, but months later did we know how near asked that two men should go with we came to being the principal dish them to explain who the white at a cannibal feast." strangers were, and keep people from being afraid of them. The missionaries tried to explain what they had come for, but the It was, much to ask on such short savages refused to listen. "Go away 1" acquaintance, but so quickly do the they screamed. "We will kill you if Kongo natives respond to fair deal- you come on shore. We want nothing ing that they readily consented. "It to do with white men." Then, in was astonishing," says Mr. Weeks, frantic unison, the whole excited "to see these nervous, fearful folk, mob took up the cry. Meanwhile who had run helter-skelter from us the missionaries were standing, un- armed, within 20 feet of their up- raised spears and there was deadly

AMONG KONGO CANNIBALS

A KONGO WOMAN OF WEALTf{ pIe to steal; but always bought things at a proper market value." D:"ass rings, belt and neck1ace, aU constitute a considerable bank accoun t When Mr. Weeks asked why they had threatened to spear him on his former visit, he received this sig- nificant reply: "White man, just be- fore you came, some white men on a steamer passing by, shot down our chief and some of our people for no reason at all, and we 'swore to kill the first white men that came our way." In this reply is revealed one of the greatest obstacles to the pro- gress of the gospel in Africa.

Away up the river at the Bumba villages Mr. Weeks and Mr. Stapleton had another narrow escape. Tying the steamer to a tree on the bank, they went ashore. Some dogs barked at them, but no one came to object to their landing. But as they proceeded slowly, they noticed some young men silence on board the little steamer. The crew had gone into hiding.

There was nothing to do but go away. Not until out of reach of those deadly weapons did the missionaries realize how great had been their peril. "Undoubtedly they would have killed us," says Mr. Weeks, "had not God placed His hand over theirs so that neither spear nor arrow was hurled at us."

Some months later, after the new station had been established, Mr. Weeks came again to this same village and received a warm welcome. What had changed them from enemies to friends? "It was this," says Mr. Weeks:' "They had heard of our straightforward and honest dealings with the natives ; that we neither stole ourselves nor allowed our peo- A TYP[CAL BOLOKI B2Al>YAN

keeping about 50 yards ahead of them. to afford the best site for the new There were no women nor children station was the town of Monsembe, to be seen, always a bad sign in an in the center of a very populous dis-' African town. The gullies dividing trict, and it was accordingly chosen. the villages were bridged by old canoe It was a splendid sphere of labor planks; but when the missionaries with immense possibilities, and Mr. came to them, they found these VVeeks and his colleague entered upon planks removed, necessitating their their work with undaunted courage going down and up again. As they and hearts full of hope. started to cross the last gully, a rustle in the tall grass on the far Laying Foundations at Monsembe side startled them, and looking closely, they found the bush alive with A few hours after their arrival at men armed with spears and shields! Monsembe, the missionaries measured Just beyond, in the forest, were the off a piece of land along the river women and children they were en- front, and told the natives that they deavoring to protect from death or would buy it from them the next capture at the hands of the white men. morning. The officials of the Kongo To run away would invite a shower Free State had authorized them to of spears, so the missionaries sat take any plot of ground they wanted, down and parleyed with them. but they thought best to buy it from the real owners, the natives. By "Did you ever hear," they asked, six the next morning a motley crowd "of white men coming to fight with- had arrived to witness the novel out soldiers?" transaction. The men came armed with spears and knives, but after much "No," was the surly reply. parleying' about the price, the trans- "Did you ever know them to come action was completed to the satisfacto nght without guns and 'swords?" tion of all. A hut on the premises was the next question. was also purchased for a temporary "No," was again the reply. "Well," continued the missionaries, home, the price paid being 55. Id. "we have nothing but walking-sticks. Are all you men, armed with spears, ($1.22) . afraid of two white men with walk- By means of the trade language ing-sticks? Come, put up the bridge and help us along." in use on the river, the missionaries After a short consultation, the could make themselves understood planks were replaced and the mission- in minor matters; but for preaching aries helped over. The distribution the gospel a knowledge of the native of a few beads, spoons and penny tongue was indispensable. The next looking-glasses won everlasting good- step, therefore, was learning the lanwill, and the natives shouted and guage-a difficult task, for there was danced around the missionaries, hap- nothing to guide them. By constant- ly asking the question, "What is py that no blood had been shed.. this?" words were acquired one at At length the journey was ended. a time and were recorded in note- books. It was fascinating work and In all the long stretch of river they at night the missionaries added tohad traversed, the place that seemed gether the words acquired during the

13] PIO NEERI NG AMONG KONGO CANNIBALS

day and counted them as eagerly as months, that the natives sometimes mi se rs count gold. They were the purposely gave them many wrong words that would eventually enable words and phrases. th em to deliver their message. The missionaries were a sore puz- There were many mistakes due zle to the natives. They were neither to misunderstandings. One day, traders nor officials. What was their wanting the name for table, Mr. purpose in coming ? " Were you bad AT A BOLOKt DRINKING Bour Weeks tapped on it with his finger men who had to leave your own and asked, "What is this?" From the country?" and "Is there no food in boys standing around he received five your country?" were questions fredifferent answers. Each had given quently asked. what he thought the missionary >vanted and only one meant table. A t first, thinking they were traders, The other four meant respectively, they brought them ivory and rubber, tapping ( the missionary's action); but the missionaries did not want plank (of which the table was made) ; either of these. Then they tried strength (a quality of the table) ; and slaves and sugar-cane wine, but with cloth (the cover on the table). Mr. no better success. Finally, some of Weeks put them all in his note-book the headmen came and said in the and only learned his mistake when most solemn manner: "White men, he asked one of the boys to "bring we have noticed th at you have no him his hardness." wives, and think it will be well for you to marry two of our wo- The greatest handicap, however, men. And (pointing to a row of lay in the fact, not discovered for giggling girls behind them) we have

brought some for you to select from." tience, love, and straight dealing won The missionaries thanked them, ,first their confidence and at last their love." but Mr. Weeks explained that he had a wife in the white man's coun- The missionaries were in constant try, and Mr. Stapleton had a lady danger, often when they least guessed there waiting to become his wife. it. At first, the natives never left their houses without their spears and "That does not matter," they answered in chorus. "You can marry knives. The headmen were in favor of two of these now, and when your killing the white men, but were not white wives come, you can send these sure of their power to resist attack. back to their families." "What have they in those cases and trunks? "they asked one another. "Are When the missionaries persisted in they full of guns and cartridges?" their refusal, the headmen went off in a huff, for they had expected to In order to find out, they resorted m~ke a profit out of it; and the to strategy. Going to the bank, they "i,t"tgr'm:en left, chagrined that their would look down the river, and then charms had had so little effect on call to the missionaries, "White men, the white men. the people in the lower towns are coming up to fight you. Get out This incident seemed to make the your guns and we will help you." problem of the white men still The missionaries had but one gun harder to solve. Mr. Weeks states and th;t was in pieces at the bottom it thus: "Here are two white men, of one of their trunks. They did not rich like other white men (the poor- believe the story of the threatened est white man is a millionaire in their attack, so they merely took out their eyes), building houses in our town, binoculars, looked down the river, working hard from sunrise to sunset, made some laughing remark and went refusing our ivory and rubber, our on with their work. Yet in their slaves, our women, and our drink. hearts they were sorely perplexed to What are they? They say they have know what it meant. The natives, come to tell us about God. But too, were perplexed. "Why are the would white men leave home, wives, white men so calm and quiet?" they family, and work in the sun as the}1 asked. "Have they some powerful do just to tell us about God?" magic that will kill us if we fight them? Have they little guns (re- At last the people came to the con- volvers) hidden in their clothes ?" clusion that the missionaries were Lad men and the best thing to do was The calmness of the missionaries to thwart their designs, prevent their undoubtedly saved them through the learning the language, and make as providence of God. "I was once told much money out of them as possible. by an old German missionary," says Much of this the missionaries guessed, Mr. Weeks, "that a display of force but not for months did they know often incited the natives to try issues the whole. "Meanwhile," says Mr. with a stranger in their midst. Our Weeks, "we tried, in our poor way, experience is a confirmation of this. to live the life of our Master, Jesus A better example of it, however, is Christ, among them, and gradually Doctor Livingstone, who went among their suspicions melted away. Pa-

AMONG KONGO CANNIBALS

the wildest tribes and won their con- get out their guns and help. But fidence because he went among them they refused on the ground that all unarmed." the people of the district were their friends. Greatly angered, the savages About four months after the mis- began to taunt them. .With gestures sionaries began work at Monsembe, of scorn they pointed their spears and a horrible experience revealed the knives at them and shouted, "You are real character of the people they had come to win to Christ. Early one REV. J. H. WEEKS DOCTORING A CROCODILE BITE • morning some of the up-river towns came to attack Monsembe and a not men ! You are women! You are sharp battle ensued. Presently they cowards !" began bringing the wounded to the missionaries to have their wounds This was hard to endure. Yet drest; but after two hours news with pale, set faces and comprest came that the attacking party was lips, the missionaries patiently bore in retreat. The fight was not over, it. "It would have been easy to make for the Monsembe people pursued a show of helping them," says Mr. their enemies to their own towns and Weeks. "Firing a shot into the bush continued fighting until they won .a would probably have stopt their complete victory. sneers; but we were there on behalf of the 'Prince of Peace.' How could Before sunset they returned, bring- ,ve embroil ourselves in their wars ing the spoils with them. As the and take sides with them against missionaries sat at tea, the victors filed those we were hoping to reach?" It past, carrying the diimembered bodies was hard on the missionaries, but of the slain. "The horrible sight the result was good. From that was too much for us," says Mr. time on they were regarded as be- Weeks. "We had to abandon our longing, not to Monsembe alone, but meal, and it was days before we could eat again with any relish. The sight worked on our nerves. In the night we would start from our sleep, having dreamed of processions passing with loads of slain and dismembered bodies."

That night Monsembe was given up to cannibal feasts. In the morning the people brought some of the cooked meat to the missionaries who gave them their opinion of such a horrible custom. When the feasting was over, the people lived in constant fear of reprisals. Conscience made cowards of them all. Every rustle of the grass was mistaken for the coming of the foe. At every alarm the men asked the missionaries to

to all the towns in the district. came they would ask: "White man, Three weeks later, when the up- how does the book talk to you? Can you make it talk to us?" river towns came to make peace, the missionaries had a chance to prove If the missionaries had shown any themselves no cowards. The de- eagerness to teach them, the natives liberations were long and noisy, and wou-ld probably have held back. But several times hostilities seemed on by chaffing them and expressing the point of breaking out afresh. doubts as to whether they had brains But at length all was settled and the enough to learn, the people were put visitors came to say "Good-by" to the on their mettle and begged for a mISSIOnaries. But just as they were school. Apparently the missionaries leaving, the Monsembe people began were in no hurry; but at length it to attack them. A fight would have was announced that a school would resulted had not the missionaries be opened on a certain Monday. When driven the Monsembe people back the day came about 20 lads enrolled with sticks, insisting that they had as pupils and a great crowd of onbought the land and would have no lookers arrived with them. Finding fighting on it. the rolld to learning a difficult one to climb, about half of the pupils left It was a revelation to the Mon- after two weeks; but those who sembe people to see two white men stayed made good scholars and, later armed only with sticks-white men on, became teachers of others. they had taunted with being cowards and women-driving back a crowd Of the later history of the mission, armed with spears and knives. What Mr. Weeks tells practically nothing. power had these white men behind His book is not an account of misthem anyway? sionary effort, but a highly entertain- ing and valuable study of the habits, The white man's books and papers customs, religion and laws of the Bohad a great fascination for the na- loki. Incidentally, however, it is retives, but at first they were afraid vealed that the presence and example to touch them, believing that there of the "white men of God" among was evil magic in them, which the them has been a great uplift to the missionaries alone could hold in abey- people, tempering their cruelty, lesance. But they took great delight in sening their immorality and weakenwatching the white men while the ing their faith in witchcraft. Those "books talked to them." Every who read the book, however, will change of facial expression was have a desire to know -more of what noted; if the missionary laughed, the has been accomplished. It is to be people laughed too, and poking one hoped, therefore, that Mr. Weeks another said: "The book is talking will either issue a new volume tellsomething funny to him." Some- ing the subsequent history, or will times they crept up behind, and look- add a chapter to later editions of the ing earnestly at the printed page, present work. cocked their ears and listened intently for any sound. When none

MOST REMARKABLE CONVERT IN

STREET * BY PHILIP 1. ROBERTS, NEW YORK Editor of the Presbyterian Examiner ~~~E2:ij;1 OR many years there All this happened years ago, and stood, right in the for almost two decades the Suicide heart of Mulberry Tree has ceased to exert its baleful Bend, a solitary ailan- influence over the hopeless habitues tus tree which, in the of Mtilberry Bend. Yet in the plea- days when this now sant, little park no.w laid out around densely crowded section of New York the spot where the ailantus once was a pleasant, rustic neighborhood, stood, ruined, rum-soaked outcasts formed part of a shady grove planted gather as of yore. No longer does in the rear of an old-fashioned home- the sinister gallows-tree invite to self- stead owned by one Henry Passman. destruction. Still, from Mulberry In the early forties, however, the Bend to the East River is no great district began to lose its rural aspect. distance, and somebody or other is The old mansion disappeared. Tene- always making the journey. Like ment-houses sprang up on every side; that of every other great city, the and the trees were hewn down with underworld of New York has its the exception of this single ailantus grades of despairing hopelessness.

which for some reason was allowed And any East Sider will tell you that to stand. the "bums" of Mulberry Bend stand Mulberry Bend now became the ever nearest to the Great Divide.

haunt of desperate criminals, earning Vith o.ne of these outcasts-possibly for itself an infamous notoriety as the most remarkable character that the most. dangerous quarter of the ever entered the doors of Water city. And as time went o.n the ailan- Street Mission-this story has parti- tus go.t for itself a reputation as evil cularly to do.

and ill-omened as the neighborho.o.d One evening in the early part of in which it stood. Dark deeds- May he sat on a bench in his favorite murder and robbery-were committed rendezvous, sullen and silent. Usually under its spreading shadow. When he was talkative enough, and passed the draft riots of 1863 broke out in for something of a wit among his New York, and the lower part of the fellows in misfortune around Mul- city for several days given over to a berry Bend. But on this particular drunken, frenzied mob, a score or night he sat for hours, his chin thrust more of negroes were strung up on down into his chest, uttering never a this tree. In later years, hopeless word. Small wonder that he did so, men, afflicted by remorse or suffering for that day-the first in a long and the pangs o.f starvation, got into the peculiarly evil life-he had ,been way of hanging themselves from its given to see with appalling distinct- brall('hes, until, finally, it became ness that his life was a hideous, help- knov:n throughout the whole East less failure-that he-John Tyler- Side as the Suicide Tree. was absolutely nothing more than a * A sample chapter entitled "Into a Far Country," from the stirring volume "Dry Dock of a Thousand Wrecks," by Philip 1. Roberts. $1.00, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1912.

parasite-part of the waste and bur- and sat there wrapt 111 gloomy den of society. thought. A thousand things crowded his brain, the most vivid and recur- The revelation w~s superlatively rent of which were the words of the humiliating. It came with great sud- man in City Hall Park: "A thousand denness-it hit him tremendously times better dead /" Applied to himhard. In its general effect it vividly self, the idea was brand new, bringing recalled a rude awakening he ex- with it the cruel bitterness of defeat. perienced ten years before in Porto Never before had he acknowledged Rico, when having lain down in a himself beaten; never before had he drunken stupor on the dock-wal! he admitted having reached the end of toppled over on to the deck of a his tether, tho many times hard tramp steamer, twenty feet below. driven and in desperate case. Well, Earlier in the day-a day held over he would accept the apparently inconfrom the frigid days of February- trovertible conclusion. That night Tyler had sat for an hour or so in should see the end. City Hal! Park. An icy wind sweeping up Frankfort Street from the river Grimly he set about reconciling snarled across the open spaces, put- himself to his fate. Life was a ting the miserable occupants of the tangled skein anyway, awl its unravelpark benches through the third degree ing was beyond him. He had lived of the homeless. Presently a through his tale of sixty years, rultng wretched, unwashed heggar slouched it in his own fashion-seekinll aovjce by, and a man sitting next to Tyler from none. And the finish should be said: "See that feller? I've known of a piece with the rest. He, himself, him for twenty years. For all the would choose the manner and mode use he is, either to himself or anybody of exit. To die in a hospital, a poorelse, in this world, he'd be a thousand house, or on a park bench some times better dead. Why he does'nt wintry night, he was determined 110t go and make a hole in the East River to do. Yet some such fate must gets me." Tyler started as if stung. assuredly be his, if matters were "Is that so?" he said. "That is so," allowed to work out to their logical replied the other. "There's not a conclusion. vVell, he would himself single reason on earth why that bum take a hand in the game. It should should remain on top of it for an- be the East River as soon as darkother hour." Tyler got up and ness should again brood over the city. walked away. It was the only way.

"'For all the use he is to himself Presently a man who had been or anybody else'-that hits me," he sitting near him got up and walked mused. "'He'd be a thousand times away, leaving an evening paper bebetter dead'-and that hands me a hind him. Tyler took it up anJ wallop too. 'Why he doesn't make began mechanically to read it. Then a hole in the water gets me'-and his eye fell on an account of an anwhy I don't, gets me. That fellow niversary celebration at the Jerry has sized me up to an inch-and McAuley Mission. The paragraph didn't know it." carried his mind back thirty years or more. He remembered how as a He slouched off to Mulberry Bend,

MOST REMARKABLE CONVERT IN WATER

young man of wealth and position he fiung his arms heavenward, "I can't had acted as escort to a party of pray-I don't know how. But if ladies down to this very Mission to you will give me a power to cut this see and hear Jerry McAuley, at that curst drink out of my life, I'll serve time the talk of the town. Some of you faithfully the rest of my days. I the wonderful stories of redemption mean it-I mean it-so help me he heard that night now came back God!" to him with vivid clearness. Then an idea, as new to him as the thought Acting at once on his newly-made of self-destruction had been. crept resolution he hurried down to Water into his brain. Could this Mission, Street where an evening meeting was or whatever it stood for, help him, in progress, and there cried to God John Tyler? It was not likely. for mercy-for power to get the vic- N ever in his life had he made the tory over habits that had held him faintest effort at reformation. Never as with rings of steel for more than in his life had he uttered a prayer. forty years. And what he sought he lIe had no hope of heaven–he had obtained. "Looking backward to that no fear of hell. Such things were memorable hour," he said to me a not for him. He was beyond the short while ago, "I realize that from pale. There was nothing that he the very moment I sought pardon at could think of in heaven or earth that the feet of Jesus the hideous record could make anything more of him of an awful life was blotted out forthan he had made of himself–a total ever. Not for one single moment wreck. There was nothing for it but since that time has the witness within the East River after all. of my acceptance with Christ been withheld. The East River resolve? He flung away the paper, and took Ah! that was a serious business at a turn or two around the park. The the time it was made, but I can afford idea would not down. Why not try to smile at it now!" it? A day or so couldn't make much difference anyway. He came back Yes, Tyler can afford to smile at to his bench again. "God," he mut- it now–he can afford, and does, to tered, as he sat down and pushed his smile on life in general. Things face between his clenched fists, "I have prospered wonderfully with him wonder whether there's anything to during the past four years. I have it 7" His mother he knew had faith said that he is, possibly, the most in such things. He had often heard remarkable convert vVater Street has her say, fifty years before, that Jesus yet had. I repeat that, only to Christ could save the vilest sinner convey some sort of an impression of from his sins–could cleanse and how remarkable a man he really is. make him whole. Could this be done? His experiences and adventures in I f it could, it meant the saving of out-of-the-way corners of the earth, as well as on its well-traversed high- JaIm Tyler, for there were none viler ways everywhere have been alike varied and wonderful. A certain costhan he. A desperate resolve seized mopolitan touch is in his blood–he him. A strange excitement shook is a citizen of the world. His outhim from head to foot. look on life is striking and original.

"Jesus Christ," he cried, as he

He can patter intelligibly in half a fitted me like a glove. Or, as another dozen languages; he has witnessed chap put it one day-'Tyler,' said he, many strange, impenetrable doings 'you're what I call an international of which he never speaks. He is a bum.'

born raconteur, and his budget of "I took my first drink of whisky,"

entertaining stories concerning his he told me on another occasion, "in wanderings to and fro in the earth the year 1866. My people had sent apparently inexhaustible. He has me to a private boarding-school away circled the globe five times and is as in Albemarle County to prevent, as familiar with the East End of Lon- they thought, my contracting evil or don, the Quartier of Paris, the fan- intemperate habits.' One day I, in tan joints of Hong Kong, the Boca company with some other half-grown of Buenos Ayres, or the slums of lads, visited the Monticello home of Calcutta, as he is with the New York Thomas Jefferson, and there tasted Bowery. Six years of his life were liquor for the first time. Forty-two spent in the Australian bush-away in years later I sat in Mulberry Bend the back-blocks where he worked as Park, a ruined outcast. For all that a swagga. "I had the whole world went between, the Lord have mercy for a stamping-ground," he has said, on my soul! Of course I never "for more than twenty years." Tall, intended to become a drunkard, but lithe, with not an ounce of superfluous right from early manhood I became flesh about him, standing straight as a dissipated rake. And an excep- an arrow in spite of his sixty odd tional constitution enabled me to keep years, splendidly shaped head, deeply up a red-hot, cracking pace for more marked features, resolute mouth, and than twenty years. At my' father's a voice of tremendous power, John death I inherited a fortune and Tyler would command attention any- straightway started on a debauch that where. lasted for two solid years. Right He is a son of the Old Dominion. here in this city, living at one hotel Descendant through his mother of in company with the hardest drinking John Clark, whose prayers mingled set to be found within its borders, I with those of Washington during the unloaded money enough to have kept strenuous days of Valley Forge, and me in reasonable comfort the re- through his father of a former United mainder of my days. Among my States president, John Tyler comes drinking pals was an English lord- of the most honored families in Vir- the most" abandoned of us all.

ginia. "Finally, I went broke," he con- "Not a single member of my family tinued, "and then I cleared out of ever brought the vestige of a stain the country. Time and again I tried on the old name excepting myself," to right myself, but to no avail. My he said. sorrowfully to me one day, thirst for liquor drove me like the "and I-well, in almost every civilized wandering Jew-round and round country on this planet I've managed the world. I was always able to to be what a fellow in Gravesend, work, and have tackled every con- England, told me I was-a long, lean, ceivable job under the sun-on land lorn, lanky loafer. The description and sea. When I drew my pay, I

immediately drank it up, and, if dis- American citizen traveling abroad?'

charged, moved on to another place. After some little delay I was con- In India, Australia, Europe, South ducted into the presence of Mr. Bay- America, and the Eastern seas the ard. You can judge of his surprize same shameful story repeated itself. when the American citizen turned out In every country and clime, the devil to be one of the worst vagabonds in robbed me of everything worth hav- Europe whose only business was to ing or holding, and sent me scudding ask for the temporary loan of twenty·· along like a ship before a typhoon, five dollars! Did I get it? Of course knowing and caring not whither. I did. Thomas F. Bayard was a "One time I determined to get Southerner and a gentleman and, away from this awful curse, if it after I had pitched my tale, gave me were possible, by going right up into all I asked. I think, however, that the Australian bush where drink was it was my unblushing impudence that neither sold nor used. I got right carried the day with him. That was up into the 'back-blocks,' more than one of many times that I held up my four hundred miles from Sydney, and country's representatives in foreign joined myself to a sheep farmer. For lands. Indeed, I was unfavorably nearly a year all went well, and I and disreputably known as an incor- imagined myself safe. One day, rigible panhandler to every American however, the old craving came over consul in Europe. And, sometimes, 1l1e like a raging fever and I was when finding myself in some ont-of- done for. I drew the wages due me, the-way corner of the British Empire, and covered that long, weary tramp I would make myself known to Eng- cf four hundred miles back into lish consuls as John McCarthy, of Sydney simply and solely to get Dublin, or Liverpool, and coax assist- drunk. In three days my money was ance out of them as a D. B. S- all gone and I was sleeping under the destitute British subject. Oh 1 the stars in Hyde Park. sordid, despicable meanness of it alll "Let me tell you of another escap- "But there came an end to this ade. I was in London-hard up in globe-trotting. I felt myself old and the East End. I had been paid off unable to rough it, as I had done for f:-om an East Indian steamer, and, of nearly twenty yea;rs. Then again I course, had speedily swallowed the began to have a longing for the old rdoney. Thomas F. Bayard was at country and I determined to return.

tiJat time just entering on his term as My people had long regarded me as {irst American Ambassador to Bri- dead, and I did nothing ,to undeceive tain. Him I straightway determined them. What good could it have to get at, by hook or crook. So off done? They were but the ashes of a I went to the Embassy in Victoria burnt-out life I was bringing home.

Street, Vestminster, and presented I came to New York, and sank lower to the footman a card, on which I and lower with every passing day.

had written : 'Would His Excellency I worked spasmodically, just in order the American Ambassador be pieased to get liquor. But there came a time to grant a brief interview to John when I £lung the whole thing up.

Tyler, of Richmond, Virginia,. an Hope died right out in my life and I

loafed about the city, and slept in the God helped him and he strove to help Mulberry Bend Park pavilion-down himself. His first job was in a on the stone floor. I was beaten at Bowery lodging-house, which brought last. There's a story I once heard, him seventy-five cents a day, his next which, altho it has a touch of humor a clerkship at seven dollars a week. that my awful condition had not, may Then he secured work in Bell~vue serve to indicate my utter helpless- Hospital-working as a painter. ness and need. There was an Irish- Eventually a man who had known man one day passing near St. him years before gave him a chance George's landing-stage in Liverpool which he eagerly seized. To-day he and he saw an English beggar asking is the successful superintendent of an alms. The poor fellow was a dread- up-town office building. "Jesus ful cripple, having lost an eye, an Christ has done much for me," he arm, and a leg. Pat gave him some will tell you. "Health restored, faculmoney and passed on. Then he came ties regained, life changed, hope reback and gave him some more-and newed, I go on my way rejoicing." yet a third time. The poor cripple was profuse in his thanks, and asked Mr. Tyler is much sought after to the Irishman if he would tell him the speak in churches, mission-halls and reason why he had acted so gen- elsewhere. And he readily responds. erously. 'Sure I'll tell you,' said Pat Nowhere is he more popular than at jubilantly, 'an' be mighty glad to. the East Northfield Summer Con- It's this-you're the only Englishman ferences. He has often spoken there I've iver seen in my life that had been and always with acceptance and properly trimmed-trimmed to my power. As a public speaker he has likin.' And, believe me, in some commanding natural gifts. When such fashion the devil must have one remembers that these gifts have chuckled over me, just before I went lain unused and neglected for more to Water Street, for he certainly had than a generation, their quality tome trimmed to his liking. But, praise day is little less than marvelous. It God, I'm out of his clutches now- is my deliberate opinion that forty once and forever." years of wanton and reckless vaga- bondage have deprived this country The days immediately following his of the services of a man who, under conversion were not easy, languorous happier auspices, had ranked as one ones for John Tyler. A man who of the greatest of living orators. has been a drunkard and a vagabond Something has, however, been saved for forty-two years does not easily from the wreck, and out of the salfit in with respectability and good vage God is fashioning an instrument citizenship. But the man persevered. of usefulness and honor.

God never mocks the soul with an impossible ideal, neither should the soul ever mock God with an ignoble one.-Doctor F Watson J-Jannan,

MELTING POT OF THE NATIONS *

BY PROFESSOR EDWARD A. STEINER Author of "Against the Current," Etc.

~T .. HE history of the hu- However strong the economic pres- man race has at its sure which brought and still brings , epochal points the rec- the immigrant, still there has never ord of the injustice of been absent from it a modifying tribes, nations or races. idealism; above the standard of Spain planted by Columbus arose the cross From Abraham of the of the church. Holy men followed with no armor to protect but their East to Abraham of the East Side, cassock, no sword to wield but the crucifix, no higher reward to find the tribes of Israel have gone forth ·than to save the souls of the sav- ages. to seek a better country, and tho The men and women who landed they were seeking only larger pas- at Plymouth Rock or on the shore of Delaware Bay did not come lured tures for their flocks or food in time by the gold in our mines, nor were they led by the trumpet which sounds of famine or lands flowing with milk the note of fame, and among the mil- lions which land at Ellis Island now, and honey, they have often found there are those and in no small num- bers, who are not far removed from Philistines and grasshoppers, flaming their forefathers in their idealism. All of them are looking for a better Sinai and the Ten Commandments. country, economically, many of them politically, and spiritually. Spies have gone out and brought The immigrants brought the church back stories of the wealth of the with them and still bring it under varying symbols. There is nothing land, of strange and strong men to be which warrants the belief that the Christian church in its proper sense conquered, and lured by wealth and is doomed because a people came who were not yet born when the Mayundismayed by fear these pioneers flower set sail for "New England's rock bound shore," nor is the cause were followed by families and flocks of temperance doomed because, in- stead of 400,000 Germans there are into the promised land, which proved landed annually as many Italians; nor is the good government in our a new school of experience, an on- cities doomed because, instead of 500,000 Irish we receive as many ward step in the history of the race. Jews; nor are our public schools doomed because, instead of Scotch That which marks this period from others is that men are not coming as tribes or nations, but as individ- uals. They are coming from prac- tically all the kindreds of th@ earth, and they are all coming to one conti- nent, and more than two-thirds of them to one country. The chief characteristic of this movement is that we are all more or less a part of that human stream. We are not yet so far· removed from it but that we can taste the bitter waters of the steerage and thank God for the sweet waters of Ellis Island and know gracefulness of the shade of the threescore and three palm trees of Battery Park.

'From "Men and Religion." A report of the address delivered in Carnegie Hall at the close of the Men and Religion Campaign. Copyrighted by the InternationM Y. M. C. A. Press.

ane! English the Slavs flock to our when there passed before my eyes cities. 150,000 men and women. I looked into 150,000 throats, and looked intD Until a comparatively recent time, 150,000 pairs of eyes, and of the the churches in America e!ie! nothing 150,000, 96 per cent. of them were for the immigrant. The immigrant coming over here to work and not to did much for the churches. Ex- shirk; to obey the divine command, ploited by the transportation com- to eat their bread by the sweat that panies, and still exploited, treated flows from their own brows, and not like cattle on sea and land for de- to eat their bread by the sweat which cades, the church did not protest, flows from the other man's brow. In the church did not protect him. a way we have no right to say that Poisoned by the foul odors of tene- the people who come to us to-day ments, swallowed by the mines, are facing the economic problems. burned by the furnaces, the church "1e have not too many workers in still did not lift her voice. America-but too· many shirkers. As I stood by the side Df that incoming Not until a decade or two ago did stream of manhoDd and womanhood the churches you represent take notice I said tD myself: "If all the college of immigrant, and then they were professors in creation should strike, moved largely by fear and not alto- it would not make much difference gether by compassion. This fear is to creation." Go through the streets not grounded. The massing of men of New YDrk or any other great city, in our cities, the crowding in of but if you want to see that which en- humanity beginning its struggle at nobles humanity, do not drive along the lowest and most congested rung the fashionable avenues but go over of the economic ladder, children be- to the East Side at 6 o'clock in the ginning life in our tenements handi- evening, when the great army of men capped politically and morally, these and women come back from their are huge problems, but they are tasks, happy because they have dDne twentieth century problems which a day's honest work. I live and every country faces, whether it re- work amDng these peDple and I come . ceives immigrants or sends emigrants away from them always feeling that away. their difficulties ~hrill within me.

On the whole, it may be said that The people who come to America the masses of immigrants who come to-day have also stood the challenge stand the primary test: of our civiliza- flung out in just apprehension by our tion. The challenge at the gate is: civilization: Can they be assimilated? "Are you fit to work?" And the Look at Constantinople, where pretty Federal sieve excludes the unfit. nearly as many races and creeds and nationalities are ·to be fDund as in It was my privilege tD gD abroad New York. They have lived to- on the same ship with the official gether for hundreds of years, the commission to investigate conditions Greeks, the Moslems, the Slavs and in regard to the care of emigrants in the Jew.. I have walked through Europe. I stood by the side of stretches of Arabia, Syria and Greece, the emigration commissioners ap- pointed by the various cDuntries, and stood by the examining surgeon,

MELTING POT OF THE

and Russia and Bohemia and the good and the evil and doing both. Sweden, and Italy, and Jerusalem, They also stand the test of measur- and through them all you can hear the mighty response of this magic ing up to our highest idealism. The power which is taking these people investigation made by the Y. W. C. and grinding out the old and grind- A. reveals this in a most striking ing in the new.' way, and in order to meet this ideal- ism they have wisely chosen to teach How marvellously this thing works English by the means of the simple in America you can have no better but profound theories of the Holy instance of than myself. I have not Book. Every man who has endeava drop of American blood in my ored to come into contact with these veins. I am of an ancestry which new prejudices has come out of this has not for thousands of years, I experience with the profound realizaknow, had a drop of other blood in tion that he is not dealing with the its veins. Last spring I went to my scum of the earth but with ordinary native city of Vienna, and took my humanity striving, blindly often and wife with me. She is an American blunderingly, to lift itself to the diof foreign parentage of the same vine. blood as myself. We walked through my native city, and went into a shop. The realization of these facts ought We were native born and wore cloth- not to lead to a blind ineffective oping made in Vienna, but as soon as timism, but to the consciousness that we opened the door the shop-keeper the church can never accomplish said: "Come and see the Americans." much if moved by fear and not by My children met their little cousins, faith, by prejudice and hate rather who have lived in another environ- than by confidence and love. ment and we found that already they are of two different types. What Can the Church Do? There are a number of things Can these people be assimilated? which the church can do, and first Much more quickly' than we think of all it needs to change its attitude are they yielding themselves to these of mind toward the new immigrant. environmental factors which have Immigration as such, whether it is made Americans out of Celt, Anglo- a good thing or a bad thing for this Saxon, Teuton and Norsemen. country, ought not to warp our minds in our relation to the immigrant. The So long as these factors remain as president of a home missionary sovital as they are, so long as we shall ciety recently introduced me to a have this stimulating air, food enough congregation where the richest man in and a little more, public schools for America attends, but which is made every child, the spirit of democracy up largely of Italians, Slavs and making for a fair chance and for Magyars. One minister made this fair play, a virile patriotic American warped but unchallenged statement: citizenship, so long as we have these "Weare landing annually 200,000 and the other things which make up murderers," while another hoped to a wholesome environment, we need increase the Iiome missionary collecnot fear but that these aliens too tion by stating that we are landing shall become,. as one of us, knowing one million paupers every year.

The belief is current that there is and that is the human race, a fallen a line drawn between the north and race, all of it needing the grace of south of Europe, and that one-half God to raise it to the ideals of the is inhabited by all the good people, Christ. and the other half by all the bad; that prior to the year 1880 the This is both scientific and ortho- United States received only good im- dox, and only as the church believes migrants and that from that till now in this common kinship can it begin only the bad have (,:ome. the task which is before it. Not only must the church change its Professor Hart, who occupies the mind about the new immigrant, but chair of history at Harvard Univer- it must learn to practise at home the sity, declared recently that for a brotherhood it professes. long time the Anglo-Sa:xcon thought that he alone w.as fit for self-govern- The church is facing a new test toment, but that the Germans proved day, and that test is not theological; that they could do it, then the French it is psychological. The question is showed remarkable ability, and then, not: "Do we believe in God as the behold, the Italian fought for a Father of mankind;" this belief is to- United Italy, and gave the world that day almost universal. Do we believe unmatched triumvirate, Garibaldi, Ca- in Jesus, the savior of men? In vour .and Mazzini. Then the Young varied degrees and definitions the Turks struck for liberty and for a masses of religious men believe this parliament, and now even static also. Then we must ask do we be- China, asleep for ages, has supplanted lieve in love and brotherhood? Yes. the yellow dragon with the stars and Do we practise it? That's the testtri-color. do we practise brotherhood?

An emigrant who knows the city It is comparatively easy to love better than I do, told me that the even our enemies when they smell political salvation of this great city of violets, but to act in our relationis due to the new immigrant and not ship with men as brothers who have to the old immigrant. When you eaten garlic, who have a different talk about the corrupt influences of tint to their skin, a different crook these people you must not forget that to their nose, that's the difficult test a city like Philadelphia raised itself we are facing. Christianity has upon the best immigrant blood- modified and changed most of human Quakers, Germans, Scotch, Irish and nature, fallen from Heaven, or risen others, but when these races and the from the beast, and it has a big task Jew came to America there was noth- either way, but it has not modified ing left for them to corrupt. much our ancient hates and preju- dices to any appreciable degree. The Christian church may divide the human race into the undeveloped What we usually claim for Jesus and the more developed, but it can Christ, other religions claim for their not divide it by an arbitrary geo- founders; supernatural birth, mirgraphic line, nor by color, nor by acles of various kinds, even sonship speech into the good or bad, for to of God, but He claimed for Himself the Christian there is only one race -and He was the only one who claimed it for Himself-the sonship

MELTING POT OF THE NATIONS

with man. He, born of a race separ- members of a martyred race, and ated for centuries by religious belief hear all their varied tongues blend and practise. He, royal, divine, into speech, all their thoughts blend pointed and still points with regal into one feeling, then you feel the gesture to these, to all these who do rushing of a mighty wind, for that is the will of the Father, "Are my Pentecost, the supremest moment of mother, my brother and my sister." one's life, when you can disembowel yourself of hate and prejudice, when In the great symbolic miracle at as with a new birth, you can stand the birth of Jesus Christ, the three amid the strife of states and nations wise men not only found a star, but and races and classes, and feel all three wise men, of different race and the human race say, "We, the huspeech, also found each other. We man." This is the supremest moment shall never find the throne of Christ, in a man's life. When the church no matter how brightly the star of gets this new universalism, she will Bethlehem shines, if we do not find get her Pentecost. one another. There is no such test in the church as this test of brother- But let no man believe that this hood to-day. It is easy enough to new emotion is better than the old practise when we are all alike, say unless we really practise this brotherin the Baptist brotherhood, but to hood, and that is no easy task. The practise it among all the nations and thing which your campaign leaders kindred and races of the world-that called social service is an expression is the hard test. ot it. They do not mean that a so- cial survey and social service are I am not a mystic-I wish I were synonymous, that you can serve the -I have lately assailed the gates of immigrant by investigating him, or heaven with agonizing prayer such as fumigating him, or by handing him a comes when helpless man cries out tract on how to prepare a soup bone against death's dark doing, and the so it will taste like a porterhouse. gates were not opened, but when I They mean that by our very profesturned from my own grief and on the sion of brotherhood we are bound street or on the street-car, unselfishly to the toiler, to his children, to his acted the brother to those who could home; that we are bound to keep not even pray, then I knew that there the way open for an honest struggle, was such a thing as communion with and that we are faithless to faith in God and in man if we draw a line in Goo. this endeavor between our kind and the other kind. I know something of the great emotions which flood the human soul. More concretely the church must change her home missionary policy, r have watched the sunri"se and the care for him at the ports en route to the west, to interpret and to desunset splendors of moon and star, monstrate the wisdom and the power storm and calm at sea; I have seen of the gospel. For the last ten years the snow-capped hills, canyons and I have asked that the churches send cataracts, but there is no emotion among these masses of men the best akin to this, of standing in the midst of a human throng in New York, aliens from afar, children of the bondmen and of serfs, hoary-headed

products of our Christian civilization, upon the sea, going to every village to stand between, to interpret the and town of southern and eastern gospel in terms of service, to be Europe, bringing tidings about us, freed from the degrading slavery of carrying our influence of good and denominational year-books, to be the evil. More than 600,000 men and leaven of this lump. A policy of women will return this year to the this kind has been followed to some old world, returning each one of them degree, but the men of America changed by our influences, to village must remonstrate against ineffective and hamlet and town. They are our men and methods in home mIs- messengers-what clo they carry home sions, against wicked duplication, from America?

and overlapping, and against the car- The future of America is still a rying of denominational differences closed book, whose seal none of us is to our alien population, and they must worthy to break, but as the apostle plead and plan for a new type of men who stood on Patmos had his apoca- and women, to form a new army of lypse, so we may hear those who home missionary volunteers equal to come after us, singing the new song, that at the command of our foreign "Worthy is the Lamb that was Slain boards. to take the book and to open the seals Lastly, the churches must realize thereof, for thou wast slain and did that after all this problem is at their purchase unto God with Thy blood, doors, testing their creed, their loyal- men of every tribe and tongue and ty and devotion, that only the leader- people and nation, and madest them ship can be delegated to others, the to be unto our God a kingdom and work must be done by us, and that priests, and they reign upon the after all the most effective work we earth. And I saw and heard them can do for the immigrant is to be saying with a great voice, Worthy ourselves what we want him to be. is the Lamb that hath been slain to Re is in the flux, the molten metal receive the power, and riches and pouring in; we are the matrix, the wisdom and might and honor and mold; he will become what we are, glory and blessing. . . . And the four and, as we are, so will become the living creatures said Amen, and the town from which he comes to us. elders fell down and worshiped To-day there are a million letters him." Let us also worship Him.

HE IS COUNTING ON YOU "He is counting on you!" "He is counting on yotl!" "On a love that will shar.e "Oh! the wonder and grace, In His burden of prayer, To look Christ in the face For the souls He has bought And not be ashamed, With His life-blood; and sought For yotl gave what He claimed, Through His sorrow and pain And you laid down your all To win 'Home' yet again. For His sake-at His call.

He is counting on YOtl, He had counted all you, If you fail Him- And you failed not. What then?" What then?"

THE DAWN IN

A REVIEW BY ERNEST DELANCY PIERSON BOO K has recently 111 "Just Before the Dawn,"* by been published which Robert Cornell Armstrong, M.A., of has a special interest Kobe, Japan,we have an interesting and to Christian mission- pany), we have an interesting and aries as a revelation important study of the life and work of the best type of of the great reformer, and a faith- Japanese character without Christ. ful presentation of the various at- This character was Ninomiya Son- tempts made by the Japanese to toku, farmer sage, moralist, and econ- solve their economic, moral and reomist, the most famous man that ligious problems. The author ex- Japan has given to the industrial presses the hope, that his book will world. Tho he died in r856 (three help to reveal the common,. human years before the entrance of the first side of Japanese character, "anel to Protestant Christian missionaries) the give to those who read it, a broader principles and lessons which he in- sympathy for that wonderful people." culcated still exert a potent influence in the economic life of the empire. Ninomiya himself said: "My teach- To him, perhaps, more than to any ing is that we should reward grace other individual, Japan owes her in- and virtue. If asked for an explanadustrial and agricultural progress, tion I would say, that this means that her habits of thrift, and the develop- we make return to heaven, man and ment of her natural resources. These earth for the gracious benefits we have helped to place her in the pres- have received from them. Heaven's ent proud pOSItIon she occupies blessing is given us in the light of the among the nations of the earth. sun and moon. The sun rises and Since the Russo-Japanese war the sets. The four seasons come and go. teachings of the "farmer sage" have In every living creature there is both gained increased popularity, and the development and decay. In these and Home and Educational Department other ways heaven's blessing is maniof the Government have endeavored fested toward us. Earth manifests to introduce them into the entire her favor through the growth of school system of the empire. The grasses, trees and grain, in the fact fundamental teachings of Ninomiya that animals, birds, and fish live. are known as "Hotoku" (literally Man's grace is manifested in the fact the "Rewarding of the Graces") , that sages teach the Truth; emperors based on the central doctrine of mak- govern their subjects; high officials ing return to heaven, earth and man protect the country and the people; for the benefits received from them. farmers raise our food; mechanics In the year following the peace with build our houses, and merchants dis- Russia, there were 600 Kotoku so- tribute our commodities. "Ve all live cieties in Japan, with a membership by the grace of heaven, earth and of 26,000 and a capital of 300,000 man, and so we· must make it our yen. Since that time there has been first principle of conduct to make rea steady increase in membership from turn to them for their gracious conamong the merchant and farmer class. tributions to our welfare. From H.

'The Macmillan Company.

1. Majesty down to the humblest feudal lords were earnest in their peasant, this spirit must prevail. efforts to purify official life and to Everyone who is, according to his help the people.

heavenly gift, living within his means, Fortunes were sacrificed on the by industry and economy, by saving altar of patriotism; in all parts of his surplus money as a fund for de- Japan men labored unselfishly for the veloping and restoring desert wastes, uplift of their fellows. Doubtless, paying debts, rescuing the poor, help- their example offered an inspiration ing villages and provinces, by saving to Ninomiya in his life-work of ser- home after home, village after village, vice. Like them he was eminently until all Japan has become prosper- practical in his views of helping peo- ous and the prosperity shall spread ple. "Perspiration was to him the to foreign countries, is making return water of baptism," said one of his for the blessing he has received from followers. To inspire men with a de- heaven, earth, and man." sire to help the poor and opprest and In Ninomiya's time (1787-1856) promote their own happiness by the Tokugawa government had ruled bringing happiness to others, this was the Japanese empire for three cen- the reward, he preached, for the most turies, and the power of the Shogun painful and exacting labors.

was at its height. Christianity was In the time of Ninomiya's early not only forbidden, but so was any manhood, Japanese statesmen were teaching that sought to undermine greatly perplexed to know what to the influence of the government. Ni- do in regard to foreign intercourse.

nomiya lived to witness the decay Those who favored opening the coun- and decline of the Tokugawa age, try to foreigners were punished for when the power of the military rulers their liberal views. In 1825 it was was lost forever. Famine, riots, ter- decided to fire upon all foreign ships.

rible oppression, official and social That Ninomiya, a poor fanner, was corruption, had reduced the nation to able to rise under such feudal condi- a pitiable condition. The villages tions, mark him as a man of supreme were almost deserted, and the cities gifts.

were so crowded with idlers and He may be said to have been born criminals, that life was. no longer a reformer, for industry, self-sacrifice safe. During the three centuries of and thrift marked his earliest years.

peace the people had become pleas- It is related that at the age of 12, ure-loving and neglectful. There were having completed a year's service over 100,000 Buddhist temples in the with a neighboring farmer, he re- empire, and many hundred thousand ceived a Japanese kimona and two priests, very few of whom were edu- yen in addition to his board and cated. Various attempts were made lodging. He was on his way home, to check official corruption, to con- when he met a poor man, who had trol the luxury of the rich, and to some little pine trees for sale, and provide employment for the poor. was in great distress because he The history of these attempts at re- could not dispose of them. Ninomiya form are interesting, for many of the was struck with an idea, that here great scholars of Japan, and the was an opportunity to help a poor

THE DAWN IN AFRICA

man and also benefit the entire com- of things it is more essential to have munity. The Sa River near his 'a good man' than to have 'a happy, home sometimes overflowed its boun- prosperous man.'" dary and the boy thought that by planting rows of pine trees along the "Just Before the Dawn" is the banks the neighborhood would be first adequate attempt to present the saved from inundations. So he life and teachings of Ninomiya in bought the trees and spent the rest English, and every scientific student of the day setting them out. To-day and missionary should feel grateful those pine trees have become large, to the author for a work that throws and not only support the river bank, much needed light on the attempts but stand as living monuments to the Japan is making to solve her religious young reformer's thoughtfulness. and economic problems. Ninomiya has been compared with Jesus Christ Industry and economy were his by Japanese scholars, because of his watchwords. "All things except rice, unselfish devotion to human welfare soup, and cotton clothes are only a and the spirit of self-sacrifice which – trouble to their owners," was one of inspired his life-work. "To such an his sayings. Luxuries were to be extent is this true," says the author guarded against as tho they were of the present volume, "that a folenemies. "Work much, earn much, lower of Ninomiya who really .appreand spend little. Gather plenty of ciates the spirit of the sage, is prefuel and burn as little as possible." pared to appreciate the teachings of This, he said, is the secret of mak- Jesus Christ." ing a country wealthy. While he was ever preaching the reclamation of It would be important and interestwaste lands and the development of ing to know if the Hotoku Society natural resources of the country, he of Japan has been of any help to considered the waste and corruption Christian progress in the empire. Are of the mind to be the greatest evil. the teachings of Ninomiya, as fol- lowed by the members of the society, Ninomiya was above all things a calculated to incline the Japanese utilitarian. He did not use morality toward the gospel? This question and religion as a basis for his eco- is not answered by the author, but nomic reform. He introduced the he expresses the belief that Ninomoral, ~o quote from the author of miya's principles should have that rethe book, "because without it indolent sult. For when a man is lifted up and profligate men not only could morally and industrially, he will find not ·assist in the accomplishment of religion a necessity in his life, and his reforms, but his reforms would be ready to accept the gospel of Jesus be a curse to them, in that more Christ because Ninomiya, to a degree, wealth would be placed at their dis- opens the way. This is true only posal and thus hasten their destruc- when men have come to realize their tion. On the other hand he seems own insufficiency, and the inability of to introduce the religious, more be- moral and industrial reforms to save cause the religious beliefs of the peo- mankind. ple were of value to him in his struggle, than because in the very nature Apart from its value as an ad- mirably written study of a remark-

able man, "Just Before the Dawn" ago still goes on. His teachings' were is of general interest for its pithy intended to apply to the conditions sayings, wise counsel, 'and homespun of his time, and there are many reaphilosophy, and is a valuable contri- sons for believing that with his bution to contemporary literature. views, the gospel would have appealed Ninomiya deserves a niche in the to him had he lived in our day. Tho pantheon of the world's great men. he must be called a utilitarian, "He In Japan his fame is ever spreading. saw to some extent the value of the His works are studied, and his fol- moral, and sought to impress on the lowers worship at his shrine. The people at least part of the truth that economical and ethical principles Christ made uppermost when he said: which he taught took firm root in 'Seek ye first the Kingdom of"> God Japanese life and character and the and His righteousness, and all these work he began as a boy a century things shall be added unto you.'"

THE PARABLE OF THE SEED CORN * N Northwestern Iowa The highest mark of honor for an ear of corn is when it is selected for · there is a large corn- seed for next year's crop. I ranch, comprising ten The Church of Christ needs the sections of land. On picked ears, carefully nurtured in the best homes and in the finest schools I l I this land is a tight, and institutions. Many varieties of double-walled build- missionaries are needed fo:- the mul- ing, with a furnace in the basement. tiplicity of work, just as there are This is a corn-crib, in which the tem- many kinds of grain, and all are perature is never allowed to fall be- useful; but when it comes to sowlow 40 degrees. In the winter sea- ing, only the best of each class should son, no matter how cold the weather be used as seed. may be outside, the fire is always kept burning, and the corn never We hear some youthful Jonah, freezes. The ears are laid side by struggling with the call "to go to that side, on racks, which extend up to great heathen city," murmuring, the ceiling. Every ear is large amI "How can I go and bury myself in perfect, for the corn has been care- that foreign land?" Well-meaning, fully selected from the best of the but foolish friends tell him that he entire year's crop on 6,000 acres. will bury his brilliant talents and The scientific farmer who manages rare culture in such a sepulcher. But the estate takes off the imperfect it is the finest corn that is buried. grains at either end of each ear, so Then, in a little while there is a great that only the picked grains of the resurrection, followed by a glorious picked ears are kept for seed, and harvest. "Except a corn of wheat these .are most carefully preserved fall into the ground and die, it abic1for planting. The farmer can not eth alone; but if it die, it bringeth afford to sow "nubbins," for he that forth much fruit." soweth nubbins shall reap-com-cobs.

* From "The Evolution of New China," by William N. Brewster, a missionary to the Chinese.

Published by Eaton & Mains, New York.

MISSIONS AND PUTUMAYO

BY PERCY CROSS STANDING I. S]MALL as it appears on her territory,-white, mestizo and the map of South Indian. America, Bolivia i s large enough to con- . The opening of the Panama Canal tain France, Germany, sounds the bugle call of West Coast Switzerland, Greece development and the first transandine and Great Britain together. The entire population of the Republic, SOME OF THE PUTUMAYO INDIANS however, does not exceed 2,500,000, of whom seventy-five per cent. are railway will soon have rivals. The Indians. hermit repu'blie is destined to be- come South America's great central Bolivia, the Hermit Republic, is the highway when her rails link the roads fifth largest country in the New of Peru and Chile with those of Worlel. It lies wholly within the trop- Argentina and Brazil. ics, yet altitnde, rather than lati tude, determines climatic conditions. F rom To what extent has the civilizing the lofty plateau on the west marked influence of mission ary work so far by the highest peaks of the Andean touched this g igantic native-born range, the republic's vast domain ter- population? Of recent years, more races down through smiling temperate freedom and better facilities have vaIleys to the dense tropic jungle of been afforded to the labors of misthe Amazonian plain. No greater con- sionaries other than Roman Catholic. trast can be pictured than that of the There are at a rough computation Titicaca basin and the Eastern fron- about 300 district tribes of Indians tier. The one, treeless, windswept, scattered through the vast wilderness encircled by the mightiest mountains of th e Latin continent, and in nuof the Americas; the other, a sea of tangled verdure in the heart of the world's greatest wilderness. In a land so varied the products naturally cover a wide range. Precious metals, wrested from the Titanic strongholds of the Andes, rival Nature's most lavish forest gifts.

Two-thirds of the country lies in the lowlands, yet 88 per cent. of the people live on the plateau. The life of the Bolivian highlander is as dreary as his environment, yet he can not often he tempted down into the garden places just over the Andean wall.

Bolivia is 110W spending $30,000,000 on railway expansion, or $12 for every man, woman, and ehild within

MAP OF THE NORTHERN HALF OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN CONTINENT In the area within the circle, 1,320,000 square miles, there is not one Protestant missionary. From "The Neglected Continent. 7'

MISSIONS AND PUTUMAYO INDIANS

merous instances no real attempt has "You would think we were not a been made to reach them with the league from the snow, but IlIimani is Gospel. It is true that there are now forty miles from La Paz. From the sundry grammars of vocabularies of Alto above the city, you can see, 100 Quechua tongue, and that the New miles distant, Sorato peak-21,286 Testament has been translated into feet above sea-level!" that language but it is estimated that some three and a half millions of Mr. Routledge claimed, by the by, these Indian races, scattered along that in a short while he was preachthe great Ancline ranges, are as yet ing regularly to 300 people, including practically untouched by missionary doctors, lawyers, etc, "not to speak influences. It has to be borne in of throngs 0f working men." It mind, when considering this condi- was in La Paz, too, that the heroic tion of backwardness, that Bolivia Robert Lodge of Hartley House Mishas no seacoast since the war of sion passed away, and to-day visitors r879-83, tho, to be sure, its eastern to the Bolivian city may see his boundry includes a portion of mighty humble grave adorned with simple Paraguay River. inscription, "The blood of Christ cleanseth us from sin." Canadian and American Missions To the westward of La Paz, with Seventeen years ago (in 1895), The its curious relics of the old Inca American Bible Society employed a civilization, you may see that exmissionary with headquarters at La traordinary sheet of water-Lake Paz, and a little later the Canadian Titicana-3,600 square miles in ex- Baptist Mission started operations. tent, 80 miles long by 40 wide, and A prominent worker for the latter 12,545 feet above sea level! The only body, Mr. R. Routledge, thus writes known outlet to the other end of this of the natural beauties of La Paz: marvelous expanse of water is the "The glory of the scene is much River Desaguadero which flows enhanced by the fact that the pre- through upper Bolivia to Oruro and vious day's travel is over one of most thence into Lake Poopo. dreary and uninteresting of plains. As the coach stops at the Alto (edge Very many years ago the British of the cliff) and we look down upon and Foreign Bible Society made a the city 800 feet below, we see a tentative attempt to propagandize very compact, pretty little city about some wilder portions of the Andine one mile wide, filled with red-tiled interior, while as far back as 1883 houses and surrounded by high hills. the Rev. A. M. Milne, the veteran The only opening is the beautiful agent of American Bible Society, valley at the bottom directly in front managed to dispose of some five of us, which leads to the great Ama- thousand Bibles on. a Bolivian tour. zon. Every league you go in that That the work has not been without direction means a complete change its perils is evidenced by the circumof climate, but Nature is thriving on stance that a missionary of this Soevery side, flowers, shrubs and trees ciety was murdered by the Indians growing in profusion. some years since. In 1895, and again in 1900, a party led by Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Payne pushed on considerably

farther than the pioneers af Pro- ary lately returned fram Potasi, testantism had previausly penetrated. "covers twenty thousand square me- Their experience of at least three of tres, and illustrates the extraardinary the Indian tribes-the Chiriguanas, wark dane by the colonizing Spanthe warlike Tobas, and the Matacos iards. After about three centuries, -was on the whale satisfactary. the building still stands withaut any signs of decay! The beams of the Patosi and Orura, of silver mining roaf, same of them measuring 14 fame, are among the mast interesting inches square and 30 to 40 feet lang, centers that these workers have are af cedar, and owing to the dry tauched. The populatian of the atmosphere present the appearance second-named tawn, naw perhaps of having been recently cut dawn. 20,00'::>, is said to have once amounted This timber must have been brought to 160,000. Educational and missian at least 40'0' miles aver high maunwork has been engaged in here by tains, across deep rivers, and along :1r. Archibald Reckie, by Mr. and the sides af precipices, and many Mrs. Charles Mitchell in Cochabam- Indians m11st have laid down their ba, and by Mr. Archibald Baker and lives in this work." Mr. Rautledge in La Paz. The Bolivian Indian Mission, of which the Times have certainly changed somewhat for the better in the pic- Rev. J. c. Dalrymple is secretary, turesque cauntry dedicated to the name and fame 0f Simon Bolivar has its headquarters in San Pedra 'El Libcrador.' For one thing, there and several other branches. As one is much more religious toleration, for of their most enthusiastic workers has time was when the missianary inphrased it in eloquent verse: fluences of Anglican and other com- munities were not merely deprecated, "Coming, coming from afar, but were actually penalized by the From the lofty Andine mountains, State. It follows that with greater From Bolivia's peopled plains, freedom of thought higher and more They shall hear the old, old story. civilizing factors will enter into the lives of the Bolivian people. Their The mines of Patasi have yielded country is one of richest, not merely more silver than all the other silver of the South American continent but mines in the world. Between 1545 among the countries of the warld. and 1805, an amount of the Silver, copper, tin, zinc, antimony, precious metal roughly estimated at bismuth, and gold,-all of these are £14,000,000 was praduced, and the produced in increasing quantity, not output is said to have reached 12,000 ta speak af the largely enhanced outper day. The legend is that in the put in such exports as rubber and long ago a woman, Diega Hualca, accidently discovered the existence af cocaa. silver in the atherwise barren regian. One of the most interesting, and at Now there are several thousands of mine entrances, in some instances the same time most difficult phases nearly 17,000' feet above sea-level. of any undertaking in Bolivia, be it At Patosi is the National Mint of missionary or otherwise, is that of the Balivian Republic, in itself a very travel. For many hundreds of miles remarkable achievement. "This building," 'Was tald by an English missian-

MISSIONS AND PUTUMAYO INDIANS

in any given direction, the traveler was in vogue when Bolivia freed this has still mainly to depend upon the and the other South American counnimble-footed but unamiable and tries only one century ago-has its even hostile mule. If such primitive discomforts for the traveler, it is means of locomotion-the same as also not devoid of its humorous point was in use centuries ago, the same as of viev.

THE PUTUMAYO MISSION QUESTION A Statement by J. L. Jarrett Immediately on the publication of and influence with the Peruvian the British Blue Book giving details Government to ask the Government of the horrible atrocities committed to make it possible for Protestants to upon the Indians of the Putu- share in mission work in the Putu- mayo region, an appeal was made mayo, the sphere for which is large for the establishment of a Roman and the call urgent. As usual, she Catholic mission among these Indians stands quietIy by and allows the on the plea that a Protestant mission Peruvian Government to take the would not be permitted. It is to be blame for intolerance for which she noted that the men who make or sup- alone is responsible.

port this appeal claim, in some cases, It is true that the Peruvian Gov- to be disinterested because they are ernment cannot officially recognize not Roman Catholics, but it is also to Protestant mission work, but Bri- be noted that these men are in no tishers and others have treaty rights wise authorities on mission work. whereby they are permitted to carry Neither can we discover that they are on any work which the law does not familiar with Peru as a whole. When prohibit, and certainly the law does not they speak of Roman Catholicism as prohibit Protestant missionary work, being best suited to the needs of medical, educational, or evangelical.

these people, they apparently ignore All that is prohibited to Protestants the great work done throughout the in Peru is the public celebration of world by the Protestant Churches, the Mass (Holy Communion) or the and when they say that Protestant display of images and religious sym- missions are forbidden in Peru they bols. This is no part of our mis- show plainly that they know nothing ionary work, and would be of little of parts of Peru where a successful use or benefit to the Indians of the Protestant work has been carried on Putumayo. On the other hand, the for many years. parading of crosses ·and' images, ban- It has been stated that the Peru- ners and emblems, and the eelebration vian Government would forbid such of Mass in Latin form a large part work, but this has to be proved. In of the Roman Catholic work.

any case we have the assurance that It is interesting to note in this the Evangelical Alliance will not rest connection that the law expelling the content until religious liberty IS Jesuits and prbhibiting their residence granted in Peru. in the territory of the Republic is The Roman Catholic Church has still in force, nevertheless they are not suggested the use of her power resident in fotce in Lima.

The appeal for funds for a Ro- tunity); property is held, buildings man Catholic mission is made on the .are rented, newspapers are printed grounds that "work of this kind and circulated (using the free postal would only be permitted if entrusted service of the country for the purto the Roman Catholic Church." pose); schools are conducted, reli- This statement presumes that the gious meetings held in buildings and Peruvian Government would act to- in the open air; in fact, it has been ward a Protestant Evangelical mis- proved beyond dispute that Art. 4 sion in the Putumayo region as it of the Constitution does not prohibit has never acted during a period of any of such activities.

'THE SOUTH AMERICAN RUBBER BOUGHT BY BLOOD OF THE INDIANS over twenty years, and would read From parish priest to Archbishop into its Constitution an interpretation the Roman Catholic clergy of Peru it has repeatedly refused to read in have tried to get the Government spite of the repeated efforts on the to stop Protestant work, but have part of the Roman Catholic hierarchy. failed. The right to do all that is being done has been recognized in the For more than twenty years Ameri- highest court. can and British missionaries have been working in Peru under the eye Protestant missionaries are, howof the Government in Lima and in ever, constantly subjected to permore remote regions. secution by the intolerant priests, but the civil authorities, whenever ap- Bible colporteurs traverse the pealed to, have reproved the priests country from end to end (selling and protected the missionaries. The what the priests call Protestant Bibles, presence of Protestant missionaries amI which they consequently de- is therefore known and recognized nounce and burn upon every oppor-

MISSIONS AND PUTUMAYO INDIANS

by the GDvernment and their posi- go, but rather a plea for the widest tion well established. range of effort.

Neither civil authorities nor indi- The Protestant Evangelical Churches viduals have ever of their own ac- which have produced a Livingstone, cord molested Protestant missionaries, a Hannington, a Hudson Taylor, a but where at the instigation of the Chalmers, a Carey, a General Booth, priest some weak or ignorant local which have established medical mis- authority has persecuted the mission- sions right round the world, which ary, the Press has at once taken up have educated and trained men of the matter, members of Parliament every nation for every walk of life, have made enquiries, and justice which have always aided the dis- has been done. trest and opprest, are peculiarly Many concrete cases might be fitted to carryon such work.

given, but the story would be too In the letter from the British long for this article; suffice it to say Foreign Office dated May 23, 1912, that the writer, who has been a there is a very strange statement missionary in Peru ever since 1894, made on the authority of the British has been expelled, boycotted, spat Minister in Lima, viz.: "that any upon, stoned, mobbed and persecuted application on behalf of such a mis- in the courts by Peruvian priests, or sion (Protestant) would probably be at their instigation, but has been met by an answer (negative) similar indemnified and reinstated by the to that returned in 1907 when the Peruvian Government, employed in Baptist Missionary Society proposed Government schools, and enjoys to- to send a mission to the Amazon day the friendship of many eminent Valley." The Secretary of the Peruvians. B.M.S. says that no inquiries were The Protestant Evangelical mis- made by his Society, and consequently sionaries in Peru are actively engaged no such reply was received.

teaching, preaching, healing, and We have already shown that perse- otherwise helping towards the moral cution comes not from the people, nor and spiritual uplift of the people. from the Government, but from the Everywhere they are respected by the priests. As none of these are to be people, and encouraged by an classes found in the Putumayo region no except the priests. How, then, can opposition need be expected except it be said that missionary work would from the men who are concerned in not be permitted unless carried on keeping the natives in their power. by Roman Catholic priests? These, we are told, are a minus quantity in A mission to be medical, educathe Putumayo region. tional, and evangelical, which will thus appeal to body, mind, and soul, That "the work must consist for has been started under the direction many years less of abstract religious of the Evangelical Union of South progaganda than of human fellow- America, and a party has already ship, inspired by compassion and set out including Dr. Eliott T. Glenny desire to uplift and benefit material- and Mr. F. C. Glass, both of whom ly," is surely no argument why Ro- have already had experience in "the man Catholic missionaries alone can Neglected Continent."

BATTLES OF A SPIRITUAL WARRIOR *

THE "LIFE OF ARTHUR T. PIERSON" REVIEWED BY ROBERT E. SPEER ~T HIS is the sort of a to those who knew the father well. rJ life story which ought Many did not know of the ceaseless il: to make every reader giving which he practised. Some of of it a better and more us had occasion to discover his courageous Christian habits in this regard, but no one, as – man. It is, as the au- Mr. Pierson says, even in the family, thor says, the account of "a spln- knew all that he was doing. It is a tual warrior, mighty in the Scrip- pleasant story which the author tures, a leader in the modern mis- tells of the simultaneous attempt on sionary crusade." It is the record the part of Dr. Pierson and Mr.

of an unusual life, but it is full of Wright: lessons for every ordinary life as "At the first meeting between Dr.

wen. It is clear that Arthur T. Pierson and James Vright, the son- Pierson had unusual intellectual gifts, in-law and successor to Mr. Miiller, but it is clear also that the industry a curious incident occurred. As and zeal and persistence with which they met in his drawing-room and he developed and used those gifts clasped hands, two five-pound notes would enable many men with smaller prest against each other in the inter- endowments to make a far greater locked palms. Each had been use of them than they are making. prompted by the same impulse and He worked over his Bible, over said almost at the same momentbooks, with men, in church organ- "It has been laid on my heart to izations, in literary activity, in rigid ask your acceptance of a small gift improvement of his tools and his in the name of the Lord." The craftsmanship, and most of all with strange coincidence amused and souls in the clinic of life. Even an touched the hearts of both and as average or inferior man who would each insisted that the other retain work one-quarter as tirelessly as he his gift, both had the joy of giving worked would find himself lifted to a and of receiving at the same time. new level of power and effectiveness. And as the son sayS: During the later years he often "God's bountiful supply never made spoke of the feeling of seriousness Dr. Pierson a careless steward.

with which he came to some particu- Every new talent was received as a lar piece of service. He desired to trust and he was ever studious to do it, he would say, as tho it avoid waste of time or strength or were to be his last. He always money. Often did he joyfully forego put his best power into his work a pleasure that he might give to and that gave him better power for some work which made a strong ap- his next work. peal. At one time he had arranged What those who knew Dr. Pierson to spend a month with friends in saw in his character and his work, Switzerland but appeals for help his son brings out faithfully, but he caused a change of program to a relates much that will be new even week in the Lake District, then fur- * Arthur T. Pierson: A Spiritual Warrior, Mighty in the Scriptm-es; a Leader in the Modern Mis- sionary Crusade. By Delavan L. Pierson. Illustrated. 8vo, 334 pages. $1.50, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 65. James Nisbet & Co" London. ther caIIs led him to take instead a tion he learned that the traveler was day's walking excursion in the su- a minister of a small parish. His burbs of London. Even intimate son was lying very ill and his heart friends did not know of the many was heavy. In parting Dr. Pierson benefactions that flowed through his prest a sum of money into the man's hand. He delighted to be one to hand and in the outburst of thankanswer the prayers of others, and fulness that foIIowed he learned that hundreds of God's servants have he had again been God's messenger given thanks for timely help re- in a time of dire need. ceived through him. One day he was driving along a country road "Unostentatious giving was his denear his Northfield home, when he light, for he believed in keeping his met a man trudging along carrying left hand in ignorance of his right a valise to the railroad station three hand's generosity. But giving brought miles distant. It was. out of his to him such hilarious enjoyment that way but Dr. Pierson invited the his family and more intimate friends man to ride and drove him to his learned to recognize, hy the peculiar destination. In course of conversa- elasticity in his movements and the particular sparkle in his eye, evidence

of some new benefaction that had the study of the Bible, his belief in brought joy to his heart. Neither and proclamation of the free gospel was his giving confined to times of of redemption and righteousness, and plenty, for he learned to regard the his missionary outlook and ministry.

impulse to give to a worthy cause as The Bible was to him all that the an impulse fr·om his Lord, and he Psalmist tells us in the I I9th Psalm believed that the same God who made the Law of God was to him. It was it possible for him to relieve another's a Living Oracle. His one theme in extremity would make up any tem- public speech and private conversa- porary deficiency caused by his gift. tion was the gospel. Everything he He that 'lendeth to the Lord' will thought or said or heard led to it not long be kept a creditor of the or came from it. And both Bible Almighty." and gospel were to him universal There will be great comfort in messages, meant for all the world, this book for many earnest souls to be carried to all the world, and to who battle with self-consciousness, be carried now without delay. Doubt- with self-confidence, with self in any less, he was often considered an en- form. They will meet here with a thusiast, but that did not trouble fellow-warrior who tells us that from him. Can any man think too highly the first to the last he had this bat- of the Word of God or of the tle to fight, who declares that he Gospel of the Son of God? Paul did "fought not always well," but who not think that he could. No critical knew that he would look back and necessity of guarding his speech lest smile at the struggles in that day, he should claim too much for any when he should awake with the like- word of God or for the incarnate, ness of his Lord and be satisfied. crucified and rise!l Son of God ever Dr. Pierson was no untempted saint, paralyzed his glowing passion. Dr.

who found life easy and who, when Pierson sought to believe with the stung by shame of failure, made an same passion and unrestraint. And easy escape by lowering his ideals that in the mission enterprise he was to ease his self-judgments. He had a devotee, one who believed to the a standard fixt and secure in God's uttermost, and who dreamed in the perfect character revealed in His ample measure of worlds, was to authoritative Word, and all of life him not a reproach but the glory .

must be, in his view, one ceaseless that he sought. This story shows surrender to Christ to the end of ap- how many of his missionary dreams, prehending that for which we are at first deemed ecstatic, came solidly apprehended of Christ. The grace true.

which he found sufficient for forgive- There are few literary tasks more ness and for power, we, too, may find difficult than a son's faithful biog- sufficient and ever near. raphy of a father. The perspective But the great lessons to be learned is likely to be faulty or the charac- here are not lessons of personal ter judgment to be partial or the character only. The three aspects of treatment of delicate incidents to be Dr. Pierson's life which stand out prejudiced. Mr. Pierson's problem most clearly are his reverence for in dealing with many complicated

BATTLES OF A SPIRITUAL WARRIOR

A MESSAGE IN STONE Model of the MODUDlcnt io GreeDwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York situations and in doing ju~tice to the thoroughly Christian temper. We lay many aspects of the varied experi- down his life of his father with a ences of his father's unusual career just view of the father's intense, conwas far from easy, but his success scientious, loyal, uncompromising, onis remarkable. With unfailing good ward battling life, and also with a judgment and discretion and kindli- richer trust in him which is reflected ness, he has handled the mass of from the son's fidelity of judgment material from which he had to select, and kindliness of spirit in his telling wisely and effectively and justly. We of the life story. His work is beauhave been marred for the want of tifully done. It is the Christian story Mr. Pierson's sOllnd-mindedness and of a Christian man.

A VISIT TO AN A!vIERICAN LEPER

BY W. M. DANNER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Secretary for U. S. A. of the Mission to Lepers in India and the East g-"E ARLY in the morning for the men and women. _All attend services at the same time. of a beautiful summer day, in The Railway The patients here range in years Depot of New Orleans, from a devout Lutheran woman who is 90 years old to a boy of 7. It I met Dr. Ralph Hop- was indeed a pitiful sight to see this little child, living with the group of – kins, the visiting physi- cian in charge of the welfare of the patients .at the Louisiana Leper Col- unfortunate people who had no up- ony. It was Saturday, the day which lifting hope of recovery from the the doctor weekly devoted to the disease.

lepers. Some of the lepers are totally A journey of four miles-most of blind. There are two "terminal which was along the Mississippi cases" that are loathsome beyond levees, where water in the river was description, but the doctor, the sisters high above our heads-brought us and Father 'Keenan, the resident to the Louisiana Leper Colony, where priest, treat them with such consiwe found a "Home" occupied by 74 deration and love that they do not lepers. seem to realize their condition. More than two-thirds of the lepers here After suitable changes had been are native-born, and Dr. Hopkins afmade in our clothing as precautionary firms that leprosy is spreading in measures, Sister Benedicta became my special escort and took me all through Texas, Mississippi and Alabama. the premises, where I saw face to Such work as this, with the addiface all forms of the disease. The home is well conducted, the food tion of gardening, weaving and cergenerous, the surroundings cheerful, tain forms of educational work, incluand in this entire company not a per- ding instruction in the common branches and Bible Study, may be son appeared to be discouraged or seen in anyone of the 82 stations downhearted, except one poor old in which Protestant missionaries in demented patient, whose chief cause foreign lands are caring definitely and of sorrow was that he had not been specifically for the lepers. The Misable to "put his room in perfect sion to Lepers in India and the East order." is now responsible for 52 asylums The religious life of this place is for lepers> in China, Ceylon, India, directed by a priest and sisters, Burma, Japan, Siam and Korea, and whose cheerful appearance and res- for 20 homes for untainted children ponsive attitude to the patients indi- of leprous parents. 30 other stations cate nothing of the hardship and dan- are aided by this mission through gers incident to their self-sacrifice. grants of funds by Christian teach- The little Catholic Chapel is built so ing and by the support of lepers. that the men come in on one side and The Mission to Lepers is in active the women on the other; ,yhile visitors, cooperation with 12 Protestant nurses and doctors sit in a separate American and 18 European Foreign space, between the sections allotted Mission Boards.

MAO; A CHINESE ST. FRANCIS *

~~~~~o hosts of Chinese men clung to most on earth. The prayer and women the name was heard by that God, whose heart of Cheng Mao is sa- not even the follies of idolatry can cred. From him they close to longing souls, and the much learned to trust the Savior, to keep the beloved mother was spared to her little son." faith, through persecutions and privations, sustained by the When twelve years old Mao was glorious hope that some day they apprenticed to a shoemaker and for will see the Master's face. In many a long period he followed this trade. communities his memory is revered In spare hours he sold peanuts and as that of a saint. The good that he other eatables in the street for his did lives after him. The fires of faith father's support. While thus emhe kindled in the hearts of his ployed he acquired a taste f01" reading countrymen still burn with steady which he found of great benefit in flame. As we read the simple story of his pure and beautiful life we feel after life. As he waited for custom that the age of miracles has not at a temple door, or beside the road, he forgot the cares of his toilsome, passed. We are conscious of the sordid days, in a book. His apprennearness of God's presence in human ticeship over he worked as journeyaffairs. man shoemaker beside his father at the sign of "The Daily Victory." It was a hard life. The shadow of "Unseen, because our eyes are dim; poverty hung over his boyhood and Unheard, because our ears are dull. was never quite lifted unto the end.

He walks the earth, the beautiful. Mao grew to manhood slender in And all good deeds are done of him." stature, below middle size, with a pro- In the summer of I8SI a baby boy minent projecting brow, and remark- was born at Chuan-Chow in a family ably bright and intelligent eyes. He of the partly literary, partly artizan spoke quietly with diffidence and class. The boy was named Yung- there was more of the literary man Yuan, but he cried so much that his about him than the artizan. He mother called him "Yeh Mao," her became a reliable worker and could little "wild cat." The second part of earn his ten cents a day making cloth this strange name clung to the child, uppers for shoes. Among his shop- and he was known bv none other in mates he was not very popular. He after life. – declined to join in their rough jests Little Mao's father a stern, hard and practical jokes and so earned the man of a fiery temper, was the cause nickname of "Bighead." But nothing of many stormy scenes in the house- could disturb the calm of Mao's spirit, hold. His mother a mild, gentle he never attempted to retaliate when little woman with strong religious they hid his tools or played some instincts, exerted a quiet force for other trick, patient kindness toward good, and brought peace when the all men marked his character then father was in an irritable and quarrel- as it did in after life.

some mood. Mao grew up devoted In 1878 Mao heard for the first to his mother and his first real sor- time the gospel preached in the row was when she was taken ill. "Worship Hall" which had been "The thought of losing her caused opened some years before by foreign him to hurry to the temple of missionaries. After the services Kwanyin to pray for her recovery, some friends who had accompanied beseeching .her that lookethforever Mao began to criticize the address down on the sound of prayer, to take they had heard. He did not join in the many years from his own life and add discussion at first and then surprized them to that of the being whom he his companions by saying quietly, * A Chinese St. Francis, or The! Life of Brother Mao. By C. Campbell Brown. George Doran Company, New York. Illustrated.

"You blame the teaching we have of the First Epistle to Timothy.

just heard as wrong? I can not but Henceforth, Mao was absorbed with think that it is right." the new doctrine, and while making In the shop where Mao worked shoes he kept an open book on. his the new doctrine was generally con- knee which he read as he worked.

demned, but to all their arguments His uncle rebuked him for going to Mao persisted in saying "it is true." the barbarian church and Mao, who He might have been at a loss to had been trained to show deference to explain why he defended the teach- his elders, was disturbed by conflict- ings he had heard in the "Worship ing thoughts. To disobey his elders Hall," for he understood almost noth- would be to put himself in the 'ing of Christianity, but it would seem wrong; not to obey the truth which that the seed of Truth was already he had discovered would also be planted in his mind. Several months wrong. What was he to do? The later his interest in the new doctrine colporteur to whom he explained his was freshly awakened, when he heard trouble said, "Your relatives are but that several shoemakers had become men and women, the Supreme Ruler Christians. A thorough Confucianist, is Lord of All. His will is para- he wished to believe that some help, mount. Are you anxious to obey or benefit might come from the wor- your superiors? Then first of all ship of God. When an acquain- you must obey God." The solitary tance named Ch'i joined the "Bar- seeker had troubles to contend with barian sect," Mao questioned him at home, in the shop, in his own heart.

eagerly about Christian doctrines. "The strife of the gospel call had A hunger seemed to have taken hold touched him, its calm had not yet of him; a longing to discover whether . fallen upon his spirit."

the religion of Jesus might not help Henceforth Mao would join shyly a man to lead a better life.' When in the discussions that followed the Ch'i told him that the "Jesus Church" services in the Worship Hall. He was the true church, he replied, "If was ever asking questions, pondering, the Jesus Church be thus right, I thinking. A ceaseless conflict raged ought to be all the more careful to be within him between the claims of the right myself." After this discussion old faith, old superstitions and cus- he often snatched a few moments toms, and the new doctrine. One day from his street vending to listen to when alone in the workroom, .worn the word of life in the preaching hall, out by the misery of doubt he seized until the call of duty drove him out a piece of paper and wrote: again into the night. "Supreme Ruler, 0 thou most high Mao's growing interest in Chris- I pray Thee show me the way I vow obedience to Thy will." tianity was strengthened when a book called, "The True Doctrine Accurate- No more of this simple vow has ly Weighed" fell into his hands. He been preserved, for while he was also made the acquaintance at this writing some workmen burst into the time of the colporteur Chhieh-gi, who room and the paper was torn from explained the plan of salvation to him his hand. A friend of Mao rescued in simple terms, and stimulated his some of the scraps, and piecing them eagerness to learn the truth. Night together was able to decipher the after night Mao braved his father's three lines quoted above. From this anger to visit his Christian friend's time Mao found peace for his house where they discust religious troubled spirit in prayer. Powerless matters often until daybreak. On the to save himself he cast his soul on next "worship day" Mao went to God. His family noticing his inchurch to hear more about the gospel. creased interest in the hated foreign On this occasion he was deeply im- doctrine tried alternately by threats and moving appeals to wean him prest by what the preacher read and explained from the third chapter

MAO: A CHINESE ST. FRANCIS

from the new faith. It was a crush- I will tell you about our Heavenly ing blow when his gentle mother Father, your God and mine. You turned against him and assisted in must come and worship with me."

burning his "worship books." But And sometimes forgetting his timi- his patience, endurance and loving dity in his eagerness to save souls kindness toward those who perse- he would stretch out his arms to cuted and reviled him imprest his stop people on the highway, unwilling family and fellow-workmen, and they should pass by until they had brought about more friendly relations. heard the Word of Life.

They could not but see that there One day while preaching before a was something in his behavior dif- temple he described to the people ferent from their own lives. how the Lord Jesus bore with pa- The Bible was now Mao's constant tience and humility insults and indig- companion. At night he took it to nities, and how when they spat in his bed with him and read it by the face and struck Him upon the cheek light of a small lamp he had bought he made no murmur.

for the purpose. He was the first 'Heh 1 cried one in the crowci, up in the morning and again reading "You preach his doctrines, lets see if his beloved book. you can follow his example" and he "He had set his heart on God's spat in Mao's face and thrusting his truth," said a friend afterward "I fingers between the preacher's lips never saw anyone read the scriptures tore at the gums until they bled.

as he did." This habit of bible study Mao wiped his mouth in silence and reacted on his friends and those who then prayed quietly that God might had not read the Scriptures diligently forgive his assailant and bring him began to do so. to a knowledge of the Truth. Mao In the summer of 1882 Mao was had frequently to bear physical in- baptized. His courage in preaching juries inflicted by bullies and rowdies and growth in Christian knowledge during his years of preaching, but was so remarkable that the following he was ready with a kind answer or winter he was ordained a deacon. a prayer for the aggressor. If Mao He now resigned his shoemaking and met or heard of anyone who seemed was employed by Dr. Grant as a to have been imprest with the colporteur to sell books and preach truth, he followed him up with such the gospel in the city and surrounding patience and persistency that many districts. Now began for him a life unable to withstand his eloquence and of constant stir and stress. He was clear reasoning yielded and became daily the victim of persecutions and Christians. He never seemed to des- insults. But the peace of God was pair of anyone. "He reverenced even in his heart and however the enemy those who jeered at the truth. He might rage about him they could not preached to the older people as if they disturb his inward calm or force a were his parents, saying to himself harsh word from his lips. 'This is my father I must save him; Tho Mao was physically timid, this is my mother I must save her.'

his wide knowledge of the masses The younger he sought out as a especially fitted him for the field to father would seek his own children, which he had been called. He knew dealing with each one as tho there the difficulties created in the heathen were no other souls for him to save mind by contact with Christianity and in the whole world."

could help them by relating his own Mao always went shabbily drest struggles and experiences. He was because most of the little money he so eager to persuade men to accept made was spent in clothing others.

Christ that he would crouch down at He was frequently taunted about their feet like a beggar. his poor appearance.

"Listen!" he would say. "Listen! "You have only two ragged jackets

on your back in this 'ten coat bringing about a remarkable conver- weather'" cried a jeering voice from sion. "On the other side of the the crowd one winter's day. "What church was an opium-den kept by a blessings have you got from serving man named Feng Hsien, who was no God?" friend either to the doctrine, or its "You do not understand" he ans- preacher. The drug-vendor who was wered. "If your eyes were opened a large consumer of his own wares, you would see that I am loaded with suffered from a painful form of indi- benefits. You think that I am poor, gestion. While the den was full of but I am rich. By and by I shall smokers he managed to hide his dis- wear beautiful and shining clothes, comfort, but at night, when the last when I go to live with God in the benighted customer had left the place, Heavenly City." he would relieve himself by crying The purity of Mao's life his pa- aloud. One night, hearing sounds tience and endurance under trial, the of distress next door, Mao went to love he showed for those who perse- Feng Hsien's shop, where he found cuted him, did not fail to impress him in great pain. Some warm tea even the enemies of the faith. They fortunatelv relieved the trouble, and recognized that here was a man who after a short time the preacher was lived up to the principles he preached, able to go home to bed. After several and they were curious to learn more visits, the poor fellow softened a of a religion that could so transform little, and was willing to have Mao and beautify character. This spirit pray with him. A section had, for of inquiry was the means of opening the convenience of a previous tenant the minds of many unbelievers to been cut out of the wall dividing his accept the truth. shop from that now used as the Once when he was preaching to the 'worship hall,' and the gap tem- people a rough fellow struck him on porarily filled up with bamboo wattle.

the cheek, while another dashed his Through this slight partition the hat off with a blow. Mao bowed his sound of voices penetrated clearly, so head in prayer and a hush fell on the that long before he entered the church crowd. Even the wildest spirits felt Feng Hsien knew something about awed by the calm with which he had the gospel.

received their persecutions. Mao se- "If you don't serve God" said cretly rejoiced that he was privileged his neighbor, "You will be more to suffer for the faith it seemed to blameworthy than other people, for bring him nearer to his Savior. you hear the truth every day." The At the time he was preaching at opium dealer's mind slowly opened Yingnei the church adjoined an ac- to the light and in time he joined the tor's boarding-house, the proprietor Christians in their gatherings for being a determined opponent of the prayer and instruction.

gospel. When the congregation were "One night after the congregation arriving for the services, this man had dispersed a visitor who was would take his stand with a pair of occuping the sleeping quarters behind cymbals and clash them together to the 'worship hall' heard a continuous make the by-standers laugh. If Mao muttering on the other side of the remonstrated with him he would say partition. Curious to know what was defiantly: "You are going to hold happening he listened intently, and your services, I am going to hold caught the sound of words that mine," and then would set the actors seemed familiar. Presently he made pounding on drums and banging rat- out that someone next door was read- tles and blowing on pipes so that the ing from the gospel of St. John. It din made worship impossible. wa$ the opium-vendor. Afterward It was at this place that Mao be- when describing the incident to a came the influence under God in friend the visitor wrote, 'To hear

MAO: A CHINESE ST. FRANCIS 21

amid the midnight silence the holy sought continually. Three, or four words of Jesus in the feeble tones of times a night, he would rise when he an opium-smoker was an experience thought I was asleep and kneel on not soon to be forgotten' the bed beside me to pray and often After nearly a year's struggle Feng I heard him weep as he prayed for Hsien was by the grace of God en- his brother and uncle." abled to give up his profitable opium business. The sacrifice cost him his It was an ever present grief to all, leaving him to earn a scanty living Mao that for years he had labored in by peddling oil about the viIIages of vain to bring these much loved relathe district. So weakened was he tives to a knowledge of Christ. The by chronic indigestion, that he was struggle was long and heart-breaking often very weary as he carried his but Mao never faltered and before he burden of oil from place to place, but died, he had the blest assurance he cheered himself on by telling the that they were both saved, and had people everywhere he went about the entered the Master's service. love of God. They were the more willing to listen since they knew that We have spoken in another place for conscience sake he had given up a of the keeper of an actor's boardingprofitable business, to depend upon a house, who interrupted the church pittance won by daily toil. In 1891 services by clashing cymbals and who he was received into the Church and, in other ways created a disturbance. when more fully instructed, was em- This man Ts'e was bitterly opposed ployed to sell books and to preach the to the gospel, but Mao visited him gospel. Unfortunately his health frequently and literally prayed him undermined by vice, gave way entire- out of his opposition to the truth. ly; he was attacked by wasting It was on a Sunday that this man leprosy which compelled him to give was gathered into the fold in a rather up all work and entailed months of dramatic manner. The church people lonely misery at the last. The body, were beginning to arrive before the burdened by disease sank slowly, but 'worship hall' when he dashed out the soul remained stedfast until the cymbals in hand with the old defiant end came and he died victorious." look in his eyes and again bent on deviltry. Mao said to him gently, Such remarkable conversions were but sadly, "Ah Ts'e do you think of almost daily occurrence during the that there is no God? If there really years of Mao's active ministry; in- is a God how will you answer Him deed as we follow the splendid record when you meet Him by and by?" of his work for God and humanity we seem to be reading from some Ts'e lowered his cymbals and ancient half-legendary history of the moved away. If what Mao said was miraculous experiences of a medieval true after all; if there was a God, saint rather than the story of a man what then? That very day he gave of our own time and generation. himself to God, bought a testament, broke his opium pipes and lamps, Prayer was the unfailing source and gave the actors notice that he from which Mao drew the strength would entertain them no longer. His father persecuted him bitterly for that made him tho a physically weak and timid man, a fearless soldier in joining the barbarians while his wife showed her spite in a hundred ways. the fight for the Master. "I lived "Sometimes she poured his rice into with Mao for seven years" said a friend to the author of this book, the pig-tub, leaving him without breakfast; sometimes she refused to "During which time we worked to- cook for him altogether. In the progether by day, and slept side by side whenever we could find quarters after vidence of God, however, she took very ill, and, finding that neither docour labors were over. His heart was tors nor idols could effect a cure, she joined to the Savior whom he said to her husband, "You say that

God is all-powerful; if He can heal this house' and forthwith struck me, I will worship him along with him with his tobacco pipe. Despite you." Mao went and prayed for her the insult, which according to the in the sick-room, and his prayers Chinese code no educated men may were answered, and Mrs. Ts'e became condone, Mao after a night of prayer a Christian." From this time she and invaded the enemy for the fourth time her husband were incessantly perse- with a friendly face as if nothing cuted. Their infuriated relatives had happened. When the teachers burned the crops, and the wife was eyes fell upon him in the doorway, attacked and nearly murdered. But he was so much taken aback that the Ts'e stood firm and with his wife and abusive epithets died upon' his lips, child was baptized in 1891. He after- and, in his confusion he asked his ward served faithfully as a colpor- pertinacious visitor to sit down. Here teur and preacher. was a man on whom ill-usage had as During the seven years that Mao much effect as water falling upon a preached at Yingnei, the scene of the stone. remarkable conversions we have cited, he was anxious to win a hearing for "'I submit' said the scholar handthe gospel among the educated class. ing Mao some tea; "you indeed are 'While not so successful with them worthy to be my mentor. Confucius as with the masses, by the time he teaches us to avenge our injuries; your finished his ministry at Yingnei he Master teaches you to overcome your enemies with kindness.''' had persuaded a number to attend the services in the "worship hall" When Mao's last sickness was upon 11ao's visit to one of the literati in him, they bore him tenderly back Yingnei will not soon be forgotten in to the house of his birth, and as, he the district. "The scholar full of crossed the threshold, he murmured, . importance as a representative of "Some one will go to Heaven from Chinese learning gave him a cool this place to-day." He lay with his wellreception, disputed what he said and worn Bible open before him on the declined to accept bible quotations as bed. His lips moved ceaselessly in of any value in the discussion. Mao prayer until he fell asleep. went away feeling rather disheartened that he had failed to make any im- "A Chinese St. Francis" is in many pression on the man, but the next respects a remarkable book, and one day he called again. that should strengthen and encourage missionary workers in every foreign "The scholar nettled by this second field of Christian endeavor. So long visit, attacked the Christian teaching as there are Maos born into the in an uncompromising manner, and kingdom there can be no reason to made false charges against its advo- despair of the ultimate triumph of cate, growing so angry at last that. he the Gospel in the East. blew into a flame the smoldenng hemp-stalk which he held in his hand, The life story of this little Chinese and scorching Mao's chin with it shoemaker is related with simple force said: 'If you come here again I will and brotherly sympathy. He becomes a very vivid personality who enlists beat you.' "The following morning after much our interest from the very beginning of his short but useful life. The prayer, Mao paid another visit to the author C. Campbell Brown was eviirascible teacher who 'changed face' dently in love with his subject as many of the readers will be and he when he saw him, and broke into a has taken great pains to secure from storm of bad language. When at the lips of Mao's friends and relatives last there came a pause, Mao began reminiscences of Mao's career and to speak, but the other cut him short ministry so that the portrait lacks saying; 'Yesterday I said I ~ou1d nothing of interesting details to show beat you if you came back agam to us the man "in his habit as he lived."

EDITORIALS

THE LIVINGSTONE CENTENARY Because the people of Burma need the gospel. I T is an event worth noting when a Scotch boy, born in a poor man's God calls every man to make the cottage and early apprenticed as a best possible use of his life. . weaver's boy, becomes a worldfamous missionary and is buried Because"1 want to help bring God's among kings and nobles. Thus it is Kingdom to earth by telling to those that all over the world we are to who have never heard, the message of celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of David Livingstone, salvation. the famous missionary-explorer of The need at home and abroad. Africa, (March 19, 1913). That occasion has been preceded by a three- Because the home church needs months' educational campaign, for the inspiration of obeying Christ by which excellent literature has been sending me, and ~he native church is provided. There is something for still wofully in need of leadership. every church and every department of every church-leaflets telling what Because I see more need in the to do, fully arranged programs, il- Philippine Islands than here, and lustrated books for everybody from there is no reason why I should not the primary children up to grandparents. go. To fulfill the command of Christ, Pastors and Sunday-school workers have here a great opportunity to de- who intended that His gospel should velop in churches and scho01s a be a world-wide gospel and His dishealthy missionary zeal. The life of ciples its world-wide messengers. Livingstone has been an inspiration to thousands. All can now obtain To share the riches of love in and use the leaflets from the denom- Christ with young men for whom He inational publishing houses. People died and who without Him have no may be persuaded to purchase and hope for this life or in eternity. read the Livingstone books, and the more they read the more they will Because of the need and the anwant to hear. The programs have ticipation of making a Christian home been prepared for the Young People's open to students of Madras. Societies, the churches and Sundayschools. Handsome portraits of Liv- Because in foreign service I feel ingstone may be purchased to hang in assured of the great blessing of a Sunday-school rooms. There are also life of unusual usefulness. suggestions to pastors for sermons on David Livingstone. Because my profession (trained nursing) can do more for God in WHY MISSIONARIES GO China than in Philadelphia. The need at home is great, the need in T HE outgoing Baptist missionaries China is vastly greater. who left America last fall were asked to give their reasons, in a A sense of deep gratitude for what sentence, for going as missionaries. Christ has done for me and a desire The responses make up a testimony to help where the need is greatest of no small value. Missions gives takes me to India. them as follows: 'Knowledge of the great need brought responsibility; every obstacle in the way was removed; gratefully, gladly look forward to service.

I have only one life to live and I want to invest that where it wiII be of greatest service.

Because the gospel of Christ means so much to me that I can not help sharing it with those who need it the

most and who have the least oppor- e. By keeping members from sup- tunity of hearing it. posing that their "apportionment" is Because I know that China's great- the measure of their duty.

est need is Jesus Christ my Savior. 4. Stimulate prayer for missions Because China needs Christian and missionaries.

homes. S. Promote Bible study.

Because I want people in India to 6. Stimulate personal evangelism.

accept Christ as Savior. 7. Hold regular meetings of the To tell the people of India the committee for prayer and consulta- story of Jesus and His love and tion.

His transforming power. 8. Try to discover recruits for the Because of a deep-rooted desire field at home and abroad.

from childhood, when I was also This is a large program and may dedicated thereto by my dying Chris- be too great for speedy realization, tian mother. but a healthy, wide-awake missionary Because I think it is the Lord's committee is one that is making will. progress toward the ideal one step at A need of Assam, known and felt, a time.

and an opportunity to meet that THE VALUE OF MISSIONARY WORK need. SIR WILLIAM MACGREGOR I find the greatest need and there- once told the story of how there fore the greatest opportunity for came to him, when he was governor usefulness in mission work. of New Guinea, a distinguished Aus- trian nobleman, recommended by the I want my life to count for the home government. He took him up most for time and for eternity. the country for some days' shooting, when after a time the gentleman WHAT CAN THE MISSIONARY COM- MITTEE DO?

T HE following suggestions are turned to him and said, "Sir Wil- given for the benefit of church liam, I do not understand it. Where missionary committees that earnestly is your army?" "I have none," said wish to help carry out their Lord's Sir William. "But how do you keep great commission: order? This is New Guinea," asked I. "Take stock at least annually the Austrian, and Sir William .an- and keep records that the growth of swered, "The people keep order them- interest and contributions may be as- selves." Much troubled and perplexed, certained. the nobleman went on. When he 2. Adopt and carry through a com- came to the end of the walk, he said, prehensive plan of missionary educa- "What about the hunting for the tion for the entire church. next few days ?", and Sir William a. By regular missionary meetings. said, "Of course, there will be no b. By the use of missionary pam- hunting on the Lord's day. The phlets, books, and magazines. Austrian looked surprised and said, c. By the organization of mission "Why ?" "Well, the natives won't study classes. go." He said, "Won't they go if you 3. Adopt and _carry through a com- ask them?" "I daresay that they prehensive plan of missionary finance. might, but I never intend to ask them a. By adopting weekly missionary to do a thing like that. But we will offerings; ask them what they are going to b. By adding special thank-offer- do." So the natives were brought ings; up and asked what they intended to c. By a personal canvass of the do on the next day, Saturday. They whole congregation; said, "Weare going home." "What d. By promoting the adoption of for?" "Why, for worship on the higher standards of Christian steward- Lord's day." And so they went.

ship; The governor, in telling the story, added significantly, "I wonder whether the preparation 0 f the masses for that nobleman saw any connection the preaching of the gospel in larger between those two things, and real- measure than ever before.

ized that a Sabbath-keeping people does not require an army to keep it PHILIPPOPOLIS AND PHILIPPI in order. There has been no difficulty A Correction I in establishing order in the South N our December number of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW (page 882), Seas on the part of the government. The missionaries did it for us." there appeared an unfortunate error GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION IN which identified the modern Philippo- polis with the ancient Philippi. This CHINA was probably due to the similarity in name. As a matter of fact, however, A GERMAN missionary calls at- the ancient Philippi, mentioned in the tention to a fact which deserves book of The Acts, was situated about consideration. He says the Manchu nine miles from the coast of the Dynasty never opprest the common JEgean Sea-in ancient Macedoniapeople and w.as never felt as the government of strangers. The em- while the modern Philippopolis is pire in China was really a religious located about eighty miles further institution, and the common China- north, in Eastern Rumelia, which is man thought as little of the fact that a part of ancient Thrace. Philippothe dynasty was non-Chinese, as the polis is a mission station of the German, Irish, or American Roman American Board and of the German Catholic thinks of the fact that the Orient Mission. Ancient Philippi is pope is an Italian. The Chinese em- not now inhabited, but there are peror was to the peasant the son of ruins that mark the spot where it heaven on whom depended all civil stood. The city of Drama is near and moral order. the ancient site and the Protestant Mission Church there is called the Tho the republic has been estab- Modern Church of Philippi. lished many months, there are multitudes of farmers and common peo- ple who have not yet heard of the "NOW, CONCERNING THE COLLEC. revolution. As soon as the change TION" becomes generally known, a great re- ligious upheaval must take place for "What can I spare?" we say: the son of heaven has been removed "Ah, this and this, and the question will arise, Who is to take his place and keep moral and From mine array religious order? Confucianism, as re- I am not like to miss." ligion, is fast losing its power and will not serve as a substitute for the **** suddenly lost faith in the son of "And here are crumbs to feed some hungry one: They do but grow a cumbrance on my shelf"- heaven. Some are inclined to think And yet, one reads, our Father gave His Son, that the moral order in China will Our Master gave Himself. be entirely overthrown when the deposition of the emperor becomes DONATIONS RECEIVED known in the remotest parts of the thickly populated country and the No. 433 Industrial Evang. Mission, India .. $5.00 Chinese religion will be shaken in its No. 434 Chinese Famine Relief. . . .. .. •. . .• 5.00 very foundations, and that the hour No.' 435 Chinese Famine Relief …… , ….• 10.00 of the "yellow peril" win have ar- No. 436 Chinese Famine Re·lief ……..•..• 22.86 rived. We believe that there will be No. 437 Chinese Famine Relief. . . . . .. .•. . . 5.00 No. 438 Chinese Famine Relief.. . . . .. •. . .. 3.00 a severe shaking of the faith of the No. 439 Chinese Famine Relief. .•……… 12.00 Chinese people in the near future, No. 440 Chinese Famine Relief.. • . . .. .. . .• 6.00 but we also believe that it will be No. 441 Industrial Evang. Mission, India.. 5.00 No. 442 Industrial Evang. Mission, India.. 5.00 MISSIONARY NEWS AMERICA sion interests should take part in a conference to be held January 29 to Fifty Missionary Conventions in Store consider what religious movements shall be undertaken in San Francisco FIFTY principal cities, east, middle during the Panama Exposition there. west and coast, will be asked to It is hoped to carry there for that hold missionary conventions between occasion the exhibits which have been October and April next. The request shown in several cities of the "World" is to come from the Laymen's Mis- in Boston, Cincinnati and Baltimore. sionary Movement. These cl;mven- A conference was also ordered with tions will be like those held In the the Home Missions Council with the same cities two or three years ago, hope of developing better means to and the series will form another counteract the introduction into mlsslOnary campaign. This time, America of the religions which. forhowever, the campaign. will ?e. for eign mission forces are fighting in home as well as foreign mlSSlOns, other lands. and the speakers will be of wider range. The largest. matter brought up under the home-base report was a Officers Foreign Missions Conference plan for a new foreign mission cam- paign among the American churches T HE twentieth annual conference early in 1914. This is to aim at ex- of the Foreign Missions Boards tending missionary Bible study, misof North America met at Garden sionary prayer and missionary infor- City, Long Island, Janua,ry IS to .17, mation. Movements have so multi- I9I3. On the precedmg evening plied in the modern church that it is there was held a union dinner in the no longer easy to find a time for interests of Home and Foreign Mis- such an undertaking which shall sions. As usual, the conference 1)1'0- not conflict with similar efforts by gram was made up of important re- other interests. It was, therefore, ports and discussions on t;Iatter~. of ordered that the home-base committee home management and foreign pO:lcy. shall make careful inquiry for a Such subjects as "Administrative period that can be devoted to foreign Efficiency and Expenses," "Anglo- missions without obstructing any· American Communities in Foreign other joint church enterprise. Lands," "Unified Plans of Education and Giving at Home," "Simultaneous The Home Missions Council Campaigns," "The Opportunity in China," "Woman's Work," and the T HE annual conference of officers "Spiritual Side of Missionary Admin- and members of Home Missionistration" were discust with earnest- ary Boards and Societies was held in ness and profit. The situation in New York City January 14 and IS, Korea claimed prayerful consideration I9I3. This council aims to promote and a committee of some of the ablest fellowship, cooperation and efficiency jurists of America was constituted in Christian work in the United States with whom the foreign mission and its dependencies. Among the subboards might consult whenever ques- jects discust this year were: "Work tions of diplomacy or of international Among Mormons," "The Value of law .are involved in mission adminis- Home Mission Week," "Neglected tration. This is a step of far-reach- Fields," "Missions to Indians," "The ing importance and is likely to be New South," "Work for Negroes," of great practical value. and "Rural Fields." Already much It was agreed that the foreign mis-

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

benefit has come to the work, the together for a parlor meeting at the workers and the fields worked by invitation of Mr. and Mrs. E. E.

this friendly conference of home mis- Olcott. Addresses were delivered by sionary officials. The standing com- Dr. James L. Barton, Dr. Charles mittees include those on General Co- R. Watson and Mrs. Benjamin W.

operation, City Work, Immigrant Labaree. The aim and the result is Work, Rural Fields, Indian Mis- a clearer conviction as to the import- sions, Negroes, Spanish Neighbors, ance of missions to Moslems and Neglected Fields, Survey, Literature. deeper interest in the work of the Social Service is included in all of Nile Mission Press.

these branches of Home Missions. The Plans of the Federal Council The Council decided to make Home T Mission Week an annual observance HE Executive Committee of the Federal Council of the Churches in the churches. In 1913 the week is to be the one preceding Thanks- of Christ in America (Chairman, giving and the topic which the Rev. Frank Mason North, D.D.), anchurches will be asked simultaneously nounce the appointment of a joint to consider is "Immigration." A new commssion representing the Confercommittee, of which the Rev. Dr. H. ence of Theological Seminaries and C. Herring is chairman, was ap- the Federal Council for the purpose pointed to work with a like committee of recommending courses of instrucfrom the Council of Women for tion in theological seminaries on so- Home Missions in preliminary ar- cial, industrial and allied subjects. A committee consisting of Dr. Robert rangements for this observance. E. Speer, Bishop A. W. Wilson, Interest in Miuions to Moslems Bishop Arthur S. Lloyd, Dr. Thomas T HERE are many evidences that H. Barbour, and Dr. James L. Barton God is using the recent events has been appointed to arrange cooperin North Africa and the Balkan ative plans between the Commission on Foreign Missions and the Foreign states to arouse in Christians at Missions Conference of North Amerhome new interest in work for the ica. conversion of Mohammedans. Not only have books and magazine articles The propaganda is being pushed appeared to throw a flood of light on with vigor for one-day-in-seven for the subject, but lectures and confer- industrial workers through cooperaences have brought together many tion with the American Association sympathetic hearers. for Labor Legislation.

An all-day conference on the sub- An office of the Council is to be ject of Missions to Moslems was opened at Washington and there is held on January 14 in New York, under consideration a cooperative rewhen 100 or more friends of the ligious campaign to include all possi- ble denominational and interdenominwork came together and able addresses ational agencies and movements, in were given by such men of note as connection with the Panama Expo- Dr. James L. Barton, Dr. Charles R. sition. Watson, Dr. George F. Herrick, Rev. Robert M. Labaree, Rev. Stephen The World in Chicago T Van R. Trowbridge, Dr. Talcott Wil- HE Great Missionary Exposition is to be opened in Chicago May liams and others. The spirit of friendship for Mohammedans was 30 ann will close June 7, 1913. This marked as was the hopeful view exposition is a gigantic entertainment, taken of the outlook for Christian a round the world tour for stay at work among them. homes, a world emporium, where all Another remarkable gathering was kinds of books and foreign goods a parlor meeting at which nearly 300 may be obtained, and a school of of New York Christian leaders came education in home and foreign peo-

pIes, their religion, manners and cus- 000 and will be on the site of the toms and the Christian work being old residence of Bishop David H. done among them. Visitors and Greer, head of the Protestant Episworkers will derive benefit from the copal Diocese of New York, at Gramexposition in direct proportion as arcy Park and 20th Street. It will they put time and thought and energy be like a modern, high-class hotel, into it. eight stories high, and will have 75 bed-rooms, together with rest, music, National Reform Bureau's Plans and dining-rooms. The New York City Mission and Tract Society has T HE National Reform Bureau, of been under the efficient direction of which Dr. Wilbur Crafts is su- Dr. A. F. Schauffler for many years. perintendent, is pressing the follow- It now maintains four churches in ing measures: New York City, all undenominational, but of Presbyterian leanings. Its I. Kenyon "red light" inj unction work extends to all classes and nalaw for D. C. tionalities, including the Jews.

2. Johnston District of Columbia Chinese Women Students in America Sunday bill. THE first Chinese women to come ~. Lea-Sims Interstate Gambling to the United States as students bill under the Boxer Indemnity Fund re- 4. A National Interstate Anti-cigar- cently landed. on American soil, toette bill. gether with 26 young Chinese men, also coming under the same provision 5. An Anti-Polygamy amendment of the Chinese government. Some to the U. S. Constitution. of the party remained in universities in the West, but 6 students went on 6. McComber bill, to suppress to New York and will pursue their liquor seliing in old soldiers' homes studies in that city. The 28 successand all buildings used by the United ful candidates for western education States government. were selected out of 300 competitors in Canton last July. The two 7. Kenyon-Webb bill, to protect no young women and eight of the men license territory from interstate in- were students at Canton Christian vasion. College, whose dean, Dr. W. K. Chung, has lately been appointed 8. Gronna bill to prohibit liquor commissioner of education for selling in ftawaii. Kwongtung province.

9. A bill to suppress liquor selling Protestant Episcopal Work in Alaska in all the "Indian country" of Alaska. NEARLY 20 years ago, before the 10. A bill to stop collecting internal Klondike had been heard of or revenue from "speak-easies" in no the United States had begun to take license territory, or granting them of Alaska seriously, the Protestant Epis- Federal liquor tax receipts. copal Church created a missionary district and sent a bishop to that 1 I. A bill to prohibit the issuing of northern-most part of the United money orders or the registering of States. In that land of over 600,000 letters on Sunday. square miles, a brave little band has surrounded Bishop Rowe, a splendid 12. A bill to prohibit opium traffic leader, and has made a courageous in all territory under U. S. jurisdic- and inspiring fight for Christ and His tion. church. The work has been con- ducted under rema·rkable handicaps. 13. A bill to prohibit U. S. attorneys engaging in private practise.

14. Better State laws, especially extension to all States of Iowa "red light" injunction law.

Home for Women Workers in New York MRS. JOHN S. KENNEDY will build a home for women workers and nurses connected with the New York City Mission and Tract Society. The house will cost $400,-

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

The mission stations are isolated and the island to-day. It had its beginthe journey from one to the other ning in 1861 when a number of are long; the centers of population colored Episcopalians emigrated from are, with few exceptions, most un- the United States to Haiti, and it is stable, for a sudden stampede may being carried on by about 20 missionpractically empty a town in a week aries who are located in the most imand create another many miles away; portant places. Yet the number of all is in a state of flux; the climate church-members is still less than one is severe and trying; and the neces- thousand and the Sunday-schools have sities of civilized life are peculiarly less than 500 pupils in attendance. high-prized. Thus the budget of ap- All other societies at work in Haiti propriations from the Protestant (the Wesleyan Methodist, African Board has been very high, nearly Methodist Episcopalians, Free $50,000 a year, while in addition very Methodists, Christian and Missionary large sums were needed as "specials" Alliance, and Baptists) have only to make the work nossible. a total of 17 missionaries and 139 native workers of all descriptions, The work of the Protestant Epis- while there are only about 3,000 Procopal missionaries in Alaska has been, testants altogether upon the island. and is, two-fold. The natives, who Surely, Haiti is a needy field, for it were most sadly in need of the gos- has almost 2,000,000 inhabitants of pel, have been approached, and with whom more than three fOl1rths are most encouraging results. At the negroes or mulattoes. same time, the hardy white settlers in the new land have been looked Portuguese in Bermuda Becoming after, in devoted service, by the missionary pioneers, who have given Protestants the whole church a splendid example of complete consecration. Bishop QUITE a colony of Portuguese Rowe, who refused the easier work Roman Catholics has settled in of the diocese in Cincinnati only a the island of Bermuda. Many of few months ago, and his little band them broke away from the yoke of of missionaries furnish an inspiration Rome and began to inquire into Proand a stimulus to the spiritual life testant doctrine, but they had little or of the Church of Christ.· no opportunity of listening to preach- ing in their own language, until they WEST INDIES had a visit from Rev. Kyle a short time ago. Dr. Kyle has been a mis- Missions in Haiti sionary, under the Presbyterian For- eign Board, in Brazil for twenty-five HAITI, second in size of the West years, where he did a tnost excellent Indies and lying between Cuba and successful work. Now he is laand Porto Rico, is nominally a Roman boring, under the Presbyterian Home Catholic country. But the negroes of Board, among the Portuguese in the country districts are ignorant and Massachusetts. He remained three have so many heathenish practises weeks among the Portuguese in Berthat they are sometimes classed among muda and held five meetings every the fetish worshipers. Protestant week. It was the busiest season in all missionaries have been at work in the year for the planters, but crowds Haiti since 1816 and many Protestant came all the same, night after night. negroes have emigrated to the island The intensest interest prevailed .and from the United States during the showed no sign of abatement. One past hundred years, yet Protestants of the meetings was held in the open are increasing very slowly, partly on air, when a baptismal service took account of the very frequent rebel- place. There were about four hunlions and civil wars. The work of dred persons present, and it was evithe American Protestant Episcopal dent that a profound impression was Church is probably the largest upon

being made and a genuine work of and believes that the moral tone of revival was going on. Dr. Kyle esti- Cuban life is bound to be greatly mated that of the thousand Portuguese benefited under the regime of an in Bermuda three hundred belong to honest statesman like Menocal, who the Protestant community, having is popularly regarded as entirely su- broken away from Rome entirely. perior to the graft that has run so A Rest Home in Porto Rico deep in recent years through Cuban public life. Dr. Greene writes: MRS. EARL CRANSTON writes "The Protestant outlook in Cuba is in the Christian Advocate: very encouraging among the middle "After several years of effort at and lower classes. The upper classes last we have seen our dream come seem to be still firmly attached to the Catholic Church for social reasons, true. Near the center of the island, on a mountain overlooking other altho they give no sign of any real ranges of mountains and valleys, religious faith."

stands a beautiful building, with yel- Mi..ions in Porto Rico low-gray concrete wa1ls and red-tiled roof. Against a background of green T HE Baptist, Congregational, Prestrees and blue sky, illuminated in the . byter-ian, and Methodist Home sunshine, it seems to bid a cheery, hos- Mission Boards have agreed on a terpitable welcome. There are beds for ritorial division of Porto Rico, so that eight adults and a nursery for the the work will be done more efficiently children. The idea is that of a quiet and there will be no conflicts between home for rest for all the tiredcout denominations. Americans have prac- American Protestant missionaries on tically built up a public-school system the island; a large number at one time in Porto Rico in the last ten years. in a great sanitarium would prevent They range from high schools downthis. Tho all the $12,000 except ward, are free to all, and are eager- $500 was given by Methodists, and the ly attended. School libraries, school Methodist Board of Home Missions banks, and municipal playgrounds are owns the property, and it is under the established.

direction of our superintendent, Dr. An Archbishop President of Santo Domingo B. S. Haywood, yet our plan from the A first was to extend brotherly Method- CCORDING to the New York Tribune, the Dominican Congress ist hospitality to all these fellow workers. is about to elect to the presidency The Presbyterian Church Archbishop Nuelo, who has been agreed upon by the various warring DR. J. MILTON GREENE, of factions as the only man who in the Cuba, is now the only American present crisis can restore peace to the minister in the Presbytery of Havana. revolution-torn nation. The arch- His IS ordained associates there are bishop's selection is made with the all Cubans, who labor under his su- consent of the Vatican, a cablegram perintendency. The work has, there- to that effect having been received fore, struck deep roots in the native by him from Cardinal Merry del Val, soil of Cuba. There are 15 organ- the papal secretary of state, who was ized churches in the Presbytery, and a classmate of the archbishop. It is IS preaching places beside, with 27 asserted that there is no religious organized Sunday-schools, having a significance in the election, nor is it total attendance of 1,500. There are to be considered as a step toward the 600 pupils in 13 day-schools main- union of church and state.

tained by the mission. President Victoria consented to Dr. Greene has great faith in the resign and allow the archbishop to administration of the newly elected serve out the remainder of the term president of Cuba, General Menocal, of 14 months. The archbishop has

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

never been in politics except to exert dians living in aboriginal savagery. an influence for peace, and it is ex- The time has come when serious men pected that he will be able to exercise must concern themselves with this that influence to an even greater de- situation. San Domingo and Haiti gree as the civil head of the nation. are the homes of degenerate Negroes engaged mostly in war and present- Religious Census of Jamaica ing an appalling pictt)re of human degradation. T HE Registrar General of Jamaica has published the particulars of Idolatry in Guatemala the religious census taken in the island in April of last year. Accord- HUNDREDS of people from all ing to this census the island contains over Guatemala, from Mexico 7I5,673 inhabitants, of which, in and other Latin-American republics, round figures, one-third belongs to at this time of year are making pilthe Church of England, while only grimages to visit the "God of Esabout 24,000 are members of the Ro- quipulas"-a big, black image in the man Catholic Church. The number city of that name in the eastern part of Baptists is given as 195,053; that of Guatemala. These poor benighted of Wesleyan Methodists as 83,228; people actually believe that this ugly that of Presbyterians as 56,635; Mo- wooden image can work wonderful, ravians, who have had such a flour- miracles, and many of them save ishing missionary work in the island money for years in order to be able for many years, as 36,208. The to make the trip, but invariably they other denominations to be mentioned return in rags, with their purses are the Disciples, the Congregational- looted. Not only the poor and igists, Seventh Day Adventists, Salva- norant are thus deluded, but many tion Army and Friends. of the well-to-do and educated people believe in this foolishness and decep- A rather surprising figure is the tion. All the churches are full of number of Hindus, namely, 9,211. Of wooden images, and all the people Jews who have been settled in the is- who worship in them bow down beland there are only 1,487. Work fore the gods made with men's hands. among the Hindus is being carried on to a limited extent only. EUROPE CENTRAL AMERICA A Great Society in Great Straits Conditions in Central America A CORRESPONDENT writes in the Pittsburgh Christian Advo- W ILLIAM BAYARD HALE, in cate: "I am sorry to say that the an impressive address at the state and prospect of the Wesleyan recent Mohonk Conference gave a Foreign Missionary Fund is giving comprehensive survey of conditions great anxiety to the committee. We in the countries around the Caribbean shall sOon enter on the third and Sea as the result of his own ob- last year of our Centenary celebraservations. He said that in Nica- tion. We have set before us the raugua there prevail poverty and task of raising the sum of $1,250,000 cruelty unsueakable and we have no as an expression of our gratitude to conception of the terrible depths of God for what he has done for us, darkness in which the common peo- and what He has enabled us to do ple are living. In Honduras and as a church in foreign mission work Guatemala the conditions are similar. during the hundred years since our Here the native populations are ut- missionary society was formed. But terly enslaved by brigands striving we could not wisel)' spend that sum for control of the government. From on our missions without entering on one-half to three-quarters of the new fields, and creating new agencies, population of these countries are In- and so making absolutely necessary an increase of the annual income.

Consequently the Centenary Move- would ever let a girl take a situation ment aims at raising the annual in- without due inquiry; all are glad to come by at least $25,000 year by be appealed to." year. The last-named part of the scheme is proving the most difficult A Great School of Languages -in fact, it is hitherto a failure. Two of the three years .are gone, and T HE School of Oriental Languages show a decrease, instead of an in- in Berlin has just celebrated its crease in the yearly income. In fact, semi-jubilee. Lessons, theoretical and for several years past we have had practical, are given in Chinese, Japanan adverse balance of several thous- ese, Arabic, Amharic, Ethiopic, Perand dollars." sian, Turkish, Swahili, and numerous Indian and African languages. In TFree Church Missions in a Nutshell each language there is a native in- HE Free Church of Scotland has structor, as well as the European on its rolls 358 home agents and professor. The school does not only 4,427 native agents. The attendance deal with languages, but with such at its schools is 107,886, and its subj ects as tropical hygiene, practical church-members in full communoin geographical knowledge, the arts, cusnumber 107,886. Of the natives, 68 toms, ideas, commerce, etc., of the are ordained and 2,859 are teachers. peoples whose languages are studied. The stations occupied number 215, Missionary experts have been asked and the out-stations 1,637. With In- to lecture in the school, among them dia the principal field, its workers are being Dr. Richter and Inspector Axalso found in China, Africa, West enfeld. and South, Manchuria, New Hebrides, West Indies, etc., etc. Under the Czar THE CONTINENT RUSSIA is larger than all the rest of Europe put together. For the Unprotected in Paris Less than 10,000,000 of Russia's 163,000,000 population have ever T HE Paris correspondent of The heard a so-called gospel sermon. Living Church claims that few other cities make so good a provision The empire comprises more than for the protection and care of young 25 different languages and nationalwomen coming as strangers for work ities within its confines. or study. He says: "Strangers who come to Paris find a large number of Methodism is preaching in 6 laninstitutions with open, hospitable guages. In St. Petersburg is a Sundoors. For the French-speaking peo- day-school of 300 which meets in a ple there is l'Ami de la J eune Fille, room 20×60 feet. in particular, where Catholics and Protestants unite in a great work. There are 17,000,000 Mohammed- Lists of houses, of pensions, of res- ans in Russia. There is being built at taut·ants, respectable and inexpensive, St. Petersburg a Mohammedan mosunder the surveillance of this society, que, which is to cost about $3,000,000. are posted up at many church-doors, During the last 10 years 10,000 conat ~ome railway-stations and else- verts are said to have been WOn to where throughout the city. DUnian Islam. Chn?tienne des Jeune Gens is a work on somewhat similar lines for young A post-card from Dr. Simons says: men. For English-speaking girls "To-day is another red-letter day in there is the Girls' Friendly Society, the annals of our mission. Have just Miss Leigh's Home, the Christian dedicated the fourth Methodist chapel Association, several admirable Ameri- in Russia. Some people traveled can homes and clubs. None of these from 20 to 30 miles by foot to be present. Here One can see old-fash- ioned Methodism. In nearly every meeting souls are soundly converted."

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

Mission Work Among Wounded Soldiers been witnessing a living panorama of CONGREGATIONALIST mission- military tactics. Five weeks ago the defeated Turkish forces, estimated to aries in the Balkan peninsula be about 40,000, arrived here from Monastir. Their broken ranks were find that the war gives them some un- in a pitiable, dilapidated condition. This usual opportunities for service. Near- led us to open our home to sick sol- diers. The Greek army, more numerly 1,000 Bulgarian soldiers were ous than the Turkish forces and better equipped, arrived a week ago (Dec. quartered for several days upon the 20), after having defeated the Turk- ish force~ outs!de of the city. Djavid mission in Samokov, and officers and Pasha WIth hIS forces left the city the day before. A staff of Red Cressoldiers were weII disposed and eager cent officers were left in charge of the 200 and more sick and wounded to. receive the r.eli;;ious'pamphlets sup- soldiers temporarily provided for in a school· building near by. Five of p~led by the mlSSlonanes. Daily ser- these Moslem physicians, pharmacists, etc., asked us for shelter under our VIces were held, attended by most of flag, fearing that unless they were thus pr~tected they might be in danthe troops. When the regiment ger of Insult from Christian natives of the place before the Greek armv m~)Ved forward the colonel left $100 arrived. As there is no other fo['- eigner here, I am caIIed upon to do wIth one of the missionaries for safe work which might be caIled consular This has brought me in touch with keeping. He refused to take a re- the commander-in-chief. He tells us he is not responsible for the burning ceipt for it and said that if he failed of the Mohammedan villages and for the outrages committed against Mosto return to claim the money it should lem women along the line of his march.. With the arrival of the army be used for the mission work. a certain class of native fanatics have felt encouraged to indulge in many After the battle of Kirk-KiIIisch lawless deeds, especialIy against the Moslems of all classes in Kortcha and Lulu Burgas, the terrible con- and vicinity. Until the incoming dition of the wounded Turkish sol- arm,y can restore order, the people are m danger and many have sought diers, complicated by the outbreak refuge under our American flag."

of cholera, caused the British and American Red Cross societies to take prompt action to render aid. About November 10 the American ambassa- dor at Constantinople telegraphed Dr.

Dod~ of .th~ American Hospital at Koma, ASIatic Turkey, asking him to go at. once to. Constantinople to help.

He Immmedtately proceeded with Mrs. Dodd, Miss Cushman who is the superintendent of the' hospital and athneaytivheaAvermbeeneinananbulerset~ Yegsha' and rende; mos~ effici~nt and highly appreciated servIces, aIded much by their famil- ~arity wit.h the language. They are mstalled In a Red Crescent hospital, run by T~rks, and have sole charge of wards. with 30 beds, while they help much In the other part of the hospi- Missionary Ordered Out of Albania tal.

News From Albania SOME years ago an Albanian youth appeared at the office of the T HIS land has been closed during the war, but a letter has come from American Board in Boston and plead for teachers for his people. He Rev. Phineas B. Kennedy of Kortcha, stated that his people were nominally dated December 27. He writes: "We Mohammedans, but had been Chris- have not had any mail for over two tians until they came under Ottoman months and just now for the first rule, and were so determined to have time is the way open to travel to western learning that they would Monastir. All this time we have been w~lc?me distinctly Christian and living under martial law. We have mISSIOnary teachers. A wealthy

lady and a friend gave $25,000 to with Bibles, either in the Armenian found a new work among the 2,000,- or in the Turkish language. The 000 Albanians and two married mis- owners have nothing to say against sionaries, Rev. P. B. Kennedy and the plan, except that the Mohammed- Rev. C. T. Erickson, were sent out an owners insist that the Bible must by the American board. Mr. Ken- be hung on tne wall, since it is a nedy was located at 'Kortcha and Mr. Holy Book and it would be a dese- Erickson at Tirana, whence he was cration if it were placed upon the soon driven out by the New Turk old foot-stools, which are the only party, so that he went to Elbasan. piece of furniture found in the rooms There he held on in spite of persecu- of the Caravansaries. tion and arrest. His efforts to acquire property for the mission were We trust that these Bibles will do blocked by the Turkish authorities as much good as those which have and he was forced to live in very been placed in the hotels in the undesirable property. But Mr. Erick- United States. son persevered and he was making some headway, when his son's health A Turks Facing Eastward began to suffer. At the time of the GREAT exodus of Turkish outbreak of the Balkan war he was peasant farmers from Europe to obliged to take his son to Italy for Asia is said to have begun. Red a surgical operation. At his return Cross people report that already more he was arrested at Durozzo and kept than 100,000 Turkish refugees have three days in jail. When he was re- been aided to leave Europe. They leased he made his way to Elbasan, are going prepared to take up agribut was ordered to leave the country culture. in Asia Minor. Deserting within 10 days. their homes they go with families and crude farming implements loaded Thus Mr. Erickson's missionary into bullock carts, and expect to work in Albania has bad to cease for settle upon lands provided by the tbe present. We hope and pray that government. Albania will be given autonomy in consequence of the present 'war, be- INDIA cause tbat would mean an opening of the whole country to the preaching DR.Dr. Mott's India Conference of the gospel. JOHN R. MOTT and Mr. Geo. Sherwood Eddy have re- ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS cently held eight provincial confer- ences in the Indian empire, including The Gideons of Armenia one in Burma.

ARMENIAN Christians in Harput, Sixty European, American and In- Asiatic Turkey, hearing that the dian, men and women, who are "Gideons" in the United States were leaders in the missionary movement placing Bibles in many hotels to in India, met in Calcutta December reach and influence the traveling pub- 19 to 21 for a National Missionary lic with the Word of God, have de- Conference. Among those were the cided to imitate the example, and to Anglican Bishops of Lahore, Madras place Bibles in all the so-called hotels and Chota Nagpore, Bishops of the of their country. Hotels in that part American Methodist Episcopal of the country, however, are not Church, some of the most influential like our hotels, since they contain missionaries of the C. M. S., Prespractically no furniture, and men byterian, Baptist, Congregational, have to sleep upon the bedding which Lutheran, Methodist, and Friends' they bring themselves, and have to Missions, at least ·one prominent S. eat victuals which they secure for P. G. missionary, and also leaders of themselves. These empty rooms in the Indian Nadonal Missionary Sothe Caravansaries are to be supplied ciety. Most of the work was done through IO committees in 10 princi-

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

pal departments of work. After Sura 4: 38, which reads, "Men are much deliberation these committees superior to women on account of the brought in tindings, which were care- qualities with which God has gifted cully considered in full conference, the one above the other." He also and were adopted with some modifi- stated that "Islamic laws accord the cations. These findings will be same status to woman as man," and printed, and a copy sent to every mis- that Mohammedans "are proud of the sionary and Indian Christian leader. liberal spirit of their religion and One decision, destined to have far- laws, and of the achievements of reaching influence, was that approv- many women of Islam who, by their ing of the use of the term "The In- talents, attained eminence as rulers of dian Church" to designate all Indian territories, in fields of battle, in Christians connected with various ec- wise statesmanship, in theology, in clesiastical organizations. jurisprudence, in philosophy, poetry, Another important result of this and rhetoric."

Calcutta gathering is the impulse to Of the important resolutions we form provincial councils in all parts quote the following as expressing the of the Indian empire, and a national feelings and aspirations of these council of 24 persons to unite and to Mohammedans assembled in confer- lead in promoting cooperation be- ence: tween missionary organizations. The "That all Mohammedan schools Bishop of Lahore, who is soon to be- . should be placed under the come Metropolitan of the Anglican supervision and control of a separate Church in India, is chairman of the inspecting agency, with a separate provisional committee to lead in the inspector directly at its head."

formation of the proposed provincial "That steps should be taken to en- councils and of the national council. courage female education in all possi- ble ways."

Mohammedan Educational Conference "That arrangements should be in India made to give religious instruction in HE Moslem Educational Confer- all Mohammedan girls' schools." T ence of Southern India met in "That government, municipalities, Bangalore a few months ago. It was noteworthy on account of the and district boards be requested to address of its president, Justice Ab- start Moslem girls' schools in all dur Rahim of the Madras High Moslem centers, making provision for Purdah .conveyances for pupils." Court, of some of the resolutions passed, and of the fact that the col- These resolutions show a remarklector of the district delivered a able new spirit in Islam in India, which is not at all friendly to misspeech in which he is said to have sionary work.

exprest sympathy with the conference. Successful Telugu Missions The president frankly acknowledged the low ebb at which the prestige 'THE Bishop of Madras has recent- of Islam now stands, but prophesied ly written: "Every time I go to our the dawn of a better day, because Telugu missions I seem to see fresh there are keen energetic men in proof of the wonderful power of Christ every Mohammedan community who working in the hearts of men. I re- are awake to the seriousness of the flect that about 60 years ago there situation and are determined to dis- were only a. mere handful of Chris- cover and apply the remedy. He de- tians in the whole of the Telugu clared that to meet the crisis the edu- country; now there are more than cation of girls is a necessity and 300,000. And what a change in the recognized that "God has endowed hearts and lives of thousands! The women with intellectual gifts as Telugu clergy and teachers, the chil- much as men," thus contradicting dren in the boarding-schools, the

Christian coolies singing their hymns ciety of England has a remarkable as they go to their morning work, the work, and the Gleaner says: thousands who have given up drink and theft, the thousands of rupees In olden days Bhils used to sow given every year for the work of the just a little patch of Indian corn and church out of the deep poverty of the depend on robbery for their living. people-what a striking witness it all Even to-day the glossary of the is to the presence and power of Christ Government Gujerati School Readers and of the Holy Spirit! When we has the explanation., 'Bhil- robber.' think of all, what confidence it gives Yet there are now nearly 500 Chrisus in facing the work of the future." tians here, settled farmers with their families. They have a church and it A Change of Name Besought is governed by a council and its affairs are managed by committees. The AN Indian ministers' conference at council has employed three lay-pastors Madras, representing about ten and has just added three more to its staff. There is a boys' school in condifferent denominations of the Prot- nection with the mission where these Bhil boys are winning high marks III estant Church, has just addrest a their studies.

memorial to the Governor of Madras CHINA requesting that the phrase "Indian One of China's New Women Christians" may be substituted for the DR. LI BI CU is one of China's new women. A forceful speaker, term "native Christians" which is now using perfec~; English, with a charm- ing personality, Dr. Li Bi Cu never invariably used in all Government pa- fails to win the hearts of her audi- ences. Those who heard her at pers and statistics. The following are Northfield last summer can never forget the appeal made by the little the reasons urged: woman in Chinese dress, to the women of the United States to come (I) The phrase objected to has no to the help of her countrywomen. The mother of Dr. Li Bi Cu was definite meaning. Everybody is a rescued from the street, where she had been thrown to die, when only native Christian in his own country a day or two old, and taken to a mis- sion-school, where she was cared for, and how so vague a designation can educated and trained as a Bible wo- man. She married a Methodist minbe applied to Hindus who have ister, Mr. Li, and her daughter, Li Bi Cu, grew up in a Christian home. embraced the Christian faith can not One of the missionaries, seeing un- usual ability in the young girL be explained. In any case it has no brought her to America for a more thorough education than China afreference to India, and denotes no forded. She studied in Folts Insti- tute and later entered the Woman's particular nationality. Medical College, in Philadelphia. Graduating with honor, she returned (2) The term native has come to to China after 8 years' residence in the United States and was sent to signify something uncivilized, inferior the Fukien province, where the Wo- man's Foreign Missionary Society of and contemptible. By constant usage the Methodist Episcopal Church had it has become synonymous with what is vulgar and unpleasant, especially in the mouths of uneducated Euro- peans.

(3) The whole Anglo-Indian press has discarded the term and invariably uses the word "Indian"; also all for-'

eign missionaries have dropt it in their reports and statistics.

(4) We ourselves have abandoned the use of this objectionable phrase.

Our associations, dubs, funds, con- ferences are all "Indian" and not "native." .

Among the Bhil. in India AMONG the aboriginal hill tribe of the Bhils in the Central Provinces of India, the Church Missionary So-

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opened a hospital, and has cared for Methodist Episcopal Church, South the souls and bodies of thousands of Methodist Episcopal Church, North: patients. Dr. Li Bi Cu was sent as Presbyterian Church, North, Presbya delegate to the General Conference terian Church, South, Christian Mis- at Minneapolis and will retmn very sionary Society, and the International soon to China. Committee of the Y. M. C. A. The school opened in three leased resi- A Great Y. M. C. A. Convention dences on the North Szechuen Road Extension, in Shanghai, on Septem- T HE Young Men's Christian Asso- ber 17 with an attendance of SI. ciation's sixth triennial world's convention opened in Peking, Decem- A Bible and the Boxer Rebellion ber 12, and lasted several days. Yuan Shi Kai, president of the Chi- DURING the Boxer ;rebellion in nese republic, received 340 Chinese China, in I9°O, Rev. Webster, of delegates, who represented the most important cities, universities and col- the United Free Church Mission at leges of 14 Chinese provinces, and Kiayuan, had suddenly to flee for his he also received 30 American and life, leaving behind him his house European secretaries of Chinese looted and in flames. A heathen Chibranches of the association. Yuan nese picked up a book from a heap Shi Kai, addressing the delegates, that had been thrown into the street, spoke appreciatively of the work of and carried it home. Ten years later the association in China. The ener- he sent it back to Rev. Webster, with 'gies of the association's branches, he the story that it had been the means said, were peculiarly acceptable at of his conversion. It was a New the present time, when Chinese citi- Testament in Chinese, and he had read zens generally were realizing that it from mere curiosity. The Word of with the inauguration of the repub- God took hold of him, and he became lic the greatest responsibilities and an inquirer under the care of Rev. higher moral obligations devolved on Inglis. Finally he became a member the people. The Chinese government and an office-bearer of one of the vilwould therefore, he continued, give lage churches in the neighborhood of every encouragement to the Young Kiayung. Men's Christian Association in its inculcation of discipline and obedience The Largest Missionary Parish to authority, thus increasing the harmony between the government and THE province of Sinkiang or Chithe people. nese Turkestan, reaches right in- to the heart of Asia. It has an area Union School for Children of Mission· of 550,340 square miles, which makes it approximately equal to the German aries Empire plus France and Spain. Its population numbers 1,200,000 and con- T HE long-needed and long-hoped- sists of Chinese (many being immi- for school for the children of grants), Turks, Kirghiz, Mongols, and American missionaries has at last some Manchu settlers. The first become a reality. Acting on in- China Island missionary entered it in structions received from their mis- I888, and the present missionary, Mr. sions, the representatives of 8 mis- Hunter, commenced his definite work sions conducting work in the neigh- for this long neglected region in 1905. borhood of Shanghai have been organ- The station of Tihwafu (Urumtsi) ized into a Union Board of Man- is the center from which he has been agers, and, as such, have brought into engaged in widespread itinerations in being a school which is known as the the vast territory. In these he has Shanghai American School. The mis- reached Kashgar, close to the borders sions represented are as follows: of Turkistan. There, at Kashgar and American Baptist, Southern Baptist, at Yarkand, 54 days' journey to the

west, are Mr Hunter's nearest Prot- From Soothaayer to Colporteur estant neighbors' missionaries of the T HE new report of the Bible So- Swedish Missionary Union, which sent ciety, describing work in China, its faithful workers into that region in relates the story of a colporteur named 1894. Mr. Hunter's nearest Protestant Tschen. In the man's own words we neighbors to the east are at Wang-ye- read: "When I first approached the fu (Scandinavian Alliance Mission of Christian Church, it was not in the N. A.), considerably farther away hope of finding salvation for my soul, from Tihwafu than Kashgar. The but rather for the souls of my denumber of communicants reported in parted parents. They appeared to me 19II for the province of Sinkiang was in my dreams, exhorting me to find two. Few could endure the loneliness some relief for them. Then I disand hardships of this hero of the covered that I myself needed salva- Cross. who single-handed has contin- tion. I had been a soothsayer for many years, and it was easier then to ued the preaching of the Gospel these make my living than it is to-day; seven years. Alone? No, not alone still, I rejoice to be my Lord's mesfor He abideth faithful who said, "La, senger. 'How is it that you gave up I am with you always."

A Blind Chin~.e Colporteur that fine business?' men now ask me; 'you managed so very well to cast a T HE Rev. W. E. H. Hipwell in his man's nativity, to choose days, and to annual letter gives the following predict our lucky and unlucky days, description of evangelistic work· at and now you are selling these foreign Pakhoi: "One of the leading features booh; and since they are in the counof the year's work has been the in- try, the gods have sent us plague and creased eagerness in voluntary evan- famine in their wrath!' 'Listen to me, gelistic work manifested by all our my honorable brethren. No soothhelpers. The nightly meetings in the sayer knows his own fate, and how town gospel hall, in the absence of should he know that of other people? Catechist Lau, have been carried on Since I have read this small book, I by voluntary help, as each night two know my destiny to be a saved child or three of the workers in turn made of God, and that makes my future life themselves responsible for the meet- bright and hopeful, because I found in ing. One of the men is blind, his this Gospel my Savior.'''

name is So Fuk-Tin. More than IO years ago he was employed as a col- Christian Leaders Visiting Korea porteur evangelist, but he left the em- D ploy of the mission and for some years URING the past four months sev- eral of the great leaders in Chriswas lost sight of. Two years ago he returned. One of the Church mem- tian work in Japan proper have visited bers has promised him a small month- Korea, investigated conditions there, ly allowance; he also earns a little as and held successful meetings. Among a colporteur. He is most keen to help these may be named in particular in any way, and is one of the most Messrs. Uemura and Miyagawa, the regular helpers in the gospel hall meet- giants of the Presbyterian and Ku- ings. I believe he is doing a good miai (Congregational) pulpits; Rev.

work. A few Sundays ago he took T. Makino, of Kyoto, chief secretary the evening meeting in the leper men's of the Japan Christian Endeavor compound. Dr. Thompson, who was Union, and Han. Nakamura, of the present, tells me it was a most path- same city; Rev. R. Inoue, recently etic sight to see this blind man stand from Oberlin and Seattle; Rev. T.

up with his Brai11e Testament and Okumura, a Japanese worker in Ha- preach Christ to 100 lepers. Eyery waii; and Rev. K. Mito, field secre- morning and evening there are Gospel tary of the Japan Sunday-school meetings in the hospital compound. Union.

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS 23

Utilizing Chinese Temples More Missionaries to Mohammedans I N Canton and Honan there are a T HE German Sudan Pioneer Mis- large number of temples to the sion sent out five new laborers to memory of numerous deities about Egypt on October 20th, viz.: one orwhom nothing or very little is known, dained missionary to Daran, two unand the only time one ever hears of married women, the one to Edfu, the them is once a year, when the priests other to Assuan, and two unpaid volare celebrating the birthday of the god unteer workers (ladies). One of the or other festival. The new govern- volunteers is the Princess Mary Agnes ment is of the opinion that without of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, a member alienating public opinion or causing of Germany's highest nobility.

ill feeling many of these temples could The Kongo Eor Christ be put to a much more useful purpose by being given into the hands of the PERSISTENTLY and with wide educational commissioner to turn into reaching results, Rev. Thomas schools. The matter is receiving at- Moody, of the Baptist Mission in the tention and the funds hitherto paid to Kongo, has been laboring for a period a number of lazy priests and caretak- of fifteen years or more. At a recent ers are to be devoted to education. conference of Protestant missionaries Also the many celebrations held on held in his field, Mr. Moody read a the birthdays of the various gods are paper on "Africa and Kongo for to be cancelled and the only festivals Christ in This Generation." At the of this kind to be held are the Con- conference those present were asked fucian celebrations.-Peking Daily to write to their home boards to see News. what could be done to stop Moham- medan invasion from the north. AFRICA In his paper Mr. Moody said: C. T. Studd Goes to Africa The fact is we have in Kongo BeIge 60 fields, of 10,000 square miles each, C HARLES T. STUDD, the Cam- without a missionary. We have in the bridge athlete, who was converted Sudan 200 fields, of 10,000 square under the preaching of D. L. Moody, miles each, without a missionary. We and who went out as a missionary have in Africa 500 fields, of 10,000 to China 27 years ago with the famous square miles each, without a mission'

"Cambridge Seven," has now volun- ary. That is, we have 5,000,000 square teered for service in Central Africa miles of territory and 70,000,000 of under the Africa Inland Mission. A people without any Gospel ministrv farewell meeting was recently held at of any kind. .

the London Y. M. C. A. to bid him Look at what God has done! Stan- God-speed. Mr. Studd is going to ley came out of the Kongo 34 years the heart of Africa, where there are ago last August. Equatorial Africa some 40,000,000 of unevangelized is opened. Look at the east and west people. The Mani-Manis are a pagan coasts-Uganda and the Kongo !

tribe called also the Azandi, who Twenty years ago there was not a number about one and one-half mil- church from Stanley Pool to the Falls lions in the Belgian Kongo, and about -1,000 miles. To-day there are ten an equal number in the French Sudan. mission stations with strong Christian Three other Cambridge University churches.

men are going out with Mr. Studd. The country is going ahead by leaps The Africa Inland Missions was and bounds. A single steamer to-day founded by Mr. Charles E. Hurlburt, carries more tonnage than the whole and is conducted on the same lines as Kongo fleet of 20 years ago. You the China Inland Mission. The work- will soon be able to go from McMinn- ers have been greatly blest in their ville to the Dominion of South Africa labors in British East Africa. by railroad and steamship, by way of

Kongo, Stanley Falls, Victoria Falls, hated. 'When he gained the office, he etc. The Cape to Cairo railroad has suddenly became mild and gentle, and reached Elizabethville, 2,000 miles friendly to both missionaries and na- from the Cape, with its I,6oo white tive Christians, probably that he men at the gold and copper mines dis- might first gain a firm foothold, and covered by Livingstone. now, seemingly having succeeded in Africa is wide open, waiting for the his scheme, he again shows his true men to enter. The country was opened character, and is commencing to be as by Christian natives, and to-day the cruel and bloodthirsty as ever before.

Mohammedans are going in. Cairo, It seems that he hates native Chris- with its IO,OOO students, has a newly tians especially, and several of them formed missionary society. The prob- have been obliged to feel his hatred lem of the twentieth century is this: in their bodies. The whole country Who is going to rule Africa? Two is opprest by the difficulty. Native virile monotheistic religions are con- Christians are preparing to flee, and tending for Africa. Which is going several, especially threatened ones, to win-the crescent or the cross, Mo- have already left the country. The hammed or the Christ? missionaries have not yet come to a A New Station Opened decision what to do, but they agree that things can not go on as they are. AFTER extensive exploration the Angola Mission of the American ISLANDS Board in West Africa has found a site for a new station which is unique Economic Conditions Improving in Africa. It is at Dondi, 6,000 feet above sea level; it has no mosquitos REV. ]. L. McLAUGHLIN, who and seems healthful and beautiful to is in charge of the society's work a degree quite wonderful for tropical in the Philippines, reports that econ- Africa. Here, thanks to the generos- omic conditions in the islands ity of the Canadian churches who have wonderfully improved, that fine public roads are being built, have recently contributed $10,000 to and that the public schools are rapidly increasing in attendance the fund, will be established a new and in potency, as the people station, including an institute having are realizing their value. There are industrial, agricultural, normal and upward of 500,000 children in the theological courses for the training of schools at present.

native workers. This will be the cen- Once Cannibals but Now Christians M tral illstitute for a district as large as ISSIONARY WAGNER of the Papuan Mission in German New from New YO~'k to Chicago, and from Lake Erie to the Gl1if. Rev. W. C. Guinea, announces that 2,000 heathen Bell, who was a Cornell graduate and have in the last few years joined the has been in Africa since I907, will be churches there. He describes how placed in charge of the institute until parties of them came from a great a permanent principal is secured. distance to take part in the last Christ- Difficulties in Ovambo Land mas celebration. Numbers arrived days before, and were set to work RHENISH missionaries in Ovam- clearing away brush, and setting in boland report that a time of trial order the station grounds until they and difficulty has commenced. The fairly shone. Six hundred of these head chief, Mandume, who had been former cannibals packed the station quite friendly to missionaries and na- church. The children from the school tive Christians, has suddenly changed sang, "Peaceful Night, Holy Night,"

front and shows great opposition to and the final choral was sung by the both. congregation with a mighty power Mandume had a bad name on ac- which would have thrilled the friends count of his utmost cruelty before he of missions at home could they have became head chief, and was generally heard it.

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

Roman Catholicism Working themselves are enthused and awak- ened to the importance and possibil- A WARNING is implied in what ities of this method of spreading the Mr. McLaughlin reports concern- Gospel. ing the steadyreassertion of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. All colporteurs in the Philippines Large numbers of Belgian and Ger- report great willingness of the natives man clergymen have been brought in to listen to the Gospel message. to fill the vacancies in the provinces. These are in the main men of a high MISCELLANEOUS degree of intelligence and training, and they have settled down to their A Church Which Means Business work with a determination to win. Particularly is this true in the south- "WE can not keep up with the proern island, where as yet neither the cession here, so numerous are Philippine Independent Church nor the new events of importance; but the Evangelical missions have been we do want to report, however meaable to supply the calls which have gerly, the great features of advance." come to them. Large numbers of So declares one of the board's mis- French Sisters of Mercy have also sionaries, Mr. Stelle, of Peking, as he been brought in, and schools have been writes concerning the formation of opened in many of the principal cen- an independent Chinese church at that ters, where there never had been any capital. before. In Iloilo, spurred on by the magnificent work of the Baptist-Pres- On the 4th of May, 40 of the Chrisbyterian Hospital, the Roman Church tians representing the various mission has opened a hospital, but only for churches in Peking and Tientsin held paying patients. an all-day conference at the London Missionary Society's Mi Shih Church, Unique Colportage Work and'then and there adopted a consti- tution of the Chinese Christian Church I N the island of Negros, Rev. C. in Peking. This constitution declares Maxfield is rather unique in his it to be the object of the church to management of the colportage propo- preach, according to the Word of sition. He ships large quantities of God, the gospel of salvation; to acliterature-Bibles, portions, and other cept the evangelical and trinitarian Christian literature-to various points creeds of the recognized Protestant throughout his territory. These he churches; to train the Chinese to unplaces under lock and key. Then dur- dertake their responsibilities as Chrising the vacation times he takes a large tians; to adopt as far as is in keeping number of the girls from the training- with Scriptural teaching and Chinese school and stations them throughout custom existing rules and rights of the province. He then sets aside the the Peking churches; to depend upon fortnight or month, as the case may the regular and special gifts of its be, to travel and work with them. He members and friends; to pay special takes his wheel and goes from town attention to the promotion of both to town, stopping a day with each set foreign and home missionary work; of girls and assisting them, encourag- to endeavor to promote aU good work; ing those who become faint-hearted, to organize with preachers, elders, and directing those who are diffident, and deacons (the elders caring for the inspiring those who are working list- spiritual welfare of the church and lessly, and before it is time for the the deacons for business matters), a girls to go back to school, a surprizing church council to which only church amount of literature is disposed bf, a members are eligible, and an advisory large number of homes are visited, and board of foreign missionaries invited churches are aroused by the cam- from the various missions.-Missionpaigns, and last, but not least, the girls ary Herald.

OBITUARY month before his death. He died at Naples in the house of his son, pastor Dr. Thoma, of Arabia Gaio Gay, on November 27th. The last word on his lips was "Christ." N January 15th, Dr. Sharon J. O Thoms, missionary of the Re- Profeasor Martin Kahler formed Church in America, died suddenly in Muscat, Arabia. This un- ON September 7, 1912, Martin expected closing on earth of a useful _ Kahler, professor of theology in life will bring sorrow to those interested in the work of the Arabian the University of Halle, passed away. Mission, and to the wide circle of He was a close friend of the late Profriends. fessor Warneck and an earnest be- liever in missions. To him Christian- Dr. Thoms was one of the gradu- ity was the final religion, which can ates of the University of Michigan, not perish, but must conquer all other and was doing admirable medical systems of religion, and thus, by his work in Arabia. He first went out lectures, he inspired his numerous puin 1898, and during nearly IS years pils with great missionary zeal, and has carried on important medical work through his writings, he greatly aided in Busrah, Bahrein and Maskat. He the cause of missions within the was planning to erect a hospital for Church. which the funds had been supplied and with which to make still more effect- Senior Missionary Handmann ive a medical work which he considered the most promising of any N December 7, 1912, death claimed with which he had had experience O R. Handmann at the age of alduring his service in Arabia. most 73 years. When a student of theology his missionary zeal was Dr. Teofilo Gay, of Italy kindled by a sermon at a missionary meeting, and he volunteered for serv- THE news of the death of Dr. Teo- ice in the foreign field. He labored filo Gay, of Luserna San Gio- as a missionary of the Leipsic Society in India until sickness forced him to vanni, is a great loss to the Evangeli- return to Germany, where he became cal Church of Italy. a promoter of missions by word of mouth and by his pen. A number of Waldensian pastors can, more than years he was editor of the MissionalfY most, apply to themselves those words Magazine, of the Leipsic Society, and of the Apostle, "in journeyings of- he has done much for the upbuilding ten," and Dr. Gay was no exception of its good work. to the rule. From student days he was a traveler, for he chose to take Director H. J. Kluge his theological course at Geneva, and was inducted to the ministry at Neu- HE earthly career of Missionschatel. Thereafter he proceeded to London, where he assisted M. Du- T director H. J. Kluge, of the pontet de la Harpe for a time. His subsequent charges were in Italy. Moravians, closed after a long period of sickness on December 14, 1912. "Dr. Gay was, perhaps, the finest He was a valiant worker in the vineorator the church possest-an oratory yard of the Master for many years, spontaneous and ever within the and the Lord blest him abundantly. bounds of nature. He was master of His last official work for the Morathe most exacting audience, and vians was a visit of inspection to the moved with the same freedom in the work in South Africa in 191 I, and his Italian as in the French language. He report, well and interestingly writwas also a prolific writer, especially ten, proved a source of pleasure and on subjects connected with the history instruction to many friends of misof his people, and he had the satis- sions. Soon after his return from faction of seeing through the press South Africa he was taken sick, and his "Histoire des Vaudois" about a suffered in faith and hope until death released him. AND MISSION LANDS AMERICAN SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CONDI- Looking on the bright side of pres- ent-day conditions, there is much to TIONS. By Charles Stelzle, Superin- cheer and encourage. Men are awak- ening to a consciousness of their re- tendant, Bureau of Special Service, sponsibilities toward their fellows, they became forces in church move- Board of Home Missions of the Pres- ments for the betterment of their com- byterian Church of U. S. A. 12mo, 240 pp., with appendices and charts. $1.00, net. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York, 1912.

Mr. Stelzle, of the Presbyterian munity. Schools and colleges are Board of Home Missions, is an able aroused to the need of a system and a writer and statistician. Here .he pre- curriculum which will meet the new sents very concisely, yet interestingly, conditions. And the church, the most all the main facts concerning social powerful force in the world, what and religious conditions in the United could it not accomplish if all who call States. It is emphatically a book that themselves Christians would work to- Christian social workers and true pa- gether with unity of purpose, fired by triots should study. It is not merely a the same holy zeal and love for their dry compilation of figures, for beside fellow men? What an army the Ameri- the charts which show at a glance can Protestant Church forces present conditions in various industries, in cold figures: 01Urch-members, 22,- church progress, etc., there are prac- 000,000; church adherents, 60,000,000; tical and illuminating chapters on . Sunday-school enrolment, 16,000,000; what has been accomplished in church ordained ministers, 162,000. "The and social service, and on the evils that church," says Mr. Stelzle, "may be threaten society in the republic, with held largely responsible for the standmany wise suggestions how a remedy ani of ethics which prevails among the may be found. The chapters and dia- people." He believes that a great sograms are a study of city and country cial upheaval is at hand, and when the problems, the liquor question, child church will enter into its larger inlabor, the immigrant, the negro, the heritance. The "great awakening" Indian, the Spanish American, fron- which Christian evangelists have been tiersman and the church. The author prophesying wiII be based upon the is hopeful for the future, for he sees social Gospel for which the church healthy signs of progress, but he feels has been so long preparing. . . . It that we are facing perils that may de- will deal fearlessly with the exploitastroy the home life of the people. The tion of little children, of helpless consumption of liquor is on the in- women and downtrodden men. It crease in spite of the activities of the will demand that men's bodies shall church and temperance societies. In be saved as well as their souls. It 1906, divorces had increased 64 per will seek to convert men socially as cent. over the number granted in 1887. well as spiritually. It will destroy In 1907, there were a million and forever that miserable false concepthree-quarters of child workers in the tion, that a Christian man may prac- United States, mostly in factories and tise unchristian principles in his busimills, where conditions were morally ness life simply because his unchrisand physically bad. These are but a tian competitors find it more profitable few of the sore spots in our national to do so. I t will insist that every life that call insistently for remedy, if community, composed of Christian ever our country is to be "God's coun- people, must also be a Christian com- try." lllt111ity." CATCH-lfy-P.L. By the Rev. R. J. Pat- hold him up in the hour of tempta- tion." terson, LL.B. 8vo, 192 pp. $1.00, net. George H. Doran Company, New The six men, faithful to their prom- York. Hodder & Stoughton, Londoll, ise, appeared on the ~ay aPl?ointe? 1912. After telling them that It was 111 theIr power to start a movement that would The story of a great temperance drive the curse of rum out of Armagh, movement is here told by the foundel. if each man would go out and bring The movement started in Armagh, in a friend who drank, and these in Ireland in 1909, swept over England, turn should bring in others. Only Scotland and Wales, and with force after the men had promised to do this ll!lSpent, still rolls on through the were they allowed to sign the pledge. British colonies. Mr. Patterson was So the great movement had its incepfor seventeen years pastor of The tion. It was like a snow bail swelling Mall Presbyterian Church in Armagh, in size and power as it ro1led along. where he became deeply interested in temperance work. He found that It is interesting- to trace in this volwhile his meetings were well attended, ume the progress of this triumphant that the very class it was most im- movement which Mr. Patterson has portant to reach was rarely repre- described with great spirit., humor, sented and that little was accom- pathos and picturesque detail. Public plished in rescuing the fallen and in houses' were almost emptied. Brawl- ing neighborhoods were completely purifying the neighborhood.. To save changed. Bakers, butchers, and other the drunkard became a burnmg ques- tradesmen reaped a harvest. More tion with him, for Armagh was curst children's shoes were sold in the winwith widespread intemperance. He ter of 1909-1910 than in any similar meditated, consulted others, and period in living memory. About 130,- prayed that the Lord would show him 000 men and women joined the movethe way. In the Gospel of St. John ment in Ireland in the first year, and he found the inspiration for the there were SOD flourishing bran<:hes "Catch-My-Pal Movement." T~e established in the two years follow mg. Christian religion was started 111 Then England, Scotland, Wales, and Catch-My-Pal lines, for thus "Our the British Colonies were aroused, and Lord caught Andrew, and Andrew the good work still goes on. When men caught Peter and brought him to become responsible for the conversion of others there is all the excitement Tesus. Then he caught Philip, and of the ch'ase, of "big game" hunting. The spirit of emulation is awakened, Philip caught Nathanael and brought there is the pride of the conqueror when a man succeeds in "bringing in" him to Jesus." a refractory, elusive, or sin-har~en.ed On the night of July 13, 1909, M.L brother. Christian Endeavor SOCIetIes and men's clubs will do well to read Patterson, on his way home, found SIX this book and take up the good work. men gossiping under a lamp-post on the main street of Armagh. After THE PARISH OF THE PINES. Thomas S. talking with them on the evils of drink Whittles. IIIustrated. 121110, 247 pp. and the blessings of sobriety, he per- $1.00, net. Fleming H. ReveII Co., 1912. suaded the six men that it would be a <Yood thing to sign the pledge. He told The story of F~ank. Higgi?s, .the lumber-j acks' sky-pIlot, IS fascmatmg. them to go home, think a.bout it, talk The story itself is thrillingly i~terest­ about it, and pray about It,. and c?me ing, and the courage, consecratIon a?d to him in a body the followmg Fnday evidence of the power o.f God are I~­ night. They did not wish to come to- spiring. Those who begu: to r~ad ~I1l gether, but the minister was firm. He finish, and those who fi111sh WIll WIsh felt that if he could get them all to to pass on the story to others. sign in one another's presence, that "each one would find himself supported by a public opini;JI1 formed by his companions. So that If one brother went down, there would be five to

THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY

The author of "'1'11(: Parish in the AN ISLE OF EDEN. By Janie Pritchard Pines" is a man whose knowledge and Duggan. Illustrated. 346 pp., 12mo. experience of life in the lumber The Griffith & Rowland Press Philacamps especially fits him to give an accurate view of conditions in the delphia, 1912. $1.50, net. ' lumber camps. He has given us a rousing narrative in a series of realistic The scene of this story is Porto Rico, immediately after the American scenes of life .and Christian work in occupation; a period fruitful in the great woods. It is a story to stir changes for the natives, when rural the blood and awaken the deepest sym- and urban schools sprang up throughpathy in the moral and spiritual wel- out the island, when church governfare of the lumberjacks, who have ment was separated from the State so many attractive qualities of mind and the Gospel of true freedom proand heart, and are dumbly crying to be claimed for all. . saved from the host of ravening wolves that prey upon them. Mrs. Duggan relates the experiences of "a single lady missionary,'·' a When Frank Higgins, the "Sky-pilot stranger, in a strange land, who lived of the Lumberjacks," began in I895 joyously among a people foreign to his work in the logging camps no re- the ways of righteousness and peace. ligious society had ever brought to The heroine, absorbed in her life of them the message of hope. To-day service for the Master, is drawn with the Presbyterian Church alone has or- sympathy and loving care. The ganized missions among the lumber natural beauties of the island, the cusforests of the United States. It has toms of the people, native traits and been estimated that there are 350,000 types are described with attractive demen engaged in various kinds of work tail and intimate relish which should in the lumber camps of the United appeal to every reader. The progress States, and that a large majority have never been reached by1 he Gospel. made in missionary and educational Many young men, ministers, evange- work, the uplifting influences of lists, faithful workers of the Lord, Christian homes and Christian exand who have attempted to work in amples are shown throughout the story. this field, have proved utter failures. "Since the cultos (missions) have They did not understand the men they corne to our barrio, the police have nothing to do," is the verdict of many had to deal with, and thought that landowners in ontlying districts. The conventional religious methods which people so long abased under priestly were successful in towns would serve oppression, are beginning to turn equally well among the men of the forest. But with tact and persever- from their ancient shrines to enjoy ance Mr. Higgins has proved that it the content and freedom of a nobler can be conducted successfully. faith.

The churches in the lumber region "An Isle of Eden," while primarily are far too weak to meet the great de- written to show that the life of a mands. Reading-rooms and branches young lady missionary alone in a of the Y. M. C. A. are few. As Mr. strange land may be one of joy and Vhittle says the lumberjack is without peace, has many claims of interest as a place of refuge behind whose doors a tale. The heroine is the confidant he can find companionship and safety. in a delicate little love story that de- velops among her Spanish-American There are many large camps in the friends, and which is unfolded West that have not been touched by with graceful .art and tenderness. the missionary. In 191 I there were Throughout the book displays a fine 20,000 men in the camps of Minnesota, spiritual fervor, and expresses the and we are informed that not a third constant joy of one who delights 'in of these men had heard the Gospel. Christian service and the promotion of others' happiness.

AN ApOSTLE OF THE NORTH. Memoirs of a Illissionary to China; Henry Dickinson the Right Reverend William Carpenter Smith, son of Arthur H. Smith; Wallace Bompas, D.D. By H. A. Cody, B.A. S. Faris, a Princeton student who went Third Edition. 12mo. E. P. Dutton to China; Peter Carter, publisher and & Company, New York. $1.50, net. Christian worker; Arthur T. Pierson, missionary advocate; Henry Clay Trum- It must be gratifying to all who are bull, Sunday-school expert. William R. interested in missionary progress and Richards, pastor and preacher. the spread of the Gospel that these memoirs of Bishop Bompas have Many of these are the stories of found a wide audience, and that the young men whose life came to an end book is now in its third edition. For early, but others tell of men who were the story' of a life so full of abnega- faithful through many years of temption and self-sacrifice is a cordial to tation and service. Mr. Speer has a the spirit, and should inspire all who gift of grasping the salient features read it with higher aims and a firmer of a man's life and presenting them purpose to carry out the Master's will. with powerful effect. The sketches are Here was a man who cheerfully re- full of incident, and have touches of signed all the comforts of civilization humor and pathos. They are essenthat he might bring the Light Eternal tially human documents of the inspirainto the darkened lives of dwellers in tional sort. The men were men of the wild and desolate places of the vision and men of action. They are north. Isolated from the world for particularly adapted to interest and inlong periods, shut off even from com- fluence young men. munication with people of his race, he gave up everything most men hold THE MISSIONARY CAMPAIGN. By W. S. dear in life, that he might be a spiri- Hooton. 8vo. 188 pp. $1.00, net. tual father to his beloved Indians. For Longmans, Green & Co., London, Cal- 40 years as missionary and bishop, he cutta and New York, 1912. lived with one purpose: to implant the Divine Message in the hearts of a The Christian public are becoming degraded and neglected people. ~s more and more awake to the importcivilization slowly encroached on hIs ance of the missionary campaign. domain he retreated further north, as There are many earnest students of if he feared its softening influences. the missionary policy and progress One can not .turn the pages of this outside of official circles. It is thereamazing record of heroism, physical fore fitting that there should be popusuffering, and triumphs won over lar discussions of the principles, methhardships and difficulties, without feel- ods and problems of missionary work, ing humbled before the majesty of such as we have in this volume. The such a saintly and indomitable figure. author was formerly a missionary ill South India, and therefore knows his MEN WHO WERE FOUND FAITHFUL. By subject from personal experience. Mr. Robert E. Speer. 12mo, 186 pp. $1.00, Hooton discusses in succession the net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, scope of evangelization, the attitude 1912. of Christian to non-Christian religions, the native churches, educational mis- Those who know Robert E. Speer sions, women's work, and governknow that his books are worth reading ments. The points are well made, and -books with spiritual power, virility, are illustrated from incidents and and having both heavenly and earthly opinions gathered from the World meaning. Some of those whose lives Missionary Conference Reports, and and works are here briefly portrayed from the history of Church of Engare already well known, while others land missions. are still obscure. They include: ELEMENTAL FORCES ON HOME MISSIONS. Samuel Chapman Armstrong, of Hampton Institute; Arthur Mann, Yale gradu- By Rev. Lemuel C. Barnes, D.D. 12mo, ate and missionary to China; Warren B. 123 pp. 75e. Fleming H. Revell Co., Seabury, a member of the Yale Mission 1912. in China; John Lawrence Thurston, also The chairman of the Home Mis- sions Committee of the Federal Coun-

cil of the Churches of Christ in Amer- iug and picturesque types of Chinese ica, and chairman of the Neglected character, while the lively adventures Fields Survey of the Home Missions that befall the three voyagers afloat Board Conference is in touch with his and ashore are described with pleasant subject. He here discusses briefly the humor and an occasional touch of ideals that should actuate Christian pathos and tragedy. Tho Mr. Mann America, the divine plan in natural wrote his story for boy~, it will also history, the opportunity to transform appeal to adults, through the realistic the nations of the world, the evidences views it presents of Chinese life and of growth in American comml!nities, customs, and the light it throws on and the need for closer coopera·.lOn be- social and religious conditions among tween Christians of all creeds for the the people of Vestern China and on salvation of America and Americans. the difficult problems that confront the The style is clear, progressive, and missionary there.

strong, the arguments and facts are AMONG CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES. By well chosen. The book is a valuable Step~en J. .C~rey. . P'.lper. 157 pp. contribution to the theory of home Foreign Chnstlan MISSIOnary Society mlSS1Ons. Cmcinnati, 1912. '

HUMAN PROGRESS THROUGH MISSIONS. By Mr. Corey's journal of a visit to the James L. Barton, D.D. 12mo, 96 pp. Kongo Mission of the Disciple gives SOc., net. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1912. us the report of an intelligent and The statesman's view of history is sympathetic observer. He describes especially valuable. Dr. Barton is a methods of travel, the homes and missionary, a board secretary, a states- habits of the people, the character and man, an author, and his view? carry results of missionary work as he saw the conviction of an expert. HIS pres- them. It is unusually interesting.

ent volume deals especially with the A New Miasionary Reading Course more material and temporal results of missionary work. In this it is a Prof. Ernest D. Bhuasr tporn~poafret hd ea Unibrief study of Christian missions ~nd versity of Chicago, new social progress. Dr. Barton wntes course for ministers and lay workers concisely but forcefully of the con- on "The Expansion of Christianity in tribution of missionaries to the world's the Twentieth Century." Prof. Bur- progress in exploration, language and ton has recently returned from the literature, industry and commerce, Orient. He specializes, in his course, health and social advancement. It is on four gre~t fields-China, Japan and a thought-compelling book and an un- Korea, India, and Moslem Lands. He answerable argument in favor of for- endeavors to show that Christian mis- eign missions, even from a rational- siollS are justified by results, and are istic point of view. worthy of most sympathetic support.

THREE MEN ON A CHINESE HOUSEBOAT. By The Edinburgh Conference Reports,' the Rev. W. Munn. Preface by Bishop The World Atlas of Christian Mis- Cassels, of Western China. 12mo, il- sions, and the MrSSIONARY REVIEW OF lustrated. Church Missionary Society, London, 1912. THE WORLD are some of the valuable helps recommended in the course of This is an adventure-story founded on fact, describing in a realistic and study, which covers five months. Upon spirited manner the experiences of "Uncle Sam," an American, and "Old payment of $3.50, a traveling library Man" and "Billy," Englishmen, dur- of 20 volumes is loaned to members. ing a r,soo-mile journey up the Riv~r Address American Institute of Sacred Yang-tse. Mr. Mann, the al!thor, IS Literature, Chicago. a missionary in Western Chma, and his pictures of Chinese river life are nVID LIVINGSTONE. By C. Silvester Horne, M.P. Illustrated. 12mo. 248 pp. SOc., net. The Macmillan Co 1911 ~ instructive and entertaining. The This year of the centenary of the reader is introduced to many interest- great pIOneer, David Livingstone, is

approximately marked by the appear- NEW BOOKS ance of many new lives of this wonderful hero. .Mr. Horne's biography J)AIJJJ LJI"lNGSlONE. By C. Silvester is a straightforward narrative which Horne, M.P. Illustrated. 12mo, 248 at the same time is briefly an inter- Pl'. SOc., Jlet. Macmillan Co., New pretation of the man and his relation )l ork, 1913. to the times. The story is one of fascinating interest, well adapted for THINKING BLACK. 22 Years Without a Sunday-schools and home libraries. Break in the Long Grass of Central David Livingstone's life is an inspira- Africa. By D. Crawford, F.R.G.S. Iltion to faith and self-sacrifice. The lustrated. 7s. 6d., net. Morgan & Scott, low price is also an attractive feature London, 1912. of this volume. ·TWENTY-FIVE YEARS IN QUA IEOE. The DAVID LIVINGS'IONE. By Vautier Golding. Story of a Missionary Effort in Ni- Illustrated. 12mo, 318 pp. 25c. E. P. geria. By Robert L. M'Keown. Illus- Dutton & Co., New York. trated. 12mo, 170 pp. Morgan & Scott, London, 1912. Here is an attractive child's life of the hero of the dark continent. The MISS-IONARY PIONEERING IN BOLIVIA, With simple style, stirring adventures, and Some Account of the Work in ARGENattractive color plates make the book TINA. By Will Payne and Chas. T. W. delightful reading for children. Wilson. Illustrated. 8vo, 147 Pl'. H. A. Raymond, "Echoes of Service," THE PERSONAL LIFE OF DAVID LIVINGSTONE. London, 1912. By W. Garden Blaikie. Illustrated. 8vo, 508 pp. New Popular Edition. REVIVALS OF RELIGION. Lectures by Charles SOc., net. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1913. Grandison Finney. With the author's f1nal additions and corrections. Newly Practically all of the "Lives of Liv- revised and edited with introduction ingstone" are taken from this original and original notes by Williams Henry volume by Dr. Blaikie, published 33 Harding. Second Edition. 12mo, 542 years ago. It is made up from original pp. 2s. 6d., net. Morgan & Scott, Lonsources composed of his journals and don, 1912. correspondence. It will not be superseded by other brief stories of the life, BUDDHIST IDEALS: A STUDY IN COMPARAfor it is complete and well written. TIVE RELIGION. By K. J. Saunders. 179 pp. Is. 6d., net. Christian Literature ARTICLES WORTH READING Society for India, 1912.

CHINA: PAS'I AND PRESENT. By Arch- THE EDUCATION OF THE WOMEN OF INDIA. deacon A. E. Moule, D.D. Church By Minna G. Cowan, M.A. 256 pp. 3s. Missionary Review for January, 1913. 6d., net. Oliphant, Anderson & Fer- rier, London, 1912. PALESTINE-A CONTRAST AND A NEED. Church Missionary Review for January, THE PAGAN TRInES OF BORNEO. By Charles 1913. Hose and William MacDougall. 2 vols. 42s., net. Macmillan Co., New York CROSS AND CRESCENT IN TIlE BALKAN and London, 1912. PENINSULA. By Dr. Biggs. The East and the West. DARKNESS OR LIGHT. Studies in the His- tory of the Universities' Mission to BARBARISM FROM A CHRISTIAN STANDPOINT. Central Africa, illustrating the theory Bv Rev. W. A. Rice. The East and the and practise of missions. By Robert West. Keable. Preface by the Right Rev. Frank Weston, D.D. 320 pp. 2s., net. (HE CHINESE CHURCH. By L. Byrde. The U. M. C. A., London, 1912. East and the West. CHRISTIANITY AND OTHER FAITHS: AN Es- RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN PERS,IA. By J. L. SAY IN COMPARATIVE RELIGION. By W. Potter. Moslem World. St. Clair Tisdall. 234 pp. 5s., net. Robert Scott, London, 1912. THE POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WORK AMONG MOSLEMS. By Rev. W. H. Reed. THE MISSIONARY PROSPECT. By Charles The Moslem World. H. Robinson, D.D. 296 pp. 3s. 6d., net. Partridge, London, 1912.

PAMPHLETS THE MORNING STAR OF THE REFORMATION, JOHN WYCLIFFE. By William Henry Harding. Id., net. Morgan & Scott, London.

THE HEROIC QUAKER, GEORGE Fox. By William Henry Harding. Id., net. Morgan & Scoft, London.

HENRY MARTYN, FIRST MODERN MISSIONARY TO MOHAMMEDANS. By William Henry Harding. Id., net. Morgan & Scott, London.

The Missionary Review of the World — March 1909

HEKHY HARRIS JESSUP, D.D

The grand old missionary of Syria. Dr. H. H. Jessup has been working for the evangelization of Syria since 1855, and is one of the most revered and beloved men in the Levant. He has recently ceIebl-ated his golden Jubil ee of service and has completed a history ~f the Syrian ~Jission.

8.lIiss{onary 'l(ev{ew

of the World VOL. XXXII. NO.3 MARCH, 1909 VOL. XXII. No. 3 Old Series New Series l'ul)Jjsheu IJy Funk & 'Vag-nails Company, 44-(;0 E. ;:3d St., N. Y. Isaac K. Flink, Pres, A. V. ''''agnail", rice-Pres. and Tr~ns., Robt. Scott, See'y SIGNS OF THE TIMES AN ENCOURAGEMENT TO PRAYER her task, and is confronted by an open world. Ephesians iii., 20, is a good watchword for our encouragement. There A world-wide commerce is developwe learn that God is able to do ing world-wide facilities for mission- ary undertakings. Livingstone was All that we ask. six months reaching the Zambesi from All that we ask or think. Cape Town. You can now make the Above all that we ask or think. journey by rail in four days. Rail- Abundantly above all that we ask or roads and steamboats are opening up the Dark Continent from four sides. think. China is operating 3,700 miles of rail- Exceedingly abundantly above all that ways, and has 1,600 miles under con- struction. we ask or think. A large part of the non-Christian How the apostle emphasizes the world is now under Christian governpower of God to answer prayer! ments, so that the Gospel has free course. In every other part religious CALLS TO PRAYER toleration prevails. Russia, since the recent edict of toleration, affords a PAGE missionary opportunity of the first magnitude. China is a great open Signs of Life in Turkey.. . . . . . . . . .. 162 door. The Christian missionary, eight Stirring Scenes in India ………….. 164 years ago driven out by the Boxer Laymen's Movement in South Africa .. 165 revolution, can now go anywhere un- Evangelization in France…………. 165 der the protection of the government. What the Missionaries are Doing in Turkey swings into line at last, and by the revolution of July 24, 1908, Turkey …………………… 167 opens wide the door for Christian ed- The Missionary Without a Message 181 ucation and evangelism.

TIlE NEW ERA IN MISSIONS * The breaking down of opposition to Christianity on the part of adherents The Church to-day is face to face of other religions is an event of unparwith the opportunity of the ages. alleled significance. Japan despairs of Never were the conditions more fa- finding in Buddhism a sufficient ethical vorable for the spread of Christianity. and spiritual basis. The native news- Never has the Bible prophecy of a uni- papers of China are urging the people versal kingdom under Christ seemed more certain of fulfillment. Never has it been more evident that Christ alone can be the religious leader of mankind.

The world is now explored. With the opening of Tibet there is no longer a hermit nation. The Church knows '* From an American Board leaflet. to give up idolatry. The idol temples From Asia Minor comes the report in many districts are neglected and in from one province with an average of disrepair, while not a few of them have one Protestant to 64 Moslems, many been turned into public schools, the villages having no Christians. There idols being thrust into a closet. India is, however, evident a spirit of friend- shows both a political and a religions ly inquiry into Christianity. Groups awakening. of Moslems are studying the Bible, and many others are secretly inquir- The varions mission boards, finding ing into the truth of the claims of the whole world thrust upon them Christ. The spirit of brotherhood is under such extraordinarily favorable growing and one great danger is that conditions, have come to an agree- Moslems may seek the fruits of Chrisment by which, in the leading conn- tianity without its roots. Still here tries, exclusive fields for work have and there Moslems, men, women and been set apart for each board. children, are confessing Christ and are ,howing their changed hearts in their While not in any degree neglecting faces and their lives. Through the the direct appeal of the Gospel to in- hospitals, Bible distribution and dividuals, the boards have been broad- schools the Truth is spreading and ening the work to cover all depart- taking root. ments of life, so as to constitute it a mighty agency for Christian civiliza- The following is a true story, with tion. a still truer prophecy, narrated by a colonel in the Turkish army: With all the new motives and conditions which offer encouragement, our "A thoughtful Turk, some thirty strength lies to-day, as it has in the years ago, studied with a holy teacher past, in the leadership of Jesus Christ, of great learning in the city of Adana. "the same yesterday and to-day and After his course of training, he was forever." But a new fulness of time sent by his teacher to Aintab to labor is upon us. Conditions are similar to there. He found the place hard and those in the first century, when Chris- the ignorant people dead to higher tianity spread with such marvelous things. In considerable discouragerapidity. Then it was the Roman Em- ment he returned to Adana to the prespire which was open. Now it is the ence of his venerable teacher. He reworld. No greater opportunity can lated his difficulties and told how dead ever come. No new factors are likely the city was, and ended with the stateto arise. It only remains for the ment 'Aintaby diriltmek Hazret-i- Church of Christ to go out and con- Isaya makhsonss dyr'-'0 Illy Jesus quer. Himself can bring Aintab to life.' The reply of his· teacher was: 'You must SIGNS OF LIFE IN TURKEY go back to Aintab, and there }'OU must be a Jesus.' He came, and has recalled The signs of prog~ess in the Otto- the tens of thousands to a living pracman Empire are not all in outward tise of the glorious faith of Islam." reform. Some are evidences of spiritual awakening, others are the results Rev. Stephen Trowbridge, of Ainof the spirit of independence which tab, writes: may make trouble for the missionaries -at least for a time. A group of five or six Turks are com-

SIGNS OF THE

ing to-morrow night for the third time THE ISLAM IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA for study of the New Testament. Last time they came I freely discust with The reports of the German societhem the possibility of founding a Turk- ties, whose missionaries are laboring ish church, laying emphasis upon sin- in German East Africa, direct attencere repentance and strength of convic- tion to encroachments of Islam, that tion in the Deity of Christ as essential great enemy of Christianity. From for such a step. They said they often one district, U saramo, comes the enwished to attend the churches, but held back because the churches are Armenian couraging news that the failure oi -the and in some measure foreign. native revolt against Germany in 1905, On Thurs.lay eveaing, the day of the in which the Mohammedans took a opening of the Turkish Parliament, Dr. prominent part, has greatly decreased Shepard and I attended a memorable the confidence of the natives in the mass-meeting of Moslems and Christians power of the religion of the false in which the utmost fraternity was prophet. Signs are rapidly multiplyshown by all, and an opportunity for all ing that the wide circles of heathen speakers who wished to take part. Sev- who espoused Mohammedanism at eral brief and stirring addresses were best but superficially are beginning to made by Young Turks (military officers), get tired of its laws and ceremonies, and by three of our college professors. and the missionaries of the Berlin So- The guests of honor were Dr. Shepard ciety, stationed in Usaramo, are preof our hospital, and the brigadier-general paring for more aggressive work in or commandant of the city regiment. the near future. About fifty of the Moslem clergy were present in long robes and white tur- From all other points of the wide bans. Most of them are extremely con- field, however, come disquieting reservative and keep very quiet these days. ports of the progress of Islam. The But a few are liberal, and Thursday workers of the Society for German evening exprest their feelings in very East Africa say, "Quietly the Mohamfine literary language. One read an ad- medan doctrines enter our people dress upon "Duties of Citizenship," and deeper and deeper. The most influanother an original poem which cele- ential circles, those of the chiefs and brated the overthrow of tyranny and the merchants, are their adherents with coming of the new liberty by very clever but few exceptions. Since the followand apt similes. ers of Mohammed keep themselves en- tirely separate in their external mode When we remember that last year any of life, it naturally comes to pass that eight or ten men who met in a private those who are connected commercially home for an evening were liable to sus- with the chiefs and merchants picion and trial for treason, these large also espouse Mohammedanism. The and free-spoken gatherings are truly re- strongest movement has its center at markable. Mlalo, the great heathen village near Hohenfriedeberg. The chief tax-col- Several of the Christians who made lector, Mbukusi, started it. The meraddresses used verses from the New chant Swaka continued it. This Testament and several Mo-lems verses month a great Ramadan celebration from the Koran, much in the same way was held in Mlalo. Many Mohamthat Abraham Lincoln clinched his ar- medans came long distances and guments with passages from Scripture.

At noon on Thursday 101 guns were fired as a salute to the new Parliament from the city fort; at the same time the bells of the Gregorian, Protestant and Roman Catholic churches all rang out together. We have never had such a common cause before!

many Mohammedan baptisms were I do not suppose we shall be able to performed. The position of the accommodate all who apply for admispopulation in general seems divided. sion." Thus reports Woman's Work. The older people say, "When once we praise God, we become Christians. Rev. J. N. Wright wrote from Ta- Islam expects too much in the out- briz, September 29: "About one-third ward life and appearance, but Chris- of our Sunday morning congregation tianity is for poor people." is now made up of Moslems.· They generally fill one row of pews from The missionaries of the Berlin So- back seats to the front, and give fine ciety speak of the political danger of attention. Often we have two large Islam with great emphasis. In Lindi classes of them in Sunday-school. One, a conspiracy of the Mohammedans a teacher for years in Moslem schools, against the German Government was is an interesting inquirer. He has discovered last summer. An Arab written three Turkish hymns of a good from Zanzibar, Hamedy, son of a fa- order and thoroughly evangelical." mous slave-trader, started it through English missionaries at Ispahan dea letter which was said to have fallen clare: "Doors are widely open." from heaven in the holy city Mecca. It was read in the mosques at Lindi, STIRRING SCENES IN INDIA Tanga, and in other places. Finally, an attempt was made to approach the Rev. Alden H. Clark, of Ahmednative soldiers, who are mainly Mo- nagur, India, sends stirring news of a hammedans, and to cause them to spiritual awakening in that important participate in a holy war against the misslOnary center. Two months ago Christians. But the soldiers were Mr. Clark became aroused to a loyal, and the planned revolt failed to sense that missionaries and large come to pass. native Christian communities in Ah- mednagur were too much absorbed in An immediate political danger does schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc., not seem to exist, but the whole situa- and were giving too little attention to tion in German East Africa sh0ws the the great masses of non-Christian peoaggressiveness of Islam, which is bit- ple living at their very doors. In one terly hostile to everything Christian, of the missionary prayer-meetings Mr. and it calls for increased activity m Clark spoke of this to the other misthe cause of Christ in that country. sionaries and they met the suggestions in a spirit of consecration. They began SIGNS OF LIGHT IN PERSIA carrying on street preaching in sev- The constitutional party triumphed eral prominent centers in the city. All over the reactionaries at Tabriz, after at once this street preaching began to nearly one hundred days of civil war. take on a different tone. The native Consequently, the scattered Moslem preachers became more earnest and boys came flocking back to mission effective and the people listened with school. From Teheran, Rev. S. M. marked attention. Several invitations Jordan wrote, October 27: "School came from little Hindu communities to opened with the largest enrollment in come and preach to them. its history. Now, there are about 225 m attendance; a number have been One missionary was led to start a kept away by the month of Ramazan. Bible class for educated Brahmins, which has proved full of promise and

OF THE

has brought some of these young men raised in coIlections and promises, and to very serious thought about Chris- unions were started. tianity. Dr. R. A. Hume invited some leading Brahmins of the city to a con- CRISIS IN THE KONGO ference which proved a unique one in the religious history of the city and Rev. Wm. Morrison, of Lueba, has been followed by several more of writes that it is almost impossible for similar character. Men were led to people in the home land to realize all think about prayer, and to engage in that the Belgian rule may mean to prayer with a little group of us Chris- missionaries. He says: tians. High-caste boys who are in Mr. Clark's English class began to For years we have been praying that come without any special urging to some relief would come to the poor na- talk about Christianity. Everywhere tives, and that the door which had been there are encouraging signs of new closed to the spread of the true Gospel spiritual interest. might be again opened. We believe a brighter day is dawning in this great LAYMEN'S MOVEMENT IN SOUTH darkness, which has been the seat of so AFRICA much cruelty and oppression and double dealing. A six weeks' tour by a deputation, consisting of the veteran Rev. Andrew For many months we have been pro- testing to the officials of the Company Murray, the mission secretary, Rev. J. about the situation of affairs, but all has been in vain. They indignantly deny the du Plessis, Professor Marais, and existence of the evils. others, has just been concluded. In the Transvaal and Orange River Col- In this time of crisis we ask the ony the principles of the movement prayers and the interest of all God's peo- were explained, and the calling of the ple. It seems that the hand of God is Church emphasized. At Johannes- here and that He has determined to dis- burg about 100 delegates gathered play His power. Not only is He crush- from different towns and villages, in- ing, as we believe, this iniquitous gov- cluding some thirty ministers and mis- ernment, but He is opening up before us sionaries. Great enthusiasm was wonderful doors of opportunity. Two of aroused on the King's birthday, when the greatest chiefs in all this region, the church was filled by attentive audi- both of whom had always maintained a ences; II9 members of the Union were stern spirit of opposition to the Gospel, secured, 'who promised to do what they have now had their hearts softened. To could to start and continue a branch the village of one of these we are send- in their own town. At Bloemfontein ing three evangelists. One last word: smaller, but successful, meetings were Pray for the brighter day in this dark- held. The deputation in the Colony ness! aimed at raising $12,500 to cover the deficit, and so to increase enthusiasm EVANGELIZATION IN FRANCE . as to raise the permanent income from $75,000 to $90,000 for the extension The problem of the evangelization of the work. Their appeal met with of France under the new conditions, hearty response. At Oudtshoorn, an and the need for outside help in this ostrich-farming center, $5,000 was work, are concisely outlined in' the fol- lowing extracts from a private letter, written by Pastor C. W. Cremer, the secretary of the Evangelical Society of France: "Since the Law of Separation was passed, the French Protestants have risen as a whole to the level of the

situation. They have subscribed con- ALASKA'S AWAKENING scientiously .the amount of the grant which the State no longer made to The Alaska exposition to be held them; and none of their good works this year in Seattle has stimulated have suffered much in this time of wide-spread interest in the marvelous cnsls. development of the vast territory to the north. Tens of thousands of peo- "This shows vitality amongst us; ple will be able to see an exposition but it is to be noted as regards evan- that will show the work of the people gelization, that the work is scarcely who have civilized Alaska-the work more than blocked out. There are in of the missionary, the miner, the rail- France 700,000 Protestants with a lit- road-builder and the thousands of tle over 1,000 pastors. One for 700 pioneers from every State in the would not be a bad proportion if the Union who have helped to bring 700 were always in some one locality, Alaska to a point that justifies them in in city or country; but the Protestants petitioning Congress for better repreare scattered amongst 38 millions of sentation at Washington, and for as Catholics-nominally so at least. Thus much of self-government as is allowed with I to 54 of the population it is a Territory. very difficult to keep up services, and the churches consequently are weak, Alaska has a population of 100,000. and find it hard to provide for their Its commerce increased twenty-four own needs. When it comes to evan- per cent. last year and it is prophesied gelizing the 38 millions of their fellow that before 1925 Alaska will have a countrymen, they are unequal to the population of 1,000,000. task. To-day in twelve cities are good ho- "All that our evangelization societies are together able to do is to send tels and all modern improvements. Jusome I 20 or I 30 workers amongst these 38 millions, and this is evidently neau, Nome, Fairbanks, Douglas, very little. Chena, Skagway, and Treadwell have- their homes, schools, churches, libra- "Yet it is something. The work is ries, telegraph, electric lights, watera very interesting one, and it needs de- works and telephones, and their upvelopment because the door is now to-date department stores. open; and being a spiritual undertaking, it can not always be estimated by The discovery of gold led to the first its expenditure or the number of its knowledge of what Alaska really is. workers, but it should rather be val- Before that the popular impression ued by its influence. was that Alaska was a land of ice and cold. But in the ten years in which "Another point which should not be N orne alone has produced more than overlooked is that the evangelization $30,000,000 in gold, people have of France has also its importance be- learned that Alaska is a' habitable cause of the influence which France country in all parts in summer, and exerts over the Continent of Europe." in nearly all parts in winter.

Now is the time to establish Chris- tian churches and schools in Alaska.

OF T H E MAKERS OF NEW

T he officers and teachers of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria Rev. Dr. Daniel Bliss, P resident Howard Bliss and George E. Post, M.D., are in the centCr o f the front row.

WHAT THE MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN TURKEY * BY REV. CHARLES T. R IGGS, CONSTANTINOPLE, T URKEY Missionary of the American Board Leaving out the neighboring coun- used to refer to the territory as far tries, which were formerl y under the east as the Persian frontier, and Syria Ottoman rule, but are now otherwise may include Mesopotamia. Thus the governed, the Ottoman Empire con- total area under consideration will be sists , roughly speaking, of five parts- about 1,150,000 square miles, with an European Turkey, Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, and Tripoli (in Africa) . estimated population of t 24,000,000. European Turkey comprises Albania, on the Adriatic coast; Macedonia, in From the subtropical heat of Busrah the center; and Thrace, bordering on (or Bassora) and the Red Sea littoral the Black Sea. The Ottoman Empire to the snows of Mt. Ararat and the includes only a small part of A rabia- long winters of Erzero um , a ll sorts of a narrow strip running to the Persian climate are found. Constantinople is Gulf on the east and another inclu- in the same latitude as New York, and ding most of the Red Sea: coast with the Black Sea is chilled by the icy the sacred cities, Mecca and Medina. winds from the steppes of Russia, so Tripoli in Africa (including also that Turkey is not a subtropical land, Beng hazi ) stretches indefinitely south but has a distinctly t emperate climate. into the desert. Asia Minor may be The most important large cities that are centers of Protestant missionary work are Constantinople, Beirut, Jeru- '" It is not the object of the presen t article to furni sh an historical sketch of missionary effort w ithin the present bounds of the Ottoman Empire. Such a sketch would have to begin from the day when our Master felt that "He must needs go through Samaria"; and include His visits to Tyre and Sidon ; and follow up the journeys of the apostles through Asia Minor, Thrace and Macedonia. For a ll these places a re now parts o f the Ottom an Empire. We mu st n ow confine o urselves to a hasty and somewhat s uperficial s u rvey o f the present situation. In our revit:w we omit certain lands once under Turkish rule but now otherwise governed. Thes e include Bulgaria. Bosnia, H erzegov ina, Crete and Egypt.-C. T. R.

t "Daybreak in Turkey," by Dr. 1. L. Barton, p. 16.

salem and Smyrna. But many of the nites and Shiites are as far apart as most marvelous results have been in ] ew and Samaritan were in the time smaller places, farther from the de- of Christ; while there are numerous basing influences of the seacoast. sects of dervishes who are not re- garded by other Moslems as orthodox. The Races and Languages The great majority of Ottoman The geographical distribution of Moslems are Sunnites, as those of races and languages is also worth re- Persia are Shiites. While Islam exmembering. A line drawn from Alexan- alts the idea of God as creator and dretta east by north, between Aintab ruler, it has no conception of Him as and Aleppo, will divide the empire Father. Submission to the divine will, linguistically; north of that line t~le and the performance of certain cerecommon language is Turkish, whtle monies are the essentials to salvation; south of it Arabic is practically uni- it deg:ades woman to the level of a versal. Albanian is spoken patriotical- slave, and has no word for home; it ly throughout Albania; Bulgarian a~d prescribes washing of face, hands and Servian near the borders of Bulgana feet five times daily, but demands no and Servia; Greek along the shores cleansing of words or imagination. of the JEgean, Marmora and Mediter- vVherever Islam has ruled, progress ranean, as well as in the Archipelago; has been impeded and the people have Armenian and Kurdish near the Per- stagnated. sian frontier a3 well as in the streets of Constantinople; while many another Of the various branches of the sotongue is spoken by considerable num- called Christian Church in the Ottobers in various parts of the empire. In man Empire, the Greek Orthodox: Macedonia, Greeks and Bulgarians Church is the largest. This again is are perilously equal in numerical divided, but on national lines; and the strength; but there is not a single world has recently seen the spectacle province of Asia Minor where the of Greek and Bulgarian forgetting Turks are not in the majority. Large their unity of church affiliation as they colonies of Jews live in Constantinople, tore each other's throats in Mace- Salonica, Smyrna, and various parts donia. It is a church with a creed of Palestine, especially in and around rather than a life, and with so many J ernsalem; villages of Circ~ssian~ are forms and ceremonies that no space scattered over western ASIa Mlllor; is left for content or vitalizing force. and Nestorians on the Persian border, It holds to baptismal regeneration, and and Syrians, Bedouin and Arabs in knows no other gift of the Holy Spirit Syria serve to swell the number of than that conferred on the eight-day- old babe by anointing with the holy n~tionalities in this composite Otto- ointment, and salvation it holds to be impossible outside the Greek Orthoman Empire. It is wrong to call all dox Church. these people Turks; it is more correct to call them all Osmanli. Separated from this church by racial lines and historical happenings, rather The Religions than by creed or polity or life, is the Armenian Gregorian Church. There The prevailing religion is Isla~, is to-day more of real spiritual COl1but among the Mohammedans there IS such variation of belief that the Sun-

THE MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN TURKEY 16g

tent and of effort at true reform in Then there is the Jew, the ubiquithis Church than in the Greek; yet tous Jew, first cousin to the Arab the careful observer of the effects Moslem, like him the son of Abraham. of both Gregorian and Orthodox Most of the Jews in the Ottoman Emchurches on the daily lives of their pire came there as a result of persecuconstituents must admit that the mes- tion in Christian lands-from Spain, sage of the Spirit of the Church of from Poland, from Rumania, from Sardis (Rev. 3) applies to them as Russia, and elsewhere. well, "I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead." Scattered among these faiths are small tribes like the Druses, the Yezi- TRANSLATING THE WORD OF GOD Dr. Bowen and assistant translators in Constantinople Before the scornful gaze of the Mos- dees, the Nusairiyeh, and the Kuzzullem are exposed still further the di- bash Kurds, whose forms of belief are visions of the Church of Christ by as yet but partially understood, but who the presence of Roman Catholics, are said to retain from idolatrous an- Greek and Armenian Catholics, Maro- cestors certain heathen forms, and nites, Copts, Nestorians and others who can not therefore be correctly who claim to be Christians; while the classified as Moslem, Christian, or only ones for whom the Moslem has Jew. any respect are the Evangelical Christians, who will not tolerate the venera- Missionary policy has necessarily tion of pictures or images in their been dictated largely by the peculiar churches, nor pay idolatrous worship state of affairs in the empire. The· to the Mother of God. story of Jesus is already known, in Qutline, ~o most Armenians, Bul-

HOME' TRAINING FOR THE YOUNG SYRIANS Bedtime in the dormitory of the Beulah Home, Sidon Orphanage garians and Greeks; while even the The Missionary Beginning. Moslem honors Jesus as the miraculously born Word of God, a sinless When missionaries first went to prophet of God. But the ignorance Turkey, they were welcomed by all and degradation of the people are ap- nationalities as reorganizers of the palling; and Mohammed's system schools of the country on a saner basis. owes its origin to his revolt against the These pioneers had oversight of purepractical idolatry of his day, which ly Moslem schools, in barracks and out, wore and still wears the mask of in the capital. When, however, they Christianity. Education is therefore opened schools of their own and berightly more prominent in the pro- gan to make even a nominal charge gram of mission work in Turkey than for tuition, very few came to them. in most other lands. Evangelization Naturally these first schools of eighty is certainly needed, and great atten- years ago were very elementary; but tion is paid to this; and education is it was not long before the English prest as a means to this end. The language and higher branches began cure of the body is likewise made an to be demanded and taught, till now opportunity for the cure of the soul; we see a network of some eleven fulland all public.ation work has as its fledged colleges, mostly with Ameriultimate aim the publishing of the can charters, and largely maintained Gospel of Peace. Nevertheless, it re- by foreign funds. Robert College, in mains true that the majority of all Constantinople, the oldest of all, has missionaries in the empire to-day are done a remarkable work among some connected with educational work, fifteen nationalities, especially Bul- garians, Greeks and Armenians. It has to-day some forty instructors and con-lights in the darkness of illiteracy, 450 students in the preparatory, col- and furnish an example and incentive legiate and commercial departments. to increas.ing native effort. Then The Syrian Protestant College, in Bei- there are theological seminaries at rut, is doing an equally noble work, Marsovan, .Marash, Harpout and Beiespecially for the Arabic-speaking rut, and occasional theological classes races. It has a fine medical depart- are formed elsewhere when needed. ment, and in all branches-medical, There are also many high-schools, and pharmaceutical, commercial, collegi- more than 500 common schools, these ate, preparatory and training school last largely under native control, all for nurses-it has 59 instructors and of which are a direct outcome of mis- 827 students. Euphrates College, in sionary work and are constantly being Harpout, has a thousand students in urged to a higher grade of efficiency all departments, practically all Ar- as feeders to the high-schools and menians. Anatolia College at Marso- colleges. van, Central Turkey College at Aintab, International College at Smyrna, St. It is interesting to note the reflex Paul's College at Tarsus, Asia Minor influence that these evangelical schools Apostolic Institute at Konia, the Eng- have had on the other communities. lish CoUegeat J erusalem,theAH1.eri- Not alone among Armenians and can College for Girls at Constanti- Greeks and Bulgarians, but also nople, and the Central Turkey College among Jews and Turks better schools for Girls at Marash, all sta~d as bea- are rising up, as a direct result of our work. Often these are intended to 'IHE PRODUCT O'F AMERICAN EDUCA.TION IN THE LAND OF THE llA'REM Some of the graduates from th~ Native College for Girls, Constantinople

draw pupils away from missionary President Tracy, of Anatolia College, schools, but in order to do this the said: "It was you Americans who, rival schools must have a good pro- coming here to Turkey, found us in gram, at least, besides being free. darkness and showed us the way to the With hardly an exception, missionary light." A Turkish official at Harpout schools charge tuition, while very few said to a great audience of Armenians of the schools of other faiths do. Yet and Americans at Euphrates College: the pupils prefer to come to the evan- "Hitherto only the Armenians have gelical schools. Parents repeatedly been able to avail themselves of the testify that nowhere else can they find privileges of this college. We Turks the same high standard of morality have been forbidden to send our chil- TRAINING THE FUTURE LEADERS The Girard Institute Schoolroom , Presbyterian Mission, Sidon, Syria taught and practised, and that they dren here. That is all changed now, regard the training of character as of and we will share with you in the enmuch greater importance than the ac- joyment of what this institution offers quisition of knowledge. to all who come within its doors."

The Testimony of Moslems Some Results of Millions It is also interesting to note the As a result of missionary activity, a wide-spread testirnony of Moslems, native Protestant Church has come since the constitutional regime came in into existence, which now claims more last]uly, to the influence of missionary than 20,000 communicants and perschools. During a recent jubilation haps four times that number of adat Marsovan over the opening of the herents. It was not the intention of new Parliament, a Turk, addressing the earliest missionaries to separate any

THE MISSIONARtES ARE DOING IN

persons from the communion of the . gorian Church has been because of old churches, but rather to cooperate its contact with a strong Evangelical with their clergy in spiritually reform- Church-as even some of the high ing those churches. The Archbish- Gregorian ecclesiastics have acknowlop's Mission to Assyrian Christians, edged. The present Patriarch, Mgr. through the friendly cooperation of the Ismirlian, is a man of fine spiritual Catholicos, or Patriarch, of the Nes- and patriotic temperament, a friend to torians, Mar Shimun, has been able the missionaries. And the hope of the to retain this attituue. But the bitter Orthodox Greek Church lies in the denunciations and fearful anathemas Greeks who have been trained in the HEALING 1MB BODY In the operating-room at American Boa rd Mission HospitaJ, Talos, Asia Minor of the Greek and Armenian Patriarchs Evangelical Churches and schools. It hurled out of those churches a band of would not be just to give the faithful ones, who thereby lost their entire credit for the growth of the rights to baptism, marriage and burial, Protestant churches wholly to the and all legal "rights or privileges in missionaries, under Gou. Preachthe empire that anyone was bound to ing and evangelistic work have always respect."* The governmental recogni- bulked large in the program of mistion of a Protestant community was sionaries, but except under very special thus forced by the hierarchy of the circumstances they have not acted as old churches. The results show clearly pastors of such churches. From the the finger of God. Whatever of ref- very first, one prime object of foreign ormation has taken place in the Gre- endeavor has been the training of a corps of native pastors and teachers? * "Daybreak in Turkey," by J. L. Barton, D.D.! and all honor is due to the faithful p. 168. work of these servants of God-many empire where hitherto such work was of them men of signal ability as well utterly impossible. Moslems are atas of deep consecration. Nearly two tending evangelical services, and in thousand trained native laborers are increasing numbers are coming to misthe leaders in the church work of to- sionary schools and colleges. The reday, while the missionaries are in- markable official declarations of the creasingly coming to regard them- equality of persons of all faiths before selves as the temporary advisers and the law has opened up a new world of helpers of these workers. If the Ot- activity for the Church of Christ; aTjd RESCUING THE ORPHANS The missionaries work for the orphans. Children, after th e massacres, come for rescue to the r merican Boa rd Mission, Vall.

taman Empire is to be led to Christ, it the restrictions heretofore put on remust be by its own native leaders. ligious gatherings of all sorts are There is to-day at least one converted henceforth removed. Just how much Moslem among the ordained clergy- of this nev spirit of justice anel framen in the empire-a man who, until ternity is due to the work of missionthe newly proclaimed liberty made it ary institutions it were impossible to possible for him to go to Constanti- state, but a connection is undoubtedly nople, had been for many years faith- traceable. fully preaching in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Bulgaria. He, and such Publication and Medical Work men as he, must be the human channels for the flowing of God's mercy to Another most effective fonn of misthe long-thirsting Moslems. In this sionary work is that of publication. connection it is inspiring to witness The two great centers for this work the wo·nders of the present day in the are Beirut and Constantinople. A newly opened doors resulting from a press was set up in Harpout some liberal government. Direct and open thirty years ago, but was speedily evangelistic effort for Moslems has sealed up by the Sultan's order, and begun already in many parts of the has only within the last six months been unmuzzled, to speak and praise God. Local work has been done at

THE MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN TURKEY

other points, such as Smyrna, but in that illiteracy-these books pave the inconsiderable quantities. The whole way for an intelligent acceptance of Bible has been given to the people in the personal Savior. Aside from practically all the languages of the em- books three weekly newspapers and pire. Large parts of it have also been one monthly are published at Conprinted in raised type for the blind. stantinople in three languages, and And a great quantity of text-books of have a wide circulation, with many all sorts has been provided for the subscribers even outside the empire. A schools; for these were almost totally periodical in Arabic is published at lacking. Other books printed include Beirut to disseminate Christian truth. commentaries and other helps for the An evangelical Greek paper, published study of the Bible, church histories, in Athens, enjoys a considerable cirhymn-books, liturgies of the Nestorian culation. These presses have been Church by the Archbishop's Mission, greatly helped in their issuing of and books on a variety of scientific and tracts by grants from the Religious historical topics. It would be difficult Tract Society of London and the to overestimate the importance of this American Tract Society, as well as literary work, to which the lives of from private funds. The generosity a noble line of missionaries have been of M. Leopold Favre, of Geneva, devoted. The printed page goes Switzerland, should be specially menwhere no laborer, native or foreign, tioned in this connection. Of late has ever been; and in spite of pre- years, individual churches, young vailing illiteracy-nay, by conquering men's Christian associations and other TEACHING THE BOYS A TRADE The carpenter shop at the Presbyterian Mission, Sidon, Syria

native organizations have begun the hospitals in the empire is impossi- the publishing of Christian literature ble here. There are more than twenty- at their own expense. five. Special mention should be made Perhaps the most attractive sort of of the self-sacrificing work of the missionary service is the medical work. deaconesses of Kaiserswerth, as nurses From its inception this has always had in the hospitals of Beirut, Constanti- a direct and powerful evangelistic pur- nople and elsewhere. A hospital for pose; and the results can be measured lepers, just outside of Jerusalem, is only by Him who sees all. No agency under the care of the Moravians.

has been more potent in breaking . Training-schools for nurses have also down prejudice, in securing confidence, been established at Beirut and Mar- in gaining genuine gratitude, and in sovan, and one is soon to be started softening hard hearts for the reception at Constantinople. The medical de- of spiritual truth. Not actual patients partment of the Syrian Protestant Col- alone, but relatives and friends as lege at Beirut has trained a large num- well, are deeply influenced by the self- ber of efficient Armenian, Greek and effacement of the trained physician Syrian physicians, and has now over a and surgeon and nurse who devote hundred in training.* themselves day and night to Christly Rescue and Industrial Work ministries for the body as well as for the soul. The lessons in cleanliness Some fifteen years ago, the dire and personal purity, in mutual re- disasters of the American Massacres spect and helpfulness, in hygienic and left thousands of orphan children didietetic habits which the patients learn rectly accessible to missionary care; during even a brief stay in the wards, and a considerable number of orphanare of immense value to the homes of ages were started through the generosthe people. The value of clean cloth- ity of individual friends in America, ing, well-cooked food, fresh air, and Great Britain, Switzerland and Gerfrequent baths can not be overestima- many. Many hundreds of these waifs ted. But, above all, the opportunity for were gathered in, and in the course of convalescents to hear the Word of twelve to fifteen years have been God as it is read or preached or ex- trained into positions of self-support plained or sung into their souls is a and honor. The immediate and presspriceless one. Many of the hospitals ing need of this form of philanthropic allow no in-patient to leave with~ut a work has passed away to a consideracopy of the Bible, in whole or in part; ble extent; and orphanages in Brousa, and on the backs of prescriptions given Marsovan and some other places have to out-patients is printed a Bible text been closed, releasing the missionaries to remind them of the truth. The mis- for other forms of activity. But there sions vary as to the question of free are always orphans to be cared for; medical attendance; some of the hos- and many of the missionaries still pitals are practically free, while others have at least a superintendence over support nearly or quite the whole of orphanages, where a sweet and fruitthe staff from the medical fees. In ful form of Christian work is going any case, the destitute poor are not * See article on "Medical Mission Hospitals ·of Palestine," THE MISSIONARY REVIEW, December, turned away. A complete list of all 1907.

WHAT THE MISStONARtES ARE DOING IN TURKEY

on. The Germans have also established No sketch of missionary work in several orphanages in Asia Minor. the Ottoman Empire to-day is com- Among independent institutions of this plete without more than a mere passkind Miss Taylor's Orphanage at Bei- ing reference to the work of three rut deserves mention. The example societies which are not technically misof these foreign orphanages has insti- sionary societies, but are doing incalgated the Turkish Government to start culable good in cooperation with all at least one of its own at Constanti- the others. These are the American nople, but much could be desired as Bible Society, the British and Foreign to the management of it. Bible Society, and the Bible Lands Missions Aid Society. The Levant Another form of philanthropic work agency of the American Bible Society closely allied to the missionary work is CARING FOR THE OUTCAST LEPERS Morning prayers in the lforavian Leper Home, Jeru salem the industrial or self-help department includes in its field of labor Bulgaria, connected with many of the schools. Egypt and the Sudan in addition to Here boys and girls are taught trades the Ottoman Empire. During the past that will enable them to support them- fifty years, this Levant Agency has selves, and in the meanwhile they issued more than two and a half mil-. learn also the dignity of labor. The lion volumes of the Scriptures. Its weaving of cloth and of rugs, carpen- thirty colporteurs go where no fortering, cabinet-making, shoemaking, eigner has penetrated, and its emistinsmithing, cooking, dressmaking, and saries place the Word of Life in the other branches are taught; and by such hands of hundreds who are not acwork the pupils can earn a part of cessible to preacher or teacher. Its their tuition while preparing for a life- efforts have resulted in translations of work. the whole Bible into practically all the

languages of the empire. In spite of One of the most interesting reflex efmany hindrances by overzealous gov- fects of the work of the American ernment officials, the booksellers, sta- Bible Society is seen among the Bultionary and peripatetic, have kept faith- garians. The Holy Synod of Bulfully at work, thankful if permitted to garia has issued a large and finely labor unmolested, and likewise rejoi- printed volume called "The Twelve cing when called upon to suffer shame Gospels," comprising those parts of for the Name. Often the missionaries the four Gospels that tell of the crucithemselves act as distributors, and fixion 'and resurrection, in the vernacuthere is always the full est and most lar; and sent this to every Bulgarian TEACHING THE BLIND TO READ In the American Board School for the Blind at Oorfa natural cooperation between the Bible church with orders to have it read at societies and the missionaries of all the Easter services in place of the boards. An interesting' phase of the Slavic version which had always been Bible societies' work has been the used hitherto. By the time this article supplying of Scriptures to the prison- appears, the full four Gospels will ,ers in prisons. Free grants are also have likewise been given to the Bul- made of copies to orphans in or- garian Orthodox Church in its own phanages, And the giving of the Bible language, to the great joy of all. to the blind is deeply appreciated both by the blind themselves and by their Similar activity in the Greek Ortho- friends . Many are the testimonies of dox Church, tho along a slightly dif- how the Word has transformed the ferent line, has resulted as an attempt lives of those who have read it, both to offset the work of the British and Jew and Greek, Armenian and Turk. Foreign Bible Society. For the first time in its history, this Church has put

OF THE PRINCIPAL SOCIETIES WORKING IN THE OTTOMAN

– – – – – _.. _ – – – – – – —- I m I 1 Foreign Workc}'s l'/ath'c vVorkers '0 '0" 1 ~ 0 0 .S vw "- 'C ~-5-5ti ~ ~Ul J PRINCIPAL SOCIETIES "' b '8 O/J >.1fJ -5 w "~ .::: II ,~ .5 -" I "[f) iIi d "v0 I~ " I'" r:; .§ ~ " "' "'§ '0 U C Cv "0 '"' – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – .~ w J; " w S 3 h U w ,;~; J~IJ6911 Am. Goard of Commissioners for F. )..1 … S oj d ~ 0 ] h ""0 ~ ~ w w O/J w ~ "0 '" ,~ " "" "" -5 <U 's" m ~ ~ O/J 0. " "' '-" " "" "" " " "" " '" ~ v ~ v 0 .5 ."~ "'" .~ V w W 0 ~ v ~ 8 ~ ~ '"' II Po. '0 ' 0p oj ' 0p 8 ~ 8 .~ pd., "'2 1v-< M <>U <) " "'0 '0 8 '0 ;":. 1;; £~ ,S oj " en en p0o en 0 0'" 0 Po. 0 ~ Po. C (fl 0 0 U 0 en q oj 0 <) b U U U '"' '"' 1 I 4168 52 12 I II I 1 194 728 124 1046 I 63 199 5 JS 8 1,132 4113.368 311 16,191120,861 130 15,748 1 12,683,0001 7 156,556 I :1 I :1 15 American Friends' J..fission ………….. . 2 12 5 15 1 7 3501 50 41 Christian and Jiissionary Alliance ……. . 11 152 9 3 51 9 I 5,941 Presbyterian Church (North) ……….. . 5' 102 13 2 211 14 42 40 154 194 1 5 1 827 100 34 2.819) 1 22,392,843 )S,205 5,OS: Reformed (Dutch) Church in America, .. . 12 21 6 13 8 2 13,397 l{eformed Presbyterian Church' (USA). 11 7 3 6 1 17 7 27 8 42 1 6,707 11 4 463 7 333 I 796 360 Archbishop's ?!fission to Assyria .. , .. ,…. :2 3 3 1 I 1 32 71 800 832 140 Church 1-Iissionary Society ……. ,……. oS 12 8 8 5135 14 74 8 132 1 60 4 218 S3 2,702 2,980 90s! 8 86,147 2 17,425 41 Church of Scotland Jewish Mission …… , 42 311014 26 5 1,197 1 40 1,237 1 4 1671 2,964 Friends' Foreign 1lis5io11 Association….. 4 1,469 1 3 12 4 20 1 39 8 48 2 14S 15 994 1,139 107 2 9 11 22 2 3 33,621 Jerusalem and East llission………….. 6 7 2 12 10 1 32 1 3 London S. for Prom. Christ. Among Jews .. 7 3 411 2 27 3 Presbyterian Church of England ……… . 11 2 1 7 3 11 2 Ref. Presbyterian Church of Ireland…. .. 2 4 3 7 1 19 20 4 560 560 1 2 30 18 50 1 32 6 768 800 1 United Free Church of Scotland_ … ~.'~ __4_1_ II 41 3 1 9 1 16 1 Includes work in South Bulgaria. :! Includes work in Cyprus. 1. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 2. American Bible Society. 3. Asia Minor Apostolic Institute. 4. Christian and Missionary Alliance. S. Friends' Foreign Missions Association of New England. 6. Mennonite Church. 7. Presbyterian Church, North. 8. Reformed (Dutch) Church in America. 9. Reformed Presbyterian Church. 10. Seventh-day Adventists. 11. Archbishop's Mission to Assyrian Christians. 12. Baptist Missionary Society. 13. Beirut Orphanage.

14. British and Foreign Bible Society. 15. British Jews' Society in Adrianople. 16. British Syrian Mission Schools. 17. Church Missionary Society.

18. Church of Scotland Mission to Jews. 19. Edinburgh Medical Mission Society. 20. Friends' Foreign Mission Association of London. 21. Jaffa Medical Mission and Hospital. 22. Jerusalem and the East :lIission, 23. London Society for the Propagation of Christianity Among Jews. 24. Miss Dunn's Home. 25. Miss Proctor's Mission and Schools. 26. North African Mission, 27. Presbyterian Church of England.

28. Palestine and Lebanon Kurses' Mission. 29. Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and Scotland. 30. Tabeetha Mission Schools. 31. United Free Church of Scotland. 31Y;. Presbyterian Church of Ireland. 32. Deaconesses of Kaiserswerth. 33. German Hiilfsbund. 34. German Orient Society. 35, Judischer Verein. 36. Moravian Church, MISSION STATIONS. OR PLACES WHERE MISSIONARIES RESIDE The figures refer to the Societies occupying each Abeih, 7. EI Mouktareh, 18. Mt. of Olives, 17. Acre, 17. Erzerum, 1. N ablous, 12, 17, Adabazar, 1. Es Salt, 17. Nazareth. 17. 19, Adana, 1. Famagusta, 22. Nicosia. 9, 22, Adrianople; 15. Gaza, 17. Oorfa. 1. Ain Karim, 4. Hadjin, 1, 6. Ramallah, 5, 17. Aintab, 1. Haifa, 17, 22, 23, 35. Ramleh, 17, Alexandretta, 29. Harput, 1, 33. Ras el M eth, 20. Aleppo, 27. Hasbeiya, 18. Safed, 23, 31. Antioch, 29. Hebron, 4, 31. Salonica, 1. Baakleen, 28. Jaffa, 4, 17, 21, 23,30,35, Shefamer, 17, Baalbek, 18. Jerusalem, 4, 17, 22, 23, 32, Shemlan, 17. Bagdad, 17. Shweifat, 25, Bardizag, 1, 10. 36. Sidon, 7. Busrah (Bassora), 8. Kefr Yasif, 17. Sivas, 1. Beersheba, 4. Kessab, 1. Smyrna, 1, 18, 23, 32. Beit Mari, 20. Kochanes, 11. Suk el Ghurb, 7. Bethlehem, 17, 24. Konia,3. Tarsus, 1. Beirut, 7, 13, 14, 18, 22, 32. Kortcha, 1. Tiberias, 31. Bir Zeit, 17. Larnaca, 9, 22. Tirana, 1. Bitlis, 1. Trebizond, 1. Brousa, 1. Latakia, 9. Tripoli (Africa), 26. Brummana, 20. Marash, 1, 33. Tripoli (Syria), 7, Cesarea, 1. Mardin, 1. Constantinople, 1, 2, 14, 18, Marsovan, 1. Tyre, 18. Mersina,9. Van, 1, 11, 33. 20, 23, 31, 32, Monastir, 1. Zahleh, 7. Mosul, 17. Damascus, 18, 19,23, 31 y;. Moush,33.

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TURKI5INH THEEM. PI"RE.

• MISSION .sTATION:;'

AS I A M E: D T ERR A N E A N SEA A RA B o 50 /00 1= WORL,,'"

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in circulation a complete New Testa don, is the present secretary. This ment, in the original Greek, without society sends out no missionaries, but note or comment other than a short many thousand pounds are contributed preface, issued by the Ecumenical through it for the maintenance of Patriarch. It is an excellent text, and, specific objects of all sorts, which withdespite the fact that it is not in the out such aid would have to be disspoken language of the people, has continued or dangerously curtailed. attained quite a sale. "Some preach Christ even of envy and strife . . . of The Outlook contention not sincerely, supposing to add affliction to my bonds." The The evangelization of the Ottoman British and Foreign Bible Society is Empire has only begun. Two-thirds ably seconded in its work in Mace- of its population are still followers of donia by the National Bible Society of the false prophet. Perhaps a million Scotland. It also does considerable are Jews. Nine-tenths of those who Bible distribution among the Greek are called Christians have no concepislands of the Archipelago–a difficult tion of Jesus as their personal Savior. field not otherwise reached. In its Probably seventy-five per cent. of the work in the Ottoman Empire, center- entire population are illiterate. Eighty ing at the capital, it encounters the years of missionary effort have same difficulties as the American Bible wrought under God miracles in the Society, and has very much the same spiritual and social and political turnblessings. Each of these two great ing upside down of much that was Bible societies placed in the hands of wrong side up. But the work has the people during 1907 about 46,000 only begun. Please God, it will go copies of the Word of God. on hereafter more rapidly. Such native movements as the Kurdistan Many years ago, under the name of Missionary Society, the Asia Minor the Turkish Missions Aid Society, an Apostolic Institute, the Adabazar organization was started in London Girls' High School, and others must with the object of securing funds and be strengthened and developed. The prayers in behalf of already existing native evangelical church must be work in the Turkish Empire. Later guided wisely and speedily to self-supthe name was changed to the Bible port. Colleges and theological semi- Lands Missions Aid Society. A com- naries must be, for many years to plete record of the objects helped come, under missionary supervision, along by this society would include and must be still further developed. nearly every enterprise under mission- The Christian press must be made ary supervision in the empire. The very much more efficient. And, above indefatigable zeal and devotion of its all, let a great volume of united prayer late lamented secretary, W. A. Essery, arise to the King of Kings, that this are commemorated in the Essery recent overturning in the Ottoman Memorial Orphanage, a monument Empire may prepare the way more erected to his memory in Salonica. fully for Him, whose right it is, to Rev. S. W. Gent1e-Cackett, of Lon- come and reign. IS THERE A PLACE FOR HIM ON THE FOREIGN FIELD?

REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., NEW YORK Candidate Secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement The evangelization of the world in philosophy and our latest discoveries this generation is a watchword which in science may be superior to all that is more and more being adopted, not which the Orient possesses; they only in the student world by those who may transform men's surroundings are offering their lives to go out as and awaken their admiration, but they missionaries, but by all Christians. can not change character or bring This watchword, however, does not peace to the conscience.

only aim at a high ideal and demand The Gospel of Jesus Christ is the on the part of those who adopt it the one fundamental thing in missions. So surrender of their lives to Christ, but true has this been in the history of it presupposes that those who use it the Church that it has become almost have an evangel to carry to the world. an axiom: "The church that ceases to A missionary is not only one who be evangelical will cease to be evan- is sent, but one who is sent with a gelistic." We can not evangelize the message. The great commission was world without an evangel in this, or given before the apostles were com- in any other, generation. If the mis- missioned to carry it into the world. sionary who goes out to the Orient The true missionary, therefore, is he has no larger and fuller message in who not only has a message, but is the regard to God and the other world living embodiment of that message than that already possest by those and the incarnation of the gospel he who believe the non-Christian relig- proclaims. Like an ambassador at a ions, and believe them with ardent de- foreign court, the missionary not only votion, it is perfectly evident that, carries credentials from his own gov- when he comes in contact with those ernment, but is loyal to that govern- to whom he is sent, the overflow of ment and is the representative of its faith will be in the wrong direction.

ideals and ideas to those to whom he The Mohammedan who believes is sent. It is the message that makes that God has spoken, and that we have the missionary: the missionary does His Word as our sufficient guide to not make the message; he only gives salvation, can give a real message to it. The evangel with which the the man who believes neither in revela- Church of Jesus Christ was entrusted tion nor inspiration. The Hindu would by the Master Himself is "the Gospel be able to demonstrate both the rea- of the glory of the blessed God." sonableness and the necessity. of a Civilization is good and can effect divine incarnation to the man who de- much, but it can not regenerate char- nied that it was possible for God to acter or transform humanity, and appear in the flesh, and even the Bud- much of our so-called Western civili- dhist might contribute some element zation is, after all, so Christless, cruel of religious faith to the so-called and self-centered that to export it Christian agnostic.

would not be to confer blessing upon At the present time, when the those who received it. Our Western study of comparative religion (instead of positive religion), has become ceived, how that Christ died for our almost a fad and tends to suggest to sins according to the Scriptures; and many minds that Christianity, altho that He was buried, and that He hath the best of religions, is only the prod- been raised on the third day according uct of evolution and one of a number, to the Scriptures." He tells the Cowe need to remember the striking rinthians that this Gospel is sufficient statement of Dr. Parker: "There may for their salvation. The Apostles' be comparative reltgions, but Chris- Creed has in a sense become the least tianity is not one of them." Chris- common denominator of the creeds of tianity is the oJZe religion and its mes- Christendom, and has been accepted by sage, the Gospel, is the one thing the Church universal as the statement needed to evangelize the world. Un- of its belief for centuries. The man belief does not trouble itself by con- who does not hold with conviction futing any other religions besides even this modicum at Christian faith Christianity. We never hear of ag- surely has no message large enough nostics or skeptics writing against Mo- and strong enough to warrant a hammedanism or Buddhism with the journey to the antipodes. purpose of proving their falsehood. This is a remarkable proof of the When the heathen in his blindness unique character of Christianity. Be- asks "What is Christianity?" he has cause Christianity claims to be the a right to an answer that, tho brief, absolute religion and affirms that it is shall be definite and authoritative. If a matter of spiritual life or death at the mandate of the most destructive whether men accept it, opponents can of higher critics we throw overboard not leave it alone, because Christianity not only our ballast but good prowill not leave them alone. It is this visions and costly cargo, they themunique character of the message that selves must grant that we still have makes the missionary's sphere as uni- left something of Mark's Gospel. But versal as the needs of humanity. one can not read even the first chapter of Mark without seeing that this Evangelical Christians may differ residuum still proclaims the superamong each other in regard to the natural character of our faith, the interpretation of the evangel, but in deity of Jesus Christ and the necessity regard to the fundamentals of the for the atonement. Christian faith they have always been agreed. The least common denomi- The struggle is an old one. In nator of the Gospel as Paul under- every age there has been the danger stood it is given by him in these of the Gospel being curtailed or adulwords.,: "Now I make known unto terated. "In apostolic days," said the you, brethren, the Gospel which I Bishop of Liverpool at the Student preached unto you, which also you re- Conference in 1908, "men advocated ceived, wherein also ye stand, by which a Gospel without the Cross. But St. also ye are saved; I make known, I Paul would have none of it. In the say, in what words I preached it unto fourth century Arius taught a Chrisyou, if ye hold it fast, except ye be- tianity without a perfectly divine lieved in vain. For I delivered unto Savior, and the Church would not you first of all that which also I re- have it. In the fifteenth century the Renaissance, intoxicated by the discovery of Greek and Roman litera- on the fundamentals of the Christian ture, despised the 'jargon of St. Paul,' faith himself because he himself has and would have paganized Christian- experienced its power.

ity, but the Reformation brought It is strange that this should not northern Europe back to ·the Scrip- appear axiomatic to those who are tures and to the Christ. To-day men filled with philanthropic love for hu- are proclaiming a Gospel without the manity and think that they can do supernatural. They are asking us to good service on the foreign field. Yet be content with a perfect human it seems that there are men in the Christ; with a Bethlehem where no pulpits and men in the colleges who miracle was wrought; with a Calvary think that they can help to evangelize which saw sublime self-sacrifice, but the world without an evangel. A mis- no atonement for sin; with a sepulcher sionary candidate recently wrote: "I from which no angel's hand rolled do not feel free to force my individual away the stone. But we must have opinion on my fellow man, nor do I none of it. We will hold fast, we will believe that by proselyting the heathen transmit the faith once for all de- we benefit him. Yet, etc."-such a livered to the saints. We will hand man misses every qualification of an down to our children, we will proclaim ambassador. The missionary does not to all the tribes of the earth, Christ force his individual opinion on any Incarnate, Atoning, Risen, Ascended, man, The true missionary has no our Intercessor at God's right hand, opinions, but convictions, and his con- waiting to come again to judge the victions are the product of his experi- quick and the dead." ence. He has a message because he The man who thinks he can help has heard The Message.

evangelize the world without the old There are also men who think that Gospel will not only disappoint those character can take the place of creed who send him, but would himself re- and that the non-Christian world will gret ever having gone to the foreign find Jesus Christ without the message field. Throughout all the East thou- of the Cross. Such an one recently sands have lost faith in their old re- wrote: "I should like to take the posi- ligions, and are longing for guidance, tion of a medical man rather than of not to new doubts but to a new faith. a missionary, as I am not only not The spiritual hunger of men in Korea versed along religious lines, but am will not be satisfied by philanthropical primarily a medical man at heart. I effort for their temporal needs. The believe that character is a more im- educated classes in Egypt who have portant consideration than mere re- lost faith in the Koran as the very ligious belief. . . . I attend church Vord of God will not find rest for but am not a member, and am thor- their souls and help in temptation oughly of the 'new school' in my be- from those who have lost faith in the liefs concerning the Christian faith."

inspiration of all scriptures. Men's The Foreign Mission Boards would hearts everywhere are hungering for be saved many a costly mistake if all the Savior. men were as frank in expressing their There is no one who can guide them lack of interest m vital Christianity a but the man who has thorough grip and their desire to practise medicine rather than to preach. A medical It was Henry Martyn who, when a practitioner might do excellent serv- Mohammedan was speaking derisively ice on the foreign field as weII as at of Christ, said: "I could not endure home along philanthropic lines, altho existence if Christ were not glorified. the fierce temptations of the Orient It would be hell for me if He were aland the non-Christian atmosphere ways to be thus dishonored." Raymake it very hard for anyone out of mund Lull, Robert Moffat, James Giltouch with Jesus Christ and His mour, David Livingstone, John G. power to retain Christian character. Paton, James Chalmers and all the other heroes of the cross have been The non-Christian world, however, able to say with the Apostle Paul, "We needs not only medical skill but preach Christ crucified." Everyone the skill of reaching men's hearts of them, however diverse in call, with a message of hope. The talents and environment, attained misonly men who have worked mod- sionary success because they had a ern miracles on the foreign field message, and that message the Gospel. have been the men with a message. "There is only one aim before us mis- Mr. James Monro, K. C. B., who sionaries," said Donald Fraser, speak- established a strong mission among ing from the heart of Africa to the the Mohammedans in India, in a rehearts of American college students cent letter about a man without a mesat Nashville, "it is the presentation sage, said: "This man's belief conof Jesus Christ to the world. I do not sisted in nothing but stark infidelity, for a moment fancy that such an aim unblushing adherence to the theories of in any way limits the methods which evolution in religion and commendawe may use. Everything which ele- tion of the same to his audience. What vates the social conscience, whicl! puri- answer could missionaries trained in fies administration, which sanctifies such a rationalistic school give to Moslaws-every method of that sort may lems when they impugn the authenticbecome an avenue to lead to Jesus ity and genuineness of the Scriptures? Christ. But this I say, that these Instead of fighting against Islam, such things by themselves are useless; that false teachers would simply be fighting unless these avenues lead directly to for it. To win the Mohammedan the living Christ, we are only doing a world to Christ we need men who temporal work which will not last will take the Bible as the inspired through the ages. I say, too, that if Word of God and give its message we who lead along those avenues are as it was given by the Church of not to end in a maze, we must step Christendom throughout the ages. side by side with Jesus Christ, that the From my own experience I wish to people may at last reach to Him. Let emphasize the necessity for missioname press it. The supreme end of the ries everywhere, and especially among missionary can not be attained by any- Moslems, being sound in the faith thing else than by spiritual methods, by once for all delivered to the saints, spiritual ambitions, the elevation of the and accepting the Bible as the inspired human race until it returns to God and Word of God. If they do not so the face of God is again formed in regard the Scriptures, on their own man," heads be the responsibility, but do not let them go to join the ranks of those character of his message, he is ready who are fighting against Islam, when for any hardship and patient under they will really prove to be nothing any adversity. He knows the Chris- more than traitors in our camp." tian faith is a reality; that his faith is the "substance of things hoped for, These words are none too strong. the evidence of things not seen." He A man who has mere opinions, and believes that God has worked miracles not even settled opinions, in regard in the past and can work miracles to- to the Bible and the Christ, and no day. He knows that Christianity in convictions of his own, is a man with- its origin, history and effect is from out a message. The man who expects first to last supernatural. But the man to go out and represent the Christian who denies its supernatural character Church in the non-Christian world can not be a missionary. The mis- must carry with him and in him the sionary spirit will not abide without old evangel. It is the one indispen- the missionary message. The giants sable part of a missionary's outfit. in faith have been the giants in faith- fulness. The Christian Church has established and supported the missionary "The priest inspired by the missionary enterprise to give the non-Christian spirit," says John Talbot Smith, in "The world the Gospel of Christ as it has Training of a Priest," "is a man without been received and interpreted by that a country, a race, a single prejudice Church. Those who do not accept the against any human being, or in favor of message, tho they may call themselves any special plan of labor. He is equally members of a church, have nothing to at home in the city and the country, in take to the foreign field, and mani- the savage village and the civilized comfestly instead of representing the munity. He knows and sees but one Church, would mis-represent the thing: the bringing of alI men to the church that sends them. knowledge and love of their Master. To achieve this thing he bends all his facul- Is there not a danger at the present ties. Such a man has the true missionc time of emphasizing the physical and ary spirit, the spirit of one sent, the intellectual qualifications of candidates very spirit of Christ. He will try a hunfor the foreign field, while we take for dred plans and fail, and yet remain granted too readily that those who undiscouraged." apply are spiritually qualified? Yet only spiritual men are a real acquisi- "DEUS VULT" tion and reenforcement in the conduct of a spiritual enterprise. Unless the (The Challenge of Peter, the Hermit, to the missionary's first love is his love for Crusader.) Jesus Christ crucified and exalted, he will lose his first love, grow lukewarm, The cry of the old crusaders and finally cold when surrounded by Comes down through a thousand years; the atmosphere of heathenism. The real missionary spirit is the Holy Once more go forth the invaders Spirit. He Himself gave us the mes- At a cost that is greater than tears. sage in the Scriptures and enables us to interpret it to others. Once the You will look in vain for their coats-ofmissionary recognizes the supernatural mail, For their lances burnished with gold; For they turn their thoughts from the weapons that fail, To those that are spirit-bold.

Those battles of old had their glory In the hosts of Saracens slain; But to-day the victorious Story Brings life to the populous plain! -Stephen van Rensselaer Trowbridge. PREPARED BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN March I, 1835.-Edicts against Christian- March 20, 1836.-Baptism of the first Fi;i converts. ity in Madagascar. See "Pacific Islanders," by Pierson. See article in this number of the REVIEW. March 21, 1844.-Birth of Mackav of For- March I, 1843.-Fidelia Fiske sailed for mosa.

Persia. See "From Far Formosa," by George Leslie Mackay. See HErninent Missionary Women," by Mrs. Gracey. March 25, 1812.-Birth of Stephen R. Riggs. March I, 1847.-Death of Hannah Marsh- See "Encyclopedia of Missions." man. March 25, 1855.-Patteson sailed for Me- See "Eminent Missionary Women," by ~Irs. lanesia.

Gracey. See" Life of Patteson," by Jesse Page.

March 1, 1854.-Arrival of Hudson Tay- March 26, 1888.-Death of Bishop Parker.

lor at Shanghai. See the UEncyclopedia of Missions."

See "The Story of the China Inland Mission," March 27, 1881.-First convert baptized at Livingstonia. by Geraldine Guinness Taylor. See "Daybreak in Livingstonia," by J. w.

March 2, 1908.-Death of Jacob Cham- Jack.

berlain. March 28, 1849.-Martyrdom of eighteen Christians in Madagascar. See MISSIONARY REVIEW, Aug., 1908, p. 578. See article in this number of the REVIEW. March 3, 1843.-Marcus Whitman ar- March 29, 1739.-Baptism of Kayarnak, rived in Washington. first convert of the Moravians in Greenland. See "Marcus Whitman," by Mowry, and MIS- See "Moravian Missions," by Thompson, also, SrONARY REVIEW, September, 1902. "New Acts of the Apostles," by A. T. Pierson. March 4, 1797.-Arrival of the Duff at March 29, 1840.-Birth of Isabella Tho- Tahiti. burn.

See "Pacific Islanders," by D. L. Pierson. See "Life of Isabella Thoburn," by James Thoburn. March 5, 1849.-Death of Mary Lyon. March 31, 1742.-Baptism of Schmidt's See "Eminent Missionary Women," by Mrs. first convert in Africa. Gracey. See "Daybreak in the Dark Continent," by March 7, 1804.-Foundation of the British Naylor, and "Moravian Missions," by Hamil· and Foreign Bible Society. ton.

See MISSIONARY REVIEW~ January, 1904. March 31, 1820.-First missionaries ar- rived at Hawaii. March 7, 1823.-Death of William Ward, See "Transformation of Hawaii," by Brain. of Serampore. March 31, 1854.-Signing of Perry's See "Encyclopedia of Missions." treaty with Japan.

March 7, 1836.-Birth of Bishop Tho- See "Japan and Its Regeneration." burn. Undeted Events See HPicket Line of Missions." March -, 1799.-Vanderkemp arrived at March 8, 1698.-Founding of Society for Cape Town.

Promoting Christian Knowledge. See IvfISSIONARY REVIEW) June, 1895.

See "Encyclopedia of Missions." Suggestions for a Program on Madagascar March 8, 1892.-Death of James Calvert. 1. SCRIPTURE LESSON: Martyrs for Christ. Ca) On earth, Heb., 11: 35-38. Cb) In See "Life of James Calvert," by Vernon. heaven, Rev., 6: 9-11; 7: 9-17.

March 9, 1835.-First penalties inflicted 2. QUOTATION: "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church." on Christians in Madagascar. To be used as a wall motto and memorized. See article in this number of the REVIEW. 3. HYMNS: (a) "The Son of God Goes March .9, 1872.-Mackay of Formosa ar- Forth to War."

rived at Tamsui. (b) "Take My Heart for Thine, J eho- vah," sung to the tune "Zion." This See "Prom Far Formosa," by George Leslie hymn was written by a famous Malag- asy hymn-writer. Mackay. See MISSIONARY REVIEW, July, 1901, p. 509. March 9, 1889.-Death of Mary Louisa The words are also found in "Fifty Mis· sionary Programs," p. 111. Whately. (c) "Lord, Dismiss Us With Thy See "Eminent Missionary Women," by Mrs. Blessing," sung by the Four Malagasy nobles who were burned to death, Gracey. March 28, 1849.

March 9, 1898.-Death of Guido F. Ver- beek, of Japan.

See "Verbeck of Japan," by Griffis.

March 10, 1872.-First Protestant Church organized in Japan.

See "Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom," by De Forest.

March 11, 1889.-0pening of the Sharada S ada nMISRSIOa NmAaRbY aRi 'EsVIhEoW~mAe pfriol,r widows.

See 1904.

March 13, 1701.-Founding of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.

See the "Encyclopedia of Missions."

March 18, 1882.-Baptism of first five converts in Uganda.

Sec "Uganda's White Man of Work," by Fahs, or "Life of Mackay," by his sister.

March 19, 1813.-Birth of David Living- stone. See any life of Livingstone.

NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS IN

MARCH 28. 1849. MARTYRDOM OF EIGHTEEN MALAGASY CHRISTIANS BY MISS BELLE M . BRAIN, DETROIT, MICH. Author o f HII o ld ing the R opes," etc.

The story of missions in Madagas- they, too, fell a prey to the fever, the car begins with a dream. One night, baby dying on January 24, the father early in the last century, Dr. P hillips, on January 3 r, and the mother on the godly principal of a theological February 3. Thus, in less than two school in Cardiganshire, Wales, after 1110nths, five of the little party passed reading much about Madagascar, had such a vivid dream of the great island lying in heathen darkness that he re- lated it next morning to his school.

"Now, who will go as a missionary to Madagascar?" he asked abruptly at the close.

" 1 will go !" rang out the voice of David J ones without a moment's hes i- tation . "And I will go!" came almost as quickly from the lips of Thomas Bevan.

As the London Missionary Society had long been desirous of establish- ing a mi ssion in Madagascar the offer of these young Welshmen was g ladly accepted and in 1818 they left Eng- land, each accompanied by a wife and baby. Landing at Mauritius, the wives and babies were left there while the two young men made a prelimi- nary visit to Madagascar.

Two months later, on October 13, 1818, David Jones and his family THE P[CTUR E THAT MADE A MISSIONARY landed at Tamatave, the principal seaport of Madagascar, and, unaware of The hurling of Christian martyrs fr om the precipice in :Madagascar From "Mission Stories from Many Lands"

the deadly climate of the lowlands away, leaving the one survivor at the along the coast, began work at An d€!- very gates of death.

vorante. The rainy season was com- But David Jones did not die. Going ing on which added to the danger, to Mauritius to recruit his strength, and ere long the entire family was he returned to Madagascar in Sep- stricken with the dread Malagasy tember, 1820, th.,is time to begin work fever. Early in January, 1819, when in Antananarivo, the capital, on the the Bevans arrived, they vere met by highlands in the interior, where the the appalling news that Mrs. J ones climate is not so trying.

and the baby were dead and Mr. J ones A rriving in A ntanana rivo on Oc- not expected to recover. Very soon tober 3, he found the king, Radama I.,

ready to receive any number of Eng- the matchless story that has melted lish mIssIonaries, provided skilled hearts throughout the world.

artizans came with them to teach his II!- 1827, when Radama died, one people to be "good workmen as well of his wives-he had twelve-seized as good Christians." To this the Lon- the throne and ascended it as Rana- don Missionary Society wisely gave valona 1. She was a wicked and un- heed, and of the fourteen men sent scrupulous woman, who hated Euro- out in the first eight years, no less peans and their ways and was devoted than eight were pious working men, to idolatry. Her first act was to put skilled in' carpentry, weaving, tan- to death all who had, in the remotest ning, blacksmithing and printing. degree, a claim upon the throne, and Chief among theql was James Camer- during her reign the land was on, whose great practical ability won drenched with blood.

him the lasting regard of the people. Her first thought was to banish In 1821 David Jones was glad- every European living in the island, dened: by the. arrival of David Grif- but on account of the training the peo- fiths, another' young Welshman from ple were receiving in the useful arts, Dr. Phillips' school. Together they she deferred this for a time. At the reduced the language to writing, be- end of six months' public mourning gan the work of translating the Bible for Radama, during which the schools and other Christian- books and opened .and chapels had been closed by order schools to teach the people how to of the court, she gave the missionaries read. As time went by, and reen- formal permission to resume their forcements came, the mission grew work, saying that she, like the late and prospered. Tho for eleven long king, wished the people to be wise and years no converts were baptized, there clever.

were many whose faces were turning But ere long, actuated partly by a toward the Light. fear that the missionaries were politi- There were, of course, many dis- cal agents in the employ of Great couragements to be faced. The people Britain, and partly by a spirit of de- were deeply sunk in heathenism, and votion to the idol-worship of their Radama 1., tho a capable and pro- fathers, the heathen party rose in op- gressive ruler ,was a cruel and despotic position to the new religion. Char- one. When the Gospel by Matthew ging the Christians with "praying to was completed, a copy was sent to the the white man's ancestor, Jesus king. It was read to him by a young Christ," and other acts of disloyalty, Malagasy noble, who had been taught they inflamed the mind of the queen in the mission schools, but he showed against them. At the same time the no interest in it until the story of the royal idvl-keepers warned her that the crucifixion was reached. "Crucifixion gods were angry, and would send -what is that?" he asked. On being famine and pestilence and other calam- told he said, "That is a capital mode ities unless Christianity was rooted of punishment. I shall use is here- out.

after"; and calling the head carpen- The missionaries would have been ter he ordered a number of crosses to dismissed at once had not the queen be made. Such was his reception of in some way gotten possession of a

NOBLE ARMy OF MARTyRS IN MADAGASCAR

bar of English soap-there was no Promptly at the end of a week they soap in Madagascar in those days- came again, and there waiting for which pleased her so much that she them were two bars of soap made enwished her people to learn to make it. tirely from materials found in the She accordingly asked all the mission- island! aries to assemble at one place, as she had an important communication to These two bars of soap saved the make to them. Messengers were then mission for the next five years. The s~nt, who thanked them in the queen's queen was so delighted that she at name for what they had done for once made a contract with the mission Madagascar, and inquired if there was to supply the government with soap and teach some of the young nobles THE CAVE IN MADAGASCAR TN WHICH TH~ BIRLE WAS HID FOR 20 YEARS anything else they could teach the peo- how to make it-a contract which took ple. To this they replied that the Ma- nearly five years for its fulfilment, lagasy still had much to learn and men- doubtless because it was not hurried tioned several branches, among them very fast. Hebrew and Greek. The messengers then withdrew, but presently returned Knowing that at any time they to say that the queen did not care might be driven from the island, the much for languages which nobody missionaries now redoubled their efspoke. Was there not something use- forts, their greatest desire being to ful they could teach the people-for leave the entire Bible in the hands of instance, how to make soap? the converts should they be compelled to go away. In March, 1830, the first The missionaries were dismayed. edition of 3,000 copies of the New But James Cameron came to the Testament was ready for distribution, rescue. "Come back in a week," he but the Old Testament was still far said, "and perhaps we may be able from completion. tu answer Her Majesty's question." About this time the spiritual re-

suits of the mission began to be spire the people with awe and strike most encouraging. The attendance terror to the hearts of the Christians.

on the meetings steadily increased, At dawn the cannon began to boom, and on Sunday, May 29, 1831, and 15,000 soldiers were drawn up, David Griffiths had the great joy of part on the plain and part in two lines baptizing the first twenty converts in a mile in length on either side of the his chapel at AmbOdin-Andohalo. One road leading to it. As the assembled week later, David Johns, a fourth thousands stood in anxious silence, the young Welshman from Dr. Phillips' chief judge delivered an address in school, who joined the mission in the name of the queen, in which she 1826, received eight more in the chapel forbade the worship of God in the at Ambatonakimga. After this the island. The Christians were then number of converts steadily increased. ordered to come forward and accuse But at length the dark clouds of themselves. A few did so, but the persecution began to gather. The first majority kept silent. At this the indication of the coming storm was a judge announced that unless this order proclamation issued in July, 1834, for- was obeyed within a month-the time bidding the people to learn to read was afterward shortened to a week- and write anywhere save in the schools the penalty would be death. At first established by the government. Others the Christians hesitated, scarcely followed which were evidently aimed knowing what to do, but before the against the Christians, and in January, week was over 2,000 came forward 1835, the following charges were pre- and heroically confest their faith in ferred against them before the chief Christ. About 400 of them were per- judges-charges which give strong sons of prominence, who held official testimony to the purity and consist- positions. On March 9 these were de- ency of their lives: 1. They despise graded in rank, while the remaining the idols. 2. They are always praying. 1,600 were subjected to a heavy fine.

3. They will not swear by the opposite Thus began a quarter-century of per- sex. 4- Their women are chaste. 5· secution in Madagascar which has They are of one mind in regard to rarely been equaled in the history of their religion. 6. They observe the the Church.

Sabbath as a sacred day. During the week following all who On February 26 official notice was had books of any kind were required sent to the missionaries forbidding to give them up. They were then them to baptize converts or hold meet- subjected to a rigid examination. The ings of any kind. At the same time Bible was taken first. No fault was notices were sent far and wide sum- found with the opening verse, but as moning the people-all above a cubit the second contained the word "dark- in height-to a great Kabary, or mass- ness," which the queen did not like, it meeting, to be held on Sunday, March was placed under condemnation. The I, on the plain of Imahamasina, the hymn-book came next, but as the word great open space west of the city, capa- "Jehovah" was found in it, it too was ble of accommodating from one to proscribed. Tracts and catechisms two hundred thousand people. containing the words "Jesus Christ,"

Everything possible was done to in- "hell," "Satan," or "resurrection"

NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS IN

were likewise placed under the ban. pelled to leave the island. Part went Books in foreign languages were then in June and part in August, but two, taken up. Tho not a word of them Messrs. Johns and Baker, at great was understood, all were condemned risk, remained a year longer in the on one pretext or another. These were hope of aiding the poor disciples. In eventually returned to the mission- July, 1836, having been ordered to go, aries, but in the meantime they were they sorrowfully withdrew to Maurikept in a building infested with rats. tius, leaving their little flock not only So great was the danger of their being as sheep without a shepherd, but as eaten that the soldiers were ordered to sheep in the midst of ravening wolves. procure a number of cats, a weekly allowance being made from the royal Much to the amazement of the treasury to provide them with meat. queen, she found her plans for ex- terminating Christianity failing most The native books were then burned, signally. She had closed the schools, and a decree made that anyone seen stopt the worship, burned the Bibles in company with a missionary should and punished the Christians. But she be put in chains. Spies were also ap- could not drive the Holy Spirit from pointed to inform on the Christians their hearts. Under His gracious inand search for any books that had not fluence they continued to hold secret been given up. meetings for prayer and praise, and their number was increasing every Knowing that at no distant day their day. labors would be ended either by expulsion or maryrdom, the missiona- Greatly incensed, the queen resolved ries now worked day and night to com- on sterner measures, and the infant plete the entire Bible and place it in Church of Madagascar was soon bapthe hands of the converts. The Old tized in blood. Testament from Ezekiel to Malachi and parts of Job were not yet finished, In 1836, shortly before Messrs. and so great was the haste that even Johns and Baker left the island, the the ladies of the mission were prest bitterest of the persecution was directinto service. ed against Rafaravivy, a woman of high rank, at whose house, one of. the Before the end of June the race largest in the capital, the Christians with time was ended, and 1,000 copies met for their secret seasons of midof the Bible were ready for distribu- night prayer. Betrayed by her servtion. Most of these were given to the ants, she was arrested and sentenced faithful disciples, some of whom to death. Through the influence of walked more than 100 miles to get influential friends at court her life them. Knowing that many of these was spared, but she was heavily fined would, in time, be wrested from their and warned that should her offense be owners, seventy copies were placed in repeated, she would certainly be killed. boxes and buried in the earth. "It Nevertheless, she continued to pray was precious seed over which God and allow others to meet for prayer in watched," says Mr. Cousins, "and her house, her only precaution being which in due time produced a glorious to sell her home in the city and buy harvest." one in a retired spot in the suburbs. About a year later she was again ar- The missionaries were now com-

rested, together with a number of her among the rocks and in caves in the friends, and sentenced to death. This hillsides. In the province of Vani- sentence, however, was never carried zanga, forty miles northwest of the out, for on the eve of the day fixt for capital, where many found a refuge, her execution a great fire broke out in the favorite hiding-places were the the capital, which caused so much con- rice-pits under the floors of the huts.

fusion that she was forgotten for the Many of these were connected by time. When order was restored, the underground passages, so that if an hour set for her death had passed and officer was searching the house above, she was sold into slavery instead. those concealed beneath could crawl The first martyr was R'tsah'tma, a to the next pit and make their way young woman who had been arrested outside.

with Rafaravivy. On the morning of For greater safety secret watch- August I4, I837, after being cruelly words were adopted by the disciples, tortured for hours, she was led away the question found in Jeremiah 38 :I5 to a fosse or hollow in the hillside at and its answer in the verse following AmbOhipatsy, and while· kneeling in being used for the purpose.

prayer, was speared to death. So calm During the whole period of the and joyous was she to the very end persecution, the Christians kept up that one of the executioners exclaimed, their secret meetings for prayer. The "There is some charm in the religion depths of the forests, the tops of the of these white people which takes mountains, lonely huts far out in the away the fear of death." Tho most country, caves and dens, and even of Rasalama's friends were in prison, tombs-all were used as sanctuaries in or in hiding, Rafaralahy, one of the which the people worshiped God.

truest and best of the Christians and Many walked twenty, thirty, and even a leader among them, stood near her forty miles to be present at the serv- till the end. As he turned sorrowfully ices, and often whole nights were away he said, "If I might die as happy spent in prayer and study of the Word.

and tranquil a death, I, too, would But only on dark and stormy nights, willingly die for the Savior." One when the queeri's spies were not likely year later, showing the same fortitude to be out, and when the torrents of and joy, he was speared to death on tropical rain would drown their voices, the very spot made sacred by her did they dare to sing a Christian hymn.

blood. Many were the devices that were So bitter was the persecution that resorted to to save the precious Book many now left their homes and went from hands that would destroy it.

into hiding, but nowhere were they At the village of Fihaonana, where safe from suffering and sorrow. Some they had one of the few complete went to distant parts of the island, Bibles that had been saved, it was only to meet death or torture at the kept for twenty years between two hands of hostile tribes. Others fled slabs of granite in the dark corner of to the forests, where many fell a prey a cave used as a hospital for small- to fever. Still others went to the pox patients, where the queen's of- mountains, where they eked out a ficers would be afraid to look for it.

scanty subsistence for years, hiding Vv'hen it was needed it was taken out

NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS IN MADAGASCAR

and then carefully put back again. ing the Christians. "They looked at· This Bible was afterward sent to Eng- me and smiled," he says, "and their land, where it may now be seen in the faces shone like those of angels." museum of the British and Foreign Bible Society. After a time of comparative quiet, what is known as the Great Persecu- In 1839 a little company of refugees, tion broke out in 1849, during which of whom Rafaravavy was one, made at least 2,000 Christians suffered their escape to Mauritius, where they penalties of various kinds. Some were met by their old friend, David Johns, who took five of them to Eng- THE PALACE CHURCH, ANTONANAR1CO land with him. On the way they stopt at Port Elizabeth in South were fined, others were thrown into Africa, where they met a number of prison, sold into slavery, loaded with Hottentot converts. Tho unable to chains or forced to work in the quarconverse with one another, they sang ries. Eighteen were condemned to hymns to the same tune, and used die. their Bibles as a medium of communication. Thus, when the Hottentots ¥ednesday, March 28, 1849, the pointed to ] ohn 16 :33, "In the world sixtieth anniversary of which occurs ye shaH have tribulation," the Mala- this present year, was a day which will gasy replied by pointing to Rom. 8 :35, never be forgotten in Madagascar. In "Who shall separate us from the love the morning the queen caused the folof Christ? shall tribulation or distress, lowing proclamation to be read: "Conor persecution, or famine, or naked- cerning these eighteen brothers and ness, or sword?" sisters whom I have interrogated and examined, they wiII not foHow the When the little company reached doings of you, the majority of my sub- England, they quickly won the esteem and love of all with whom they came in contact, and their presence at a great mass-meeting at Exeter Hall, held ] une 4, 1839, aroused great interest in mISSIOns. In 1842 they returned to Mauritius, to work among their fellow countrymen in that island.

In May, 1840, encouraged by the success of Rafaravavy and her companions, a second company of sixteen endeavored to escape to Mauritius. But they were discovered, and on July 9, 1840, nine of them were put to death. Most nobly did they endure their martyrdom. On the way to execution they were taken past the house of David Griffiths, their beloved missionary, who had returned to the capital as a trader in the hope of aid-

jects, therefore I shall put them to hand while for the last time they were death. Some of them shall be burned asked, "Will you pray?" At each triand the rest I shall fling over the umphant "No!" the rope was cut, and precipice." When the condemned a moment later the body lay mangled heard this they began to sing a favor- on the rocks below. As they fell, some ite hymn, "We are going home, 0 were heard singing praises to Him God." whose face they were about to see.

Four who were of noble birth- One was spared-a young girl two of them a man and his wife- named Ranivo, who had been a favorwere then taken to Faravohitra to be ite of the queen. In the hope of savburned. As they ascended the hill, ing her, she was placed, by the queen's their faces were calm and joyful, and orders, where she could see her comas they were being bound to the stakes panions as they fell, and at the close they joined in singing: was led to the edge and shown their bodies on the plain below. But she Lord, dismiss us with Thy blessing. remained true to her Lord, and plead- Fill our hearts with joy and peace. ed to be thrown down as her friends had been. At this she was declared in- Then, as the flames leapt up around sane and led away. them, their voices were heard in praise and prayer. "0 Lord," they cried, On March 28, 1874, the twenty-fifth "receive our spirits; for Thy love to anniversary of this terrible event, there us has caused this to come to us; and was opened at Ampamarinana, on the lay not this sin to their charge." The very spot made sacred by the martyrs' day was a stormy one, and once at faith, one of the four memorial least the fires were quenched by falling churches erected for the Malagasy by rain. As the spirits of the martyrs Christian friends in England. were about to depart, the clouds broke, and a wonderful triple bow ap- After the great persecution of 1849, peared in the sky, one end of which the lot of the Christians became someappeared to rest on the stakes to which what brighter. This was partly due they were tied. The crowd, awed by to the death, in 1852, of Rainiharo, the the sight, fled in superstitious terror prime minister, who had ever been a from the spot. bitter foe to the new religion, and partly to the influence of Prince Ra- Meanwhile the remaining con- koto, the only son of the queen, to demned ones, fourteen in number, whom she was devotedly attached. wrapt in dirty mats and their mouths Tho not a Christian himself, the young gagged to prevent their talking, were prince was in sympathy with them and taken through the streets to Ampama- had attended many of their meetings. rinana, the precipice at the western crest of the hill on which the city So favorable were the reports which stands, which has a descent of 1 So reached England that the Rev. Willfeet to a rock-strewn plain below. Ar- iam Ellis, the foreign secretary of the riving at the place, ropes were tied London Missionary Society, made around their bodies and one at a time three visits to the island in the hope they were suspended over the edge, of reestablishing the mission. But the the executioner waiting, knife in time had not yet come. In 1857 an- other period of persecution began,

LAST KABARY: READING A PROCLAMATION AT A GREAT PUBLIC ASSEMBLY, ANDOHALO

J

fully as terrible as those preceding it. had been to them a special source of It was largely due to a plot to depose strength. Within a month eleven the queen and place Rakoto on the houses were opened for divine service throne which originated with a in the capital alone, and Sabbath after Frenchman named Lambert. When Sabbath each was crowded to excess. it was discovered the blame was laid on the Christians, tho they had had no Very soon the Rev. William Ellis connection with it whatever. reached the island, and in August, r862, he was followed by a company Greatly infuriated, the queen now of missionaries from England, who resolved to stamp out the hated relig- took up the work laid down in r836. ion in the island, cost what it might. Menmrable, indeed, was the first Sab- Soldiers were sent far and wide to bath after this arrival at the capital, bring the Christians in, and thousands when the renewal of the work was were punished with the greatest sever- inaugurated by a great communion ity. Fourteen were stoned to death, service in which between 700 and 800 eleven of them on July r8, at Fiada- of the Malagasy took part. In r836 nana, an open space a third of a mile there had been 2,000 adherents of the from the city. "They were first Christian faith i now there were 40,- bound to stakes," says an eye-witness, 000, a great increase of twenty-fold. "and at the word 'Fling!' a shower of The little company of persecuted bestones, darkening the sky almost like lievers, with no missionary save the a cloud of locusts, was hurled at Bible, had gone everywhere preaching them." the Word, and this was the result. The eagerness of the people for re- But deliverance was at hane!. On ligious services in these first days was Friday, August r6, r86r, the old queen very great. The Rev. William E. died and Rakoto ascended the throne Cousins says: as Radama II. Almost his first act was to proclaim religious liberty to "It seemed as tho they could not all his people. "The sun did not set spend too n';J.ny hours in the house of on the day he became king," says Mr. God. After so many years of perse- Ellis, "before he had declared that cution, during which all meetings had every man was free to worship God." to be held with the greatest secrecy, The penalties inflicted by the queen the enjoyment of sitting in broad daywere now revoked. Slaves were freed, light-listening to God's Word, joinproperty was restored and exiles al- ing in prayer, and, above all, singing lowed to return to their homes. When their hymns without the dread of some the good news reached them, hun- enemy overhearing them, seemed to dreds of poor, hunted, outcast Chris- afford the most intense delight. Books, tians came out of hiding, and many of course, were very scarce. Happy long supposed to be dead were re- was he who possest even a few leaves stored to their friends. of a Testament, or part of a Psalter, or a hymn-book, or a catechism, soiled Great indeed was the rejoicing. The and ragged tho it might be. Very very first evening many gathered in a few complete Bibles remained, not house in the capital and spent the more than a dozen or so, and these, night in prayer and praise and in read- thumbworn and patched tho they were, ing the entire book of Jeremiah, which

THE NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS IN MADAGASCAR

were regarded as priceless treasures." ample was quickly followed by the On May 12, 1863, having proved people, and there was a general con- flagration of gods throughout the cenhimself a weak and unwise ruler, tral provinces of the island. The re- Radama II. was strangled to death, sult was a great demand for teachers. and his widow ascended the throne as In response to this more than a hun- Rasoherina I. Tho a devoted idolater, dred native preachers and teachers she did not interfere with the Chris- were sent out, and the London Mistians, and during the five years of her sionary Society added to its force of reign the work prospered greatly. At workers, but it is a sad fact that there her death, on April 1, 1868, her cousin were never enough laborers to gather Ramoma ascended the throne as Rana- in the waiting sheaves. A great work valona II. Tho not a Christian at the was done, however, the fruits of which time, she soon became one. At her have never passed away. coronation, on September 3, 1868, no From ,. Christian Mf~sionB and Social Progress ." F. H. P..evell Ce.

THE MARTYR PRECIPICE J N' MADAGASCAR idols were brought out, but on a small The later history of missions In table at her right hand was a large · Madagascar is full of sadness, owing Bible, together with a copy of the laws to the encroachments of the French, of Madagascar. On the four sides of who seized the island in 1895 and althe magnificent canopy which covered lowed the Jesuits to interfere with the the throne, inscribed in letters of gold, work the Protestants were doing. For. were the mottoes: "Glory to God," a time the fires of persecution were "Peace on earth," "Good will to men," relighted, and several missionaries and "God shall be with us." many native Christians lost their lives. Now, however, a better state of things On February 21, 1869, the queen exists, and it is hoped that brighter and her prime minister were publicly ·times are in store for this great island baptized, and on the 8th of the Sep- ·so deeply stained with martyr blood. tember following the royal idols were burned by her command. Her ex-

ON FOREIGN MISSION

THS SIXTEENTH CONFERENCE OF THE FOREIGN MISSION BOARDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA BY THE REV. STANLEY WHITE, D.D., NEW YORK Secretary of the llresbyterian Hoard of Foreign Missions. U. S. A.

This conference, which met in New the Boards. Among the questions York City, January 13-14th, was en- referred to it this year were the fol- tertained by the Foreign Department lowing: of the International Committee of the (1.) Inauguration of an American Y. M. C. A. Movement similar to the "China Emer- gency Appeal Fund," of Great Britain. One marked characteristic of the conference was the spiritual tone that (2.) The question of church union in was lent to all of its sessions by an Japan, India and other fields. attempt to emphasize the devotional (3.) The expatriation law. side of the work. The devotional (4.) International Conference at Shangmeetings were most helpful and uplifting, and the hour that was specially hai on the opium traffic. (5.) Chinese indemnity. (6.) The Kongo Independent State.

set apart, when the Rev. James I. (7.) Character of American diplomatic Vance, D.D., of the North Reformed and consular representatives in non- Church in Newark, spoke on the Christian lands.

"Spiritual Stimulus of Missions," was This committee deals with great one of the most satisfying of the many questions and such as are often inti- helpful hours of the conference. mately related to governments. It Among the reports that were con- requires vigor in action and yet great sidered this year which relate to the caution lest the work of the Church work of Foreign Missions in the vari- be involved in matters that are out- ous Boards were the subject of "Lan- side its sphere. The appointment of guage Study," prepared by the Rev. a committee on Christian Education in Charles R. Watson, D.D.; "The China and one to confer with Presi- Forces Needed," prepared by the Rev. dent-elect Taft, urging that diplo- A. W. Halsey, D.D.; "Salaries and matic and consular representatives of Allowances," reported by the Rev. C. the United States in non-Christian H. Patton, D.D.; "The Mohammedan lands be men in sympathy with the Problem," by the Rev. Charles R. Wat- great uplifting and Christian move- son, D.D.; "Anglo-American Com- ment of the times, were two practical munities," by Mr. Robert E. Speer, outcomes of this committee's work.

and the "Laymen's Movement," re- Dr. Arthur J. Brown gave a volumi- ported by the Rev. A. W. Halsey, D.D. nous report of the progress of the In addition to these reports there arrangements for the World's Mission- were several that were perhaps par- ary Conference to be held in Edin- ticularly opportune at this time. Chief burgh in 19IO, and it was very clear among them was the report of the to those present that this conference Committee on Reference and Counsel, is likely to be one of the most far- which is a standing committee and reaching of any that has ever been considers in the interval of the Con- held in behalf of missions. The whole ferences, questions of moment to all field is to be covered in careful review, and the purpose of the conven- Church everywhere through its prac- tion is to permanently strengthen the tically unanimous commitment to the working force of Foreign Missions. spirit of unity and the undenomina- Another innovation in the confer- tional ideal. While granting freely ence was the discussion of "Effective the difference of temperament that Missionary Literature." A paper pre- makes divergence in thought and habit pared by Mr. W. R. Hotchkin, of worship natural, those in charge advertising manager of the John of the Foreign Missionary enterprise, Wanamaker store, was read to the con- both on the field and at home, have ference. Mr. Hotchkin had previ- recognized that the only way that the ously been given specimens of the great battle of the forces of good literature from all the Foreign Mis- against those of evil is to be won is sion boards, and he had examined by presenting a united front to the them with painstaking care. He enemy. This was brought out again proved his friendship and the truth and again in the conference, and of the saying "faithful are the wounds reached its climax on Thursday after- of a friend" by dealing unsparingly noon, when, under the topic "The Pres- with what he thought was deficIent ent Crisis and its Requirements," the and at the same time approving where Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., the Rev.

approval was possible. The paper Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D., one of the was received with eagerness by the Congregational and the other of the conference, and a committee was ap- Protestant Episcopal Church, pleaded pointed to take into consideration the with passionate eagerness for the questions raised by Mr. Hotchkin and unity of the Church of Christ. What to report to the conference next year. appeared in the conference is but an Another point of special interest echo of that which is sounding was the discussion following the re- throughout the forces of Christendom port of the Laymen's Movement pre- to-day and is most manifest upon pared by Dr. A. W. Halsey. The the foreign field. It would seem as if conference heard of the great success God were calling in unmistakable of a national movement in Canada, terms, asking His followers to sub- and of the plans for a similar move- merge everything that might be ment in the United States. Mr. J. termed non-essential and merely in- Campbell White spoke to the confer- dicative of personal preference, and ence, and no one could have heard him to permit to emerge the great cardinal without feeling that through the men truths for which the world is, uncon- of the Church there is going to be sciously perhaps but none the less cer- an opportunity for the Spirit of God tainly, longing, and which are repre- to work great things in the coming sented in the person of our Lord and of the kingdom. Savior Jesus Christ.

Three or four things about this con- The second point is the broadness ference stand out with conspicuous of the outlook. Several times one clearness. One would put first the heard the delegates at the convention spirit of unity. It is hard to exagger- use, in connection with the plans that ate the influence that Foreign Missions were made, the expression, "That is at the present time may have upon the statesmanlike." It was a term well

chosen. No one who is intimate with sions a few years ago and then thinks the Foreign Missionary enterprise to- of such a gathering as on this ocday can fail to realize that it is being casion, the heart is filled with hope planned on broad and splendid lines not only that the work of Christ is to which have been thought out in the be carried on effectively, but also that moment of vision and worked out with the great Chinese nation is not a practical end in view. going to be given over to materialism, but that it is destined to join with The third point is the increasingly others under the motto, "Progress prominent part which the laymen are under the Banner of the Prince of taking in the Foreign M issiol1ary work. Peace." This was brought out in connection with this conference at the subscrip- The next conference will be held in tion dinner held at the Hotel Astor New York City by invitation of the on Thursday evening, the last eve- Student Volunteer Movement in Janning of the conference. The subject uary, I9IO, and it is confidently hoped was "Christian Education in China," that there may be an even greater inand the dinner was under the care of terest manifested than this year. a committee of laymen selected from the different churches of New York Perhaps one could not conclude this City. It was well planned and called brief survey better than by quoting together a company of four hundred the words from the introduction to of the most earnest and thoughtful the report of the Committee of Referpeople in our churches. ence and Counsel, which are a call not only to the representatives of the mis- The Rev. Dr. Edward Moore of sion boards, but also to the whole Harvard Theological School presided, Church. and speeches were made on the subject of "Christian Education" by Rev. The year has been a momentous one Harlan P. Beach, M.A., Rev. J. E. in many respects. The development of Williams, the Rev. Frank W. Bible, the plans of the Japanese in Korea, the Mr. Howard Richards, Jr., the Rev. vast changes that are swiftly taking A. L. Warnshuis, Mr. Robert E. place in China, the increasing unrest in Speer, and by Mr. B. K. W. Koo, the India, the political movements in Pereditor of the college paper at Colum- sia and the amazing transformation in bia University. As a type of the best Turkey are profoundly affecting the young manhood of China, Mr. Koo whole world. They are enormously inmade an earnest plea for the taking creasing the opportu~ty of the missionup of responsibility on the part of his ary enterprise and are giving to its work fellow countrymen, and imprest every- an element of urgency which it never one with the tremendous possibility before had. They call for the exercise that lies locked up in the head and of Christian statesmanship on the largest hearts of Chinese young manhood. scale, while they emphasize anew the im- portance of both missionaries and boards When one remembers the difficulty making a careful study of the great of stirring the interest in Foreign Mis- movements of our time in their political, economic and intellectual as well as their religious aspects.

TO MISSIONS WITHIN THE

flY HEV. WILLIAM CHA~MEHS COVERT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The greatest barriers to missionary mands make such incessant clamor progress in the world are not to be that the call of greater needs, farther found on the foreign field, where the away, is not heard, or if it is, response missionary is in close-ranged struggle to it becomes irksome, and giving a with native heathenism. There is a process in duty not a worshipful joy. vast deal in the obstacles met by the Until churches learn to moderate their worker in the open field calculated to local desires architecturally and otherstimulate his resolution and enhance wise, and magnify their world-wide his evangelistic ardor. He girds anew obligations, this barrier will continue his faith and feels his heart freshly to dishearten the missionary. aglow with enthusiasm when he finds himself face to face against the local 2. The worker, also, often sees obstacles, so peculiar, so stubborn, yet church finances in the hands of offifinally so unresisting before his mes- cers who are not church-members, and sage. Amidst what might seem dis- are without interest in a world-wide heartening conditions his heart finds evangelism. The property and curmany counterbalancing confidences. rent-expense funds of many churches Out of the very vastness and tedious- are under the care of men interested ness of his great enterprise he is con- in the local church but not communistantly winning reactions of hope and cants. While the congregation as a encouragement. whole assists in the general work of the Church, a word may be said on But the obstacles that he can not behalf of its official representation reach and is powerless to remove are where possible, but the danger lurkon the home field. These he feels most ing here too many churches have diskeenly. These often breed in him a covered to their sorrow and confusion. loneliness and a pathetic fear border- Men zealous and skilled in business ing on distrust, not of God but of the but untouched by our Lord's universal Church, and force upon him a solici- love, and ignorant of the substantial tude concerning the progress and per- reaction always follow iug systematic petuity of his work. giving, are found in places of such influence as to be able to discourage I. He sees home churches in debt and hinder the true missionary work and harassed by financial difficulties. of the Church. The expanding and This is a condition characteristic of the self-denying spirit of the Gospel is modern business world. People want hampered. This discourages the mismore than they can readily pay for. sionary. They have tastes they can not afford to gratify, but insist upon gratifying 3. The worker sees the generally them. Churches have not escaped this uninformed condition of the men in lamentable feeling. Hence there are the Church relative to missionary churches everywhere, apparently pros- matters. This is a condition painfully perous, struggling under the burden obvious even upon slight inquiry. The of debt. This with rare exception women of the churches are going formakes a church a self-centered body. ward, year by year, to a broader knowledge of the world's spiritual It draws in the horizons. Local de-

needs and to more effective work in and indiscriminating writers, who are its behalf. They are evolving more only utilitarian and for the present add fascinating and compelling methods impulse to this subtle undermining for quickening and informing the of confidence in foreign missionary minds of the women. All the arts and work. Until a sincere and consecrated inventions of wise workers are being interest in saving the world shall disused in educating the women of the place this passive skepticism, this will churches and with gre::tt success. But continue to constitute a discouraging the men of this day, engrossed in the barrier. absorbing life of its complicated business, catch what they can from papers S. The far-seeing, home-turned eyes and occasional public discourses. The of the missionary, hungry for sympagreat bulk of men, in anq out of the thy, see a low type and a meager Church, remain entirely ignorant of measure in the giving of the Church, the interesting personality and heroic when the needs of the field and the devotion of the missionaries, the provi- ability of the Church are considered. dential openings on the field and the There is no need to labor to present a facts connected with the inspiring startling array of contrasting figures progress of the kingdom in the ends in order to show how much we spend of the earth. for luxuries and how little for the spread of the Gospel. We are no 4. The missionary detects in the longer easily startled and can stare home churches something akin to a the most astounding and rebuking subtle skepticism as to the use and figures out of countenance. But the expediency of foreign mlsslOnary disheartening fact remains that there work. This may appear upon the is a most unjustifiable discrepancy besurface as lack of interest in a tween what we give to spread the subject of which but little is known. kingdom of Christ and what, in view But it is a practical and fatal skepti- of the needs of the world and the cism no matter how harmless and re- ability of the Church, we ought to spectable it may appear. It is a give. No virtue stmggles against paralyzing suspicion of the worth of severer odds in its effort to assert itself the work for which Christ died, and than generosity enmeshed as it is with for which the Church, in her noblest all the uncertain and positively selfish and bravest, has been dying through motives of men. The quality of the the centuries. This unchristian atti- giving may be as discouraging to the tude is fostered by the frequent dero- missionary as the meagerness of the gation of the missionaries themselves quantity, for a man's heart is worth through the flippant and cruel humor more to the kingdom of God than his of the news and comic papers, and the money. Until the character of giving pseudo-patriotic call to work among is lifted to its place of a wholesome heathen at home. There are the super- worshiping act will the quantity of the ficial "globe-trotters" and ill-informed giving continue meager, the motives sailors who bring home contradictory unworthy and the healthful stimulatestimony the tone of which is likely ting reaction faint and uninfluential. to cast suspicion upon the permanency and progress of mission work; facile 6. Strange as it may appear, there are in Olristian pulpits ministers who

JOTTINGS FROM GARENGANZE, WEST AFRICA

are reluctant to urge the cause of tians standing still and philosophizing foreign missions and plead for self- about the tedious processes of worlddenying gifts from the people. Hap- saving. He hears much that conpily the number of such timorous and vinces him, that while the coming of faithless undershepherds is growing the kingdom is, in a general indefinite less. But too few at best who stand way, a great desideratum, yet it inbefore the people, present the cause volves so much time and money and of the dying world with that per- deferred hopes that it is, after all, a sistency, that resistless fervor, that consummation far away down the urgent pleading that the interests in- years, and the Church of this day can volved demand. Pastors must not try hardly be expected to be confident of to make the yoke of Christ more easy anything great or immediate relative for the people than Christ Himself to it. Hence the unexpectant tone of made it. There should not be evasive the petition. Hence the sluggish labor generalities, nor the cautious and hesi- and meager giving of Christians. tating presentation of the causes that call for the people's hearts and the The worker in the foreign field giving of their money and lives. There views these and other similar condiis no way to secure so surely the tions in the Church at home with feelprompt and steady payment of local ings of alarm and discouragement. obligations than for a pastor to enrich They suggest a disloyalty in the hearts the springs of unselfishness by making of his Christian brethren that begets wise, earnest pleadings for larger into his human heart a sense of painful generosity, especially for the work of isolation coupled with forebodings. As the kingdom. the Church loves her consecrated workers and the precious work en- 7. The missionary detects through- trusted to her by her Lord, she must out the Church the lack of confident hasten to right these wrongs and unand expectant prayer. He hears her burden the hearts of her valiant sons pray "Thy kingdom come," and he in the distant fields. Let us be loyal sees the Church and individual Chris- to the cause of Christ.

RECENT JOTTINGS FROM GARENGANZE. WEST AFRICA EXTRACTS FROM MR. F. S. ARNOT'S JOURNAL* Kavungu, or Nana Kandundu, as people, fond of having women chiefs, the Portuguese call this station, has fishing, working in copper and iron, been one of the most difficult fields of sober, and preferring litigation to service in West Africa. Work was bloodshed. The work, however, had begun here in 1892 by Mr. and Mrs. hardly begun to tell when the Portu- Cyril Bird and two companions. Then guese, knowing nothing of the place a year later Dr. and Mrs. Fisher ar- before the missionaries went there, derived from Bihe. The outlook was cided to plant a fort alongside of the at that time most favorable. The mission station. The queen left the Baluvale or Baluena are a peaceable district with her people, and ever since * Mr. Arnot WiS lh~ fOln<!er of the Garenganze MiS~iQn,

the influence of the fort has been On the roth of May last year, I paramount, and has been brought to visited Kazombo, the station opened bear steadily against the work of the by Dr. and Mrs. Fisher, thirty miles Gospel. God has been pleased, how- from Kavungu, on the banks of the ever, to give peculiar trials to these Zambesi. The site is certainly beau- Luvale workers, the fevers have tifully situated, but proved, in the proved fatal to several, others who early days, even more unhealthy than joined our brethren and sisters have Kavungu. Here Mr. Copithorne died, had to leave, Dr. and Mrs. Fisher and several were disabled. However, opened a new station thirty miles the loss of the Kazombo district has away, and now Mr. and Mrs. Schin- been the gain-I trust eternally-of dler alone remain of the early mission- many Balunda, who live in the more aries; but they have Miss lng, and two mountainous country enclosed by the brethren, Edwards and Hornby, help- great horseshoe bend that the Zaming in the work. besi makes-north, west, south-ere it finally makes up its mind to flow off Trials and Encouragements in an easterly direction to the Indian Ocean. These Balunda are the people But what trials have come from in- that I had hoped to reach twenty-four roads Satan has been allowed to make years ago; but Liwanika chief of the among the profest converts! The Barotse, objected to any white man emphasis laid by Peter (Acts IS :20) visiting his "dogs." as the one sin of the Gentile is understood here; still if the trials have been After spending a few days at Kapeculiar, so have the encouragements, zomba, I left for Kalunda Hill, where for some of our brightest and best Mr. and Mrs. Cunningham have behelpers in the Gospel, both in Bihe gun work. I reached there on the and in the Garenganze, have been the fourth day, passing by on the way fruit of work at Kavungu. And Mr. several groups of the huts of these Schindler has the help of three native timid, wild-looking people, who have Christians from the East Coast of been preyed upon-probably for cen- Africa, who came to Kavungu as tra- turies-by all the tribes around for ders and Mohammedans, but who, in- supplies of slaves. Certainly, judgstead of being allowed to teach the re- ing by the number of children seen on ligion of the False Prophet to these every hand, they are not a dying-out Luvale people, as they would have tribe, in spite of all their hardships. done, were all converted and are now We had to be careful how we ap- "true men." Well, when staying here, proached these villages, or in a I decided to give up the thought of twinkle all would flee. When taken going on this year to the Garenganze by surprize, the women and children, stations, and now I am looking for- with wonderful presence of mind, hid ward to spending six or eight months themselves, so that in an instant, a with Mr. Schindler, after visiting dozen or so together, whether in field Kazombo, and the two new stations or village, would suddenly appear to among the Balunda; namely, Kalunda, evaporate. After a little, I was able in the center of the Lunda country, to distinguish a child of four or five and Kalefie, near the source of the years hiding like a young partridge Zambesi.

1<)09] RECENT ]OTTlNGS FROM GARENGANZE, WEST AFRICA

behind a tuft of grass, or pot, or bas- the body of a man who had just been ket hardly big enough, you would killed by another in a jealous rage. think, to hide a rabbit; there a woman And a few days later I passed another would be standing straight up behind shot through the head for theft. All a small tree or post in the ground, this seems very dreadful to the civi- or crouching among the cassava lized mind, but better such crude law plants. When all heard, however, that and punishment than none at all. And I was going to Mr. Cunningham's, or so far both Mr. Cunningham and Dr. that I was the brother-in-law of Dr. Fisher are able to say' that the Ba- Fisher, the scene quickly changed, lunda do not steal, and no locks are and a woman in one village seized a required on their doors, either at Ka- fowl and brought it to me as a pres- lunda or Kaleiie. Our earnest hope ent to "Dotolo's" brother, for had not is that ere another year goes by some "Dotolo" redeemed her, and sent her may come forth to strengthen the back to her own people. hands of our Brother and Sister Cun- ningham; or, rather, to put the matter Sitting in the Cunninghams' little plainly, make it possible for them to cottage on the top of Kalunda Hill, it hold on. was difficult to believe that I was not in the Highlands of Scotland, the air Leaving Kalunda Hill my road lay was so cool and bracing, and our along beautiful valleys, and some bar- brother and sister, with dear Mrs. ren and some fertile plains, for six O']on's two little girls-their visitors days in a northeasterly direction, and -looked the picture of health. There, there in the last bend of the Zambesi, however, the comparison must end, or a few miles from the actual source, I let friends at home take it up, and came to Kalefie, the same hill that I imagine a solitary missionary couple had seen far to my left when on my in some mountain-say, in Perthshire first journey to the Garenganze, -and then mark down Dr. Fisher's named in my map "Border Craig." Station at Kalefie as being somewhere Kalunda Hill stands by itself like a in the south of Ayrshire, and filling sugar-loaf, but Kalefie appears to be all the rest of Scotland with scattered a bluff standing out on the shore of Balunda villages, then ask themselves what, at one time, was a great inland the question, "What can these two sea. From the south the country slopes couples hope to do so far apart?" gently up to the crest of the hill. .And, indeed, Mr. and Mrs. Cunning- ham have reached a point where they A great deal of money has been can not hold on alone much longer, spent at Kazombo cutting down the but God has already begun to bless bush and draining the marshy strip their work-over one hundred people, along the edge of the Zambesi River. old and young, climb the hill every Also the improved supply of milk and Sunday to hear the Gospel, and four butter is a great help to health, and have already profest conversion. with care in the use of the mosquito net-with an occasional change to the The Balunda seem to be a much Lunda stations-the risk of malarial more moral people than the Baluvale. and black-water fever in the two Lu- Certainly they seem to be more jealous vale stations Stems to be greatly reof one another's affections. I passed duced.

One's interest in both the Baluvale ervation." When all was over the and Balunda tribes increases, however, chief and his people sat down and the more one sees of them. When at listened to us, and the following con- Kaleiie I visited some of the Lunda versation ensued: villages with Dr. Fisher. At one we found all were busy worshiping the "How many ancestral spirits do you spirit of some ancestral hunter who Balunda worship in this way?" had enabled a fellow villager to kill two large antelopes. By the time we "We don't know." arrived an offering had been prepared, "How many gods have the Baconsisting of native bread, and cooked lunda?" antelope meat; the lump of soft bread "There is only one God over all was held at the end of a stick and men, white and black." looked like a handful of wool on a "Which is the greatest, God or the distaff. The chief of the village held ancestral spirits?" the stick of bread, and all danced in "Of course God is the greatest," the front of a fetish horn stuck in the chief replied. ground, behind which a hat-stand like "Then if God is the greatest, why do reredos rose up, hung all over with you not worship Him? Why worship horns, skulls, and jawbones of ani- only these ancestral spirits, who were mals killed i~ the chase. The chief made by Him?" then allowed the dancers to pick off a At this the chief turned to the group piece of bread, and with a little bit of men sitting by him, saying, "Listen of antelope meat, make each an offer- to this," as much as to say, "Dr. Fisher ing to the ancestral spirit; then all and his friend have got me into a nice knelt down, and with clappings and fix, what answer can I give?" Then bowings gave to the spirit all the turning round, he said, "We would honors due to a great chief. The worship God if we only knew how." hunter then took his stand on the head Of course Walter told him that that of one of the slain antelopes, and all was the reason for his coming to live danced before him. Then the stick of among them, to tell them how they can bread was handed to him, he ate a worship God. little and handed the loaf back to the I witnessed a very touching sight, chief; so the dance continued. But on my six days' journey back to now a little unwashed "village boy" Kavungu. On reaching a Lunda vilwas allowed to join in, and all went lage we found that a woman had died merrily on for a few minutes; then the night before, and they had set her the village boy, playing his part well, body up on a mat outside her hut. A seized the bread and rushed off with spirit doctor was present in full proit; the men followed in a mock chase fessional costume, and her husband until they reached the village bounds. was holding her hands and imploring The imp of a boy joined his com- her (so my boys told me) to deal panions in the bush, and all sat around kindly by them, and to remember how in a ring and ate the "sacred" loaf. they had fed and clothed and cared for And so these rude but clever savages her. Then long strings of beads were got over the difficult question of "res- wrapt about her arms and neck. Truly these people need the Gospel of Sal- vation.

SUGGESTED BY A MISSIONARY'S

BY A NEW MISSIONARY The new missionary was sitting by and sin have made a rank growth here. his study window looking out on his It would be a mere waste of time to little garden. His spirit was bur- sow seed in a garden without first dened with the work entrusted to his clearing away the weeds and breaking care. He longed to see his effort up the ground. producing effect in the lives of those who attended the services, many-oh! There is not the certainty of a harso many of them came and went, not vest even in the garden that one aconce nor twice, but many times and customed to planting might think. seemingly without receiving any per- When those beans were planted it was manent impression. He arose wearily, very wet, so only a small part of the brushed his hand across his brow and ·ground was properly prepared. Where fixt his eyes upon the garden. There only a small furrow was opened the in the different beds were vigorous seeds were planted where the water plants which a fortnight ago were only collected, the seed rotted so that they seeds. A longing surged through his had to be replanted in a more favorasoul; a fervent desire which voiced ble time. Is it possible to be in too itself in the cry: "Would to God we great haste to plant the spiritual seed could sow the good seed of the king- and thus cause a needless waste? The dom and see it grow up as quickly and mission field is vastly different from certainly as these seeds." the home field in the preparation needed for the Gospel. The ideas Quickly a voice seemed to reply: "If of religion held by many on the you understood and observed the laws foreign field are difficult for Christians of spiritual seed-sowing as well as to understand. For many religion is you study and obey those of the a mere superficiality, a nominal belief, natural, could you not have the same having a form of godliness but denysuccess ?" "But," objected the mis- ing the power thereof. Under such sionary, "in 'sowing the spiritual seed conditions it is necessary to spend we encounter the obstacles interposed time in breaking up the hard beaten by the human will, as strong and free ground, in gathering out the stones, in as our own. It can not be forced; it rooting out the weeds, before undermust be won and its consent secured taking the more positive work of seedat every step." The voice replied: sowing. "Are there not laws for this also? Do you not meet difficulties in sowing It is pleasant to see the plants comseed even here in your garden?" ing up, but if the soil is not prepared and they only come up to be choked The missionary began to think. It by the weeds or to dry up in the hard is true that when one plans to sow cloddy ground, is it not better to dematerial seed he must first prepare lay the sowing a little and spend more the ground. All ground is not the time in preparation of the soil? The same-some is comparatively clean temptation comes to the missionary to and some is very rocky or very foul. be in haste to report some definite and The weeds of unbelief, indifference, visible results of his labor. Neverthe-

less, the true missionary desires per- one-half of which is full of fine plants, manent success rather than passing re- while the other half has nothing tho sults, and that can be secured only it has been sown twice. The ground when the good seed is properly sown was equally well prepared and the in good, well-prepared soil. Cer- same care taken to make it productive, tainly the false, preconceived notions but not a plant has appeared. The of religion must be rooted out and seed had no vitality-no power within destroyed before the truth can be re- which should have made it take adceived. vantage of favorable conditions for life and growth. It is better to begin by preparing the soil. Teach plainly, showing by God of the harvest! are thy servreason, science, example, experience, ants sometimes guilty of sowing lifeand, above all, by the Word of God less seed? Does God put us forth to what sin is, and what are its results. preach and not give a message? If Then the hearers will be ready to the message is without vitality and hear about and accept the remedy of- power, is it not because the laborer has fered by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. put himself forth without having the This teaching can not, of course, divine command or has not made sure usually be made effectual in one ser- of having the Word of God? If the mon. Line upon line and precept upon minister is without a message it must precept is needed; here a little and be because he has not been in touch there a little. All the ugliness, hei- with the divine mind. What a great nousness, awfulness and exceeding sin- responsibility this places upon the servfulness of sin and vice must be pre- ant of God. If he is faithless and has sented till it is believed, seen and felt no living word for his hearers to by the people. Then the ground is whom will they turn? He is the only prepared to receive the good seed of representative of the Gospel in all his the kingdom. Then the offer of par- district. Certainly the supply of seed don, peace and power will be appreci- is not short. Let us go often to the ated. Then the need of a new birth storehouse and replenish our seedwill more readily be realized and the baskets. opportunity of experiencing it will be esteemed as a privilege. The sum total of a missionary's work is to proclaim the Gospel, but The soil having been properly pre- the divine Master said: "Be ye wise pared and the seed sown, the ground as serpents," and Paul exhorts Timo-' must still be cultivated and the weeds thy to be a workman that needeth not kept out. Why not give the same care to be ashamed, rightly dividing the to the tender manifestations of life in word of truth. What worker would the hearer of the Word as with earthly not be ashamed to have his field, about seed? There will be men ready to sow which glowing accounts had been pubevil seed at the first signs of growth. lished, visited after some few months Root out these weeds as soon as dis- or years and no fruits of his sowing covered. I f not destroyed they will be visible? Happy is he who goeth destroy the tender plants and doom forth with weeping, bearing the preciyour hopes of a bountiful harvest. ous seed, and cometh again with re- joicing bringing his sheaves with him. In the center of the garden is a bed

AFTER THE LIGHT IN DARKEST

BY REV. ADOLPH W. KRUG, BULU LAND, CENTRAL AFRICA Within the last few months there back every day, a distance of from has been manifest in the vicinity of five to six miles.

Elat a growing hunger and thirst for The eleven town schools 111 their the Word of Life. Not only has this last session had an enrollment of 550, shown itself by the large attendances and now four or five more have been at the preaching services, but there started, two of them in towns 55 miles has been, on the part of inquirers, a away to the southwest and northeast.

greater sense of shame for sin, a These schools are not only places for.

quicker response to the exhortation to instruction in books; but, best of all, make past wrongs right and to show they are outposts of missionary activ- fruits of repentance in changed lives. ity and centers of light and life. A At the time of Dr. A. W. Halsey'S few years ago these towns were in visit to the mission in 1905 there were densest heathen darkness, but now 1,568 people present at the service from everyone of them come people which he held at Elat. Recently on to Elat to be enrolled as inquirers.

five Sabbaths out of fourteen there From the first all of them have been have been over 1,000 people at the fully self-supporting, the people first morning service. On the last com- built the schoolhouses, and the tui- munion Sabbath there were 1,61 I tion paid by the pupils has been used counted at the close of the service. to pay the small salaries of teachers.

About thirty of these had come be- There are now ten other towns tween twenty and thirty miles, and where the people, in many of them many more came ten miles or more. the head men, or so called kings, are The offering on that day amounted to asking to have schools started. So 140 marks, or $35 American money. in every direction the influence of the Since Mr. Dager's return in July he work is spreading. With the increased had personally met over zoo people opportunity to reach out into the dis- inquiring the Way of Life. We realize tant towns comes also willingness on that all these are not yet ready to be . the part of teachers to respond to the followers of the Christ, as we wish calls. A few days ago, when a teacher them to be some day, but it shows that was told that there was a place for the preaching of the Word is still with him in a town fifty miles away, he re- the same power, and that they are plied: "All right; if you say so, I go.".

hungering for a better life. Three years ago no Bulu would have In the school also there is a greater been willing to venture so far away spirit of earnestness, a willingness to from his home town.

work harder and find less fault. The There are open doors all around us, enrollment at the station school is 500, but altho a place has just been chosen out of which 120 are women and girls, for a new station, we must wait and hope 50 of the girls being in the boarding- for a better day, for the orders from school of the station. From the rest home are not "Forward," but "Halt."

the remainder come from the near-by It is for Christians at home to say towns,some walking to school and how long the advance must be delayed.

IN PERU-ROMAN AND PROTESTANT *

BY MISS GERALDINE GUINNESS, LONDON The Roman Catholicism of Peru is even the best book-shops in the capi- a political power, touching national tal do not stock The Book.

and social life at every point, but in Is it strange, then, that the people this land where she reigns supreme of Peru are starved, and that they there is spiritual famine. listen with wonder and new joy to the Rome has denied the Bible to Peru. Word of God which they have been When others would have introduced denied?

it, she used all her forces to prevent In America and England, Roman- them. At her instigation they were ism is morally compelled to give some mobbed, stoned, shot at, libeled, im- kind of Christian preaching from her prisoned, and even murdered; the pulpits; in Peru she is not. That when printed Word of God was maligned, the Bible is shut preaching inevitably torn to pieces, and burned. Whatever degenerates, history confirms.

defense Rome may make, whatever The worst which can be said of excuse concerning an "adulterated Roman Catholic lands in their darkest Protestant Bible," the fact remains that hours is true of Peru. In the villages she has given the land of the Incas no of the Sierra, sermons are of very rare Bible and no part of the Bible. Nor occurrence; but in Arequipa the two does this surprize us, for the same parts of the Misa. Mass are divided by policy has been pursued in other Ro- a sermon in one church at least every man Catholic lands for many centuries. day, and on a feast-day in every To-day, what do Peruvians know of church. The subjects usually chosen the Bible? The well educated have are the lives of the saints, or the his- heard a number of isolated texts from tory of a feast and the benefits which the Psalms and the Prophets, twisted its celebration brings.

so as to apply to the Virgin Mary; A fundamental principle is involved they know well the two sayings of our in the fact that these sermons have no Lord upon which the dogma of infalli- practical exhortation. Rome has over- bility is built; if they have been edu- emphasized the outward: works not cated in a convent school they will faith; what is seen rather than the doubtless remember, with a great deal heart; ceremonies in place of conse- else of legendary character, a few cration. The conception is general in Bible stories-two or three from the Peru that virtue does not consist in Old Testament-and a brief outline being good or doing good, but in punc- of the birth and death of Christ. tilious attendance to religious cere- The priests do not possess and have monies.

never studied the Bible. Members Is it a wonder that the works of of their own communities have told Christianity are not seen in the lives me that theological students are re- of the professing Christians of Peru?

quired to know only a few isolated They are starving! They have been texts. Devotees of the Church pos- denied both the Holy Scriptures and sess many lives of saints, devotional the preaching of the Gospel.

poems to the Virgin, and prayers to But surely the Church conducts be said before various images or relics; prayer and worship! Is there not food but I have never seen a verse of Scrip- for the hungry in her services? Alas, ture quoted in one of these books. the overdevelopment of ceremonialism Sermons are commenced by the reci- but marks the decay of the life it once tation of a text with which they fre- exprest. The spiritual is almost com- quently do not deal at all; school cate- pletely materialized.

chisms teach nothing of the Bible; Even amongst the most devout and * Text and illustrations are from a remarkable book, by a nineteen-year-old author, "Peru; Its Story, Its People and Its Religion." Fleming H. Revell Co. These selections are taken from five chapters. enlightened, intercourse of the soul tom of the people, and denotes how with God does not appear to exist. real to them are the personalities with Latin formulas of eulogy and suppli- which they invest their idols of wood cation are totally incomprehensible to and paint.

the worshipers, and Spanish prayers Each town has its popular "saint"

concerned with virgins, saints, images, or idol. E ven Callao, which may al- or their miracles, and add rest more most be called a suburb of the capital, frequently to creatures than to the Creator, are obviously incapable of im- parting spiritual comfort or inspira- tion. The mechanical worship of Peru tends to soothe the conscience, but not to satisfy the soul. Oh that I could adequately picture to you some of these pathetic and paltry ceremonies so far removed from the simple serv- ices of Protestant and some Catholic Church we know in England!

Amongst the educated classes in Peru, saint-worship is very common.

Devotional books comprise stories of the lives of Santa Rosa. Santa Cata- lina, or Santa Teresa, and sermons are occupied with the intercessory powers of San Antonio, San Sebastian, or Santo T oribio. Numerous relics and images assist the imagination of dev- otees as they render prayers and adoration to glorified saints.

But the poorer classes of Peruvians have no devotional books; they live in A SOUL IN PURGATORY villages where sermons are of exceptional occurrence; and their curas do This ima~e 3!1d collection-box bangs outside not teach them either evangelical th e c hu rcb tn Lima, Peru. It represents a soul truths or tt·aditions concerning the in the flam es of purgatory and a padlocked money- box is to receive gifts to free it from torture.

saints. Yet the homes and churches is given up to the worship of O ur of these people teem with images, the Lord of the Sea. The wooden image names of which are household words. thus nam ed was found, it is said, on "Our Lady of Bethlehem" is worship- . the shore, where it had been washed up ed by those who have never heard from the wreck of a village destroyed about the young mother who laid her by the sea. It now ·stands in the baby in a manger. " Our Lord of the Church of Santa Rosa, sumptuously arrayed and adorned with jewels. Sea" is revered by many who do not Hundreds of poor superstitious men know whom we mean by the Lord and women daily pray to it as Nuestro Jesus. O ne virgin is distinguished Senor ("Our Lord"), for it is supposed from another in Peru by her features that only by his miraculous power is and her jewels; one saint from an- Callao guarded from earthquakes and other by the village to which he be- tidal waves. E very year a solemn longs. Thus images cover no historic procession is organized, in which the reality. They themselves are real; image, mounted upon a highly decothey are idols. A fter residence in rated stage, is carried down to the sea. Peru one naturally uses the personal Lighted candles borne by blackpronouns denoting either masculine shrouded women; pungent incense asor feminine gender when speaking of cending from the swinging censors of the images. This is the invariable cus-

acolytes; a canopy held on hig h above jng. A nun had first observed the a number of gorgeously robed priests; wonder, and in a few days it was diffi- the town band, a company of soldiers, cult to cnter the building for the and crowds of dancing, drunken dev- crowds which were worshiping the otees attend the procession of "Our image.

Lord of the Sea" as he goes to be One day, while the excitement was dipped in the waves, thus to pacify still high, a missionary visited the them for another year. church, and he thus describes what The common people have never he saw:* "At the foot of the altar transgrest the wishes of the priest- steps was a wooden image supposed to represent Christ. It was the usual style of hideous idol. The figure had long black hair reaching past the wai st. On its shoulder was a large cross painted green and yellow, under the weight of which the Lord was sup- posed to be staggering. Crowded around were numbers of women on their knees, striking their breasts and crying: Aye! Dios mio, Dios mio!

(,Oh! my God, my God!'). The ig- norance and superstition on their faces was painful to see. On the outer edge of the crowd were ladies of the better class who had visited the church out of curiosity, and now watched the scene with a sort of incredulous smile on thei r faces. R ound about stood THE SWEATING IMAGE many men, laughing and sneering at hood by thinkillg, and to them the the whole deception. "saint's" effigy represents nothing. It " I managed to get quite close to the has a personality of its own; it is an imagen, or miraculous idol. image, but could see no sweat. The face was colored with a shinv enamel In November, 1906, a most striking paint. The reflecti on of hu~dreds of incident occurred in Lima. The late flickering candles and lights might President of Congress had removed easily make the credulous believe that the crucifix from the table of the this was sweat. The image could only House, and in revenge the Archbishop be seen through the smoke and vapor refused him a public requiem at his of candles. death. A vote of censure was passed against the Archbishop for this act, to "Altho there was no perspiration which the Church of Rome answered falling from the 'saint: that did not by the organization of a monstrous prevent three miserable dirty negro but most profitable farce. altar-attendants from doing a roaring trade in front of the image, sell ing The old sacristan of the church of small pieces of cotton wool 'wet with El P rado was one morning dusting the sweat of the "saint," ' and all nicely the images stored in a back room of wrapt up in colored tissue-paper. This the building. A figure of Christ faIl- cotton wool was said to be very efficaing beneath the weight of His Cross cious in curing every imaginable dishe decided to renovate, and after ease. painting it, set it up in the church. The report was then circulated that an "As I turned to leave the church I image of Christ in the church of EI glanced through the open door of the vestry. There, in full view of the per- Prado was so affected at the Arch- • This extract was kindly furnished fr om the bishop's treatment that it was sweat- diary of ~fr. J. S. Watson, missionary of the R.B.M.U. in Lima.

IN PERU-ROMAN AND PROTESTANT 21

splflng image and the sweltering her divinity become, that in the year 431 the Council of Ephesus decided crowd, the old parish priest was en- that the Virgin was truly the Mother of God, and therefore on an equality tertaining a young priest with wines, with God.

coffee, and cake-joking and laugh- In Peru, this mistaken worship has for nearly four hundred years ening, wholly indifferent to the poor de- thralled the people. In every house are pictures of the Virgin; her amuluded people at the foot of the altar lets and charms are worn by rich and steps." COME TO MARY The worship of such relics is a part The stone above the Jesuit Church in Cuzeo, Peru. The inscription reads: "Come to Mary, all of the same degradation as are the you who are laden with work and weary under the weight of your sins and she will reli.eve you." Peruvian images. In a professedly poor alike; almost every girl bears Christian land the poor and ignorant her name ; Jesus Maria! is the com- monest exclamation; "Hail, most holy have been allowed to fall into idolatry. Mary!" and the reply "Conceived without sin!" is the only Indian greet- Romanism is a sliding scale : at one ing; hospital wards are ornamented with images of the Virgin; figures of end is devout tho distorted Christian- her and of the child Jesus stand on the desks of normal schools; and every ity; at the other, paganism. It is church has its miraculous Virgin.

always easier to worship the visible The Goddess of Peru is honored by various means, but perhaps the most and tangible than to commune with important are holidays, feasts, pil- grimages, and sisterhoods. the invisible God. For the better in- On nearly every feast day, however structed Peruvian devotees, the sup- unimportant, some Raudy image of the Virgin is carried through the streets, posed miracles of relics and images and educated men stand bareheaded, eclip!"e the works of their Creator and Redeemer; while the poor and igno- rant, in a blind search for the divine, have been allured by tangible evi- dences of the supernatural, and are now lost in idolatry as pitiful as that of any Burmese priest or Fiji islander.

Mariolatry is the most popular form of saint-worship, and the most liable to degenerate into idolatry. The ideal of Peru is La Virgen (The Virgin).

To the educated she is the Mary of Roman Catholicism the world over; but to the ignorant masses she is mere- ly a personification of ideal tenderness.

IHt aissein*teproeisnttisngoutot, notice, as Herr von that "a little plant used from ancient times as a love-po- tion has borne in succession the names of Capillus, Veneris, Freya's herb,t and Maria grass.

Thus we may trace the Peruvian worship of La Virgen from its pres- ent idolatry back to the instincts of primitive races of mankind. Glancing through Church history, we reali.ze how this evil has crept into Chns- tianity. In the second and third cen- turies, women who manifested ex- travagant adoration of the Virgin were looked upon as heretics. But so generally accepted did the belief 111 * Karl von Rase. uHandbook to the Controversy with Rome," Vol. I I.

t Freya, in Norse mythology, was the goddess of fruitfulness, of faithfulness, and love.

while the women kneel or follow in Father tells us that when he studied her train. the Gospels he found nothing about Our Lady of Intercession; the evan- Mary is not merely the Goddess of gelists made it clear that Christ, not the common people, she is their fa- Mary, came to save the world; that in vorite idoL The following questions the days when Jesus and His mother which I put to the old sacristan of the lived on earth sinners went directly to church at Puno, and the answers he Him without imploring her intercesgave, will serve to show how the coun- sion. If, then, Mary had not in heaven try people regard Mary's images: assumed the power which Christ had lost the father reasoned, then Jesus "What are all these images?" was still the best friend, and Catholics "Oh, they are virgins; that is the were mistaken in going for salvation Virgin of Perpetual Succor; that is to one infinitely less powerfuL the Virgin of Sorrows; that is the Seated Virgin." Mary is worshiped as the Mother "Is the Mother of Jesus here?" of God and honored with feasts, pro- (Scratching his head dubiously and cessions and pilgrimages. The many consulting another Indian.) figures made of her represent only "N0, no ! there is no Mother of Jesus ideal motherhood to the ignorant here. But perhaps~yes, she would be masses who have no knowledge of the the Virgin of the Immaculate Concep- historic personality of Mary of Nazation, who is above the high altar." reth, but believe the Bible, which they "Who receives the chief worship in have never seen, to be almost exyour church? Jesus or His Mother? clusively about her. Mary or our Savior?" "Oh, the Virgin!" This goddess usurps the place of "And which of the Virgins IS the our Lord. Mary, not Christ, is the greatest ?" Savior of the world, for she "gave "It must be the Mother of Jesus, life to all sinners on Calvary." Mary, because she is placed above the high not Christ is the overcomer of the altar, over alL" devil, for the Church tells us that "she "And the other Virgins, are they shall bruise the serpent's head." Mary, different or all the same?" not Christ, is the object .of chief wor- "They are different, all of them; ship, and intercessor before the throne placed in the church for their mira- of God. cles." The Church not only denies the In Peru, Protestantism must face Gospel stories to its children, but it not only a pretentious ceremonialism, perverts Scripture to impress upon but also the moral corruption which it them the greatness of the Virgin. fails to cover. Two mistaken princi- Above the door of the Jesuit Church ples form the foundation of this sysin Cuzco are these words: tem of evil; firstly, sacerdotalism; and "Come to Mary, all who are bur- secondly, celibacy. dened and weary with the weight of your sins, and she will rest you.' Peru has one archbishop, seven A picture of Our Lady of Copaca- bishops, and friars and priests of every bana lies before me, and above it is description, apparently without numwritten: ber. In addition to the numerous "We have seen the star, and are convents and monasteries which these come to adore her"; and below: possess, they own a large number of "Come to me all who suffer, and I the wealthiest haciendas, and through will console you." their agents, control much of the busi- Oh, that the priests and people of ness of the country. In Arequipa, Peru, like Father Chiniquy, would there is one priest or friar to every search and see whether or not these thirty individuals, and the number is things are so! In his life-story the continually increased by those who have been expelled from France, and who are now having· a pernicious in-

fluence on the Peruvian Catholics by the Bible Society's Gospels and Testa- inciting- their animosity against men of ments and burned them in the public Liberal ideas. plaza. Beneath the walls of the In- With few exceptions, the priests of quisition building in Lima it was so; Peru are of a low class, uneducated, in Arequipa, Sicuani, Ayacucho, and illiterate, and vulgar. In the villages numerous other centers of popUlation.

of the desert and of the Sierra they are often so isolated as to be practi- cally independent, and by the Indians are treated as kings and gods. They are held in reverence by ladies of the most influential Peruvian families, and in spite of growing spiritualism and agnosticism, still maintain their sway.

The priests are the leaders in im- morality, and their despotism makes anything else impossible. The curas with whom one comes in contact in the villages of Peru are drunken, de- graded, illiterate, and notoriously wicked. So great was the scandal in connection with the life of a priest in Urubamba (where public opinion is not easily shocked i), that shortly be- fore I arrived in Peru the town folk rose against him. Three young men met him, held pistols to his head, and bade him leave the place within half an hour. Nor did they let him out – of their sight until the command was obeyed. ONE OF THE RELIGIOUS LEADERS OF PERU It has been truly said that con- ventual establishments have proved a In Callao and Arequipa colporteurs terrible scourge in all Papal countries, were imprisoned; in Tiahuanuco and certainly of the monasteries of another was stoned and left for dead Peru no truthful description fit for at the roadside; in Bolivia a native publication can be written. Lack of worker was murdered; in all parts occupation drives the unfortunate of the Sierra these brave Bible-sell- novices to quarrelling and immorality; ers have been molested and often yet the priesthood of Peru is supplied wounded.

by those who have lived from perhaps In their view of sin, the priests eleven years of age in these schools show mental deformity: the reading of vice. of God's Word, charity to needy The intemperance of the Peruvian Protestants-these are sins for which priesthood is proverbial; even a short only many months of penance can stay in the country is sufficient to con- atone; but crime at the instigation of vince one of the fact that the priests the priest- the murder of heretics, for are leaders in drunkenness. Religious example-is acceptable to God. Thus festivals are the great occasions for do the priests strain at a gnat and drinking, and this practise is allowed swallow a camel!

and sometimes required by the minis- Of the avarice shown by the Peru- ters of the Church. vian priests in their dealings with the In nearly every town and village of poor, examples too numerous to record Peru, some zealous cura has collected come to mind. Suffice it to refer to

Don Fernando Casos,* who from ex- to me! Here are chests of drawers, perience knew that the curas "live for wardrobes, arm-chairs, stoves-all the making money and trading on the handiwork of the missionaries them- people." selves.

I have stood in the Inquisition build- Perchance you have heard the ex- ings of the New World; have seen the pression: "Only a missionary's wife."

diabolical instruments of torture with I stand amazed at the lady missionary!

which the limbs of heroic men, yea, of She goes out alone to dens of iniquity, women, were racked; have walked the perhaps at the dead of night, in way those doomed "heretics" were led; answer to the appeal of some poor and stood where the "faithful" stood sufferer. She plays the organ and to watch them burned. I have seen leads the singing in the meetings. She the table at which death-warrants makes her own and the children's were signed; the hole through which clothes, and educates the little ones barbarous sentences were spoken. I herself. Moreover, she deals with have stood in cells where suffering Peruvian servants, which is, without Christians lay, and seen the flag-stones exception, the most appalling problem on which they breathed their last; I which I have ever encountered.

have stood askance before the shrivel- It is not possible to exaggerate the ed remains of some unknown woman force of Satanic power which is -built alive into a convent wall! Hor- brought to bear upon the missionaries rible! Horrible! Horrible are these in Roman Catholic lands. So little is facts concerning the former workings Tesus Christ known there that the of "Christianity" in the New World. devil seems fearless in his attacks. One The Protestant Missionaries is conscious that the powers of dark- ness are at work on all sides; the mis- My first impression was that mis- sion-house is the center of the conflict; sionaries are very ordinary people; my and before any soul is brought into second was that missionaries are very the kingdom, its redemption has been extraordinary people. sealed by a victory in a missionary's heart. Look round the comfortable little missionary home. If you know the Strain-physical, mental, and spiriallowance with which this has been tual-is upon the workers; isolation, kept up, you will confess yourself ab- uncongenial associations, and dissolutely unable to reconcile the two. couragement are often inevitable; and This clean board floor was laid by a through all of these the Enemy tries mISSIonary; the mud walls were to destroy the life of the soul. smoothed and painted by the present owners; the canvas ceiling was sewn Answered prayer is the missionary's by them; baby's high-chair is home- chief reward. Well I remember one made. Our missionary devised the night when we rose from our knees plan of sticking newspapers over the and went into the little meeting-room, mud floor to keep the room cleaner; convinced that God was about to she laid the linoleum herself; con- answer us and give a blessing. No one verted a deck-chair into this pretty was there. The sight of the empty piece of furniture; improvised these hall sent one short chill through us, book-shelves with several boards and but faith could not be damped. We a strap; transformed an old packing- knew God was going to answer our case and a tin trunk into this wash- prayers. But altho we played and stand; and hid the crumbling walls sang, no one came. It was five minwith photos of well-known and much- utes to meeting-time-the hour-:1 quarter of an hour past-and still the loved faces. hall was empty. Two native Chris- This house is a continual wonder tians came up at last. and sat down • "A Discourse on Liberty of Worship," by Dr. D. sadly. "No bites to-night," they said. Fernando Cas6s, delivered in the National Assembly, 1867. They had been toiling and had taken

MEXICO: THE LAND, THE PEOPLE, AND THE CHURCH

nothing. Still against all probabili- washed hall was fuller than it had been ties, we believed that God was going for months. The singing died away, to give us a good meeting. We could not bring ourselves to doubt it. Had and the speaker's heart was full a8 we not prayed? he said, "Oremos!" (Let us pray).

A hymn was given out to the empty He had learned more of prayer that hall, and we sang cheerily. night than in all his previous reading on t~e subject. He might forget At the end of the second verse there theories and arguments, but never this was a sound of feet on the stairs; experience. At every step of my stay the music of the third went a little with the missionaries in Peru, the wrong because the organist was so excited at the newcomers; and before power of prayer was proved. The the hymn closed, the little white- missionaries are men and women of prayer.

MEXICO: THE LAND, THE PEOPLE. AND THE CHURCH * BY THE REV. LEFFORD M. A. HAUGHWOUT Mexico, the land of the Aztecs, is As a result, Mexico has every variety a country of no mean dimensions. Its of climate, from that of the tropics at Vera Cruz, to that of the cold area is 767,005 square miles, which is temperate zone. It is possible in a equal to that of all the United States single day's horseback ride to pass east of the Mississippi River, with the from orange and banana plantations exception of Visconsin. It is equal to the regions of wheat, corn and frost. to the combined territory of Great By rail, it can be done within an hour. Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Holland, Belgium and Switzerland. When People. Hbtol'7. e.nd Relipon Bishop Aves, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, wishes to travel between The people of Mexico are for the the two missions of Ensefiada and most part descended from the ancient Salina Cruz, he must cover a distance Aztecs, and other aboriginal races. Alas great as that from Boston to Salt most two-fifths of them are pure- Lake City; and then he is a thousand blooded, and a somewhat larger nummiles short of Mexico's most easter- ber have an admixture of Spanish. ly shore. And when it is taken into The balance are foreigners-Americonsideration that this vast country is cans, English, Spanish, French, Gerno wilderness, but is inhabited by man. President Benito Juarez, the some 14,000,000 people, and that many greatest ruler Mexico has ever had, points can be reached only by horse- was a full-blooded Indian, a descendback or stage, it is apparent what an ant of the original possessors of the overwhelming charge it is for a single land. President Diaz is about three- quarters pure. Even those who are bishop. partly Spanish take chief pride in their But Mexico is notable not only for Indian ancestry. As one of our native priests once remarked, "If it were its horizontal extent, but likewise for possible, I would take every drop of its altitude. From both its eastern and Spanish blood from my veins." The western shores, the land rises abrupt- term "Mexicans" is applied officially ly to a great central plateau, which to alI the citizens of Mexico, whether comprises the greater portion of the of pure or mixed blood. But the Mexicountry. This mighty table-land cans of pure Indian descent, especially ranges in elevation from 4,000 to 9,000 those who still speak the old dialects feet, with snow-clad peaks almost 18,- and retain the primitive costume, are 000 feet above the sea. The City of Mexico has an elevation of 7,350 feet.

• Condensed from "The Spirit 01 Missions."

commonly distinguished from the nations, has led to a wholesale reothers as "Indians." But, of course, bellion against this travesty of the the significance of the term "Indian" Christian religion. Of those who are in Mexico is very different from what responsible for Mexico's great adit is in the United States. Spanish is vancement in the past fifty years, the the common language of the country, majority have broken with the Roman but Aztec and other aboriginal dialects Church, and are openly hostile to it. are still spoken extensively. The most enlightened ones of the nation, in other words, have renounced The Spanish conquerors gave to the only religion they have ever Mexico a veneer of European civiliza- known. tion, and likewise a veneer of Christianity. The latter was a great im- Religious Reform provement upon the old paganism of the Aztecs, but it was very far from It was due to the low condition of rebeing what it ought to have been. The ligion and morals that a movement for images of heathen deities were simply reform was started during the adreplaced by those of Christian saints, ministration of President Juarez. This and the conquered people were as movement was a spontaneous one, and easily led to transfer their devotion to was not due to anyone source or these greater and more powerful leadership. "Evangelical" congrega- "gods." There might have been some tions, as they were called, sprang up apology for this as a beginning, if in many places; and, as might have it had been followed by a clear ex- been expected, most of them went to position of the difference between great extremes. But this was not the idolatry and Christian worship; but case with all. Out of the first conapparently the Spanish monks were fusion there gradually emerged a little well satisfied to have won the outward company of earnest and sober-minded allegiance of the Indians, without in- men, to whom President Juarez himquiring too deeply into the true char- self and other members of the Liberal acter of their devotion. party gave encouragement and sup- port. A Mexican missionary society Until within a very short time ago was organized in the United States, the old pagan dances still survived as and through them an American priest a feature of the worship in the great was maintained in Mexico, as agent of church of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the society. Large sums of money Mexico City; and they are still prac- were contributed. The famous old tised in some of the smaller churches church of San Francisco was purof the immediate vicinity. chased for about $30,000, and that of San Jose de Gracia (since reconse- In view of this terrible degradation crated as San Pedro) was practically of the Christian religion, it is little presented to the reformers by Presiwonder that the morals of the people dent Juarez. The great popular have suffered in a corresponding de- preacher, Manual Aguas, a canon of gree. Marriage among a large pro- the Roman cathedral in Mexico City, portion of the poorer classes is looked having been appointed to oppose the upon as a useless formality, an ex- reform movement, was himself conpensive luxury which they can ill af- verted. and at once assumed a position ford. This is due to the exorbitant of leadership. Adhesions now came fees which the Church demands under from every quarter, and many new penalty of excommunication; and congregations were organized. Under partly, also, to the openly immoral the influence of Aguas, the reformers lives of many of the clergy. Baptism organized "The Church of Jesus," and is also very widely neglected because he was elected as the first bishop, exthe people are too poor to pay the fee. pecting to receive recognition and con- It is no wonder that the intellectual secration from the bishops of the stimulus which Mexico has recently received, through contact with other

MEXICO; 1HE LA~D, THE PEOPLE.. AND THE CHURCH 2I9

American Church. He died suddenly, are marked by a simplicity which is however, in I872, before this could almost austere, and it is on that Lasis be accomplished. that they have waged their fight.

In spite of the efforts of the Amer- The native Episcopal clergy now ican Episcopal vicars, the Mexican number 8 priests and 5 deacons. There Church never recovered its former are I,05I communicants, and 30 parprestige and vigor; and its condition ishes and missions, with 16 churches became most deplorable. But a better and chapels. Including the Englishday was about to dawn.. In I904 the speaking commtmicants, Mexico is the Rev. Henry D. Aves, D.D., was con- second largest foreign mission of the secrated as Bishop of the Protestant American Church. Episcopal Church., not for the Mexicans, but to shepherd the great nUlll- Mexico has a comprehensive system ber of Americans who had gone to of free national schools; but except in .Mexico for the purpose of exploiting the larger cities it is very inferior, and its undeveloped resources. True to even at its best it is very far below the Catholic principles which had the educational standards of England always guided them, the native clergy and America. So m11ch so that it is asked to be received under his juris- absolutely necessary for us to have our diction. This was accordingly done own schools, for the mere instruction, in February, I906. Thus the way as well as for the Christian training, was opened for the Board of Mis- of the young people. sions to give the native lHexican work the status of a regular foreign mis- There are said to be 50,000 Amerision. cans alone, more than IO,OOO of whom reside in the City of Mexico. There Regular appropnatlOns are now are also great numbers of English and made for the support of the Mexican Scotch. The majority of the Englishwork. Previously it had been sup- speaking residents are engaged in ported throllgh unofficial SOllrces. mining or engineering, and most of theln are scattered throughout the In becoming a mission of the more remote and inaccessible parts of Church in the United States, the the country. The work among these native Mexican Church was obliged people is almost identical with that in to forego, for the time, its independ- the mining regions of the western part ence. But it still thinks of itself as of the United States. the Church of the Nation, the one faithful representative of pure Catho- The work in the great Republic of Mexico is a work of peculiar difficulty, licity in the land of Mexico: and so but likewise of peculiar promise. For it continues to proclaim itself by the Mexico is only awakening from the popular title, "La Iglesia Cat61ica sleep which has held her bound so M exiwna." The clergy and people long. She is throwing off the ignohave a profound conviction of the su- rance and superstition of the past four premacy of sound Church principles. centuries, and is seeking for better They have drawn their inspiration things. What she needs more than from a direct study of primitive Chris- anything else is pure religion. This will tianity, yet their churches and services be the cure for many of her troubles.

EDITORIALS

THE DEMAND FOR PEACE ously extravagilnt, but it is wasteful of Henry L. Rogers, LL.D., of the gold, not of blood. Its chief offense Yale Law School, speaking in a synagog at New Haven, Conn., "Peace against the Christian ideal lies in perand War," positively affirms that the death-knell of war has been sounded. petually preoccupying the brain of man- The leading nations, like the United States, England, France, etc., are open kind with preparation for slaughter which to universal arbitration, and it is the duty of the American Congress and seldom takes place. ' the English Parliament to check the movement to increase their armaments. Referring to the same subject, a re- We quote the following paragraph: markable calendar is published by the Peace Society of New York City, tra- The nations are to-day looking for cing through the months of 1908 more some way to be rid of war. The world than 50 distinct measures tending to approves arbitration as a substitute, and the peace of the. world, including the scheme by which it is to be accom- treaties of arbitration, movements in plished would certainly be worked out the direction of closer affiliation under the leadership of England and among the nations, the formation of France and the United States. The universal peace societies, the establishleading and practical question is the lim- ment of actual courts of arbitration, iting of armaments. We may take it the repression of hostilities, the adopfor granted that England and the United tion of definite laws to regulate war States will continue their efforts to bring or to prevent conflict, the settlement the nations to some agreement concern- of the rights and duties of neutral ing such a limitation. But in the mean- states, the reduction of appropriations time is the United States to go steadily for battleships and armaments, conferahead increasing her armaments? In this ences on arbitration, the remonstrances country two-thirds of the national rev- of various organizations both secular enue is consumed either in preparation and religious, the erection of buildings for war in the future or in the payment for peace purposes, the holding of of pensions or interest on the war debts great conventions and public meetings, of the past. To go on increasing arma- etc. It appears that the United States ments while we await an international alone has signed eleven treaties of agreement for a limitation of armaments obligatory arbitration. The program involves a wicked squandering of a na- is interesting as a revelation of the tion's treasure. There is not a nation rapid progress of the peace movement in the world that thinks of attacking the throughout the world. We should be United States. Our possessions in the glad to see it extensively circulated Far East do not endanger our relations throughout all civilized countries. to any power. No nation wants them. It is high time that the peace-loving peo- M. Gervais, after making calculaple of America should call a halt on tions for a report to the French Govtheir naval expenditure. ernment of the average military expenditure of the six principal Eu- Mr. W. T. Stead, the able, and ropean powers – Russia, Germany, erratic editor of the British Review of France, Austro-Hungary, Italy and Reviews, has given a strong utterance England-finds the total expenditure on the subject of modern war appro- to be 1,000 million of dollars, and priations. the probable force available for the field 31 million. The German army It is not two centuries since every estimates show an increase of 13 mil- "heart of oak" that was launched from lion, being fixt at 210 million, and an English dockyard was certain to be the French army estimates for this called upon to face the broadside of the year 145 million. Germany has a total enemy. In our time, England has been of over 34,000 officers and 603,000 building ironclads for seventy years, and men. France 27,300 officers and about not one of them has ever fired a shot 512,000 men. The average cost per at a hostile ship. The German army is man in Germany is $260, and in the most powerful fighting-machine the France $220. world has ever seen, and for thirty-five years it has never fought a battle. Our modern system of armed peace is ruin- THE JEWISH PROBLEM IN THE cities. If our movement for UNITED STATES the elimination of the Bible from the A little more than a year ago (THE public schools is to succeed, then the MISSIONARY REVIEW, January, 19(8) we called attention to the agitation of committee of the conference that has our Jewish fellow citizens against Christmas and the mention of the this matter in charge should organize name of Christ in our public schools. In a large number of our cities simul- active compaigns in all the metropolitaneous efforts against what is called "sectarian teachings in public schools" tan cities." were made by rabbis, mainly Refonn and other Jewish leaders. Energetic No active campaigns were organprotests came from Christians in every part of our land, and the order of the ized, but quietly and steadily a camauthorities of New York City to comply with the Jewish requests was paign of education was carried on. modified, while in other cities no action of any kind was taken (except in The tract published by the Central Chicago, where an effort to introduce a book of selected readings from the Conference of American rabbis, but Scriptures into the public schools was defeated by the rabbis and those who marked only "Committee on Church followed their leadership). Thus it seemed to Christians as if the efforts and State C. C. A. R," which is quite of the Jews to thoroughly secularize our public schools had been defeated, misleading to non-Jews, and entitled, so that no more efforts would be made by them for some time to come, and "Whv the Bible should not be read in they rested quietly upon their oars. But while the Christians thus rested, the public schools," was distributed the Jewish leaders continued their destructive work quietly but energeti- broadcast, and the Jewish papers cally. In The American Israelite, of March 19, 1908, Rabbi Zielonka, of brought frequent articles on the sub- El Paso, Texas, wrote: "The stand taken by the Jews of N ew York be- ject. fore the Christmas holidays deserved the support and commendation, not When the Christmas season of 1908 only of Jews, but of all who have the welfare of our public-school system approached, it became apparent that at heart. Wise and necessary as the step was, yet it was ill timed! When the Jewish leaders agreed with the the feeling of the populace has been aroused by the sentiment that the sentiments of Rabbi Zielonka. In the Christmas season brings, the task of eradicating religious instruction is city of Philadelphia only, as far as we almost impossible. . . . The school year is drawing to a close. Without know, the agitation broke out again, delay we ·should ask the various school boards to adopt the proper regulations but the protests from Christians were on this subject. Now men will reason and consider arguments; before Christ- so strong that the efforts to eliminate mas few would listen. And this work must be undertaken first in the large the mention of the name of Christ failed. At the same time, some facts came to light which showed the quiet persistency of the Jewish agita- tion against everything pronouncedly Christian in our public schools and in our country. We refer to the actions and discussions of the biennial session of the twenty-first council of the Union of America~ Hebrew Congregations, held at Philadelphia on January 19, 20 and 21.

The Union of American Hebrew Congregations was organized in 1873, and at the present time its member- ship consists of 209 congregations (American Hebrew, January 22, 1909, p. 31 I ) . It has been well called the Organization of Reform Judaism, for the Union of Orthodox Jewish Con- gregations of the United States and Canada, founded in 1898, tries to .unite the orthodox element, but it is a most representative and powerful body, tho its resolutions are not binding for all the Jews of the country. All the great Reform Jewish congregations of our

country, with all their influence and them up on the Lord's day. The main power and with their masterful leaders arguments brought forward by the and rabbis arc members of the U. A. Jewish Committee were the hardships H. C. At the meeting, "the committee and the inalienable rights of the on sectarian teaching in the public minority. While we believe that the schools advised an emphatic protest majority also has some inalienable against all religious teaching and Christian rights, we submit to our practises in the public schools, and readers the following actual observa- urged the adoption of a policy of edu- tions made in the old Jewish quarter cation on the subject. A committee of New York on January 30, in the was appointed to act in conjunction afternoon. It was the Jewish Sabbath, with the Central Conference of Ameri- yet many Jewish stores were' open if!

can Rabbis for the publication and dis- Stanton, Rivington, Ludlow, Norfolk, tribution of literature" (A merican and other Jewish streets, and it was Hebrew, January 29, 1909, p. 3 II) . very apparent that in a general sense An acrimonious debate, if we may ac- the Jewish Sabbath was kept strictly cept the newspaper report, occurred by no means by the majority of this and the question, if ours is a Christian vast Jewish population. At 5 P. M.

nation, was answered emphatically in we walked along Rivington street, and the negative. Thus the great confer- there we saw a spectacle that was sur- ence went on recorr! as willing to adopt prizing, to say the least. According a policy of education for the seculari- to the printed schedule in our hands, zation of our country, and thus the the sun was to set at 5.15 P. M., so Christian element of our country may that, strictly speaking, the Jewish well prepare itself now for the battle Sabbath was not yet over, but never- in defense of our Christian institutions. theless the pushcarts of the Jewish But religious education was not the pedlers were coming on in masses, and only subject of vital interest to Chris- crowded closely one to another along tians which was discust by the Jewish one side of the street. Masses of Conference. The subject of Sunday Jewish customers were already ap- legislation was also brought up. It proaching the pushcarts, and the was decided to agitate against such Saturday market in the most strictly legislation, and a policy of education orthodox Jewish quarter was in full on the subject was also recommended. swing before the Jewish Sabbath was Vigorous protests are said to have ended. All these pushcart men were been made by members of the confer- Sabbath breakers, even tho they had ence upon the floor against the use refrained from business fron1 Friday of the words, "the Lord's Day" or evening till Saturday about 5 P. M.

"Sunday" in the statutes and laws of (but had they not started from home the different States and of the United long before that hour?), and they States. were selling their wares throughout This action on "Sunday legislation" the hours of the Saturday which are becomes the more significant, as a J ew- considered the most valuable for ish Committee approached the com- mercenary purposes. Why should we mi.jisioner of police of the city of New surrender our Christian institutions to York on the same subject a short time them-why permit them to desecrate ago. The members of the committee the Lord's day?

stated that a vast number of the Jews As I walked through that thronged in the city of New York close their Jewish quarter and saw the poverty- stores and shops on the Jewish Sabbath, stricken men and women, from whose so .that the Sunday laws work great faces the hunted look, caused by the hardships upon them. The commis- bloody persecutions of Russia through- sioner is said to have given permission out the years, has not yet vanished, that Jews who keep their shops and my heart was moved. Once more I stores closed on Saturday may open saw the duty of the Christian people of our wide country clearly before us, not excited in face, word, or gesme, to receive these refugees from ture. It was the most picturesque tyranny with open arms, to keep them thing I ever saw·. It was Jeremiah free from persecution, and to love the prophet breaking the earthen botthem with that true Christian love tle and saying, 'Thus saith the Lord which offers the Gospel to those yet of Hosts: Even so will I break this without Christ. But I also perceived people.' " more clearly our Christian duty to maintain our Christian institutions Garrison's flaming earnestness could against the attacks of Jews and in- not always stop to distinguish between fidels, and to demand honor to our the end sought and the means by Lord's word and day from everyone which it was to be reached. Had his who enjoys the freedom of our coun- advocacy of disunion prevailed, slavery try, which is based upon the Gospel. might have remained to this day. But God decreed that not his political We stand face to face with the views but his passion for freedom Jewish problem. Let us meet it In should prevail. When he started the Christian steadfastness and love! Liberator, the conscience of the North was asleep, drugged by false self-in- A GREAT AGITATOR terest and timidity-but, with a cour- age of conviction, that reminds us of A few years since, the hundredth Wilberforce and his fifteen years of anniversary of the birth of William persistent struggle, he persisted at Lloyd Garrison was celebrated by peril of life. He vindicated his motto: meetings in many parts of the land, "I am in earnest; I will not equivothe race he helped to emancipate mani- cate: and I must and will be heard!" festing marked interest in one, Booker The human race has, implanted in the T. Washington, whom they regarded inmost heart, an innate reverence for and characterized as the Moses of heroism and genuineness; and men their Exodus. Many tributes were will forgive any number of mistakes paid to Garrison which are of perma- in trying to be true, sooner than one in nent significance. Moncure D. Con- being false. Was it not Carlyle who way recalled an incident of fifty years said that the bottom quality of all real before, when at a banquet in Boston heroic character is' absolute sincerity? in r853, Mr. Garrison said: "Gentlemen, if you have been so fortunate as REV. THEODORE CUYLER, D.O. to find a Union worth preserving, cling to it with all your souls. I have It is interesting to notice in connecnot been so fortunate. With a price tion with the 84th birthday of this set upon my head in one State, out- well-known American preacher and lawed in the South for my hatred of writer that he has been for more than slavery, you will pardon me if I am 60 years a contributor to religious pasomewhat lacking in loyalty to the ex- pers, has published over 4,000 articles isting Union." Another incident, both in America and other lands, in which occurred on July 4, 1854, Dr. the English and other tongues, which Conway also described: have had an aggregate circulation of over two hundred million of copies. "After burning the Boston court And when one remembers what Dr. judgment that had just returned An- Cuyler has done for the word of God, thony Burns to slavery, he held up the and the truths of the Gospel, it is a Constitution, struck a match, and striking example of what one man can burned it to ashes. Then he said, 'Let accomplish in a lifetime even outside all the people say 'Amen.' There of his special work of preaching. were hisses mingled with amens, but there stood Garrison, beaming upon

MISSIONARY

AMERICA 637 ministers, 61 churches, and 100,- 303 communicants. The Catholics are Re1igioUi StatUtia for 1908 credited with a gain of 432 ministers, Statistical report on the religious 275 churches, and 340,393 communiprogress in the United States shows cants. The Christians show a decrease the net increase for 1908 as 2,835 min- of 260 ministers, 41 churches, and isters, 1,874 churches, and 720,647 9,265 communicants. A remarkable communicants. Each of these items, decrease is also noted in the German explains Dr. H. K. Carroll in The Evangelical Protestant body. The re- Christian Advocate (New York, Janu- turns give 65 ministers, 92 churches, ary 14), is much smaller than in 1907; and 15,000 communicants; showing a but in that year the Roman Catholic decrease of 35 ministers, 63 churches, increase was abnormally large. In and 5,000 communicants. The Methstriking an average of the gains in odists (18 bodies) gained 1,010 minischurch communicants for the past six years the figure is 912,718. Last year's ters, 817 churches, and 149,569 comshowing is therefore below the aver- municants. Other leading denominaage; but is, the statistician thinks, "no- tions show the following increase wise discouraging." in communicants: Congregationalists, 13,000; Lutherans (24 bodies), 60,- Six new denominations are noted this year. The Evangelical Christian 161; Protestant Episcopal, 23,555; Science Church is a new body, headed United Brethren (2 bodies), 8,5 I I, by Bishop Oliver C. Sabin. They and Disciples of Christ (2 bodies), hold that "God heals the sick, but gave 10,300. The denominational families no superior revelation to Mary Baker numbering over 100,000 are ranked Eddy." The Pentacostal Church of thus: the Nazarene holds "holiness or a distinct second work of grace" as the Denominational Families. Communi- Communileading doctrine. It was organized cants, cants. last October by union of three similar organizations in the East, West, and 1908. 1909. Southwest. It is Methodistic in usage. The Congregational Methodist Catholic ••.•..•.•.•..• 12,394,731 6.257,871 Churches, North, is a small body Methodist •……..•.• 6,838,779 2,589,284 formed in Pennsylvania and New Jer- Baptist …………… 5,413,945 3,717,969 sey resembling a cognate body in the Lutheran …••••…… 2.Jl82,766 1,231.072 South. The Christian Church, Col- Presbyterian …••.•… 1.831,854 1,278,362 ored; the Disciples of Christ (Con- Uisciples ……•..•..• 1,295,423 servative), resulting from differences 641,051 concerning church benevolences; and Episcopal …•…•.••.. 893,972 the General Conference of the New Reformed . . .. . . • . . . . • 432,248 540,509 Jerusalem Church, separated from the 309,458 Church of the New Jerusalem, are the Mormons ……••….• 399,500 three remaining. United Brethren……. 300,269 166,125 225,281 Statistics when sought were "cour- Evangelical …….•… 177,416 teously refused" by the Christian Jewish •…..•.••.•… 143,000 133,313 Catholic Church (organized by the Dunkards ………… 122,332 130,406 late John Alexander Dowie) and the Friends ………….. 119,176 Church of Christ Scientist. 73.795 107,208 From a scrutiny of Dr. Carroll's general table of denominations we Our Wealth and What Follow. glean some of the most striking facts exprest in terms of gain or loss. The The increase in material wealth in Baptists (14 bodies) report a gain of the United States is beyond ordinary power of comprehension. At the last report, made in 1904, the wealth of the country was put at $107,000,000,- 000. In 1850 the whole wealth of the country was $7,000,000,000. The prod- ucts of the soil in 1908 amounted to $7,778,000,000, or more than the whole country was worth in 1850. But not only is the sum total rapidly increas- ing, but it is increasing more and more rapidly. From 1860 to 1890 the aver- age daily increase over all consump- tion was $4,600,000. From 1890 to 1900 it was $6,400,000; and from 1900 to 1904 it was $13,1.>00,000. It be- depositors in New York savings-banks comes increasingly evident that this came as immigrants. These people do material wealth must be consecrated live under undesirable conditions- to high and spiritual purposes or we and whose the fault? – and the will come under the power of it and preacher of socialism, and not Chris- become alarmingly materialistic. From tian socialism either, is active and him to whom much is given much • zealous and competent where city mis- will be required. sionaries are weak, or the churches Concerning Our Greatest City have given up the task. From a sec- tion in one city into which 300,000 im- The following facts are taken from migrants have come, 40 Protestant a magazine article on "New York, the churches have moved away in as many Giant City": years.

The population of New York City is The Gifts of a Year now larger than that of 16 different States and Territories. Within a radius of About $r20,000,000 were given to twenty miles are living 10,000,000 people. various good causes during the year Within fifty miles are 2,364 towns and 1907. Of this more than $61,000,000 cities, with a population, including that went to education, of which John D. of New York itself, of one-fifth the Rockefeller contributed more than population of the entire United States.

The increase of the city's population one-half. Altogether, Mr. RockefeIler last year was about 400,000. It entertains every day an average of 150,000 gave $42,315,000 during the year. Mrs. transient visitors, the number sometimes Russell Sage gave $13,83°,000; H. C. mounting to 300,000. Here are found Frick and P. A. B. Widener each gave more Irish than in Dublin, more Italians $ro,250,ooo; Andrew Carnegie, $8,- than in Rome and Venice, and more 957,000, and Miss Anne T. Jeanes Germans than in any city save Ber- more than $2,000,000. Women gave lin. One city block contains 63,000 about one-fifth of the total sum. Fifpeople. One square mile has an average teen persons, four of them women, of 447 persons to the acre. It is es- timated that in 1950 the city will number each gave $1,000,000 or more. Some 25,000,000 people. The city has 50,000 of the leading gifts of the year were persons on its pay-roll, including 7,178 the $ro,ooo,ooo given by Mrs. Sage policemen, 3,000 firemen, and 2,900 street- for general philanthropies, with the sweepers. It has among its residents 2,000 millionaires, as against 28 in 1885. especial thought of investigation of Its schools number 16 high and 496 the causes of poverty; the $r,ooo,ooo elementary, with 700,000 pupils and I I ,000 given by Miss Jeanes for negro teachers. schools, and the $2,000,000 given by Mr. Rockefeller for medical research. Immigrants Not All Bad Next to education, the greatest sum was given for. galleries and museums, The Rev. Charles SteIzle and Prof. $22,000,000. For miscellaneous chari- E. A. Steiner, weIl-known experts on ties, $15,186,3°0 was given; for hosthe question of immigration, in the pitals, homes and asylums, $7,882,500; recent Council of the Federation of for churches, Young Men's Christian Churches, were careful to correct the Associations and home missions, $6,- common opinion as to the character of 265,000; and for libraries, $2,132,000. recent immigration. These people from southern and eastern Europe are not abnormally diseased, weak, or criminal, nor are they of lower than The Work of the American Board average intelligence. Mr. SteIzle said Says The Missionary Herald, organ that there are actually fewer illiterates of the American Board: proportionally among those of foreign We can report that, in addition to the birth than among those of native par- 572 sent from this land into foreign re- entage. Over forty-four per cent. of gions, there have been raised up on misthe members of Protestant churches sion ground 4,145 native agents who are in New York are of foreign birth. cooperating in this work of evangelizing Seventy per cent. of the two miIlion the nations. They are preachers, evange- lists, and Bible women, trained in our schools and doing effective work. Nu- from $82,000 to $140,000 per year. The merically this native force is seven times chairman of this committee is 11 r. Samgreater than that sent from America. uel Usher. If the churches centering There are 580 organized churches, and about the 11 ub have not already heard over 1,700 places where Christian wor- from Mr. Usher's committee, they are ship is regularly maintained. These likely to do so in the near future. The churches have an enrolled membership plan is for the members of the comof 68,952 communicants, to which were mittee to go, two by two, in a visitation added on confession the last year 6,331, of the churches. an average of over 10 members to each church. In the 13 theological schools Bishop Thoburn's Semi-centennial there are 172 students for the ministry. In our 15 colleges there are over 2,600 On the 13th of next April will ocstudents. In 113 schools of higher grade cur the fiftieth anniversary of Bishop there are over 8,000 pupils; of the lower grades there are 1.241 schools; under in- J. M. Thoburn's first sailing for India. struction in schools of all grades a total of 65,152 scholars. Allegheny College, the Bishop's alma mater, will celebrate the event, April If the number of additions on con- I 1-13. On Sabbath morning, the fession be divided by fifty-two, it will eleventh, which will be the fiftieth anniversary of his ordination for misappear that every Sunday an average sionary service, the Bishop will preach of more than 120 members were re- a semi-centennial sermon. On 1'1on- day and Tuesday will occur two notaceived. ble conferences, one on the relation of the college to foreign missions and The Way of the Methodists one on the relation of the college to home missions, including social serv- Rev. A. B. Leonard, of the Metho- ice. The formal jubilee exercises will occur on Tuesday afternoon, April 13, dist Missionary Society, writes: when there will be addresses and a response by the Bishop. In the eve- The "twin" envelop which we are of- ning a banquet will be held in Cochran fering free for the first year, in order Hall in the Bishop's honor. to introduce the week-by-week method of raising money for missions, as well as Presbyterian Wark for Indians current expenses, is proving immensely popular. At the time of this writing The Presbyterian Church sustains we are well on in the distribution of missions among our aborigines in 16 the third hundred thousand edition of States in behalf of 43 tribes scattered this envelop, and before this is read we between New York and 'Washington, will probably have passed the half mil- Arizona and Wisconsin. The churches lion mark. There is no reason why and preaching stations number 138; there should not be five millions of these useful little agents at work gathering the toilers, 118, of whom 55 are missionary money. The treasuries of the missionary societies will soon feel the Indians. The communicants number force of this "stream of money for mis- upward of 6,000 and the adherents sions," and the Sunday-schools which are about 16,000. Besides these there are thus taking seriously the last command in Alaska 7 ministers and 979 comof Jesus will be rejoicing in a stream of municants. blessing from the throne .of God. Missionaries Not Overpaid Planning for Enlargement At the conference of the mission Says The Congregationalist: boards recentIv held in New York Following the great meetings of the City, Rev. C. H. Patton read a paper Laymen's Missionary Campaign in Boston during November, the denominations on "Salaries and Allowances." He engaged in that effort are now organiz- stated that on an average the salaries ing their forces for a follow-up cam- of unmarried male missionaries was paign. The Congregational laymen do less than $600, and of unmarried not propose to be left in the rear in this women something less than this; effort. They have appointed a strong while married couples do not recommittee of fifteen, which may add to ceive over $1,200, with an allowits number, for the purpose of visiting the 143 Congregational churches of Greater Boston and laying before the laymen of these churches the present extraordinary missionary situation, with the hope and expectation that the Boston churches will lift their gifts for foreign missions ance of $50-$150 a year for each ligious growth. Therein lies the dan- child. The Dutch Reformed Society ger. The large cities and schools are pays $725 to each single man, on an fed by villages and ranches. In these average; to married couples, $1,I75, it is our privilege to place native work- with $50-$150 for each child. ers. There comes to the writer's mind a large ranch in the heart of the Sier- Beneficent Work in Cuba ras. The influence of the teacher there is a great one. The adjoining That the intervention of the united ranches feel it. The Sundav-school States in Cuba has not been without aJ:d the teaching of Goel's wo;d there, beneficial effect is proved by the be- WIll meet and conquer the infidel ginning of the withdrawal of Ameri- teaching that awaits some of these can troops from the island. The com- young people as they go out into the pleting of the withdrawal will leave world. the island republic to the management of its own affairs again, with rather As we teach Christ, either by direct better hope of stability and success preaching or by visiting in the homes; than upon the first endeavor. Doubt- by the preparing of native workers, or less there will still be disturbances. A by the sending out of evangelical Iit~ subject people can not be brought to erature, we are meeting the needs of proper self-government in a few years. Mexico to-day-our day of opportu- But Cuba is so much in the course of nity, as it is hers of need.-The Mis- modern national life now that it mav sionary. be expected the experiment of self- government will be more hopefully Hawaiian Chinese Fighting Opium carried on than at first. And the in- tervention of the United States has There is a Chinese anti-opium league been fully justified. in Honolulu, Hawaii, which is uniting its efforts with the anti-opium crusade Mexico'. Need in the Celestial Empire. It has been busy obtaining facts about the use of In Mexico we see a rich country opium in Hawaii, of which the fol- with many undeveloped possibilities; lowing is a summary: There are 98 we find a strong government anxious places in Honolulu alone for smoking in every way to facilitate education; opium; there are 14 importers of but also we find a people born in the opium, who import each year about superstitions of the Catholic Church. 400 boxes; there are about 2,500 And where a higher education has Chinese who smoke opium, about 38 rendered belief in these an impossi- American men and women and over bility, we find either an outward pro- 30 Hawaiians. On the plantations fession, with no heart belief, or a prac- and at other places in Hawaii, there tical infidelitv. There are some cases are many who use the drug. These where there is sincere belief-the seiz- facts indicate that the United States ing of the reality in spite of the shams Government needs to enact some anti-· that conceal it. But these cases are opium legislation. rare, indeed. The majority who wor- ship in the Church of Rome give A Buddhist Temple in Honolulu greater honor to Mary than to her Son, and to the saints than to Christ. The Jodo sect of Buddhists in Hon- olulu dedicated a temple recently with Mexico needs Christ-not His sem- ceremonies peculiar to such an oc- blance on the crucifix, but a living casion. It was marked by a proces- faith on the Son of God. She needs sion of Japanese boys and girls in to realize that obedience to God's carriages through the principal streets commands must precede even the high- of the city. The boys were drest in est civilization and morality. The deep blue kimonos with yellow sleeves more thoughtful realize that the edu- lined with silk, and over these an an- cational and intellectual growth in tique style of white kimonos. The girls Mexico to-day is far ahead of any re- were garbed in purple in an archaic

style, while on their heads were £18 16s. 4d., in addition to a remitcrowns of gilt cardboard bespangled tance for a number of Welsh Bibles with emblems of Buddha. On the and Testaments which are being disheads of the boys were liberty caps patched to our friends in this remote of stiff gauze. The services embraced region for their Sunday-school. The weird chants, symbolical genuflections, colonists themsel ves speak Welsh and and particularly the unveiling of the English; their children are being image. There was a financial hour, brought up to speak Welsh and when gifts were announced by placard. Spanish. The audience proper took little part in the services, employing the time in EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN smoking and visiting. Britain's Contribution to Medical Mis.ion~ Protestant Progress in Brazil As usual at the beginning of each In The Missionary Rev. R. D. Daffin year, Medical Missions at Home and says: Abroad gave in January a list with the present addresses of all medical mis- To the Presbyterian accustomed to see sionaries of both sexes holding British other churches stronger in number than degrees or diplomas. They number his own, as happens in the South, Brazil 38S, or, for some reason unknown, is a relief. There are more Presbyterians less by 10 than last year. Of the 40 in Brazil than Methodists and Baptists societies named, C. M. S. has the and Episcopalians combined. We are largest number, 73; the United Free only outnumbered by the German Lu- Church comes next with 60; the Lontheran and Roman Catholic churches. don Society, 39; Baptist, 21; Wes- The latter we regard as an apostate leyan, 20; Presbyterian Church of church, and baptize her members when England, 19; Irish Presbyterian, 19; convinced of their conversion. Church of Scotland, 18; Church of England Zenana Society and Propaga- The Presbyterian Church, unfortu- tion Society (S. P. G.), 16, etc. nately, however, is divided into two branches. They are the General Assem- Twenty Years' Growth of C. M. S. bly of Brazil and the Synod of the Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil. The income of this greatest of mis- The first named is composed of native sionary organizations was $1,106,6SS ministers and churches and missionaries in 1898, but last year reached $1,880,- of the northern and southern Presbyte- 520, and in all the other items given rian churches. The latter is the result the figures have doubled in two decof a nationalistic movement in the Church ades; thus the stations have increased against the foreign workers. Failing to from 294 to SS4; clergymen 273 to be heartily supported in this by the mem- 413; laymen, 283 to 948; total workers, bers in general, they grasped the difficult 4.4S2 to 9.492; communicants, 47,83 1 question of Masonry and succeeded in to 97.489. The schools now number leading off quite a number of members. 2.465, with 146,038 scholars.

STATISTICS OF VARIOUS CHURCHES IN BRAZIL Members Presbyterian, General Assembly ……… 9,000 Presbyterian, Independent. Synod …….. 5,000 Methodist ………………………… 6,000 ~~fst~~~al" ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: :: ::: ::: :::: 5,~gg Welsh Saints in Patagonia A Great Meeting of Missionuies The Welsh colonists in Patagonia Not long since Rev. David Brook, are by no means unmindful of their president of the National Free Church hereditary connection with the Bible Council, had what he called a "very Society. There are several Welsh extraordinary experience" at the churches among them, and we have llemorial Hall, when missionaries just received in London a generous from various parts of the globe, in contribution from two Calvinistic large numbers, and belonging to many Methodist congregations in the settle- denominations, passed before him and ment on the River Chubut. The were introduced by the secretaries of church at Glan Alaw sends £7 12S. 4d., their respective societies. "I do not and the church at Bryn Gwyn sends think I have ever had five minutes'

GE~ERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

experience so full and thrilling as cords that are binding their country." while these brethren were going be- Opponents of total abstinence have fore us," remarked Dr. Brook. "I declared that the wine-and-beer-drink- must confess my mind is almost be- ing people of Europe show less drunk- wildered as it has been taken from one enness than the Saxon races. But it place to another, which, in each case, is now appearing that these are suf- conjured up some interesting scene fering from serious evils in conseor recalled some interesting event." quence of regularly partaking of in- toxicants. This informal march past followed a pleasant social gathering in the Li- A MiSiionary Jubilee brary, when missionaries on furlough and officials of the various Free On October 20 and 21, 1908, the Church missionary societies and the Paris Missionary Society celebrated officers of the National Free Church the day on which its wonderfully Council had opportunities for meeting prosperous work among the Basutos and fraternizing. The guests were was started seventy-five years ago. received by Mrs. Evan Spicer, Mrs. The celebrations were held in Morija, Brook and Mrs. F. B. Meyer. and consisted in a number of meetings held in the open air because no church L. M. S. Million Shillings' Fund could have accommodated the as- sembled multitudes. Upon the plat- A generous gift of £300 from a form were seated the representatives lady, and 1,000 shillings from another of the British Government, of the friend, helped to swell the growing Paris Missionary Society, and of other total of gifts for the fund sent direct missionary societies. There were also to the Mission House, in advance of the faithful French missionaries, the the sums collected in the churches, to chiefs of the Basutos, and a repre- 37,000 shillings ($<),250), at which en- sentative of King Lewanika of Bacouraging figure it stood at last ac- rotseland. About seven thousand nacounts. The promising movement, tive Christians, who had come from which was originated last year by the far and near, and many heathen visitors campaign committee of the L.M.S. for composed the audience. More than enlisting fresh interest in foreign mis- fifty different speakers addrest the sions among university men, is being multitudes during the two days' continued during the present month meetings, and the European visitors by visits from missionaries to various were struck by the marvelous order seats of learning. and the attention with which the black men listened. It is told that only THE CONTINENT three men had to be requested to re- frain from smoking in the meetings, Intoxicants in France and all three were white men. At the twelve immense tables, where black A Vestern exchange remarks: "In and white men were seated together, Paris alone there are 50,000 drinking- no disorder of any kind occurred, but places, and in 1906 there were in the drinks of all kinds were forbidden to provinces exactly 524,486 of them. white and black alike. The whole That works out a tavern for everv 20 meetings were permeated by gladness male inhabitants of France. In° the and praise, their keynote being, "The north of France there is a drinking- Lord has done great things for us." place for every IS men. France has The representative of the British Govnot yet awakened to the fearfulness ernor-General acknowledged publicly of her state. While other nations are that the missionaries had contributed stirring the fires of temperance op- much in every way to the prosperous position, she is resting, apparently and happy condition of the Basutos. with no alarm, while the trade is on He praised the missionary schools and the increase. But the time will come when those people will rouse from their drunken stupor and snap the

the good influence of the missionaries tians was put at 43°,284,500; of Jews upon the native chiefs. Thus the at 7,000,000; of Mohammedans at jubilee had a very happy influence 230,000,000, and of heathen at 794,- upon all those who were present. 000,000.

It will interest our readers to know Fifty Years of Missionary Service that the Paris Society has in Basuto- lane! 22I schools with I2,000 pupils, On November 23, I908, mission in- and that the native Christians con- spector A. Merensky, D.D., of the tributed in I907 more than $30,000 Berlin Missionary Society, completed for the support of the Gospel. The fifty years of active service in con- native Christians in Thaba-Bossin nection with the great society. Sent contributed each about $1.80, far more out to South Africa in I858, he spent than the average American church- twenty-four years among the heathen member. The native church of Basu- in that unhealthful climate. Then he toland is becoming self-supporting returned to Germany and labored in and self-governing very rapidly. the home land in the interest of for- eign missions, until in I89I he was se- Bibles from Berlin lected to lead the first laborers of the Berlin Society toward Lake Nyasa. At Berlin there is one binding estab- Thus he became the founder of the lishment where on an average 520,000 prosperous work among the Condees. volumes of Scripture are bound for In I893 he was made inspector and the Berlin and Foreign Bible Society contributed much toward the present every year. Most of the Bibles, Tes- prosperity of the Berlin Society. Dr. taments and Portions intended for the Merensky has done much literary use of the people of Central Europe work, and has interested especially the are printed in Germany and sent to young through his well-edited Misthis establishment in sheets, ready to siollsfrculld. On January I, I909, he be folded, edged and enclosed in neat withdrew from all active effort, exand convenient covers. Through the cept literary and lecturing work in behands of the workmen in this bindery half of the Berlin Society. We wish pass copies of the Scriptures in twen- him many more happy years of Christy-five different languages, spoken in tian service in the great work in which Europe. he has been one of the leaders in Ger- many. The Great World-religions Christian Endeavor in Spain Dr. Zeller, director of the Statistical Bureau in Stuttgart, has again Rev. F. E. Clark writes as follows: been working on the Religious Census of the vVorld, and presents us with The place was Barcelona and the occathe results of his investigations. He sion was the third national Christian Enestimates that of the I ,544,5 IO,OOO deavor Convention of Spain, held durpeople in the world, 534,940,000 are ing the very last day of November. For Christians, I75,290,000 are Moham- a long time preparations had been in medans, IO,860,000 are Jews, and progress for this great meeting, and it 823420,000 are heathens. Of these, soon became evident that the largest 300,000,000 are Confucians, 2I4,000,- Protestant meeting-places of the city 000 are Brahmans, and I2I,000,000 were entirely inadequate to accommodate Buddhists, with other bodies of lesser the throngs of people that would attend. numbers. In other words, out of From Castile and Aragon they came, every I,OOO of the earth's inhabitants, from Valencia and Andalusia, many from 346 are Christian, I I4 are Mohamme- Catalonia, and from nearly all the other dan, 7 are Israelite, and 533 are provinces of Spain, as well as one or of other religions. In 1885, in a table two delegates from the Balearic Islands estimating the population of the world and Morocco. at I46I,285,50o, the number of Chris- The convention had all the features of a national convention in any land. A jnnior rally, which was attended by many hundreds of children, some 250 taking part in it, was one of the features;

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 23

while eloquent addresses were given not real homes instead of harems and only upon methods of work and distinc- practical slavery; they want to receive tively Christian Endeavor themes, but visitors, to dress in modern civilized upon good citizenship, missionary exten- style, to reorganize social customs and sion, and all the lines which are so usages, to educate their daughters, to familiar to the Endeavorers at home. transform not only their drawing- rooms but their kitchens and to make One of the most interesting sessions the monotonous Turkish menu, with was the roil call of the societies, when its cloying sweets, hygienic and ateach society responded and presented a tractive. They are looking forward to beautiful banner representing the district a social emancipation quite as comfrom which it came. The reports, which plete as and possibly more far-reachwere almost uniformly encouraging, and ing than the reforms for which their some of which showed remarkable prog- husbands and brothers are now workress, were received with enthusiastic ap- ing in the political field. plause. More than 1,200 people attended this meeting, and the numbers would ASIA have been far larger had the theater where it was held been able to accom- Counsel Sought from Christian Men modate more-and this in Spain! An evidence of the part which our A Serious Phase of the Turkish Situation missionary colleges are to play in the reconstruction of Turkey is found in The Turkish Parliament, which the appointment of two professors in opened on December 17, is the most Euphrates College on a committee to diversified body of law-makers in the consider educational measures for one world. The Turkish Government re- of the large interior provinces. One, cognizes about 12,500,000 electors, Prof. N. Tenekijian, several years ago which are divided as follows: served a term of six months in prison, being falsely accused of disloyalty, and Arabs (Bedouin) ………….. 5,000,000 Professor 1'ahigian studied for a time Turks ……………………. 2,850,000 under President Angell at Ann Arbor. Bulgarians and Greeks ……… 1,050,000 Both are scholarly and earnest Chris- Arnaouts …………………. 650,000 tian men. The same governor has Bosnians and Serbs … ,. . . . . . . .. 700,000 also asked Dr. H. N. Barnum, the Kurds ……………………. 650,000 veteran missionary of the Am~rican Greek Orthodox Christians.. . . . 500,000 Board in Eastern Turkey, to suggest Armenians ……………….. 450,000 what in his judgment wiII promote Jews ………………………. 350,000 popular education and social reform, Protestants ……………….. 100,000 Circassians ……………….. 100,000 INDIA J enkana …………. , . . . . . . . .. 100,000 Hatred Between Hindu and Moslem 12,500,000 The conflicts in India between Hindus and Moslems, which have lately The Chamber of Deputies numbers been conducted with such terrible about 250 and the Senate, or Upper bitterness and even bloodshed, should House, will contain about 80 mem- serve to show that the time has not bers. The senators are appointed by yet come when the native races can the Sultan. be entrusted with full self-manage- ment. Those who condemn so unspar- Turkish Women Breaking Their Bonds ingly British rule in India view all questions from the political side. But Turkish 'omen have seemingly con- it is quite evident that religious quescluded to live up to their privileges tions enter far more deeply into the under the new constitution. Finding matter than these critics allow. The sanction in the advice of a distin- hatred between Moslems and Hindus guished ntollah or Mohammedan in India is deep-seated, and were it not priest, they have begun to discard the for the restraining power of an enyashmak, or Turkish veil, and thousands of them are now going about as Europeans and Americans do, with faces uncovered. But they want more than this-they are clamorous for reform in the domestic life; they want

lightened government there would be compulsion. They are, however, the great more than mere riot. The religious pioneers and successful prosecutors of animosities of the East can scarcely Western higher education, and, being dibe understood by colder Westerns. vested of official prestige, give us object- Until there is greater natural cohesion lessons of British home life and morals. between the various parties, a firm yet They are sincere in their beliefs and kind guiding hand is needed. enable us to correctly appraise the intrin- sic social position of the Britishers. who An Indian Becoming a Missionary are drest in brief authority ove"r us. They moreover sympathize and mix with The growth of a real missionary us in many a social and public function, spirit among the Indian Christians and we have much to learn from them is manifest in the National Indian to improve our general condition. Their Missionary Society organized about colleges and high-schools hold their own three years ago. All its officers are among the best in the land, and some of native Christians, as also those by the best among our men of light and whom its operations are to be superin- leading are the alumni of these institutended and carried on. Each mission tions. We ought always to look upon of the society is to be affiliated with these unselfish workers as India's real some branch of the Christian Church friends.-C. M. S. Gazette. in its vicinage. The first of these missions was started in the Punjab in How the Hindus .. Cheat" God Northwest India, and is affiliated with the Church of England. The second Rev. F. W. Hinton, of Allahabad, was in North India, and is affiliated relates this story: with the Presbyterian Church of America. The Marathi Mission has A young Bengali student came to me offered the National Society a field the other day to ask for an explanation between Ahmednagar and Sholapur of difficult passages in a book he is readdistricts, but work there has not yet ing. When I asked him his name he been organized. said, "Sat Korl," which means "seven cowrie shells," and explained the reason Sunday, October 4, was a red-letter of this curious name. His mother had day in the history of the Christian had several children before him, but all community of Ahmednagar, for on had died; so, like many other Hindu that day the pastor of the First Church mothers, she thought God or the Evil of that city, the largest Indian Chris- One had a grudge against her, and, if tian church of western India, where he could, would take this last little one about 1,300 people worship every Sun- also. But if he could be brought to day, offered himself for missionary think the child some one else's, or not service in connection with the new worth taking, he might leave it alone. So society.-Missionary Herald. she called the nurse who attended her in her illness and sold the baby to her Missions as One Hindu Sees Them for seven cowrie-shells (less than a tenth of a farthing), and, lest the transaction In a recent contribution to the should be forgotten, gave the boy the Mysore Review these unqualified name of "Seven Cowries," by which he words of commendation are bestowed has been known ever since. I asked him without solicitation by an Indian gen- if he thought it had made any difference. tleman, which certain critics will do He said, "Perhaps-at any rate, I did well to read, note, mark, and inwardly not die." So a university undergraduate digest. He says: more than half believes that one can We take this opportunity of entreating cheat God by a trick like that !-c. M. S. our countrymen not to "misunderstand our European missionary friends, and to Gazette. impute to them sinister motives for the work they are doing in our midst. They Mohammedan Superstition do not mask their object in comt'ng to India. It is avowedly to evangelize her children In a recent letter Dr. Brocklesby by conviction. They do not use force or Davis of Amritsar tells of a visit he had paid to Tank, on the Northwest frontier, and of a case which had re- cently occurred there: At Tank, the out-station of Dera, Is- mail Khan, a Mohammedan had been bitten badly about the face by a mad dog. He was offered R.30 by a government official to go to the Pasteur Institute at Kasauli. He asked permission before ac- cepting the money to consult his religious teachers. He went to the tomb of a

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Mohammedan saint in Tank, and asked home I had many miniature gods and goddesses, which I every mornthe advice of the mullah there. His ing washed, clothed, and even fed advice was to refuse the money, which with sweetened rice. I went round the man did. They then rubbed the patient's nose against. t~e tomb ~nd told him to go to the mISSIOn hospItal and the sacred banian-tree a hundred get medicine from Dr. Williams, and he times daily to please the gods. I detested the non-Brahmans, and would get quite well. Dr. Williams warned the man that there was no ho~, every time I touched them I imbut, moved by his entreaties, gave h1m a bed in the hospital. Within a week the mersed my self in a tank to remove patient was writhing in the throes of the pollution. I was a strict vegehydrophobia. His relations and friends tarian, and a very strict teetotaler. then came and took him again to the "pir," or tomb of the saint, where they "A European missionary of tht; once more rubbed his nose and face, but Church Missionary Society spoke to the patient died in agony. me of Christ, and gave me a Bible.

Cases of Consecration I read it for two years, and with the help of that Padre Sahib I became In 1874, Rev. Mathoora Nath Bo?e a Christian, and was baptized. My gave up good pr<;spects <l;s ~ pleader In parents and other relatives have con- Calcutta to begm a mISSIOn among sidered me ever since as a social the Namasudras, who inhabit some of leper. I had severe persecutions, but the swamps in Bengal. God blest his God gave me grace to stand all. My labors, and tho he himself was called father disinherited me, tho I am the to his rest in I90r, the work is con- eldest son. I am now the pastor of tinued by his family. Recently the a Tamil church in Madras. I restaff has been strengthened by the joice in God, and I thank Him beaddition of one of his daughters, Miss cause He brought me out of dark- Kamala Bose, who obtained the B.A. ness and from blindly and foolishly degree of the Calcutta University with worshiping idols to the great light, honors in philosophy, and the uni- to worship Him alone, and also to versity gold medal awarded to the first work for Him in His vineyard." woman graduate of the year, but who has relinquished any worldly ambition, Representative of Indian Womanhood to devote herself to the industrial Pf- The Christian Herald gives a training of the Namasudra women, in- ture of Miss Lilavati Singh, the diS- fluenced by these words of her de- tinguished Methodist East Indian parted father: "If their Indian Chris- educator, who is now visiting this tian sisters will not have pity on them, country. She is professor of literature who will? And what, in that case, is and philosophy in the Isabella Tho- the worth of the religion the former burn College at Lucknow, India, and chairman of the Woman's Section of profess to have?"

A High.caste Brahman's Testimony the World's Student Christian Federa- tion. We recently had the pleasure The Rev. K. R. Gopalah Aiyar be- of meeting Miss Singh, and hearing longed to a high-caste Brahman or her in a most instructive and moving priestly caste in Cochine, South address. She told us very effectively India. From his childhood he says how deep was her own impression that he had a great desire to love when she first came to America and God and be saved, tho he did not discovered how the women here were know the true way. "I used to get planning, giving, and studying for the up at 4 A.M., daily in hot weather sake of their far-away sisters in and cold weather, and with many heathenism. It was a revelation to her others bathe in the temple tank. that went deep into her heart. She For nearly two hours I used to re- says of her own work: peat prayers in Sanskrit, the mean- Graduates of our school and college ing of which I did not know. I wor- are found in charge of government shiped many idols, and in my own schools and as inspectresses of sc;hoQls.

There is hardly a mission school of no modern post-offices outside the North India that has not obtained its foreign legations, now there are 2,- principal teachers from Lucknow. It is 500, and they are being opened at the impossible to meet the demand for teach- rate of one a day. Six years ago, ers. Not only as teachers, but as evan- gelists, doctors, and as wives and moth- when in Japan, Mr. Mott noticed a ers, the girls educated at Lucknow are the leaders of the women of North India. few Chinese students in his audiences, but there were then less than 20 in One of a Great Missionary Family that country; now there are several The Rev. Jared W. Scudder, M.D., thousand Chinese students in Japan, who has just retired from active work the future leaders of the proudest in connection with the Arcot Mission, nation under heaven coming from after 53 years' service, is the sole sur- their seclusion to sit at the feet of their vivor of seven missionary brothers, conquerors to learn the secret of their the sons of Dr. John Scudder, who greatness! And they are in America sailed from Boston in 1818 as the first also and in Great Britain; he himself medical missionary from the United has met 25 at Yale, 30 at Cornell and States to any foreign country. This 40 at the University of California.- patriarch labored 35 years in India C. M. S. Review.

and Ceylon, and had daughters as well Moslems in China as sons. Of the three daughters, two became missionaries, and a merchant Few people realize that the Chinese obtained the father's permission to empire embraces in its immense popu- marry the third on the condition that lation a multitude of Moslems. Ache should support a missionary sub- cording to the Statesman's Year Book, stitute as long as his wife lived. Of there are "probably about 30,000,000 the seven brothers, five graduated in Mohammedans" in China, chiefly in medicine. Several of Dr. John Scud- the northwest.

der's grandchildren are now missiona- Writing from Yunnanfu – 2,000 ries in Arcot, and some of the great miles inland from the eastern coast of grandchildren may be expected to join China, the Rev. F. Herbert Rhodes the ranks before long. During his says: "I note that your Society has latest term of services Dr. Jared W. very kindly granted us 25 Bibles and Scudder has been principal of a theo- 500 Gospels in Arabic. These will all logical seminary at Palmauer. be employed, God willing, for the sale CHINA use of Moslem priests and students at the mosques. In Yunnanfu, which is Phenomenal Overturning. a Mohammedan center, we have access Robert Hart has recently said that to many mosques. Moslem leaders of his fifty years spent in China, dur- and mollahs visit us here, and urgent ing the first forty-five he felt as tho requests for Portions of Scripture in he was in a close room with every Arabic come from mosques as far dis- door and window tightly shut, but the tant as thirty days' journey away. I last five made him feel as one occupy- have long desired to place an Arabic ing a room with every window and copy of the Word of God in each of door open and the breezes sweeping the principal mosques. Some years through from every quarter of heaven. ago I did this in one Moslem strong- Comparing what Mr. Matt found a hold, and since then I have often been few months ago in China with the asked by some mollah or other for an state of things when he visited it Arabic Bible, but have always had to twelve years ago; then there were 200 refuse. My own copy I keep for the miles of railway, now there are 4,000, use -of visitors, and have marked it so and 4,000 miles more projected; then as to be able to turn up Old Testa- the telegraph-wires had gone to a few ment predictions of our Lord Jesus provinces, now there is a network of Christ for the benefit of Arabi<; them all over China; then there wen~ sc;:holqr:;,

"On my first visit to the Mcham- have since provided services at a good medan quarter of this city, after re- many places in the island. They have turning from furlough, I sold more taken a step further, and formed a than forty Chinese Gospels in an hour; Japanese presbytery in connection these were bought by the rank and with the Presbyterian Church in file of Moslems outside the mosques, Japan. The Canadian mission, which who understand no Arabic. But the occupies the northern part of For- Chinese Gospels are within their mosa, has also recently strengthened reach; for altho rice and food stuffs its staff. It has 4 ordained Canadian are terribly dear, owing to a succes- missionaries (one of them a doctor) sion of bad crops, we are able to sell and 2 lady missionaries, and makes the small Chinese Gospels at the rate itself responsible for the evangelizaof twenty-five copies for 3d. The tion of about half as many people as Light is spreading; and whether by the English Presbyterian mission the sales of the Chinese Gospels, or seeks to reach.-British Weekly. by the gift to mollahs, priests, and students of the more highly priced KOREA Arabic Gospels, we are striving to lead these poor deluded Moslems to 'the Education of the Blind in Korea Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world.' "-The Bible in the Rosetta S. Hall, M.D., of Pyeng World. Yang, writes in the Woman's Mission- In a recent Missionary Herold Rev. H. D. Porter gives this as an inci- ary Friend: . dent of his life in the Celestial EmpIre. He says: There are many blind people in oKforteha~ but owing to the healing hand I have always had great interest in the Mohammedans of China. In our C.hristian physician and the better hy- Shantung field, as well as in Peking and Tientsin, there are large communities of gIene that is beginning to prevail, there Moslems_ Quite near our Pang-Chuang station there are many villages, divided is less blindness than twenty years ago. between the Han and the Man, as the Chinese and Moslems call themselves. The condition of blind Korean children One of the best friends I ever had in China was the Intaunt or Ahun of a is J?itiable. They are often neglected by mosque at Ku Shui Pu, three miles east of us. There are three such mosques theIr own parents, who would like to be in that village. Mr_ Yu was a strong, ri~ of them; they are never taught anypowerful man, with an elegant and masterful air about him_ He became inter- thmg useful, but both boys and girls ested in me through the hospital and used to visit me often. I had an Arabic even in well-to-do families are made vile grammar and the New Testament in Arabic, and Sir Edwin Arnold's "Pearls of sorcerers. For the blind, who walk in real the Koran," with headings of chapters printed in Arabic. The man, tho unused physical darkness amidst the mental and to print, soon found that he could read these easily_ He was delighted with the spiritual darkness of Korea, even more Gospel of John, and used to come to see if my explanation agreed with his. than for the seeing, Christian education is Presbyterianism in Formosa the only help and the only hope.

There are now three Presbyterian Upon my return to Korea, in the fall churches at work in Formosa-the English, the Canadian, and the J apa- of 1897, I set about adapting the New nese. The Japanese Presbyterians opened a church in the capital (Tai- York Point system to Korean and had nan) in the month of July, and they succeeded in transcribing the alphabet, the syllables, and a number of lessons besides the ten commandments. During the last decade ten blind girls have bene- fited by training and some are a great help in teaching others. Books and other helps have been prepared, and Miss Perry's class for blind boys in Seoul and Mrs. Moffatt's in Pyeng Yang, have grown out of this work.

Progress in Korea "The report of the Korean mission for the year ended June 30, rgo8, is a most remarkable missionary document. In spite of disturbed political condi- tions, 5.423 communicants have been added. The native contributions amounted to $6r,730.There are 797 self-supporting churches in the mis- sion, and 454 schools entirely supported by the Koreans; 12,264 pupils village gathered together 15 girls and are reported as under instruction in started a school which has but grown the various schools. In the hospitals and increased in efficiency with the and dispensaries under the care of years. A few months ago Mr. Ye, the mission, 46,366 patients were who was teaching our large boys' treated. school at Hamchong, with a good salary, said to me that he must leave. The Korean Marvel Growl When asked why he replied: "0, you know we have a small church in my A word about the Koreans from Dr. home village in Samwha county, and Underwood: they want to open a boys' school."- The native Korean convert is zealous J. REV. H. PETTEE. to study his Bible. Bibles are not given away in Korea, nor sold for a small frac- JAPAN tion of their cost, but fetch the full cost of their production. Yet, in spite of the Commercial Argument for Mislions Korean's poverty, so great is the demand that last year, when the Bible Committee The following from the Wall Street had ordered a new edition of 20,000 cop- ] ournal presents a commercial arguies of the New Testament, the whole ment in favor of missions. The inedition was sold before a word had been stance mentioned is but one of a long printed. Koreans will endure great pri- list which have appeared in missionary vations and travel for days to attend a history. From the standpoint of busi- Bible class, and these classes, varying ac- ness it pays to send missionaries. cording to locality from 250 to 1,180 enrolled members, will continue from ten The government of Japan in furtherto fourteen days. Then the attendants ance of its South Manchurian railway upon these larger classes in their turn scheme went into the English money hold smaller classes, so that one station market and borrowed $50,000,000. When in the north reports during the past year the British found out that this money, as many as 192 of these smaller classes borrowed in London, had been spent in with an enrollment that exceeded 10,000. the United States for railroad supplies, they kicked up a pretty row in the House Korean Passion for Service of Commons. But there was nothing to be done about it, so the question was For a Korean Christian to get new dropt. light and hide it under a bushel is an unheard-of thing. Having heard a The reason why the Japanese Governbit of new truth or a choice illustra- ment spent English money in the United tion from the foreign teacher, he can States was due solely to the fact that not rest until he has told it to someone the Japanese engineers in charge of the else, and often puts it in a far more work had been educated in the United telling way than that in which it was States at the expense of the American given to him. In 20 Bible classes two- missionaries, and had there imbibed Yankee notions which made it impossithirds of the teaching was done by ble for them to build a railroad along persons who had never done such any other than American lines. Therework before, and, altho in some cases fore at one fell swoop American comthey were not so well prepared as we merce reaped a direct return of $50,- would wish, they were so earnest and 000,000 from missionary effort. sincere, that through them "God broke forth much new light from his holy A Japanese School Word." For a Christian boy or girl or young man or woman to attend one Kwassui Jo Gakko, Nagasaki, Jaof our higher schools means that dur- pan, has an enrolment in all departing vacation he or she will go back to the home village and give-mostly ments of 432. There are 145 boarders without pay-to the less fortunate who are all Christians. It continues to boys and girls what has been learned. be a cosmopolitan school. There are Out of a class of 55 such boys, 30 were a number of Chinese girls, who are thus engaged during a summer vaca- pulling hard toward graduation, at tion. And two years ago a girl twelve least from the academic course. One years of age going back to her home is the daughter of a rich Chinese in Shanghai, and plans to graduate next year. She is carrying three mathe- matics, besides science, history, and

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

other studies; she has attended some come Christians, one couple, one family classes taught in Japanese and speaks of three, two young men and a boy. Japanese very well. The little Korean How they came to the meetings, 50 and girls are jewels. How they do study, 60 strong-SO stayed to Holy Commupreparing to be teachers on their re- nion on Sabbath, and all this right in the turn. One is the daughter of a min- midst of their busiest days of all the ister in Seoul. Two are supported by year-mint harvest and mint distillingthe church in Chemulpo, and one is one acre of mint yields one kerosene can supported by her mother. It is a real of oil-of-mint, for whIch they get about joy to teach them and see them de- forty dollars, gold. velop. In the junior class is a bright Russian girl, who has been in the Honor to Dr. DeForest school since she was quite small. For a number of years she attended only Last December the Emperor of classes taught in Japanese. She Japan conferred the Fourth Order of speaks Japanese, English, German, the Rising Sun upon Dr. DeForest and Russian, and has studied two or soon after his return to work in that three other languages. Besides, she country. The ostensible occasion was is very bright in mathematics as well the aid rendered by Dr. DeForest to as other studies. Beside these there the soldiers of Manchuria and his reare other Russians, English and Ger- lief work during the famine. But no man, Eurasians, and American chil- doubt his good offices in promoting a dren as well as Japanese. In the many- friendly feeling toward Japan while sided work no part receives more in this country figured large as an attention than the spiritual. Weekly underlying consideration. A J apaclass meetings, semi-weekly prayer nese daily paper exprest the common services, daily Bible study, Sunday- appreciation of Dr. DeForest's serv-' school work, are instructive and prac- ices' in counteracting what it calls tical.-Northwestem Christian Ad- "Hobsonism" in the United States: vocate. There was a great work to do for those In Japanese Wilds who loved humanity, and Dr. DeForest took up the work. From the pulpit and Mrs. G. P. Pierson writes from a in the press not a day did he spend idly, post-house in the wilds of Kitami, but Japan's standing as a nation was Province, Hokkaido, between Gaku- fully explained. Many began to open den and Hokkosha: their eyes, and his words, coming from thirty years' experience in Japan, had My third sheet, and not a word about much effect in turning the tide which the people-the dear, loving, hearty coun- once threatened the traditional friendship try Christians. Why, it was like Korea! of the two nations on the Pacific. To They and the warm spiritual atmosphere our mind his work was worth more than in the meetings. The one in Aquila and Sperry's sixteen battleships in cementing Priscilla's house-a lovely new thatched that friendship, and in this sense we excottage in a beautiful little dell in the tend to Dr. DeForest, our now national woods-was the best of all. Thirty of benefactor, warm welcome hands. us sat crowded together on the floor of their one room (besides a big-roofed in- AFRICA kitchen and stable combined). Mr. Pierson and I spoke. I told them of the Native Christian. as Givers Korean revivals and the recent news of Manchuria. And then followed such The Basel Missionary Society has warm, earnest, hearty prayers, "Aquila" published some figures which throw could hardly speak for tears. Priscilla light upon the frequently touched quesprayed out her whole soul in longing tion, how much the native Christians over the many un-Christian farmers in contribute toward the support of the her neighborhood. The "woman who preaching of the Gospel among them. had smoked secretly" had walked five or six miles to the meeting, and her prayer On the Gold Coast, Africa, the Sowas the most moving of all. Before we ciety has been at work now eighty got through, 8 of the non-Christians years and the native Christians numpresent had told us they wished to be- bered 21,663 in 1907. These contrib- uted about $13,000 for church purposes during the year, or more than $1.50 per member, while the contributions in

1962 were just a little over $1.08 per the country came. The conference lasted member. Thus there is a pleasing in- only one day, from 8:30 A. M., to 11 :30 crease of contributions, altho the Basel P. M. The speakers were Dr. Coppedge Society expends yet almost five times and Mr. W. B. Scott, a representative more in the country than the native from King Sukenga, Prince Maxama- Christians contribute. linga and chiefs from six villages. Mrs. Morrison presided at the organ and Mrs. In Kamerun, where the Basel So- Sheppard sang a beautiful solo in native ciety commenced work twenty-one tongue. years ago, 7,068 native Christians gave about $2,250 in 1907, while the Society There was not a hitch nor did the conexpended thirty-eight times more ference lag the whole day. The two secmoney for the whole work in Kam- retaries were your own trained native erun. However, in comparing the girls. Not a word in English from start contributions of native Christians in to finish. Six chiefs led by Prince Maxthe two places the reader should re- amalinga spoke in this strain: That they member that the cultivation of coco felt the mission had been carrying them brings much money to the people on long enough and that they desired to the Gold Coast, but none to those in give the entire support to their teachers Kamerun, and that the work in Kam- and evangelists. Chiefs of many other erun is almost sixty years younger Bakuba villages asked for evangelists, asthan the other. In general, we be- suring us that they would support them lieve the figures mentioned above entirely. prove a remarkable liberality in native Christians, who receive very little The conference was two months ago, actual money after all. and those villages have sent in their money (shells), bought cloth from the A Picture of Heathenism mission and have paid their teachers and evangelists. God bless you, good friends A missionary writing from Nigeria at home. We out here are as happy as draws the following picture of the na- can be. In these villages and at your tives' "happy methods of life" : central station, Ibanj, there is not the sound of a drum or the beating of corn, Some ask why we go to the heathen or the whoop of the hunter heard on and disturb their happy methods of life. Sunday. Tell me, can true happiness exist when standards of purity and true honor are Honor to the Founder of Lovedale unknown? Feathers, and piles of dirt, and old earthenware pots are the ob- The coming Moderator of the Genjects of worship. Blood of birds and beasts is sprinkled in some of the king's eral Assembly writes of Dr. Stewart: houses as a sacrifice for offenses against the deity. Fatalism cuts the nerve of all We of the Church of Scotland, to effort. Men are improvident because whom that mission (Blantyre) has been they believe in an allotted destiny which transferred, cherish the memory of those does not require effort on their part. who endowed it and of those who, in Women are slaves of men. I do not the course of their hal d labor, suffered know of one woman who is independent and died for it. Earliest of these names in earning a livelihood. . . . There of honor we place that of Dr. Stewart of are no cemeteries. The dead are buried Lovedale. Indeed, Dr. Stewart's memory under the floors of the houses on the is the common possession of all branches day of death, and no memorials are of the Christian Church. His was a large erected. catholic spirit, too keenly occupied with building up the kingdom of God in Af- From the Upper Kongo rica to be concerned over-much with the disputes which divide good men at home. A recent Christian Observer con- The story of his career reads like a tained these inspiring words from romance; and it is far finer than any Rev. W. H. Sheppard: romance, for, if there be one note pre- dominant in Stewart's lifp, it was that of We have been working exceedingly reality, of sound, shrewd, practical judghard these last months, and in close com- ment. He found a wilderness; he left a munion with the Master. Eight weeks great civilized community. Lord Milner ago we had a large conference here at said of him once that he was "the biggest Ibanj. Bakuba men and women from all human in South Africa." General Gor- don loved him with an intense feeling of comradeship. A dispassionate visitor to his mission, Lord Rothschild, wrote: "I think our visit to Lovedale was the most interesting part of our journey in South Africa." Trouble on the Kongo well equipped for the duty, has been sent to pave the way; Mr. Barlow will A recent letter from Mr. Robert follow soon; and it is hoped that ere Whyte, of London, informs us that his long. another missionary, preferably a attention had been called to a dispatch medIcal man, may be found to join in a Belgian paper stating that our him.-Life and Work. missionaries at Luebo had been arraigned by the authorities of the ISLANDS OF THE SEA Kongo Free State on the charge of defamation. We can only guess what A New Miasionary Vessel' this may mean. It is well known that all of our missionaries in Africa have A little vessel of the American been outspoken in reporting the atroci- Board has recently sailed from San ties perpetrated by agents of King Francisco on a voyage of 5,000 miles Leopold that had come under their to the Gilbert Islands. The vessel is observation. The wonder has been schooner rig, with auxiliary gasoline that they have not long ago been made power, in command of Captain Walkthe subject of an attack of this kind. up, who for years carried on evangelis- It is a fortunate circumstance that our tic work among the Gilbertese by State Department, about a year ago, means of a little launch called the sent out a special consul to investigate Hiram Bingham, named for the venthe charges which had been made by erable and beloved apostle to these bethe Americans in the Kongo, and nighted people who went to the islands which had been denied by agents of on the first Morning Star in r856. the Kongo State, both at home and The new vessel is named Hiram abroad.-The Missionary. Bingham, NO.2. The children of the Congregation'll churches in Amer- A Call to Kenia ica are endeavoring to contribute its entire cost of $6,704; thus far they In British East Africa, ninety miles have given about $4,000. The hold of from Kikuyu, up toward the slopes of the Hiram Bingham, No. 2 went out Mount Kenia, dwells a section of the full of Bibles in the Gilbertese lan- Kikuyu people, 50,000 strong. Until guage. It is interesting and pathetic within the last few months their land that on the very Sunday, October 25, has been closed to the Christian mis- when hundreds of Sunday-schools sionary. Now a door has been opened, were using the special exercise deand the call has come to our missiona- scribing Dr. Bingham's work, "The ries at Kikuyu to go in and possess the Appeal of the Little Isles," and when land for Christ. The call was an offerings were being taken to build the urgent one, demanding, for certain ship which was to bear his name, the weighty reasons, an immediate answer. soul of Dr: Bingham departed from At first it seemed as if that answer earth. The children in reality are wouJrl have to be-No! There was building a monument to this heroic the old difficulty-lack of funds. But man one of the last of the old-time a way has, in God's good providence, missionaries on the Board. been found; friends have come forward who, by their liberality, have Ten Years in the Philippines made it possible to obey the call, and the foreign mission committee have The ten years of the Philippine Misthus been able to authorize entry into sion's life have been exceedingly fruitthis splendid sphere of work. Means ful under the blessing of God. Three have been especially provided to en- hospitals, one of them now a union inable the work to be entered upon and stitution with the Baptist Mission, are to be carried on, albeit on a modest treating 40,000 people a year, minisscale, without any drain upon the ordi- tering to the beggar on the street as nary resources of the committee. A well as to the high government official, native catechist from KikuY11, a man and winning everywhere the good-will of the people; and that on a largely self-supporting basis. Silliman Insti- Missionary Society), $14,000 ; the tute, through the generous support of Harris Deaconess Training School Dr. Silliman, is expanding so that in (Woman's Foreign Missionary So- another year it will give industrial and ciety) , $13,000. This property alto- academic instruction to 500 boys. It gether has a value of $132,000.

has more than 25 students for the min- OBITUARY NOTES istry, while in Ellinwood Training School, which is united with the Meth- Rev. W. S. Ament. of China odist Training School, some 40 other young men and women are being pre- Rev. William S. Ament, D.D., enpared for Christian work. Five men tered into missionary service in China have been ordained to the ministry and under the American Board in 1877, these, together with the missionary and on January 7, 1909, in Lane's force of 38 men and women, direct a Hospital, San Francisco, while upon force of 227 native workers, most of his. way home for special treatment, them unpaid or supported by the na- he entered into rest. These thirty years mark the span of service of a tive Church. In 96 chapels and man who was freely accorded first place, not only among the missionaries preaching-places they have gathered in of the American Board, but among the nearly 10,000 converts, and men and missionaries of all denominations in women are pressing into the kingdom China. at the rate of over 2,000 a year.-REV. The Chinese and the missionaries PAUL DOLTZ. and the officials, native and foreign, Methodiam in the Philippine. loved him, and with one accord ac- On October 4, IgOI, the Methodist knowledged his masterful leadership, missionaries in Manila bought a corner and mourn his death with a profound lot on which to build a church for our consciousness of the loss they and the own American "exiles" in those is- cause of Christ in China have suslands. It was the first bit of land tained.-The Congregationalist.

actually purchased by any Protestant Dr. John F. Dodd. of New York Church in the Philippines. The neces- Dr. John F. Dodd, who retired re- sary $3,250 was raised in Manila. The cently from the position of assistant parcel of ground IS worth nearly twice secretary of the Board of Foreign that sum to-day From that modest Missions of the Methodist Episcopal beginning the miSSIOnaries have gone Church, died in Phillipsburg, N. J., on as God's stewards have aided them, February 2, at the age of seventy-one.

and now among the larger properties When the Newark Annual Conference which anchor our Methodist enterprise met for its first session, in 1858, at in that metropolis and its suburbs are Morristown, N. J., John F. Dodd was the following: First Church (Filipino, the youngest of ten men who entered seating 1,500), $40,000; Central the conference on trial. He served as Church (American), $25,000; St. pastor for thirty-five years. In I8g2 Paul's Church (Filipino), $7,500; Gif- he entered the service of the Board of ford Memorial Church (Filipino), Foreign Missions, in which he contin- $1,000; three missionary residences, ued until 1908, when he was granted $17,000; the Florence B. Nicholson retirement from the position of assist- Bible School, $14,500; the Johnston ant recording secretary because of Memorial Hospital (Woman's Foreign impaired health.

The Missionary Review of the World — January 1895

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN le95

THE POPULAR GOD OF GOOo-LUCK.

An idol commonly worshipped and found in almost every houRe and shop in India. Hindu tradition mak«;s this god be the Son of Shiva, one of the Tri~murti. or triad of deities, which consisl"l of Brahma, the CreatoS"; Vishnu, the ~server' and SbivR. or Siva, the Destroyer and Renovator.

Mythology teaches that Shiva in a quarrel with his son, in anger smote off his head. Parvati, Shlva's wife. wrath- !y commanded him to restore their son to life. Shiva sought for Ganspati's head, but, failing to find it, seized an rtf-ihlheeacnr~edlaeetpdehdgabonytdw.cafis.org phant's head and stuck it on the hea dless body. At the same time this compensatio naswaabsovger.aeanlestceatrdofnotoiuc ~d g?!i,_that he should be first worshi pped in all c eremoni es. He is always represented MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD.

VOL. XVIII. No.1.-0ld Serie3.-JANUARY.-VoL. VIII. No. 1.-New Serie3.

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895.

BY THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.

It is the peak that soars highest and commands the widest horizon that is sought by the daring and determined mountaineer. From such a point of view there is something more than mere range and scope ; at a glance the vision sweeps over a whole landscape and sees it in its proportions and relations.

Our custom has been to present in each January issue a sketch, at least, of the general aspect and prospect of the world's religious condition, and so prepare for the descent into details in subsequent numbers. In the present case we have sought personal estimates from the best available sources, and incorporate them in one combined statement. We have asked men, whose words carry authority, to frame, in as brief and compact a form as may be, their candid, careful impressions of the present condition of religious life in the various lands they represent. Some of these reports have failed to reach us in time for the press, but enough will be found here to challenge the thought and evoke the prayers of every lover of the kingdom of God. Other repurts, too late for this issue, may appear in subsequent nUIllbers.

I.-ARABIA.

BY REV. ]rRANK s. SCUDDER.

Arabia is as a lit.tle child in the missionary world. The first real desire to evangelize the country was born only ten years ago ; it was born in the heart of Hon. Ion Keith Falconer, and grew into the first modern mission in Arabia. The apostle Paul went into Arabia, but apparently established no mission there. The Nestorians once had churches there, but their faith was without power, and it was the idolatrous corruptions of Christianity as seen in the Greek Church which really led to the rise of Mohammedanism with its reinforcing of the doctrine of " one God." But hope dawned upon Arabia for the first time when Keith Falconer loved her even unto dea~h. Since October 28th, 1885, when he first arrived at Aden, the finger of God has written an inspiring page of Christian history. There are now three missions in Arabia.

1. Keith Falconer Mission.-The pioneer missionary of Arabia, after whom this mission was named, was a wealthy son of Scotland, an expert student, bicyclist, and phonographer, and a rising Orientalist. He laid down everything at the feet of Christ for Arabia. He bore the entire expense of the mission, including that of necessary buildings and the salary of a medical missionary, asking only that the work be recognized as a mission of the Free Church of Scotland. The mission was established at Sheikh Othman, about ten miles inland from Aden. At this place, while awaiting the completion of the buildings, and living as a pioneer must live, within a year and a half of his first arrival Keith Falconer laid down his life for Arabia, a victim of the trying climate from which he had insufficient protection. But his life was the inspiration of other men. His blood became the seed of the Church in Arabia. The Keith Falconer Mission is to-day meeting with success worthy of its noble founder, under the labors of Rev. W. R. W. Gardner and Dr. Young.

2. The Arabian Mission, of the Reformed Church in America, sprang up under the inspiration of Rev. Professor J. G. Lansing, D.D., of New Brunswick, N. J., who infused his knowledge and love of the Arabian people into the students under his instruction. The mission was organized in 1889, and now has a force of three ordained missionaries-Rev. James Cantine, Rev. S. M. Zwemer, and Rev. P. J. Zwemer-and one medical missionary, Dr. J. T. -Wyckoff. Three stations have been occupied in Eastern Arabia, at Busrah, Bahrein Islands, and Muscat. Seven native helpers are employed, and the work is carried along the entire eastern coast and rivers for eight hundred miles.

3. A Mission to the Bedouins in the vicinity of Mount Sinai has recently been undertaken by the Nol'th Africa Mission. A young German, who offered himself for work among these wild warriors of the desert, found his inspiration in the life of Keith Falconer. Thus at last there is a revival of the prayer of Abraham: "Oh that Ishmael might live before thee I"

The Arabians are descended from Ishmael, son of Abraham. They number about eleven millions in Arabia, and are intelligent, generous, and intensely religious. These traits have made them wonderful missionaries of the religion of the sword, and, when they are converted, make them noble missionaries of the cross.

The Outlook.-Especial hope is seen in large sales of Scriptures and educational books and in the power of a medical missionary's assistance. These are messages that have flitted across the Arabian deserts : "Things are waking up in the Keith Falconer Mission ; take courage, the redemption of Arabia is drawing near." "'tVe" (the Arabian Mission) "hear nothing but good news from each other in these days." "One can hardly

n:allIA

believe the tremendous impression which has been made on the whole of Arabia in so short a time j it must be selln to be understood." May the echoes of these good messages soon be heard also from the barren walls of Mount Sinai and its lonely Bedouin mission.

Information.-" Memorials of the Ron. Ion Keith Falconer," Sinker; " Reports of the Arabian Mission," 25 East Twenty-second Street, New York.

n.-PERSIA.

BY REV. S. G. WILSON, TABRIZ.

The outlook for Persia is cloudy. Politically it is in a stltte of decay. Whenever Russia chooses it can take the northern provinces, and in that case England will probably take the southern ones. Years may pass before this catastrophe arrives. The Shah, whose power was so rudely shaken by the popular and priestly opposition which overthrew the tobacco monopoly, has renewed his grasp upon the reins of government Itnd is gradually bringing the Mollahs into subjection. After a reign of forty-six years, his health is not as robust as formerly. The succession to the throne is more certainly secured to the Vali Ahd-his most prominent rival, the Zil-i-Sultan, having become blind.

Oommercially Persia makes little progress. The efforts made a few years ago to open mines and artesian wells, start factories, build roads, navigate the Karun, etc., have been for the most part abandoned. Internal resources remain undeveloped. Stagnation and an unfavorable balance of trade indicate increasing poverty.

Some religiou3 customs and social habits are being modified. Certain classes are becoming liberalized and desire to be brought into line with modern civilization. On the other hand, many seem more bigoted. Some religious festivals are increasing in fanaticism.

The outlook for missions among the Mohammedans is not reassuring. The martyrdom of Mirza Ibrahim, the reassertion of the law of Islamdeath to the convert to Christianity-the hostility to missionaries displayed in certain quarters, seem to defer the day of religious liberty, while the courage of converts, in the face of persecution and death, gives hope that faithful ones may win toleration even sooner than we expect.

The outlook among the Nestorians is encouraging. In spite of Catholics and other opposing bodies. and the drain on the native agency by emigration to America, the Evangelical Church increases and prospers. It is developing in moral stamina, in doctrinal stability, in self-propagating power. The mission retains a friendly attitude to the Nestorian Church and exerts a spiritualizing influence on it. Substantial progress has been made in enlightening the Armenians in Oroomiah, Salmas, Tabriz, Teheran, Ramadan, and Ispahan. In no place has the work been fruitless. Priestly opposition, sceptical tendencies, national aspirations and prejudices have

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895. lJa.nuary

hindered the work among them. But evangelical truth is having a per~ ceptible influence even upon those who remain Gregorians.

The Protestant Church has gained a recognized place in Persia and has spiritual power and vitality enough to become an efficient agency for its evangelization.

III.-INDIA.

BY REV. W. B. BOGGS, D.D., TELUGU MISSION.

If, in imagination, we take our stand on some Himalayan elevation, whence we may survey the whole land of India, the moral and spiritual view at the present time embraces, among other things, the following conspicuous features : 1. Increased and more direct effort, by various missions, for the evangelization of the depressed classes, and also large ingatherings of converts from among those classes. The Methodist Episcopal Mission, according to Dr. William Butler, in Zion's Herald (March, 1894), received 18,000 additions during 1893, and a total of 45,000 since 1889, and, according to Bishop Thoburn, they are now receiving converts at the rate of 50 a day. This movement is chiefly among low-caste or non-caste people in northern and northwestern India. Other missions also are awaking to the fact that these classes, poor and ignorant and degenerate as they are, are nevertheless more accessible to the Gospel at the present time than are the higher classes; and their evangelization before the others seems to be according to the Divine arrangement. There is much in Scripture and in the history of Christianity to lead us to expect them to precede the higher and richer and more learned in their entrance into the kingdom of Christ. Their elevation by the religion of Christ seems to be prerequisite to the coming in of the higher castes in large numbers. For a good many years several missions in southern India have worked very successfully in this line, and have been blessed with abundant results-e.g., the Church Mission at Tinnevelly and neighboring places; the American Baptist Mission at Ongole and surrounding stations; the American Lutheran Mission at Guntur and vicinity, and the London Mission at Cuddapah and elsewhere; these and others have been greatly blessed in their labors among the " common people." And we may expect to see yet larger and larger harvests gathered fron::. among the downtrodden, despised pariah classes, and Christianity steadily working its way up from the lower strata of society to the higher.

2. A great conflict between the advocates of temperance, purity, and national righteousness on the one hand, and those who are actuated by the worldly, time. serving spirit of officialdom on the other. A number of very godly faithful missionaries and others in the Bombay Presidency have, within the past few years, been laboring earnestly to expose the fearful evils of the opium traffic, the strong drink ~raffic. and State-regulltteq. vj~e,

INDIA. '

and agitating for the abolition of this triple curse. Alfred S. Dyer, editor of the Bombay Guardian, a very worthy and consecrated Christian worker, a member of the Society of Friends, is among the leaders in this righteous crusade. In consequence of their active efforts the government officials and the newspapers which reflect official opinion have manifested much bitterness toward them. The editor of the Guar(lian and three missionaries were prosecuted recently by a native opium contractor for defamation for having published a statement in reference to the infamous opium " clubs" in Bombay, a statement which they had from various witnesses which they believed to be true, and which probably was true. But the English magistrate, with every show of intense dislike toward tho missionaries and their cause, gave judgment against them and sentenced them to one month's imprisonment, which they endured in the Bombay jail. The severity of tho imprisonment may be judged by the fact that they were denied .even the use of writing materials while in the jail. Their crime is that they write and preach and protest against these great public evils in which the Government is both directly and indirectly a partaker.

In a notorious street in Bombay, inhabited by prostitutes of many nationalities, probably the worst and most shameless vice market in the world is protected by Government, and city missionaries who go there to preach righteousness and warn sinners of their doom are driven out of the streot by the police j and when the denizens of the place and the European frequenters of the same brutally assault the missionaries t~e assailants are sustained and protected by the authorities.

This conflict thickens daily. The advocates of righteousness cannot and will not desist from their agitation of these subjects while the Government of India continues to be the producer, manufacturer, and exporter of a vast quantity of opium, by which countless numbers of the people of China are ruined, and while the same deleterious traffic is promoted in India and Burmah to such an extent j nor can they rest while the Government makes provision for licentiousness for the seventy thousand British troops in India, and while the use of intoxicating liquors is overspreading the land as at present. According to the police commissioner's report for Bombay there were two thousand more arrests for drunkenness in that city during the past year than in the previous one. The Government distilleries produce enormous quantities of intoxicating liquors.

On the other hand, those whose living comes from the Government are, almost to a man, apologists for and defenders of these abominations. Thus the two parties are arrayed one against the other. There can be no peace nor truce while these abominations last. Real peace was impossible in America until slavery was abolished. And so in India to-day missionaries and others who lift up their voices against these crying evils may be fined and imprisoned till officialdom is weary, but they cannot cease to agitate for reform. Rev. A. W. Prautch, one of the missionaries recently imprisoned in Bombay, has been sent to England by the anti-opium party in

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

India to call the attention of the British people more fully to the existing condition of things in India.

3. The indirect effect of Ohristian moral teaching on non- Ohristians. Enlightened Hindus are now disapproving of the notorious nautch-the dance by professional prostitutes, which has always been a prominent fea- ture at celebrations, receptions, marriages, and festive occasions of all kinds; almost universally approved by orthodox Hindus and patronized often by Europeans of easy-going moral sentiments. Quite a number of prominent Hindus, ashamed of such an objectionable custom, are now advocating its abolition.

Recently some Hindus in Madras, the Hindu Social Reform Association, adopted resolutions of the strongest kind, condemning concubinage, and declaring their determination not to countenance or patronize any Hindu known to be living openly in this sin.

A missionary in Serampore writes: "The past year will ever be memorable as that in which complete failure attended the pulling of the cars at the Juggernaut festival." Though the Brahmins urged the populace and used every inducement to persuade them to lay hold of the ropes and pull the cars, they could not get enough to move them.

The Hindus probably think that the credit of the moral reforms above mentioned is due to themselves, but there can be no reasonable doubt that these movements are the result of a waning confidence in Hinduism and of a growing moral sentimant which are indirect effects of Christianity. The extent of these reforms is of course but limited as yet, and it may be long before they gain much headway against the deep-seated couservatism of India, but they are an indication of the present drift of things.

4. The meeting together of Christians of different denominations in various places in conferences for the deepening of spiritual life. This is coming to be a regular feature of missionary vacations on the hills. Such meetings are becoming more frequent and are increasing in interest and in power. Camp·meetings and conferences, more or less after the type of :Keswick and Northfield, are held, and are generally seasons of much spiritual profit. A very gratifying feature is the fraternal fellowship and co-operation of Christians of different names in prayer and the study of the Word. Among prominent truths are the recognition of the personality of the Holy Spirit and His real presence and power as the rightful administrator in the Church j also the privilege of Christians to have a conscious experience of His indwelling, and their obligation to live a consecrated, holy, Christ-like life. And these are just the truths that India needs, and not India alone.

5. Preaching, in English, to non- Ohristian audiences composed of educated natives, by visiting ministers from England and America, such as Rev. G. F. Pentecost, Henry Varley, Mr. Haslam, and others. There are thousands of non-Christians in the large cities whose education has been in English from their childhood who can be reached through the English language

INDIA.. '1

just as well as through their own, and even better, for they seem to think that Christian preaching in their own vernacular is rather beneath their notice, but are quite ready to listen to it in eloquent English. Doubtless many of them are actuated simply by secular motives, such as a desire to improve their use of English by listening to public addresses in that tongue, especially if spoken by men of culture and oratorical ability. But even though attracted by such motives as these, the truth of Christ may arrest them. And there are among them sincere inquirers. There is thus a great field of usefulness opening up to those in America, Europe, Australia, etc., whose engagements are such that they can arrange to spend a cool season or longer in India in this kind of labor, and who possess the needful qualifications. Among the qualifications I would place (1) a strong, firm grasp, spiritually as well as intellectually, of the GOSPEL OF CHRIST, with no modern improvements, or modifications, or adjustments, or toning down; (2) distinct spiritual power, arising from a practical and full reliance on the Holy Spirit; (3) ability to adapt one's speech (not the Gospel, but the manner of preaching it) to the Oriental mind, both in argument, illustration, and appeal. This presupposes the ability to acquire quickly a knowledge of Hindu modes of thought.

6. Much earnestness and activity in Sunday-school and temperance work. The former is specially due to the influence and labors of Dr. J. L. Phillips, the faithful, energetic, talented Sunday-school secretary for India. Throughout India and Burmah he is developing Sunday-school work with marked success. The temperance campaign has as one of its chief leaders Rev. Thomas Evans, the veteran apostle of temperance in India, and this branch of Christian service is being pushed with much energy in many parts of the land. There is urgent need of this work, when we consider the prevalence of intemperance, whether among the European, the Eurasian, or tke native populations.

7. Ohristianity advancing with a sure, steady, irresistible movement. Sometimes this movement is beneath the surface and attracts but little attention, but on it goes. The number of places where Christianity is taking root is being constantly multiplied, and its roots are striking deeper and deeper. Europeans in India who bave no interest in or sympathy with the cause of India's evangelization-onlookers from afar of the Canon Taylor type, and " globe-trotters" in breathless baste-may not be able to see any progress; and proud Hindns may try to make themselves and others believe that Christianity is only gaining a few converts among the low, and is having no appreciable effect on the people at large; but the country is gradually being so perme3ted by Christian teaching that a distinct and indelible impression is being made. Native Christians are so increasing in numbers in almost all parts of the land that, although they are mostly in the humbler walks of life, their existence can no longer be ignored. The development of the native churches, their growth in Christian knowledge and character, and in self-directing, self-sustaining ability,

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

is a most hopeful sign. The steady, irresistible diffusion of Christianity in the Roman empire in the early days is being, in some respects, repeated before our eyes in India to-day. Dr. George Smith, of Edinburgh, in his " Conversion of India," deduces from reliable data the conclusion that if the same rate of progress of Christianity in India which has characterized the last forty years should be continued, "the Protestant Church would absorb the whole population of India about the middle of the twenty.first century." But we may certainly look for a constantly increasing rate of progress.

IV.-SIAM AND THE LAOS.

BY REV. W. C. DODD, MISSIONARY TO THE LAOS PEOPLE.

There are two distinct peoples in Siam, the Siamese proper in the southern part of the kingdom, and the Laos. Only a portion of the Laos people are tributary to Siam and live in the northern half of the kingdom. They are a people, not a nation, and are living under four separate governments. Siam has the southern portion of them, France recently acquired the eastern, China has the suzerainty of those in the north, and a few are tributary to England on the west. Si!.lm's -portion is the largest, and hence the whole Laos people may properly be included in the missionary outlook for Siam.

Although the Siamese have been derived from the Laos, yet centuries of different latitude, different food, and especially maritime contact with the outside world, have resulted in differentiating them from their inland Laos brethren. This difference is shown in the modification of the spoken language in distinct written languages, in differences of custom, costume, and worship, and especially in a striking difference in physical and moral vigor in favor of the Laos. There are, therefore, marked differences in all the factors which enter into the present missionary outlook in these two portions of the kingdom. We shall note three such factors.

I. THE PROVIDENTIAL PREPARATION is a most important factor in the present outlook. God has been working in Siam along with the Church's work and long before the Church began to work. He has signally prepared the people for the Gospel. The preparation is shown, First, in the character of the people. Centuries ago Siam was known as especially friendly to foreigners. Not a great commercial people, but almost wholly agricultural, both Laos and Siamese originally were simplehearted, peaceful, polite, comparatively pure, receptive and impressionable. In Lower Siam, at present, contact with the worst elements of our occidental civilization has deprived a large portion of the populace of that primitive simplicity, especially in seaport and river towns. Rum and other debauching elements have come in with steamboats, steam cars, electric cars, telegraphs and postal system. Yet a large part of the inland populatkm of Lower Siam is still primitive, hence simple and receptive. And

SIAM AND THE LAOS

this is true of almost all the five million Laos people. God has made and kept the majority of the Siamese and almost all the Laos people free from the influence of immoral foreigners; all are free from caste ; there is no seclusion of women except ,among the royal families; there are no strong nationalities, and hence no pride which despises foreigners or is restive under foreign teaching and direction; polygamy prevails only among cer- tain classes in Lower Siam, and there is almost none among the Laos peo- ple. God's preparation is shown, Second, in the favor of the rulers. With few exceptions the kings, governors, and their subordinates have not only offered no open or secret opposition to the work of the missionaries, but they have been positively friendly, and in many cases have aided by grants of money, land, and in- fluence. The few who have offered decided opposition have been provi- dentially removed. Grants of land and of money for educational and medical purposes are still occasionally obtained in Lower Siam. Among the Laos the government favor is still more marked. For the last fifteen years there has been a government proclamation of absolute religious toleration in Siam. And, with the possible exception of the Laos who are nnder the French, the same favor to missionaries is fonnd among all the Laos officials outside as well as inside of the kingdom of Siam. In every station and prospective station of the North Laos Mission, ground has been leased to the mission to hold" so long as used for the purposes of healing" (by foreign medicine), "and of teaching the Christian religion." As Dr. McGilvary once said, "That means until the millennium." And this by a government in which Buddhism is the State religion! The finger of God is here. But among the Laos people at least the most important preparation is what we may call, Third, the preparation of Buddhism. The Siamese and the Laos people have this in common-viz., that, unlike most countries of Eastern Asia, their nominal religion is Southern Buddhism unmixed with Hinduism, Confucianism, or any other of the ethnic religions. And Buddhism, by its failure to satisfy the head with its puerile and fantastic stories, and also because of its thousands of self-conflicting teachings and by its failure to satisfy the heart with its lifeless pantheism or its agnosticism, and its meaningless ritual in an nnknown tongue (the Pali), has paved the way for a religion that can satisfy both head and heart.

Both the Siamese and the Laos people differ in this, that the weak moral nature of the former contents itself with the empty forms. Buddhism retains a strong hold and has a strong outward following in Lower Siam, while it has only a nominal following among the warmer moral natures of the Laos people. So, to its failure to satisfy the Laos head and heart, must be added, as a second negative sort of preparation for Christianity, its failure to keep its own votaries from demon-worship. Although it denounces demonolatry in terms as strong as any in our own Bible, yet its hold is too weak to keep these children of nature from seeking the sup-

'l'Hlll WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

posedly personal and vital as objects of worship, and more especially of propitiation. Once admitted, demon.worship leads to accusations of witchcraft; and these have been, in turn, a positive preparation for the enlargement of the Christian Church, in that they have driven hundreds of Laos people to take refuge from these accusations in the Christ who can cast out evil spirits. The more positive preparations are found in the Laos Buddhist books. Some of them may be classified as follows: Buddhism tells us that it was established by the Buddha, by means of a fraud perpetrated upon his older brother, Alenyah-Met-Tai ; it confesses, therefore, that it is not the final nor the saving religion, and prophesies its own declension and the coming of, first, a thousand years' reign of demonolatry, and, lastly, of the true religion that shall bring salvation. These predictions are worked out with a nicety of detail, much of which can be used by the apostle of Christ and Christianity as pointing to the salvation wrought out by the ble:ssed Son of God.

Unquestionably God has done more to make the work of the Christian Church easy in Siam than in most pagan lands ; especially has His providence prepared the Laos people. By the character of the people, simplehearted, peaceful, polite, comparatively pure, and hence receptive ; by the absence among them of the hindrances found in most heathen countriesno government opposition and no anti-foreign spirit among the masses, no caste and no seclusion of women, few immoral foreigners and little polygamy, and by the preparations of Buddhism through its failures and its positive predictions ; by all these God is challenging our faith to " go up and possess the land j for we are fully able. " Surely no outlook would be at all comprehensive which should neglect these marvellous preparations of God Himself. We note, as another main factor in the outlook: II. THE INFLUENCE OF MISSION WORK ALREADY DONE. Mission work is comparatively young in Lower Siam, and younger still among the Laos people. The Baptists have one man in Bangkok working among the Chinese resident there; but the Presbyterian Church is the only one having a work among the natives of the kingdom. There are two missions, the Siam Mission and the North Laos Mission, the latter not yet thirty years old.

In both these missions a part of the pioneering work has been done along the usual four lines-healing, preaching, translating, and educating or training. Medical work, literary work, and educational work are each farther advanced in the Siam Mission, and are exerting a larger influence among those outside the Christiau Church than in the Laos Mission. Part of this influence is confessedly due to the civilizing agencies which have come in the wake of the missionarie3. But in each of these lines the Mission was the pioneer.

When the veteran Dr. Bradley attempted to introduce vaccination in Bangkok he had to hire the first man to submit to the operation, and then he backed down at the last moment, and man number two had to be found. But within the past year the king has made vaccination by his Siamese

SIAM AND THE LAOS

subjects compulsory, and the cost has been pr~ided for by the Govern- ment. There are now foreign physicians in Bangkok wit.h a good practice. The Government has established a medical college, in charge of a former missionary and the son of a missionary; and there are hospitals and asylums for some of nature's unfortunates. Missionaries reduced the Siamese language to printed form, prepared grammars and lexicons, have translated and printed the whole Bible, religious works like" Pilgrim's Progress," " Peep of Day," and others, scientific and educational works, and the first Siamese religious newspaper. They introduced the education of women, and the scientific education of boys and men. The slumber of ages has been disturbed. Siamese secular newspapers have been started. Attempts have been made to electrify the corpse of Buddhist moIiastic education and to spiritualize and popularize the teachings of Buddhism. This is the beginning of the end. The, number of actual converts in the Siam Mission has never been large; bnt what was said years ago by a Siamese nobleman is far truer to-day than then: "Dr. Bradley has gone, but he has undermined Buddhism in Siam."

In the Laos Mission there have been none of the civilizing adjuncts to take up the medical, literary, and educational work of the missionaries and diffuse their influence among the people as a whole. The emphasis in mission work has necessarily and happily been placed upon the evangelization of the largest possible number and their training in the Christian Church. Less of translating has been possible ; but particular stress is laid upon the training of practical, zealous evangelists. And this scriptural emphasis has borne its fruit among the simple and hardy Laos people. Direct evangelistic work has ever been unusually successful. There are more accessions to the adult membership per minister annually in that Presbytery of North Laos than in any other, at home or abroad. The sacraments are administered monthly ; and for more than eight years past there has not been a sacramental occasion in which there were not new members received on profession of faith. There are now nearly two thousand baptized adults, and more than one thousand baptized members of their households.

The other lines of missionary activity have been laid under tribute to the planting and training of the Church. The gratitude of thousands of people has been obtained through medical work; and many of them have found soul-healing. Some portions of the Bible have been translated and printed. Schools for girls and boys and a training school for evangelists have been put into successful operation as the principal means of training the young and the old of the Church. No English is taught, nor is any special inducement offered to attract the children of the heathen. 'We have scarcely teachers sufficient to care for our own people. More than fifty evangelists, more or less trained in the mission training school, were last year at work a part of the time, and some of them all the time.

The conditions, being so different in the Laos Mission from those in

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

the Siam Mission, the fruits of mission work are necessarily different. There has been less impress of civilization, edncation, and culture, more of spiritual power. There are as yet no government schools, hospitals, or printing-presses among the Laos; but there have been more converts to Christianity. And in all the territory covered by our mission the conviction is general among all classes that Christianity is the coming religion. Almost without exception the heathen concede that Buddhism and demonworship are doomed. One of the most encouraging fruits of the work is the spirit of evangelism which animates the Church. Each convert makes an effort to bring others to Christ. They are reaching out to self-support, and beyond it to the home mission work among the unevangelized about them.• About thirty villages in one church have recently given up the use of betel-nut, tobacco and wild tea-immemorial practices in that land, and perhaps not demonstrably wrong, per se-in order to buy books to distribute among the heathen. They have pledged the salary of two men for about three months annually to do purely evangelistic work for them outside of their own territory.

Having merely glanced at the outlook as determined by the preparatory and co-operating work of God's providence, and by the work done in the two missions and the forces set at work in each, it remains to consider- III. THE PROBLEM YET BEFORE us. In a word, it is the evangelization of at least eight million people. There are perhaps four million unevangelized Laos-people speaking and reading that language, but living to the north and east of the influence of our established work, our brothers and sisters who have never had an opportunity to accept salvation through Christ. A member of the Siam Mission is authority for the statement that there are at least that many unevangelized Siamese. Appalling as is the thought of it when standing alone, yet when it is placed alongside the problem of the evangelization of China to the north or of India to the west, ours is a simple task and easy.

God's providence clearly indicates God's purpose of its speedyaccomplishment. He has made it possible. It is true that there are hindrances: prejudice, occasionally persecution, the influence of generations of heathenism, and, especially in the field of the Siam Mission, immoralities introduced and fostered by foreigners. But when all has been said, it yet remains true that we are free from the great obstacles that are found iu most other fields; the conditions and the means of evangelization are within our reach. The whole country in both missions is open to the Gospel, and is virgin soil, except possibly that portion which France has taken. Both missions have the favor and the assistance of the rulers. Each mission has a fine plant of zealous workers from America and valuable property. The labors already accomplished have given to the Laos Mission more than half a hundred reliable workers, wholly or partly trained as evangelists, as well as a church that is reaching out to self-support and to evangelistic work in the regions beyond ; to the Siam Mission fewer workers, but the

THIBET

whole Bible and by no means a scanty Christian literature. The Siam Mission has what the Laos Mission lacks-waterways and other means of travel and transportation. These are the conditions and the means at hand upon the field.

Fifty thousand dollars for expansion of the work-less by far than the cost of single church edifices in many of our large cities-would send us the men and women needed to plant a few more stations among the Laos people that would be educational and evangelistic centres from which the whole people could be reached by the native workers, and to double the effort in the Siam Mission to train reliable men and lead them out to all the people of their land and tongue.

An unparalleled opportunity is here offered for the investment of stewardship funds. In the words of another, "The only discouraging outlook is the outlook toward America." Thus far it has been impossible to get the Church to see her opportunity, feel her responsibility, and do her duty. One man now means more than ten men if delayed ten years, for the conditions must change. The primitive simplicity of the people will soon be destroyed by the forces already at work. But if the Church will move at once and as she ought, before A.D. 1900 every Siamese and Laos man and woman shall have heard of the Christ and His salvation.

V.-THIBET is especially the cynosure of all eyes now, because it seems as though the exclusion and seclusion of centuries were about to give way. The recent organization of the Thibetan Pioneer Mission is significant. At last accounts Miss Anne Taylor and her brave band had been detained at Darjeeling by a new and unforeseen hindrance. Shortly after their arrival there the Deputy Commissioner of the district called on Miss Taylor and informed her that the Government would not permit her and her party to enter Thibet. She thereupon wrote to the Governor-General of India to ask the meaning of the order, and reminding his excellency that there was nothing in the Sikkim- Thibet treaty, recently concluded, that appeared to warrant the Government in excluding one class of British subjects more than another j and drawing his attention to the case with China, where, in 1842, the treaty ports were opened and missionaries had the same liberty of residing in them as had any other British subject.

Before any reply was received to this letter the Lieutenant-Goyernor of Bengal (Sir Charles Elliott), while taking the chair at the annual meeting of the Union Church in Darjeeling-at which meeting Miss Taylor and her party were present–took occasion to refer pointedly to the subject, saying that the time had not yet come for undertaking missionary operations in Thibet, and that he was sorry for the disappointment that this must be to Miss Taylor and her party, but that they must accept the opinion of the Government in the matter. Miss Taylor thereupon addressed a second let-

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

ter to the Governor-General of India, asking whether she was to regard Sir Charles Elliol t' s speech as the answer of the Government to her first letter; and if so, why missionaries were to be denied the rights granted to British subjects in general, when it was a well-known fact that missionaries had ever been to the front in entering new countries wilh the Gospel, and by their peaceful operations had opened the way for trade and civilization to follow. At length, on May 27th, an answer was received from the secretary to the Governor-General saying that the Government had issued no orders in the matter, and that her letter would be passed on to the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal as being a matter coming wilhin his particular province.

From some of the Calcutta papers it would appear that the Government is afraid that any movement of missionaries toward Thibet will embarrass their political officer in certain negotiations with the Chinese authorities which are said to be still pending; and one of the papers in question, under a paragraph headed " Meddling Missionaries," says : "As it is not likely tha1; missionary fanaticism will be influenced by considerations of this nature, it will be all the more necessary for the Government to take a firm stand and absolutely prevent any members of the so-called Thibetan Mission at Darjeeling from crossing the frontier."

Possibly the publication of sentiments like these has encouraged the adverse action of the Bengal authorities, as they do not appear to be under any orders from the central Government. However, the pioneer party are fully convinced that when they are themselves prepared with the language and otherwise, for making an advance into the counlry, God will assuredly open them a way in spite of all the barriers that may oppose themselves to the progress of the Gospel. In some respects the opposition has been a blessing, as it has undoubtedly had its measure of influence toward drawing them closer together in the one aim of their lives.

The Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal is not personally averse to missionaryenterprise. On the contrary, he is believed to have much sympathy with it, but probably looks at matters from an exclusively official point of view-a very common failing of Indian official life. Sir Charles Elliott, the Lieutenant-Governor, subsequently invited the party to a missionary "At Home," given by himself and Lady Elliott. They were most COfdially received, Sir Charles conversing with some of the band about their Thibetan studies, and Lady Elliott introducing Miss Taylor to some of the Government officials present, with whom she conversed about Thibet and Thibetan feeling toward foreigners.

Noga, the treacherous Chinese guide, who robbed and nearly murdered Miss Taylor during her perilous journey through Thibet, has recently appeared in Darjeeling and has favored her with a call! Whether or not he has any true penitence for his actual and attempted crimes, he judged it prudent to bring some fine cloth and some beans as a peace offering. His

COREA

appearance has created much interest among the band of pioneers, who believe that God has brought him to Darjeeling for some special purpose, and they hope and pray that thi8 purpose may be his conversion.

It may be well to add that the formerly independent State of Sikkim lies between Darjeeling and Thibet. British subjects have long enjoyed the right of living in Sikkim ; but now, apparently to retard the present advance of missionary effort (which it is thought may hinder the development of trade relations) the Government have instituted a system of "passes," which passes must be applied for and obtained by any who wish to enter the State of Sikkim. Miss Taylor thinks it would be well if the band moved forward into Sikkim for the next six months (where the study of the language would still be continued) and occupied a position that would have all the surroundings of actual Thibetan life, and she has ac- * cordingly applied for the necessary passes.

From what Miss Taylor writes, it appears that Gnatong (the place appointed by treaty for a trade mart) is not in Thibet at all, but a day or two's march on the Indian side of the frontier. However, while the mistake that has apparently been made in the treaty may be injuriously affecting trade prospects, it would not seem to have any marked effect on the missionary side of the question, as it appears from trustworthy information received through the natives that it is not the missionaries but traders that the diplomatists of China are anxious to exclude from Thibet, not wishing that the existing exclusive trade between Thibet and China should be interfered with. No treaty seems wanted on behalf of messengers of the Gospel, and provided the Indian Government does not keep the missionaries back, there seems nothing else to prevent their entering into the hitherto " great closed land."

VI.-COREA.

Here, again, the eyes of lovers of missions are attracted with intense interest, first from the apparent emergence out of long hermitic seclusion, and secondly from the peculiar perplexities which the existing war involves.

A new mission, known as the Corean Itinerant Mission, was organized the present year in America, Mr. Malcolm C. Fenwick as Superintendent, who has already been five years in Corea. At this date it is quite impossible to forecast the probable issues of the complex situation. It i:; well known in the East that the Japanese have been quite willing to measure their own strength against some other power, and have been especially jealous of China's encroachments and supremacy. The Coreans have a deep-seated hatred for the Japauese, and it is traceable back to the Japanese invasion and devastation in the sixteenth century. Naturally they would, in the • The latest intelligence, from DlIl"jeelinr, is that MilS Taylor and party haTe moved on to Gnatong, In Sikkim, the necelsary palles having been obtained, and that they will there Ipell.d the winter and make further preparations, by study of the Illlgna;e ~nd people, tor immediate entrance into Thibet proper when God opens the Wa1.

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1~95

present case, play into Chinese hands. Russia has long coveted Corean harbors, and Britain would naturally frustrate any movement which would advance Russia's naval prestige in the Orient. The port of Wonsan is open all winter, and is especially desirable from its geographical as well as maritime position. It is too early to forecast the future, and while these paragraphs are getting into print the conditions may essentially change.

Meanwhile, let us remember that not until ten years ago did the first Protestant missionary seek tltis lone land. The first tidings of Christianity reached the hermit nation in 1777 through a batch of books sent from Peking to a number of Corean literati who were studying under a Confucianist. Among these books were some treatises on philosophy, mathematics and religion by Jesuits in Peking. These books awakened interest and led Peiki, one of these literati, to journey to Peking with a message to the bishop ; he was baptized and returned to Corea, where others were led to adopt the new faith. Persecution relaxed, and a curious history followed, which Bishop Scott, of North China, outlines as follows: " A hierarchy was formed after the model which the original one of their number had seen in Peking. Francis Xavier-the name taken by one of the converts-was made bishop, and others were chosen as priests. Separating to their various posts, they baptized, confessed, confirmed, and distributed sacred elements in communion, robing themselves in Chinese silk, and erecting platform confessionals. After two years doubts arose in their minds as to the propriety and validity of these proceedings, and at the risk of wounding weak consciences, they resigned each his ministry, and again sent to Peking for instructions. The envoy was baptized and confirmed, and he returned to Corea with a chalice, missal, ornaments, and everything necessary for the celebration of the eucharist in case a priest should be able to visit them.

"Dismay and trouble were caused by the Episcopal decision against the worship of ancestors. The faithful Christians who did not fall away were more severely persecuted than ever, and in December, 1791, the two first martyrs laid down their lives for the faith. In ten years' time from the baptism of the first Corean in Peking, it is estimated that there were 4000 Roman Catholic converts in the country.

"The first priest who entered the country was a Chinese, who, after four years' work, paid for his fidelity and courage with his life. .

"In 1835 the first French priest entered the country, and he was shortly followed by a second, and at an interval of a year by a French bishop. All were of course disguised, and remained in hiding; but the work went on rapidly, and in 1838 there were 9000 Christians.

" Again persecution broke out, and these three men were put to trial, tortured, and beheaded with circumstances of great cruelty. It was six years before another foreign priest crossed the border into Corea, and then, after a period of success, the same result ensued : more edicts, more cruel persecutions, more martyrdoms, alike of Frenchmen and Coreans.

" Every approach of a European or American ship roused the rulers to a state of panic, and endangered afresh the lives of the intrepid workers, who, however, held to their posts till, in 1882, the first political treaty was made with Corea by the United States. Others quickly followed, and we may hope that the period of danger for Christian missionaries is pa.st,

COREA

though there is as yet no legal toleration for n<:tives professing Chris- tianity. "

Thus came the first news and the first fruits of the cross. Before the first Protestant missionary had landed in China, and one hundred and seven years before we reached Corea, Jesuit missionaries were living in these lands, preaching, suffering, and dying for the sake of JESUS CHRIST. In 1857 the Jesuits claimed 15,000 converts, after heing driven again and again from the field. But the ritual they brought was very far from satisfying the Corean heart. Its people had not yet found freedom and life in God.

Corea has a coast line 600 miles down either '>ide. Its seaports are Wonsan, with its fine sheltered harbor, its Japanese business colony, and its large Corean town of 20,000 inhabitants; Fusan, with its pine woods, its strong Japanese colony, its barren hillsides, fine anchorage, and rambling Corean settlement; Chemulpo, the western treaty port 25 miles from the capital, Seoul; and the capital itself, with its steamers running fortnightly to Japan and China. Thousands live within Seoul's massive gates and walls, with their towers two stories high, in Chinese style, pierced for archers, and solidly built of stone.

The area of the country is the same as tha1, of Great Britain, about 80,000 square miles. The population is estimated from 7,000,000 to 13,000,000, of Mongolian origin, and their civilization is based on that of China. The li1erary classes profess Confucian ethics, while the State gods of China are worshipped by the common people. Buddhism and Taoism have also some following.

Isolation has long been the policy of the Government. Even China has been held at arms' length. In late years all the great European powers have tried in turn 10 open the country, but without success. In 1870 the United States sent a fleet under Commodore Rogers. Five of the forts were taken and dismantled, but the Government still held out in its refusal to negotiate a treaty. Japan next tried her hand. Having equipped a large force, she sent it to Corea, and, by following closely the tactics of Commodore Perry in 1857, succeeded where the others failed. This was in 1876. Since then the Corean deputies have been seen in foreign capitals. The traveller has done Corea pretty thoroughly, so that the country is now well known.

" You are making a great mistake. Why don't you work the other way?" said an intelligent Corean to one of the missionaries. "If you want to win Corea win the women. Win the mothers of Oot'ea, and all Corea will be Christian." But they cannot be reached by men, and but a handful of women who love Christ have gone to seek them. Woman's existence in Corea consists of endless drudgery. The wealthy wife goes inside her husband's house on the wedding day and never comes out again till she is carried to her grave. Shut in a living tomb, she has nothing worth living for, here or hereafter. To the poorer women, life is summed

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

up in one word-plod, plod, plod ; but to both poor and rich, for woman existence means an unspeakably wretched slavery to man.

To Corea's 15,000,000 only 61 Protestant missionaries, all told, have gone. Of these many are missionaries' wives, who devote t!leir lives to their own families; some are sick, others on furlough, others studying. At no time can more than 20 out of the 61 be reckoned as active missionaries.

Active propagandism is still forbidden by the law. The Government may at any time suppress the work. It is supposed, however, that; contact with the modern powers will stay any disposition to enforce the laws against Christian teaching. Hence the missionaries are going forward, planting preaching stations and spreading their force so as to occupy all the strategic points.

VII.-JA.PA.N.

BY REV. GEORGE W. KNOX, D.D.

The war with China is the great fact that looms up in the horizon and affects Christian work like all else. Christian Japanese hold meetings to pray for the success of the nation's arms, and circles are formed to work for the aid and comfort of the soldiers in the field and to care for the wounded. Some of the younger evangelists have been summoned to take their place in the ranks, neither ministers nor priests being exempt. To some extent the direct work is hindered j but in some regions at least evangelistic work does not suffer, the Christians being incited to fresh zeal, and the people being as ready and congregations as large as in times of peace. A quickened sense of responsibility increases the power to work, and leads to renewed discussion of foreign missions. For years a mission to Corea has been talked of, but the obstacles have seemed insuperable. Now the duty appears plain, and the Japanese Church would carry the Gospel to the regions beyond. This is highly stimulating, and the native church has for some time past needed sllch work. With Japan still evangelized but in part, with work at home sufficient to engross all the activities of the Church, the leaders see foreign missions to be needful and practicable, and as helpful to Christ's cause in Japan as in Corea it:self. The decisive triumph of the Japanese arms will involve new and enhanced responsibility for the Japanese Church. Already Corean students are in Tokyo, sent thither by their government, and some of them are Christians, and several have entered Christian schools.

The situation is already improved by the conclusion of the new treaty with Britain, which does not go into full effect for five years, but recognizes Japan as an eqnal, and does away with extra territoriality. The delay is at Japan's request. All the empire is opened to residence and travel without the vexatious restrictions heretofore imposed. More important still, the foreign agitation loses its inspiration, and the intense feeling of injustice suffered is fast passing away. It is to be hoped the

AFRICA

United States may at once make a similar treaty. On the whole, the outlook in Japan is very hopeful. The Church there is on trial. Let prayer go up to God that it may come forth stronger and purer.

VIII.-BIRD'S·EYE VIEW OF AFRICA.

BY REV. JOSIAH TYLER.

"When Christians are knocking, God is always opening doors," says Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, the veteran missionary; and unmistakable signs prove that Africa is being opened for the Gospel in answer to prayer. First, the backbone of .African slave trade is broken. Thirty years ago, in Nyassaland, Dr. Livingstone was made heart sick over the slave caravans that were paraded before him. Though clothed with British consular authority, his efforts to arrest the traffic were unavailing. Arab slave raiders laughed him to scorn. Imagine his reply if he had been told that by 1894 that entire district would be rid of the curse! Gunboats on Lake Nyassa effectually prevent slave gangs from reaching the Indian Ocean, and the English magistrate, H. H. Johnson, apprehends no more trouble from this source. Tippo Tib, who three years ago commanded two thousand men armed with Winchester rifles, mirabile dictu, has become an anti-slavery man and ordered his countrymen in the Upper Congo to " quit the business. "

Four years ago, in the Manyuema country, where ivory was abundant and slave raiding was practised, now the business is checked. The Brussels Treaty has caused its cessation in the Congo Free State. Professor Drummond thinks that it would be for the good of Central Africa if all the elephants were killed off, as slaves are necessary to transport tusks from thence to the coast; but God in His providence is providing other and better means of transportation. By navigation on the great African rivers, as well as by railroads in process of construction, the productions of the interior will soon reach the seaports. What F. P. Noble, of Chicago, calls " an African devil's business" will then come to an end.

How about the rum trade! Would that I could predict its decrease as I have in reference to the slave traffic! Those who have not seen with their own eyes this greatest of all curses can form a very inadequate conception of the enormity of the evil and the obstacle it presents to Christianity. When Joseph Thomson, the explorer in Central Africa, saw negroes staggering about, rum drunk, he asked, " Is this the way to teach Africa to stretch out her hands unto God~" I can testify from personal observation that the ., white man's grog" poured into Africa bestializes and brutalizes the natives more than their home-made intoxicants. When will so-called Christian nations heed the message sent to England by an African chief: "Send us more Gospel and less rum."

What must take place ere Africa is evangelized ~ A gigantic holy war must be waged between Christianity and Islamism and other native re-

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

Iigions. Half the continent is now dominated by Mohammedans, while Christians, including members of .Abyssinian and Coptic churches, do not exceed seven millions. Evangelistic laborers throughout the continent are reported to be " equal to eighteen men for France, ten for Great Britain, four for England, and one for Massachusetts and Connecticut together." Mohammedan missionaries are finding their way into" darkest Africa." Were it not for that special Divine promise which rings in our ears like a clarion, "Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hands unto God," we should indeed despair.

IX.-PAPAL EUROPE AT THE CLOSE OF 1894.

BY TEOFILO GAY, D.D., X.l.C.

Eighteen hundred and ninety-four will remain in history as a very eventful time for papacy in Europe, and every thinker will do well to pause a while at the close of it, reviewing the main facts in that field that may have a great influence on its future history.

Seldom, indeed, was modern papacy more busy and at the same time more prosperous and more unfortunate than we see it in the last twelve months.

The grand encyclica issued in the spring, calling on all Catholics to keep nearer their Pope, and on all dissenters to return to the Pope's obedience, was a desperate effort of old Pope Leo to give papacy again some of the .power and ascendency it has lost forever, and proved, as was to be expected, an utter failure. It was a grand sight, perhaps, from a worldly point of view, but very sad for a Christian, to see an old man begging on all men to come to him, to obey him, to worship him.

Thus far how has papal Europe answered his invitatiou ~ In Italy two of the leading men of the nation have distinctly replied by calling on their fellow-countrymen to return to God. Signor Crispi, the Prime Minister of King Humbert, the old companion of Garibaldi, when unveiling in Naples an inscrip1ion commemorating King Humbert's visit to the hospitals of that city during the plague of 1884 ; and Signor Carducci, a professor in the famous Bologne University, a member of the Senate, and the most celebrated of living Italian poets, when inaugurating with a splendid address the new palace of the council of the famous little repnblic of San Marino; both said emphatically: "What our nation needs is to return to God." What practical or lasting influence such a noble appeal may or will have on the future of Italy no man can tell; but the fact remains that at present the motto of the leading minds of the nation is not " Re- turn to the Pope," bnt " Retnrn to God."

It is worthy of remark that the two great men above named belong to that Free Masonry which the Pope violently condemns as "atheistic." Another sign of the times is seen in the fact that King Hnmbert has

PAPAL EUJlOPE

knighted the veteran Professor Geymonat, D.D., of the Waldensian Col_ lege of Florence, on the very day he was elected president of the Waldensian Synod in September last. Indeed, it seems as if Italy were turning a deaf ear to the Pope's appeal and looking for something better.

And what about Spain? She has sent to Pope Leo, it is true, some thousands of priests and poor fellows on a pilgrimage with return tickets at reduced rates, and she has complained in a Catholic congress that she has not been able to send rather some thousands of armed men to try and set up again the Pope's temporal power; but alas for papacy! one great solemn fact has marred the splendor of all these fine " wishes." Spain has allowed a Protestant bishop to be consecrated and seWed in Madrid itself! No threatenings of prelates, uo prayers of bigoted ladies, have been able to prevent religious liberty to have its free course and effect; and Senor Cabrera, an early convert of Malaga, elected some years ago to the bishop's office by his brethren of the Reformed Episcopal Church of Spain, has received the episcopal ordination to which he was entitled, though the Papacy left no stone unturned to prevent such a fact, which she deemed especially baneful to her. As a consolation to the Pope, the man who in 1869 did most for the establishment of religious liberty in Spain-Emilio Castelar-went soon after to Rome and visited old Leo and did his best to comfort him.

When in 1850 the Bishop of Rome dared to establish a Catholic bishop in London he little thoug-ht that forty-four years later an Anglican archbishop would establish a Protestant bishop in Madrid! But the world moves on, and even Spain is moving on !

As to France, the anarchist plots and murders that have so awfully troubled her of late have at once struck her as so similar to those instigated by the Jesuits (viz., the" gunpowder plot" and Henry III. and Henry IV. 's assassinations) that she cares very little by this tim) to show herself the eldest daughter"of the Church, and looks toward papacy with suspicion.

The punishment inflicted by the government on that Archbishop of Lyons into whose arms some weeks afterward President Carnot expired, killed by a youth who used for years to assist his priest at the mass, is a clear sign of the attitude assumed by the rulers of France toward papacy. And the hundreds of thousands of copies of Zola's novel, "Lourdes," sold in a few months, show how the people that read in France delight in a work that paints in its true light of a comedy and a financial speculation the most prosperous and famous modern religious establishment in France, that of the Virgin of Lourdes.

What next ~ Austria-Hungary was supposed to be, too, a great stronghold of papacy in Europe; how does she just now respond to Leo's encyclical ~ By passing in the Hungarian Parliament laws which are bitterly opposed by the papacy. The bitterest pill for the Pope and his clergy is the bill on civil marriage, because it takes off their hands the matrimonial affairs, through which they used to exert such an influence and to make

'rItE WORLD'S OUTLOOK tN 1895

SO much money. '1'hey had made of marriage a sacrament in order to have the sole control of such an important business; but Hungary has decided it to be a civil contract, and the Catholic Emperor of Austria had to sanction the anti-Catholic bill, and old Leo had to send to his servants over there an order of pati debere, as the formula runs-that is, that they will have to suffer the measure to take effect. To be sure, nothing else cau be done. Really, papal Europe at this moment does l).ot appear very much papal, very much like what papacy would wish it to be.

There remains only one little corner of papal Europe where for the moment the ascendency of papacy seems to prevail. It is Belgium, where the last elections have given a majority in the parliament to the Catholic party. And wherefore ~ Because the fight there was between conservatism and socialism; and as the people thought there was no other alternative but Catholicism or free thought, and the latter did not appear as a sure defence against the perils of socialism, all those who fear these perils saw no other way of safety but to vote for Catholic candidates.

Oh ! that the Pope would now select Belgium as his residence, where he would be surrounded by true followers! He would relieve the Italian Government of the difficulties arising from his presence in Rome, and perhaps before long make Belgium itself wish to get rid of his presence, and so alienate from papacy the last and only corner of papal Europe that still clings to it. But no; the so-called Holy See will not move from Rome, because it would nowhere be as well as in the city of the seven hills, and because no nation would care to have it in its territory. Besides, papacy was born in Rome, and in Rome it will die-by and by.

J. MURRAY MITCHELL, LL.D., also writes: To give a bird's-eye view of papal Europe, it will be necessary to treat of these lands separately, for the diversities that exist between them are of considerable importance.

We begin with France. The Roman Catholics form 78 per cent of the whole population. Things have changed since the great battle cry of Gambetta used to sound on every hand, " Le clericalisme c' est l' ennemi." Rome can adapt herself to circumstances ; and she has no desire to link herself to any cause that is irrecoverably lost. She contends no longer for king or emperor; and the present Pope, who is a man of great sagacity, does everything in his power to provide a modus vivendi between his church and the republican government. At the same time much has been said during a few years past of "un attendrissement de l'drne humaine" (a soft ening of the human soul), as exhibited in the writings of the chief literary men in Paris. They no longer exhibit the sneering, bitter spirit of Voltaire and the encyclopredist~; they see that man cannot live by bread alone, and they admire at least the poetry of religion.

Further, the pilgrimage to Lourdes seems to be attracting greater and greater crowds. Every conceivable disease, it is believed, will vanish when the Virgin, who appeared to the shepherdess, is invoked, and when the

PAPAL

waters of the miraculous fountain that sprang up are drunk or bathed in. It might seem as if Romanism were gaining fresh vigor by what takes place at this astonishing place-one of the greatest marvels of this century.

The three things I have rapidly touched do lead some to the conclusion that Romanism is regaining lost ground, and perhaps about to regain its ancient ascendency. We do not at all think so. Nay, it occurs even to thoughtful Romanists that a terrible reaction is inevitable. The immense majority of the afflicted who go expecting to be cured receive no benefit; and the results are bitter complaints and maledictions. The vivid picture of the scene supplied by Zola will also immensely damage the character of Lourdes, and the place will probably, ere long, pass into oblivion as completely as its forerunner, La Salette, has done. What will Rome then say ~ Oh! she is prepared with her answer. She will tell us that there was no question de fide involved; the Church pronounced no judgment; it was a pious belief with some bishoplil that miracles were performed at Lourdes ; and if the good men were mistaken, what then ~ It is only the Pope that is infallible. But will that answer satisfy France ~ We do not think so. The present gain, drawn from the madness regarding Lourdes, is certain to be followed by an enormous and permanent loss.

We see no indication of moral improvement in papal France. Insubordination, lawlessness, immorality, fierce attacks on the head of the State, and general bitterness of party spirit, these evils are certainly not decreasing. We are also startled by new manifestations. At present there is immense agitation at Nimes because the Government has forbidden the continuance of the bull-fights which had been lately introduced. The bloody pastime prevails in Spain, and largely accounts for the slow progress of things there. But that shocking exhibitions worthy of the dark ages should be introduced into refined and cultivated France, and that the Government should be defied when it forbids their continuance, is a startling phenomenon. It indicates deplorable retrogression, in the south of France at least. On the whole, the picture we have drawn is dark. And yet there is much good doing in France. The Protestant churches-both the Established and the Free Church-are, we believe, increasingly active and useful. The McAll Mission is exceedingly useful, and so are various other agencies. The sale of the Bible has been considerable; and the figures would have been more encouraging had it not been that foreign residents in France, willing to do good, distribute a large number of Scriptures gratuitously-a practice which is, we fear, unwise. The Pope, III his encyclical of 1893, exhorted the clergy to study the Scriptures in the original ; but he said nothing about giving them to the people in the language they understand. The translation of the Gospels by Lasserre was, a few years ago, exceedingly popular, and many hoped that a new day had dawned on papal France ; but the circulation of the book, though it was the work of an earnest Romanist, was forbidden, and is likely to remain so in spite of earnest efforts of the author to get the prohibition removed.

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

Yet the rapidity of the sale, so long as it was allowed, was a full demon- stration that multitudes in France desire as well as need the bread of life. One trembles to think of the awful responsibility of those who refuse to give it to those famishing millions.

In Italy Romanism is very much what it is in France. On political grounds the dislike to it is stronger, for no modu$ vivendi has yet been dis- covered between the Government and the so-called " august prisoner of the Vatican. "

The pressure of taxation all over Italy is tremendous ; the maintenance of her immense armaments, military and naval, is more than she can bear, and unless some genius in finance arises it does not seem possible for Italy to escape national bankruptcy. She also shares in the earth-hunger that marks the leading European powers, and her African possessions add to .the load that crushes her. Earthly trial is often blessed to make men think of religion ; yet one cannot expect that a popUlation continually struggling to maintain existence will have much leisure to attend to spir- itual things. We have met Italians who eagerly maintained that the superabundant trials of life are a sufficient proof that there is no God ; and the insubordination and lawlessness that generally prevail are an evidence of atheism being widely spread. Education without religion i~ the rule in the universities; and one cannot wonder when he hears of one or another of these institutions being temporarily closed on account of the bad conduct of the students.

Are we, then, without hope for Italy ~ By no meana. The venerable Waldensian Church-no longer confined to its ancestral valleys-is hard at work. So is the Chiesa Libera; so are Count Campello and his friends; and Methodists and Baptists, both British and American, add to the efforts put forth by native Italians. The Waldenses act with more zeal than ever, in consequence of a true, and, we may say, deep, revival of religion with which their valleys have been lately blessed. What strikes us most of all is the extent to which the Holy Scriptures are circulated; it is very large, and it has, up to the present day, been steadily increasing. It is simply impossible that this can continue without issuing in blessed results.

So far as Italy shared in the movement of the great Reformation, the influence was witnessed among the higher classes, hardly at all among the lower. It is quite otherwise now. It is the masses that are affected. " Unto the poor the Gospel is preached," and it is not preached in vain.

We come now to say a few words about Spain. Byron, in .his " Childe Harold," breaks out, "0 lovely Spain; renowned, romantic land !" and I suppose we all cherish an idea of the old Spanish grandee as a very stately, chivalrous character, and we are disposed to think that some gleam of the former magnificence still appears in his character and bearing. It is a fond imagination and nothing more, we fear. A friend of ours, a man of much penetration, lately returned from Spain. We asked him about the missions and the converts. "Converts!" he exclaimed; "the Spaniards

GERMANY

cannot be converted, and are not worth converting !" We protested. " Well," said he, "the Spaniards are the most degraded people I know. I have no hope of their improving." They are exceedingly bigoted. One proof of this we have at present in the immense excitement caused by the Archbishop of Dublin and two other Irish bishops consecrating Senor Cabrera to the episcopate. Lord Plunket honestly believes that the epis- copate is necessary not to the being, but to the well-being of the Church, and hence his action. When Rome consecrates bishops in Britain do even high Anglicans now protest ~ Evangelization in Spain encounters special opposition when conducted by British people. Gibraltar is a British possession, and we cannot wonder at the Spaniards feeling bitterly the intrusion. Even Scriptures lire often rejected when the title-page reveals that they have come from England.

We have referred to the exclusiveness and bigotry of the Spaniards, and yet there is little faith among the people. The agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society declares that "educated people in Spain are very largely sceptical; and the man, or even woman, who is an inteIligent, believing Catholic is rare. "

Our words may, perhaps, leave the impression that we cannot hope much of Spain. Such, however, is not the idea of the men who are engaged in evangelistic work and Bible circulation. The Rev. W. Jameson maintains that" no other Latin country can show more response to the appeals which the Bible societies are making than that which is made in Spain. "

What has been said of Spain applies in a large measure to Portugal. I conclude with a simple question : Of the multitudes of Britons and Americans who now visit the Continent, what proportion can be said to take any hearty interest in the struggling Protestant churches in papal lands ~ X.-GERMANY.

BY REV. A. A. MERENSKY, BERLIN.

The state of religious life in Germany varies very much according to the different parts of the country. We will confine ourselves to the state of the Protestant sections. With reference to the Roman Catholics, it will be remembered that one third of our population belongs to them. Our Catholics are, as a whole, very ultramontane-that is, they are faithful to the Pope, to their church and priests, and it cannot be denied that there are many pious people in their way to be found among them.

Although the Roman Catholic Church is doing her utrrost to subdue Germany once more, there is no doubt that she loses a good number of people every year, whether such people are taking the side of the antireligious socialists or are joining Protestant churches.

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

The Protestant churches of Germany are established churches, more or less closely connected with the governments of the different States or provinces. The free churches and denominations are small and well-nigh insignificant. In the church of the grand duchy of Baden the rationalistic tendency is prevailing; in others, as in the Protestant churches of Saxony and Bavaria, a true evangelical disposition is dominating. The Church of Prussia tries as much as possible to compromise with the different tendencies. Among the ministers there are many sincere, pious, evangelical men i the Gospel and biblical truth is preached in most of the pulpits; but the younger generation of ministers and students are largely influenced by the school of Ritschel, in a sceptic way. The number of theological students has, however, considerably augmented during the last few years. In the year 1877 those students numbered 599; at present we have as many as 2189. The new start of religious life in the country is proved by the building of churches. The want of the capital (Berlin) is at last provided for. The pious empress has done all that was in her power i and chiefly to her influence it is due that 26 churches have recently been erected iu the city. Personal religious life in Germany is kept hidden away far more than is the case in England or America. But in some parts of the country, in Wiirtemberg and Lithuania in the far Northeast, we find a very active religious life. Prayer-meetings in farm-houses are there much favored and frequented. In Westphalia and Hanover there is also much Christian life among the peasants, but it is cultivated in a closer connection with the Church. A very cheering sign is the establishment of Sunday-schools all over the country; we find them now in about 3000 towns and villages, visited by some 200,000 children. Cheering also is the vast amount of Christian periodicals, of which 1,300,000 are brought in circulation every week. We have about 880 Christian associations of young men, with some 40,000 members, and of Christian associations for young women about 500. For the travelling workmen (artisans chiefly) there are provided 378 Christian homes, as well as 78 such homes for female servants. As the anticbistian character of the socialists demanded some counter-action, 250 Christian associations of workmen have been founded. A great blessing is our 60 institutions for training deaconesses, who number now 8500, whose services in hospitals and private homes are valued very much and appreciated more and more. Several hundred hospitals and places of refuge for sick people, for cripples and epileptics, are managed in a true Christian spirit. Against intemperance, drunkenness, and laxity of morals, societies and meetings are struggling on. The large society called after Gustavus Adolphus (Gustav Adolph Verein) is spending about £50,000 every year in erecting chapels and churches and establishing ministers in the "diaspora"- that is, among Protestants living in Roman Catholic districts. Among the sailors in the harbors the mission work is still in the beginning. There are 17 different societies sending missionaries to the heathen i they have a

Sot1'l'rr AMERICA

revenue of about £176,000 a year, and have more than 600 missionaries in heathen lands. Much blessed are the large missionary meetings (mi,- sions-jeste), which are spreading more and more. One meeting in Westphalia (at Bunde) is visited every year by about 10,000 people. As a whole, there is no doubt that, in spite of many antagonistic influences and many difficulties, the religious life in Germany is gaining strength. The Gospel has become again a power, more than was the case some time ago.

XI.-SOUTH AMERICA.

BY D. L. PIERSON.

This is a second II Dark Continent," scarcely less lighted with the rays of the pure Gospel than is her sister continent across the Atlantic. F:mr centuries of a Romanism which is but a !'Itep removed from paganism has spread over this Continent a pall under which hide ignorance, superstition, sensuality, infidelity, and anarchy. Papacy is interpenetrated with paganism and corrupted by a formalism that preserves scarcely the exter- 'nals of religion! Here, it is true, as in some other lands, one half of the so-called Christians go there" to teach the people to do what is right, and the other half pay them to do what is wrong."

South America has an area of about 7,000,000 square miles, or about twice that of Europe, while its population is only 36,000,000, or nearly equal to that of the British Isles. The number of ordained missionaries, however, is only 200, while the clergy of the United Kingdom number about 35,000. No wonder that Miss Guinness calls it the "Neglected Continent. " "Imagine an empire extending from England to India, and from the North Cape to Khartoum, with 37,000,000 people scattered across it, in practical paganism, with 400 workers, men and women!" " Were the people to be reached equally divided among the preachers, every minister in Great Britain and the United States would have a parish of 800 ; in Madagascar, of 30,700 ; in Burmah, of 61,000 ; and in South America, of 92,500 !"

South America offers wonderful opportunities for the progress of civilization and Christianity. It has a coast-liue of 1800 miles, in which are splendid harbors; a backbone of magnificent monntains, and large districts of tableland which abound in valuable minerals and metals; forests of fine timber, and one of the greatest river systems of the world. Streams of emigration are pouring into this Continent, and the natural resources are being rapidly developed by the wealth and wisdom of capitalists and laborers from Europe and the United States.

But unfortunately the progress and prospects of the evangelization of the" neglected continent" are less encouraging. The scattered population, the power of Rome, the ignorance of the masses and scepticism of the edncated, the mixture of races, the instability in political and the degradation in moral life, make the problem exceedingly difficult. There are,

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

however, many reasons for encouragement. Of the thirteen States all are republics, except the three Guianas. The political leaders of the Continent have sought to elevate their countries by taking advantage of model constitutional governments and modern scientific discoveries. The people are learning, however, that som~thing more is needed. One after another the governments are breaking the bonds which have bound them to the car of the papal Juggernaut; education is being made universally compulsory, and freedom of religious worship is spreading. Moreover, the people are learning that they must look higher than to science and governmental regulations to bring them the peace and prosperity which they desire.

Progress has been slow in South America, owing largely to Romish opposition. There are now in the whole Continent about 103 stations and 173 out-stations, 200 ordained missionaries, 197 female missionaries, and 1130 native helpers. Communicants number about 29,000, and adherents 70,000. Sixteen societies are laboring in this field.• Nine of the republics and French Guiana have Roman Catholic governments; one, Brazil, is independent, and two-British and Dutch Guiana (Surinam)-are Protestant. Of the Roman Catholic States, seven proclaim religious freedom; one, Ecuador, * is entirely closed to Protestants; one, Venezuela, allows free- dom of belief, but not of worship ; and one, Peru, is nominally intolerant, but practically permits religious freedom, for there are two societies with six workers laboring there, and the last census gave over 5000 Protestants. Though Ecuador alone is closed to missionaries, Bolivia is visited only occasionally by an agent of the American Bible Society, and Venezuela has but one missionary. At least one ninth of the people of South America have as yet no opportunity to hear the Gospel message.

Missions in this Continent may be said, however, to have accomplished three things: 1. The establishment of congregations, where the Gospel is regularly preached to about 25,000 believers. 2. The formation of schools of various grades, where thousands of children and youth may receive a Christian education. The Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and two Methodist bodies have also normal and theological schools in their respective fields. 3. The production and distribution of an evangelical literature in the Spanish and Portuguese languages. But nothing more than a meagre beginning has been made. Regeneration must come from without and not from within the republics. Christians in America and Europe must send more consecrated men and money if they would be instrumental in turning the " neglected oontinent" to Christ.

* IntelIlgence now comes to ns that Ecuador is in the throes ofreh9llion, and that the InBur_ gents lire likely to win. Should they succeed, we may hope that the new government will follow the example of Brazil and proclaim freedom of worship, thus openinr; to missionaries this long- closed door.

CHINA

XII.-CHINA.

BY REV. WILLIAM ASHMORE, D.D., SWATOW, CHINA.

The Political Situation.-China has been going backward the last few years. She had made no inconsiderable progress in various military, naval, and industrial lines, and had come to think that now she could check the advance of Western people into her land, and possibly crowd them back out of what they have gained. The centre of anti-foreignism has been in Hunan Province, but the feeling prevails extensively over the empire generally. Viceroys like Chang Chi Tang are the leaders. The literary class are very generally in sympathy, and are more or less active fomenters of antagonistic feeling. Infamous literature against foreigners has been circulated, individual foreigners have been assailed, houses have been plundered and burnt, and dastardly murders have been committed. The government officials when pressed, and only when pressed, have interposed to prevent those things, but at the same time they have shielded perpetrators and have dallied with foreign claims. Official communications have had a jaunty air, and have been marked by petty evasions and manifest indifference on their vital points. We have assuredly been slowly drifting toward a war, to which we would have come in a few years but for recent events.

The Missionary Situation.-This is dependent on the political situation, and is largely affected by it. The year has been characterized by great missionary energy and aggressiveness. Large numbers of reinforcements have entered. Many new places have been occupied. The western provinces, notably Szchuen, have had missionaries pouring in. Many converts have been added. The bands of disciples in different places have increased in visibility and assertiveness. They are becoming a recognized power in the land. Even the Chinese opposers admit they have a great future before them j but they are becoming also a burdensome stone to the government, and political functionaries are beginning in certain places to have, concerning them, the same perplexity that Pharaoh had about the multiplying children of Israel. Some of the mandarins, if they could have their way, would dispose of them in about the same manner, and pitch them into the sea, men, women, and babies. It has for several years been a growing opinion among observant missionaries that a bitter persecution of Christians was one of the possibilities of the near future. Great anxiety has been felt, and many prayers for the dissipation ot the cloud have been offered. If, indeed, those prayers are now being answered, it is in a strange and unexpected way. Nobody has more at stake, and nobody is noting the progress of present trouble with keener solicitude than missionaries.

The Present War IXnd its Outcome.-At this present writing (November 15th) nothing is concl~ded. Port Arthur is not yet taken, the final

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

issue as regards the relations of the two contending powers is not yet determined; yet some things we may predicate with a fair degree of certainty. (Port Arthur has fallen, and negotiations for peace are in progress.-December 1st, 1894.) There is a special providence in this war. If it had not come Western nations, some of them, would have been compelled once more to have a collision with China. This time it is not a Western and Christian nntion (as we all claim to be), but a next-door neighbor and a heathen power that is to administer the hammering. We ourselves do not give JnpnD the credit she claims for unselfishness of purpose, but she is in this matter flagellum Dei all the same. When the war is over, China will be in no cond'itivn to generate strife with Western nations. Her resources will be exh~usted, and it will be many years before she will be in a mood to talk about driving back foreigners. The humiliation of China will be great. She has despised Japan and her improvements. Now she sees plainly that she must, as a matter of self-protection, follow those very paths of progress herself. An altered tone as well as an altered attitude toward Western men is an assured certainty at least for a time. Missions are disturbed just now, and will be till order reigns once more; then the way will be found open for a glorious advance.

XIII. -BURMA AND CEYLON.

BY J. L. PHILLIPS, M.A., M.D., CALCUTTA, GENERAL SECRETARY INDIA SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION.

About two thousand miles of travel in Burma, and over a thousand in Ceylon have enabled me to visit the principal missionary stations of all the. societies. One cannot move about so comfortably or so quickly here as in India, where we now have more than eighteen thousand miles of working railway. In Burma the waterway is wonderful, and the delta of the Irrawaddy abounds in streams, large and small, that facilitate communi· cation between important points. These steamers of the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company are well fitted up, the best of them furnished with electric lights; but they are slow, and time seems of little account, so you can hardly plan and carry out engagements as in India. But Burma is now a part of India, and before long I hope will have railway connection with Calcutta.

The work for the children of Buddhists and Hindus and Mohammedans has made a fine start, and I look for rapid progress. There are many beautiful Sunday-schools for Christian pupi.ls-Burmese, Karen, Tamil, Telegu, and English. These are raising up a fine corps of teachers, and our work is being improved and increased. The spread of Christianity among the jungle people is one of the miracles of modern missions. What impressed me everywhere was how wonderfully these Karens are taking the lead here in the East in the matter of self-support or church independence. Their

BURMA AND CEYLON

liberal contributions toward educatioI}al and church work are well known to every reader of current missionary literature. At Bassein I saw their noble Kothabyu Memorial Hall bearing the name of the first Karen convert- one of the finest edifices in all Burma, built by Karen money and nsed for school and church purposes. The Henzada Association, comprising forty-nine churches, gave 16,556 rupees last year for church and school purposes, and reeeived but 1280 rupees from America. The A B Cof the Karen missions were Messrs. Abbott, Beecher, and Carpenter, strong men and full of faith, who in the Bassein field by God's help laid the foundations of self-support deep and firm in the early days of the mission. Their toil is telling yet, and their example should be seriously studied by missionaries of every foreign field.

Ceylon, with its ten thousand l!Iquare miles and three millions of people, is a crown colony of England. It is poorly supplied with railways, there being less than three hundred miles of track on the island. Compared with South India-the territory she most resembles in language, climate, etc.-she has hardly one third the railway line. In reaching the chief stations in the north and east I have had to travel hundreds of miles in the " royal mail coach," which is sometimes a " bullock-bandy," and on the coasting steamers, one of which is supposed to go round the island once a week. Here, too, we look forward to railway connection with India. Just now the" lado-Ceylon Railway" is being agitated vigorously. The present Government is opposed to it; but the public must have it, and that soon, I believe. This connection will bring prosperity to Ceylon and promote Christian as well as commercial enterprise.

A member of ParLament, presiding at one of the public meetings of the British Sunday-school Union last year, congratulated our India Sundayschool Union upon getting ahead of the Government of India and annexing Ceylon. Two years ago our Ceylon auxiliary union was organized at Colombo, the chief city and port. Three points have cheered me much during the munth's touring on this beautiful island.

The first is the open doors for the Gospel on every aide. Childhood here is just as attractive and eager as in India; and our teachers may have all the pupils they wish excepting the Veddas, remnant of an aboriginal race, of whom but a few hundred are now left in the hills and jungles, for whom as yet nothing has been done in a permanent way. We have here in Ceylon only Buddhists, Hindus, and Mohammedans. The southern end, western side, and central part of the island is Buddhist, and the language is Singhalese. The Tamil-speaking Hindus occupy the north and east. It is well for missionary purposes that the field is not so polyglot as many fields of the same size in India, where we find half a dozen languages contending for the mastery. One feature of the work here differs from what we find in India. Boys and girls from Hindu and Buddhist homes live in misslOnary boarding-schools with Christian pupils. What finer opportunity could we ask for reaching and teaching the children of this land ~

THE WORLD'S OUTLOOK IN 1895

Faithful effort is being amply rewarded. Every department of missionary work-the school, the press, the medical, the evangelistic-is finding open doors confronting it on every side.

Progress toward church independence is another token of great cheit" in Ceylon. In the American Mission at the north more than half the churches are already self-supporting, and the English missions, Anglican, Baptist, and Wesleyan, are said to be fully abreast of the American. God is doing marvels in these Eastern fields, of which no adequate report can be made. Beyond all that our bristling statistics can determine or even detect, He is working in human souls and reforming the whole face of society. Therc is no more cheering token here than the girding of the native church for her work. Upon her more than upon all our foreign agencies depends the evangelization of these populous lands. History is but repeating herRelf here, and the church of the soil is coming up bravely to bear her own burden and do her own work.

The hearty co-operation of the churches working in Ceylon is everywhere apparent and most delightful. In the peninsula of Jaffna there are three societies, the American Board, the Church of England, and the Wes- 1eyan. In central and western Ceylon we find the English Baptists. All four of these began their missions, I believe, in the teens of the present century. They are working together in love, and co-operation seems very cordial and complete. In Colombo, a city of 130,000 inhabitants, there has been a missionary conference on evangelical alliance lines for years. The Sunday-school Union has also proved a bond of fellowship. At the recent Sunday-school convention in Colombo, Baptists, Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Methodists, and Presbyterians met on a common platform for the discussion of themes bearing upon the religious training of the young. This union will result, I cannot doubt, in the multiplication of Sunday-schools throughout the island; and some of these, we confidently hope, will eventually become churches. There is a bright outlook for Ceylon. "The morning cometh." The children of Buddhist, Hindu, and Moor are learning at His feet, the entrance of whose word gives light!

XIV.-TURKEY.

BY REV. GEORGE C. REYNOLDS, VAN, ARMENIA.

It is apparent to the most superficial observer that this country and the Protestant work here are passing through critical tin.es. Cholera has been epidemic in different parts of Turkey for five years. Aside from the direct loss of life, the injury inflicted through interruption of travel and business is very great. Other epidemics also have seemed to rage with unusual virulence during recent years. Scarlatina has been slaying its scores of victims monthly, the aggregate much surpassing that of the cholera epidemic; the ravages of diphtheria are also increasing. In all

TURKEY

this part of the empire a succession of poor crops, for several years, has brought great suffering, keeping the people on the verge of famine. The general insecurity of the country is greater than for many decades. Travel and commerce, except as large caravans unite for mutual protection, is well-nigh impossible. Many even flee from their homes, leaving everything behind, to escape the ravages of lawless bands. In consequence of these things, and the stagnation of business, the poverty that prevails is appalling. Add the fact of the 'severe earthquake that has receutly injured the capital, and those which have within two years done such harm in the provinces, and it seems as if the Lord were bringing all His judgments to bear on this affiicted land. The gravity of the situation for mission work is increased by the distinctly hostile attitude which the government is more and more assuming toward it.

These facts are sufficient to show that the condition of affairs in this land is extremely delicate, and indicates the approach of an important crisis. We cannot believe that God will allow His work here to be destroyed. The labor, the treasure, and the lives expended here would not go for naught if all traces of the work were now blotted out. Heaven has been made richer by many thousands of redeemed souls, so that this outlay has been amply justified. Still we have a right to expect more general and enduring results from this expenditure, and such has been the ample promise of all the past. We believe that in some way the Lord will bring these rich results from those very judgments that now seem to threaten the stability of our work. Here in Van, at least, there are signs that men's thoughts are being turned to consider their spiritual condition, and to seek to know more of the way of salvation through Christ. Our services were never so fully attended, and the attitude of friendship and inquiry was never so apparent. ,Ve are hoping and praying for a winter of real spiritual blessing.

Dr. John II. Shedd, of Oroomiah, Persia, writes to the New York I ndependent: " Two of our rrissionaries have returned from a three weeks' tour in the border districts under Turkish rule. The sad story of misery and oppression and privation they tell compels us to report that the Nestorian Christians are being stamped out of their ancestral homes. The people are tenacious and eling to the fields and graveyards and stone churches of their fathers; but village after village is being uprooted by the cruel taxation and misrule of the Turk and the repeating rifle in the hands of the Kurd. In the past the wild mountain eastward from the plains of Assyria was Christianized, and held in the Christian name for many ages. The many valleys eastward, now possessed by Kurds, were once Christian, as attested by the ruins of churches in many places. The process of stamping out the Christians has been going on before our eyes in the last thirty years, especially in the districts of Zaboor and Shemisdeen."

After giving sOple harrowing details, Dr. Shedd adds: "The story might go on to other districts ; but this is enough to show how Moslem rule crushes the Christian populatio~, and to show how difficult is any steady missionary work in the midst of such turmoil and misery. How hard it is for the poor Christians, many of whom are Protestants, and all of whom might be as safe and prosperous as their Moslem neighbors are, if they would give up their faith."

THE WORLD: POPULA1ilON, RAI!!JES, LANGUAGES, RELIGIONS

THE WORLD: POPULATION, RACES, LANGUAGES, AND RELIGIONS.

* BY PROFESSOR A. H. KEANE.

None of the current estimates of the population of the globe can be regarded as even approximately correct. Fairly accurate returns are available for nearly the whole of Europe, America, and Australasia, as well as for Japan, British India, French Indo-China, Asiatic Russia, Egypt, French North Africa, British South Africa, the Dutch South African republics, and Liberia. But in Mohammedan and most of Buddhist Asia (Asiatio Turkey, Persia, the Chinese Empire, and Siam), and in most of Africa, all is still mainly guess-work, so that the calculations vary enormously for some of the largest and most densely peopled regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. Thus we have for China proper the popular " four or five hundred millions" reduced by Kreitner and other cautious observers down to 250 and even 200 millions. So with Siam, Asia Minor, and especially Africa, the estimates for which continent range from 127 (Ravenstein) and 168 (Bohm) to 200 millions (Keilh Johnston, Sievers, and others). But taking the mean of these extremes, and allowing for a considerable increase since the last general censuses of 1890-91, the population of the world in 1893 probably falls little short of, and may eyen somewhat exceed, 1500 millions, distributed throughout the six continental divisions as under: Europe…..••••…..•…•.•…•…….•..•…• 360,000,000 Asia with Eastern Archipelago………….•.•…• 832,000,000 171,000,000 Africa …•…….•……………………•.. , Australasia with Pacific Islands .•…••…….•…• 6,000,000 North America with Central America and West Indies. 93,000,000 South America..•••………•.•……………. 38,000,000 Total ..••••••.•.•.•••••••..•…•……. , 1,500,000,000 According to their physical and mental yualities-color, texture of 1.he hair, stature, facial angle, language, social status, aud the like-these multitudes fall naturally into various primary divisions, on the number and character of which, however, much difference of opinion continues to prevail among ethnologists. Some enumerate as many as ten, twelve, and even more distinct groups, which they regard not merely as so many species· sprung from a single genus, but as so many different genera, each evolved in a different geographical centre. But these views are now held to be extravagant, and even unscientific, and in recent years general acceptance has been given to the opinion of Professor (Sir William H.) Flower, first of living anthropologists, that the primary divisions are not more than three, the NEGRITIC or BLACK, the MONGOLIC or YELLOW, and the CAUCASIC or WHITE, and that these divisions themselves are not fundamental, but merely so many varieties evolved in course of time and in different environments from a common prototype. This doctrine, in which Science and Revelation are in complete harmony, rests on the strong grounds that all human groups, from the highest to the lowest, have an '. This article, written by Professor Keane for the new edit.ion of theOhurcn. Mi8sionary Atlas. and published in the Intelttgencer, the organ of the Church Missionary Society, is 00 full of iuformation that we take the lIoor:y to reprint it here in connection with the outlook at the world's r.lI¥ions condition, and as a peI'l)lallent addition to the Uteratnre Qf missions,-Ep, instinctive sense of their common humanity, are fruitful among themselves, and in other respects present such close physical and mental qualities as are best explained by their common descent from a common ancestry. Even the most divergent races, such as the European and Hottentot, or the Lapp and extinct Tasmanian, differ in outward appearance far less than do, for instance, the fan-tail and runt, or the mastiff and poodle, the former mere varieties of the common blue-rock pigeon, the latter by no means the most extreme breeds of the canine species.

Of the mental qualities common to all mankind, incomparably the most important is the reasoning faculty with its outward expression, articulate speech. No tribe, however low in the scale of humanity, has ever been discovered devoid of this endowment. On the contrary, the most degraded races, such as the Fuegians, the Hottentots, and the Australians, are found in the possession of languages often distinguished by extremely complex structures, delicate phonetic systems, and remarkable powers of expression. So highly developed is the grammatical structure of the Hottentot, with its three genders, clearly distinguished subject and object, and intricate verbal inflection, that Lipsius felt inclined to affiliate it to the language of the ancient Egyptians, most civilized of all African. peoples.

This surprising perfection in 1he speech of so many rude and savage races is obviously.due to constant use, to which must also be in part attributed the fact that language hafj become far more profoundly differentiated than has the physical type. The primary racial groups, as above shown, are to be regarded as mere varieties of a common stock. But the primary linguistic groups are absolutely irreducible to a common stock; not only so, but they are also indefinitely more numerous than the primary racial groups. In other words, the anthropologist recognizes but one physical stock with three primary divisions, whereas the philologist recognizes hundreds of linguistic stocks (" stock languages," as they are called) with endless primary and secondary divisions. Thus the American aborigines, possessing great physical uniformity, are grouped together by most ethnologists as a single subdivision of the Mongolic type. But the American stock languages are reckoned by the hundred, and J. W. Powell's" Indian Linguistic Families" (1891), the result of many years' study, deals with fifty-eight radically distinct languages in the United States and Canada alone. Hence race and speech are not convertible terms, and those philologists who, like Hovelacque and many others, base their polygenist theories on the ground of numerous fundamentally different forms of speech, prove too much, and the-refore prove nothing. If every stock language implies a stock race, then we shall have, not ten or twelve, the most that they claim, but hundreds of stock races, which is absurd. But until the primary truths here set forth are generally recognized, Anthropology and Philology must continue to be antagonistic sciences in their general conclusions.

Notwithstanding their great structural and still greater lexical diversity, all known languages are reducible to four morphological orders of speech- ISOLATING or "MONOSYLLABIC," AGGLUTINATING, POLYSYNTHETIC, and IN- FLECTIONAL-and these several orders not only correspond in a general way to so many continuous geographical areas, but are also to a large extent respectively characteristic of so many great divisions of mankind. Thus the Isolating are exclusively confined to the southeast Asiatic branch of the Mongolic division (Chinese, Tibeto-Burmese, Shans and Siamese, Annamese, Karens, Nagas and other hill tribes) ; the Agglutinating is peculiar to all the other Asiatic, European, and Oceanic Mongols (Finno.Tatars, Japanese, Dravidiails, Malays), and to all the Negritic division (African Negroes and Bantus, Australians, Papuans) j the Polysynthetic is co-extensive with the American branch of the Mongol division j while the Inflectional, rightly regarded as the highest order, belongs almost exclusively to the Caucasic or highest division of the human family (European, Iranian and Indian Aryans, Arab and Abyssinian Semites, North African Hamites).

The ISOLATING LANGUAGES are so called because each word in the sentence stands apart, without any change in itself or contact with its neighbors, the sense being determined solely by position : you st1'ike it j it strike you. Till recently, this order was supposed to reprcsent the primitive condition of articulate speech, in which each word was assumed to be an unchangeable monosyllabic root, from which the other orders were gradually evolved. But it is npw shown that monosyllabism is no necessary condition of primordial speech, of which, not the word, but the sentence, is the unit or starting point, and that the monosyllabism of the Isolating languages is in fact the result of profound disintegration, or phonetic decay j in Chinese, for instance, reducing an original trisyllabic word tadaka to the monosyllable i = "to doubt." By this process of decay, going on for ages, thousands of polysyllables were whittled down to a few hundred homophonic monosyllables, which would be undistinguishable in conversation but for the different tones with which they are uttered. Thus the monosyllable pa will be toned in six or more different ways to represent so many original dissyllables, pada, paka, pala, pana, pasa, pata, • . . and some of the Chinese and Shan dialects have, in fact, as many as ten or twelve such tones, which unless correctly uttered lead at once to the greatest confusion and to all kinds of misunderstandings. Hence these languages are now called isolating and tonic rather than isolating and monosyllabic. In Southeast Asia all languages are toned except the Cambojan group (Khmer, Kuy, Cham, etc.), which shows affinities with the untoned agglutinating Malayo-Polynesian of the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is also to be noted that the tonic principle is by no means confined to Southeast Asia, but reappears wherever monosyllabism largely prevails, as in the Otomi of the Mexican highlands. The Tshi, Ewe, and Yornba, allied linguistic groups of Upper Guinea, have all at least three tones, high, middle, and low, and in Ewe the verbal root do has eleven distinct meanings, discriminated possibly by as many different shades of intonation.

AGGLUTINATION in linguistics almost explains itself. It is, on the whole, a somewhat simple process, in wbich the formative elements are, so to say, mechanically tacked on (" glued"), either as prefixes or suffixes, to the root, which for the most part remains unmodified, or at least is never modified beyond recognition. In manly, the ly is attached so loosely that another element, full, may be thrust in between it and the root man: man-ful-ly. What is exceptional in English is normal in the agglutinating languages, as in the Turkish ruh, spirit, ruh-ler, spirits, ruh-un.ler, of spirits, etc. In this way a large number of particles may he tacked on, especially in verbal conjugation, so that the time, mood, personal subject and object, voice, affirmation, negation, dOll bt, possibility, and other relations may be expressed all in one word.

Such is the theory j but in reality agglutination is found to be a somewhat elastic expression, and in many linguistic groups the principle is so highly developed that it is not always possible to draw the line between agglutinative and truly inflecting forms. In the non-Aryan Basque still surviving in the vVestern Pyrenees, a language which has no congeners elsewhere, the extremely intricate verbal conjugation presents many combinations of root and formative elements which are nndistinguishable from true inflection. The same remark applies, though perhaps to a less extent, to the Chechenz, Georgian, and some other stock languages of Caucasia, to several members of the Finno-Ugrian group (Finnish, Magyar, Mord- vinian), and even to some of the agglutinating Sudanese tongues, such as Hausa and Fulah. In Vei (North Liberia) the fusion of words into a sine gle sentence is due to the great play of accent and euphony, resulting in a polysynthetic structure like that of the American system. Thus n-kumu m·be afo wu-ye = "I tell you this," becomes nkumbaf6wuye in pronun- ciation. In general all languages may be said to show traces of all the morphological orders of speech, which are separated by no hard-and-fast lines, and which are continually tending to pass one into the other.

The POLYSYNTHETIC differs in two respects from the agglutinating proc- ess j it cuts down or otherwise modifies the roots, and it is much more comprehensive, allowing even the nominal subject and object to be amal- gamated. Verbal conjugation thus tends to become interminable, while all the parts of the sentence tend to merge in a single word sometimes of prodigious length. In Cree (an Algonquian tongue) the sentence " I shall have you for my disciples" becomes kaukiskinnhohumowakunimimittukuk, a word of fourteen syllables. In his account of the Chippewa (another Algonquian tongue) the Rev. Th. Rarlbert tells us that" to conjugate the verbs to love, to see, to burn, through all the inflections of which they are susceptible would be a work of years." In fact, American conjugation is never exhausted, because fresh forms arise with every fresh coalescing object, and with every fresh accident of, time, place, manner, and other extensions of subject and predicate, each often involving fresh euphonic . changes of the several constituent elements.

In true INFLECTION, the root and the formative elements, which may be either prefixed, postfixed, or infixed, are completely fused together by a sort of chemical action, so that it is no longer possible to separate the component parts. Foot, feet; sing, sang, sun,q, are cases of pure inflec- tion, in which the root vowel has been modified under the influence of suffixes which have themselves afterward disappeared. So in the Latin amabuntur, they shall be loved, the root am, is extended by a stem a (am-a), to which are inseparably attached the various elements of futurity (b), pfurality (n), personality (t), and of passivity (r for s = se = self).

Philological analysis clearly shows that all these elements were themselves originally full notional words tacked on to the root by the agglutiuative process and afterward gradually merged with it in one inseparable word. It thus appears that inflection, like polysynthesis, grows naturally out of agglutination. But the Aryan inflectional system differs profoundly from that which appears to be substantially the same in the Semitic and Hamitic groups. Consequently the Aryan and the Semito-Hamitic lan- guages must have followed two independent lines of development from the agglutinating to the inflecting states. It follows also that the attempts constantly made to trace the Aryan and Semitic groups to a common origin must always end in failure, the agglutinating state from which b01h diverged long before the dawn of history being no longer recoverable. On the other hand, the Semitic and Hamitic have so many structural features in com- mon, that their descent from an original Semito-Hamitic stock language cannot be seriously questioned.

The chief physical and mental characteristics of the three primary divi- sions of the human family are shown in a comparative table on page 41.

These primary divisions everywhere branch off into more or less distinct sub-groups, which intermingle along the frontiers of their respective domains, producing numerous intermediate varieties (Negroid, Mongoloid, Caucasoid peoples) often difficult to classify. Subjoined are all the more important sub-groups and intermediate varieties, with their geographical distribution.

I.-NEGRITIC DIVISION.

Two main branches: AFRICAN (CONTINENTAL) AND AUSTRALASIAN (OCEANIC) : Of the Mrican branch there are two great divisions: Sudanese in the north, from the Sahara to about 4° N. lat., and Bantu, thence southward to the Cape; besides the aberrant Hottentot-Bushman in the extreme southwest (Great Namaqualand and Cape Colony), and the dwarfish Negritoes dispersed throughout the forest regions of the Congo Basin.

Chief SUDANESE groups: Wolol (Jolol) and Serer, between the Senegal and Gambia rivers; Mandingan with numerous branches (Kassonke, Soninke, J allonke, Bambarra, etc.) between the Upper Niger and W'est Coast; Felup, Casamanza River; Susu, Rio Pongas; Bulom, Timni, Kussa, Gallina, Sierra Leone: Vei, Gola, Bassa, Kru, Grebo, Liberia; Agni, Avikom, Ivory Coast; Ewe (Ashanti, Fanti, Wassaw, Ga), Gold Coast; Tchi, Yoruba, Slave Coast; Songhay, Middle Niger; Hausa, between Middle Niger and Bornu ; Mossi, Gurma, lJafina, within the great bend of the Niger; Borgu, Nupe, Igarra, Ibo, Mitclti, Ba,ssa, Iju, Lower Niger, Benue Confluence, and Delta; Okrika, Andony, Qua, Efik, Oil Rivers; Kanuri, Mcsgu, Kanembu, Bagkirmi, Buduma, Ceniral Sudan; Batta, Adamawa; Maba, 'Waday; Runga, Krej, Banda, Nile-Congo waterparting; lJenka, Shilluk, Nuer, Bongo, Bari, ~Vadi, Upper Nile and its western affiuents; Zandeh (Niam-Niam), Mombuttu (frIangbattu), A-Barmbo, A-Babua, Momlu, Welle-Makua basin; Yanghey, Fallangh, Bonjak, Oltai, Sobat basin; Basen(Kunama), Mareb basin; Nuba (Fur, Kunjara, KulHm, Tumali, Barabra), Dar-Fur, Kordofan, Dar-Nuba, Nubia; Fan, Gaboon and Ogoway basins.

Chief BANTU groups, mostly Negroid, all of Bantu speech: Wa-Ganda, Wa-Nyoro, Wa-Pokomo, Wa-Kamba, Wa-Nyamwesi, Wa-Sagara,Wa- Swahili, East Central Africa; Wa-Rua, Wa-Lunda, Ba-Rotse, Mashona, South Central Africa; Mpongwe, Ba-Teke, Kabinda, Ba-Kongo, Bunda, Nano, Ganguela, ,Vest Central Africa; Ova-Mpo, Ova-Herero, Be- Ohuana, Ba-Suto, Zulu-Kafir, South Africa.

Of the Australasian branch there are also two main divisions: the AUSTRALIAN aborigines thinly scattered over the Continent at the time of the discovery, now dying out, and the PAPUANS, occupying all the Melanesian Islands, Solomon, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Loyalty, New Guinea, Waigiu, Aru, Ke, parts of Ceram and other islands in Malaysia, as far west as Floris. As in Africa, here also there is an aboriginal Negrito substratum mostly extinct, but a few groups still surviving in the Philippines, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands. The extinct Tasmanians appear to have been intermediate between the Papuans and Australians.

The descendants of the African Negroes introduced as slaves into the New vVorld have become the dominant and almost exclusive population of Hayti, Jamaica, and many other West India Islands; they are also numerous in most of the Southern United States, on the Venezuelan and Guiana coastlands, and in some of the Eastern States of Brazil. Many half-caste varieties have sprung up (Mulattos, Mestizos, Cafuzos, Mamelucos, etc.), some of which are stable, while others show a tendency, since the emancipation, to revert to the pure Negro type.

II.-MoNGOLIC DIVISION.

Seven main branches : 1. MONGOLO-TATAR of North and Central Asia, parts of Caucasia, of Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula, and Russia. Chief groups: Sharra (Khalkha, Sunui, Chakhar), East Mong'olia j Kalmuck (Western Mongols), Zungaria and Lower Volga j Buriats, Lake Baikal District; Tungus (Tungus proper, Manchus, Lamuts, Gilyaks, Oroches, Goldi, and others), Southeast Siberia and Manchuria j Korean ; Japanese; Aymaks and Hazarah, North Afghanistan and Northeast Persia j Osmanli Turks, Asia Minor and Balkan Peninsula; Turkomans, 'Vest Turkestan and Northwest Persia j Nogai, Crimea and Caucasus j Usbegs and Itara-Kalpalcs, East Turkestan, Khiva, Bokhara, Balkh j Kirghiz, West Siberian Steppes and Astrakan ; Red and Black Tatars, West and Central Siberia; Yakuts, Lena basin, East Siberia. 2. FINNO-U GRIAN of Siberia, North and Central Russia, the Baltic, Middle and Lower Danube. Chief groups: Baltic Finns (Karelians, Tavastians, Esthonians, Livonians, Lapps), Finland, Baltic provinces, Lapland j Volga Finns (Mordvinians, Cheremissians, Chuvashes), Middle Volga; Permian Finns (Permians, Votyaks, Siryanians), Perm, Petchora basin j Ugrian Finns, Ostyaks and V oguls of West Siberia j Magyars of Hungary j Bulgarians (now Slavonized in speech), Lower Danube j Arctic Films (Samoyedes, Yuraks, Koibals), North Russia and North Siberia. 3. TIBETa-CHINEsE of Southeast Asia. Chief groups: Tanguts, North Tibet j Bodpa (Tibetans proper), South Tibet i Ladakhi, Balti, Garwhali, Magar, Lepcha, Lhopa, Mishmi, IJafla, southern slopes of the Himalayas; Kachari, Kuki, Khasi, Naga, South Assam uplands j Burmese, Irawady basin j Talaings (ilfon), Pegu ; Kakhyens (Chins), Karen:, Lushai, North Burma, Arakan, and Tenasserim j Shans (Lao), Siamrse, Yunnan uplands, Siam j Annamese, Tonquin, Cochin-China ; Chinese, Chiua proper. 4. DRAVIDIAN of South India and Ceylon: Telugu, Tamil, Kanarese, Malayalam) Tulu, Kodagu, Oraon, Gondi, Sinhalese, Marathi (Aryanized in speech), Brahui of Baluchistan (?). 5. KOLARIAN of Central India: Santhal, Munda, Juang, Korwa, Kurku, Bhil. 6. MALAYO-POLYNESIAN of Indo-China, Malaysia, Indian and Pacific Or-eans. Chief groups: Cambojans, Kuys, Chams, Camboja and South Cochin-China j Malays proper, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo coastlands, Tidol", Ternate ; Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Java and Madura, most of the Natives of the Lesser Sunda Islands, Celebes, Jilolo, the Philippines, Formosa, and Micronesia j Malagasy of Madagascar, all of Malayo- Polynesian speech but Negroid type j Indonesians, Dyaks of Borneo, Mentawey Islanders, Battaks of North Sumatra, many of the Natives of Jilolo, Ceram, Timor; the Eastern Polynesians (Samoans, Tongans, Maori, 'fahitians, Marquesas Islanders, Hawaiians), all of Malayo-Polynesian speech but Caucasoid type. 7. AMERICAN ABORIGINES. Chief groups: Eskimo of the Arctic Regions, Greenland, and Labrador; Athabascan (Tinne) of the Yukon, Mackenzie, Rio Grande and Colorado basins; Algonquian from the Churchill River of Hudson Bay southward to Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, and from Labrador westward to the Rocky Mountains j Salishan, British Columbia, Washillgton, Oregon, and Montana: Shahaptian, Washington, Oregon, Idaho; Haida, Queen Charlotte Archipelago; Tsimshean coastlands opposite Queen .Charlotte Archipelago; Shoshonean, Oregon,' Idaho, Nev~da, Utah! Wy~mIng, Colorado, Texas, <?alifo~nia; Siouan (Dakotan), Mamtoba, WISCOnSIn, and most of the MIssourI and Arkansas basins· Iroquoian, shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, Upper St. Lawrence River; parts of Virginia, both Carolinas, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia; Muskhoge~n., Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Florida; Caddoan, LOUISIana, Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota; Pueblos (Zuni, Taiioa, Moqui, Ke1·esa) , Arizona and New Mexico; Yuman, Arizona, Lower California; Piman, Northwest Mexico; Aztec, Mexico and Nica- ragua; Maya- Quiche, Vera Cruz, Tamaulipas, Yucatan, Chiapas, Guatemala; Chibcha, Colombia; Carib, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil; Tupi- Guarani, Brazil, Paraguay; Aymara-Quichua, Equador, Peru, Bolivia; .lIocobi and Vilela-Lule, Gran Chaco; Araucanian, Chili; Tsoneca, Pata gonia; Ona, Yahgan; and AlacaluJ, Tierra del Fuegoo III.-CAUCASIC DIVISION.

Four main branches : 1. ARYAN of Europe, Irania, North India; and in recent times spread throughout America, Australasia, and South Africa, and along the North African seaboard. Chief groups: Indic of the Indus and Ganges basins; lranic of Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan; Thraco-Hellenic of Anatolian coastlands, the Archipelago, Greece, and Albania; Italic of Italy, Roumania, France, Spain, Portugal, parts of Switzerland and Belgium, Mauritania, Tunisia, Lower Egypt, Lower and parts of Upper Canada, Mexico, Central and Sonth America, Mauritius, and Bourbon; Keltic, Brittany, Wales, West of Ireland, Scotch High- lands, Isle of Man; Teutonic, Germany, Scandinavia, Holland, parts of Switzerland and Belgium; England, Scotch Lowlands, East of Ireland; nearly all North America; British Guiana, Falkland Islands, South Africa, Australasia; Letto-Slavonic, most of Russia, Lithuania, Poland, Lusatia, Moravia, parts of Bohemia and Hungary, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Istria, Montenegro, parts of Siberia and Caucasia.

2. SEMITIC of Southwest Asia and North Africa. Chief groups: As- syrians of Mesopotamia; Arameans of Syria; Hittites of Asia Minor U) ; Phamicians of the Syrian and South Mediterranean coastlands; Israelites (Jewf'.) of Palestine; Arabs of North and Central Arabia, Mauritania, the Sahara, and parts of Sudan; Himyarites and Sabreans of Southwest Ara- bia (Arabia Felix, Yemen) and Abyssinia, all now extinct or assimilated in speech to the Arabs, except the Abyssinian Himyarites (Tigre, Amhara, Shoa), and the denationalized Jews dispersed throughout the Christian and Mohammedan Worlds. . '

3. HAMITIC of North Africa. Chief groups: Egyptians still repre- sented by the Fellahin (peasantry) and Copts of the Lower Nile and Delta; Libyans (Berbers of Mauritania, Tuaregs, and Tibu8 of the Sahara) ; " Ethiopians," comprising the Gallas and Somali of Gallaland and Somali- land; the Masai and Wa-Huma of Masailand and the equatorial lake regions; the A/ars (Danakil) between Abyssinia and the Red Sea; the Bejas between Abyssinia and Egypt; the Fulahs of Futa J allon and Futa Toro (Senegambia), and dispersed in small groupr. throughout West and Central Sudan; since beginning of the century politically dominant be- tween the Niger and Bornu; type originally Caucasic, now mostly Negroid ; language also of Negro type (agglutinating), but totally distinct from the Nuba, so that the" Nuba-Fulah" group figuring on language maps has no existence.

4. The aborigines of Caucasia. Chief groups: Georgians, Imeritians, Lazes, in the south; Oircassians and Abkhasians in the west; Kabards in the centre; Lesf/hian8, Ohechenzes and others in the east (J)aghestan).

COMP….R….TIVE TABLE OF THB PHYSIC….L ….ND MENT….L CH….R….CTERISTICS OF THll THREB PRIlII….RY DIVISIONS.

I. NBGRITIC. II. MONGOLIC. III. O….UC….SIO.

HB …. D ….. Dolichocephalic, i.e., long Braancdhyrcoeupnhdal,iot,hotu.eg' h short Two distinct sub·typee, from occiput to glabeUa, never long (a) anti. ronnd headed compressed at the sides, quite circular. (b) almost everywhere In- and often very high. termingled. F ….CE …. ,. Flat nose broad at base; Small, narrow, concave (a) Large, straight or arched thick everted lips ehow- nose; high cheek bones; nose; blue or gray eye; Ing the red Inner skin; thin lips; moderately (b) small, narrow nose, a high cheek bones; pror- prognathous jaw; small. sometime. snub and snnk nathous (projecting) uuder b I c k, almond.shaped at root; black, sparkling jaw; large, black, rolling eyes, sli~htly oblique. eye; (a and bi low cheek eyes with yellowish cor- bones; orthognathons nea. jaw; regular features. HAIR …… Black, woolly or frizzly, Black, coarse, lank, of the (a) Flaxen, light brown, and rather short, fiat in trans- horse-tail type, some· even red, wavy or curly; verse section; scant or no times very long, round In (b) black or dark brown, beard. section, mustache com· straight, sometimes curly: mon, but beard scaut or both oval In section; fnll absent. beard. COLOR .. " Smooth, glossy, deep browu LI~ht rellowish coarse skin, (a) Florid or ruddy; (b) pale, or blaCK skin, cool to the pas.mg into olive and light olive or 8warthy. tOUCh, and emitting a dis- various shades of brown. Thus (a)· aud (b) are Hox- tinct odor. ley's Xanthochroi (Falr), and Melanochroi (Dark) types. ST.A.TURE.. Above the average, from 5 Rather below the average, (a) Average 5 feet, 7 or 8 feet, 6 inches to 5 feet, 10 5 feet to 5 feet, 6 inche. ; inches; (b) 1> feet, 5 or 6 inches, and even 6 feet; but American sub-group inches; but much diver- but Negrito sub-group often very toll (Patagonlans sitywithln eaehgroup. dwarfish (4 feet, 4 inches over 6 feet). to 4 feet, 10 Inches).

TEMPERA.- lIlENT…. Sensuons, Indolent, aud nn Sluggish, somewhat morose Active, enterprising, and intellectual; fitful, pas- and sullen, with little in- highly imaginative; hence lionate, and crncl, but itiative, but great staying both specuratlve and prac- often affectionate and power; fragal, thrU~y, and tical; (a) aerioua, stead- faithful; little selt-respect, mdustrionl; but low mor- fast, solid, and stolid; (b) hence easy acceptance 01 al ltanllard and reckless fiery, impulsive, and fickle; the yoke of slavery: men- gBmblinll very common. .cience, art, and letters tal faculties generally ar- Science slightly, art mod- brought to the highest res ted after puberty. erately developed. perfection in both; all Science and art unde- gr.at names in philosophy veoped. and poetry are Cauca,ic. SPBECH…. Excluoively agglutinating; Partly agglutinating, chlelly Almost exclusively Infiect- both wah preJixes and with postJixe. ana vocallc ing; chielly by suffixes suffixes. Great diversity harmony; partly Isolating fused with the root in the (numerous stock lan- and toned; partly poly- Aryan system; chlefiy by gaages) in the north synthetic with great struc- internal vowel change in (Sudan) ; great uniformity turaland lexical divereity the Semitic and Hamitic (two stocl[ languages only, almost everywhere I stock sYltems. Afew(aborlglnes Bantu and Hottentot) In languages very numerous. of the Caucasus and the the southerll halt of the Basques) 6peak hlgbly developed, ag~lutlnatlng Continent. languages vergm, on and ~;;,":. reaching true infiec.

RBLIGION.. Non-theistic; worship of Polythelatlc t worship of Monotheistic, with priest- the natural forces aud of spirits ana of ancestry; hood (mediation) and sac- ancestry; withcraft and Shamanism and Bud- rifice general feature•. fetishism prominent fea- dhism mainly conilned to Judaism, Christianity, and tnres; sangllinary rites this division. Bellet In a Mobammedanism mainly still prevalent. Belief iu future state often takes conllued to this diviSlonJ.· a future state common, the form of transmigra.- dogma baoed on reveale but not nninrsal. tion. writings. Belief in .. future glorified state almost uni- versal. • NOTE ON THE RELIGIOUS POPULATION OF THE 'YORLD.

The table subjoined on the Population of the World according to Religions differs in some material points from thai, in the sixth edition of the C. M. Atlas and requires a little explanation. The Eastern Archipelago is now brought into Asia, and New Guinea left to Australia. Over ha1f (7,684,906) of 1he "Other Christians not specified" in Europe, are French, who at the last census" declined to make any declaration of religiousbelief." Most of the others are Russian sectaries too numerous to specify. The Orthodox Greeks and the Roman Catholics have greatly increased in recent years, as shown by the official populations of Russia (January, 1893 : 124,000,000, of whom at least 90,000,000 are nominal Orthodox) ; of the Hispans and Lusitans-American States (Brazil now 16,000,000) ; of Austro-Hungary, Italy, etc. There are also 6,000,000 Roman Catholics in the Philippine Islands, which are generally overlooked in estimating. The figures for the Jews, although differing considerably from those usually given, are prepared from trustworthy sources. The large number of Protestants in America is due to the great increase of the popUlation in the United States. The 160,000 Buddhists in Europe are the Turgat branch of the Kalmucks who migrated to the Lower Volga in the seventeenth century, and of whom that number still remain, the great body of the nation having returned to Zungaria in 1771. The 20,000 Pagans in Europe are the Samoyedes and a few Votyaks (Volga Finns).

Asia with Africa. America. Australia Total. Europe. E. Archi- with pelago. ;~1N:: Guinea.

—- Jews ……………… 5,500,000 260,000 430,000 300,000 15,000 6,505,000 Mohammedans ……… 5.,7..5.0.,0.0..0 40,000,000 25,000 205.775,000 Hindu$ aud Sikhs …… 160,000,000 300,000 'ioo;oOO . ….. 207,400,000 Buddhists, Jains, Shin- 207,000,000 tUB, Taoists, and fol- 160,000 430,000,000 …….. ……. 14,COO 430,174,000 lowers of Oonfucius..

Reli!iOnS not apeci1l.ed, an sundries……. __ . 350,000 250,000 200,000 80,000 830,000 Pagans …………….. – – – – – – – – – – – – 20,000 15,000,000 125,000:000 14,000,000 1,600,000 155,620,000 11,780,000 -8-12,-510-,0-00 165,730,000 14,600,000 – – – – – – – – Total Non-Christians.

– 1,684,000 1,006,304,000 Roman Catholics ….•.• 156,000,000 8,500,000 1,200,000 57,000,000 850,000 223,500,000 Protestants…………. 86,000,000 1,000,000 820,000 59.,0..0.0.,0.0.0. 8,185,000 149,955,000 Orthodox Greeks .. _••.. 92,000,000 6,000,000 80,000 Armenians, Syrians, …….. 98,080,000 lIIalchltes, Copts, and 800,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 …….. …… -. 6,300,000 Abyssinians .. _…… Other Christians not epeci1l.ed ……… , … 14,000,000 1,000,000 ……. – -..-….-.. – – – – 30,000 -1-5,0-30,0-00 – – – – – – – – Total Christiana…… 348,300,000 19,500,000 5,0110,000 116,000,000 4,015,000 492,865,000 Grand total………. 360,080,000 882,010,0001 170,780,000 130,600,000 5,699,000 1,4911,169,000

EIGHTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN BOARD

FACTS GLEANED FROM THE EIGHTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN BOARD.

BY REV. JAMES H. ROSS, BOSTON, MASS.

The eighty-fourth annual meeting of the American (Congregational) Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was held in Madison, Wis., October loth-13th. The annual report and survey of the foreign field re- ported progress and no deficiency save in the treasury, a debt of $116,000. Forty-four new missionaries have been sent out, during the year. A proposal was made that a fund of $500,000 be raised within the coming year to cancel the debts of all Congregational missionary organizations, and to distribute the balance in the interests of new work. The sermon was delivered by the Rey. Dr. Clapp, of Manchester, N. H., on "The Calling of the Gentiles to Salvation." Rev. Dr. Creegan spoke on the work that might be done before the century is concluded and the ninetieth anniversary of the Board is observed. IIe indorsed educational work for the youngest, and he inquired: ""'IVould it be regarded as Utopian that in a rich country like our East Central African Mission, where thousands of acres of fertile land, with beautiful streams of water, are now in possession of the mission-would it not be worth while to consider the wisdom of establishing farms, and gardens, and orchards, and shops, and other methods of self-help, not only to make the mission, so far as is practicable, self-supporting, but for the sake of the natives, that they may be taught to cultivate the soil, to raise flocks, and be skilful in the use of tools as carpenters, blacksmiths, and other branches of industry? I think when we study the methods of Dr. Hamlin, in Turkey, and General Armstrong, at Hampton, we shall come to the conclusion that the best way to educate people living in heathen lands like Africa and the Islands of the Sea, is to train the hands to toil, as well as the mind to think. I am strongly impressed with the wisdom of establishing institutions for manual training, or, if you please, self-help, in connection with many, if not all of our missions. The only practical way of evangelizing heathen lands is by training the natives to be teachers, preachers, and evangelists among their own people. Half the sum of money necessary to build a man-ofwar would roughly equip all our colleges in Turkey, China, India, Japan, and elsewhere, not forgetting the higher educational institutions for girls. If Dr. J. C. Holland was right when he stated that to convert the world we must begin with the children; if the Catholics are right in saying that if they can have the first seven years of a child's life they can mould him intellectually and morally to suit themselves, is it not time that we should press our work with a great deal more vigor along these lines? I was greatly pleased the other day to find that one of the accomplished and consecrated young ladies who sailed for Smyrna was expecting to give her entire time to training the little army of kindergarteners, who will go forth to establish schools among the children in all parts of the Turkish Empire. President Eliot says, in the last number of the F01'Um: 'It is always through the children that the best work is to be done for the uplifting of any community.'

" If Korea is not open to-day for missionaries, she will be to-morrow ; if there are any provinces in China where the missionary cannot safely preach Christ this year, when the war closes it will be found: ~n all probability, that he will be welcomed everywhere in that vast empire. Thibet, which only yesterday seemed to be closed against any possible entrance of the missionary, even there we find brave Miss Taylor, with twelve associates, determined to make an entrance. "

Dr. Hitchcock, District Secretary for the middle West, called attention to the fact, that in the heart of Africa there is a vast population, exceeding that of our Republic, without a missionary; that 250,000,000 of the human race a~'e practically naked; that one half of mankind are living in huts and caves. For the first time, he said, the Bible is in a fair way to be given to the nations ofthe world. During the century 160,000,000 copies and portions have b()en issued in 220 tongues, comprising the languages and dialects of nine tenths of the human race. From 1880 to 1890 the average translation of the Bible was five translations for each year, or fifty translations in a decade. There issues daily from the presses of the British and Foreign Bible Society a pile of Bibles and portions equal in height to the Eiffel Tower. In 1892, 280 missionary societies received more than $14,000,000. There are now seventy-two women's foreign missionary societies. The various missionary societies maintain the work of evangelization in at least six distinct but related departments, and expend only 7 per cent in administration, agencies, and publications; and, as a rule, guide their affairs with an enterprise and fidelity unsurpassed in any caUing. For the first time in history our generation sees the Christian religion thoroughly organized for an advance upon all the pagan world. Even in Africa railroads are projected from the south and the east, and a telegraph line from Cairo to the Cape. The new appliances for postal communication, for financial exchange, for rapid printing, and for safe and swift travel are bringing all the world into a community of interest and life. It is impossible for. savage and barbarous nations to stand before the inroads of Western civilization.

Four fifths of Africa is already under European protection. England's queen is Empress of India. Islam's political power is waning. Only Turkey, Afghanistan, Persia, and Morocco are left to fight its battles. Nearly half the Eastern population of the earth is under Christian rulers.

To-day nearly 9000 Protestant missionariea and nearly 55,000 native laborers are on heathen soil. Fifteen thousand distinct points are occupied by them. The native and regular missionaries whose services are actually paid for exceed by several thousands the entire army and navy of the United States. In 1892 there were 571,000 Protestant Christians in India.

During a recent vacation of Bishop Thoburn he found on his return ~hat 15,000 converts had been added in his own diocese. Taking India as a whole, there has been a gain of 141 per cent in ten years. In China, after fifty-seven years of toil, only six converts were found. That was in 1843, the year set by the Millerites for the end of the world. It would have been a poor time for that event, so far as China was concerned. Now there are 500 churches and about 50,000 members besides 150,000 adherents. China has 105 Christian hospitals and dispensaries, where more than 350,000 persons are treated annually.

In Japan there are 365 churches and nearly 40,000 converts. The new treaty now being considered by the Western powers gives Japan a place among the civilized nations, and it will probably open all the interior country to the free travel and labor of missionaries.

In the Tnrkish Empire the American Board alone has 120 churches, more than 12,000 members, and 12,000 pupils in its schools and colleges. There are believed to be 50,000 Protestant Christians in the empire.

In Africa there are 150,000 converts. Upon Africa the eyes of the whole world are turned. It is fairly probable that the children are already born who will live to see the Dark Continent divided np into great Christian commonwealths. More than forty missionary societies are now at work, employing more than 700 ordained missionaries and more than 7000 native preachers. Including all baptized persons in South Africa, the Protestant Christians number fully 350,000 and the adherents about 1,000,000. In fourteen distinct groups, comprising more than 300 islands, Christianity is the recognized religion. Other groups are partially Christianized.

Think of the once cannibal New Hebrides, where within the lifetime of Dr. A. Paton twenty-three of the islands have been evangelized and 14,000 converts gathered; of the Friendly Islands, with their 30,000 members, where fifty years ago there was not a convert; of Samoa, now Christianized; of the Sandwich Islands, lifted from savagery into a Christian republic; of the Fiji Islands, where four fifths of the population regularly attend Uhristian worship, and where a single training school now has 109 students for the ministry; of Erromanga, where the two sons of the murderer of John Williams are now men of peace and prayer, one of them preaching the Gospel, the other lately baptized in the presence of 700 of the islanders, among whom not a heathen remains.

The more salient points of the address by Rev. Henry H. Jessup, D.D., were as follows : "1. You founded the first evangelical mission of modern times in Vestern Asia. The Christian churches of England, Scotland, and Germany were nearer to Syria and vastly more wealthy, but it was reserved for two young men from New England, Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons, to carry back New Testament Christianity and an open Bible to Bible lands.

"2. You organized the first Reformed Evangelical Church in Syria since the days of the apostles. It has now grown to more than 150 churches, not a few of whose members wear the martyr's crown. If these 150 churches shall provoke to love and good works, to reformation and return to Gospel purity the Greek and Armenian, the Nestorian and Jacobite, the Maronite and Coptic churches, so that they enter once more on the true missionary spirit of Christianity, to labor for their neighbors, their mission will have been accomplished.

" 3. You set up the first printing-press in the Turkish Empire. It stands to-day just above the grave of Pliny Fisk, on the premises of the American Union in Beirut. It has already given to Western and Southern Asia and Northern Africa 500,000,000 of pages in the Arabic language, and is printing 25,000,000 pages annually. Its publications are scattered over 1200 of longitude, from Megadore, on the Atlantic Coast of Morocco, to Peking, in China. 'fhe 500 works on the Press Catalogue all bear the printed permit of the Imperial Ottoman Government.

"4. Your missionaries founded in Beirut the first day-school for girls ever opened in the Turkish Empire. On the 18th of last April a memorial column was unveiled in Beirut, to commemorate the spot where was built the first edifice in Western Asia to teach girls to read.

" 5. Then followed the next pioneer movement of the mission, and a girl's boarding-school was opened by Dr. and Mrs. De Forest. This gave a new impulse to female education. The impulse thus given sixty years ago by your missionaries has revolutionized public sentiment and proved a benediction to the whole Turkish Empire. To-day there are in Protestant schools alone in Syria and Palestine 9000 girls, and there must be as many more in schools of other sects.

" 6. Your missionaries also opened the first boarding-school for boys in the Turkish Empire, under Mr. Hebard and Dr. William M, Thompson, in Beirut in 1837. This was succeeded by Abeih Seminary, in Mount Lebanon, under Mr. Calhoun, and Bebek Seminary, under Dr. Hamlin, which two schools culminated in " 7. The first two colleges in the e!Ilpire-the Syrian Protestant College, in Beirut, under Dr. Daniel Bliss, and the Robert College, in Constantinople, under Dr. Cyrus Hamlin-both of which were bcgun in 1863. Your missionary, Simeon H. Calhoun, founded in Mount Lebanon the first theological school for training a native ministry. This work has been continued until hundreds oiyouug men have been trained all over the empire for the Gospel ministry.

" 8. Your eminent missionary scholars, Drs. Eli Smith and Cornelius Van Dyck, gave to the world the first correct and classical translation of the Bible into the Arabic language. You will find copies in the bazaars of Constantinople and Teheran ; in the shops of Mosul and Aleppo ; in the houses and homes of Damascus and Jerusalem; publicly hawked in the streets of Cairo, Alexandria, and Zanzibar, and among the marts of Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco. The Moslems of Arabia, India, and China have received it as God's Word in the Tourah and Enjeel, approvcd and sanctioned in their own Koran. Among all the beneficent works wrought by the missionaries of your Board in co,-operation with the American Bible Society, none can surpass that of giving the Word of God in a translation of classical purity to 70,000,000 of the Arabic-speaking races.

" 9. Your missionaries were the first educated and scientific physicians to carry the blessings of medical and surgical science to the East.

" 10. Your missionaries in Syria were the first to introduce into that land steam printing-presses, petroleum oil, sewing-machines, photography, brass clocks, and windmills, and in other parts of the land they introduced American agricultural implements; and in Constantinople, one too well known to need mention here, introduced to the Empire of the Sultan the electric telegraph.

" 11. Two of your missionaries in Syria have received Imperial decOl'ations for medical services in times of pestilence, and one a decoration for eminence in Arabic literature.

" 12. And, lastly, two of your missionaries were the pioneers in modern times in Palestine exploration.

" 13. Your missionaries in Syria have been through repeated visitations of pestilence and six different outbreaks of domestic and foreign war. In pestilence they have gone to infected towns with medicine and supplies, and saved Whole provinces from plagne by wise sanitary measures and counsels. "

mTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT

n.-INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT.

EDITED AND CONDUCTED BY lIEV. J. T. GBACEY, D.D.

Lutheran Industrial Mission, Liberia, til one wonders that the whole popUla- West Afrioa. tion has not been wasted. The fact BY REV. DAVID A. DAY.* that, in spite of crime committed on her people, wrongs brought about by greed Our work at Muhlenburg moves on of gain, she still survives, shows a vi- slowly, and in the very nature of the t:;tlity which measures up to that of any case will continue to do so for years to nation or race that ever existed.

come, but we trust it is in the right di- Humanity in Africa is in much the reotion, and that the results will be per- same condition as its soil, wondrously manent. Weare doing our best to ac- fertile and capable of almost unlimited complish what is the ultimate object of production of all that is fairest and all Christian effort in all lands-the sal- best, but so overgrown with dense jun- vation of men both in this world and in gle. that the light of the sun never the world to come. reaches the earth nor the breezes ever Leaving out all considerations of the stir its heavy and damp vapors. Be- unhealthiness of this climate, I suppose fore there can be any planting of health- there is no more difficult field in the ful seed or tree there must be a vasi world than this. We cannot forget amount of cutting of bush, drying in Africa's long night. From the very. the sun, and burning, with clearing earliest dawn of history she has been away of rubbish. stumps, and decayed the oppressed of all nations and the vegetation.

prey of all people. On her devoted We who are now on the field know head seems to have been poured the that we are only the veriest pioneers, vice, corruption, and iniquity of the whose duty it is to clear away, that earth for ages; the slave trade, with all others who shall follow may plough its attendant horrors, marred her fair and plant, sow and reap. It is the beauty, and made the Continent "the hardest kind of work, and taxes to the open sore of the globe." When that utmost all the consecrated energies that ceased then came that gigantic crime, any man may have. Seeing the prom- perpetrated in the name of commerce, ises "afar off" requires faith to keep the rum traffic, with its unending train one at work.

of body and soul-destroying curses, un- The fact is, the Dark Continent ia still an unsolved problem, and the work * Rev. D. A. Day has been for twenty years to be done in it before it is brought to the Cross will require the sanctified and in charge of the Lutheran Mission at Muhlen- united effort of the entire Christian burg, Monrovia. He and his most excellent wife are largely endowed with sanctified com- Church.

mon sense. Familiarity with this mission work Our plan of work at Muhlenburg is, throngh years of study and personal friendship perhaps, peculiar, but, in the light of with Mr. and Mrs. Day, and from facts gathered existing facts, I believe it is the best we in Liberia during a personal visit years ago, can adopt. The preaching of the Goshave convinced us that this mission has the only true underlying principle for permanently suc- pel, as that term is understood in other cessful mission work among African tribes. countries, can do bnt little good to these Mr. Day is a genius and a general, besides being people. Even when combined with a Christian gentleman, but he has no patent on "book learning" it does not reach the his model, and it is at our solicitation that he furnishes what we here present to our readers. desired end. We are very apt to for- get that these people have a physical It is "too good to keep." Mr. Day's delightfully existence, on whose well-being depends, to a great extent, their salvation. How informal communications to the I/utheran Mis- sionary Magazi1l!1 lire worth tho price of that Mag~ne, J. T. G. many grand men and women have toil- Difficulties of course meet us at every ed here almost in vain and found un· turn, as the African is naturally averse marked and unknown graves, only to to work and does not take readily to demonstrate that they were on wrong the culture of the land. One might al- • lines I We all know that preaching and most write a book on the reasons given brain culture are necessary, but it is by this man of the tropics why work is not all. The harmonious training of a nuisance, or. as he calls it, " a cuss."

heart, head, and hand is the key-note "Work palaver kill somebody," he to the redemption of Africa, so in our tells you, and then he goes on to show work we are trying to meet the require- you that" Dis ting call work, fool ting ments by combining manual labor, too much."

preaching, and teaching the rudiments At this station we have a school of of the school books, so that our pupils about one hundred pupils. who are may be able when we are through with boarded and clothed by us and kept them to meet the changed conditions close to the workers. They are given of life-the new life into which we en- four hours' daily train in school books, deavor to lead them. Our efforts are combined with Bible reading. prayer- "mainly given to the children, though meetings, regular preaching, and such the old are by no means neglected, and other Christian training as may be suit- the Gospel is preached to all as oppor- ed to their wants, with four hours' work tunityoffers, and with persistent effort. on the farm or in the shop, according The training in the schools is all in the to the taste and ability of the pupil.

English language, as the people are Connected with the station there is a broken up into so many small tribes, blacksmith and carpenter shop, with each speaking a different language, that turning lathes for iron and wood, and it would be impossible to systematize a number of small circular saws, a them. Taking into consideration the good set of coffee hullers, fans, etc., all fact that at no very distant time Eng- driven by a first-class, twelve-horse- lish will be the language of all West power engine, and all run by native Africa, we think this is best, though boys brought directly from the bush many of our native workers in the na- and trained in our own mission_ tive villages do their preaching in the This I regard as the best educator language spoken by the people of that we have_ Nothing that I have yet seen place, be it Bassa, Pessa, Dey, Golah, so stirs the sluggish mind of the in- Vey Mambo, or Bo08ie. dolent heathen into living curiosity. ' It We take into the mission children of is a mystery that calls out the broad both sexes of any age between six and grins and wild grimaces in a fashion twelve years, and keep them with us wonderful to the beholder. At first until they are of age, endeavoring in sight it strikes him as something only that time to give them as good a home- intended for the white man and "no training as possible, as the entire social good for we," but when we take one fabric of Africa must be changed in its of his own sons, train him to handle redemption. lind control the fiery-hearted iron giant, The natural resources of this country he reports at home after a visit, "Dat are almost inexhaustible, and when de- black boy, my son, liv' for make dem veloped more than sufficient to give the ting walk all same white man; black inhabitants enough to make life happy man got sense all same he," and he is and pleasant. We know, too, that in set to thinking in a way that all the teaching them to bring out of this fer- talking we could do cannot effect. The tile soil its God-intenued products, we same may be said of the sewing-rns- prepare their minds for a more ready chine, typewriter, etc. Not long ago acceptance of the Gospel than by any I had an ice-machine come out, not other method. very large, it is true, but large enough to freeze a few quarts of water solid. after deducting shipping expenses, In some of my talks with these people about 22 cents per pound. I had been rash enough to tell them that in our country water became so This not only gives us a working hard because of the cold that you could capital, but our people are being taught walk on it. They had been believing to grow a product which has a money all the other wonderful tales they had value in the world's markets, and enheard about that land, but at solid wa- able them to purchase what they may ter they drew the line, and while they need from abroad to supply their new were polite enough not to call me a liar wants. directly, I soon found out that they thought it. To save my reputation, The extensive cultivation of the soil and for the comfort of our sick mission- around the station has added greatly aries and others, I had this machine to the health of the place. We are all sent out, and I can assure you it was a familiar with the frightful mortality revelation to the native, who in all his among missionaries to this coast in forwildest dreams of cold weather could mer years. On my arrival I found the never imagine anything even as cold as land about us covered with dense junfrost. For this man to have a piece of gle, and knew that I could not live ice suddenly laid on his naked spinal without clearing it away, so that we column was a demonstration he did not might get air and light. It was not soon forget. enough simply to cut it down, but it had to be put under cultivation and While I am writing a dozen men kept clean. Coffee at that time seemed stand peering over my shoulders at the the best thing for us to plant, and the manipulation of the typewriter, asking years since have justified that conclusuch questions as suggest themselves sion. to a man who has never seen such a thing before, and to whom it is a mys- The example, too, has been a good tery as high as heaven. "Did [we] one for our pupils. When they finish make dem ting, or did [we] dig him their course at the mission they get marfrom ground, or did he grow tree 1" ried and go to housekeeping, as all Do you wonder that now and then my Christian people should do. Little mind gets away from the subject, and plantations are springing up all around the fingers wander among the keys in a us, and every year the free pupils of the way that brings to confusion spelling mission are putting out thousands of and all grammatical forms ? young coffee plants. On the road run- ning from the mission lands toward the We have under cultivation, on which interior, one may now walk: ten miles we raise cassava and other vegetables through cleared and cultivated land, common to this country for us~ in the which ten years ago was in primitive mission, about seventy-five acres of forest. The young man now who canland. In addition there are about one not boast his coffee-farm is considered hundred and ten or twenty acres plant- poor and shiftless indeed. These Chrised with sixty thousand coffee-trees, tian homes are becoming light centres which in a few years will have come in the midst of the heathen darkness in into full bearing, and which will con- which many of them are situated. In tinue to bear for fifty years 1£ they are these little communities, among the well cared for. Two weeks ago we first buildings erected is the little thatch sent to the United States six thousand church, which they can and do build pounds of first-class coffce, and in an- themselves without a copper of money other month wi1l be able to send from from home. . More than once I have the last season a crop of sixteen thou- dedicated to God these little twelve by sand pounds more, or in all over twenty twenty churches, and preached the serthousand pounds, worth in the market, mon with more thanksgiving, and took in it more real, h"arty, Christian pride than if I had been in the States dedi- come to us, and by working on the cating the finest marble temple that plantation earn the cloth needed for money could build or skill devise. this extra dress.

Schools and Sabbath-schools, too, are Still one more advantage is this, along kept up in the same way. It is true, the coast in the factories and trading they would hardly pass muster at home, stations there is a great demand for nabut they are doing their work and in a tive clerks, and the temptation to the way that we believe is in line with boys to drift there is very great. As God's own plan. in nine cases out of ten it simply ruins the boy, we discourage everything of The congregation at Muhlenburg, the sort to the best of our ability. If numbering something over a hundred we can get one of them to put an acre members, has for years supported its of land under cultivation, the sense of own native pastor, trained in the mis- ownership at once makes him a better sion, besides taking care of its own man and fixes him to the spot. Sabbath-school, purchasing its books, international lessons, etc. j and yester- Of course there are a great many failday three young men were set apart as ures; it could not be otherwise, and evangelists, the sermon being preached the discouragements are very many inby the writer from the text (Acts 3 : 6), deed j yet, looking back over the twenty "Silver and gold have I none j but years of continuous work, we have reasuch as I have give I thee. In the name son to praisll the Lord and press onof Jesus of Nazareth, rise up and walko" ward.

The children who come to us from We have in this congregation a "the bush" are, of course, taught to Y. p_ S. C. E. of half a hundred memwear clothing, and in a generttl way to bers, who have in their treasury quite live differently from the way they do a snug sum toward sending a missionat home. We have no right to create ary to the interior. To-morrow we bein any human being a want without at gin our normal Bible class, which will the same time teaching him how to continue a month, with two recitations supply that want. When I teach the each day and one hour of devotional boy to wear a shirt, I am in duty bound exercises. The class will number about to show him how to get it, and when fifty members, who will be taught by the girl from the jungles is taught to the writer from the blackboard. They put on and wear a dress, some one must are nearly all able to take notes, and all teach her how to obtain one. come furnished with pencil and paper. When we remember that ten years ago All this makes expeuse, which must the majority of these bright boys and be provided for in some way. The girls were in the jungles running wild, home could not be asked to do it, and and compare their condition then with they ought not to be. When a couple what it is now, we exclaim: "Behold get married and go to housekeeping, what God hath wrought 1" the husband must find some remunerative labor, so as to clothe himself and I intended to have sent you a number wife until his own plantation is old of photographs, which would better tell enough to give him an income. Our the story of the work being done than farm enables us to do that without anything I could write, but when I drawing on the home church. came to print I found I was out of chemicals, so I will have to wait a few Connected with and under the gen- weeks until the new supply orderect" eral training of the mission there are comes to hand. several hundred half-civilized people, men and women, who attend church, I do not know how long I shall rekeep fhe Sabbath, and at least on Sun- main out this time, but not as long as day put on more clothing than is cus- I did the last time. Ten years is too tomary to the native. These people long a time for any man to remain "in this climate with justice to his health, Missionaries cannot complete that to say nothing of the effect on the mind. work; could not if their numbers were I only realized when I again came into multiplied by ten thousand_ Of aU contact with civilization how much I thing8 human in mi8sionary work, the had fallen in arrears. native agency is the most important. If We have besides myself now in the so, the question which should cause us mission one white worker, a splendid the greatest solicitude is the question young man, and hope soon to have an- what kind of native agency we are to other. have.

How to bring forward the best native agency-this is the great, first question.

Self-Help in Mission Sohoo1s. The second is not like unto it, but next BY REV. CHARLES C. TRACY, ANATOLIA to it-namely, how to do this most COLLEGE, MARSOVAN, TURKEY. economically.

Let us examine and see what we It is with some newly evangelized want in native evangelists. pastors, and foreign peoples a pleasing dream that teachers.

the pecuniary assistance, which has The lands wherein missionary opera- been afforded them to some extent in tions are carried on are, in general, order to the inauguration of the evan- lands of poverty. At least the com- gelistic enterprise, will be largely in- panies of evangelical people will be creased and indefinitely continued as the found hard bestead with many burdens work goes on. They think that the upon them, and a great work before dear people who sent the missionaries, them. This being the case, the labor- established the schools, stirred the new ers in this work will have to be ener- hopes will go on helping them gener- getic, efficient, practical, self-denying ously in all respects. This is the dream. men. The sort of native agency we do The hard fact is that every nation, not want is the sort that is helpless and however poor, must learn to stand dependent, or bookish and visionary upon its own legs. The churches, the and given to dignity and broadcloth.

schools now receiving some degree of In all these fields the successful men foreign assistance, must face the cer- will be the men who are not afraid of taintyof being called upon in the near work of any kind-who are deeply in future to do without that assistance. sympathy with the people who earn Weare not planting trees in pots, but their bread by the sweat of the brow- in the soil, where they are expected to and the vast majority of all peoples grow. Nor will they be watered many must be of that class.

years from foreign aqueducts. I say the native evangelical leaders The best way to help a human being must be energetic, practical men, as is to help him to help himself. That well as endued with the Holy Spirit.

is God's way, and should be man's In the mission schools these leaders way. This, our missionary age, needs must be brought forward. Thc educa- a good supply of hard, common sense, tion of a few in Europe or America especially in the prosecution of its edu- may be advisable and profitable, but cational work in missionary fields. the idea of educating abroad the Whole Nothing calls for greater care and wis- or the main part of the force of evan- dom than the education of young peo- gelical laborers is quite as childish as ple in our missionary schools. It is that of doing the whole work by mis- lamentable if they are trained to depen- sionaries alone. To the mission schools dence. Train them we must to a cer- we must look for the supply of thesl!

tain extent. It is the ABC of missions practical, industrious, and independent that in the main a country must be men and women. The Belf-help system evangelized by natives of the country. tends to develop 8uoh men. It is now time to define self-help in and:will not interfere with the efficient mission schools. It is well first to make prosecution of study. The avails of clear what the system is not. It is not their labor go to the support of the a system whose object is to teach trades. Self-help Department. It is not manual training, except incidentally. It has not, for its chief end, What are the benefits of this system the introduction of improvements or in mission schools, as compared with the advancement of ci vilization, though systems which make needy students it does efficiently help in this respect. entirely or mainly beneficiaries ? It has not for its object the gaining of money, for it cannot in ordinary cases 1. The moral benefits as the .highest be made to pay all expenses, even in importance. Labor is, no doubt, though it can be made decided(y eco- self·denial for most, and so a good disnomical, doing away with much ex- cipline. Carrying this lighter cross in pense ordinarily incurred, in direct and youth prepares one cheerfully to lift indirect ways, in the support of bene- the heavier crosses iii after life. Espe· ficiaries. The object of self-help in mziJ· cially is it useful if there be a natural sion sclwols is to develop manhood and test tendency to indolence. Also the habit character while educating t1te student. of continuous, systematic labor develop.s It intends to make him not less, but patience, perseverance, and other qualimore self-reliant and versatile and ties, all important for a Christian labor· hardy for toil on the completion of his er. Caring for one's self develops selfcourse of study in school or college reliance and independence, while, at the than he was at its beginning, and so same time, it tends to the growth of more fit to be a successful Christian la- sympathy with those whose lives are borer among his own people. lives of labor. Who so utterly heedless of others as the one who has always n experience, the world over, teaches been ministered unto f The avoidance of bodily toil by students, on which anything, it teaches that the successful they so felicitate themselves, is a curse men are the men who work their way up, to them. It is surprising how little nonot those who are lifted and carried. tice, comparatively, is taken of the fact Even kings and emperors recognize that our Lord and perfect Example this, and put their sons in the ranks to toiled at the carpenter's bench till He be drilled as soldiers preparatory to was thirty years old. His greatest aposputting them in command of armies. tle labored at weaving tent·cloth while The wise merchant educates his son pursuing his studies under Gamaliel from the bottom of the business before and while he preached the Gospel in putting him at the top. No man is fit Asia and in Europe. Most of the disto be a leader of the people who has not ciples of Christ and the disciples of trodden the paths of the people, tasted their disciples were laboring people. the labors of common folks, known It would be well if all Christian lead· something of their burdens and sweat. ers could have et some time in early The people are laborers, and sweat is life the taste of bodily toil to give them the rule. livelier sympathy with the toiling, sweating human race. The moral bene· The self-help system, as it is begin- fits of all the college athletics and all ning to be conducted, is essentially this : the Olympian games revived or invent· Shops or places of labor are provided ed bear no comparison with those of wherein students with small means are sturdy productive labor with the hands. employeu a certain definite portion of each day, and during vacant days, reo There is another moral advantage ceiving pay, and thereby supplement. connected with systematic labor. There ing the expense of their education. So seems to be, as yet, almost no appreci. much time is allowed for labor as will ation of the extent to which bodily lazifavor health and physical development, ness breeds vice, and bodily labor prevents it. Genteel exercise, as fencing, to endure. Such a one will not stand boxing, riding, hunting, do no good in it; some day he will be seen packing that direction. All the sports of prince- up his bundle to leave. Good rid- ly houses, even those involving Spartan dance I The young man of ordinary hardihood, have proved unavailing as health, in any country, who is not will· preventions of vice. Laboring peas- ing to labor with his hands two hours ants, with far less incentives to decency, a day to educate himself is not worth have got on better. There is such a educating at all. There are weak mis- thing as sweating out sin by sweating sionaries who write letters home and out the physical conditions that lead to get their friends to support such per- it. sons in school. Everyone of this class 2. The effect of systematic labor is becomes a nuisance afterward.

good on the mind as well as the body. 4. The advantage as regarcis economy.

It acts through the body, favoring good The self-help system would be truly digestion, developing the muscles, pro- economical, even if it cost more, instead ducing good circulation, a better action of less money. The men who have of the skin and lungs, banishes head- been taught the worth of money by aches and vapors, and puts the student earning it are more careful in the use in a good frame for study. It is un- of it afterward. When they come to speakably better than strolling or loiter- establishing schools, building churches, ing, swinging canes and telling stories, or carrying on any Christian work, they which in colleges generally passes for do it in a more practical way and with exercise. As for baseball, supposed to less outlay. The man who has always be such splendid exercise, it may be had his bills paid for him is always good for the nine who play, but wpat coming for more. His salary is always advantage to the nine hundred who insufficient; his congregation cannot look on, smoking, sitting on benches or support him; every enterprise he un- fences, making no other exertion than dertakes costs double what he expected.

that of an occasional hurrah? He is not practical; his hands are soft, 3. The self·help system affords an ad- his tissues flabby, his spirit indolent.

ditional and excellent test of character. He fails and enters some other occupa- Of all the gifts mentioned by Paul, one tion or seeks a better country. There of the most necessary for a missionary is a painful amount of history in these is the gift of discerning spirits. It is brief words, as every experienced mis- one which few of us possess in any re- sionary knows.

markable degree, and is usually most But there is a more direct economy deficient in those who think themselves in self-help. Instead of a chaotic edu- most acute in the exercise of it. A cation soeiety without system, with a young man wants education. He comes little help from boards for indigent stu- to the missionary; he proposes to be a dents, a little help from missionaries preacher. Oh, yes, he is willing to suf- and their private friends for special fer all things for Christ's sake! He is cases, let there be at the educational ready to die for Him. Very well. Let centre a well·organized industrial sys- us see whether he is willing to sweat tem, as indicated above, furnishing such for Him. I have less and less confi- work as is most productive. Let all be dence in the talk tests of character; I on a humble and inexpensive scale.

want to see the work test applied-the The avails of the students' labor will, sweat test. Humble, persevering labor, in large part, cover the expenses of the with no applause and no reward but department, though not wholly-the the privilege of preparing for a manly deficit being by no means equal in and useful career, is too severe a test amount to that which would otherwise for the conceited self-seeker, the impa- have been spent in unsystematized di· tient zealot, or the would-be gentleman rect aid-aid often given to the detri·

January

ment of the student, and accompanied proval not of the Board, but of the Gen- with the loss of the priceless advantages eral Committee, and their missionaries abroad being snbject to " appointment" of self.help. A little capital is required at the outset, good management al· by the bishop presiding at the confer· ence on the field, though in actual ad- ways, and then the self·help system, ministration he rarely, if ever, exercises already in successful operation at some his prerogative other t1.lan in a confirm- atory way. There is also a "Bishop points, will become an incalculable William Taylor Building and Transit blessing in our mission fields. The Fund Society," which reports to the grace of God first, wise methods next. General Committee. The great and controlling authol'ity The operation of the former is hindered under the General Conference and in by the lack of the latter. It is God's the interim of its sessions is the Gen· way to lwlp man to help ltimselj'. eral Missionary Committee. This meets annually. It is composed of the eigh- teen bishops, two of whom are diocesan missionary bishops-Taylor in Africa, Methodist Episcopal Missions. Thoburn in India; four secretaries; two treasurers; fourteen representa· This REVIEW is undenominational in tives, elected by the General Conferthe sense that it presents independent ence for the fourteen Episcopal dissocieties and work on the mission field; tricts into which the whole Churc1.l is but it is pan·denominational in that it gronped ; and fourteen representatives proposes to treat the work of all de· of the Board of Managers, elected by nominational missions. The Editorial themselves from their own number.

Department last month presented some Sixteen of the eighteen bishops travel statements about the annual meeting of through the Church at home and abroad the American Board. We propose to by a system of rotation arranged semi.

make similar mention of the meeting of annually by themselves, and are hence the General Missionary Committee of familiar by practical administration and the Methodist Episcopal Church, held inspection with every part of the work.

in Brooklyn in November last. In this committee they have no episco- The entire missionary authorities of pal authority, speaking and voting only the Methodist Episcopal Missionary as others.

" Society" are the creation of the Gen· It is the business of this General eral Conference in its quadrennial ses· Committee to determine what fields sion, which modifies its constitution shall be occupied by a majority vote, :md appoints all its officers; thus in a and by the same process to say how large sense it is no " society" at all, but the money shall be appropriated in de· the "Church as such;" conducting tail. There is no possible portion of missionary operations. The Board of the field at home and abroad detailed Managers is little more than a commit· information of which cannot be fur· tee, attending to important details and nished by some one present who has emergent occurrences, and acting for been in constant touch with it, or who the corporation in civil proceedings and has very recently personally inspected appointing some lay missionaries. It, it.

however, disburses all moneys of a con· As the moneys voted are on the basis tin~ent and incidental character within of probable prospective income for the limlted amounts. It receives through following year, the first crucial busi- the secretaries from the foreign fields ness is the determination of the aggre- the estimates of the moneys needed gate amount, not to be .exceeded in the from the several fields, and from these total appropriations. It is not unusual makes a budget which it recommends to spend from six to twelve hours in to the General Committee, which meets deliberation and discussion of this ques- annually and votes supplies in detail tion, the debate covering the financial for the several fields. Neither the Board conditions of the country as well as in- nor the Committee appoint the clerical ternal factors of the Church. A body missionaries, that being done by the so constructed with checks and bal- bishops in charge of the fields respec· ances (not bank checks and balances) tively. The Woman's Foreign Mis- cannot fail of being at once progressive sionary Society and the Woman's Home and conservative. Missionary Society have each their in- One important item on which judgdependent treasury, and select their ment is based is the income for the pre· own missionaries and direct their own ceding ten years. At the Brooklyn affairs on the fields, their" appropria· meeting in November, 1894, the follow· tioIls" being Jlominally subject to ap· ing showing was made;

INTERNATIONAT, DEPARTMEN'l'

YEARS, Collections IJegacies. Lap.ed Sundry Totals, Increase or from Annuities. Sources. Decrease.

Churches.

—- —- ——— —- —- —– 1885, ……. $694,034,95 $101,901.83 ………… $30,891.58 $826,828.36 $95,702,50 1836 . . . . . . . . 836,592.37 133,958.21 …………………… 21,577.89 992,128.47 165,300.11 1887 . . . . . . . . 932,208.91 35,843.78 76,74322 1,044,795.91 52,667.44 1888…….. 935,121 38 41,983.67 "$20;800:00 23,476.19 1,000,581.24 44,214.67" 1889 …….. 1,014,082.09 71,325.25 23.930.46 1,130,137.80 129,556.56 1890…….. 1,051,642.04 58,881.26 4,000.00 20,948.52 1,135,271.82 5,134.02 1891 …….. 1,Q78,541.81 117,515.44 16,395.05 16,435.74 1,2'28,888.04 93,616.22 1892…….. 1,119,896.36 122,678.46 1,500.00 13,298.10 1.257,372.92 28,484.88 1893…….. 1,109,457·65 72,436.37 2,000.00 12,714.75 1,196,608.77 60,764.15* 35,107.28 2,000.00 12,513.62 1,137,807.86 58,800.91· – – – – – – – – – – – _ . – – – – – – – – – 1894…….. 1,088,186.96 —– —- $46,695.05 $252,530.07 $10,950,421.19 ………… Total …. $9,859,764.52 $791,431.55 NOTE .-A star (*J after amounts in the last colnmn indicates a decrease.

Even within this discrimination is eiety,'is estimated at $3,500,000. The made, the receipts from collections by missionary agents on the field sent from the churches being the most reliable America number 581, and the native test; that of bequests being a fluctu- agents, 4823. ating item, the annual average of $80,- 000 for the ten years may be tak.en as Nothing was more striking in the sesthe guide. This committee has no re- sions of this Committee than the ignorlation to the Woman's Foreign and ing of the war conditions in Eastern Home Boards other than to approve Asia. This is accounted for by several their appropriations. The income of facts. 1. They believed that the ultithese societies, however, affords some mate result of the war would be enother data for judgment. Adding larged opportunities and responsibili- $311,925, raised by the Woman's For- ties. 2. During the Franco-Chinese eign Missionary Society, and $125,000, war in Tonquin gracious revivals ocby the Woman's Home Missionary So- curred in many parts of China, emi- nently in Shantung; and so now an ciety and the "Taylor" Societis in- unprecedented revival goes on in the come, the aggregate missionary IUcome Methodist Missions in Hinghwa, Fooof the Church, exelusive of local soci- chow, and Rev. Mr. Brewster will probeties, amounts to very nearly two mill- ably receive 2000 converts from the ions of dollars. Of this about a mill- heathen this year. Besides, except the ion, two hundred thousand is for" for- interruption at Peking, the missionary eign" missions, located in Liberia, work is not affected by the war. 'fhe Congo, and Angola, Africa; Argen- dominant thought was that as no tina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Peru, change of dynasty would convert the Chili, Bolivia, and Ecuador, South people, the duty still is ours to give America; distributed in fonr extended them the Gospel, whatever their govmission plants, Foochow, North, Cen- ernment or whoever rules. tral, and West China; Germany; Switzerland; Norway; Sweden; Den- This missionary committee has no mark; Finland, and St. Petersburg; secret or executIve sessions; it disfive conferences extending over India cusses the merits of its missionaries; from the Punjab to Bombay and Ben- its own blunders; failures on the fields; gal; Malaysia; Bulgaria; Italy; Mex- discouraging or encouraging concurico; Japan; Korea. rent facts; and gives away its own plots, plans, schemes, or wllat not to The domestic missions embrace the any of the public who choose to atmissions among North American Ind- tend, and to the tender mercies of the reekless sensational reporter of the secuians, Freedmen, and all the foreign' lar press. Sherman said of Grant that speaking populations, Mormons, and he was never afraid of an enemy he others. could not see, and this Committee seems willing that the enemy shall The foreign fields enroll 120,000 com- know exactly where it is to be seen. munie'l.nts and 80,000 adherents, and Its prudence is that it" fears God and have an average attendance on Sabbath nothing else." services of 100,000. Over 200,000 pu- An illustration of this open canvass pils are receiving instruction in the sev- was this year given in an able and brilleral schools; 263,000,000 pages of liter. iant discussion by masters in debate on ature were issued from mission presses both sides, fortified with well.digested on these foreign fields last year; the real estate, school buildings of the soinformation in the consideration of the religious habits and customs of the peoquestion whether this society should ple. The results of his observations are continue to occupy Bulgaria. Even some of the bishops opposed continu- tabulated under the following heads: ance, others argued for more aggressive "1. Filial piety, which in the case of work. Bishop Newman. with brilliant the Chinese extends to the point of oratory, calculated to overbalance calmest judgment in a less expert body, being obliged to leave descendants, if plead for advance movement. " No only as a compliment to their ancestors.

spot on carth," he said, "has been so "2. The dishonor of dying without swept with the besom of destruction as posterity. little Bulgaria. It is a great prize. Bulgaria has been robbed of her woman- "3. The.importance attached to mar· hood, and where could we expect suc- riage.

cess for the Christian Church under "4. The frequent adoption of heirs. such circumstances I The harems of "5. The disinheritance of daughters. the Turks have been tilled with Bulgarian women." Bishop Fitzgerald "6. The marriage of soldiers. said they already occupied the leading "7. The abundance of matters of cities of Bulgaria, had well-built primary necessity and their cheapness.

churches in these centres, with an aver- "8. The frugal life of the people. age of fifty members in each church_ "9. The peace of the empire. Bishop Vincent said in many places "10. The absence of political pre-octhey stood face to face with the Roman Catholic Church; in Bulgaria alone cupation.

they confronted the Greek Church; "Some of the observations and exthe Woman's Society was doing a great work among the homes of the land, and planations under these headings are .. Wherever men live and love, and novel, yet all are founded on practical have families and consciences," they knowledge of the condition of the peoought to carry the Gospel. ple." Other great pivotal questions consid- ered in the more than fifty hOUl'S of these public deliberations must be un- There are 7000 Japanese on the Pamentioned from lack of space. J_ T. G. cific coast. One seventh of them are communicants in the Methodist Episco- Weare pleased to learn that the pal Church.

American Board has had $17.500 dam- ages awarded from Spain on account of Book Mention. their loss of property and other injuries inflicted on it at Ponape by the Spanish "The Student Missionary Enter- authorities. The Board, it is stated, is prise" (Revell Company, New York and now permitted to resume its work on Chicago) contains the addresses and disthose islands. It 13 a grievous damage, cussions of the second International however, that no money indemnity can Convention of the Student Volunteer compensate, that their work has suf- Movement for Foreign Missions, De- fered. We are glad, however, that the troit, Mich., 1894, edited by Max: Wood Department of State took the matter up, Moorehead. The student delegates presand though they did not act vigorously ent numbered 1082, from 294 instituat first, yet have pressed the matter to tions of learning in the United States a successful and righteous issue. and Canada, from Manitoba to Texa8, from California to Nova Scotia; 63 for- eign missionaries from many parts of The Indian Witne88 says: the world were also present; and 54 l< A Chinese scholar and statesman, official representati ves of mission boards.

who has given much attention to inves- It could not be otherwise but that this tigation of the causes of the fecundity should contain great store of informa- and steady growth in popUlation of the tion and bc a magazine of inspiration in Chinese, finds them in the social and missionary matters. IV.-EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT.

Prospectus for 1895. glory who has left us His world-wide The new year invites to new ad- commission.

vance; and in this REVIEW we pro- The following letter from Seoul, pose to follow the Divine law: forget. Korea, dated October 3d, 1894, was not ting what is behind, pressing forward designed for pUblication, but we think and reaching forth to that which is be· it ought to be printed. It conveys fore. The new feature of illustration, both encouragement and a most wholenotwithetanding the additional trouble some lesson. Who will go and do likeand expense, we hope to use to make wise? impressions the more vivid and per- manent. The chromo.lithograph fron- DEAR MR. PIERSON: While a student tispiece, which is found in this issue, at Union Theological Seminary I en- representing the Indian idol, Ganesha, joyed the opportunity of subscribing is a valuable addition to any collection for THE MISSIONARY REVIEW at the re- of missionary curios, and can be ob- duced rate offered to student volun- tained of the publishers in a separate teers. I found in it a most valuable form, accompanied by explanatory let· companion to the Bible in my search ter-press, so that it may be used in for spiritual food. I was "brought women'a and children's missionary up"-missionarily-on the REVIEW, re- bands to stimulate intelligent interest ceiving much-needed stimulus from its in world-wide spread of that Gospel, pages. Moreover, the mails conveyed which can displace dumb idols by a my REVIEW, fully marked, to my pres- living Christ. ent companion in labors, and I feel sure The editorial staff continues as be- that it won its way into her family, fore, and the staff of editorial corre- and prepared the way for her departure spondents is filled out, where vacan- to this field as nothing else did, God's cies have occurred. by the best avail- Word and grace excepted.

able men. Extensive correspondence The Lord has so blessed the REVIEW with various mission boards has given to us that we want to repay Him by us names of parties most competent to helping to supply it cheaply to some discuss the great questions of missions, other laborers, w~om it may help send and to give broad and accurate views forth to the harvest. So you will find of the progress of the kingdom. We an order for ten dollar8 enclosed for shall spare no pains, and we appeal to that fund.

our readers to regard themselves our With our wishes and prayers for the helpers in a common cause. best success of the work you have un- It seems now possible that the edi- dertaken, tor-in·chief may make a partial tour, if I remain yours sincerely, not a more complete one, of the mis- FREDERICK S. MILLER.

sions of the world in the course of the The editor would add that, at the year. If the way shall be providen- very time of the arrival of this dona· tially opened, this purpose of many tion, he was arranging to supply the years will be carried out; and, if 80, REVIEW to a band of fifty needy stuletters direct from the field, accompa- dent volunteers, and this ten dollars nied with new illustrations gathered or was at once applied to the supplying made for the purpose, will appear in of these dear brethren with this or· these pages. gan of missionary information. Our Volunteer Fund is still in arrears sev- We invoke help from above in a eral hundred dollars, which we had most laborious work, done only for His hoped some benevolent friends of mis- confessed that they were strangers and sions would have helped us to make pilgrims on the carth, who believed the up. We repeat that for every ten dol- promises of God, and who, by their lars contributed to this fund we have faith, 'subdued kingdoms, wrought had reason to believe that one new can- righteousness, obtained promises, and didate has been turned to the distant fields. Mrs. Catharine H. Bowie gen- stopped the mouths of lions;' and to erously encloses jifty dollars to be ap- the verses written long ago they bid plied to the Student Volunteer Fund for us add another, and it reads: 'By faith, free distribution of thc REVIEW. The a servant of God, William Booth, acpublishers and editors thank her; so counting that God was able to cast will the students. May we not again appeal for help in the same direction? down the walls of modern Jericho, and deliver the poor and wretched and sin- Dr. Sylvester Scovel, who is to pre- stricken, offered up his life and forpare a sketch of Dr. Ao P. Happer for tune, enduring as seeing Him who is February, writes that "the last book in visibleo' the veteran missionary was reading before bis death was the editor's latest " The Church at Philadelphia catches contribution to the literature of mis- up the echo from the valleys of Switsions, 'The New Acts of tbe Apostles,' zerland, and the hills of Scotland, and and that his paper-knife rested on the the plains of France, and the sunny chapter on wonderful answers to prayer." slopes of Italy, and from all the lands where God's poor abide, and salutes you The Salvation Army had a grand and with unfeigned affection and joy. We very enthusiastic meeting. for tbe reception of "General" Booth, the foun- make you welcome, .seventy million der and leader of this great modern en- times welcome, to this country, the terprise, at Philadelphia, on Friday paradise of the honest poor of every night, November 2d, 1894. This was clime, and to this city, the City of but one of a series of these receptions, Brotherly Love. Mayor and citIzen, planned from New York City to San church and college, minister and lay- Francisco. The meeting at the Academy of Music may be taken as a type man, irrespective of sect, color, or naof all. Tbe edifiee was crowded to its tionality, give you a welcome so corutmost capacity, and the enthusiasm dial that it will not only be spoken, but was" immense." Hon. John Wana- shine from every face and home, from maker presided, and his speech was a fine specimen both of oratory and of de- the broad Atlantic to the serene Pacific. served tribute. He said: "No man since Spurgeon's death "The General does not come to could, by a visit, have excited so deep America as an unknown man. Above an interest as yourself, and in many rethe sound of waters that roll between our shores and the Old World I hear spects your unique position as a Christhe voices of a great multitude sweep- tian leader and philanthropist will be ing down, from Britain to the distant hailed with more enthusiasm than Adriatic, joining in one mighty chorus of loving commendation of this apostle could be accorded to any other living of the poor, beloved and honored of God throughout the wide world this man. preacher of a pure GospeL "We give thanks to God that you " We read in the eleventh of He- didn't die too soon, when your great brews the story of the Gospel knights, ideas were undeveloped and misunderof Enoch and Noah and Abraham, and the men that received promises and stood. We rejoice that every church in these days crowns you with wisdom of conception, sincerity of purpose, sacrificing endeavor, common sense in dealing with men and consecration to the Son of Mary and the Christ of God. We rejoice that your coming is not to take away from any man's vineyards, nor to steal other men's labors, but to create out of the rubbish of the cities a new temple to the glory of God; to put more of man into men, und more of Christ into the life, to improve the soul quality, and kindle the fires of a king. dom of heaven patriotism, to brighten and upbuild the world.

" We bid you God speed in yoUl"

work. You are the only General from a foreign shore to whom Americans will surrender, but you shall have our hearts and help, if the poor and fallen can be lifted up to see the face and hear the will of God. "We pray God that this great land It is becoming a serious question to which you Callie may receive a new whether we shall stand on our dignity impulse, a mighty power, through your and so-called respectability, and avoid visit, and that the Salvation Army may identification with men whose work from this time move forward more God is honoring, because we do not apmightily, a conquering host for the prove aU their utterances and doings, glory, not of the banners or the uni· or whether we shall overlook some forms, or of the stars you wear, but things which we cannot approve, and notwithstanding them, give the right for the glory of Him whom we love hand of fellowship to those to whom and whom we are striving to serve. manifestly God has given His grace (Gal. 2: 9). " You who join me in these few feeble words of greeting; you who are The Pietists of Germany began in willing to stand by this godly man, Philip Jacob Spener, in the latter half who in his later years, when many men of the seventeenth century. The cenwould step aside and say, 'I have done tral principle of Pietism was that Ohrismy work;' this man who is not willing tianity was the first of aU life, and that to be mustered out until the last mo- its true apologetics is found in the religmenL of life; this man who makes this ious experience and life of believers. long joumey, and, like Paul, will go It aimed at a reformation; it was a reas a missionary all over our country, bound from ritualism, symbolism, theoyou who will encourage him with your logical hair-splitting, and sceptical prayers, yonr kindl)" words, your sym- philosophy toward simple primitive pathy, your money, I beg you to stand up, and say so by your standing." (The entire audience having risen,. Mr. Wanamaker again turned to the General, bowed, and said, " These are your friends, General Booth. ") There is no disguising the fact that piety. With one voice the theology of the leader of the Salvation Army is the Lutheran schools exclaimed against making a triumphal progress through this new "sect," which was every~ this whole land; and one aspect of it where spoken against. The theologi- is both significant and peculiar: he has cal faculty of Wittenberg detected and compelled recognition and conquered designated in the writings of Spener more than a peace, a victory, even from three hundred false doctrines; but the his former opponents. For fifteen years movement was of God, and Spener he was persecuted, derided, treated shook the authority of the Lutheran with contempt and scorn; pelted with symbols as Luther had shaken the papal the mud clods of aspersion and misrep- throne with his tack hammer more than resentation. He went straight on in a century before him. The prayer- his effort to secure a resurrection of the meetings were his collegia pietatis-the unjust this side of the Day of Judg- college of piety-and the conventicles ment, when such a resurrection means in which he gathered the awakened restoration to manhood and to God. souls about him proved ecclesioll13 in ec- While apathy and lethargy abounded clesia, little churches within the Ohnrch.

even in the nominal churches of Christ, for the nurture of a piety whose breath while professors of religion treated the and bread was the Word of God and lowest of the lost with indifference, or prayer. And by these simple means at best talked of what ought to be done, the Pietists unconsciously created a this man simply went and did it. Deaf new, a popular, a biblical theology to the voice of mocking laughter, dead which has since found its way not only to the world's applause, amid prevail- into theological literature, but into the- ing hostility, as weU as lack of sympa- ological schools and chairs. Essentially thy, he had enough of the spirit of the Pietists and Moravians are at agree- Ohrist to identify himself with the least ment. Their theology centres in the and lowest of the Lord's poor and the cleansing blood of Ohrist, and finds its devU's outcasts; and now he has his objective point in awakening a true reward in the very approbation of those piety and developing a true evangel- Who at first ridiculed him, ism. This so-called "sect," derided and valuable as a sort of encyclopredia of denounced, not only survives, but the the subject it treats. It traces the greatest impulse given to missions since work of the Lutheran Church at home apostolic days can be traced to this and abroad from the Reformation down 8ource. Not only Spener, but Francke, to our time. of Halle, and through them such men as Ziegenbalg, Von Zinzendorf, Queen Victoria and the Prince of Schwartz, and a host beside have been Wales have each accepted a copy of given to the missions of the world; .. Memories of Gospel Triumphs among and those who have read the charming the Jews," the jubilee volume of the life of Christlieb will know how he also British Society for the Propagation of owed his apostolic character largely to the Gospel among the Jews, written the Pietist school. and prepared by the Secretary. the Rev. John Dunlop. The grand question which will not be easily dismissed recurs, Shall we A correspondent writes to suggest withhold fellowship from men on whom " world-wide prayer for the fulfilment the grace of God manifestly rests, who of the promise in Isa. 43 : 19 for Cenare Holy Ghost men, becanse we do tral &udan. Being much interested not adopt all their peculiar notions or in the recent article in THE MISSIONpractices? or shall we set aside minor ARY REVIEW in regard to this section, differences and join hands with men I feel moved to suggest that we ask whom the King delighteth to honor' God to make a way in that wilderness For ourselves the choice has been long by which the field may be reached, and ago made. We purpose with God's rivers of the Spirit's light and power help to share the ridicule and contumely in those veritable deserts. visited on modern "Pietists," and cooperate with those whom God works "Recognizing the dispensational apwith and owns, General Booth and A. 'plication of this Scripture, may we not B. Simpson among them. still claim 'it as a special missionary promise for this special field in this Among helpful books recently issued, day, when in the face of so much of we make particular mention of " South failure so many are seriously thinking America" and the "Neglected Conti- of this land. If it is of God, the Spirit nent," by E. C. Millard and Lucy E. will give a • symphony of prayer.' Guinness, published by F. H. Revell & Co. Within one hundred and eighty "G. L. K." pages it gathers a world of information, presented in a most attractive, impres- Mr. C. A. Studd writes from Tientsin, sive way. It has not only illustrations, China: but charts and maps, most happily devised and executed to impress vividly .. The officials in China seem to be the facts presented. Every lover of getting more opposed than ever to the the kingdom must have this book, the preaching or preachers of the Gospel. only one thus far published comprehen- The last mail brought news of a persesively treating South America's spiritual cution originated by the officials in Manneeds and wants. churia. and also of a remarkable ap- parent Gospel success among the peo- Rev. J. N. Leuker, of Grand Island, ple near Singan, the capital of Shensi Neb., has issued "Lutherans in all province, where two hundred and forty Lands," by a company of the same villages are said to have received the name in Milwaukee. This compact Gospel, with the result that seven manvolume of nearly nine hundred pages darin officials are going about everymust have cost great labor, and is in- where threatening the people. Only a few weeks ago here the magistrate made a most direct and unprovoked attack on us here, and a public one; and what made it worse was the fact that at the very time when he did so I was, at his own special request, doing what I could for a poor slave girl in his own yamen, working inland from Sierra Leone. 3. who had the most awful leg I havo ever The Soudan Interior MisSion, working seen-gangrene. My wife and I were from Lagos. going every aay to wash aud dress it ; In your columns the first mission and and you cannot imagine the stench, the third have been jumbled up towhich nothing could keep under; and gether. The two young men were in likewise my wife gavo his wife, at her connection with the former. I am one request, some medicine for her eyes, of them. Both had been in North Afwhich made her well. It did Beem rica. and were acquainted with the rather a back-hander when we found Arabic and Hausa languages, and could out that he had playod UB this trick. not be in any way considered inexperi- However, we had our revenge in rather enced, though we admit our experience a satisfactory way; for when, Bome was not of West Africa. The route via days afterward, he Bent us a present Niger River is only closed to missionafor our trouble, we returned it to him ries by the intolerant rule of the char- tered company-namely, the Royal with thanks. " The opium commission does Beem to Niger Company, who have signed be a rum affair; why, from what Bome treaties with the Mohammedans of the people say, we should all be smoking Soudau, sayin~ that they will give no opium, and should be stronger for doing facilities to mIssionaries trying to enter so; what is rather grieving is to think for work among the Mohammedans; of the enormous number of poor people this is evidenced by the fact that, who are kept out of the ChristIan though the company refused us pas- Church because they are doing Buch a sages up river in their steamers, they good thing as smoking opium. How- would even have helped to support us ever, if the pro-opiumists win the day, if we would have bound ourselves to it will be nothing more than a logical confine our efforts to the pagans on the consequence t.hat all the restrictions on lower Niger. We were not short of the selling of opium in England be re- funds; certainly we had not the supmoved, for why restrict the buying and ply of medicines we ought to have had, selling of a really good article, which, but, then, during our stay at the coast, they say, prolongs life, gives strength, we were within easy reach of a good protects from malaria, and what not I" doctor, whose services were, however, of no avail when my co-worker was taken with black-water fever. My com- In the eighty pages of this monthly panion died May 20th, 1893, and I re- turned to England partly on account of issue, perpetual vigilance is exercised to my health and to prepare for another keep out errors, yet they will creep in, attempt to enter from a different point. On arriving in England I became acespecially in figures, and we thank our quainted with the three young men friends for any corrections. who now form the Soudan Interior Mis- Apropos of this matter, we gi ve Mr. sion, and informed them that I should Thomas Holt, one of the Soudanese try the route 'Ilia La&"os on going out again. They landed In Lagos in Demissionaries, his chance to explain a cember last; I and two companions statement made by us on the hi,qhest arrived on May 30th. The wet season authority in the July number; and that kept us in Lagos until July 20th; but no lack of fairness may be found in we are now fairl;rstarted on our way to the Soudan. We are only waiting these pages, we print Mr. Holt's letter: here until we can engage fresh carriers; we are striking for Bida, where we hope THE CENTRAL SOUDAN MISSION, to get carriers to take us as far as LAGOS PIONEER SEOTION, Yakoba, twenty-nine days' journey OGBOMOSO, WEST CENTRAL AFRIOA, from where we are at present. Weare August 7, 1894. well supplied with provisions, medi- Rev. James Douglas : cines, barter cloth, and everything we need for the journey. We had no sick- REVEREND SIR: Reading~ the MIS- ness in Lagos, and have had none on the road, only that I had a slight touch SIONARY REVIEW OF THill WORLD for of dsyentery after passing Awyaw July, I see, in the editor's remarks, (Oyo). some very erroneous and misleading statements regarding the Central Sou- I have not the slightest doubt about dan Mission. Three missions are at the possibility of entering the Soudan present trying to enter the Soudan: 1. by this route. I believe it is open. The above mission from the north, The only difficulty is the expensiveness where we have three stations. and from the west. 2, The Alliance of U. S. A'I of it, and the dangerous climate. Any information regarding our work can al- At the latest. report all the Christians ways be had from our secretary. in Pyeng Yang were safe, and Mr. Moffett's house was occupied by two THOMAS HOLT. Japanese soldiers who are Christians, and every day offer prayer for the bless· Mr. F. D. Phinney, of Burma, sends ing of God on Korea. Messrs. Moffett the names of three Bible translations, and Lee, and Dr. Hall, of the Methodist to be added to the list on pages 745, Episcopal Mission, had started back to 746 of the October REVIEW, and points Pyeng Yang on the first opportunity. out two corrections to be made in the list of New Testaments on page 747. From Pyeng Yang, Korea, Samuel A. Moffett writes: "A physician and The additional Bibles are: Sgaw Ka- a hospital are greatly needed for the ren, Burma; Pwo Karen, Burma; Shan, new station of the Presbyterian Church Burma [also New Testament in Garo (Assam) and Mondai (Central India)]. at Pyeng Yang. At present there is but one minister there, and a minister The corrections are: Remove" 74. Pegu, Provo of Pegu, Indo-China," and his wife under appointment. This from the list, since it refers to the same is the only station among 2,000,000 translation, more accurately described, as "92. Taleing, Burma." Remove people." also" 84. Shan, Indo-China," since it was some years ago made a complete M. Reubens Saillens writes from Paris, Bible, as noted above. October 12th: The following item as to brightening "On October 9th Pastor Marc Fraissiconditious in Korea reaches us too late to incorporate with the world outlook, net took leave from the French churches. in its proper place : as he is about to Bail for Tonkin, where he goes as the first Protestant French The Korean Government has request- miuister of the Gospel. There are many ed Dr. Avison, of the Presbyterian Mis- French Protestant soldiers and officials sion in Seoul, to resume charge of the in Tonkin, and our brother will also, no Government hospital in that city on doubt, try to do something among thc most favorable terms, and he has con- natives. His farewell meeting took sented to do so. Dr. Avison was for- place at the Temple du Saint·Esprit, merly in charge of this hospital, and Paris. It was a very touching occasion. was cordially supported by the king; but the obstructions put in his way by "The annexation of Madagascar is subordinate Korean officials compelled violently advocated by the Roman him to resign his position. The tide of Catholic press, and the French Protes- Japanese victories has, however, se- tants are denounced as anti-patriots, cured for Dr. Avisona new and stronger because they are supposed to feel some backing from the Government in power. sympathy for the English missionaries in that island. The Eglise Libre, a When the armies of China and Japan Protestant p€riodical, has very courgathered around Pyeng Yang, Korea, ageously stood on behalf of the rights the handful of Korean Christians in the of the natives. Nevertheless, it is prob· city met together, and after prayer able that the occupation of that large earnestly requested Rev. Mr. Moffett, country will be effected, as our politi- Presbyterian missionary, to linger no cians are almost unanimous in the matlonger to secure their protection against ter." government persecution, but to withdraw to a place of safety for himself, The massacres in Armenia again trusting their own case in the hands of startle the civilized world, like similar God. Thus urged, and acting upon telegraphic ad vice from the capital, he re- atrocities in Bulgaria some years since. moved to Seoul. Because some Christian subjects of the Sultan unwisely resisted the collection of taxes, multitudes, without distinction of agc or sex, have, by order of a Turk- ish pasha, been brutally murdered. England has promptly taken steps to verify the accounts and make her pro- test against such atrocious barbarity. Rev. William Gibson, of the Paris But long will his candle shine in the Wesleyan Mission, who died in October city where he so long lived. last, was one of the leaders of evangeli- cal thought and work in France who During the same month (October) , deserves to stand side by side with William Moon, M.D., passed away at Robert W. McAn in history. This de- Brighton, England, in his seventy-fifth voted Methodist, converted in a revival, year. carried the spirit of revival into his whole career. From Woodhouse Grove School The memorable point in his career to Wesley College, and from the college was reached when, fifty years since. to the parish and the wider sphere of God entrusted him with" tlw talent of missions, he bore the coals of sacred fire blindne88," as he learned to think of it and set others afiame. He began to and term it. Little did he know When preach in 1852, and after serving as as- he was mysteriously led into the dark- sistant to Rev. John Farrar, he was ness in 1840 by the loss of his sight, in sent to Paris in 1862, and spent ten consequence of scarlet fever, what a years there. After six years more in Divine purpose lay behind the afflic- London he returned to Paris in 1878, tion! Some ladies taught him to read and gave the remnant of his pure and from Frere's type. After mastering beautiful life to the work of French this and other systems, he taught a class evangelization, which he followed con of blind stUdents, and so there came the amore. He was one of those seers of Blind Asylum of Brighton. Next, feel- God who have insight into popular ing the need of a simpler method, he needs and Divine plans, and with sin- himself invented the Moon type, which gular sagacity he adapted himself to has but nine simplified characters, and the crisis of French history. as he saw has been applied to nearly five hundred clericalism and superstition yielding to languages and dialects. the incoming of new light and liberty. He regarded Paris as one of the world His first publications were a monthly centres, to be held as a fortress in God's magazine and devotional extracts; then, war of the ages. He believed the only portions of the Word of God being in de- panacea for its maladies and miseries to mand, in his own poverty he rang the bell be the Gospel. His devoted wife and of heaven, and asked aid from above. daughters shared his convictions and A donation of £5, shortly followed his sacrifices. They aided him in the by other gifts, enabled him to go for- translation and pUblication of hymns ward. Now 50,000 stereotyped plates and tune books suited to French Prot- may be seen at the institution. The estant worship, evangelistic periodicals same year in which he brought out his and tracts, and full justice yet remains embossed type his daughter was born, to be done to the joint labors of this who, as she says, was thus born into tlw humble but consecrated family. work, and carries it on. Dr. Moon was a world-wide missionary, as his inven- Mr. Gibson, who thus gave to work tion is used in all lands. His simplicity in t1e home of his adoption twenty.six in prayer was wonderful, and it was as years, was a man who was fired with a a child talking to a !ather. He conduct- holy passion for souls. Like Living- ed each Lord's Day a service for the stone, on his heart was written the great blind, and rejoiced in the world-wide object of his life, and wherever his body outreach of the system he had devised. rests, his heart is buried in France. He Like William Gibson, he died sudden- had a Johannian face, and his gentle- ly, and after a career of marvellous ser- ness threw a marvellously beautiful vice. His great affliction, like the fires light over his patience and tenacity of that long since desolated the mountains purpose. He passed away suddenly as of Spain, but opened up rich veins of a burned-out candle ceases to burn. metal, was, in fact, the disclosure of a new light for the world. "He doeth all things well. "

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

V.-GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE.

EDITED BY BEV. D. L. LEONABD.

Extraots and Transla.tions from Foreign right to enslave forever, and to hold Periodioals. back the light which may shine with searching censure on their ways 1"- BY REV. c. c. STARBUCK, ANDOVER, ~v. GEORGE T. CANDLIN, in Ohineu MASS. Recorder.

CHINA. -Here is a letter from a lady mis- sionary in Central China: -" We are told that in some cases- China. especiaily-we are introducing a. " UNDER THE SHADOW OF THY WINGS." disturbing force, one which is calculated to increase the difficulties of her " Cm-cHEo, April 26, 1894. rulers by rousing discontent among her people, one that may tend to dis- " To-day as I sit on this little sunny turb the established order and discredit veranda, in the midst of this heathen time-honored customs. We are said to city, I think how safe and secure one be intermeddling with their unques- may be under the shelter of God among tionable right to govern their own peo- the heathen. The sunlight is streaming ple in their own way. Have they, across the nether part of the veranda, then, such an unanswerable right to be while a light breeze is gently moving considered? Bear in mind how these the rose leaves and the foliage of the Eastern rulers have treated their peo- other plants which gaudily decorate it. ple, and that for ages; how they have let the multitudes toil in misery; how "Little tables and chairs are also the social and physical conditions of about. There are two dishes of roses their lot have been neglected; how all and a laburnum-looking blossom in a political rights have been withheld: kind of wooden bowl. A big straw nawith what cool indifference they see tive hat is hanging up in case we need their subjects the 'Victims of famine, of it for au immediate exodus into the pestilence, of flood, of drought; how sun. My friend sits beside me study- . they have studied only the art of riding ing the' precious' epistle of Peter. safely on the back of this great dumb, blinded monster, the nation, and fatten- "These fourteen square feet in which ing on the luxuries they have taught I am writing might cheer many a home the starving creature to procure for friend's, a mother'S, or a sister's heart them. I do not forget honorable ex- as they think of dear ones in far-away, ceptions, which I know exist, but look- lonely China. Oh, the sunlight I ing at them as a class, knowing their What a blessed gift of God I It is inpolitical aims, knowing their callous.· deed a pleasant thing for t.he eyes to ness to misery which does not touch behold the sun and the lovely blue of them, their insensate dread of any the sky this morning, and the flaked change, lest it should in the remotest clouds breaking and chasing each other degree affect their consecrated privi- in the distance all fill the soul with joy_ leges, I ask you, is it for us, the free peoples of the earth, who have wit- .. Yet we are alone, very really alone nessed for liberty, as our fathers died among the heathen-the only foreignfor it, who have preached the rights of ers here. It is a day, or day and a half, men to the treasures of knowledge and or two days' journey to the nearest the opportunities of success and ad- practicable station, and yet they who vancement, to be tenderly scrupulous hold the fort here are two sisters! about their claims, to endorse their Surely God has chosen the weak things, and the things that are not.

.. But so happy does the life seem here, busy with thoughts of others-of

EXTRACTS .AND '.rRANSLA'.rIONB

the little church which they are called so much higher authority here quoted.

to minister to, to watch over and tend; Dr. Ross in this is fully supported by of the women outside that they try to Rev. Hudson Taylor. Neither gentle- gather about them, and of the sick of man, as we understand, denies the law- tIre neighborhood, some who may come fulness, in extremity, of such an ap- for some healing potion. Or it may be, peal, but each insists that it should only as yesterday, a trip into the country be made in extremity, and that the ex- beyond the confines of the town, to tremity should be an evident one. Too speak the word of life to one far gone many appeals to Earope have again and in disease. At night they come home again ruined-or almost ruined-the like tired children, and go and tell Catholic missions. especially the Jesuit ; Jesus. This is a very sweet life to live, we can probably find a more evangeli- and can one doubt that the }Iaster cal model to follow. Whoever connects Himself likes to come here and hold gunboats with the Moravians I communion with those He calls His sis- -We are apt to forget, as the Rev_ ters, because they are doing His Fa- W. DIETRICH remarks in the Zeitschrijt, ther's will ? that one twentieth of the Chinese are }Iohammedans. They form, as agrees "This is a charming little home- with their religion, a very inflammable charming in its simplicity, but with a part of the population, althongh they little tact and deftness no one but can have often valiantly served the crown. have a touch of home and beauty, even Persecution is much more agreeable to in • far-away Cathay.' 'The Lord the temper of Islam than martyrdom. thinketh upon me,' is the principal text The Chinese Moslems, being almost enof the little sitting-room, and don't you tirely descendants of foreign soldiers think it a comfort when one has no one and Chinese women-except in Yunnan to look to, to consult but God, that the -are naturally very susceptible on the details of our daily life, our joys and point of honor. Notwithstanding the sorrows are all known to Him? " many eminent public men they have -MedicaZ Mi8sion8.

-It appears that of 112 plague-strick- furnished, they remain still an undigest- en patients received into the Alice Me· ed element in the commonwealth.

morial Hospital at Hong.Kong, only 17 recovered; and yet it seems that the AFRICA. government hospital was even less fortunate ! This is indeed the black -" Wissman has said : The business death. God keep it from the world at of missions is to teach, fir8t, work; large I Five hundred years ago it is then, pray I and the saying has been said to have carried off half mankind. widely echoed, unfortunately also in many Christian circles, who were not -The Bombay Guardian remarks: in a position to judge of the true state " Rev. John Ross, the veteran mission- of the case. 'Missions must train these ary, has reached this conviction: idle children of nature to labor I' Who • China will never be won to the Gos- would not agree with this position, pel by our appeals to the secular power taken generally? But let us look at to intervene in every little trouble that the matter distinctly. The friend of we may experience. This appeal to missions understands the expression as "Cresar" or the "British gunboat" meaning: Missions should train the na- simply deepens in the mind of patriotic tive to labor' for himself,' for his own Chinese the belief that the missionary person. The white planter or dealer is a political agent.' " and his European friends mean it in The present writer, having urged this this sense: Missions are to train the position in an article on China, is deep- natives to labor 'for us whites.' The ly gratified to have it confirmed by the ideal of missions is found in communi-

GENERAL MISSIONAltY INTELLIGENCE. [Jl!.nuary

ties where everyone eats his bread in .. It might be that this very advan- the sweat of his brow, hall his own tage concealed a danger. piece of ground, which he cultivates, being, of course, ready, for due wages, "The enterprising statellman who to serve his white neighbors so far as presides OTer the destinies of South he needs. The ideal of the other is Africa appears to include in his pro- fouud in natives that have nothing, and, gramme the suppression, in the region as unremitting lab:lrers for him, are submitted to his influence, of the ab- Blave3, if not in name, yet in fact. Let original question, thus clearing ground a missionary settlement be ever 80 flour- for the fabric of his dreams, a more or ishing. a place where every man eats less independent federation of the States his own bread, it is good tor nothing of Austral Africa. We know the rapid unless it is ready by night and day to issue of the conflict between Cape Col- place a force of laborers at the disposal ony and the Matcbeles. This haughty of the Boer, laborers with whom he is tribe, which for fifty yearil seemed to at liberty to deal just as he pleases. have opposed to civilization an insur- • Labor I ' says the missionary; 'labor is mountable barrier, has been broken in the !reeman'3 crown I' 'Labor I ' says a few weeks, and quite recently the the white man; 'for you exist only for journals have announced the submis- me, you are my 8lau!' Is it not true, sion and annexation of Pondoland, a at least to a certain extent, that the re- remnant of the former Caffraria, and markable popularity of the Catholic the only part of South Africa which missions in our day is owing to their was yet independent. Is not the anom- willingness to respond to this demand aly of a territorial reserve and of an al- of the whites, while Protestant mls· most complete internal independence sions, in principle and in fact, rellist in favor of the Basutos desti!led to dis- and must resist it ?"-Inspector BUCH- appear under the powerful hand which NER, in Allgemeine MiBBions-ZdtBchrift. is now levelling the region situated be- tween the Cape and the Zambesi? One -In this matter Las Casas and his may fear it, and the appeal to the Cape missionary associates would stand with of the great Basuto chief. Lesotholi, us, and would be very much ashamed Bon and successor of Letsi6, Jonathan, at such a policy of their Catholic suc- the son of Molapo, and other chiefs be- cessors. sides, might well have grave conse- quence~, the more 80 as these chiefs, -Pere Rolland, of the Society of it will be remembered, have given Jesu!!, remarks the Ohurch Mi8Bionary more than one occasion for diSllatisfac- Intelligencer, declares that the Egyp- tion. tian Coptll are a good deal more open to Catholic influences thllJl they once "There 'Would be in this season of 'Were. He attributes this to the liber- disquiet for the friends of the Basutos, alizing influence of the Protestant mis- if Divine Providence had not already sions among them, rendering them less intervened so many times in favor of afraid of the West. this people, a people visibly prepared, by its character, by its language, by -" This last year U8suto hall had no its geographical position, by the na- political history; the tribe has contin- tional unity which it baa preserved, to ued to benefit by its privileged situa· exercise a grand influence on Southern tion; master of its soil, endowed, un- Africa. der a benevolent protectorate, with an almost complete autonomy, it presents "This might have been in other in the south of Africa a unique excep- times a national and political force of tion to the rule. which is the more and action; but the time is past when tho more complete predominance of the influence of a wise and powerful chief made itself felt afar ; and the moment i.wbl.j;e raCe over the indigenous elemcIlt. when the blac~ ra,ce, hqvipg drawn

li95.J

from its contact with the white!! all comer to my claBl! of candidates for that it is to receive of them, !!hsll reas- baptism.' "-Medi~ M"uBion8. sume possession of itlK>lf and shsU expand into a civilization of its own, thil! -Herr Ml111er writes in the Evange~­ epoch, if it is ever to dawn on Africa, i30h·LutherisOhes .Milsiomb~tt from the is in the far-distant future. To-dsy highlands of East Africa: "Hearty there remains but one domain in which greetings from MAJAME. I send you the special aptitude and the expansive three little photographs, to which you force of an intelligent and vigorous will allow me to add a word of explanatribe can display itself-it is that of reo tion. They will satisfy you no more ligious activity. The diffusion of the than they do me. Photographing in Gospel among the AfricaD.t!, this is the the interior of Africa is a troublesome field ()f action reserved to the Basutos, thing, take!! up much time, and causes or rather to the churches of Basutoland many disappointments. The chemicals (Lessuto), for, if we do not err, it is the decompose much easier, the copying Church which will be in history the in· paper, through the abundance of moistheritrix of the tribe, whose force it will ure, has become so dark and spotted absorb for the service of the Gospel that I wonder it will take any impresand the good of the colored race. sions at all. More practice and better- packed materials will give more satisfy- .. Accordingly, to constitute the ing results. To these pictures of our Church of Lessuto, to make of our mis- dwelling house I would gladly have sionary dioceses, hitherto isolated from added one of Hount KIBO, or of our one another, 8 powerful organism, re- house, with Kibo in the background; sistant, armed for the combat, capable but friend Kibo has been for many of surviving the nationality dtselt, if weeks the day through hltlden behind this should be destined to succumb in a wall of clouds, and only unveils himthe struggle in which has foundered lIelf in the overpowering magnificence the independence of so many tribes- of his beauty when the evening shadows this is the grand and noble work which are already resting on the mountains of God is now reserving to our mission- Majame. And when I lately wished to aries. " -.Annua~ Report oj SolJi~t6 de8 photograph another magnate of East Missiom Evangeliq'lJ£,3. Africa, namely, our chief Shangali, with his train, the attempt came to naught -" When our brother K. 8. Wal- through his superstition. ' If you write fridsson WII!! down in that three-months' me off '-the natives have natmally no struggle with the Congo fever, which wor.d for photographing-' hhnll die I • finally carried him off, it is witnessed he exclaimed; and although my sanof him that he never complained of the duku (camera) W81 all ready, It was to Lord's dealings with him as though no purpose, for Shangali was careful some strange thing had happened unto to keep hidden behind the back of one him. Once when he was very weak in of hi!! men, and at last. fairly bolted. bed, his wife found him crying, but Superstition is rooted deep in the hearts the tears were tears not of sadness, but of the people of Majame, as we know better and better. Indeed, on various of joy, 'because I hsve such a good occasioDs they even sacrifice beasts, thereby giving the lie to the assertions Saviour.' His works do follow him. of many travellers who talk 88 if the 'It seems,' writes Mrs. Walfriusson, negroes were on too Iowa level to have 'as if the great outpouring of the any thoughts of higher beings or of reo Spirit, so long prayed and hoped for, f8 ligious worship. not far ofr. Weare enjoying times of refreshing. The women especially " Fair is the land and fruitful are its seem to be roused out of their former savannas, yet the fairest thing is yet to sleepy indifference. There iI! hardly a Sunday pa!!sing without some new·

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

be brought to the dwellers therein: Word is read and expounded with spe- God's Word in their own tongue. The cial reference to the Mohammedan ques· Lord give His servants joyfulness for tion. "A remarkable testimony to the learning, and when the time is come, value of medical missions is seen in for teaching." the fact that large numbers listen day after day to the Divine plan of salva- English Notes. tion without dissenting from it. This great boldness in preaching the Gospel· BY JAMES DOUGLAS. may not seem remarkable, but let it be Iemembered that the falsity of the Mo- Ohurch Missionary Society. – The hammedan religion is necessarily im- Rev. H. Carless, writing from Ispahan plied." on the subject of "the Gospel in Persia," speaks of the entrance of the Gos· Baptist Missionary Society. – Mr. pel into that land as being one of the Glennie reports the baptism of seven slowest. One reason for this is that the youths, in the early part of this year, cross to be taken up in professing Christ at Bolobo Station, Upper Congo. Firstis one of the heaviest. Mr. Carless tells fruits of Gospel service are reported of two cases-father and son-where, from Stanley Pool after five years' lathough the spirit is willing the flesh is bor. Two have been baptized, and weak, in view of the cross involved; there are several others who have given also of another who, at the last mo- their hearts to Jesus and who are exment, shrank from baptism because it pected soon to join the church. The was judged needful his wife should work at San Salvador needs more helpknow of it. "Sahib, you will leave ·ers than can at present be found. Sevme here alone to-morrow, and how can eral towns are begging for teachers-a I face death alone with no one near to demand which cannot yet be met. At help and strengthen me?" This ques- Wathen Station the school-roll now tion points to a real difficulty. " Can reaches 110. a rapid and considerable a new-born babe do what we expect increase. At JHbanza Manteke and from a man, and can a poor sheep or a Lukunga, stations of the American weak lamb stand up and fight the rav- Baptist Missionary Union, the work of ening wolf alone? Where are the the Lord prospers. under-shepherds 7 Where are the laborers ?" On June 14th, 1875, the Jalpigori, India. – The Rev. W. Church Missionary Society adopted the Bowen James tells of the conversion Persia Mission. What has been and baptism of three natives; two beachieved? A slender foothold has been longing to the Rayasth, or writer caste, secured in this one Mohammedan the third to the Mech tribe. A special stronghold of Ispahan; no second place interest attaches to the last mentioned, is yet occupied, nor are there men because, according to his own stateenough to properly man the one sta- ment, he is the first member of his comtion. Meanwhile, the sheep are in dis- munity who has embraced Christianity. tress, and there is no shepherd. He seems to belong to the number of those who, in the dark night of heath- Medical Work at Gaza.-In the ab- endom, have heard the voice of God sence as yet of visible fruits, an impor- speak to their souls, and who, in strivtant medical and Christian mission is ing to obey that voice, have been eventbeing energetically conducted at Gaza ually led forth into the light and Ubby the Rev. R. Ster],i.ng, B.A., M.B., erty of the glorious Gospel of Christ. and helpers. During the past ilfteen months 18,767 patients have been reg- Patna City. India.-The Rev. John istered. Dispensary is held three days Stubbs, ot Paina City, has, at lIrs. Spurgeon's request, translated one of ot the week-on Mondays, Wednes- her late revered husband's sermons days, and Fridays. A portion of God's

ENGLrSH NOTES

(No. 1500, or "The Uplifting of the profitable servant. The administra- Brazen 8erpent") into Hindi for circu- tion of the Lord's Supper followed; lation among Hindi·reading people and at 4 P.M. a love-feast was held, here. when many gave very clear and inter- Patna is not virgin soil, and is all the esting accounts of their conversion.

more difficult to work on that account. An English service concluded the day.

A good Sunday-school, however, is As the Kanarese Christian literature is being established; and a suitable piece exceedingly meagre, these gatherings of ground, at the eastern end of the give an opportunity of supplementing city, has been obtained for the erection such teaching as exists.

of a much-needed house for a native Presbyterlan Ohurch of England, Oorea.-The Presbyterian missions in preacher.

Wesleyan Missi01Wll'Y &ciety, Oeylon. Corea are wisely moving toward one -The Rev. C_ S. Casinader, native native Presbyterian Church. They are minister of the Kalmemai Circuit. tells now uniting in a tentative organization, of a gracious revival in his church. the" Presbyterian Council of Corea,"

"Souls," he says, "have been convert- probably as yet only a council of mis- ed and the Christians awakened, and sionaries. The missions thus drawn many young men now gladly join us together are those of the American in evangelistic work. We have ten Northern Presbyterian Church, with vernacular schools with 885 children ten men and eleven women mission- on the books." Mr_ Casinader also re- aries, and Southern Presbyterian ports favorably of the home mission at Church, with three men and four wom- IIlurupittya, among a number of fever- en, and the Australian Presbyterian stricken and half-starved people far Church, with one man and eleven away in the jungle. In that place, in- women, and two independent Presby- fested by cheetahs, bears, and ele- terian missionaries.

phants, there are now 20 Christians. Province of Hunan.-Although this Mysore.-For some years past it has province, like Thibet, Is a closed land been the custom to hold in each circuit so far as Protestant missions are con- half-yearly meetings for evangelists and cerned, missionary journeys through it other workers. A series of such meet- have taken place again and again. And ings was arranged to be held at Tum- once, twelve years ago, a splendid kur, from July 6th to 10th inclusive, China Inland Mission missionary, now and they have been a decided success. dead, Mr. Dorward, was permitted to Among the subjects dealt with were settle and labor in a Hunan town for "The Holy Spirit," "The Spiritual more than three months. Be rented a Life and How to Increase It," " The house in Hung-Kiang, on the Yuen Study of God's Word," "St. Paul a River, first put two native helpers in Pattern to Evangelists," etc. Mr. charge, and then himself ventured to Haigh explained some of the principles go to the place, in the early months of which had guided the revisers of the 1882. He was mobbed and compelled Kanarese New Testament, and also the to leave after a stay of three and one principal changes which had been in- half months. A further stand was made troduced. in another town of the samo province, Sunday was a high day. A hearty but a riot, fomented by a Spanish priest, prayer-meeting, commencing at seven, broke out; and since that time there gave a good key-note to the services of has been no Protestant worker stationed the day. At eight the ordinary service In Hunan. There are Hunanese Chris- was held, when over 300 Christians tians, however, a good many in num- crowded the chapel. Mr. Hudson ber, and Hunan will yet receive the preached on the parable of the un- doctrines.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Sta.tistics of the Mis8iona.ry Societies .f the [THE~E table!! include only :rru…ions to non-Christian and non-Protestant peoples, and so they omit the Unlted States. The figures are derived almost wholly from annual reports, and relate in the main blanks, and hence where official figures were not at hand, conservative estimates have been made.] Missionary Missionaries. Native Income. Helpers. .=0 —– ";:l .~ , .~.. N~:ME8 or SOCIETIES.: .0… oj ., '.d,,,. 'ti ~ 0 ~ ",. ~ g gj 'E 8 .~ '0 ~~"'0 ~ ~ .~~..'~" 'e ! .:: 'E Eo< 0 A ~ 0 ~ !l il 0 — —- —— — — — — — American Board ••..•…. , …•….•….. 1810 $705,133 $89,145 184 19 185 183 241 2,681 Baptist Missionary Union . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 1814 485,000 56,247 176 24 153 103 254 1,330 Southern Baptist~Convention ………•. 1845 106,333 5,944 42 …. 38 14 25 66 Free Baptist………………………. 1836 20,000 377 8 2 10 12 5 85 4,500 Seventh-Day Baptist………… ……. 1842 200 3 2 1 3 …. 8 Christian (Disciples)……………….. 1875 80,258 1,747 19 18 9 8 57 American Christian Convention •…… 1886 5,000 …….. 4 . … 1 2 2 11 Lutheran, General Council ••…•…. ' ••. 1869 16,428 …….. 8 . … 8 2 2 96 Lutheran, General Synod .• , ……••..•. 1837 56,925 1,624 9 4 5 4 1 478 Methodist Episcopal. ………………. 1819 g67,097 101,200 220 96 234 155 226 3,137 Methodist Episcopal, South…….. . … 1846 238,755 5,977 55 8 46 Ii 101 22 Methodist Protestant ………………. 1882 14,089 8,000 714 /) 4 8 a5 4 Wesleyan Methodist ….•……. ….. 1887 . 200 3 …. 10 2 … 2 Protestant Episcopal •••.•.••.. .. ….. 1835 288,102 7,409 28 47 ~ 19 69 843 Preshyterian ………………………. 1887 843,412 30,460 216 51 230 146 177 1,574 Presbyterian, South…….. ……….. 1861 143,774 5,000 50 7 41 31 20 115 20,038 740 Cumberland Presbyterian••••………. 1828 4,182 250 8 …. 6 8 ~ 16 Associate Reformed Presbyterian, South 1879 19,255 600 Reformed Presbyterian (Covenanter) …. 1856 6,000 40 2 …. 2 2 B 5 Reformed Presbyterian (Gen'l Synod) .. 1836 5 1 … 37 5 …. 51 4' …. …. 28 U nlted Presbyterian……………….. 1859 112,815 41,815 26 2 25 21 84 482 32,971 2,528 German Reformed…………………. 1878 9,279 5 …. 5 2 9 18 106,571 Reformed (Dntch)… , …•…• … , ….. 1836 9,608 975 23 B 25 17 38 376 27b 3 20 Evangellcal Association ..•.••.•••••..•. 1876 16,484 520 7 …. 7 …. 11,000 German Evangelical Synod .. ………. 1883 …. …. 6 …. 4 …. . … 28 8,500 Unlted Brethren…………………… 1853 55,045 1,175 4 …. J s G 40 F riendi …………………… ……. 1871 8,500 25 122,010 12 …. 8 .. . 27 Canada Baptist…………………,…. 1866 4,559 Canada Congregationalist …… '::~'~ …. 1381 17 …. 1 ] Ii' 11 170 .. Canada Methodist………………. 1873 1 2 1 …. 4 77 . … ". 26 44 Canada Presbyterian………………. 1844 124,114 7,500 33 11 37 32 34 244 Twelve Other Societies …………….. …:..:..:..:.. _ 544,250I~,09() 76 142 192 201 [ 33 303 Totsls ………………………… …… $5,173,7491 $425,615 1,336 I 323 1,3351,028i 1,33111,800 United States and Canada for 1893-94.

work done in non-Catholic Europe, while covering that in behalf of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese in to 1894, though sometimes the year includes a part of 1800. The aim has been to leave the fewest possible ~ 0 .; ~. 1 ~ gI:~l .. "" ~ '" -Jo. "g§ '§ ~ ~ Countries in which ~ MI.siona are SUitained. ~ .p 0 ~ 0 ~ – – – – – – ,<:10 – '8 – – .a':"-~ — ~ 'll ~ ~ ,<:I 0'" ~ -'" Eo< — -'""- ~ — – — 3,441 1,207 40,187 3,055 137,000 1,170 110,406 Africa, Turke~ India, China. Japan, 2,040 1,340 115,2110 6,844 230,000 1,246 26,214 10,000 BuMrmicarohn. eIsniadia,exCichoi,nSa,paJianp, Aanu,strAiaf-. 185 211 3,328 706 15 375 122 18 885 59 1,558 79 3.199 rica, France'lEain. China, Japan, rica, Italy, Mexico, Brazil. India (Southern Bengal).

17 4 76 6 100 2 36 China (Shanghai).

109 80 875 101 1,750 10 919 India, China, Japan, Turkey.

20 25 200 …… 850 2 25 Japan (Tokyo, etc.).

116 152 1,441 …… 8,757 95 1,608 India (Madras).

501 12 6,160 628 17,000 199 5,400 India (Madras), West Africa.

3,908 4W 31,949 4,546 85,000 1,467 48,085 China, Korea, Japan, India, Africa, 232 Bulgaria, Mexico, South America. 24 2,184 China, Japan, Mexico, Brazil. 149 10,036 547 15,000 46 – 10 312 47 800 4 240 Japan (Yokohama).

17 2 2110 10 600 5 208 Africa (Sierra Leone).

514 187 6,062 161 li,OOO 132 5,682 Africa, China, Japan, Haiti, Greece.

2,376 700 31,953 3,141 85,000 875 80,460 India. China, Japan, Korea, Africa, 264 Syria, Persia Spanish America. 41 132 3,202 560 10,000 26 1,400 China, Korea, JaRan, Africa, Greece, Italy, Mexico, razll. 150 Japan, Mexico, Indiaus. 10 617 45 1,200 4 14 IG 2110 80 400 5 110 Mexico (Tampico, etc.).

55 11 259 13 600 18 539 Northern Syria, Asia Minor.

87 10 850 23 700 3 60 India (Northwest Provinces).

500 306 11,055 651 27,000 267 13,514 Egypt, India (Northwest Provinces).

39 20 1,960 273 4,500 2 160 Japan (Tokyo, Sendal, etc.).

482 225 6,226 508 16,000 151 5,302 India, China, Japan, Arabia.

37 17 560 105 1,200 1 25 Japan (Tokyo, Osaka).

38 9 356 1 800 14 520 India (Central Provinces).

60 20 2,146 200 6,000 9 415 China, West Africa.

56 40 670 …. 1,500 9 643 Mexico, Alaska, Jamaica, China, 213 Japan. 481 8,243 1,529 India (Telugus). 374 9,000 67 9 1 12 …. 50 2 75 Africa (West Central).

193 95 7,607 291 15,000 40 2,500 Japan (Tokyo), Indians.

98 3,094 385 8,500 121 5,624 China, India, New Hebrides, West 38 Indies.

1,868 — —- —- — – – – 391 947 — 104 11,381 – …. 23,000 — 15,064 4,648 301,942 22,810 725,415 6,134 204,555 THE KINGDOM. "In a country like China, native Chris- tians often give more than they receive -This is the testimony of Rev. F. E. credit for in statistics. When a man Clark, in his "Our Journey Around becomes a Christian, even if he keeps the World" : .. I am glad to have my his place under his heathen employer, last words in this book testify to the through his observance of the Sabbath fact that missionary work of all the he mllst lose one seventh of his income. various Protestant denominations in all Of course no heathen is willing to pay parts of the world is, in my eyes, the for seven days' work when he has only most promising and hopeful feature of six days of labor; so that it really modern civilization. For the enlarge- means that every native Christian gives ment of commerce, for the spread of one seventh of his income to the Lord. " civilization, for the uplifting of humanity, for the redemption of the -An old Bedaween woman who had world, there is no such force as that been restored to health in a Christian which is exerted by the Anglo-Saxon hospital, returning to her tribe, said to missionaries of the Cross, the ministers her husband: "The doctor was as of the Lord Jesus Christ." kind to me as if I had been a man I"

-The fruits of the Spirit appear even -It was the late Hon. Daniel Appleupon the countenance; for a mission- ton White, of Salem, says the Boston ary writes: "To one who has never Tra7l1Jcript, who, being at the time a seen it as we do, it is hard to describe member of the Massachusetts Senate What we mean by the' Christian look.' before which was pending a bill to in- I have tried to watch and analyze it. corporate the American Board, reply- I cannot make the difference between ing to an objection that "we had no heathen and Christian faces plainer to surplus of religion to export," said: you than by saying that the Christians "Religion is a commodity of which look alive; there is a light in the eyes, the more we export the more we have." and a certain life-I know no better word-in the whole face which you -Considering the source, what highmiss in other Chinese, bright intellec- er commendation ever was, or ever tually, and pleasant socially, as some could be, bestowed upon the "slum of them are. It is so comforting to sisters" of the Salvation Anuy than watch this light shining out for the when Cardinal Manning said to Genfirst time in the eyes of new converts." eral Booth that he "Never saw them without thinking of the angel8 in heav- -Dr. Pentecost says that he knows of a common drunken sweeper in India en /" who died some years ago, leaving his twelve·year-old daughter to the mis- -The Intelligence?', of the English sionanes. She was educated, taking Church Missionary Society, contains the degree of Master of Arts, and is this hearty outburst of thanksgiving: now the principal of an educational "May the Lord be praised-for the institution in India. nearly 4000 adult converts who con- fessed Christ in baptism last year; for -Rev. C. H. Wheeler reports that the remarkable ingathering among the on the Euphrates, in a small self-sup- Ainu of Japan; for the more recent porting church, ten poor members give shaking among the dry bones of Islam one tenth to support the pastor, and in Bombay and the Central Punjab; he is satisfied to live as well as the for trophies won for the Lord from the average of his members. high castes and the depressed classes of India, from Buddhist Ceylon and -We have little idea of how much China and Japan, from the benighted more it costs to follow Christ in heathen races of Africa, and from the tribes of lands. As one who knows suggests: the Red Indians; for tokens of the Holy Spirit'l! reviving grace upon believers, especially at Mengo, in Ugan- accomplished missionary, in delivering da ; at Jilore, in East Africa; at Toku- an earnest discourse, made the very shima, in Japan; and at Kincolith and easy mistake of urging his congrega- Aiyansh, on the North Pacific coast. tion to " come and seek the living rat,"

For the work completed of our brothers instead of .. come and seek the li ving and sisters, Bishop and Mrs. Hill, and fountain. " Of another evangelist the Leversuch, and Vernall, and Sealey, story is told that he said, with a loud and Mathias, and Miss Mansbridge." voice: «If you don't repent you will -Dean Walker, of the University of go to the post-office," the words for Chicago, speaking of the wretched post-office and hell being very similar homes in Eastern Turkey, says: .. The in sound.-Bishop Gal101JJay.

word' home' is Teutonic. The Arabic language can come no nearer to it than WOMAN'S WORK.

the word • house,' and a house is not a -Dr. Jessup tells the story of Dr. home." Mary Eddy's effort to secure her diplo- ma from the Imperial Academy of Medi- -Dr. D. S. Gregory believes the time cine in Turkey. After months of waithas come when, instead of the expres- ing and working the order came for her sion, .. Christian giving," we should examination. The doctors had made a say, .. the Christian's use of wealth as collection of sixty of the hardest questhe steward of God."

-Rev. W. H. Sheppard, twenty tions in every department. She an- years ago a poor little yellow boy in swered all; and those staid, dignified the streets of Waynesborough, Va., is, embodiments of Oriental conservatism at the age of thirty, perhaps the most arose, and said, .. Bravo I Bravo I"

distinguished colored man in the South- Scarcely less significant was the advice ern Presbyterian Church, and the only of the Governor of Syria when she ap- American negro who has ever been plied for her local permits. " Go made a fellow of the Royal Geographi- where you like," he said; .. but let me cal Society. advise you to confine your treatment to -It is the worst possible economy, the womeu. IE men should come with says Dr. James Johnston, to encourage their complaints they might soon deor even permit the missionary to dimin· velop a serious palpitation of the ish his already scanty leisure for the heart. " real work which took him to Africa, by frittering it away in manual labor -Miss Evelyn Stoddard, of Scotland, that he may have food to eat. has been doing evangelistic work for two years in connection with the China -The Michigan Ohristian Advocate Inland Mission, and she finds that her makes mention of an extreme case of sex is possessed of some peculiar adtaking a collection for missions-to vantages. She writes: "This is one wit, when for peculiar reasons it ap- of the interior stations where women peared to be meet and right to pass the are in command. I think none but the contribution box at a funeral. As a China Inland Mission undertakes such result: .. The father of the child gave work, but I am safe in saying they liberally; each mourner contributed have proved it to be eminently successsomething, and the total offering was ful. Being of the gentler sex they are found to be the largest collection for not suspected guilty of any political missions ever given at that appoint- motive such as a man might have. ment." Surely comment is needless, Then, being only women, from the Chiand repetition is scarcely required: nese point of view, it is often a case of n'importe. Thus disturbances are pre- -The words in Japanese for rat and vented. Another point is that it throws f<mntain are very much alike. So an much more responsibility upon the native Christians, more than if they had officers, programmes, etc., to be adopt- foreign men behind them." ed by clubs. To master 12 great mis- -Heatlu!n Woman's Friend tor No- sionary biographies a year, with as vember is an admirable number, and is much knowledge of the country in packed with matter relating to medical which each missionary worked, is in missions. brief the plan of study. With this course of study, and the booming" ex- -The sixth anniversary of the Mary tension" lecture movement, and the J. Drexel Home and Philadelphia constant agitation of systematic giv- Motherhouse of Deaconesses was held ing, the host of youthful disciples must October 16th. There are at present 39 needs grow in grace. Deaconesses in the Home, 18 full sisters, and 21 probationers. During the -A writer in Th6 E'Dang6list truthyear 5 new sisters were consecrated and fully says that " good citizenship, now 5 probationers admitted. The Old such a popular watchword among En- People's Home has 39 inmates. In the deavorers, is only another phrase for Ohildren's Hospital there are 3 sisters • home missions.' ..

and a number of assistants. During -The total amount of money given the year 323 children were cared for in to missions by the New Jersey Chris- the hospital, and 4927 in the clinic. tian Endeavor socfeties during the year The most important station occupied is 1893-94 was $11,560, of which the the German Hospital, where there are Junior societies gave $1334.

25 sisters, in charge of an average of -Forty-five and one fourth per cent 160 patients. of the Endeavorers of the city of Cleve- -At their annual meeting in Wash- land are systematic givers.

ington in October the Methodist women -Eleven hundred Christian Endeav-' found that the receipts of their Foreign orers are now supporting missionaries Missionary Society had reached $311,- by the co-operative plan. 926, an amount larg(J'f" than last year by $34,622; and hence, very naturally, -Here is yet another novelty in this " after this announcement the audience day of experiment and innovation. rose and sang' Praise God from Whom The young people of the Clarendon all Blessings Flow.''' And besides, Street Baptist Church, Boston, for two the Home Missionary Society is able to years have been sustaining with their report receipts amounting to $82,757. gifts a missionary in Africa, but now have gone much farther, an:! in addi- -During the autumn more than 50 tion have sent to China two of their women left England for service in own number, one of them a native of heathen lands, and sent out by the that country, and are to be responsible three principal women's societies, the not only for their support, but for their Ohurch Zenana Mission, the Zenana O'VMsight and direction also. and Bible Medical Mission, and the So- ciety for Promoting Female Education AMERICA. in the East. Of these one third were going out for the first time. United States.-The Inter-Seminary Missionary Alliance, so closely akin to THE YOUNG. the Student Volunteer movement, held its fifteenth annual meeting November -On the missionary side the scheme 1st, in Springfield, 0., with about 200 of Christian Endeavor is made com- delegates in attendance and represent- plete, DOW that the Golden Rule has or- ing 35 theological seminaries. It was ganized a missionary study department, reported that Princeton leads in the conducted by Mr. Amos R. Wells, and number of students and in the number outlined a course of reading, suggested of volunteers; McOormick takes first rank in the number of missionaries sent 170; church-members, 10,237; Sunout during the last three years; while day-school scholars, 17,015. the Western, of Allegheny, leads in the matter of giving; with only 96 stu· -The First Church of Chica.go, Rev. dents, it contributed $1050 to foreign E. P. Goodwin pastor, has contributed work. All the reports were very hope- $1,100,000 to benevolent objects. ful and inspiring. -At the Iowa Yearly Meeting of -The report of the Tribune Fresh Friends it was stated that there were Air Fund for the year 1894 is pub· 30 young men and women in that meetlished. The receipts were $22,249. ing who feel called to missionary work The contributors were the means of and are ready to go when an opporhelping to give two weeks' vacation to tunity opens. 10,171 boys and girls. In the eighteen years that this fund has been in opera· -The Methodist Missionary Board tion 133,303 children have been sent to has fixed the salaries of missionaries in the country for two weeks, and 136,411 Asia on the following basis-though for one day, at a total cost of $327,990, not to take effect till 1896: For the and at an average cost of $2.40 per first fi ve years. married men, $950; capita. single men, $650. For the next ten years, married men, $1000; single -Edward Marsden, now of Marietta men, $700. For the next ten years College, but a native Tsimshean of the after the first fifteen, married men, Northwest Coast, sends a letter writ· $1100 ; single men, $800. After twenten by David Leask, an evangelist of ty-five years, married men, $1200; the same tribe, and one of the trophies single men, $900. Allowance for chilof William Duncan's Metlakahtla work, dren, $100 a year up to 21 years, extelling of a Gospel tour in the vicinity cept that for those between 14 and 21 of Fort Simpson. Wherever he went who are at school in the United States, he found a hunger for the truth. the allowance shall be $150.

-The Interna.tional Missionary Alli· -During August and September 45 ance has a force of 164 men and women Presbyterian missionaries sailed, 15 rein the foreign field. At the opening turning to their work and 30 recently of the Missionary Training Institute in appointed. Among them were 9 or- October nearly 100 students were pres- dained men, 6 physicians, 10 married ent for study. women, and 6 unmarried.

-The American Missionary Associ- EUROPE. ation reports receipts for last year amounting to $340,469, and an indebt- Great Britain.-In the Society for edness of $66,360. The summary of the Propagation of the Gospel, .. clergyeducational work in the South is as men and Churchmen who have paid follows: Chartered institutions, 6; two annual SUbscriptions of a guinea normal and graded schools, 36; com- become members, with the right of mon schools, 42; total schools, 84; in- voting at meetings of the society, upon structors, 409 ; pupils, 12,604. Statis- their election by ballot." The number tics of Indian work: Churches, 14; of members is about 5400. In the church-members, 249; schools, 11 ; mis- Church Missionary Society "clergysionaries and teachers, 86 ; total pupils, men and Churchmen who subscribe, 417 ; Sunday-school scholara, 1301. the former half a guinea, the latter a The statistics of Chinese work are: guinea, become members immediately, Schools, 21; teachers, 34; pupils, with the right of voting at meetings of 1201 ; ceased from idolatry, 197. Gen. the lIociety." The number of members eral summary: Schools, 110; pupils, is about 25,000. Again, the committee 1422; missionaries, 646; churches, of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel number about 300 members; but the committee of tho Church 1rIis- -A recent number of Mis:non Field sionary Society more than 6000 mem- (organ for the Society for the Propagabers. tion of the Gospel) calls attention to the fact that "no less than 3 of the -Mr. Baynes, the Secretary of the papers in this number are by native English Baptist Missionary Society, clergymen, 1 in South Africa, 1 in said in his annual address: "While India, and a Karen of Burma. Such sitting in my office last week, the door reports are in themselves significant. opened and a very rough-looking man The mere fact that there are hundreds entered and laid down on my table £20 of natives in holy orders in lands where with the words: • Mr. Baynes, I have a few generations back there were no saved this for the Congo Mission, enter native Christians, and that these are it as before, remembering the words of working with us for the conversion of the Lord Jesus, "It is more blessed to their fellow-countrymen, and write engive than to receive." You know who couraging us by describing what they I am. I came here last year; I'm a do, is a fact to make us feel how might- London scavenger.' I did remember ily the Word of God is growing and him, for he brought £20 last year for prevailing. " missions I Only a few days ago a young woman brought me £20, saying The Continent.-There are in Spain she was sorry she could not give more. representatives of 14 Protestant She was a domestic servant and had to churches and societies, and they report support her mother, and it had taken 20 foreign male and 29 foreign female her two years to save this amount." missionaries, 41 Spanish pastors, 37 evangelists, 3600 communicants. The -Of 126 missionaries recently for- American Board and the Baptist Miswarded by the Church Missionary So- sionary Union are the only American ciety to their fields in more than half a societies at work. The others are from score countries of the globe, these de- England, Scotland, Germany, Sweden, tails may be given: Clergy, 28 return- and Holland. ing, 15 recruits; doctors, 2 returning, 2 recruits; laymen, 2 returning, 10 re- – Theodor Wangemann, the director crults; women, 12 returning, 26 re- of the Berlin Missionary Society, died crults; wives of missionaries, 21 re- on June 18th. For nearly twenty-nine turning, 5 recruits; engaged to mis- years he had held the helm of the Sosionaries, 3 recruits. To the total of ciety with a firm hand. In 1857 the 126 Bishop Stuart's daughter should be enthusiastic WaUmann had pulled the added. Of the 15 new clerical mis- Berlin 1rIission out of a swamp, where sionaries, 7 were from the Church Mis- it seemed likely to perish. Wangemann sionary College, 6 from Cambridge, was able to hold the positions which 1 each from Durham and Highbury; had been acquired, and, in addition, of the doctors, 1 had an Edinburgh and not only to extend the knowledge and 1 a London degree; of the laymen, the love of missions in Prussia, but to 9 came from the Church Missionary spread the work of conquElst in Central Collego, and 1 represented the Church Africa, in China, and on the shores of Army and the University of Oxford. Lake Nyassa. Twice he made a care- ful visitation of the German mission -The London Society has 17 medi- stations in Kafiraria, in Natal, in the cal missionaries upon its rolls, and only Orange Free State, and in the Transone of the number is a woman. Of vaal. Almost all the 64 Berlin misthese, 10 find their field in China, 4 in sionaries who are now at work have India, and 1 each in Madagascar, Cen- been trained and sent out under his tral Africa, and Samoa. They minis- direction. -JournaZ des Mis8ions Evantered to 3598 in-patients last year, and giZiquu. attended to 99,743 cases. -In the October MO'raman Quarterly -In the Hoogli DiStrict the Scottish the following extract is given from a Free Church has rented a piece of tem- private letter: "Have you ever been ple land for missionary purposes with to Herrnhut, among the Moravian the novel condition " that no cows are Brethren? I was there last month. ever killed, or beef is ever eaten upon Never in my life have I thought that the premises."

there was such. a town in the world, -One reason given for the sufferance where every resident is a true Chris- of vermin in Hindu houses, is their tian ; where spiritual life is at the high· superstitious and firmly-rooted belief est state; all the inhabitants like one in the transmigration of souls. A misfamily; a short servIce in their chapel sionary was recently visiting a hlghevery day in the week. As I think of caste woman who had lost her child. my visit there I feel as if I had been to As she sat talking, a cockroach walked a fairy land." across the fioor, aud she was about to -The income of the Basle Mission· brush the insect away, when the mother ary Society was $200,845 last year. cried, .. Don't harm it, I beg you; my The contributions from the field were little baby's soul is in that cockroach."

$33,610. The ordained missionaries -In a recent number of the London number 153; the laymen, 47; wives, Times is an article, two columns in 101; and unmarried women, 6. Na- length, on the tea production of India tive pastors (ordained) are found to the and Ceylon. The statement of this number of 35, with 846 native assist· article will be a revelation to many. ants. In and about the 449 stations The writer well says : "One of the are 14,274 communicants and 28,209 most striking episodes in the annals of adherents. The schools contain 13,105 modern commerce is the struggle bepupils. tween India and China for the tea sup- ply of the world. But this struggle is ASIA.

India -" Among the influences at not long. The Indian and Ceylon tea work in India, as in China, Is that of growers have won the fight. During emigration, which, though now only the past thirteen years they have disof small dimensions, may play an im- placed China teas from the British portant part in the Christianizing of market to the extent of 76,000,000 that continent. The return of the dele- pounds. In 1881 Great BrItain congates to the Parliament of Religions sumed 112,000,000 pounds of China without forfeiture of caste or imposi- teas; in 1893 she consumed nearly tion of fine ill a significant fact in this 36,000,000. In 1881 Great Britain conconnl/ction. During the past ten years sumed nearly 48,000,000 pounds of Indemigration has rapidly increased, it ian and Ceylon teas; in 1893 she conbeing estimated, according to a recent sumed 172,000,000."

return, at upward of 300,000 persons -The statement comes that Miss An- per annum. Natal and Fiji are old nIe Taylor and her party, after sojourn- fields of coolie immigration, Australia ing six months in Darjeeling, working already complains of too much of it, at the Thibetan language and other- but like or no llke, the tendency will wise undergoing training for their fu- grow, and, once it fairly breaks away ture work, have struck camp, and gone from those things which retard its forward some four or five days' journey growth, the number will increase by to Gnatong, in the border State of Sik- leaps and bounds, not only bringing kim, and situated just on the border of the Hindus to Christian settlements, Thibet. Travelling and residence in but enabling them to take back some Sikkim having recently been brought knowledge of the Lord Jesus gained in under special government regulations, other countries." they had to obtain passports from the Bengal Government before they were thllt the Chinese can be taught to make able to make the advance. Most of the melodious sounds as well as have melparty left Darjeeling on September ody in their hearts. Oh, the horrible 28th, Miss Taylor, with two others, concatenation of sounds that passes for remaining behind a day or two to su- music in this China I Now many perintend the despatching of their mothers 'may put their children to sleep boxes, 118 in number. hushed by the same sweet lullabys our mothers hymned to us in days gone -The first person baptized by Dr. by." Judson in Maulmein died in the mission hospital there last July. She was Again: "On the boat passing the a very aged Burman woman. • customs' you will hear the men shout- ing out' Jesus Hall' and then you ap- -The death of the Rev. Charles W. pear by way of confirming their verbal Forman, of the Lodiana Mission, which testimony by personal witness. On the occurred August 27th, removes one of river boats, you may find a list of the the most venerated and beloved mis- passengers as follows: 'Sixty-eight sionaries connected with the Presbyte- Chinese and 3 Jesus men.' You will rian Board. Dr. Forman was a native hear, perhaps, also 'foreigner-Jesus,' of Kentucky, and a graduate of Prince- by some one passing." ton Theologiclll Seminary. He sailed for India in 1847. while mission work She also ventures to suggest: "They in that VIIst empire was still in its iu- do not have any too much fun iu their fancy. In 1846, at the close of the first often dark and sunless lives. I have Sikh war, the mission had crossed the sometimes thought since coming to Sutlej and planted a station at JulIun- China that councils might perhaps add dU! within the Punjab. From that with advantllge to the list of necessary day to this he has toiled steadily on for qualifications for an intending missionalmost fifty years with great efficiency, ary, the possession by the candidate of and being universally beloved. A no- a quarter of an ounce of solid fun I It toriously anti-Christilln newspaper pub- might stand them in very good stead lished in Lahore states editorially that eometimes. " "no foreigner has ever entered the Punjab who has done so much for the -" His nll.me ie Sun-ho, and he is a Punjab as Padri Forman Sahib." Not sugar merchant in Peh-tsiu-ou, a staleast among his services to the Church tion of the SWlltow Mission in the Jamand to India was the giving of 3 sous tsau District. Mr. Sun-ho, a man in and 2 daughters to the missionary work, comfortable circumstances, but by no 2 of whom are connected with the mean!! rich. ill Il. Christian. He was at Lodiana Mission. first a member of the church at Jam- tsau. He reso1 ved some years ago to China.-Mis!l Elizllbeth Stoddllrd set up a station in his own town, aud writes as follows in the Independent subscribed the greater part of the money concerning a trip into the interior: required for the erection of Il. place of "As I heard the schoolgirls sweetly worship. He paid the whole of the singing first and second parts of ' All preacher's salary for the first year, and the way long it is Jesus,' I could not a large part of it in each subsequent help thinking what a disastrous thing year. He buys medicinel and gives it is for Satan's kingdom in China when them away to the poor. His house is the name of Jesus and the story of His open to all Christians paiSing through love is set to somo sweet melody and the town; and to crown his proof. of hymned out from native lips, prompted sincere faith, he has been an active and by a heart of gratitude. I am not Silre successful Christian worker." if tbere is anything tbat makes devils tremble much more than the discovery -Rev. Gilbert Reid, for ten years a Presbyterian missionary, and .till in excellent standing, though no longer con- for sympathy and strength, and God's nected with the Board of that denomi- grace proved, as always, sufficient. nation, is. to open work among the Finding his fellow-captives full of dehigher classes of China, which in- spair, he began to cheer them with clude : (1) The mandarins, military and words of faith and hope ; and soon he civil; (2) the local gentry; (3) the lit- had gathered about him, through his erati; (4) the nobility ; (5) the leaders faithful testimony, a little band of of charitable, religious, and reforma- praying and worshipping Christians. tory movements. They are called the Through the influence of his brother in higher classes simply on account of the England, after several years, Devereux superior influence which they possess. Spratt was ransomed, and the order for Mr. Reid's aim is to endeavor to rea.ch his release was brought to the fortificathese because their influence upon the tions. His fellow-captives rejoiced millions is so unlimited. The annual with tears at his good fortune, but exexpense of the new mission will be pressed regret that their leader was to $3000, and $7000 is the estimated ex- leave them. Devereux Spratt, howpense at the outset, which will be spent ever, refused to accept the ransom, and largely in books, photographic and elec- remained until he died a slave among trical apparatus, a stereoscope, a polari- slaves, that he might continue to comscope, a microscope, a stereopticon, fort those whom God had brought to globes, fixtures, and paintings. Christ through him.-Re!1. A. O. DirtJOn.

-Shanghai, beyond any other city in -An officer of the Congo Free State the empire, is a centre for missionary writes an interesting article in a Belinfluence. Fifteen societies are found gian paper respecting the climate of the here and S hospitals which treat nearly equatorial ~ection of the Congo. Not· 50,000 patients a year. There are 15 withstanding the fact that this region boarding schools and 2 colleges. More lies directly under the equator, the than 2000 children receive instruction writer states that the heat i8 far flOm in the various schools. They have 78 being so excessive as is supposed. He missionaries and nearly 200 native illustrates his favorable view of the preachers, teachers, and Bible women climate by stating the cllse of the Rev_ working in the city and immediate vi- Charles Banks and his wife, two Americinity. These 15 societies include 2 Bi- can missionaries who have lived &t Equable societies which have scattered por- torville seven years. Their three chiltions of the Bible all over the province. dren were born there, and all are sur- The Presbyterian mission press is lo- prisingly healthy. The Belgian official cated in Shanghai. More than 1,000,- attributes this to the fact that Mr. Banks 000 copies of books and tracts were .used great care in the location of hil!! printed the past year. There is also cottage, and uses native fruits, vegeta- Bible work carried on for the Japanese. bles, and milk altogether. He avoids all canned goods, using for meat native AFRICA. goats, sheep, and poultry; uses goat's -On a tablet in a church of Algiers milk instead of condensed milk, lind is the name of "Devereux Spratt, raises his own vegetables. which, beIng 1641." The traveller naturally inquires fresh, are far preferable to the canned what that means, and he is told that goods from Europe.

Devereux Spratt, an Englishman, was -Says the Mi88ionarg Herald : captured with 120 other. in 1641 by the "Probably no city in the world has Algerian pirates. He was put to work had a more remarkable growth than with his fellow-slaves on the fortifica- Johannesburg in the South African re- tions around Algiers. Cut off from public. Starting from nothing in 1886, congenial company, hll lQoked to God it is now a large and well-built city, having in 1892 over 40,000 inhabitants. copies of the New Testament were also Its streets have a length of 85 miles granted, but as the Society's stock of and are broad and regularly laid out, these was exhausted, printing had to the taxable valuation of the immovable be begun. On September 5th, 5025 property being over $15,000,000. Al- copies, or a little over half the required most everything necessary to the enjoy- number, were sent out of the warement of life can be found there. The house to be shipped for Mombasa. city is said to be more than 5000 feet They were packed in 67 zinc·lined above the level of the sea, and is located boxes, containing 75 each, and weighon the" Witwatersrand," a reef which ing about 60 pounds. It is expected is marvellously productive of gold. that the remainder, with 2000 copies of Hither come workmen from all parts of the latter half of the New Testament, the world seeking their fortunes. " will be printed, packed, and despatched And especially for the sake of the Zulus in time for the next monthly shipment." congregated here the American Board sustains a mission in the city. ISLANDS OF THE SEA.

-The Church of Rome, through the -The Protestant portion of Chris- White Fathers about Lake Tanganyika, tendom cannot but watch the encroachmakes a specialty of redeeming slaves ments of France upon Madagascar with in great numbers, and by this means deepest solicitude and apprehension; secures a never·failing supply of .. cou- for wherever she undertakes to subdue verts." Le8 Hi88iontJ OathoZique8 gives or colonize she is quite certain to play this bill of particulars: .. Of the sums the part of meddler and mischief-maker. collected for the redemption of slaves, Against the English tongue she holds a his Eminence Cardinal Ledochowski. grudge, and though caring little for Prefect of the Sacred Congregation 01. any religion for religion's sake, yet pre· the Propaganda, has granted to Mgr. fers Catholicism because it can be used Barthet, Vicar-Apostolic of Senegam- for political purposes. Should she inbia, 30,000 lires (Italian); to Mgr. Tou- vade and conquer the island, the maglotte, Vicar-Apostolic of the Sahara, nificent missions now existing would 10,000 lires; to Mgr. Hirth, Vicar- be in the utmost jeopardy. Apostolic of the Victoria Nyanza, 20,- 000 lires; to Mgr. Lechaptois, Vicar- -The Australasian Wesleyan Met):!- Apostolic of the Tanganyika, 20,000 odist Missionary Society has fallen heir lires. " to the achievements wrought by the English Wesleyans in Fiji, Samoa, New -Thus far only men have been sent Britain, and British New Guinea, and to Uganda as missionaries, but now the makes report of 1542 preaching places Church Missionary Society is seriously occupied by 23 English missionaries, considering if the time has not come 76 native ministers, 1243 teachers, 2388 when women also may bear a part in local preachers, 4085 class leaders, and the arduous task. Four or five mar- 2379 school-teachers. The native ried couples may soon be selected, and church-members number 33,376, with with them a few unmarried women 6205 on trial and 118,817 attendants on may be despatched. public worship. There are 40,875 in the day schools. Fiji alone has 30,583 -The British and Foreigu Bible So- in the churches. This society has deciety makes this announcement: "A cided to purchase a boat to be used in large grant of Ganda Scriptures was conveying teachers to and from New made by the Committee to the Church Britain and New Guinea. The Rev. F. Missionary Society on July 30th. Of Langham, of Fiji, has been invited to these, 1800 copies of the Book of Dan- visit the colonies in order to carry out iel, which had recently issued from the the revision of the Fiji Bible. press, were sent off last month; 10,000