The Missionary Review of the World — July 1939

1939

The "Moksa" Goes to the Country Shannon McCune When a Mission Became a Church Alexander H. Kemp Rural Youth of the Church Today H. S. Randolph Spain Today and Tomorrow By a Wayfarer Politics and Religion in Albania Phineas B. Kennedy Liberty and Religion in Red Russia F. J. Miles Forty Years' Progress in Latin America Webster E. Browning 25 Cents a CoP1 $2.50 a Yeat'

D.tes to Remember WORLD FRIENDSHIP — FIRST

June 24-July I-Eagles Mere Confer- IIJUST LIKE YOU II ence of Missions. Chairman, Mrs. Earl Breeding, 24 Rugby Lane, By LUCY W. PEABODY Scarsdale, N. Y. 196 pages, a picture on every page. Children love it···Libraries need it. June 28-July l7-Erieside Conference for Girls and Young Women. Wil- PEACE AND GOOD WILL DEPEND UPON IT lowick, Ohio. Special Price, $1.00, Postpaid July 3-10-Northfield Missionary Con- ference for Women and Girls. East Order from MISS M. H. LEAVIS, 186 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, Mass. Northfield, Mass. For information, address Mrs. Warren C. Taylor, 38 Obituary Notes of seventy. For thirty years he had Union Ave., Schenectady, N. Y. held administrative positions in the Mr. Russell Carter, who retired Illinois Synod and the United July 6-11 – International Christian two years ago after serving forty Lutheran Church. He retired from Endeavor Convention, Cleveland, O. years as treasurer and Assistant active service in 1936 after having Treasurer of the Presbyterian Board served as Secretary of English Mis- July ll-August 16 – Winona Lake of Foreign Missions, died in Pitts- sions of the Board of American Mis- School of Theology. Winona Lake, burgh, Pa., April 29, at the age of sions for eighteen years. Ind. Dean, Dr. J. A. Huffman, 302 72. Mr. Carter had also traveled Morton Blvd., Marion, Ind. *** • • extensively in foreign lands. July 22-28-Baptist WorId Congress. The Rev. Albert Oltmans, former Atlanta, Ga. • secretary of the American Mission to Lepers, died June 12th, at Yokohama, July 2l-30-'-Erieside Annual Summer Rev. George F. Jenkins, formerly at the age of eighty-four. Bible Conference. Willowick, near Cleveland, Ohio. a Presbyterian missionary in China, He was born in the Netherlands, and came to the United States when a July 24-August 2-World Conference died April 6, in Kansas City, Mo. In youth: He was graduated from Hope of Christian Youth, Amsterdam, 1903, Mr. Jenkins went to Hunan un- College, Holland, Mich, in 1883, and Holland. der the Cumberland Presbyterian from the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1886. That year he went August 30-Sept. 2-National Rural Church; and later transferred to to Japan as a missionary for the Re- Forum. Penn State College, under the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., formed Church in America. He re- the auspices of the American Coun- stationed first at Changteh and then tired from active service as a mis- try Life Assn., Dr. Benson Y. sionary fifteen years ago and took up Landis, Executive Secretary, 297 at Taoyuan, where he established an his work as secretary of the American Fourth Ave., New York. Mission to Lepers in Tokio. Recently, • orphanage. • • the Japanese Government decorated August l-lO-Erieside Conference for Mrs. Caroline Atwater Mason, au- him for his work among lepers. Boys and Young Men. Willowick, thor of more than twenty volumes of Ohio. short stories, travel and religious Aug. SolO-Ninth Quadrennial Con- books, died recently. She was the vention of the Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of Af- widow of Dr. John H. Mason, a pro- Personal Items rican Methodist Episcopal Zion fessor in Rochester Theological Sem- Church, Detroit, Mich. inary.

August l3-2O-Geneva Summer School The Rt. Rev*. R*ob*ert Lewis Pad- of Missions, Lake Geneva, Wis. For information write to Mrs. Paul dock, retired Bishop of the Protestant Rev. William C. Kerr, of Seoul, H. Wezeman, 1177 S. Humphrey Episcopal Church, died in Clifton, Korea, has been appointed to the fac- Ave., Oak Park, Ill. N. Y., on May 17 after a long ill- ness. He was born December 24, ulty of the Imperial University in Sept. 2-4-Erieside Business Women's Conference, Willowick, Ohio. 1869, in Brooklyn, N. Y., and was Seoul, to teach Latin and English ordained as Missionary Bishop of Literature. Because of this connec- DO YOUR S.S.PAPERS Eastern Oregon, in 1907. He retired tion he has been able to start an Eng- ~ in 1922. **• lish Bible Class among university stu- BIBLE TRUTH? Rev. William B. Millar, D.D., for- dents. **• ~~ COUNCll. ~ FIDES – For Young· People merly General Secretary of the New Dr. William Webster Hall, Jr., of York Federation of Churches, died on New York and Sofia, Bulgaria, has May 30 in New York City as a re- been called to the presidency of the sult of a stroke, at the age of 73 College of Idaho. His experience in years. Dr. Millar was born in Lake Mills, dealing with educational pioneering Wis., in 1866. After his graduation was gained in the Near East first at from Lawrence College, Appleton, Robert College, and then in the Ameri- Wis., he became a Y. M. C. A. secre- tary at LaCrosse and later was Sec- can College in Sofia. He is the retary of the International Committee author of numerous magazine articles (1896-1910). He was a founder of and books. the Army and Navy Department of *** Mr. P. O. Philip who has been for the Y. M. C. A. in which he did excel- some years Secretary of the National lent pioneer work. He was General Christian Council of India and one of Secretary of the Laymen's Missionary the Editors of the N. C. C. Review has Movement and later of the Inter- resigned as Secretary to take up work church World Movement. Dr. Mil- in connection with the Mar Thoma lar is survived by his widow and three Syrian Church whose interests have daughters and a son. always been very dear to him. His *** home will be in Travancore, South India, and he is expecting to be a reg- Dr. John F. Seibert, for nearly a ular contributor to the N. C. C. Re- half a century an active home mission view. 1502 N. Third St. Harri.bare, Pena. worker in the United Lutheran (Concluded on page 337.) Church, died April 19th at the age

MISSIONARY HOW TO EDUCAT'E

REVJEW OF THE WORLD YOUR CHILD At Home. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor Calvert's wor1d~famou8 home study plan fives superior VOL. LXII Nos. 7-8 education to thousands of children not near good schools JULy-AUG., 1939 t or unable to attend school. Complete courses for each Publication and Business Office- grade from Kindergarten to High School. All books. Third and Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. materials and teacher gl.!idance included. En- t~lUsias:ical1y endorsed by educators and parents. Editorial and Executive Office– Low cost. Vrite today for free catalog. State 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. child's age, Entered as second-class matter jt CALVERT SCHOOL, 187 E. Tnscany Rd., Bahim.re, Md. Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879. all the missionary societies. It can 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. do for these societies what no one of Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. Published monthly, except August. them can do for itself." All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1939. JOHN R. MOTT, British agents – Marshall, Morgan . and Scott, 12 Paternoster' Buildings, Chairman, International London, E. C. 1 shilling per COpy, Missionary Council. 10 shillings a year. *** MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- LISHING CO., INC. "My congratulations on the splen- BOARD OF DIRECTORS did issue of THE REVIEW on home ROBERT E. SPEER, President A. L. W~RNs;auIS, Vice-President missions." (June, 1939). W ALTIllR,.' McIlouGALL, Treasurer KENNETH S. LATOURETTE, DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary Professor of Missions and Or-iental History, Yale PAUL J ..; B.RAISTED· University.

S~UEL'MCCREACAVERT *** D.J. FA-NT""'" . "I have taken occasion to go through MRS. ORRIN ,R.' JUDD the latest issue of THE REVIEW and it wM.. B. LIPPHAllD has brought back to me what a very ERIC M. NORTH able and worth-while publication it SAMUEL M. ZWIilMER is; indeed it has appealed to me so Only 10 swift days direct to Yokohama when you sail by much that I am starting to subscribe Empress to the Orient. Only 3 more days to visit lovely Editorial (.hat over again. The only reason I dis- Hawaii en route by Empress oj continued my subscription was that I lapan, largest and fastest liner This July-August number includes on the Pacific, or Empress oj two summer months when many read- have so many magazines coming to Canada. From California ers are away from home and when ports connect at Honolulu. most local church activities are less. my desk that it is simply impossible The articles in this issue will be of Frequent sailings from both great interest and many are particu- even to scan them all, and in a Scotch Vancouver and Victoria to larly readable for summer mission Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, circles. spirit one day I decided .that I must Shanghai,HongKong,Manila. economize." ,. Consult YOUR OWN TRAVEL *** AGENT or Canadian Pacific: DR. GEORGE W. ARMS. 41 offices in U. S. and Canada. The Foreign Missions Conference at Swarthmore, Pa., (July 9-16) comes Bedford Presbyterian Church, too late to include a report in this number. It has been unusual in set- BrookLyn, N. Y. up, in interest and importance-fol" lowing the Madras Conference and Personal Item, planning to make the most effective use of the re~ults of that 'con:l;erence. (Concluded from 2d cover.) Dr. Milton T. Stauffer, former Education Secretary of the Student Vol- Dr. Wilbert W. White has resigned unteer Movement, and Dr. Herrick from the presidency of the Biblical B. Young, Personnel Secretary of the Seminary in New York, with the title presbyterian Board, are to report and Founder and Honorary President of evaluate this Foreign Missions Con- the Seminary. His brother, Dr. J. ference in the September number of . Campbell White, will act as president THE REVIEW. Look for this report. until a successor has been secured. *** *** Recent letters have contained the following comments on THE REVIEW Mr. James Stark, Mr. M. Hardman and its value: and Miss R. E. Oaskeshott are retir- ing after fifty years of service in the "After all is said and done, THE REVIEW seems indispensable, although China Inland Mission. I know of no otbers of this mission who subscribe for it. But I want it Mr. E. K. ** * a misand that's the reason for this check. I've been a patron for more than Higdon, formerly thirty years, with some time carelessly skipped." sionary in the Philippines under the REV. JOHN C. FINEFROCK, United Christian Missionary Society, United Lutheran Church Mis- has been elected to a foreign secre- sion, .Guntur, .India. taryship in that Society.

*** The Rev. * *R. * Associ- "THE REVIEW exists primarily to Jesse Wilson, further in every way the program of ate Scretary of the American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society connected with the Home Department, has been transferred from the Pacific Coast office at Los Angeles and is now in the same department in the main of- fice, New York. Dr. Wilson was for- merly a missionary in Japan and later the general secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement.

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"MOKSA" (DR. WM. N. BLAIR) REMOVING HIS SHOE COVERS ON LEAVING THE CHURCH. (THE MEN USE ONE

AND WOMEN THE OTHER) INTERIOR OF THE CHU)'tCH AND AUDIENCE-(TWO JAPANESE DETECTIVES IN THE CENTER FOREGROUND) GDiNG TO CHURCH IN KAICHUN, 'CHOSEN

NARY

REVIB ORLD AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS VOLUME LXII JULY-AUGUST,1939 NUMBERS 7 AND 8 Topies of the Times ARE FORCIBLE CONVERSIONS POSSIBLE? only by a long process of training after a conquest. The Soviet rulers of Russia are attempting to con- At times the objection is raised that Christian vert the people to atheism by force; they are not missions attempt to bring about the conversion of succeeding and can only succeed by a long procmen by bribery or force. It is possible by such ess of atheistic education. In Nazi Germany, means to change a man's vote but not his convic- propaganda, national ambition and false teaching, tions. are being used to overthrow faith in the supreme authority of God as revealed in Christ and the Many means are used to turn men from one Bible. There are multitudes of German Chrisfaith and loyalty to another-military force, tians whom these motives do not sway. money, threats, promises, falsehood and ambition. Mahatma Gandhi has tried, with some temporary How long will it take Japan, by the use of success, to force Indian people by his fasting to bombs, machine guns and terrorism to win the accept his program. His most recent self-im- friendship and cooperation of the Chinese? Only posed fast to convert Thakore Sahib of Rajkot, unworthy men succumb to unworthy motives. apparently gained his point; he now says that it resulted in his defeat. Gandhi's opponents were Intelligent Christians realize that men and not convinced and their purpose was not changed, women cannot be truly won to Christ by bribery, therefore they plan to destroy the effect of the fear or force. One might as well attempt to cause a child to be loving and obedient by continued decision in Gandhi's favor. spankings, by threats or by gifts of candy. Men The transmutation of metals, or the conversion are led to consider the claims and character of of one substance into another of apparently en- Christ by the offer of economic advantages such tirely different elements, was formerly considered as provided by the Grenfell Mission, by medical an idle dream. Today such marvellous changes service like that of Dr. Schweitzer's hospital in are conceded! to be in the realm of science. The Africa, or by such secular education as is offered changes wrought in human nature by the power of in many mission schools and colleges. These God are still more wonderful. This has been methods of work may affect their attitude but proved in countless instances, as in the conversion affect no real change of heart. Jesus Christ, when of Jerry McAuley, the "River Thief" of New York, on earth, won men by the revelation of His heart and of Africaner, the "Hottentot Terror" of of love, by the truth that He taught, and by the South Africa. light of Life that shone out through Him. His The transmutation of metals has not been ac- denunciations of selfishness and sin were for hypocomplished by a wizard's alchemy but by the crits; His invitations to come to Him were for knowledge of natural forces and by scientific proc- the hungry and thirsty; His service and sacrifice esses. The transformation of human beings from were for the needy and dying; His- revelation of the natural and beastly to the spiritual and God- God was for those who we:te ready to receive and like is a fact established to the satisfaction of all follow Him. who have seen such changes. This change cannot There is abundant testimony that today, on the be affected by force or by bribery. The Mohammedans have used force and fear to convert whole mission fields at home and abroad, the most efnations to Islam but their end has been achieved fective work in winning men to Christ is not by means of the denunciation of other religions, or [ 339 ]

by the preaching of "hell-fire"; or by the free The result was that Christianity seemed a "fordistribution of "loaves and fishes." Men and eign cult," not well adapted to the peoples to women of all ages and races are won through lov- whom the missionaries came with the universal ing service, by the proclamation of the Good News message of Christ. of forgiveness and life through Christ, and through the manifestation of sacrificial and under- At the recent Madras Conference, Miss Minnie standing love. Other and unworthy methods may Soga, a Bantu woman from South Africa, declared temporarily add to the number of adherents but that to her people Christianity, with its foreign do not change hearts or make loyal followers. clothes, European churches and ceremonies, for- The transmutation of material substances is eign words and unfamiliar songs, was distinctly wrought by understanding and applying the laws a "white man's" religion. Many thought that if of nature, which are the laws of God. "To as they adopted the white man's clothes and manmany as received him (Christ) gave He the ner of life they would no longer be "heathen." But right to be called (recognized as) the children of Africans did not feel at home in European sur- God-who were born, not of blood, nor of the roundings. When they worshiped in a church with will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of a native thatched roof, an unhewn stone for an God." altar or pulpit, and sitting on the ground; or when they worshipped under the trees with the ESSENTIALS IN MISSION WORK vaulted sky for a roof, then they felt at home.

A young doctor, who had recently been gradu- Christians from other lands pointed out the ated from a modern school of medicine and sur- same need for using native ideas and surroundings gery, was sent as a medical missionary to China to make the peoples of each land and race feel at and became a member of the staff of a large and home in their Christian life and worship. efficient hospital. One of the first things he did was to direct one of the Chinese orderlies to throw Many young missionaries today, going out to out a lot of tin pans and other ancient equipment foreign lands with all the enthusiasm of youth and so that they might be replaced by enamel ware with the equipment of the most modern education, and modern implements. Some of the older mem- are demanding better facilities and more money bers of the staff retrieved the discarded utensils. in order that they may give to the "under privi- leged" of those lands, "the best that America and In contrast to this young doctor's attitude are Europe have to offer"-medically, economically, the reports. of Dr. Gordon S. Seagrave of Burma socially, educationally and religiously. From some in his "Tales of a Waste Basket Surgeon." He quarters there is a constant call for more modern has achieved wonderful results ·by using instru- buildings, better equipment, more automobiles, ments and equipment discarded as out-of-date by fast motor boats, radios, airplanes, together with doctors in America. more highly technically trained teachers and spe- cialists. An article recently appeared in Asia, written by an American college man who went to India to On the other hand missionary history shows that investigate the effectiveness of American and some workers have made the mistake of attempt- British educational methods and ideals as applied ing to adopt native dress, food, and living condito the Hindus. From intelligent Indian graduates tions to which they were not born or adapted. of some of the modern institutions he learned that Some valuable and consecrated men and women many of the best trained Indians consider "West- have died prematurely, or have been invalided ern" ideals and methods to be unadapted to In- home, because of such mistakes. Others have redia's needs. ' Foreign colleges are too highly or- fused to use modern methods, inventions and ganized and regimented. They turn out largely equipment which might have added greatly to "white collar" clerks who find few openings for their efficiency. service in Indian society. The educated Indian critics believe that if the "ashram" method had What are the essentials, as distinguished from been followed, with capable teachers who would non-essentials, for effective Christian life and train students in practical ways for Indian life, service? Jesus Christ came to earth as a "foreign the results would have been far better. missionary." He adopted the Palestinian mode of dress and manner 'of life-so far as these were Other critics of Christian missions in Asia, wholesome; but Jesus was born into that life; He Africa and the Pacific Islands, point out many never refused to use the best that Judea and Galmistakes made by early missionaries who intro- ilee offered to make His ministry more efficient. duced European and American dress to replace native costumes-or the lack of them; setting Is it not clear that non-essentials in Christian foreign styles for church buildings, houses and an life and service include special kinds of clothalien manner of life copied from their home lands. ing, (little or much) ; particular architecture for houses or churches; a special language or music; a type of equipment, peculiar ceremonials in wor-

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

ship; a particular form of organization and spe- on their knees to confess sin and pray for forcial educational methods-these are clearly non- giveness. Dr. Sung's meetings were crowded and essentials. God can use any of these that are many came forward to accept Christ. The "Witimpregnated with His spirit and are wholly sur- ness Bands" with two hundred men, women and rendered to His control. Personnel is vastly more youth, were busy speaking of Christ to outstations important than equipment. An efficient doctor or and neighbors. There is great rejoicing over the surgeon is one who knows his science and can spiritual fruitage of this work and over churches use his equipment efficiently; a successful teacher that have been awakened and strengthened. Biis one who knows his subject and how to present ble reading and prayer have increased as well as it effectively; a successful ambassador of Christ personal witnessing of Christ and His power. is one who knows and loves God as He is revealed lives have been set right; quarrels have been setin Christ and the Bible and who lives a Christ-life tled, debts have been paid, pastors have been set among men. on fire with new zeal for winning people to Christ. In one church some members of the congregation Es-sentials for the missionary, or for any Chris- stood up and said to the pastor : "You are not the tian life and service are therefore: first, life in man you were before the evangelist came-you Christ-a life that comes from God, is God-filled preach better sermons than formerly." The pasand God-directed. The second essential is the tor himself admits the great change. Whereas he purpose and power to lift up Christ as the Saviour, used to consult with the missionary concerning who lived and died for sinful men; who rose again, those cold and indifferent, now he weeps over them and is ever living in and with His people in every and prays for them. Sunday afternoon after he land. The third essential is ability to teach the has taught a Bible class, preached a children's Bible as the revealed Word of God; the Spirit of sermon to the Junior Church and a mess·age to the God can be trusted to interpret and adapt the adult members, he takes any who care to go with ideals and truth of God to meet the needs of each him to hold a street meeting. In the evening he race and clime and condition. It has often been takes his part in the special meeting of the "Witfound that the earnest native Christians of a com- ness Bands." munity are much more reliable guides in applying Christian truth to local problems than are the This new spirit in the Chinese Church was foreign missionaries-even those of holy charac- further strengthened during March, through the ter and long experience. visit of Wilson Wong, of the Christian and Mis- sionary Alliance, when the Christians feasted upon Do we not often make the mistake of clinging the Word of God, and at the evening meetings to old ideas and prejudices when new methods brought unsaved friends to hear the message. might be better or of thinking that modern untried More than forty took their stand for Christ durideas and equipment must necessarily replace the ing those evening sessions. old? The first essential is always life-spiritual life; the second is proper food-soul food found in God used both men and both methods to save God's revealed truth; the third essential for souls and inspire soul-winning service in the strength is exercise-loving spiritual service, using whatever equipment we have that will help hearts of the Chinese Christians.* produce abiding spiritual results. It would be well for every Christian to check up in order to Rev. Sook Pongsanoi, a Siamese pastor in discover how many lessons we have learned Trang, Siam, writes of his interesting experience through a period of years, that have helped to that changed him from a Bible-selling colporteur make us and our children more Christlike and more effective servants of God. into a soul-winning evangelist. He says: t NEW LIFE IN THE CHURCH IN SIAM "As a student in the Bangkok Christian Col- lege and later, when acting pastor of the Second As a result of God's blessing on the work of Church of Bangkok, I sold and distributed many John Sung, the Chinese evangelist, in Siam last Scripture portions and Testaments without makautumn, a new spirit has been manifested in the ing reports to the Bible Society. I went into many Chinese Church in Siam. The work was formerly homes and walked in and out of many lanes with carried on in three dialects and three denomina- the Scriptures, but did not feel any real need of tions; now unity and cooperation have taken the reporting on sales. place of division. There is also a new zeal in evangelism and new signs of Christian faith and life. "When I went to work for the Bible Society as People are saved; lives are quickened; the spirit a regular colporteur I had to report every month and power of Christ are manifest in hearts, homes and wanted to give a wonderful report to the head and churches. Entire congregations have fallen office.

"But I was nQt satisfied with the work I was do- ing, and was not happy in it. I sold more than • Facts quoted from Rev. A. G. Seigle of Slam.

t Reprint from the Forty-Eighth Annual Report of the Siam and Laos Agency of the American Bible Society.

any other colporteur in Bangkok, but I felt that ent situation assure us that religion-and particumy work was shallow. I was just selling the larly evangelical Christianity-is not dead in Rus- Book without giving purchasers any message con- sia. The expression of it may have changed and cerning the Saviour of the book. I knew that I been driven to cover, but the hunger of the huought to do something more than simply sell God's man heart for God has not been satisfied and the Book, but I went on day in and day out like a vital spark of men and women who have received machine. life from Christ has not been quenched.

"A year and a half ago I was called to become A Soviet Government census has recently shown pastor of the Trang Church, South Siam, and I (according to The Sentinel) that two-thirds of the accepted the call, but with the agreement that I 80,000,000 Russian people living in villages and should continue part time work as a colporteur. one-third of the 40,000,000 people living in larger My work had very little power, but there was a towns are stilI definitely believers in God, in spite growing desire for a clearer understanding of the of the twenty years of pressure and persecution Holy Word for myself so that I could pass it on to to suppress all' religious faith. others. The Soviet authorities have been disturbed by "When I heard that John Sung, a noted Chinese the revelations of the census and have sought to evangelist, was coming to Bangkok I determined suppress the facts. A German writer states that to go and hear him. Thank God, God opened my there are today 30,000 organized Christian groups eyes to see His wonderful love in a new way. A in the Soviet Republics, in addition to many secret powerful meaning of the Cross has come to me societies. Faith in God and a desire for some and I came to have a new attitude toward Bible relation to Him-even in the form of unenlightstudy. ened religion-will not die.

"I invited Dr. Sung to come to Trang and Many factors that have been supposed to support through him God has poured out a mighty bless- religious institutions-capitalism, private proping upon the people of this city. The Trang erty, wealth, and an independent clergy-have Church is now on fire for God and has been packed lost influence, but the roots of religion still rewith people every Sunday since Dr. Sung went main. The younger generation, declares the away. Every church member brings his Testa- Deutsche Landshau, that does not remember the ment to every service and we read the Scriptures regime of the Czars, is less prej udiced against together. Every Sunday I read a chapter from the religion. Many Russian congregations are said to Old Testament, and then the congregation reads a be made up largely of people under thirty years chapter of the New Testament with me. (I wish of age. Ministers are ordained secretly, have no all the people could have a complete Bible, but it definite parishes, and travel about unrecognized will be a long time before that can come true.) by the enemies of religion, but known to Believers. We are feeding on the Word of God as never be- Many of the clergy are artisans or small trades fore. and last Sunday sixteen women and five men people, and gather groups of Believers in unfrewere baptized and twenty baptized children pro- quented woods and ravines. Piety is nourished fessed their faith in Jesus Christ and all united in the hearts of the people who are encouraged to with the church; two back-sliders also came and memorize Scripture, songs and prayers. It takes confessed their sins. One of the old missionaries courage to join such groups, as was true in the said }i.e had never seen anything like that ingath- early days of Christianity, but persecution enering before. dured helps to strengthen rather than to weaken faith in God. The truth of Christ's promise is "Now I have an entirely new attitude toward proved today, as to the Church founded by Him Scripture distribution. At first I did not think and characterized by living faith in Him: "The it necessary to make any report to the American gates of hell shall not prevail against it." Bible Society; then I came to look on the report as the major part of my work; no'W I am seeking PROVERBS OF THE HILL FOLK OF INDIA to win souls through the careful and prayerful distribution of thi.<; Holy Book. I am not now A small stick hides the mountain from the eye. most interested in the ntlmber of Scriptures sold, One says, "What shall I eat?" Another says, but in the number of men and women and boys "What sauce shall I eat with my food?" and girls brought to accept Christ." Sparrows are the headmen of deserted villages. A potful of rice is judged by one grain. CHRISTIANITY NOT DEAD IN RUSSIA Men say that time passes. Time says that men pass. In spite of the continued atheistic propaganda A good man finds the world good. in Soviet Russia, as promoted by communistic officials, by means of ridicule, education, persecu- -The Indian Witness. tion and materialism, those familiar with the pres-

"MOKSA" PUTTING ON HIS SHOES, PREPARING TO LEAVE THE HOME OF A KOREAN PRESBYTERIAN

The "Moksa" Goes to the Country Adventures on a Week-end Journey in Chosen By SHANNON McCUNE, Clark University, Wor- * cester, Massachusetts He OME out to the country with me for the thankful ever since, for it gave me a chance to see week-end." It was my father-in-law, Dr. the country work of a missionary in Korea at William N. Blair of Pyengyang, who was first hand. It was not any special trip but the ordi- speaking. I had just returned from a two weeks nary, regular week-end trip of a foreign Moksa, reconnaisance trip through northern Korea and or itinerating missionary. confess that the prospect of starting out right away, even for a short trip, was not very inviting. Mother made ready the bedding for us; Edith, But after some hesitancy, I agreed, and have been my wife, finished the batch of fudge so that we could take some along. I loaded my camera, while • Sha nnon McCune, the son of Dr. and Mrs. George S. McCune, Father Blair put gasoline in the car and checked was born in Korea. He Is a graduate of Wooster CoIlege, Ohio the oil. The car needed careful going over for it (1935) , Syracuse University (1937) and did graduate work at Clark has been in constant service since it was bought on University (1937-38) where he is Willia m Libby Fellow in the furlough five years before. School of Geography. His father was formerly president of the Union Christian College, Pyengyang, Cbosen. His father-In-law, Dr. At three o'clock in the afternoon, on a Saturday William N. Blair, of Pyengya ng, has given most of his time to last November, we started off to the north-Ieavevangelistic work, la rgely in the country districts. The photographs used to Illustrate this article were taken by Shannon McCune on the journey described.-EDIToR.

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ing our wives at home in Pyengyang. The road presidency of the Union Christian College and was very familiar to Father Blair for he had been told stories of his evangelistic campaigns. There traveling it for almost four decades on foot, by was some reference to the Shrine question (which pony, in oxcart, and by almost every conveyance is such a serious problem in the Japanese Empire imaginable. We were going to the center of his today), but there was no discussion of it for the Korean leaders appreciate the position taken by the missionary body.

After a night's sleep we woke to a fine fall day with light cumulus clouds in the sky. The usual Korean breakfast of rice and soup are scarcely to the Occidental's liking, so Father pulled ou't his little alcohol lamp and proceeded to prepare a real American breakfast of bacon, eggs and coffee.

During the morning I had an opportunity to look around the elder's home, while Father was at Sunday school. It was typical of the better class Christian home and was heated by the regular Korean system of an ondol, the draft going' under the floor from the kitchen stove to the chimney on the other side of the house. The floors and 'walls were made of mud, well-packed on a corn-stalk frame. The outside walls were white with lime . and the inside walls and the floors were papered.

The roof was of slate, warmer, cleaner and longer- GOING ACROSS THE RIVER ON A FERRY lasting than the usual Korean thatch, though more expensive in initial cost. The elder had utilized beloved Anju district of which he has been the the hills back of his home-not for the usual grave sole missionary M oksa ever since he came to Korea sites-but for an apple orchard and the samples as a young man of twenty-five, fresh from semi- we had for breakfast were delicious. He had pre- nary, thirty-seven years ago.

It was not easy driving, for the roads, built pri- marily for army and other trucks, are continually obstructed by large jagged rocks. With rubber.

like gold in a war economy, our tires were Dr.

Blair's first concern. It was necessary to ferry :,lcross the Tatong River twice on small flat-boats just wide enough for the car. Everyone, from the farmer with the top-knot on his head to the J apa- nese gold prospector, offered advice. But Father has guided the car up over the two narrow planks on to many a ferry and so we crossed without much trouble in the growing dusk. We drove along the river for a number of miles and saw boats going down to Pyengyang piled high with firewood or earthen jars.

After a four-hour drive we came into Kae Chy- on where we were welcomed by the pastor of the local church and were taken to a Christian elder's home to stay. In a few minutes the car was un- loaded and soon we were warming our stocking feet on the warm Korean floor. After a bowl of CROSSING STREAM BY FOOT-BRID GJ<:: . DR. BLAIR (IN u-dong (soup) we talked with the pastor, the FRONT), BEHIND HIM A KOREAN DEACON. elders, and others of the church who dropped in to call. This was a valuable opportunity to renew pared a cellar to store the apples, under a shed old friendships with the Korean leaders. I met a where he kept his firewood and rice. In front of number of people who remembered my own father the house was a little garden for cabbages. These (Dr. George S. McCune) and were sorry to hear had been pulled up and stacked by the well to be of his retirement. They recalled his years in the used in making kimchi, or pickle. Tethered under

THE "MOKSA" GOES TO THE COUNTRY

the apple trees were two goats and across the the Church the platform was arranged to make little garden was the pig pen with a fat sow and room for a large sheet of paper which Father her grunting litter. Chickens were pecking Blair would use for his chalk-talk. The church around in the garden and the yard-doubtless filled rapidly, the women sitting on the floor to the missing their companion which was boiling in the right and the men on the left, so that by the time big kettle in the kitchen. The elder was naturally the service started there was not much room left. quite proud of his establishment, which made him Other similar Presbyterian services were taking remarkably self-sufficient. He told me of the help he had received from his subscription to The THE "MOKSA" AND KOREAN ELDER ENJOY SUNDAY DINNER Farmer's Life, a magazine founded by Father (In former days everyone had his individual table, Men still eat McCune and now edited by Mr. Lutz of Pyengyang. The house and little yard n their cleanliness apart from the women,) and convenient arrangement showed that the elder place all around the world, with only a few difhad received from the missionaries not only spirit- ferences. Here the congregation took a big part ual help but also an incentive to improve his ma- in whole-hearted singing and an elder gave the terial surroundings. Sabbath prayer. Everyone listened attentively to the sermon which the Moksa gave. Two Japa- At about twelve we had dinner, a little better nese detectives sitting in front of me took copious than usual in honor of the M oksa. It was a treat notes. (Korea is far from being a free country, for me to be able to sit on the floor and really make especially for a foreigner.) But the preacher my chopsticks click on the good things that the could have the satisfaction of knowing that his elder's wife had prepared. I had been wary of sermon spread beyond the two hundred people in Korean food in my travels around the country the church auditorium. but the clean kitchen was an evidence that I had no need to be afraid of contracting any disease As soon as the church service was ended Father here. With all my appetite, I couldn't hold a candle, Blair put on his shoes and went to the parked car. or should I say a chopstick, to Father Blair as he The canvas cover was taken off in a hurry and off polished off his bowl of chicken soup and heaping we started for a ten-mile ride to a little town to dish of rice. The side dishes of different kinds of the south-west of Kae-Chyon. Here we left the car, meat, fish, and eggs cut up in small pieces, were again shrouded in its canvas cover, and went on also very good but I reveled in the kimchi, the foot. It was a beautiful hour's walk through the pickle which is an essential part of every Korean Korean countryside on this fine autumn day. We meal. It is full of red pepper which burned the had to cross over streams on little foot bridges inside of my mouth, and had a tang, from having and had fine views of lone pine trees towering been in an earthen jar buried in the yard for over above little villages clustered under the brows of a year. The pepper· brought tears to my eyes, the hills. We fell in with a fellow traveler and not only because of its sharpness but because I soon struck up a conversation. When a nail came thought back on my seven long kimchi-less years through the heel of Father's shoe, they squatted in America. down together to fix it with a rock. This road, too, was very familiar to the Moksa and he enjoyed The bell at the church had been ringing all telling about the days when as a young man he morning at intervals for the different divisions of developed this territory. He pointed out the rocks the Sunday school but it pealed for a longer time for church at one o'clock. The elder, in typical Korean style, commented on the glad note it sounded this day because the Moksa was to preach. Rising from the floor and going out on the veranda where we put on our shoes we went off to church. It was the third successive building erected on this site during the last twenty years. Each one bigger than the last and now the congregation was making plans for a new addition. The building, with its tile roof and red brick walls, trimmed with white shutters and doors, made a pretty picture, especially to the Korean eye.

With my camera I took some shots of the men dressed in their white robes going in one door, women, with babies on their backs, going in the other; some "kids" stayed outside to play. Next door was the manse-a modern Korean home with' a tin roof and very clean in appearance. Inside

on which the pigeons used to roost and the hill- out, (or rather "pried" out), and once again the sides which formerly were thick with pheasant. rooms were packed, this time by the adults of the He sighed for: the days whe.n he had a gun and, village. Outside were others, who were too shy not being bound in by red tape, could bring home to come in, making a group of about eighty. Faa brace of ducks or perhaps a deer. The greatest ther spoke this time on some of the basic beliefs pleasure of the trip for him, however, was to talk of Christianity and what they meant in the way of with our companionaboutthe story of Jesus. Much a changed life. At the end of his talk he asked all of my Korean is forgotten but the simple story who wished to make a definite stand for such a change in their lives to raise their hands. Eight torwas beautiful to hear. It fell on "fertile ground," people raised their hands, some having been pre- the gentleman w~s deeply moved. pared for such a stand by the elder and the dea- "At about four o'clock we came into the little vil- con. They only needed the incentive of the Mokla.ge of Kul Chang Kori, or Rock Village Market- sa's coming to ~ake their stand definitely. Our pla.ce. The church had been started many years fellow traveler of the road came up at the close of ago' but had had its ups and downs. Father Blair the service and said that he wanted to change his had not been able to get into this isolated valley for life also, but wished to study more before he came over four years, so that his arrival was a real event to a decision. for the church and also for the village. The little church, situated on the edge of the village, had Shortly after the service we left the town to been repapered arid looked fresh 'and clean. Fa- walk back to the car. A number of the church ther walked around the village of a hundred people, in accordance with Korean custom, walked homes, talked with 11. group of threshers working to the top of the first pass with us. A full moon on the village threshing fioor, and invited them to had come up and the sight of the village, nestled come to the meeting,At night. He also called on on the 'edge of the hill with wisps of smoke spiralsome of the non-believers and interviewed some ling up from the evening fires, is a treasured young men who were interested. At :(lve we went memory. We said our goodbyes and walked tQ",the local elder's home, a typical two-roomed through the beautiful landscape in the crisp au- &untry house with the newly-threshed rice tumn air. We could not but think back on the stacked in bags under the eaves of the thatched eight who had decided definitely to seek a change roof. The cow was in the adjoining shed. Rude in their lives. We wondered if they would be able and poor as it was there was a spirit of welcome to stand fast amid the every day life of the village arid warmth that must have impressed the neigh- and in the strenuous times through which their bors among whom the elder and his wife lived. country was passing. Father commented on how There was no pastor in this village but the faith- typical was the reaction of our fellow traveler who, though sincerely moved, yet was so bound ful elder with a young deacon had kept the lit- by tradition and custom that he could not bring himself to a complete change of faith and life so tle church alive. quickly. There we had supper of chicken and rice and Soon we were back in the car driving to Kae kimchi, all specially prepared for the visitors. Chyon to spend the night in the elder's home. We Again, it was interesting to be introduced as a were up early in the morning in order to be back son of my father, Dr. McCune. It warmed my for an afternoon meeting in Pyengyang. We took heart to hear the old village headman, a non- a different route home and passed through another Christian, say, "The name of Yun Moksa is on section of Father's field with a church in every large town and groups in many of the villages. the hearts of all Koreans." He pointed out the church he had gone to the Sun- At six o'clock the little bell was rung for the day before and the church that he and Mother were to visit the next week. I was impressed by the children's service. The little church, with one fact that this trip we had taken, though extraor- room' about 12 feet by 2'4 and another room in the dinary to me, probably seemed just the usual rear reserved for the women about 8 by 12 feet, thing for him or for any of the evangelistic mis- Was soon jammed with children of all sizes and sionaries scattered throughout Korea. Even Fa- descriptions. There were about sixty, and all ther was sorry to have to rush back to Pyengyang clamoring to be up in the front. The young deacon so quickly but his city responsibilities called him. 'soon had them splitting their throats, singing He wished for time to visit others of his fifty or "Jesus ,Loves Me," while Father tacked some more country churches that have been passing drawing'paper on the wall. In a few minutes all through such difficult times and need the strength- were shouting the answers to his question in ap- ening and encouragement which a visit by the proved Korean fashion, as he told and illustrated Moksa would bring to them. the story of the lame man at the Beautiful Gate. Many of the older people had come and the rooms kept' getting more and more crowded. When the children's service was over, they were ushered

a Mission becomes a

By ALEXANDER H. KEMP, M. D., Angola, Africa Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church W HAT is the supreme purpose of Christian 600 church members; today there are over 5000. missions? Is it not to win people to Christ Then we scarcely dreamed of a self-supporting and to gather these disciples into churches native church; today we have 20 outstations which that will become self-supporting, self-extending, receive no subsidy from the mission. The mediand self-governing through the leadership and cal and educational work at Quessua now receive power of the Holy Spirit? In Angola, West Afri- a large amount of financial support from African ca, after fifty years of mission work many circum- sources. stances show that we should take a big step forward towards achieving the second part of our In the early days there was great rejoicing purpose. It is one thing to found a mission; it is when some of the first converts were deemed quite another thing to establish Christianity in a ready to be sent forth as evangelists and village foreign soil so that the Church will grow and de- pastors, and the missionaries were glad to provide velop and bear fruit. these men with houses and salaries from mission funds. The fact that a chief would allow Chris- The past half century of missionary work in tian work to be started in his village was consid- Angola has cost the Church at home not far from a ered a victory for the Kingdom of God. Realizing half million dollars. During the first twenty years that these first native workers were poorly prenearly thirty of the missionaries laid down their pared for their tasks, the missionaries directed lives on the field. The visible results are seen in their energies. towards the training of more effec- three mission stations, sixty native-manned sta- tive men. This meant mission schools. Every boy tions, five thousand church members and an equal who could qualify educationally, spiritually and number of adherents, and a hundred African morally, was assured of an appointment and a Christian workers-pastors, teachers or evange- salary from American funds. The supply of suitlists under appointment of the church leaders. able young men has never equaled the demand. One of our stations, Quiongua, which has had The desirability, as well as necessity, of instituting missionaries for fifty years has been closed be- a system of self-support for outstation work led cause of a shortage of workers, and there is only to an effort to have the older outstations assume one missionary couple at Luanda, the capital of responsibility for the support of their own pasthe colony. This couple cares for a school with tors. About 20 outstations are now doing this. 250 pupils, a church with an average Sunday afternoon congregation of 1200, and 20 outstations Today the situation in Angola is markedly difin the district. At Malange, 270 miles inland at ferent. Decreasing income from America has the railhead, there is one missionary doing pas- made it impossible to continue the present force toral work and translating. At Quessua, 8 miles of native workers on a salary basis, and an infrom Malange, is situated a central training insti- creasing number will each year be ready to enter tute with a school of 200 boys, a Bible School of the Lord's work. At the same time there are 15 pupils, besides industrial, agricultural and med- several large areas in which, until now, a Chrisical work, directed by a single woman missionary tian worker would not have been accepted, but and one married couple. One male missionary from which requests are now coming. In the superintends the Malange District with its 40 out- Malange District there is a large force of native stations, and four women missionaries conduct workers to whom customary salaries cannot be a school with 250 girls. paid from mission funds; there are opportunities to open new work in unevangelized areas, and When the writer arrived in Luanda in 1923 the there is a constantly increasing number of new re- Methodist Episcopal Board had three times as cruits available from the Mission Institute. many missionaries in Angola as now, and more than double the present annual work budget was A call was issued for a conference and seventy provided from American funds. Then we had a African workers were present. After reviewing score of native workers; today we have a hundred the work of the mission during its first half-cenmuch better trained workers. Then we had some tury, I took the men into complete confidence and laid before them a summary of the receipts, dis- [347 ]

bursements and balances of the district funds for Two vital attainments to be achieved in transeach of the past five years. Summing up the sal- forming a mission into a native church lie in aries of several classes of workers I showed that workers' willingness to receive their remuneration it would take 4,000 angolares ($80.00) per month from the people rather than from the mission. to pay all of them, whereas we had on hand enough The village churches must also be ready to proto pay 25% of this from American funds. The vide their workers with remuneration commensuother 75% would have to come from local church- rate with the service rendered. es, from other remunerative labor, or from their gardens. Each quarter less money would come One fundamental question which must be defrom America for them, so that the time seemed cided concern the form which the ministry is to to have come when the native church must as- take. Is it to be a strictly professional ministry sume a much greater share of the responsibility in which the pastor spends all of his time in Chrisfor the support of its own ministry. tian work and receives his entire support from his people, or is it to be a ministry in which the Is Foreign Money Inexhaustible? pastor, trained at the mission, earns all of his sustenance from his gardens or from a trade, For many years our native workers seem to donating his ministerial labors to the village? have had the impression that there was an inex- Shall the ministry be supported in part by the peohaustible supply of American money in the mis- ple and in part from the pastors' own labors? The sion, and that the share each received depended latter seems to be the only feasible plan for the upon the plea he put up to secure it. To help present, at least, and will probably be the final them realize that every angolare I paid out for solution. An understanding of native customs such general expenses as the conference in which is necessary in determining the question. we were sitting, must be deducted from the amount available for salaries, I deducted the The African Ministry travel expenses of men, the cost of rations during the conference, the cost of sending a boy 150 miles In many instances native pastors spend little into the interior to advise the men of the confer- more time in their routine church work than their ence, and other expenses. Thus many of them for people spend listening to them. The African is a the first time came to the realization that there natural orator, such as no other race claims to be, actually was a limit to mission funds. I endeavored so that he requires less preparation for public to make them see that I was doing my utmost to discourses than one would estimate. Even the best secure for them an adequate subsistence, but I of our African preachers have very few books, or told them that in my judgment there would have other literature; a Bible, hymnal and Sunday to be developed a local rather than foreign source school quarterly being the extent of many a pasfor this subsistence. The word "salary" was re- tor's library. They do little pastoral work, such as placed by the word "assistance." From now on is done in America, but they spend many a day they must consider themselves as supported by listening to disputes, settling differences, and givtheir respective churches rather than by the mis- ing judgment on questions., being in reality an sion, and that if they proved themselves faithful unofficial justice of the peace. A teacher must and loving servants, they would be sufficiently sup- spend about three hours daily in the classroom plied with this world's goods to enable them to and practically every native worker should spend continue to break the Bread of Life to their peo- half of his time in his gardens, as do most of ple. his parishioners. As in all African families, the wife spends from sunrise until one o'clock in her Late in the afternoon, after having been given garden. Even when the man of the home is upon their "assistance," the workers left to return to a salary basis, cash never goes for common foods, their stations, determined to preach the Gospel but is used for taxes, clothes, and trinkets. Even to the utmost of their ability, regardless of the re- a new house costs nothing for floors, walls or roofmuneration they might receive from the mission. ing, all being obtained locally free of cost, the win- dows and doors, table and bed and chairs being We have now agreed that all villages near Mal- the only things requiring a monetary outlay. Land ange that request a worker must provide a house, is free, and if the worker has been taught a trade church, gardens, and some cash salary before the at the mission, he can usually earn some money by worker is sent. For villages among unevangelized simple carpentry, sandals, tailoring, and making peoples, it will be necessary for the mission to forged articles. provide for a small salary for the worker for the first two years, or until the worker's garden be- To get a native worker to accept his remuneragins to produce. This plan must be carefully safe- tion from his church instead of from the mission guarded, however, both the worker and his peo- presents many difficulties-and many opportuniple being made to realize that financial assistance ties. Every boy who passes the government exfrom the mission is very temporary. amination expects a "white-collar job," just as

WHEN A MISSION BECOMES A CHURCH

his wife who had been trained in the girls' school rial returns alone, the finest investment any village here expects to be excused from field work. Un- here could possibly make lies in providing for the til now these expectations have been largely real- Christian message in their midst. Africans are ized, made possible by the salaries paid by the mis- poor in this worlds goods, far too poor in fact to sion. Incidently, one-half of the problem of a continue their present expensive beliefs and reself-supporting church is the wife of the worker. ligious customs. Heathen in their hunger bow It is not reasonable to expect villages to support down to wood and stone-seeking an explanation their Christian leader as liberally as he has been for their experience, a search which every human supported by the mission. A native worker must heart has made in vain, until Christ has been partake liberally of the humility of our Master to found. When He has been found and His freedom make him willing to accept support from his local entered into, then our people will be able to secure church organization, and be responsible to that material as well as s.piritual rewards. church for the faithfulness and lovableness of his ministrations. The present situation makes it imperative that we take a big step forward toward establishing a What Can the People Pay? self-supporting Christian church here. Workers present at our recent conference accepted their On the other side, the village churches, after reduced income from the mission in a spirit that having considered for many years that they were warmed our hearts, especially when we saw how doing the mission a favor in allowing a Christian determined they were to continue preaching the worker in their midst, must be trained to make a Gospel for the salvation of their own people. One fair remuneration for the ministrations they re- worker, who had been unable to attend the con· ceive; and they must be convinced that the min- ference, later wrote that he would continue his ministry even though he never received any reistrations are worth the cost. In old days a man muneration from either the mission or from his own people. Our instructors at Quessua, both would pay an ox to be taught to sign his name, or those in the classrooms and those in the shops, several oxen to have his son taught to read and showed an excellent spirit in accepting lower pay. write. The mission has been giving an incompa- Rather apprehensive of my cobbler's attitude, I rably better education to the boys in our schools, called him into my office to appeal to him to coneven providing the boys with food, clothing, secrate himself as the others had done. When I shelter and school supplies. It has been not too asked his attitude towards the new wage-scale, he difficult to bring our people to the place where drew himself erect and answered, in typical Afrithey pay more liberally for medical treatments, can style: "Have you not given me five boys who and for the educational opportunities provided for passed the government examinations last January, their sons and daughters, than we would have be- for me to train in my art of cobbling? Will not lieved to be possible a few years ago. It is now these boys go out to preach the Gospel in places our task to bring villages to where they will re- where I cannot go, to preach it as I cannot since munerate their Christian workers adequately for I am an uneducated man? Has not God called me the benefits received. About twenty villages. have to help them to the best of my ability to be able been brought to this stage, though the present sit- to earn their sustenance as they preach the Gosuation leaves much to be desired. pel, when the mission cannot pay them? I want to continue teaching these boys, even if I receive An old missionary once told me that we should less pay." With a spirit of consecration and devonever expect our people out of their poverty to tion like this among our workers, we take courage support Christian workers. If this were so, our and press on, feeling confident that God will outlook would be hopeless for progress would be abundantly bless our labors. held down in direct ratio to the amount of American money expended. An Evidence of Success In this way we could never hope to attain the In transforming our mission into a native supreme purpose of mission work. But I have no Christian church, we will be called upon to solve doubt about the ability of the people to support many perplexing problems, to straighten out their Christian ministry, even though the cost be many difficult situations, to exercise many years without material return to them. When converts of patience, tact, foresight, and love. We realize become true disciples of our Lord, and come into that there may be at stake the results of fifty years that freedom which is found alone in Him, they of missionary labor which has cost so much in no longer are bound by their prohibitive taboos lives and money. If we fail, then we shall know and superstitions, and no longer pay so dearly for that the expenditure of a half million dollars and their useless fetishes and amulets; they will no the sacrifice of thirty lives has not yet succeeded longer submit to such death-dealing practices as in establishing here a Christian church that can the sas,s-wood test administered by their witchdoctors. Considered from the standpoint of mate-

be trusted to perpetuate the Christian message tude, so that we may train our converts gladly to through its own efforts in the power of the Holy support the bearers of the Christian message. We Spirit. During the future months we may be can no longer "call" workers from among the called upon to undergo many disappointments in school boys, providing them with work which will seeing our workers and stations and followers enable them to live in relative luxury and ease. diminish in numbers, when they realize that funds We shall have to revive the Master's appeal for from America will no longer be sufficient to main- our boys to take up the cross and follow Him, be tain them as heretofore. But we are confident of the -sacrifices what they may. From many angles, ultimate success in founding a Christian Church it appears to us that the present situation has been which shall endure. How could we be otherwise brought about through the wisdom and love of when we are under a divine leadership, when our God; we feel that the present step we are now native workers, upon whom in final analysis rests compelled to take will be wonderfully blessed by so much of the responsibility for success, are so Him, and will result in great increases in the determined and consecrated and confident that the number of true disciples, and in the appearance work must go on? of a rapidly emerging native Christian Church, which shall be self-supporting, self-propagating Our planning for the future of the work and self-governing. throughout the land must take on a different atti- The Perpetual Value of Foreign Missions By the REV. DWIGHT M. DONALDSON, Meshed, Iran I T IS inspiring to spend a morning roaming third man, Dr. Newton Donaldson, was prevented about Westminster Abbey, London, pausing from going to Persia as he had planned, but he before the tombs of famous men, but there i,s and his wife were always enthusiastic in their something still more intimately uplifting for some missionary interest in the pastorate at home. As of us about going into the prayer-meeting rooms their son I have the privilege of working in Persia. of churches where successive generations have His sister, Elma Donaldson, went to India, where worshipped, and to see the pictures of godly pas- she served at Dehra Dunn with devotion until she tors who have spent their lives proclaiming the was seventy years of age. A daughter, Mary Don- Gospel. aldson, went to China in 192'4.

The late Dr. George Alexander, of New York, Thus a real interest in foreign missions will ingave forty-six years of deeply spiritual service on spire succes,sive generations to take part in the the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian permanent business of promoting the cause of Church. Seven of his classmates at Princeton Christ in all lands. Seminary went to the foreign field, and all died in service. Life is no more static in foreign countries than it is at home. It might be asked facetiously, "Why Over fifty years ago, as a young man returning should the land of the Pilgrim fathers, the land of from India on his first furlough, Dr. J. J. Lucas the Scotch Covenanters, the land of the Quakers, had talks with three students in Western Theo- still require the expenditure of millions of dollars logical Seminary in Pittsburgh. He won their annually in national missions?" Others might inrespect and confidence and was able to help them quire, "Why should the country with the greatest reach a decision in their most important life prob- system of public schools and State universities in lem. At that time all three of these men decided the world need money from a Church Board of to become foreign missionaries. One of them, Education ?" The answer to both of these ques- Dr. A. C. Good, went to West Africa, where he tions lies in the present-day problems in the died after twelve years of vigorous missionary United States. If anyone suggests that economy adventure, and where he has been followed by his in church expenditures could be effected by reson, Dr. Albert I. Good, of Elat. The second man, garding the foreign missionary enterprise as a Dr. John Eaken, went to Siam and carried heavy temporary phase of Christian activity, we should responsibility, with sustained evangelistic zeal, realize that the momentous changes that have for more than forty years. His sons, Paul and taken place in foreign lands make an insistent and John Eaken, and his daughter, Ruth Eaken, are imperative demand upon Christian people. giving life service to the Gospel in Siam. The Where illiteracy and superstition and idolatry

THE. NEED FOR. A LIVING FAITH

have given way before the enlightenment of claimed and the reality of the divine Spirit must Christian education, with its churches, schools and be shown in human lives. hospitals, there are new assets for righteousness in the world. Some of the second and third gen- The spirit of nationalism must yield to the eration Christians fill chairs in colleges or work spirit of Christ. As national churches arise, it is as pastors or editors or evangelists. Missionaries the fact that they are Christian and not merely may no longer be needed to fill these P.ositions national that enables them to be admitted at once abroad but the work of the Gospel must still be to the great international Church of Christ. The carried on by other methods in other places. saying, "Let every nation determine its own re- ligion," is utterly inconsistent with the whole Modern civilization has displaced much ancient tenor of the Gospel. Christians are soOns of n.o error and superstition, but there has c.ome ma- national god, and they have been redeemed by terialism and a more obstinate heathenism of in- no national saviour. The w.orld-wide clash bedifference to spiritual things. Educated Chinese tween capitalism and communism knows no naand Japanese, and Hindus and Moslems, are find- tional boundaries. The auth.ority of Jesus Christ ing that for them the alternative is not between must be recognized as universal. The Christian one religion and another but between Christ and Gospel is of permanent and universal value, and atheism. In Iran Islam is losing its hold on edu- at this time when thoughtful students throughout cated men. Nevertheless the fad remains that the world realize that crass materialism has made Christianity is only beginning to be understood. its sensational denials in vain, the message is espe- Great walls of prejudice and misapprehension cially pertinent. Ambassad.ors of Christ preach have fallen down and there are eyes to see and not a mission of temporary philanthropy, but the ears to hear as there have never been before. universal offer of salvation through Christ and For this very reason the Gospel must still be pro- the everlasting Kingdom of God.

The Need for a Living Faith* By REV. J. W. BURTON, Sydney, Australia Secretary of the Australian Methodist Missionary Society O PTIMISM, we are told, is a great asset for with many luxuries-and many horrors. It has missi.ons. If you want people to contribute given us aeroplanes-and baby-killing bombers; to missions, serve up the bright side .of it has created marvels in chemistry-and pois.on things, tell them .of the "glorious Gospel tri- gas; it has built for us swift motor cars-and umphs," and put the soft pedal on failures and military tanks; it has given us wireless-and nadisappointments. If the income drops, do not tionalistic propaganda; it has lengthened the span advertise that; but if the truth leaks out, then .of human life-and taught us h.oW to cut off the explain the shrinkage as, plausibly as possible. stream of life, so that by birth-control a race may The wand, however, is obviously losing some of be more quickly exterminated than by disease. its magic, and thoughtful people are incon- Let the optimist sound his ram's horn and see if veniently asking for naked facts. these walls will fall down.

Our Lord was not the facile optimist some What chance has spiritual religion in this W.orld would like to paint Him. He s,aw the true condi- of nationalism, materialism, and militarism? tion .of the world in His day. He came .of the line What has the Church, representing Christ, to say of prophets who did not speak comfortable things. The story .of the sower suggests that of the four to economic manslaughter and race suicide? Ruskinds of soil, only one yielded satisfactory results; sia has thrown out the Church, asserting that it the illustration of the tares indicates tpat we must prevents social progress; Germany has banned it not expect a hundred per cent harvest; while the because it demands a loyalty other than to the descripti.on of the net full .of fish shows that there State; Mexico and Spain have challenged it beis wastage. That aspect of our Lord's teaching cause it keeps down the people; many other counhas not had due consideration. tries have done even worse-they have ignored it. According to the totalitarian conception the State We once th.ought that science would lay down a and its interests must be supreme. "Battle pracstraight road for the millennium; but we have tice" is considered more important than the quiet been tragically disillusioned. It has provided us w.orship of God; to learn artistically to thrust a bay.onet in human flesh is of more value to the • Condensed from The Missionary Review, Australia.

State than is· education or slum clearance; the others with the life and death of our Lord. It is profits of a lottery are worth more to the State's by a new spirit of unselfishness. and by a real ap- coffers than the honesty of its citizens; and party plication of the Cross- (not as a theological doc- funds and vested interests come before social re- trine, but as a stern spirit) to aU human life- form and human welfare. whether individual, social, national or interna- No wonder gloomy prophets can find a hearing tional-that we can bring back faith.

when they are so glibly announcing the end of the It is faith we need-faith in the eternal God world; the fear of many is that their prophecies who has revealed the quality of His life and the may not be fulfilled. trend of His will in our Lord Jesus Christ. This Does all this mean that faith – the power to has implications. for the whole Church, and spe- apprehend and appreciate the spiritual-is in de- cial implication for missions.

cline? Spiritual values are simply irrelevant in We must make our appeal more and more spir- this world of brute force and organized hatred. itual. There must be an awakening of the The Christian religion is increasingly suspect be- Church's conscience, far too dormant today, in cause it preaches a Gospel of goodwill. Missions regard to our duty to the wider world. Members in some countries have become a danger to state- of Christ's Church have definitely 'pledged them- craft, for they have proclaimed a world brother- selves in loyalty to Him and they must be aroused hood and have protested against national and ra- to its implications. Let us first face the problem cial discriminations. This narrow conception of of the adult member, who seemingly has little the supremacy of the State-whether in times of interest in winning the world for Ghrist. The peace or war-is entirely incompatible with the missionary meeting has almost vanished as an faith that Jesus is her only Lord. Though we effective method of presenting the "claims of mis- shall suffer, and may be persecuted unto death, sions." Many other interests have sprung up in we must be loyal above all else to Christ and His the last hundred years, and no one in any other eternal love and sacrifice. realm trusts to a public meeting to carry a mes- The new paganism affects our Christian work sage. Our methods of appeal need drastic re- at home and lowers the enthusiasm and passion vision. We place too much emphasis upon results for world evangelization. Depleted voluntary giv- in money. The blunt truth is that most of us are ing is only one incidence of spiritual regression. giving beyond our spiritual interest: it is the What are we to do? Play the ostrich and ignore quickening of spirit that is our deepest need.

danger? Repeat piously "God's in His heaven, That assured, the money will come naturally and all's right with the world?" Quote heartening spontaneously-as. it always should.

texts that have no real application to the situa- We may be obliged to start humbly-in little tion? Attempt to bluff people by weak smiles and groups of three or four-meeting together to talk sugary optimism? Or shall we give up the strug- and pray over the Kingdom of God throughout gle and make ourselves believe that we are in the the world, informing our minds by the study of grip of uncontrollable world forces, and with a material dealing with the concrete needs of the stoic fatalism let the heavens, fall when they will? world, and encouraging one another in this world Or shall we pursue a crackle-of-thorns-under- fellowship. There is no need to wait for some the-pot policy, and attempt to attract people by organization to start such a group. You can call entertainment; devise tempting schemes and a few of your friends together in your own home catchy slogans to lure people to the support of for prayer and missionary study. One of the the missionary cause? dangers O'f our religious enterprises is this super- In our hearts we know that all these things are structure of organization. It takes so much of futile. We must go deep. the coal we carry to stoke the engines. The min- We must realize that the whole trouble is spir- ister is often a busy man with a hundred and one itual. It is the human spirit to which we must thi'llgs to attend to, it is scarcely fair to make him address ourselves, for we are perfectly sure of responsible for forming and carrying on a group, the Spirit of God. His Will is that the world though it would be well to consult him before should be saved, but it is man's self-will that pre- starting one. Groups can start with the infor- vents world salvation. It is a birth from above mation contained in the Missionary Review. There that is needed – a regeneration of the human are also many books dealing with world missions.

spirit. We shall not win by compromising with We have surely enough missionary-minded people the world, by adorning our appeal with confec- in our churches to commence a little group in tionery; we shall win only as we succeed in chal- every church. Live cells live by division, and lenging our own selfishness and the selfishness. of more life comes into being.

Youth of the Church

By H. S. RANDOLPH Secretary of the Unit of Rural Church Work, Board of National Missions, Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A.

I N THE early history of the American nation assurance to owning and cultivating land as did our rural youth knew no frontier limits. There his forebears. Consequently farm life has lost was land-good land, new land—everywhere, much of its charm for youth. Poor land holds out two billion acres of it ; nearly a billion acres were little challenge, and there is not much greater covered with virgin forest and challenge to a young man to over a half-billion acres with spend his life toiling even on luxurious grass. The nation pos- good land that he cannot afford sessed resources that seemed to to own.

be inexhaustible. This situation Today a rural youth sees that gave birth to 'It youth fired with what his father had been able to profound spiritual qualities of earn in a year is wholly insuffi- confidence, hope, ambition, aspir- cient to pay the taxes and the ation, determination, pride and interest and principal payments self-respect, qualities w h i c h o n the farm mortgage. He has closely paralleled the ideals for seen the farm sold on the block personal attainment in the to a foreigner while his father Christian Church. Therefore ru- has become a tenant, and may ral youth found an opportunity even lose his place as a tenant.

to express its finer qualities Such experiences have forced through the church. In fact the many rural youth to give up church was the only institution their dreams of owning a farm, in which the entire community or of owning anything else; could adequately express the so- dreams of school and college cial, educational, spiritual and have vanished; books and travel other important aspects of its are too expensive to consider; life. the old family car and the house- Today, after more than 300 told furnishings are rapidly years of American history, there wearing out, and cannot be re- is no frontier in the nation placed for there is no money which promi£es inexhaustible available.

wealth. Those old frontiers have This decline in rural resources been exploited, and ours is no and wealth, and the breaking of longer spoken of as "the richest rural morale, have been sorely and most favored continent on felt by the rural church. Lack the face of the earth." In less of clothing suitable for Sunday than 300 years the frontier has has kept many a rural lad and disappeared and rural youth lassie away from Sunday school now races a national problem and church. Perhaps the old presented by a shortage of eco- car won't run, and it is too far nomically productive land. Much A MOU~TAIN BOY LEAVING HOME to walle As a result there is no of the nation's soil is now de- church going. In many instances pleted or suffers from want of the rural economic condition has insufficient moisture. Rural youth faces the prob- made the church pastorless because the community lem of inability to work highly productive land, could not support even a part-time minister. Mis- for such land is too high-priced to be owned sion Boards either did not see the need or did not wholly by the individual farmer. Therefore mo- have available funds to meet it. In the course of dern youth cannot look forward with any great time the rural church closed its doors and be- [ 353 ]

came a ghost in the community-broken windows, either directly or indirectly for youth, the probpaint gone; weeds and briars grown up-all make lems of rural youth are far from being solved. an unsightly landscape. All this brings home to rural youth a sense of the insecurity of the coun- Many look to rural schools for the solution of tryside, leaving in its wake broken confidence, youth problems. Our schools do much to develop torn aspirations, blasted hopes, stunted determi- courage in the life processes of youth. New honation, bleeding pride, and lost self-respect. rizons are seen; new knowledge and skills are acquired. But here we must be disillusioned, for ThElre are twenty-one million youth in America; the rural school training· too often has had only and of these ten million are rural. They live on indirect relation to future work and therefore fails the farms or in country villages; many live in miserably to prepare youth to enter adult vocalittle unsanitary cabins on eroded and depleted tional life. However, we must recognize the trefarms, or on cut-over timber lands. Others live mendous impact which our schools make in the life in stranded villages in improvised houses going of youth. to rack and ruin. In the disadvantaged open country and in rural towns the young people are As a result of present day educational apoften under-nourished so that they fall easy vic- proaches rural youth, as never before, is questiontims to disease. They are unemployed and des- ing things as they have been and are. Old verities perate. lose their moral force in the presence of the logic of today's youth. They are learning how to dis- In many areas there are prosperous farms and cover new truths, how to create new patterns of vigorous, well-eared-for young people who move social and moral behavior. This situation renon in the realm of noble dreams; but these do not ders the approach of adults to youth problems far represent our rural mission problem today. Out more difficult than that of an earlier day. In a in the marginal disadvantaged areas throughout recent state-wide church group of rural youth this all rural America, forces are sensitive and opera- significant resolution was passed: "Our adults tive, endeavoring to bring back to disadvantaged have more problems of their own than they can rural youth the more abundant opportunities in solve. It is therefore highly necessary that we life. Perhaps it is not too late to recapture and go about to solve our own problems." conserve the finer achievements of American rurallife down through the centuries, and to rebuild The church probably has more rural youth in rural youth by making available the resources by its membership than in any other rural institution which the profounder depths of personality are or organization. Are we helping them to discover developed and maintained. themselves, their spiritual abilities and powers in the church and community? Have we been too The Federal Government is making a contribu- much interested in organizations in the church tion through certain emergency measures, such as for youth rather than in youth itself? We have the National Youth Administration, whereby it preached a great deal at youth, and we have creaids many rural youth to attend school. It has ated a great many things for them with the hope provided special courses in agricultural colleges of building up their faith and loyalty to the for farm boys and girls; it conducts work projects church, but too often our church organizations, for thousands of rural youth, as well as educa- our doctrines, our creeds, and our preachments tional guidance and job placement. More than have not been open doors of behavior patterns on 900,000 rural youth from low income relief fam- the level of youth's interests. ilies have been aided through the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Work Progress Administra- Youth in the country would like to see in their tion has reached a considerable number of rural churches and in the religious life of their people, youth through education projects, work projects, beauty and order together with a vital program and by provision for recreational activities. Other of action. They want responsibility for doing governmental agencies have aided rural youth things of great moment. They want a recreamore or less indirectly. tional program that embodies the development of skills and ability, as well as amusement. They Rural youth has also been greatly affected by want to experience a cooperative way of life for certain non-government agencies working in ru- the community. They want a spiritual program ral areas, such as the 4-H Clubs, Future Farmers which ties them to God through the church. They of America, Farm Bureau, Farmers Educational are asking for a voice in the midst of a faulty eduand Cooperative Union, and the National Grange. cation and in the breakdown of economic order These have developed to a very considerable ex- and unemployment. They are asking to be heard tent in rural areas. In addition there are many in a world of prejudices where there is a denial of localized projects throughout the country. It is opportunities-poverty, wars, and rumors of generally admitted that even with all these gov- wars. Youth calls for a prophet to lead them. ernment and non-government agencies, at work They are very eager to know about true religion.

RURAL YOUTH OF THE CHURCH TODAY

They want to see the church tie up vitally with the situation from it religious point of view was well rest of their life, with their school program, their expressed by one of the men of the community in dubs,societies, and their vocational interests. these terse words: "Our young people were going Back in an isolated cove of the Southern Moun- to Hell." On the one hand the fine, well-equipped, tains, where youth is supposed to be retarded and well-organized consolidated school was doing a bashful, the energies of a group of boys and girls, suc'cessful job for its youth; on the other hand who knew only how to "raise HeU" all up and there were four poor churches with divided inter- down the creek, drinking and cursing, were so ests, doing a very poor job for the same group of redirected under the leadership of a wise, pro- youth; this led the people of the community to do phetic laymen, that in the period of two years some serious thinking which ultimately led them they were quite capable of doing to unite their churches to form things that made them and oth- one large positive force. They ers happy. called a strong minister as their They took an old school house resident leader, and now have a and remodeled it to make a beau- church which the youth can look tiful rural church. After the upon with pride and say, "Our building was completed and church is just as fine as our cenpainted they landscaped it with tralized school. Our minister is native plants and trees. Later just as good as the principal of they built a recreational building our school. He is interested in all in the midst of a rhododendron the things we do and his friendly thicket .beside a swiftly flowing counsel helps us to do them betmountain stream. The hoys and ter."

girls worked together on these This new united church is projects during their spare time. crowded with young people.

Now they are singing the folk They are doing things in that songs and playing the folk games church which are just as cre- of the Southern Mountains and ative as those which they do of other countries. Near the through their 4-H Club work.

recreational building is an out- They have their Young People's door rendezvous. Needless to meetings, their club, recreation- say, all the young people of that al groups, and many special pro- community are actively enthusi- grams which they carry through.

astic. They are conscious that A wise lay leader found himthey have played a large creative self a few years ago in the open part in the reconstruction of the country in a beautiful valley of spiritual and social life of their about thirty square miles in area community. There is no diffi- where there were a number of culty here about the young peo- country churches and hundreds ple attending church or Sunday of young people. The ministers school or any other activity for were all bewailing the lack of the good of the community, for religious interest on the part of they have helped to create it, it the youth. They took every opis theirs. They are proud of it. portunity to tell them of their About eighteen years ago a sins, but had little to offer as rural community experienced substitutes except what to the the birth of a new consolidated RURAL YOUTH TODAY AT SCHOOL youth were vague abstract ideas.

public school made possible by The young people of the valley improved roads through the country districts and were called together one Sunday night for an open a growing cooperative spirit among the people. forum. Here they discussed their needs. That All the children of the community were brought very night an organization of the young people of to this fine school, which had a beautiful building, the valley was formed to meet monthly for var- good equipment, and excellent teachers. ious purposes. They met for social and recrea- In that same rural community ' were four tional activities; they met to sing; they spon- churches, all with poor buildings, no resident min- sored the Sunrise Easter Service of the commu- ister, church membership weak and becoming nity; they later created a Young People's Council weaker, Sunday schools gradually dying, no of the churches. Through this Youth Council de- young people's organizations. The young people's nominatioi1al harries were broken down through-

out the valley and a cooperative church spirit was effectively restored and saved to the nation their born that could never have existed had not the confidence, hope, ambition, aspiration, determina- youth been organized in this creative fashion. tion, pride and self-respect must be reconstructed.

Here the young people developed a new spiritual This is the task of the rural church, for there is life for themselves and also for their community, no other institution that can undertake and carry all of which has been reflected in the life of the through such a momentous responsibility. There churches of the area. is no other institution known to rural life that is Give rural young people a chance to use their so well fitted with philosophy, idealism and methcreative genius in the church under wise Chris- od to provide the needed sympathy and prophetic tian leadership and we need not fear them or fear direction to complete rural living by disadvanfor them. They know well the significance of taged youth of the soil as is the Christian Church. creative work. They bring out of a setting of The holy work of the rural church is to build out eggs a flock of chickens; out of a pig they develop of these hopeless, spiritless lives which poverty a hog; they grow a cow out of a calf. Out of has strewn over this fair land of ours, youthful grains of wheat, corn, or cotton they produce a lives strong and true.

worthy harvest. God's creative way of living is Herein is a challenge to our Christian churches an integral part of the life of rural youth. As for unity of purpose and method of work, such as rural church leaders we must translate this vital never has come from the good earth of America, power of youth into the spiritual world and teach to provide a good church without competition in them how to live creatively in the Kingdom of every American rural community, with a well- God. • trained and efficient ministry, and an ongoing Rural youth has a big job in any community, a program attuned to the problems, needs and activ- job that will challenge ities of rural youth, their creative zeal, a job thus creating a new that should build them Christian rural life.

into integral parts of the church life. What MOUNTAIN CHIL- is needed to reach such DREN READ THEIR a goal is a wise leader TESTAMENTS to help youth discover The Bible Institute its spiritual job in the Colportage Association, church and community founded by Dwight L.

and to frankly face that Moody in 1894 for the job and see it through. pUblication and distri- Youth, through the bution 0 f evangelical consolidated schools and Christian literature, other community insti- A RURAL CHURCH IN THE MOUNTAINS-AT CARMEN sent 9,969 shipments of tutions, is learning to books, booklets, Gospels, live and act cooperatively. Too frequently the New Testaments, Gospel tracts and miscellaneous churches are too numerous in rural communities. books to mountain schools in the South last year They are competitive in character and disrupt the -a total of 564,682 copies.

social unity of the community. All of this is a The Episcopal Recorder quotes from a letter mystery to oncoming youth. 'They wonder why written by a mountain girl to her teacher, in which there should be such a division and competition she says: in Christian life and work. Our rural youth offer a new challenge to united religious effort in all "Mother and Dad never had a Bible in their of our rural communities. Christian intelligence house, and never did any reading, until you gave demands a united church, the best of equipment, us the Book of John and the Pocket Treasury; the finest leadership and program, so that when but now they are getting interested in the Lora." youth compares its church with its school it will The teacher adds: "The children are more interfind that the church is an institution of which it ested in the Lord and want to take fifteen minutes each day to read th~ir Testaments. They are askcan justly be proud because of what it does for ing questions about the Bible. I want them to them, then they will give to it their loyalty, their read the Testament through before school is out, support, and their lives. and help them in every way I can."

Many of the ten million youth in rural Amer- Teachers in these mountain schools report a ica are disadvantaged through poverty. The gov- marked improvement in the morals and conduct of ernment and other organizations are making their their pupils since this work of literature distribu- contributions but if these young people are to be tion was undertaken.

Today and

By a WAYFARER The author of this article has first-hand knowledge of the situation in Spain T HE end of the Civil War in Spain, with the ister of the former, the Rev. Atilano Coco was shot surrender of Madrid on the 28th of March in prison; the incumbent of the latter, Rev. Mr. brought to an end one of the great tragedies Borrobia is still in prison. Liberty of propaof modern times. All who know Spain never had ganda, without which a religious minority cannot any doubt as to the ultimate issue, but all were thrive, was carried on normally in Government surprised that an improvised army, without sci- territory but was prohibited in the Nationalist entific training, was able to hold out so long area. The sale of the Christian Scriptures reached against superior forces equipped with modern record figures in republic or Loyalist Spain durlethal weapons. Neither side is without reproach ing the conflict but was prohibited in the country for many excesses· were committed that history dominated by General Franco. Registered parcels will condemn. The Nationalists, in spite of their of Bibles, sent from London to Vigo, were reclaim to a pure patriotism, opened the door to the turned marked "Prohibited by the Military Cenforeign invader and armed the Moors, the heredi- sorship."

tary enemies of Spain, in order that they might Fears for the safety of the Protestant minority kill Christians. The ruthless repression of the and the continuance of the work lead the British Basque autonomists, with its massacre of priests Committee for the Evangelization of Spain to ap- and civilians will not soon be forgotten. Franco point a delegation, under the presidency of Dr.

too seems to have been unable to restrain the Rushbrook, to call on the Duke of Alba, the official Falangists and Requetes in their zeal to extermi- representative of the Nationalist Government in nate "the Red vermin." Spanish Anarchists, al- London, asking for assurances of protection and lied with Communists, by killing priests and burn- liberty. Through his good offices certain questions ing churches, discredited the Loyalist Govern- concerning the maintenance of religious liberty ment cause and alienated sympathy that would and propaganda were submitted to General Franco otherwise have been theirs. It would be as fool- who later replied guaranteeing liberty of worship. ish to hold Senor Azana personally responsible for On being further questioned as to whether this . this as it would be to make Franco wholly respon- included liberty of propaganda the General replied sible for the excesses of his irregular troops. It in the affirmative and this declaration was pub- is a significant fact neither seems to have pos- lished in English newspapers. sessed the authority necessary to dominate the sit- uation. In this age, however, promises do not seem to have the same sacred character as formerly. The As to the religious situation generally speaking dead cannot- be raised but if General Franco would both sides maintained the degree of religious lib- release Evangelical workers who are still in pris- erty that obtained in Spain at the outbreak of the on and allow the reopening of closed Protestant war. At an early stage the Government published churches, such as those of Barcelona that have a decree to prevent excesses and inviting Roman been closed since the Nationalist occupation of Catholic priests to return to their parishes. At the city, that would go far to inspire confidence. no time was Protestant worship suspended in the Government-controlled area; nor were their build- Moreover the news that filters through from ings destroyed. Christian services were carried Spain is increasingly ominous. On the 3d of May on throughout the struggle, frequently in build- a decree ordered the replacing of the Crucifix in ings damaged by enemy aircraft. In Nationalist all schools, whether Government or private. None territory Roman Catholic worship was celebrated will be allowed to function until it has obeyed this in pre-republican splendor. Protestant services injunction. The teaching of the Roman Catholic continued without interference in most towns and religion has been made obligatory in all schools. were well attended. Conspicuous exceptions were The children are obliged to attend Mass. If any Salamanca and Valladolid where Protestant special provision has been made for non-Catholic churches were closed early in the war. The min- children we have not heard of it. All civil serv- ants too are required to give proof of Catholic [357 ]

piety (pruebas de piedad cristia1W) , that is to be brothers united in one conception of the State say, fulfil the obligations of the Roman Catholic and in one religion." But Franco's forces contain religion. Again there is no mention of exemption groups with opposing ideologies. It is easier for non-Catholics. A list of prohibited books has to conceive the lion and the lamb lying down been prepared. Only accepted books may be circulated in Spanish in Spain. Inquiries at the together than Falangists and Requetes living in Spanish Embassy brought forth the statement peace. The Spaniards are a proud people whose that the Bible is not included in the list. Finally, soil has been trodden and their blood shed by foraccording to newspaper and radio reports, the eign invaders. Official friendship may be main- Civil Marriage Law, instituted by the Republic, tained with the invading countries but the people has been repealed and 60 days have been given to who have suffered will not forget. It is even more all married under this law to remarry according difficult to visualize post-civil-war Spain as united to Roman Catholic rites. Failing this their chil- by a common religion. A large part of many of dren will be declared illegitimate. Now as confes- the Spanish people have an inherited hatred and sion is required before marriage in the Roman distrust of the Roman Catholic Church which is Catholic Church, and no so called, "heretic" can considered as the enemy of liberty and a barrier receive absolution, remarriage, under these con- to progress. This feeling has shown itself in ditions, would seem to be equivalent to being re- periods of national tumult by the burning of ceived into the Church. The Spanish Embassy church property. Is it conceivable that the conconfirms the, promulgation of this Law but they duct of the Roman Catholic Church during the have not yet received the text. The conservative civil war was such as to win these people for its French newspaper Le Temps in its issue of April cause? There have been too many priests of the 25th, says that more than 30,000 couples in Madrid type of Zafra who, waving his pistol in the air, alone are affected. They are being remarried at boasted that it has sent more than 100 Marxists to the rate of 650 a day. their account. Even the holy lives and sacrificial death of such men as the Franciscan, Father Re- What will be the position of non-Catholics under ville, who was shot for protesting against the murthis reactionary decree? We do not know as we der of inoffensive citizens, cannot blot out the have not seen the text. We can only hope that memory of others better known whose conduct was there are attenuating clauses in it that are not different. Cardinal Mercier, whose heroism Belmentioned in the first reports. gium will never forget, visited Spain on one occa- I On the 19th of April a deputation from the sion. On his return a friend congratulated him on i'British Committee" again called at the Spanish having seen that most Christian country, to which Embassy in London. In the absence of the Am- the Cardinal replied pensively, "Christian? Do bassador the news of the closing of the Barcelona you think so?" churches-the other information mentioned above had not then been received-was brought to the Spain needs Christ. Not the crucifix hanging notice of the Chief Secretary, the Marquis de los round the necks of bloodstained Requetes and Santos, and the contrast between this event and Moors but the Christ of the Gospels who died the promises given on the occasion of the previ- expressing forgiveness to his enemies. He alone ous visit were emphasized. can lead Spain forward to that new epoch of peace and prosperity desired by all true friends. Pray We hear much of the new Spain that is to rise that there may be an open-door in Spain for men on the ruins of the old. It is, we are told, to be who incarnate the virtues associated with the di- "prosperous and powerful. Its inhabitance will vine character of Jesus, the Christ.

One of India's political leaders said of Stanley Jones: "We always know where he is com- ing out. If he begins at the binomial theorem, he will come out at the place of conversion." And to this Stanley Jones replies: "Right. I make no apologies, for life comes out at that place. Amid all the changes which have taken place in the mind and spirit of this age there is one underlying need that has not changed-men need conversion. But we now see that that conversion is bigger in its scope than we had dreamed-the individual and society must shift the basis from self-centeredness to God. For conversion is that change, sudden or gradual, by which we pass from the kingdom of self to the Kingdom of God through the grace and power of Christ."

and Religion in

By REV. and MRS. PHINEAS B. KENNEDY, recently * of Kortcha; founders of the Albanian Mission A LBANIA, which has recently been front page day dropped leaflets guaranteeing the free exer- .r-. news in the press dispatches on account of cise of religious beliefs." the Italian occupation and the flight of The virile Albanian mountaineers trace their King Zog with his wife and baby, lies north and history (according to Max Muller and others) west of Greece, and across the Adriatic Sea from back to the Pelasgic race. In ancient times they Italy. The country is smaller than the State of were pushed back into their mountain fortresses Maryland and the total population (800,000) is by the Romans, Goths, Bulgars, Serbs, and Turks.

about the size of Baltimore. The people are three- For nearly five hundred years they remained fourths Mohammedan; the remaining fourth be- under the Turks, then they became independent; ing about equally divided between the Roman now they are subject to Italy.

Catholics of the north and the Eastern Orthodox The first Bible colporteur to come to these moun- of the south. Islam was forced on this sturdy tain people was Gerasim Kyrias, an Albanian. He race before the fall of Constantinople in 1453. had been educated under the American Board Their honored patriot, George Castriot Skender- Mission. He was captured and held for ransom, beg who died in 1468, is the hero in James M. but money was raised, through the efforts of the Ludlow's "A Captain of the Janissaries." Evangelical missionaries, and was used for his re':'

The Rev. Arthur W. Konrad of the Evangelical lease. While his health was seriously impaired Mission writes that some Italian bombs proved to by his rigorous experience, he and his sister were be "stuffed with paper and wood, used only to instrumental in establishing in Kortcha an evanscare and not to exterminate." He speaks also of gelical day and boarding school for girls in 1891. the friendliness of the Italian army when it en- This school they carried on for some years. tered the city of Kortcha. A generation ago a young Mohammedan Al- At latest reports the Albanian flag was still banian entered the offic·e of the American Board flying with the flag of Italy. Albania has now a of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in Boston reconstructed government, and, according to and gave a modern Macedonian call: "Come over newspaper accounts, many of the people are jubi- and help us." This touched the heart of the secrelant over having Victor Emanuel III as King and tary of the Board, Dr. James L. Barton, and a Emperor. Albania has lost her brief independ- special fund was raised which enabled the Board ence and she is now related closely with to send out Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy in 1907. While Italy in whatever the future holds. Since the the Turks attempted to prevent the missionaries' Italian occupation of Albania, (April, 1939) there entrance, permission was finally granted on the has been time for some details to filter through basis of American treaty rights. The little school to America. This occupation seems to have been started by Gerasim Kyrias in Kortcha was a veriinevitable due to several years of Italian financial table "cradle of liberty" and was the only girls' aid in the material development of the country. school in the country where the Albanian lan- Moreover dissatisfaction was beginning to be felt guage was taught. Preaching and Sabbath school by many of the Albanians against the Zog regime services in the language of the people were held, in which overtaxed the people. spite of opposition both from the Turkish Govern- ment and from the Moslem and Greek Orthodox The Rev. Edwin Jacques, another Evangelical leaders. From time to time Albanians have conmissionaries, says in his "postscript" to a recent fessed their faith in Christ and have been received circular letter (written before the occupation), into the little Evangelical circle. The occupation "To quiet Moslem forebodings airplanes yester- of southern Albania, during the Balkan War made it necessary for the missionaries to leave, but the * Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy, the founders of the Albanian Evangelical way was opened to do relief work among the starving and dying Moslem refugees in the north, MiSSion, are now in America, having passed over to their fellow with headquarters in Durazzo. After four or five miSSionaries, Messrs. Jacques and Konrad, all the property held by them, both mission and private. Their address is 332 West 12th Street, New York. They expect to work among Albanian communities in America and are ready to accept speaking engagements.

-EDITOR.

[359 ]

years' absence, while the World War was still in Two young missionary couples, Rev. and Mrs. progress, the Kennedys were able to re-enter Kortcha, and soon the attendance at the re-opened Edwin Jacques and Rev. and Mrs. Arthur W. school and at the Evangelical services was larger than before. Konrad were added to the staff and are now con- The income of the American Board being in- ducting the mission. adequate they decided to withdraw from Albania in 1922, expecting that another board would take While the great need in Albania today is to over the work, but this was not done. Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy therefore decided to conduct the reach tre Moslems, there is also a call to teach work on interdenominational lines and founded the Evangelical Mission as an independent "Faith" the unenlightened Roman Catholic and Greek work in 1923. The so-called Kyrias School, having been moved to Tirana, the capital, a new school Orthodox Christians. Albanians are "very reliwas established in Kortcha and village evangelistic services were carried on regularly. When the gious" but their religion is largely outward and independent State was formed, the Albanian language could be taught without the protection of formal. Those who have had a real experience the American flag so that many, who were not vitally interested in the dospel, lost their interest of Christ are deeply concerned for the salvation in the mission. Nevertheless the school grew so that it was necessary to add more rooms and em- of their fellow Albanians. ploy additional teachers. The Bible was regularly taught in all classes three times a week and new The country has passed through many political . members were added to the Evangelical circle. Later, with the growth of nationalism, the Al- changes under Turkish, Greek, French, Albanian banian Government was influenced to close all private schools, including the mission school. The and now Italian flags. What this new change may prejudice of the people has been dispelled, and more time can be devoted to distinct evangelism. mean for Evangelical work is known only to God.

Certain it is that the Albanian people need the clear Gospel message, proclaimed by the power of the Spirit of God. .

Some day there may be a Christian mass move- ment in Albania, for many are dissatisfied with empty religious forms and superstition. They are "almost persuaded" to become real followers of Jesus Christ as the Son of God and to accept Him as their Lord and Saviour. They are a noble race of people, and hold a strategic position in the Bal- kans. Shall we not give them the entire Bible in their language, and evangelize this field while it is yet day? The night cometh in Europe and the Near East, when no man can work.

Liberty and Religion in Red Russia * By COLONEL F. J. MILES, D.S.O., O.B.E., V.D.

International Secretary of the Russian Missionary Society, Inc.

N UMERICALLY, the Russians form the tive Committee viewed with alarm the lack of in- greatest white race in the world, 210 mil- crease due to licensed lasciviousness, reduced it to lion people. Of these approximately 180 latitude, and by law abolished liberty and free millions live within the borders of Soviet Russia, provision of hospitals and surgeons for the pera tract of territory so vast that it stretches from formance of certain operations. The year that Europe to the Pacific; from the White Sea to the the alteration took place making the operation Black, from the Baltic to the Balkans; so huge illegal, the population grew by four and a half that when it is twelve noon in Moscow it is seven million. It is anticipated that the futur·e normal o'clock in the evening at Vladivostock. In this increase will be at the rate of seven million per land, which covers one-sixth of the earth's sur~ annum, until in 1970 there will be three hundred face, one-fourth of Asia and one-third of Europe, million resident in the U. S. S. R. Lenin's widow there dwell 170 races speaking 120 different is leading a journalistic campaign and nation-wide tongues and dialects. There are White Russians movement in fayor of large families. and Little Russians; .Cossacks and Caucasians; Georgians and Ukrainians, and the like. The laws concerning religion govern the whole of the Federated Soviet States. It is, of course, The population was increasing at the rate of true that the farther one gets from the capital three million per annum, until the Central Execu- cities the more likelihood there is that laws will not be so strictly observed. For instance, I vis- • From the E'IIamgeUoal O'hristi<z.n, Jamlary. 1939.

LIBERTY AND RELIGION IN RED RUSSIA

ited a collective farm in the Don Cossack country. mummified bodies lying side by side in the Cathe- The village was still called by its· old Czarist name dral of St. Isaac in Leningrad. The centre one -Alexander the Second! But the collective farm is a "saint," and the outside two are a peasant that included it as its centre, and on which all the man and woman. The stage is set to show that not villagers worked was styled "October 25th"! I sainthood, but chemical processes were responmanaged to "lose myself" from the Field Briga- sible for the preservation. Moreover, into the dier, who made it his business to carefully shep- hand of a corpse lying in the Russian coffin, which herd me around, and I wandered down the village has casket and lid of equal depths, there was street "visiting." placed a Greek Orthodox passport to heaven, printed in Archaic Greek. This had to be pur- One cleanly-clad housewife called me into her chased from the priest and without it there was home where I found in the living-room five ikons, no hope of the departed entering paradise! In the and in the adj oining bedroom another two, each first instance, persecution was directed against with its little red lamp burning beneath it. I this church which was characterized by creed, found that nearly every worker on this intensely ceremonial, crude teaching, and too often not by communistically named farm was still living reli- Christian character. giously as in the old "Holy Russia," and that the bulk of the people, in spite of the five-day week, The Stundists were given a freedom, under were actually worshipping in the little church which they increased with such remarkable rabuilding of the Greek Orthodox Church every sev- pidity that the Central Executive Committee beenth day. came alarmed. They reasoned that the church of these Christians who refused to participate in The American secular press has been misled party politics or to bear arms, was necessarily into stating that the new constitution affords reli- opposed to the Bolshevic plan for world-wide antigious liberty to Soviet citizens. The conditions religious communistic dominion. Their rapid inremain as they were before the draft sent out to crease was, therefore, a menace to the Soviet plan. the Soviets in February, was "adopted" in No- So the forces of persecution were focused upon vember of 1936, and became law on January, 1937. them. No Christian is persecuted as such and Articles 124 and 125 provide for "liberty for anti- no evangelist is banished merely for preaching religious propaganda" and "freedom to perform the Gospel. They are charged as counter revoreligious rites." News editors did not sense the lutionaries. But. facts are stubborn things. Forworld of difference between the two. It simply meant that elderly folk who still clung to their merly we had sixty-six consecrated Russian evanreligious ceremonial could continue to follow it. gelists within the U. S. S. R. Today only five are left and they are in exile. None of the "liquidated" The revolt, while :;tgainst all religion, was in the men ever engaged in any counter-revolutionary first place a revolution against the National Or- propaganda or activity. Before me are the rethodox Church. From the standpoint of the anti- ports for August, 1938. (1) In the Far East God and anti-religious hosts, it was justified. a purge of Baptist churches is taking place There were notable exceptions, as in the case of and the leaders are being charged as "Japanese the Patriarch Tikhon, and the Metropolitan Ben- spies." This is in harmony with the procedure in jamin, the one dying in prison and the other being the West where evangelists and pastors were shot. Before the tribunal the Metropolitan said, exiled· or shot as German spies. (2) Baptist "If I must die, I will die as a Christian." But the groups in Tolka have been "liquidated." Tolka is old Russian Church was largely led by illiterate in the Caucasus. (3) Baptists in the Caucasus and immoral men like that "holy devil of Russia" were accused of (a) hindering the election of -Rasputin. Priests in the provinces actually Stalin candidates at the recent elections; and taught the people that the bodies of believers were (b) conducting religious. propaganda among the immortal, and that when a believer died the body hospital workers of the district. (4) A Baptist remained intact until the judgment day! They pastor of twenty years' standing in one of the exhibited bodies of saints in glass cases in their oldest churches in the autonomous Udmurpk Rechurches. When the revolution came, the anti- public was arrested as a German spy. (5) Evanreligious hosts opened the graves and disclosed gelistic groups in the Crimea were "liquidated." that they only contained decomposing bones. They smashed the glass cases and revealed that the It seems strange that in a land where capital bodies of saints were "fakes." Not all; for the punishment has been abolished hundreds of men ground beneath the monastery of Pechersk at are being shot daily. The military and naval lead- Kieff, the ancient capital of Russia and the pres- ers are shot so that they may be replaced by noment capital of the Ukraine, has the property of inees of Stalin and Company. I ventured to ask preserving bodies interred therein. The monks a City Magistrate in his Chambers in Mosco.w how were quick to take advantage of this and instituted he explained this anomaly. Indignantly he couna mummy factory. • . . 1J'here are three complete tered, "But we do not hang people up and leave

them hanging till they die; we shoot them in- in 1936, twenty-seven in 1937; there are less tostantly and put an end to their misery." And I day. The last German Lutheran Church was found that this university trained man, who had closed in August, 1938, when the pastor died. In taken a juridical course, really believed this. A Omsk, Siberia, with a population of two and a few weeks later I was on the lower Volga, and two quarter million, only three churches remain open. Scotch ladies, traveling first-class, were being con- In a town on the lower Volga, with a population ducted by a Girl Guide interpreter. She told them of eighty thousand, five churches were open when this same story. I had several conversations with I visited it a couple of years back: two Greek her, as we were several days on the boat. During Orthodox, two Roman Catholic, and one German the recent winter she had passed an examination Lutheran. For all practical purposes they might in an additional language, so was receiving an as well be closed. The vital religious work in that extra fifty rubles a month pay, and had been pre- community is being carried on in private circles sented with an English up-to-date edition of a of Brethren, Baptists and Evangelical Christians. work by Frederick Engels in which it was claimed that during the previous year in the Brit- Some reports appear in the press of churches ish Isles, men were banished for life to convict settlements overseas for poaching rabbits, and being full. hanged for stealing sheep. I published excerpts There are enough elderly folk (with whom the from this work in the British Press. Noone has dared to attempt to refute what I wrote. Soviet cannot be bothered-"They'll die off soon, anyway") to fill the buildings that still remain Effect of Censorship open at Easter, and at the three-day Christmas (January 6th) of which Greek Orthodox churches Lamentable ignorance of conditions in Russia make so much. But in the few churches remainand in the other lands is due to the censorship ing open, what can be done? The pastor may which is, applied both in and out of the U. S. S. R. preach on the premises, but nowhere else. He is For instance, no paper, periodical, or magazine taken up for interrogation periodically, and comes Duhlished abroad is permitted to enter Russia. out of the ordeal a nervous wreck. No literature The population gets its ideas concerning "starv- is allowed on the premises except such as is absoing and revolting peoples" of other lands from lutely needful for the conduct of worship. No government controlled papers, in order that by meetings may be held for women or young people. contrast they may be the more content with the It is a criminal offence to gather three young peo- Soviet regime. All who regularly write or are ple under the age of eighteen to teach them reliwritten to come under suspicion. I have before gion. No teacher is permitted to enter any place me a communication from K– asking us not of worship. No social service may be rendered, to write more at present. Believers and others lest by so doing the church should influence those under suspicion are tortured to secure confes- helped to become religious. The church is under sions; nothing to eat or drink; no sleep-terrible! a graduated tax that is increased periodically till, It is such torture that induces wholesale confes- in spite of severest sacrifice, it can no longer be sions of "counter revolutionaries." There have paid; then automatically the Soviet takes over been many positive acts against religion. Church the building because those using Government buildings were taken over by the Government. All property have not paid their dues. It is all quite private property was nationalized, including the lawful and legitimate! !! If the pastor dies, no churches. Like so many other communistic prin- successor may be elected and the church is liquiciples the abolition of private property has broken dated. The German Lutheran Church at Gorki down in practice. For instance, Cooperatives are (Nizni-Novgorod) has been closed for this reason allowed to erect buildings and sell the apartments for years. Apparently the local Soviet has no use to their members. Most of the church buildings for the building. were closed and converted to secular uses such as bureaus, workshops, factories, apartments, clubs, In one city where we bought land and erected a kolkhos (stores for collective farms), public con- building wherein thousands of souls were saved, veniences, etc. "Dom Evangelia" in Leningrad our people were expelled, but permitted to conis a workers' club. for the men who make nails in tinue to meet twice in what we call one week, in a the metal factory opposite. The cathedrals of St. hall attached to a former Greek Orthodox Church Isaac in Leningrad, of St. Basil in the Red Square building which they shared with followers of anof Moscow, and that of St. Andrew in Kieff are other persuasion. Needing this, the local Soviet anti-God and anti-religious, museums. turned them out. They have been driven from pillar to post, hampered, hindered, harassed-yet Of 1636 Greek Orthodox churches in Moscow on the 29th day of January last year, in one meetbefore the revolution, thirty only were left open ing they baptized fifty converts on profession of faith.

Since May, 1929, the Bible has been banned. It is a criminal offence in Soviet Russia to print,

publish, circulate or distribute the Word of God 87 per cent of the Russian population were illitor any portion of it. We printed the largest edi- erate. Now only 14 per cent are, and in the intion of Russian Bibles that ever came off the press dustrial areas, only 8 per cent. But every day 25 -81,000 copies. Before the officials became so million children going to school are taught that alert we sent copies back by the lumbermen who there is no God; never was. a Creator, and are brought the rafts and logs down the rivers to the subject to such caricatures of Christianity, and border states. Our men carried them over the such blasphemous cartoons of Christ that I canborder at dead of night, taking their lives in their not bring myself to describe them. No teacher in hands every time they crossed. In markets far school, college, or university is permitted to enter away from Moscow bidding may proceed for a any place of worship. And yet all over Soviet few mushrooms spread out on a bag-but the real Russia today there are sporadic outbursts of reobject is under the bag, a second-hand Bible or vival among young people (over 50 percent of Testament. When the government said in effect the population, i. e., all the young people, have -"You shall not have the Book in your hands," passed through these schools), and especially the Believers replied, "Then we'll put it into our among young men in the factories, so the local heads and enthrone it on our hearts." So they leaders are sending to Moscow asking that special studied and committed to memory the Sacred speakers be sent to combat the religious revival. Word. Now, when they gather round our evangelists in "bears' caves," they repeat passages of I dare not close this article without giving evi- Scripture and so illumine and inspire, instruct, dence of the truthfulness of the above, from offiexhort, and "comfort one another with these cial Soviet sources, lest I be charged with rowords." mancing.

There is no food shortage in Russia in Europe Lunarcharsky, former Commissar of Education today, though sometimes failure in distribution in the Central Executive Committee, issued a occurs. There is still shortage in Russia in Asia, manifesto in which he stated: and we still need to send food parcels. to Christians and banished evangelists in concentration camps We hate Christians. Even the best of them must be rein the Far East. Nothing but our food parcels garded as our worst enemies. They preach love to one's stands between them and starvation. Until food neighbors and pity, which is contrary to our principles ( !). tickets and ration cards were abolished no priest, Christian love is a hindrance to the development of the rabbi, moulvic, pastor, evangelist, editor of reli- revolution. Down with love for one's neighbors. What we gious pamphlets, or tradesman dealing in any re- want is hatred. We must know how to hate, for only at ligious article, nor his wife or family, was per- this price can we conquer the universe. We have done with mitted to have a ticket or card. Thousands who the kings of the earth, let us deal with the Kings of the wished to be loyal to the Lord "whom not having skies. All religions are poison. They intoxicate and deaden seen (they) love," were living on the bark and the mind, the will, the conscience (!). A fight to the death roots of trees, on nettle grass, and on field mice. must be declared upon religion. Our task is to destroy all kinds of religion, all kinds of morality. In spite of these conditions there has been, and still is, a real religious revival. Let him tell us how they succeeded. Trud, whieh means "labor," is the chief workers' organ; In the U. S. S. R. one evangelist, now in exile, Comsomolska Pravda is "Truth for Youth"; in three months, in three villages far from the Pravda, meaning "Truth," is the chief organ of capital, baptized 450 converts. Next spring he the Communist Party; while Izvestia, "News," is baptized 154 more in two months. Then he went that of the Government. In Southern Russia it is to prison for a technical offence in connection with said that there is no news in the Truth, and no preaching. Not to the Solovetsky Islands, the truth is the News. Writing in Izvestia in 1929 most rigorous imprisonment in the world, but to on the basis of the figures of his own department, a "house of re-education," in which the offenders Lunarcharsky affirmed that in 1917 there were are .given a good time, to induce them to come out only 700,000 members of the Communist Party, good supporters of the Soviet regime. Freedom but in 1927 they had grown to 1,700,000. But in therein enabled our man to preach to those who 1917 there were only 100,000 Stundists, and in would not have listened to him outside, also to hold 1927 over six millions. The Christians had outprayer meetings. Several prisoners were con- lived, outwitnessed, and outnumbered the Comverted. When he was discharged he found that munists by six to one, and this in spite of Governhis wife had carried on so effectively during his ment support of the latter, and satanic and Soviet incarceration that he had to baptize another 12'6 opposition of the former. converts. The Party Commander of the Bezbojniks (the The greatest achievement of the Soviets has Godless), Em. Yaroslavsky, has recently published been in the realm of education. Before the revolt an explanation which is an apology for failure in the Scientific Journal, Antireliginoznik. In it he has to confess that about two-thirds of the rural

pop1l1ation, and one-third of that in the towns, the ministers of the cult must be viewed as fraudstill continue faithful to religion. He admits that ulent members of the Party. All our skill must while the Government can prohibit support of the consist in systematically and unremittingly de- Church, and separate the Church and the school priving the Church of its head; in striking the by decree, "a decree is powerless to efface reli- blow at the Shepherd and alluring the sheep into gious ·conception"; "being deprived of an edifice our own stable" (sic!). has not killed the religious feeling of believers," and even "the Pioneers frequent the Church in There is one reason why the anti-religious hosts great numbers." He claims. that the coercive have failed. Jesus said, "On this Rock (faith in measures have been a mistake: they have failed; Christ as the Son of God) I will build my church and concludes that "The masses must be tamed by and the gates of hades shall not prevail against kindness." But–"We must outroot religion, and it" (Matt. 16: 18). My Master always keeps His word.

Forty Years' Progress in Latin America By REV. WEBSTER E. BROWNING, New York Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions; For Forty Years a Missionary in South America I N THESE chaotic moder:::J. times, forty years United States flag was seldom seen on the few constitute as long a period in the life of a na- ships which then made the run to South America. tion as in the life of an individual. Changes, The investment of North American capital, could rapid and cataclysmic, occur, even in the coun- not have exceeded a few hundred millions in all tries that have been fully organized for centuries Latin America. In 1937, the total investment was and whose traditions and form of government ap- reported to be about $6,500,000,000. pear to be crystallized and unshakable. In younger nations, such as those of Latin America such 2. Politically-Few governments of the very changes, though less sudden and dramatic com- young republics were then more than oligarchies. pared with those of Europe during past years, are A small number of families, in each of them, connevertheless well defined and epoch-making. sidered the presidency and other public offices their peculiar right and saw to it that the power The writer of this article journeyed to Latin was kept within their limited circle. As an illus- America, for the first time, more than 40 years ago, tration, one lady, known to the writer, was the and, except for occasional visits to the homeland, daughter, the sister and the wife of a President lived all that time south of the equator. He has of her country. Today, though not to the same dethus been able to note the changes in the commer- gree in all the republics, the democratic form of cial, political and religious life of the peoples of government prevails, and most of them, like Arthose lands which have marked their slow but gentina, Brazil and Chile, merit the high esteem sure progress toward equal standing with the in which they are held by the peoples of Europe older peoples of Europe and North America. A and North America. brief description of some of these changes may be of interest. 3. Culturally-Public instruction has made great advance and the formerly high percentage 1. Economically-Forty years ago, the immense of analphabets has been correspondingly reduced. natural resources of Latin America lay practically The oldest university of Latin America was founduntouched. The great modern industries of min- ed 56 years before the first permanent English ing, cattle-raising, the elaboration of nitrate; settlement w:as made in North America, and 85 banking, railways, manufactures, shipping, the years before John Harvard made possible the importation of machinery and automobiles, and institution that bears his name. Today, the best of other commercial activities-all these were but these universities equal those of the United States in their infancy. The United States, in particular, or Europe as centers of learning, and the intellechad not attempted to discover in those lands a tual spire of Latin America is as high as our own, market for its excess products. There was not a though it is more slender. In the learned profes- North American bank south of Mexico, and the sions, especially in law and medicine, are found

19391 FORTY YEARS' PROGRESS IN LATIN AMERICA

men and women of the highest professional prep- As a result of this exclusionist policy, when aration, fully the equals of their colleagues in evangelical missions began to extend their work with greater earnestness and conviction, forty or other lands. more years ago, they found certain conditions 4. Religiously-The pioneers and founders of which had to be overcome if that work was to be successful. Among these were the following: the colonies of Spain in the New World differed from those who laid the foundations of religious life in what is now the territory of the United (a) There was no liberty of worship. Free States of America. The groups that came to those thought was in itself considered heretical; the shores, Catholic and Protestant alike, were simply press was under the absolute control of the seeking a place where, quietly and unostentatious- Church, and, in some of the most backward coun- ly, they might worship God according to the dic- tries, death was the legal penalty for adherence to tates of their own consciences. Spanish discover- any religion other than that of the dominant ers and conquistadores, in the lands that now con- Church.

stitute what we call Latin America, were of a (b) There was no civil marriage law. The only more militant mold and sought to establish not legal ceremony was that performed by a priest of only the power of the King whom they represented the State Church; children of those otherwise but also that of their particular Chm'ch. They wedded were ipso facto considered illegitimate. flung to the breeze not only the colors of Ferdi- Even Protestant missionaries, wedded on the field, nand and Isabel, King and Queen of Castile and were required to secure the services of a friendly Aragon, but also those of the Supreme Pontiff priest. To satisfy their own consciences, they of Rome. Even the sails of the caravels of Chris- might have another ceremony performed by a topher Columbus and of less worthy conquista- Protestant minister, but this latter ceremony had dores who came after him, had imprinted upon no legal significance whatsoever. them the figure of the cross and the words, "with this sign you will conquer." Columbus is said to (c) There were no civil cemeteries. The bodies have considered his name Christopher, "Christ- of deceased dissenters were thrown into the sea, bearer," a good omen, and historians tell us that or were buried surreptitiously by night in some his hope was to secure funds from the newly unfrequented spot. About the middle of the past acquired lands in order to finance another crusade century, a progressive Mayor in one of the South against the Turks. American capitals when converting a hitherto' undeveloped hill i,nto a park, found at its base a In view of this deeply religious motive that in- collection of human bones, and on the site placed spired and encouraged the Spanish pioneers in Latin America, which was largely in conformity a tablet with the inscription, "To the memory 0/ with the spirit of the times, in both Roman Catholic and Protestant lands, it is not strange that the exiled from heaven and earth who were buried the type of Christianity which became the official in this place." religion of the Colonies of Spain, and, afterward, of the younger republics that grew out of those (d) Possession and reading of the Bible was proscribed by the Church itself and, under the in- fluence of the Church, by officials of the State. A colonies, should have been ultra-fanatical, ex- customs officer in Ecuador, toward the end of the tremely jealous of its own prerogatives, and dis- past century, refused to admit a box of Christian Scriptures; pointing toward one of the towering posed to resist, to the last degree, the entrance peaks of the nearby Andes, he said, "So long as and propagation of the beliefs of any other sect Chimborozo stands, that Book shall not enter this or denomination. The spirit of the Inquisition, country." typical of the religious life of the time, especially in Southern Europe, was deep-rooted. Branches The distressing religious conditions that preof that feared and hated body were set up in vari- vailed in the countries of Latin America a half ous centers, especially in Lima, the capital of the century ago have been narrated in order to show viceroys, and in Cartagena de las Indias, now one the historical background against which we may of the port cities of the modern republic of Colom- throw into clearer light the situation as it is today.

bia. So strong did the Church become, so thor- The former unfortunate conditions have now oughly did it indoctrinate the peoples, that when very largely disappeared-due largely to a closer the colonies, following the lead given by those of contact with Europe and North America, made Great Britain, in North America, and by France, possible, in part at least, by more modern means gave way to republics, at the beginning of the 19th of communication. The changed situation has ·century, the representatives of the Papacy were also been greatly helped by the liberalizing, reflex able to have written into the constitution of the influence of Evangelical missions. Today, in every newly-created states the words, "The religion of one of the 20' republics of Latin America, there is this State is the Holy, Roman, Catholic, Apostolic, complete freedom of worship; the only legal mar- to the exclusion of all others." riage ceremony is that performed by an official of

the State; cemeteries are open to the dead of all friendly eye and are evidently willing to forget faiths or of none; and the Bible is widely and some episodes of the past in which the "big stick" freely circulated. In one South American republic, played too prominent a part. Brazil, there is now an estimated total of 1,500,000 Evangelical Christians; in all there is a steadily Probably no part of the world has made such growing National Evangelical Church which is economic and cultural advance in the past forty willing to cooperate in many respects with the years in a quiet and natural way as have the nainfinitely stronger, dominant, ecclesiastical organ- tions of Latin America. And their history is still ization, for the spiritual instruction and upbuild- in the making. Millions of Europeans, seeking ing of the people. refuge or the opportunity to better their condi- tions of life are wistfully turning their faces 5. Internationally-There is today a much bet- toward the great open spaces of Argentina and ter understanding between the Government, and, Brazil. Many thousands have already entered hence, the people of the United States of Ameri- those and other Latin American countries, where ca, and the governments and peoples of the other they have established homes and have begun a new countries of the Western hemisphere. Instead of life under more liberal conditions. The Christian the former policy of occupying a country with forces of North America, especially the Evangel- United States marines, in order to establish our ical churches, have a great opportunity to aid conception of what we considered law and order, these incoming thousands, making it possible for or exerting economic pressure to encompass our them not only to secure the right to liberty and own ends, a more modern and more Christian the pursuit of happiness, but also to surround "good neighbor" policy has been adopted and has themselves and their descendants with the spirbeen well received by all Latin American govern- itual blessings that flow from a free Church in a ments. Their people now look on us with a more free land.

Queen Salote of Tonga K ING GEORGE VI of Great Britain sent the lieves in the tenets of Christianity, but is most following message to the queen of Tonga, energetic in seeing that her beliefs find practical a Pacific Island, on the occasion of the expression in the daily life. With her, "Faith twentieth anniversary of her accession to the without works is dead." She is a constant attendthrone of Tonga. He said in part: ant at divine service, is a class leader, and is al- ways present at the regular meetings of the Chris- "The period of your reign has been one of tian Endeavor Society. Not only has Queen Salote steady and peaceful progress in the development advanced the interests of her people in the mateof your kingdom. Medical and health services rial sphere, but she has also, by her Christian life have been extended, educa.tional facilities have and character, provided them with a splendid been increased, roads have been built, and com- example of Christian living. munication between the islands has been improved by the provision of wireless stations. And The great event of the celebration took place in these achievements, of which your majesty may the large public square where gathered about four be justly proud, have been effected without in any thousand school children, as well as the Royal way sacrificing the financial stability of your Guards and Band. kingdom." Then came one of the finest sights of the day- Twenty years ago, as a young girl of eighteen, the march of four thousand school children, Queen Salote Tubou succeeded to the throne of carrying Tongan flags in their hands. Tonga. During the years intervening since that time, by her wise and statesmanlike rule, her The queen then departed, and as her car passed keen, unfailing interest in the well-being of her through the lines of children, she was hailed with subjects and her many excellent personal quali- hearty cheering and the waving of flags. Even ties, she has endeared herself to the people of her after she had returned to the palace the public land. How deeply enshrined she is in their hearts enthusiasm could not be restrained. The Tubou might well be gauged by the remarkable demon- boys entered the palace grounds, followed by the stration of loyalty and affection displayed by them other schools and the general public, until a crowd on October 11 of last year, the commemoration of of several thousands had collected. Her Majesty's the twentieth anniversary of her accession. appearance on the balcony and acknowledgment were the signal for more vociferous greeting. Queen Salote is known throughout the king- -By "The Wayfarer" in The Missionary Review dom as a sincere Christian, one who not only be- (Australia) .

Story for

Tony Finds Two Friends and it seemed wonderful to Tony room where Tony lay. His broth- to be able to help. As he snipped ers and sister were standing by By VIOLET WOOD, New York off the beans he thought of the his bed and to each one the nurse "Won't you leave your chil- time when his father had worked gave a glass of milk. dren with me, Mrs. Rossetti?" in the city, while his mother the nurse at the Center invited. stayed home and took care of As Tony's mother took her them. Suddenly there had been glass she spoke excitedly to the Mrs. Rossetti turned to Tony, no more work. A friend had told boy. Tony laughed, "My mothher ten-year-old son, to interpret his father of the need for bean er says you have nets over the for her. When she understood pickers and they had packed all babies' cradles to keep the flies what the nurse had said, Mrs. their belonging$. in a truck and away just as she used to have in Rossetti shook her head and had come to this big farm. Now the city." gathered her three small chil- father was sick for he had dren about her. worked too hard the first few "Ask her to leave you all with days. me tomorrow? You can go back "You could stay, too, Tony," to the fields in a few days, but the nurse said to the boy, "and At noon Mrs. Rossetti took it would be nice if you could stay help me take care of them." out of her blouse a paper bag and here a little while. Your broth- gave them all cold biscuits for ers and sister will love it." "I gotta pick beans," respond- lunch. She and the children ed,Tony. went on picking beans as they When Tony told his mother ate. But Tony could not eat his she nodded happily, as she fin- When Tony told his mother biscuit. Something was wrong. ished her milk and went back to what the nurse had said, the lit- His head felt as if it were float- the field. tle group passed the Center and ing away. But he kept on pickwent out towards the field. Tony ing, hoping that the funny feel- The nurse brought in some noticed several women leave ba- ing would pass. He suddenly picture books for Tony. One of bies and small children at the fainted. them was a beautiful "Life of Center. He shrugged. Who knew Jesus," and, as the nurse exwhat would be done to them in When Mrs. Rossetti called for plained some of the pictures the that place! Tony's family had help two men came over and car- boy looked up suddenly, and been at the migrant camp only a ried the boy to the Center. When said: "Then I have found two few days and he had no idea of new friends today!"

the loving care, the nice lunches, the nurse came she patted Tony's Making Use of This Story the toys and the Bible stories mother on the shoulder and in a few minutes he opened his eyes that were provided for the chil- and tried to smile. "You just The plight of the migrant is not well dren of the migrant workers. lie here for a little while and enough known by many people and yet soon you'll be quite all right. it is a great social problem in Amer- Down the long lanes between I'll bring you a nice glass of milk ica. Because the parents lose their the rows of bean poles the lit- in a few minutes. Tell your legal residence by so much traveling, tle family went, snipping off the mother I would like to show her the children get insufficient food, imbeans as they moved. Every- our little home here." proper shelter, no medical and dental body helped fill the baskets. care and very little schooling. When one was filled Mrs. Rosset- Tony translated this for his ti carried it to the weigher who mother, whose eyes shone with The Council of Women for Home checked the number of pounds gratitude. Missions has Centers in many states against her name. and has done a wonderful piece of The hot sun beat down upon The nurse beckoned to Mrs. work with the children. Excellent the men, women and children Rossetti and took her into an- material on the migrant is found in working on either side of Tony other room where babies lay the pamphlet, "They Starve That We and his mother. Although many sleeping in little cradles. In an- May Eat," compiled by Edith Lowry were thirsty they could not stop other room little boys and girls, and published by the Missionary Edueven for a drink of water. Every just like her own, were playing cation Movement (35 cents.) moment of daylight counted, and together at sand tables and with if they were to make enough blocks. In one corner a teacher money to buy food they must be was reading stories to the older Questions quick. boys and girls. All the children What would you lose if you had no home, no school, no church? Tony's back ached, but he was seemed very happy. bigger than his brothers and sis- In the kitchen Mrs. Rossetti What are some of the crops that ter and he could not stop to rest. watched the nurse fill five glass- migrants gather?

He must go on like his mother. es with milk. Putting them on Are migrant workers necessary in His father lay sick in the tent a tray she carried them to the America?

[367 ]

Ways of W9rking

'Tested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home hDITED BY GRACE W. MCGAVRAN, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA Enlisting a Congregation for and throb of enduring purpose as Pete and with a memorable in- they witness Christian romance scription was unveiled. The MissionEsdTuhcarotiuognh*Visual in China (yes, indeed, there is film also gives a glimpse of lep- high Christian romance in China ers' suffering, and of lepers who "Seeing is believing" is an old today, especially today), or a adage. But rich old warp woven great mass meeting of untouch- have been helped. into today's tapestries gives pat- ables in India, or a frightened At the close of the showing of terns of beauty, luster and value. African youth witness his moth- er's slow death at the hands of this film in the city church the If every Christian at home the witch doctor and his deter- pastor arose and said, "I have could visit and see the mission mination to run away and find today had a new vision of this fields, their opportunities, their the secret of the doctor who talks great work. I think everyone needs, their returns for service, and acts with love at his Christhe weaving of the pattern of tian "medicine house" in the for- of· our Sunday school classes Christ into the lives of peoples, est clearing. should have one of these pig not much time or money would banks. I suggest that all of our need to be spent on promotion A few weeks ago the film, Sunday school offering next Sunwork for Christianity. In the "A Million Dollar Pig," taken by day go to the leper work and I entanglement of threads in our nromise to find means of matchpattern here in our own land we the American Mission to Lepers, ing, dollar for dollar, all that are prone to grow discouraged, was shown in a large city church. the Sunday school gives." He feeling it improbable that there It tells the story of how a ten- felt as we had felt after visiting are other spots on the earth year-old boy, Wilbur, sad be- the many leper colonies on our where the Christ pattern is be- cause his mother had been able African way during the past ing distinctly and clearly woven. to furnish support for only nine lepers instead of ten, bought a months. If we cannot see these remote little pig with three dollars Films from mission fields are places, the next best step is to which had been given him. The have them brought to us by the children 0 f the community goingto be increasingly available medium of the motion picture- joined in feeding the pig, all the in the days ahead. The 1938 as nearly life-like a portrayal as time envisioning that pig as Africa Film Project has already can be had outside the actual bringing smiles to the face of released its first 3-Reel, 16 mm. experience. Christianity has not some weary leper. It was finally film, "Ngono and Her People." been in haste to take on this won- sold for twenty-five dollars and It movingly tells the life of a derfully convincing method, feel- the money was sent to help a typical African girl. In it one ing perhaps a worldliness about little leper boy of Siam. Out of really lives in the life of a girl of the very utterance of "movies." this experience came the idea of Africa; feels the heartache of a But at last, after the field of edu- the "pig banks," over 100,000 of ten-year-old child torn from her cation recognized why the "eye which have been distributed in mother and sent to harem life; witness" medium so grasped the America. They have brought in feels the fear of the jungle world public, Christians have over one million dollars to aid where she hides, the ,doubtful come to realize that these same the lepers of the world. Then the eyes may prove to be inlets to film shows the twenty-fifth anni- serenity in the hands of her the hearts and souls of vast num- versary of the event of Wilbur missionary rescuers, the school bers of people. Eyes that make and his pig, "Pete," as it was life, the romance of true love, hearts thrill and throb over which "never smooth did run" scenes of intrigue or love may celebrated in Wilbur's little home in Africa either, the power of also stir those hearts to the thrill town of White Cloud, Kansas. Over one thousand people there, the Christian life and all the • We are indebted to Mrs. Emory Ross including Chief White Cloud and problems it brings, as again she for this fine article. She last year accom- his tribe, honored Wilbur, now a meets the witch doctor and his panied her husband, who is pxecutive secre- successful engineer still giving wiles. As the last scene fades tary of th" American Mission to Lepers, on of himself and his money to help you feel that you have been in a trip to Africa to see many of the institu- lepers. A bronze tablet, erected Africa and you know that Christions aided by that Society. She was former- in his honor, with Wilbur and tian missions pay. You have ly a missionary in the C?n~o and .is now seen with your own eye. an active promoter of mISSIonary Interest [368 ] in America. Another six or eight films are being prepared on various phas- es of Africa, her life, her importance in the world, the impact of and explain some things which more careful showing of one? civilization upon her, the need will otherwise be without mean- Take time to slow down the ac- for Christianity to keep pace. ing. But announce that after tion where it is necessary. You Among the scenarios* are "The the first running there will be a will need to go over the film at World's Stake in Africa," "Chil- second, during which any ques- least once with the operator, be- dren of Africa," "A Day in an tions or comments may be of- fore it is shown in the program African Village," ""Bwamba"- fered. Plan time to do this, so in order to decide where the mo- (the life of a typical African that no one will have a sense of tion should be slowed, and how boy) , and "How an African being rushed. Offer to run it much. As you show it, be very Tribe is Ruled." through a third time for those sure to remark when you do so: Yes, today the home church who would like to see it again, "We will slow down at this may see the foreign field, and after the meeting has been dis- point," having explained before seeing, may she believe the more missed. hand the purpose of slowing and hasten to make the pattern Slow Motion in Using a Movie down. Otherwise you may leave Christian in those lands yet in the impression that the people the loom.-Myrta Pierson Ross. The label on the film case read, filmed are lazy or slow in their "Twenty minutes will be re- movements. quired to show this film." A Informal Use of a Movie group of people, planning to use It is needless to say that some films in their churches, had bor- films will not gain by such treat- The parents of a missionary rowed from the mission board ment. Use good judgment in dereceived, in their very ordinary ciding when to use normal speed mid-west town, a package from an entire set of five on the coun- and when not to do so. their children. It was a one-reel try the churches were studying, film, showing the missionary son and were giving a sort of pre- Remember that some projecand daughter setting up camp view so as to be able to present tors make a lot of noise. Whoin a village, taking part in a them more intelligently from ever reads the accompanying lec- time to time. They started im- ture, or prepares a talk to go church service, giving treatment mediately after lunch to have with the showing, should have a to a baby with sore eyes, walk- them run through. voice easily heard over the noise ing in their garden and romping of the machine. Nine o'clock that evening with the grandchildren who had found them reluctantly re-wind- Newer Stereopticon Pictures been mere babies the last time ing the last film. What had hapthey were home. pened? They found that while Color cameras have brought the speed required to run the into the field of stereopticon With what delight the aging film through in twenty minutes slides something a great deal parents viewed the scenes, as was quite correct for .seeing that more vivid and delightful than their beloved ones moved before which is familiar, it was too fast we have had before. Slides can them. The missionary women of to give them time to see what be made directly from the color the church, naturally, borrowed happened in scenes and actions film. No tinting of pictures with the film. The showing was made quite unfamiliar to them. They the colors running into each othinto a gala occasion. The film therefore slowed the running to er, or failing to join! Furtherwas run through once. Then a considerable extent. more, the picture-taker, instead it was run through again. Com- of having to remember that he ments and questions rose freely When that was done, they cannot count on color to do for during the showing. Whoever those who are to see the pictures had an idea as to the correct an- could actually see what was hap- what its actual presence is doswer to any question ventured pening. For example, the quick- ing for him, knows now that colit. Then they ran the film ly-run film showed a woman or, almost as he sees it, will be through again. Details that had squatting before a mud cooking- present in his film. escaped notice came to the atten- place, doing something with tion of the women now. Those That opens a much wider pospresent felt as if they had had swift capable hands. The slowed sibility for enjoyment in the use a real visit with their missionary film showed her going through of stereopticon slides on subjects and his family. of missionary interest. To be the process of handling the flat sure there are as yet few sets Are you following that proce- unleavened bread in the three which have been made by the dure when you show a film? Or simultaneous processes of mold- newer processes. But most sets are you having it shown as a ing one cake, while a second was have been vastly improved durformal part of your meeting, to searing and a third was being ing the last year or two, and they be run through once, accompa- baked among the live coals of begin to "tell a story" instead of nied by its lecture or by polite si- the fire. giving a disjointed picture of lence, immediately to be re- places and people. wound, set into its case, and sent Some parts of the film became on its travels? tedious with the slowing up, but During summer months, the the operator was soon able to picture method of becoming ac- If there is a lecture, by all speed up sections which did not quainted with the missionary means have it used. It will help show detailed action, and to slow work of the church is well worth to clear up many puzzling bits, down on those which did.

Instead of rushing through • Not yet available. two films, why not arrange a considering.

For Small Children Pictures article), was sponsored by the each and marked its location Are Best Harmon Foundation and the Af- with a red pin. rica Committee of the Foreign The flicker and movement of Missions Conference of North The study might have gone movie pictures are not any too America. "Song After Sorrow" further, but did not. To atgood for the eyes of the small is another new film which por- tempt to locate all Protestant children. Furthermore very lit- trays the magnificent work in churches in a city the size of tle of the motion pictures, de- one of the leper colonies in theirs would have taken more signed to interest and educate Africa. time than the enterprise was adults, is of value for children worth for that one study. But of pre-school age. Films like the two mentioned there, in visual form, lay the may perhaps be secured from information that, scattered all The nursery and beginner your mission board under the over their city, were many child should not, however, be same conditions as other films of churches which were working to neglected in the use of visual missionary work, or they may be make the city a more Christian education. One of the newest rented from the Harmon Foun- place in which to live. In those pieces of material, specifically dation. "Song After Sorrow," buildings, week after week, men planned for use with them, is may be rented direct from the and women and beiys and girls the picture set "Children and American Mission to Lepers, 156 gathered to study, to worship, Their Toys Around the World." Fifth Avenue, New York. and to have fellowship. It has eight pictures in color, and a leaflet with a short story Investigate the possibilities. Such a visualization of facts to go with each. This publica- Write to your mission board for gives children a real sense of tion of the Friendship Press sells information. Remember that being a part of something which for sixty cents and can be se- the number of copies of each film includes and yet is greater than cured through your denomina- is limited so that requests need their own local church group. It tional book store. to be made well in advance of the expands their horizon. It brings date desired. We know that one to their consciousness, in a way The pictures are directly re- group of films is dated up com- that mere spoken information lated to the child's interests. pletely for four months in cannot do, the realization of Each one shows a child of some advance. Others, not on the forces which are operating toother race or nation, with a toy country of the current study, day to rebuild the world in characteristic of his environ- may not require such advance Christian ways. ment. booking. Try the use of this form of visual education in the Maps, graphs and charts are This set should be part of the near future. We venture to say not to be limited to Juniors equipment of every Nursery and that you will plan to include it alone. They are good for any Beginners department. It might very definitely in your subse- age above Juniors. well be used in each child's own quent study. home. Individual pictures can Consider them for use in your then be hung in turn where the Using Maps with Juniors church or parish house lobby. Or child will enjoy them. in your meetings when you have When a Junior department five minutes to present some in- Sources for Religious and was making a study of The City, formation about missions which Missionary Movies as was suggested in the course, can best be imparted through they used their own city as the this form of visualization. The Most -of those reading these object of their study. small graphs and charts often columns are familiar with the sent out from Board headquarsources of missionary films. The The boys took a big map of ters, in materials for the inforimportant source for any church the town and mounted it on bea- mation of leaders, can easily be is its own missionary board. Ar- ver board. Starting with their enlarged to proportions such as rangements differ. Many mis- own community they set out to to make it possible for a large sionary boards loan the films discover and locate on the map group or an entire congregation free of charge, requiring only the position of the Protestant to see them. Color can be used payment of express charges both churches of their city. When to make them vivid in their enways. There is the additional they found the actual streets larged form, where only black cost of a projector which is running past their own church, and white was used in the printusually rented locally by the a red pin marked the spot on the ed form. church. map! They did the same with other churches of their neighbor- Never leave such materials The Harmon Foundation, 140 hood. Then they went further hanging for more than a week Nassau St., New York, N. Y., is afield. They secured the list of or two. You do not glance at another very important source. the churches of their own denom- that store window where the dis- Their charges are reasonable. ination in their town. What a play is the same week after Some of the Harmon Foundation surprise! Who would have week. Let your people become films have been prepared in co- guessed that in their own city accustomed to finding something operation with certain of the there were so many churches of new, fresh and worthwhile on mission boards. The Africa film, their own group? They located your display wall every week or "Ngono and Her People" (re- so. ferred to by Mrs. Ross in her

BULLETIN

Council of Women for Home Missions EDITED BY MISS EDITH E. LOWRY, 297 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y.

~======~~~==================== WITH THE MIGRANTS IN crops." It was while in "melons" family as they were growing up CALIFORNIA in Imperial that Maria had her and it took more and more and accident. According to her fa- it seemed that he made less and The bountiful state of Cali- ther: less. So at last they joined the fornia with its varying seasons, caravan of folks off to "the land luxuriant farms, and many in- "If I stay few more days to work of promise," California, to seek dustries is faced with the tre- in floods last winter and not go down their fortune. Theirs was a mendous problems. of migrant to Valley, maybe I not have the bad wreck of a car, a truck, with a people-people who trek from luck, but I go. It's cold. That day canvas over the top so that the crop to crop, starving in between our children left alone. This one, mother and children could sleep "prunes" and "cotton" because Maria, she think she make herself there and the father drove as there is never enough to go warm burning paper. She light it. many hours as he could to make around. When it is too hard to It catch her dress. This other one the trip as short as possible-it find food for three scanty meals she want to throw on water, but the took them fourteen days-a four a day, new clothes are out of the burning one, Maria, she scared, she to seven day trip in a decent car. question; and these people are so run out the door all flames till she The trip was made in the pourvery poor! fall; she fainting then. Her sweater, ing rain. They still shudder as it stops the flame from her face. She they remember the terrible ex- To help lighten their burden bur ned so bad, all over front. She in perience of losing a wheel on a and bring some necessary relief, hospital six months. Eighty-seven steep grade, and the "panthers" the Council of Women for Home skin grafts her mother give, but not that they could hear howling in Missions supports missionary much healing. I got no money, but the night, not to mention the nurses who serve these camps. hospital very good. The vallev too fiat tires that had to be fixed on Nursing and visiting the sick, hot for Maria, doctors say I must take the darkest roads. They felt that telling the story of the Gospel to Maria to where is cool; no more let- their crossing the mountains was the children, finding help here, tuce, no more melons, I go north to quite as trying as that of the eargiving help there, from dawn to 'prunes'; I take my family, and for lier "pioneers" of the covered dark they go and always leaving Maria it is cool. The doctor there wagon days. a little hope, a little comfort and say, 'you no live here,' you take Maria a great feeling of friendship. where you live. What I do? Maria They arrived during the mush- cannot live where is the heat; no room season, and, as they had Would you like to meet a few doctor where it is cool. .I feed my never had such a tasty dish they of these families who make their family? I must work. Doctor put living in crops? on one bandage, I keep Maria with me. I do all the best I know. I keep Take the family of John Wil- burn clean with feather. It no get liams-the children: Susanna, better. She seem sick; she no play born in the "grapes"; Maria, in like other children. Her dress, it hurts "melons·" ; E u p hem i a, in her burn, she walked stooped, like old "prunes" ; John, in "lettuce"; lady. We have cot just for her. We Raphael, in "nuts"; Josephine, move to 'cotton,' and you find her. She in "cotton." Truly children of afraid, she shake all over." the crops. Here there is hope expressed in his When the nurse came upon brightened countenance, he is encourthem she saw Maria walking aged, as he continues: very stooped so that her worn thin dress, her only garment, "You nurse, you find her. Her burn would not be touching her open so bad for so long; you come often, sore which covered her abdomen "ou do much for Maria. It take you and thighs. She was frightened long time, many bandages, much work as she stood before the nurse for you, but now Maria she all well. holding her dress away from her God bless you nurse ! We cannot say body with trembling fingers and how much we thank you. Now, no told her story. more cotton, we go to valley for 'let- tuce' and 'melons'; work for me, feed The family took to the road in my family. heat no hurt Maria now 1930 when the father lost his job -she well!" and joined the "Gypsies of the Then there is the White fam- ily from Oklahoma – father, mother, and four children. For ten years Mr. White had been the "handy man" in the little town that was their home. He made sixty to seventy dollars a month. That didn't keep his [371 ]

relished it more than they could cents. Forty men went out and They are healing now. The describe. Just by picking they picked one crate of spinach. druggist was afraid to undertake could have all they wanted to treatment because of the severity eat. But the season was soon A Mexican father doesn't of the burn, but the nurse over and such things are just a know what to do. He asks the "breathes a prayer" and gives memory. nurse. He explains that there is the necessary treatment for it is no more cotton to pick, and he sixty miles to a doctor, and be- A Brief Round in Camp only has beans for his family to sides there is no money. The Visiting eat. The nurse has no alterna- druggist thinks it is the "prayer" tive but to suggest "relief." The Leaving the nurse's home, we father is proud, and explains, "I that did it-healing, he thinks, go seventeen miles on good high- never ask for that in all time. I was impossible otherwise. way, then eight miles on an just move here. My wife she sick adobe road, then the last half at heart, no can work much; I On to another camp and the mile over what is supposed to sick in stomach, cannot work all road is still slippery, and it is be a road, and into the camp, time." ten miles distant. This camp is thirty cabins in all. Separated from these are some larger cab- Drive toward the foothills and built beside a canal. Here the ins-these for the "permanent" on this road there are three Council nurse spent much time, help. It is wash-day. Tubs of camps. Roads impassable in effort and energy toward solving water are being heated over fires rainy weather. It is ten miles to built outside; clothes lines the first. the problem of sanitation. The stretched between cabins filled grower was very cooperative. with clean garments of all kinds, shapes and sizes. Some families asked the camp Over one tub is a Mexican EYE CLINIC IN A MIGRANT GENTER mother, rubbing away on a washboard, and beside her is her The nurse recalls that this manager concerning the nurse's three-year-old, the youngest of camp was one of her most un- authority, and the grower issued nine. He has on two sweaters sanitary camps, so much so that and a coat, and a dark cloth tied the camp manager remarked to the order that if families did not around his head. her, "I believe these children are cooperate with the nurse that the dirtiest of all cotton camps." they would be moved out. Camp The nurse discovers that the That can't be said now. The child has a temperature. She camp manager and the campers and cabins were cleaned. Five explains that he must be kept in gamblers who had caused the bed, and she takes the child by too were most cooperative in nurse no little concern, were the hand, leads him into the cab- changing things. Health kits moved out. Order prevailed. in, the mother follows and a containing wash cloth, soap, little pallet is made in the corner The sentiment of the people of the cabin. His clothing is re- tooth-brush, and comb, were moved and he is slipped into a given to the children. whom the nurse serves is best pair of warm sleepers that the expressed by the tribute to the nurse finds among her clothing The nurse inquires. about Mr. nurse by a country doctor who supplies. That dark rag is re- Gonzales who was burned so bad- depends. on their help to bring moved from the only window in ly at Christmas, and discovers healing and health to these mithe cabin, and she explains to that he has learned that she is in grants. "So much is heard and the mother that there must be camp and is getting the "water read nowadays of organizations sunlight. The mother im't un- boiling" for her to use in dress- and agencies. doing this and that derstanding why the cloth should for the migrants, but the one not be about her child's head, be- ing the wound. He has learned cause she explains, "Baby sick that it had to boil ten minutes who does the most and the most in the head," but she is willing worthwhile thing in helping the to do as the nurse says, and does before she could use it. First migrant is the little missionary not miss a word of the nurse's and second degree burns were on nurse who rarely ever gets one instructions to "rub the child's chest four times daily with warm his left shoulder and upper arm line of printed matter concerncamphorated oil; give plenty of ing her work in the paper." water and fluids, and keep baby -he had fallen on the stove. in bed."

It is late in the cotton season, and many people are not working. Some have gone out to pick spinach but so little could be made they didn't stay. One man explained that he had made ten

World–wide

A Missionary Newspaper of Current Events ~ EDITED BY MRS. HENRIETTA H. FERGUSON, XENIA, OHIO ~'================================-~~ LATIN AMERICA fered the boys. Near Saltillo, weekly broadcast of religious boys are taught in school to programs. 'A Latin American Cooperation in a Church Bell make rope, and other articles Youth Conference is planned for from raw materials they have February, 1940, in Lima, Peru. We all know about the denom- raised. They learn the art of inational cooperation am 0 n g making dyes, and using them. -Christian Century. Christian forces in Puerto Rico; At the same school, the boys of the union enterprises which farm a tract of land, raise cat- Among South American include a theological seminary, tle, hogs and bees. Indians book store, newspaper, university pastor, e~change of pulpits, Culture Missions, something The treaty signed between and other manifestations of the like an Institute, are held at in- Bolivia and Paraguay leaves the cooperative spirit; but this spir- tervals all over Mexico. For a way open for Christian work it does not end with formal en- period of ten days, five or six among pagan Indians of both terprises. When the Yauco Bap- educators meet with teachers for countries, especially in the Chatist Church, for example, had a lectures and discussion, with co area between the two. Var- 500 pound bell that would not graphs, charts and posters. Such ious indepe!ldent organizations fit its tower, and the Ensenada subjects as the cause and cure of have expanded their work among Presbyterian Church had a large eye trouble, or the digestive Bolivian Indians; while the tower but no bell, the Presby- processes, are presented. This South American Missionary Soterians bought a small bell and is work along constructive lines. ciety has completed fifty years gave it to the Yauco Baptists, of work in the Paraguayan Chawhile they in turn presented the Protestant Youth in South co. In Chile, the same mission Presbyterians with their 500 America has developed a work among pound bell. Mapuche Indians, two of whom The Protestant young people's have been ordained deacons. Rural Schools in Mexico organizations of Argentina and Uruguay held their second bien- In the Argentine Chaco, work The Federal Government has nial conference last April, with has been most encouraging. At put in operation some very prac- more than 100 delegates, repre- Easter 68 adults were baptized, tical ideas in rural education. senting seven denominations, in and a new area has been opened. Two groups of Southern Metho- attendance. There were three The Unevangelized Fields Misdist missionaries visited a num- visiting delegates from Brazil. sion has continued its pioneer ber of these rural schools last The program centered around work among Kayapo Indians of year, and their impressions are the deepening of spiritual life, Amazonia, who, it will be rereported in the World Outlook. and the challenge of the present membered, killed three mission- Almost every country school has day to young Christians. Three aries (the "three Freds") in a little store which the children things stood out: first, interest 1935. themselves manage, thus learn- in a g g res s i v e evangelism; ing how to buy and sell and order second, a passion for closer co- -International Review of Missupplies, such as pencils, tablets, operation in Christian service, sions. crayons, cookies, etc. Some have irrespective of denominational kitchens where the children differences, and a sense that After the Earthquake in Chile learn how to prepare many vari- Protestant Christians are bound eties of food. One school visited by a common loyalty to Jesus Reconstruction work is under maintained a barber shop, while Christ; finally, a desire that way in Chile, following the dispractically all of them raised Christian forces may reach out astrous earthquake, and at pressome living thing -chickens, into the realms of popular litera- ent there is a huge construction rabbits or pigeons. ture and social life. camp at Chillan, located there for months. Military authorities Nearly every school has an an- In these two republics, young have permitted Mr. William M. nual exhibit of needlework, and people's work is organized under Strong to open a center for rest there are special projects to be two national federations. Each and evangelism right in the undertaken by high school girls; publishes a religious monthly, in- heart of this vast encampment, perhaps a layette for a baby formative and well edited. For -its only place of diversion. brother, or her graduation out- several years the Argentine fedfit, while manual training is of- eration has maintained a bi- Evangelical workers were left practically unharmed by the [373 ] earthquake, says Mr. Strong. He

adds that when in 1757 half of Franco occupied Catalonia, evan- Church shall transfer the right Concepcion sank beneath the gelical churches were not inter- of the use of certain cathedrals, surface in a similar cataclysm, fered with, but it is reported that yet to be named, to the Hitler blasphemy, drunkenness and in- those in Barcelona are closed, Elite Guard for their neo-pagan decency were put aside for a though it is believed to be only ceremonies. long time; and asks if perhaps a temporary measure. a similar result will follow this All three demands were relatest catastrophe. -The Christian. fused on the ground that the Di- rectorate was not empowered to EUROPE The "Church of the Den" make any such decision. The demands were issued by the On the Montmartre, Paris Long before Wycliffe and chief of police over the head of Hus were born, the Waldenses the State's church minister, who The Tabernacle Church on the preached the Gospel which re- is reported to have fallen into Montmartre has a corps of de- formers afterward taught in disfavor among the radical elevoted workers. M. Charlet, an Europe. A few months ago a ment of the government; a reevangelist, was a merchant, a group of British tourists visited port that is coupled with the Parisian skeptic, whom God the great cavern known as "the statement that the "Gestapo" called to the ministry of preach- church in the den.". During the (secret police) are sick and tired ing. Andre Fune is son of a time of the persecution of the of the whole church business. French farmer, who is working Waldenses this cavern was used at real financial sacrifice with as a secret place for worship and Encouragement in the Ukraine his wife, a registered nurse. In study of the Bible. Access to it 1925 a young Swiss engineer, Al- is obtained by crawling through September 25, 1938, was the fred Escher, gave up a career to a narrow tunnel formed in the 950th anniversary of the foundserve this mission church. Fif- long past by a terrific upheaval, ing of the Ukrainian Lutheran teen Hollanders have found when the great rocks fell into Church. At that time a Harvest Christ in these meetings. M. the position which they occupy Festival was celebrated in Stan- Jacques Blocher, trained in the today. From the tunnel one islau, when people came from University of Paris and in the emerges into an immense nat- every direction, by wagon, train Bible Institute, Minneapolis, is ural cathedral, the only shaft of or on foot. All Evangelical Luanother worker. M. and Mme. light coming through an aper- therans participated in a com- Dumesil sold their property at ture in the roof. In this spot munion service, creating a pro- Dieulefit to serve as unpaid vol- hallowed by the prayers of mar- found impression upon all those unteers. M. Memmert came in tyrs a feeling of awe came over present. The Stanislau pastor, 1933 after careful preparation the visitors-a feeling that ex- Rev. Theodore J arczuk, writes in the Bible school of Pastor tended to the muleteers who had of the victories of the Gospel of Saillens at Nogent-sur-Marne guided them to it. They rever- Christ among these people: "The and in Glasgow. This does not ently removed their hats upon results of this Harvest Festival exhaust the list. entering. One of them ap- led to arrangement for a similar proached the leader of the tour- service for the Reformation An effective agency is the Gos- ist party and said, hesitantly, Festival on October 2:0. Attenpel poster; 500 of these have "If Monsieur prayed?" And so, dance was even greater. Those been put up in Paris and sub- with bowed heads and hearts up- who passed the chapel were asurbs. Many persons have bought lifted to the Saviour of all, Eng- tonished at the crowd of people, copies of the Scriptures as a re- lish, Irish and Italian, each and said: 'These Lutherans besult. Sometimes professional praised Him there for the past, lieve in God.' The Festival conbill pOosters tear them down; and asked His help in the future cluded with the singing of 'A sometimes unexpected results for the Waldensian Church. Mighty Fortress Is Our God.' In are produced in connection with many different ways the work other posters. For example, a Confessional Church Crisis was advanced." poster announcing a grand ball, had this significant addition at- Three new demands made on Pastor J arczuk writes further: tached: "And after it is over?" the Confessional Church by the Most of this work is done by the German chief of police, Hein- It has long been the custom of young people of the Tabernacle. rich Himmler, indicate that the Lutheran Ukrainians to worship on struggle between the Church and Epiphany at the bank of a river, in -So S. Times. State is nearing a decisive phase. commemo"ation of the preaching of These demands, as reported by John the Baptist at the River Jordan. Gospel Work in Spain the New York Times, were: 1. A few months ago such a service was The Confessional Church shall held on the banks of the Dniester. Reports vary considerably in relinquish its claim to a share of The crowd was constantly augmented, regard to the prospects for evan- the church tax. 2. The Confes- the nearer it came to the river. From gelical work in Spain, now that sional Church shall surrender its all neighboring villages came the folthe war has ended. Protestant status as a corporation of pub- lowers of the Gospel and the curious. churches are permitted to open lic right. 3. The Confessional At the place where the service was to in some centers, in others they be held, thousands of persons had alremain closed. When General ready gathered, listening with the greatest interest to every word of the service. Among those present were some who had come to disturb the serv-

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

ice. From the other side of the river at Memia, found no sale for her to work with God in the planta group of agitators came across in a pictures and turned to fruit cul- ing and working of their garboat. As they were crossing one of ture, finally gave that up also; dens.-American Board News. their number cried out: "Either I and offered her home to the Miswill throw the Lutheran pastors into sion. There was no money to "Separatist" Groups the water or will drown myself." But buy, but she agreed to rent and when the service began they listened, now the Mission is established These religious. groups in the and the longer they listened the more there. Union of South Africa number attentive they became. Soon the an- over 500, ilccording to official ger faded; they took off their caps The entire Bible is available figures. Similar movements are and began to nod approvingly. At in Kabyle; portions have been found in other parts of Africa. the close of the service the young man put into the Berber dialects of Whatever may be the underlywho avowed that he would throw us Morocco. So far, the Scriptures ing cause of the rise of these into the water joined our brethren and are almost the only literature in sects, they are hindering the began to make known his sympathy. these dialects. spiritual growth of the African Church. In general, the separa- AFRICA School in Elephant Land tist groups are formed by those who are moved by personal am- The "Book of Manne'rs" Children from the kraals of bition or who wrongly interpret southern Rhodesia attend schools the Scriptures; by those who are Mrs. E. M. Bailey, of the which are merely thatched roof seeking to avoid discipline or United Presbyterian Mission at sheds, and these are often de- have been disciplined by the rec- Minia, Egypt, writes that one stroyed by herds of roaming ele- ognized churches. Sometimes the of the most encouraging things phants. In these so-called "light movements spring from reasons that has happened in the Chris- houses" it costs about $1.40 which are racial or political, or tian school in a long time is the apiece to give the children an from the hope that in the ecclesivoluntary request of some of the elementary education, and is astical sphere the African will graduates for a special Bible their only chance to secure one. be able fo obtain a freedom of class. They are now in a gov- Of this sum, the government action which is denied him in ernment secondary school and supplies 68 cents, the American the political. Owing to the high they find there an atmosphere of Board contributes 30 cents and proportion of illiteracy among profanity and rudeness very dif- the pupil must somehow find the the rank and file of the African ferent from the Christian school other 42 cents, and also buy his people it is always possible for where they grew up. They are books. This would barely sup- a leader of strong personality, coming on a free afternoon to ply movie tickets for the Amer- by specious promises to carry study the Bible and have brought ican child, but we read of one numbers of people with him into several of their new Moslem lad who walked six miles.. each the body which he forms. schoolmates with them. One of way, to cut grass for six cents them, when the Bibles were a day; sold tomatoes from his -Congo Mission News. brought out, asked what they mother's tiny garden, and finally, were. A Moslem girl from last to complete the 42 cents walked WESTERN ASIA year's graduating class replied: six miles with a bunch of bana- "That's the book we get our man- nas on his head to sell them for a Another Side of Palestine ners out of." few cents. Picture Among the Berbers In the same section of Africa It is heartening to sight some there is conducted each year an islands in the sea of trouble Monsieur Warren, of the Paris interesting ceremony called "The which is Palestine. One is what Evangelical Missionary Society, Seed and Hoe Consecration has been described as a "boom" has recently visited the stations Service," a blending of long es- in Christian education. The of the North Africa Mission in tablished African custom and C. M. S. Girls' School at Amman Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. Christian practice. Men, women has the confidence of prominent In The Link he describes the and children come with seeds Moslem families, and is looking curious Berber villages of flat- and hoes. The pastor recalls how toward a boarding department roofed houses, reminiscent of the the people would bring grain to for village girls. The Bishop's adventure of the spies in Jericho the chief to be blessed so that it School for Boys in the same (for Berber tradition has it that might be productive. "Here," town is becoming a cultural centhe Berbers are the descendants he points out, "we are bringing ter, and pupils of the different of Canaan's inhabitants, driven grain and hoes to God for His communities are mixing without out by Joshua). This sturdy blessing on our work." At Chik- strain in these schools. A race is not deeply grounded in ore, Rev. Frank T. Meacham re- marked increase of interest in Mohammedanism, and therefore ports that the Community Dem- social work is noted; large nummore or less open to the Gospel. onstrator spoke on the parable bers of the elder boys and girls More than fifty years ago, the of the Sower and then represent- volunteered to teach in daily vafounder of the North Africa atives of the congregation stood cation Bible schools during the Mission was interested in them, before the altar and repeated a summer holidays, and took a but the door was not open for pledge consecrating themselves deep interest in the thousand or evangelization. Years later, an English lady-artist built a home

more children who attended the taught that there is no God, no tees. An interesting experiment score of schools held. use in prayer, and that educated calculated to abolish purdah was people have ceased to be be- the formation of a "family cir- Christian medical work stands lievers. cle" in one constituency, with a out. There is a new hospital at view to promoting inter-commu- Es Salt, and a small temporary On the other hand, there is nal friendship and inculcating a clinic is at work in Jerash. Other developing a more open-minded healthy sense of freedom among hospitals and dispensaries report attitude towards many matters, the sexes, and to encourage increasing work. It seems cer- including religion; and although sport. tain that the spirit of Christ is there is no wide-open door for at work, and new hope has arisen Gospel preaching in Turkey, the Thus Hindu, Mohammedan, that the land sacred to three re- evangelist can get a hearing if Sikh, Parsee and Christian womligions may again become a land there is no suspicion that his en are cooperating for the uplift of peace. message has any political bear- of India's Women. . -International Review of Mis- ing. There is a free field for -Women's Missionary Maga- the circulation of Christian liter- sions. ature; and the Scriptures, which zine. have been published in Latin Palestine After Eighteen Years script, are selling readily. In Soviet Combats Missions the Istanbul area it has been Moses Bailey, writing in The found that the establishment M The Bombay Press Service re- American Friend, describes the small, scattered prayer groups ports': changes he observed in Palestine among the members of the Evanwhen he returned after an ab- gelical and Oriental churches has The Soviet Russian Godless League sence of 18 years. Better roads, served to strengthen and encour- has decided to establish international more land under cultivation, in- age them in life and witness. schools in Moscow to train propacreased orange groves, shade ganda experts to combat the missiontrees, irrigation systems, modern -International Review of Mis- ary work of the Christian Church in ways of doing things, were su- sions. the colonies, especially the humanitarperficial changes first noted. Per- ian and cultural work. Indians, Nehaps the tremendously increased INDIA AND BURMA groes and Arabians will be among the hatred, fear and economic insta- candidates to be trained in these bility might also be signs of Years of Progress :schools. modernity. In the midst of all this it is difficult to train boys The All-India Women's Con- The Bulletin adds: and girls for a useful life. Fiery ference is the acknowledged adnationalists' idea of education is vocate of the women of India, According to information received to have their wits sharpened the without any distinction of creed, in London, special propaganda cambetter to supplant their oppo- caste or class. It has a mem- paign for British India is announced nents. bership of over 8,500. At its by the Riga press bureau of the God- 13th session, about 200 delegates less League. The campaign includes, Mr. Bailey finds two outstand- were in attendance. The criti- among other things, the scattering of ing attributes in the Arab mind: cism that the Conference was 10,000 Russian atheists throughout a genius for friendship and a only for ladies of leisure was re- India. keenness for hard study, not futed, for the delegates were surpassed in any other race, so mostly teachers, doctors and oth- The same facts have been notfar as he has observed. Friend- er workers. ed in European papers. liness and ability form a combination that can go far. There The work of the conference Plea for Economy are two disadvantages, however, during the past year has been as Mr. Bailey sees it; religion, constructive and extensive. Pub- The Soc i a I Reconstruction whether Christian or Moslem, is lic opinion has been enlightened Committee of the American materialistic; and the fact that as to divorce, polygamy and the Marathi Mission presented to the the Arab feels first and thinks legal disabilities of women. Ag- Annual Meeting of the Council afterward; this makes them a ricultural improvement and a recommendation on family fertile field for the demagogue. home industries, such as leather problems, among them the ex- work, clay modeling and needle- travagant marriage c u s tom s Materialism in Turkey work, have been organized in prevalent in the Indian Chris- several centers. Considerable tian community. It was urged The westernization of Turkey attention had been paid to ma- that all Indian Christians and goes on apace; so much so that ternity and child welfare, and especially mission workers armissionaries are saying that it is clinics providing free medical range only simple and inexpennot primarily Mohammedanism, treatment, and in some cases sive weddings, without giving but materialism with which they free milk and clothing, had been dinners to the community, or have to deal. In many govern- established at some centers. The spending money on bands, on ment schools there is not only insanitary condition of certain processions, on lights or on rich no religious. and moral teaching schools and mill areas had been clothing for bride, bridegroom given, but distinct anti-religious tackled by a few health commit- or relatives; and without borteaching. The children are rowing any money for the occa- sion. To encourage those who would prefer to arrange wed- dings within their means, but who yield to the pressure of so- cial opinion, it was recommended

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

that Christians should not attend reminded of it by one of the augurate a New Life Movement, extravagant wedding festivities. women, a fact in itself encour- with the following objectives as aging. So a meeting was called their goal: It was further recommended to plan the campaign, and in- that all mission schools and in- stead of the six women expected, No filth in the house or around it. stitutions should introduce prac- eighteen presented themselves Every Christian wear clean clothes. tical projects which through ex- for Instructions. No debts contracted through mar- perience will teach all students riage, and workers the value of money The women were divided into No excessive interest. and how to use it; and will also groups of three or four, and each No expensive feasts. definitely discourage them from group was assigned a definite All disputes settled out of court. going into debt. number of homes to visit; thus Punctuality, all the homes in one village were Cleansing of tobacco from personal -Dnyanodaya. visited in an afternoon. In two and social life. homes the workers were asked No liquor. Bhil Christians to pray; those who asked for Adoption of a salutation-folding this said they had faith, but to hands and saying namascaram. The story of Christian Work accept Christ openly was a dif- At least one-tenth to Church, Chris- among the Bhils goes back to ferent matter. tian work and charity. the year 182'8, when a British Wiping out the remnants of caste. officer, an earnest Christian, was Mrs. Whitcomb went with a Family devotions every day. in charge of Rajputana, and in different group each day, and No recreation that cannot be taken his administration of the district was deeply moved by the ear- in the name of the Lord Jesus. prayed for the day when these nestness of these women in giv- A cooperative in every village people might hear the Gospel. ing their testimony. Their spirit (Kagawa method), But it was not until 1878 that of good will was contagious, and Wiping out of illiteracy. steps were taken to found a Mis- great benefit came to the work- Cottage industries in every home. sion among these aboriginal ers themselves, for they con- tribes. The C. M. S. put an ap- trasted the hopelessness of the -National Christian Council peal in the church papers for a villagers with the blessings of Review. missionary to go to the Bhil Christianity. country, and two years later a CHINA young recruit went out. After -Outlook of Missions. ten years of uphill work, results A Visitor's Impressions began to appear, and by 1892 Political Advance Helps there was a small Bhil Christian Evangelism A traveler visiting nine out- Church. Coming down to 1939, stations and one main station how has this Mission fared? A A writer in the Missionary of the China Inland Mission, re- recent report says that churches Herald argues that the obstacle marks that three things im- have been .established in nine to progress represented by finan- pressed her especially: the ear- main centers with a total mem- cial retrenchment will turn into nestness of the women, their de- bership of 1047. Schools have a stepping stone to indigenous s,ire to learn and their extreme been opened and there are now evangelization, and the steady poverty. In every place women over 500 pupils in them. building up of an indigenous walked from one to four miles church, because of the political in the early morning, bringing There is also a well developed development of the past year or just a few pieces of dry bread medical work. Presbyterians two. India has taken a long for the noon meal, and would sit have a mission among the same stride toward independence, and on hard benches all day study- people, and many thousands have from now on is ruling herself as ing a hymn, memorizing a bit been baptized in the last few never before; so also she is be- of Scripture, struggling over a years. ginning to realize that she must few characters. When the last also evangelize herself. This is meeting was over they would The work is quiet and inten- the trend of India's Christian trudge back 3 to 8 l~-not only s i ve; sporadic persecution movement; self-government not complaining, but pathetically . breaks out from time to time, but must be paralleled by self evan- grateful for the privilege of the missionaries carryon faith- .gelization. coming. Wind, cold, heat, in no fully the activities of schools, way deterred them, and they hospital, evangelism and pastor- In the light of this conclusion, s,eemed never to tire of meetings, al care. -C. M. S. Outlook. the United Theological College seldom less than two hours long. of Western India is redoubling They have a very real faith. and Women Volunteers its efforts to supply a trained to listen to their stories of an- ministry, and thus do a work of swered prayer is impressive. For some years at Baitalpur, strategic importance for India's Many are in direst economic it has been the custom for Chris- future. straits, yet not one asked for tian women to volunteer for financial help; many eve n evangelistic service in the neigh- Indian "New Life Movement" brought gifts of eggs or sweet boring villages. Mrs. E. W. potatoes to the Mission. Whitcomb who went to Baital- As an outcome of the Mara- pur after furlough knew noth- mon Conference, Christians of The visitor mentions the prev- ing of this custom, but was Travancore have decided to in- alence of demon possession. One saw and heard much of the pow- ers of darkness. In one instance

two Christian workers knelt for now is to institute a movement tians gave cause for alarm, as it two hours beside the afflicted for socialized reform compatible extended to local shops and even person in continuous prayer be- with the aspirations of all pro- necessary food was unobtainable fore release was finally given. gressive people. Portraits of for a time, but happily normal Lenin ruld Stalin have been re- conditions have been resumed. -China's Millions. placed by those of Sun Yat-sen One unfortunate result was the and Chiang Kai~shek. This has apostasy of a whole family of Reveals War Conditions been amply corroborated by oth- Christians with the exception of ers who know China; and this one of its members; and this cir- The Presbyterian Mission in destroys the point of J apanes.e cumstance was the more painful Peiping received the following assertion that they are fighting since the head of that family had letter in Chinese, written by an bolshevism. professed Christianity for nearevangelist living 30 miles outside ly forty years. of Peiping. This is the trans- Future of Medical Missions lation: More Gospels are entering Dr. K. C. Wong, Secretary of Tibet than ever before. Last Do not turn your face away from the Council of Medical Missions, year, with the financial support this my letter. But incline your ear says that of 217 mission hospi- of the National Bible Society of to your evangelist, a man filled with tals 81 were (in March) in "oc- Scotland, an adventurous jour': grief. Since my eyes last saw you I cupied areas," 82 in "fighting ney of two months was underhave been as a tree without leaves. I zones" and but 54 in "free Chi- taken by two evangelists who rehave suffered from one new moon to na." A survey made some ported the acceptance of hunthe other. The church members have months earlier showed that of dreds of copies of the Gospel. passed through four calamities: war, 34 mission hospitals in east Chibanditry, flood and famine. In this na 11 had been bombed or de- During the first three months our country there is no law, there is stroyed, 12 had been damaged of its existence, the "Gospel no peace. Bandits entered our town. or looted, 7 were "occupied" and Inn," of which mention has been They came with big shouting, they left 4 were closed. Since this re- made in these columns, more in clouds of black smoke. As a whirl- port some have been recovered than 800 travelers and pilgrims, wind they went over the land. Spoil- and opened, but almost every 700 ponies, yaks and donkeys ing and violence was before them. At week one or more has been dam- found shelter and more than 2'00 random they killed young and old. aged or destroyed. patients were treated for minor And they considered it but nothing to ailments. A capable Bible womrope seventy of our men together and Dockors and nurses are sadly an and her husband are in throw them into the river. In a well overworked, with most of their charge of the Inn. Beside the near our church twenty-eight women Chinese staff gone. However, daily Gospel talk, each lodger reand girls found death in escape from European refugees have ren- ceives a tract, or buys a Gospel their hands. Young Mrs. Wang, the dered ass,istance. So overwhelm- before he leaves. A public liwife of him who tends the sick in the ing are immediate demands that brary and reading room have mission hospital, was one of them, there has been no time to plan been established, where daily also Mrs. Yang and her daughter, for the future. Relief funds will papers and magazines are availwhom you know. In wartime life is not last forever; doctors cannot able. Another plan to extend the truly cheap. The iniquity of our time run one-man hospitals indefinite- usefulness of the Inn is that of is fiercer than evening wolves. The ly with from 100 to 200 clinical opening a grocery, where tired bandits trampled down the harvest, patients daily besides their in- pilgrims may buy such necessiburned our homes, kidnapped the girls, patients. Before the war many ties as tea, butter, flour and keroand plundered the stores. They took of these hospitals were practical- sene. Judging from the extent away our donkeys and drove our pigs ly self-supporting but for the to which this has been used, the before them. missionaries' salaries. Now the new venture is a success. supporting constituency has fled. Thou, Shepherd-teacher, will re- -Moravian Missions. member how the people used to sing 'One conspicuously efficient as taught at the evangelistic meetings. hospital recently was approached JAPAN -CHOSEN Now everyone is quiet. The men look by the Japanese to rent or to worried, the women have forgotten sell the plant to them, and it is Christianity Gets Official how to smile. For many, death seems reported that a refusal will be Status more desirable than life. A great met by the challenge of a new many have no home, no clothing, no hospital designed far to outshine The 74th Japanese Diet has remoney. 0, thou who art safe out of the mission institution. cently passed all the 89 bills inthis spot of calamity, incline thine ear troduced, not one being rejected and knit the little thread of our hope -The Christian Century. or even altered materially. The into a rope of victory. enactment of the "Religious In Western Tibet Bodies Bill," which in one form -Evangelical Christian. or another has for 40 years been Rev. Walter Asboe, Moravian a bone of contention in legisla- What About the Communists? missionary, reports both encour- tive circles, may have great or agement and disappointment in little significance for Christian- One who has lived long in Chi- the Tibet field. A severe boycott ity depending on what happens na, in a personal letter to a of missionaries and native Chris- in other respects. While acfriend, throws light on a question often asked: Is China going "red"? This writer says that Chinese communists have abandoned many of their ideological concepts, originating in Russia, and much of their violence ; they are now Chinese, first and foremost; their aim

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

knowledging the right to reli- anese laymen and of mission- and surgical work is done by one gious freedom guaranteed by the aries; one half are to be chosen foreign and one Korean doctor. constitution, the bill puts all re- from eastern Japan, and one ligious organizations under the half from western Japan. In 1938, the company spent regulation of the Ministry of over 60,000 yen for this medical Education. Creedal positions and Large Bible rallies in Tokyo service. There were treated in forms of worship must be ac- and Osaka give evidence of a de- the wards, dispensary and the ceptable to the authorities; ad- termined spirit in this move- surrounding villages more than ministrative, legal and property ment. -Bible Society Record. 40,000 patients (this is a record affairs must conform to regula- of treatments-not different pations, and all changes must be Chinese Y. M. C. A. Suppressed tients) . There were more than promptly reported. 400 major operations. Of the The Tokyo correspondent for treatments more than 10,000 Some Christians say that the The Christian Century made a were for outsiders. No charge new bill merely legalizes condi- visit to the parts of the city is made to anyone, but patients tions long in force; that Chris- where formerly many Chinese not employed by the company tianity is now specifically recog- resided and where the Y. M. must pay for their own drugs nized as one of Japan's' three C. A. and other cultural institu- and operating material. The accepted faiths, hence prejudice tions sought to serve those from company has never been known on the part of petty officials can the Celestial Kingdom. Chinese to refuse to send their doctor to no longer be a handicap; that are there still, but both Chinese distant villages to see seriously the new legal status accorded and Christian institutions as sick Koreans. both denominations and local such have disappeared. There communions will prove of advan- was a great exodus of Chinese -Korean Mission Field. tage in penetrating conservative students from Japan in the sumand bigoted regions; and that mer of 1937. Now hundreds of What Medicine Has Done for the bill will discourage the devel- Chinese youths are again com- Chosen opment of superstitious faiths of ing to Tokyo for study-this all sorts. The danger of state time from the occupied regions To form a correct appreciaregulation is minimized. of China. But who now will tion of the part played by medi- help them as did the Y. M. and cine in the regeneration of Ko- -Christian Century. Y. W. C. A. and the churches in rea, says Dr. O. R. Avison, one the days when Sun Yat-sen, Chi- must know what were the con- "Nippon Seisho Kyokwai" ang Kai-shek and C. T. Wang ditions when Protestant missions were occasional sojourners there entered the country in 1884. This is the name of the Japan and had many friends in Tokyo Even forty years ago, practical- Bible Society, recently organ- interested not in the politics but ly everybody was pock marked. ized. It marks another step in in the souls of these youthful All children were expected to the cooperative plans of the seekers after truth? have smallpox before the age of older Bible Societies, and reveals two; so many of them died that the courageous way the younger Medical Work in Mines mothers thought it hardly worth churches are rising to increased while to count a child as a memresponsibilities. One of the Th e Oriental Consolidated ber of the family until he had things that stood out clearly at Mining Company in Korea is survived this disease. An epithe Madras Conference was the known as the American Mines. demic of Asiatic cholera was exfact that these younger churches Its president from the beginning pected every five or six years. have made great strides. Many until he died in 1927 was Henry Both diseases were attributed to of them have grown up in lands C. Perkins of New York who, the power of demons. There was where Christianity was unknown throughout his life, had a deep no knowledge at all of sanitaless than two hundred years ago. interest in the lives of the min- tion ; vermin were abundant; ers and their families, one evi- excrement from human beings Many Japanese Christian lead- dence being the maintenance of infected with all sorts of intesers have been concerned that the medical care for these workers. tinal parasites was used as fer- Scriptures in use in Japan bore tilizer, and raw vegetables eaten the imprint of foreign Bible So- Much could be said of the gen- unwashed, or washed in polluted cieties; and after a number of eral policies of this company; water. Flies had access to conconferences of representatives how it has never been in the taminated places, and to good; of the foreign societies and their courts, has always paid at least mosquitoes were uncontrolled. Japanese advisory committees, a one yearly dividend; never fluc- Those ill with contagious disconstitution was drawn up and tuated prices nor padded its re- eases were not isolated. ratified last October. The essen- ports, but there is space only to tial objectives are the same as speak of the medical work. The One day Dr. Avison was walkthose of Western societies: the company maintains a little hos- ing outside the city gate when translation, publication and dis- pital with room for 25 to 30 in- he saw a strange sight-the tribution of the Scriptures, with- patients. Through a dispensary corpse of a child that had died out note or comment. The gov- and clinic connected with the of smallpox. Here was an operning body is composed equally hosuital 75 or more patients go portunity to pit the strength of of Japanese ministers, of Jap- daily except Sundays. Medical vaccination against the power of

a demon, if only he could be al- and have no Christian influence. from the war scene in Spain, or lowed to try. At first, all offers There are about 4,000 Japanese again it might fit the picture of were refused. Finally, a Chris- Christians living in Formosa. a Jewish refugee group on the tian mother agreed to let him see One hopeful sign for the future border of Czechoslovakia. But what he could do. Her child is the keenness and activity of no, it happened in the U. S. A.; passed its second year and then the Christian youth in Formosa. the pitiful procession was made its third without taking small- up of "sharecroppers" in Mispox; after that other mothers -International Review of souri, evicted from their shanwere anxious to try the new way. Missions. ties because, allegedly, landown- This incident opened the door to ers wished to change from tendisease prevention, and in time In Netherlands Indies ants to day laborers. the government made vaccination compulsory. Today, small- . The first Christian book in One More Poll Needed pox is rare. Javanese, other than the Bible, appeared in 1938. It is a child's We have "had plenty of "polls." -Korea Mission Field. Life of Christ entitled "The King Weare asked how we shall vote of Love." It originally appeared in 1940; even personal habits ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC in Arabic, then in Urdu, then are inquired into, so that we Persian. Christian work among know how everybody feels; but "For Value Received" young people in both Java and why not have a poll as to what Sumatra is being steadily pro- the churches intend to do about Filipino Christians are assum- moted. Annual conferences and the missionary enterprise? ing more and more responsibil- a Christian newspaper are some Would it not be possible to ask ity for work, which a few years of the means used. Autonomous 100,000 people in typical churchago had to be done, if at all, by churches are to be found in dif- es some such questions as: the missionaries. For example, ferent areas of the Indies, but in the wife of a Filipino professor some sections missionary work (1) Do I really believe that Jesus at Silliman University is teach- is forbidden by the government; started the missionary method, and ing music while the missionary in northern Sumatra and in Bali, believed that. His Gospel would evenhead of the department is absent for example, but Christians from tually win the world? on furlough. "Don't worry about other localities settle in these salary," she said. "Silliman gave areas, bringing their faith and (2) Do I really believe that my anme my education, and if I can witness with them. The fact cestors received civilization and every be of service I shall be glad." that now for the first time in uplifting ideal they possessed through One of the assistant professors Borneo the Asiatic ministry of Christian missionaries? Clearly this has started a flourishing cooper- the Church exceeds the Euro- seems true, and how anyone can doubt ative in Dumaguete; while an pean holds out hope for the fu- our obligation to share similar lifeinstructor is teaching local farm- ture. giving and level-lifting Christian ers how to make better use of ideals is beyond understanding. their resources. Still another -International Review of goes regularly to the small Missions. (3) Despite taxes, losses, fears, but churches to help with the music. admitting most of us still live in com- NORTH AMERICA fortable homeR and eat thrice a day, -Monday Morning. do I really believe that an annual per Where Did This Happen? capita gift of fifty cents per member Christianity in Formosa in our denomination proves our part- Last January the New York nership in a progressive and victori- Restrictions have been placed Times published a news story ous enterprise like winning a world on Christian work in Formosa, from which the paragraph be- for the Gospel of Christ? as elsewhere in the Japanese low is taken. Missions reprinted empire. Efforts have been made it and asked its readers to guess (4) Do I really believe that our to force all Formosan household- what part of the world the story missionaries exert important influers to set up miniature Shinto came from. ences for world peace, and that shrines, and neglect to do so has through them we are aidinp.: in the led to trouble in some districts. Along two highways more than progress of the Kingdom of God? This order is as unacceptable to 1,000 men, women and children non-Christians as to Christians, camped in the open air. They hud- -American Board News. since the former regard the sub- dled around camp fires, or makeshift stitution of new emblems for old stoves, along desolate rights of way, "Temperance Trailer" as destroying their own ances- sharing the contents of huge steaming tral religion. kettles. The number of camps was A "Temperance Trailer," still growing at nightfall as new- sponsored by the Friends' Tem- In 1936, the Canadian Mission comers straggled in on foot, or in perance Association of Philadelwithdrew from the Tansui Mid- dilapidated vehicles. The camps dot- phia, has made a transcontidle, and Girls' Schools in For- ted the road all the way to the border nental tour of over 10,000 miles, mosa, because of government re- line. Men feeble with age, one woman stopping in more than a hundred quirement in regard to shrine so ill that she had to be carried on a towns in twenty-eight states, and attendance. These schools are cot, and babies crying from fright and carrying a temperance message now under local management, hunger, added to the distressing pic- to over 150,000 persons. The ture. trailer is fitted out with various exhibits, including a "drunko- It might describe the plight meter," designed to dramatize of the Chinese; it might come the dangers of alcohol. Tem- perance lectures are given, and questions from the audience are

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

answered by the crew of three. missing from my daily life. In which he demonstrates the pos- There has been no acrimonious that immortal masterpiece of sibility of the miraculous by scidebate, or hostility. literature I find new inspiration. entific analogy. Up to March, That is why the Holy Bible is many thousands had listened to -The American Friend. my favorite book." these demonstrations; sometimes the lectures start thirty minutes Immanuel Mission to Seamen -Lutheran News Bureau. early because the auditorium is jammed. The audiences are Laden with Scripture por- Organization Changes Name about ninety per cent untions, workers of Immanuel churched. There have been defi- Mission to Seamen enter cabins The "International Save the nite conversions. A San Franand crews' quarters on vessels Children Fund," as this agency cisco daily observes that these of all types and nationalities has been called since its organ- lectures leave the audience less along the Pacific Coast. Oppor- ization in 1931, is now to be cock sure of their own wisdom, tunity to read at sea, the absence known as the "Save the Children and with a feeling that the mirof opposition and a lack of di- Federation." The President, acles of the Bible are not so imversion ensure a friendly recep- Dr. John R. Voris, says that the possible as they had supposed. tion for these workers. The name Federation is adopted be- Alaska salmon fleet carries a cause this is a movement, or as- Institutions Closed mixed group of Americans, Chi- sociation, and the name "Fund" nese, Italians, Scandinavians, no longer describes its functions, Because of financial strin- Mexicans and Filipinos. They as it did in the beginning. Drop- gency the Presbyterian Board. beg for reading matter, for ping the word "International" is of National Missions has voted Alaska is almost a spiritual of no significance, except to to close three of its institutions: wilderness. shorten the name. The Federa- the American Indian Institute, tion will continue to maintain Wichita, Kansas; Ingleside-Fee Malay and Javanese Scrip- relationship with the Save the Institute, Burkeville, Virginia; tures find their way to the crews Children International Union of and Brainerd Institute, Chester, of Dutch East Indies boats, and Geneva, of which the fund has South Carolina, in the Negro. Spanish booklets are used with been the American member ever field. All three have been givgreat blessing on various ships since its founding. The question ing splendid service, but their coming in to San Francisco from of changing the title of the agen- discontinuance was the only al- Puerto Rico. American liners cy has been under consideration ternative to a general retrenchsailing across the Pacific are for more than two years. Effort ment, which would have crippled supplied with Bible portions and has been made to find a still the entire program of the Board.. booklets. For a period of more shorter name.-The Churchman. than 24 years this work has been At the same meeting at which carried on among seamen. The Radio as a Missionary this decision was made it was Voice voted that the new hospital be- -Scripture Gift Mission ing erected to replace the over- Bulletin. The "Lutheran Hour," a Sun- crowded Brooklyn Cottage Hos- day afternoon coast – to – coast pital at Dixon, N. M., be named The Bible in the CCC broadcast, can claim a mission- the Embudo Presbyterian Hospi- ary bearing. Dr. Walter A. tal; and that the staff home be When CCC boys were asked Maier, of the Concordia Semi- called the Brooklyn-Nassau Cottheir preference in reading mate- nary Faculty in St. Louis, who tage. Embudo will be the post rial, a large majority indicated broadcast over 66 stations from office address of the new hospithat the Bible is their favorite October to Easter Sunday has tal. The name of the staff home book. The reasons given for this been heard by sailors on the high is the Board's expression of appreference were varied, but first seas, by isolated men in lumber preciation for the continued prize, if one had been awarded, and mining camps in the north interest of Brooklyn – Nassau would go to Wayne Berkshire of woods, by distinguished person- Presbyterial Society in this Company 793, Hill City, S. Da- ages high in the business, pro- project. kota, for the following reply: fessional and social life of the "My favorite book is the Holy nation – by a vast audience Indians Set Example Bible. Why? Because it is my whose number can be estimated mother's and my own wish that only from the tremendous num- In proportion to their means, I develop a more wholesome, sin- ber who send in their comments, the Sioux Indians give more for c ere and faithful religion. totaling 133,000 last season. the promotion of Christian activ- Through the Bible and, of course, ities than any other church the Church, I am striving to Treasure Island Gospel Project members anywhere. Once they reach that goal. I have discov- were the fiercest, most war-like ered and constantly rely upon Mention has been made of the of all North American Indians. the magic powers of prayer when San Francisco Christian Busi- They were the ones who wiped in trouble, in doubt, and at the ness Men's presentation of the out General Custer and his cavclose of every day. If I could Gospel at the Golden Gate Expo- aIry; now, every member of the not have access to the Bible each sition through Irvin Moon's tribe is a professed Christian, day, I would feel that something "Sermons from Science," in important and necessary was

All of them are peaceful farm- MISCELLANEOUS Persia …………….. . 40,000 ers. 40,000 Fifty Years-Past and Future Brazil …………….. . 24,141 A few years ago when grass- 23,553 hoppers and drouth practically United Presbyterian young India ……………… . 20,000 ruined farmers, many church people have been celebrating fif- Australia ………….. . 19,850 people advocated withdrawal ty years of organized work in from the South Dakota field, but their denomination, and are con- Mexico ……………. . 7,800 the Sioux Indians held a mass sidering the situation of today in China …………….. . 4,000 meeting, pledged a fifty per cent its relation to that of fifty years 2,591 increase in their giving and hence; facing a world of today, Cuba ……………… . adopted the slogan, "Move For- terribly disorganized economi- Spain …………….. . ward."-United Presbyterian. cally, socially, internationally, religiously and morally. They New Zealand ………. . The Church in the Arctic realize that there probably nev- er was a day of greater oppor- World O. E. Advance The aeroplane and the wire- tunity for youth to make an imless have caused tremendous press on their world. The older Two important changes in changes in mission work in the generation is looking on with Christian Endeavor activities Arctic regions. Last year Bish- keen interest as it sees young have taken place across the op Fleming traveled from 15,000 people ready and eager to spend Pacific. The Methodist Episcopal to 16,000 miles through the east- a large part of their summer Church of southern Asia has ern Arctic, covered much work vacation period in listening at- voted to discontinue the Epwhich had never been done be- tentively to leaders who try to worth League to permit its youth fore, and could not have been direct their energies in the path organizations to unite with the attempted but for the aeroplane. of Christ's Kingdom. While this Christian Endeavor Union of Plane travel is not expensive, fiftieth anniversary celebration India, Burma and Ceylon. This considering the e nor m 0 u s has paid tribute to the "giants is another step toward union of amount of time saved thereby. there were in those days," it Protestant missionary programs For the better spiritual care of makes clear that the younger in southern Asia. The Methodist the 11,000 people-Indians, Es- generation has a whole army of Church has nearly half a million kimos and white folk-within possible "giants." members in India, and more the Arctic Circle and a distance than 54,000 are registered in below it, the diocese of the Arc- -United Presbyterian. Methodist schools. tic was constituted in 1933, and comprises one-third of the whole Where Can the "Wandering The second move was the for- Dominion of Canada. Jew" Wander? mation of a Pacific Region of the World Christian End e a v 0 r There are two hospitals in the Union, to include China, Japan, diocese: All Saints, at Aklavik, Korea, Manchoukuo, New Zeaand St. Luke's at Pangnirtung. land, Australia, the Philippines, Remembering that the diocese the Fiji and Samoan Islands, and comprises over a million square other Pacific island groups. miles, one understands why Bishop Fleming is seeking to found From his original home in Pal- Youth at Amsterdam a third on the north shore of estine the Jew has wandered far Hudson Strait. The existing and wide. He has indeed been There is an alarming regimenhospitals are fully equipped with "the wandering Jew." The tation of young people in many electric light, X-ray apparatus, Christian Evangelist has given parts of the world in movements operating theaters, and other de- that are anti-Christian, or at sirable and necessary features·. an interesting tabulation to show least non-Christian. A World The government supplies the the present distribution of Jews Conference of Christian Youth doctors: the Church provides throughout the world: to be held at Amsterdam, Holthe staff and upkeep. land, July 24-August 3, is United States ………. . 4,228,029 planned to make the Christian Primitive animism is the re- 3,028,837 youth of the world more aware ligion of the native, Eskimo and Poland ……………. . 2,676,109 of their heritage in the Chris- Indian alike. Nineteen clergy- tian faith, and more forceful one an Eskimo deacon-and six- Russia ……………. . 728,115 and courageous in applying the ty or more lay workers assist Rumania …………… . 514,269 message of the Church in a Bishop Fleming. There is also Near East …………. . 499,682 world whose disintegrating forcwork for white people. Each 444,567 es are placing Christianity benorthern settlement has its Hud- Germany ………….. . 356,830 fore one of the greatest tests of son's Bay Company store, the Hungary ………….. . 300,000 its history. barracks of the Royal Canadian 260,000 Mounted Police (the "Moun- Czechoslovakia ……… . 240,000 The conference program is the ties"), and the wireless. station. Great Britain ………. . 191,408 result of two years of consulta- 161,312 tion among youth leaders from -Life of Faith. Argentina …………. . 156,817 all parts of the world. The 155,614 daily worship service will enable France ……………. . 155,125 all delegates to attend the type Austria ……………. . 110,127 of service to which they are ac- customed, and also to experience Morocco …………… . 95,000 other worship customs. 81,280 Netherlands ………… . 72,791 Canada ……………. . 72,550 Lithuania ………….. . 60,000 Algeria ……………. . 59,485 South Africa ……….. . 51,000 47,825 Turkey ……………. . Greece …………….. . Egypt …………….. .

Belgium …………… .

Tunis …………….. . Abyssinia ………….. . Italy ……………… .

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Our Missionary Bookshelf Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information Cry Dance. A Novel of the Ameri- It is an attempt to provide a While the main emphasis in can Indian. By Coe Hayne. 8 Yo. guide to the solution of life's dif- "This Business of Living" is 255 pp. $2.00. Harper & Bros. New ficult and often tragic problems. upon personal and individual York. 1939. Who among us would not wel- problems, the author pauses come assistance at this point and more than once to point out the The American Indians are a who is there without some friend application of his proffered solupicturesque and romantic people. or acquaintance whose need for tion to the larger social and na- They have been exploited, exhib- wisdom and guidance is great tional problems as well. "There ited, abused and protected for is no problem that is not in printwo hundred years. They sur- indeed? ciple a personal problem," he vive but are not yet made a civi- But will this book meet that truly says. And here are a few lized, Christian and integral part other wise observations: "Any of the nation. Many are strong need? Undoubtedly it will for victory won by force is a defeat" characters and capable of becom- the more intelligent reader, for ing highly educated and efficient the person who is equipped to "An agreement reached unde' r leaders. understand and appropriate that which is not always easy read- pressure is not an agreement, but As Secretary of Research of the ing. But it is a question whether the perpetration of a disagree- American Baptist Home Mission the common man, untrained in ment." "All war is defeat." "We Society, the Rev. Coe Hayne, philosophical and psychological must never surrender to the behas had many opportunities to lief that force has the last word." study the Indians on the reser- terms and methods, will find These words are true for the invations and has come to love and much of this helpful book avail- dividual; they are no less true admire them. Here he has told able for his needs. This is to be for nations. a stirring story of a young In- regretted since the common man dian, "Yosemite," who gave up is often the one who most des- VICTOR G. MILLS. his college course, and fine pros- perately needs the help which pects of a professional career, to Dr. Grensted offers. If the meth- Dynamic Christianity and the World throw in his lot with his people od and style of the book as a Today. By Samuel M. Zwemer. 8vo. in the Sierras and champion whole had been closer to the free 17? pp. 28. 6d. Intervarsity Fellowtheir cause in the struggle and easy spirit of the title it shIp. London; Zondervan Publishagainst poverty and wrong and would be more useful where ing House, Grand Rapids, Mich. in behalf of their rights in Amer- most needed. 1939. ica. A young white woman joined in the fight for the Red Yet with this one limitation, There are good reasons why man. "Cry Dance" tells the let it be said that for many, es- only earnest, believing followers story of the struggle-which pecially for those who would still continues. There are ad- help others in meeting life's of Christ are interested in proventures, bitter fights, and two moting Christian missions. One love stories woven into the nar- problems and crises, this book must believe in the importance rative. It is an incompleted tale will provide very real assistance. but the author shows good judg- Workers with troubled minds of a cause and in the claims of ment in his outcome of the love and hearts will be bet t e r its leader before one will give stories of white folk and Indians. equipped for reading it. It notes time and strength and money to Young people will find the novel advance that cause. Dr. Zwemof particular interest. It has a the nature of life's most common er has proved his faith by his definite Christian tone. problems, always stressing the works for he has spent nearly fifty years in many lands seek- This Business of Living. By L. W. fact that in the last analysis all ing to win Moslems to Christ- Grensted. 187 pp. $1.75. Mac- of these problems come back to by voice and pen and life. He millan. New York. 1939. the problem of self. The inef- knows that the only kind of Christianity worth following A cover notice calls this "a fectiveness of the common meth- and worth propagating is "Dy- book for everyman." One can- ods of help is made clear. And namic Christianity." This is the not but wish that this were more then the author points out the Christianity of the living Christ nearly the case, for every man one adequate answer which is who is the ever present Head of needs what this book has to offer. found through religion, when His Church and the motivating rightly conceived, and preemi- and achieving power of the Gos- nently through Christianity. The pel. chapter on "The Way of Release" is especially worth while.

[383 ]

The author has given us here wealth of Christian doctrine, scenes are laid, gives additional a dynamic book. The Gospel that and the last three which deal he proclaims is the same that with Christian experience based value to leaders of children's came through Jesus Christ and on that doctrine. Her analytical that "turned the world up-side- mind does not prevent her from groups. H. H. F. down" in the days of the Apos- seeing the beauty of the truth tles. It is the Gospel founded on she presents nor do her outlines Mary Reed of Chandag. By Lee S. faith in the Bible as the inspired obscure the life and power. One Huizenga. 37 pp. Paper, 35 cents. Word of God and in Christ as the wishes that she had drawn more Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Son of God and only Redeemer largely on her rich experiences Rapids, Mich. 1939. of men. This is the heart of to illustrate the truths presented. Christianity that has proved its But there is a reality and a glow Almost everyone knows the truth and power and that is dy- in her Christian life that is con- story of Mary Reed, who went namic today among all peoples tagious. These studies in Ephe- to India in 1884; became a leper; to whom the Gospel is pro- sians will richly reward any was healed through prayer and claimed in the power of the Holy student-preacher, teacher, mis- for forty-seven years has di- Spirit. sionary or layman. rected the Chandag Leper Home in the foothills of the Himalayas. Dr. Zwemer shows clearly that They Dared to Live. By Robert M. She recently celebrated her 83d this Gospel is everlasting; that Bartlett. 12mo. 135 pp. $1.25. birthday. This little, illustrated it has not changed; that it is Association Press. New York. book retells a story and gives absolute and is vitally linked 1939. important facts about leprosy with the "Changeless Christ." and its modern treatment. He shows that, while this Gos- This series of thirty-five tenpel is neglected and repudiated minute biographies are very H. H. F. by many who refuse to believe, brief stories of explorers, scienit is the Gospel that the whole tists, teachers, reformers, stu- Meditations on the Holy Spirit. By world needs today. The work of dents, social workers, artists, Toyohiko Kagawa. 167 pp. $1.50. Christ has made great progress, authors, doctors, political lead- Cokesbury Press, Nashville, Tenextens.ively and intensively, and ers and missionaries and Amer- nessee. 1939. mankind is accessible as never icans. They include British, before, but there are still great French, Chinese, Japanese, Ger- The world famous Japanese regions of the world and vast mans, Swiss, Russians, Czechs, Christian has given us an attracareas of humanity that are un- Africans, Norwegians, Indians tive statement of some great enlightened by a knowledge of and others. There are well- principles of the spiritual life. "the Light of the World." known names like Helen Keller Throughout it the author shows and President Masarayk, and ob- a strong mystical tendency. He This is not only an intensely scure persons like Roland Hayes is definitely Trinitarian and interesting and informing book, and Pierre Ceresole. The great clearly stands for the Personit is inspiring and dynamic. disappointment is t hat the ality of. the Holy Spirit. What would be the result if sketches are too brief, but they every Christian minister should make one wish to know more Readers who accept the inread it? about these men and women who errancy of the Bible will be dis- dared to work against obstacles turbed by Dr. Kagawa's tend- The Wealth, Walk and Warfare of and for a high purpose, and suc- ency to rationalize some of the the Christian. By Ruth Paxson. ceeded. miracles. He also appears to ac- 8vo. 222 pages. $1.50. Revell. cept Darwin's views of the New York. 1939. Far Round the World. By Grace W. "Origin of the Species" quite un- McGavran. Illustrated by Mar- critically. Another questionable Miss Paxson is already well garet Ayer. 118 pp. Cloth, $1.00. point is a rather naturalistic known through her spiritual Friendship Press, N. Y. 1939. view of the personal spiritual presentation of "Life on the experience of the Lord Jesus. Highest Plane." She is a devout Miss McGavran, the REVIEW'S With such reservations it is only and intelligent Bible teacher and Editor of "Effective Ways of fair to say that there is a great an evangelist of rare gifts and Working," and the author of deal that is searching and helpgraces; she has been widely and "Missionary Stories for Chil- ful, for the book evidently comes wonderfully used of God in dren," gives here eleven splendid out of deep personal experience. China, in Europe and America. stories showing the improve- The supernatural view of the ments of social conditions, de- Holy Spirit is accepted. In the present volume Miss cline in race prejudice, braving Paxson gives us some fruitful re- danger in Mexico, India, Africa, F. E. G. sults of her study in the letter Japan, China, Paraguay, Ceylon to the Ephesians, which she calls and the Philippine Islands. They Studies in First and Second Kings the "Grand Canyon of Scrip- describe events that actually and First and Second Chronicles. ture." It is remarkably rich, happened. A section at the back Arranged by Grace Saxe. 35 cents. suggestive and stimulating. She of the book, supplying facts 112 pp. Bible Colportage Assn. points out the connection be- about the countries in which the Chicago. 1939. tween the first three chapters, which deal chiefly with the These twenty-three studies in Old Testament history are de- signed for individual or class work. Exposition and applica- tion are well balanced. The mor- al lessons seem to flower forth

Encyclopedia of Religious

"How many baptized Christians in Burma?" "Where is the headquarters of the Evangelical Church?"

"How much does the average Baptist give to his church?" "Name three Christmas dramas suitable for church presentation." "How many denominations in the United States?" ''What are the best available books on the life of st. Paul 1"

"How many Christian missionaries in Egypt?" "What is Kingdomtide?"

"Is church giving going up or down 1" "Where is Washburn College located?"

"To what church does the Governor of Ohio belong?"

You can answer these and many more by turning to the proper pages in CHURCH MANAGEMENT DIRECTORY for 1939, now available in your book store. The price is but 65c. (by mail 75c.). If your bookstore cannot supply you, send the proper remittance to address l;Ielow. This directory offers the most complete almanac for the Protestant field.

CHURCH MANAGEMENT : Auditorium Building : Cleveland, Ohio from the Scripture itself. God Launch Out Into the Deep. By An' The New Sovereignty. Reiinald is clearly seen to be at work be- drew Gih. Edited by J. Edwin Orr. Wallis. 93 pp. Is. Pickering & hind the scenes. The great uni- 119 pp. Cloth, 40 cents. Zonder- Inglis. London. fying message in Kings and in van Publishing House, Grand Rap· Chronicles, Miss Saxe makes ids, Mich. 1938. One Gospel for Mankind. Hugh abundantly clear, in the impera- Vernon White. 72 pp. 35 cents. tive need of trusting God and Among the consecrated Chi- Friendship Press. New York. obeying Him. The book would nese soul winners is Andrew be still better if the author did Gih, now on an evangelistic tour Right Here at Home. Frank S. not lean so heavily upon a very in war-torn China. Previously, Mead. 183 pp. $1.00, and 60 cents. limited number of Bible scholars he made a three months' tour of Friendship Press. New York. for her quotations and if she had Australia with J. Edwin Orr, included more thought-provok- who says he was second to none Studies in I and II Kings and I and ing questions, along with the list for effectiveness. This book is II Chronicles. Grace Axe. 112 pp. of fact questions, at the end of in two parts: the first half be- 35 cents. B. I. C. Assn. Chicago. each lesson. ing s tor i e s of conversions through the Bethel Evangelistic When I Awake. Jack C. Winslowe. C. NORMAN BARTLETT. Bands, and the second half a 78 pp. Is. 6d. Hodder and Stough- collection of Bible readings on ton. London. The Doctor Comes to Lui. A Story such subjects as "The Dry of the Beginnings in the Sudan. By Bones," "Catching Fish," and The Wealth, Walk and Warfare of Eileen Fraser. Illus. 71 pp. Is. "The Way to Victory." "His vi- the Christian. Ruth Paxson. 222 Church Missionary Society. Lon- tal exposition of the Word of pp. $1.50. Revell. New York. don. 1939. God captivated both the saved and the unsaved," says Mr. Orr Yesterdays in Persia and Kurdistan. The reviewer and his wife in the preface; "Not a single Frederick G. Coan. 284 pp. $2.50. spent some years in the Sudan theme will be easily forgotten." Saunders Studio Press. Claremont, enjoying the personal acquaint- Calif. ance of the author and Bishop H.H.F. Gwynne who wrote the intro- Cry Dance. Coe Hayne. 255 pp. duction to the book. The story New Book. $2.00. Harpers. New York. of the establishment of many bush schools in darkest Sudan; The Acts of the Apostles. Studies The Greatest Words in the Bible and cutting down the jungle and let- in Primitive Christianity. W. H. in Human Speech. Clarence E. ting in the Christ; these are in- Griffith Thomas. 93 pp. 30 cents. Macartney. $1.50. 103 pp. Cokescluded, with some stories of the B. I. C. Assn. Chicago. bury Press. Nashville. mauling of African natives by buffaloes, lions and leopards and The Faith We Declare. Edwin Homeland Harvest. Arthur H. Limtheir recovery under the skillful Lewis. 236 pp. $2. Cokesbury ouze. 211 pp. $1.00 cloth, 60 cents care of Dr. Fraser. One feels Press. Nashville. paper. Friendship Press. New that the reader stands in the York. presence of a great and modest Far Round the World. Grace W. servant of Jesus Christ. Mrs. McGavran. 118 pp. $1.00. Friend- One Family. C. M. S. Review of Fraser's self-abnegation in writ- ship Press. New York. 1938-39. 62 pp. 6d. Church Mising of her talented husband and sionary Society. London. herself is remarkable but we The Gospel, in the Pentateuch. Herwould like to know more of bert Lockyer. 125 pp. 50 cents. Personality and Character Developthem. A minor criticism might B. I. C. Assn. Chicago. ment. J. D. Messick. 192 pp. $1.50. be that the narrative skips back Revell. New York. and forth in a way that makes God's Purpose. A Book of 365 Serit bewildering to follow the monettes for Home Worship. 366 The Remarkable Jew. His Wonder~ dates and, sequence of events. pp. 50 cents paper; $1.00 limp ful Future. L. Sale-Harrison. 224 fabrikoid; $1.50 art leather. Win- pp. 28. 6d. Pickering & Inglis. T. A. LAMBIE. ston. Philadelphia. London.

The Meaning of War. James W. The Rural Church in the Far East. Johnson. 57 pp. 75 cents. Revell. Ralph A. Felton. 258 pp. $1.25. New York. Friendship Press. New York.

The S. P. G. Story. 1939. 156 pp. 6d. Society for Propagating the Gospel. London.

Builder of Dreams. The Life of Robert Edward Chambers. Ruth Carver Gardner and Christine Cof- fee Chambers. $1.00. 200 pp. Broad- man Press. Nashville.

Day Dawn in Yoruba Land. Charles E. Maddry. 217 pp. Broadman Press. Nashville.

MOSLEM

PUBLISHED BY THE HARTFORD SEMINARY FOUNDATION Editors: SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, EDWIN E. CALVERLEY Some Articles in the July Number Broadcasting Our Message Samuel M. Zwemer After Madras Paul W. Harrison The Theological Approach Al Sha'ranI the Mystic lens Christensen Our Debt to Moslem Arabs Margaret Smith An East African Experience An Ordeal in Central Asia lohn Clark Archer Mission Frontier in Palestine A. Rowland Pittwa'Y International Relations G. Raquette Book Reviews Survey of Periodicals E. Theodore Bachmann Robert S. Darbishire Current Topics Sue Moll~son Foster ._-•• SUBSCRIBE NOW ….- __ 150 Cents a Copy. $2.00 It Year (postpaid) In combination with THE MOSLEM WORLD THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City $3.50 a Year. (Foreign Postage, 50 Cents.) British Agents: MARSHALL, MORGAN & SCOTl', 12 Paternoster Buildings, London, E. C. Price in Great Britain, Eight Shillings a Year, net HAVE YOU READ?

THE LIFE OF GEORGE BOWEN OF BOMBAY By ROBERT E. SPEER The biography of a remarkable missionary whom the (then) Prince of Wales visited in Bombay at the request of his mother, Queen Victoria.

What some readers say of this book: Robert Speer's "Life of George Bowen of Bombay" is one was so far·sighted and so deep.seeing!-the former because of the richest of missionary biographies. the latter. If one wants to sum up the interests of our DR. J. LOVELL MUllIlAY, Director of the Canadian School of Missions, Toronto. students today-Biblical, social, theological-Bowen is a What a life! He was old enough to know why be went, representative ligure. And what a lesson in apparent failure! and bad enough to know the meaning of salvation. One by. product of his experience was his wonderful bumility-noth. . • . I feel strongly that' every student and alumnus of our ing in the show window and himself in the remote back. ground. It is inspiring. Seminary needs this book. Wbat better book to lead them to DR. GBORGI! P. PIERSON, formerly of Japan. feed on the Bible. One bears so much "vestibule religion"- We must all be grateful for this revealing of the main· men pointing to the door and taking their people as far as the springs of Bowen's character, his abiding faith in God, his threshold, but no opening up of the treasures within the earnest purpose to be a true and faithful follower of Jesus Christ; and his deep.seated conviction that the Gospel of Father's House. Read the topics of current sermons, and Christ could meet the religious needs of India's people. Bowen's expositions are precisely what Christians need in order to grow from puerility into spiritual maturity. Here is no WILLIAM HAzEN, adolescent, but a man in Christ. This is no volume to be Missionary in ShoJapur, India. read and dismissed, but to be marked and to be turned to repeatedly. A biography of one of the saintliest ligures of the nine. teenth century. I could not put the book down. There is a HBNRY SLOANB COFFIN, fascination and a depth in this man's soul which held me in President of Union Seminary.

devout attention. I found myself marking his moving sayings The Memoirs of George Bowen will continue to be for which would serve as starting points for chapel talks. He years to come a searching manual of devotion. He has set before me an ideal which few could attain; his life is a scath· ing rebuke to our ease, comfort, self.indulgence and ind- J. Ross STEVENSON, liciency.

President Emeritus, P,inrelon Seminar,.

Send $2.00 to.day for your copy of this latest book by Dr. Speer THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING CO.

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The Missionary Review of the World — October 1937

1937

Mohammedan World Number The Moslem World Today Dwight M. Donaldson Some Trends in the Moslem World Edward M. Dodd Influence of Moslem Superstitions Davida M. Finney Why Preach Christ to Moslems? Samuel M. Zwemer The Christian Approach to Moslems W. Wilson Cash Moslem Reactions to the Gospel James Haldane Educating Moslems for Christ John Van Ess A Christian Doctor Among Moslems Paul W. Harrison The Power of the Printed Page Mabel H. Erdman My Experience with Moslems Frank C. Laubach Moslem Views of "Those Nazarenes" J. Lowrie Anderson Christian and Moslem Homes Eleanor T. Calverley How to Interest Christians in Moslems Estella S. Aitchison Best Books on Moslems and Missions Samuel M. Zwemet'

25 Cents a Copy $2.50 a Year

to Remember WORLD DOMINION SURVEY

September 27 – October 1 – Dallas, SURVEYING THE WORLD Texas. Pres., Mrs. E. R. Alderson, 561 Goodwin St., Dallas, Texas. Here is a series of real missionary sur- veys, scientific and evangelical, written with September 27 – October 1 – Houston, a grasp and definiteness of fact, a perspec- Texas. Dean, Mrs. A. B. Haynes, tive of view and a passion which makes 618 Highland Ave., Houston, Texas. them comparable to a military reconnais- sance. One after another the great fields October 2-6 – Triennial Convention. of missionary endeavof afe being covered Women's Missionary Society of the with topogf~phical accuracy from a stand- United Lutheran Church. Buffalo. point vitally evangelical and entirely non- denominational. The books come from the October 3-Presbyterian World Com- munion Sunday. press bound like government monographs, in big type and made vivid by splendid maps.

October 5-6 – Southern Mountain Catalogue on Application Mention The Missionary Ret'iew Child Service Conference; under auspices of Save the Children Fund WORLD DOMINION OFFICES of America, Inc. Hotel McAlpin, New York. 156 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK CITY October 5-6 – Warren, Ohio. Mrs. The Rev. George S. McCune, D.D., ceived an honorary doctorate degree George Konold, 314 Scott St., N. E., LL.D., for about 30 years a Presby- from Yale in June. At a meeting of Warren, Ohio. terian missionary in Korea and presi- the Associated Boards for Christian dent of the Union Christian College Colleges in China, he made a clear October 6-12-Annual Meeting, Wom- of Pyengyang has joined the admin- statement of his Christian faith, and an's Home Missionary Society, istrative staff of the Moody Bible In- of the part that that faith had in the Methodist Episcopal Church, Se- stitute of Chicago, and will also teach release of the Generalissimo last attle, Wash. and assist in the evangelistic pro- Christmas. gram. Dr. McCune was also for a October 14-15 — Interracial Confer- time president of Huron College, '" * .. ences. Asbury Park, N. J. South Dakota, and brings real talents, Dr. Raymond C. Walker, pastor of October 21- Baltimore, Md. Mrs. experience and spiritual strength to the Market Square Presbyterian David D. Baker, 410 N. Calhoun the service of the Institute. Church of Harrisburg, Pa., was win- St., Baltimore, Md. ner of the $150 prize offered by the * … '" Presbyterian Board of Foreign Mis- October 24-31-Presbyterian Centen- sions for the best missionary sermon nial Week. Mr. Dugald Campbell, agent of the preached in connection with the cele- bration of the Board's centennial. November 7-11-International Good- National Bible Society of Scotland, is Dr. Walker's subject was: "These Are Will Congress. Boston. retiring as agent for Northern Africa the Great Days of God." Other prizes since he can no longer undertake the went to Dr. George E. Sweazey, of Your Missionary Activities long pioneer journeys on the fringes Danville, Ky., Dr. George Johnson of of the Sahara Desert, and other parts Lincoln University, and Dr. Paul F. Should begin at home. Get a of Africa, as he has done for many supply of our years. He hopes to spend the re- .. . Barackman, of Brookly.n.. . New York. mainder of his days in Johannesburg, GOSPEL TRACTS James Hardy Dillard, eighty-year- .. South Africa. old president of the Jeanes Fund for Sound, attractive, convincing the Improvement of Negro Education, '" '" has received the Theodore Roosevelt Sample package, 250. medal for 1937. This medal is given Mr. Arthur T. Upson, formerly of annually for human achievement or FAITH, PRAYER and TRACT LEAGUE the Nile Mission Press, has returned the development of American char- to Palestine from England. He will acter. Dr. Dillard receives the award Dept.R.W. Muskegon Heights, Mich. be at Mt. Carmel until December 10, "in recognition of sixty years of wise and subsequently at Fairhaven, Alex- and devoted work in behalf of the Personal Items andria, Egypt. He plans to do mis- American Negro, and the creation of sionary work and to give Bible read- a better understanding between the Dr. Iran Lee Holt, minister of St. ings in various places to help weaker white race and the black."

John's Methodist Episcopal Church, Christians. … '" … ~Obituary Note'S South, St. Louis, Mo., and a former General Evangeline Booth left Rev. William Milne, a Presbyterian London on September 22 for a tour missionary stationed on the Island of president of the Federal Council of of the United States and Canada. Nguna, New Hebrides, was killed by Churches, has been appointed chair- After conducting the Salvation a native April 27. Army's annual Congress in Atlanta, man of the Federal Council's new New York, and Chicago, she will go The native was the son of the chief to Winnipeg, returning to New York of the village near the mission sta- Commission for the Study of Chris- tion, and he had seemed demented. by way of Montreal. He attacked several natives who ran tian Unity. The commission is to be- to the mission station, where Mr. and * * '" Mrs. Nottage, missionaries from angin its work when sufficient financial other island, were present on a visit. Dr. H. H. Kung, the Minister of support for it has been secured. Finance in the National Government The madman rushed at the mission- of China, and vice-president of the aries with an axe and struck Mr. Dr. and Mrs. '"Ern'"est'" Lyons, veteran Executive Yuan (vice-premier in the Milne with the axe. Government), has recently visited Methodist missionaries to the Philip- America. He is an earnest Christian Then the village chief commanded and stands next to the Premier, one of his men to shoot his son. pines, have retired from active serv- Generalissimo Chiang Kaj-shek, in responsibilities and authority in the Rev. William Veitch Milne had ice. They went to Manila in 1903 Government. Dr. Kung is a 75th de- served as a missionary in the New from Singapore, and have seen in scendent of Confucius, but in his life Hebrides for over 20 years. His fa- and work he has repeatedly testified their thirty-four years of residence to his faith in Christ and has taken (Continued on pag6 449.) his stand for Christian principles. in the Philippines a most phenomenal Dr. Kung, as a representative of his growth of the evangelical Christian Government, attended the Coronation ceremonies of King George and ramovement. In 1913 Dr. Lyons took the bar examination, thereby saving the church thousands of pesos for legal expenses, as well as enabling him to serve as advisor in critical sit- .. .. . uations.

Dr. Charles Stelzle has been ap- pointed executive director of the "Good Neighbor League" in place of Dr. Stanley High, resigned.

MISSIONARY PARENTS

REVIEW OF THE WORLD In the Foreign Mission Field Fast Days Endorse Calvert School DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor Home Study Courses TO TBE VOL. LX OCTOBER, 1937 No. 10 For Children ORIENT Publication and Business Office– Calvert School, through its Home Instruc- Third and Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. tion Department, will give your child a superior elementary education ••. by mail, Editorial and Executive Office– regardless of where you may live. Mod- 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. ern, approved courses from this famous Entered as second-class matter at school are being used by parents all over the world with outstanding success. Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879. Give your children the advantages of these interesting lessons, carefully chosen books, 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. and attractive materials. Instruction is Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. under the personal guidance of teachers in Published monthly, except August. Calvert's prominent and successful private All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1937. British agents – Marshall, Morgan , day school in Baltimore. and Scott, 12 Paternoster Buildings, London, E. C. 1 shilling per copy, Write today for booklet of complete in- 10 shillings a year. formation. Costs are low.

MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- CALVERT SCHOOL LISHING CO., INC. 180 E. Tuscany Road BOARD OF DIRECTORS Baltimore ol> Maryland ROBERT E. SPEER, President Obituary Notes Empress of Japan-holder of A. L. WARNSHUIS, Vice-President the Pacific Blue Ribbon WALTER MCDOUGALL, Treasurer (Continued from 2nd Cover.) DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary • ther, Rev. Peter Milne, was one of SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT the pioneer missionaries in the New Go direct fromVancouverand Victoria in 10 days by Em- WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN Hebrides. press of Asia or Empress of D. J. FANT Russia. Only 3 more days via MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD *** Hawaii by Empress of Japan WM. B. LIPPHARD (fastest ship on the Pacific) Dr. Claire H. Denman, who served or Empress of Canada. Con- ERIC M. NORTH as medical missionary in Siam for nect at Honolulu from Cali- SAMUEL M. ZWEMER twelve years, died recently in Berk- fornia ports. Low round-trip eley, California. He was first located fares include passage from Editorial Chat at Chiengmai and later established and and to Seattle. built the first hospital in Chiengmai. This number of THE REVIEW is de- He was also editor of The Laos News, ~fi+ voted to the study of the Moslems of which later became The Siwm Outlook. For rates and sailings, see the world-their distribution, char- Being an ordained minister as well acteristics, influence and the extent as doctor, he made numerous tours YOUR TRAVEL AGENT or Cana- and results of Christian work among into the interior with both foreign Mohammedans. It is an interesting dian PSaacnifiFc:raNnceiwscYo,o3r8k~tChheir- subject and will be studied by thou- and Siamese evangelists. cago, sands of Christians in America this year. The articles we present are by *** cities in U. S. and Canada. experts-men and women who have spent years of service in Moslem The Rev. Dr. Frank Rawlinson, lands. Other equally fine articles, Editor of the Chinese Recorder, was crowded out of this issue, will appear accidentally killed by the explosion of in November. Look for them. a bomb in Shanghai on August 14. He was at the time with his wife and Moslem Women and Children- daughter but they were uninjured. Mrs. Herrick Young. Dr. Rawlinson went to China under the auspices of the American Baptist Encouragements in the Work- Foreign Mission Society in 1902 and Geo. Swan. later became associated with the American Board (Congregational). Testimonies of Converts from He showed great ability in his edi- Islam. torial work and in his understanding of the Chinese. His death is a real Sermon by a Former Moslem- loss to the cause of Christ in China Sa'eed Kurdistani. and one of the tragedies of the con- flict between the Japanese and The Story of Sa'eed Kurdistani- Chinese. Christie Wilson. Ambrose Sw*ase*y, *prominent Bap- New and Old in Moslem Lands- A. T. Upson. tist and trustee of many educational and missionary enterprises, died in *** Cleveland, Ohio, recently, at the age of ninety. He was one of the world's The following shows the esteem in leading scientists, having constructed which THE REVIEW is held by readers the giant telescopes for the Lick Ob- who use it for their own personal in- servatory, the United States Observ- formation and in church work. atory at Washington and the Yerkes Observatory at the University of Chi- *** cago. He was also a generous sup- porter of interdenominational mission- "I think the Rural Number of THE ary work. REVIEW is a very fine contribution to ,the cause. I am receiving a great (Concluded on 3rd Cover.) deal of help and enjoyment as I read the various articles."-Dr. Ellsworth [449 ] M. Smith, Field Representative, American Baptist Hom.e Mission So- ciety.

*** "THE REVIEW means much to me in my work with the women of our church."-Emma H. Mills, Santa Cruz, California. MOSLEM WORLD R op SOUTH INDIAN ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN H· REVIB ORLD VOLUME LX AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER 10 OCTOBER, 1937 Topics of the Times WHY THIS INTEREST IN MOSLEMS? many other points in common with the Christian Few people on earth are as difficult to lead to faith. This too is a challenge. There is a foun- Christ as are the Moslems, and yet this year thou- dation on which to build. sands of Christians in America and England will 3. They are people of strong character. They be reading and studying about the countries take their religion and its obligations seriously. where the followers of Mohammed are most nu-. They are willing to fight for their convictions, to merous, and about the work that is being done make sacrifices and even to die for their faith. to win them to Christ. Multitudes of earnest They are not easily led to abandon their beliefs prayers will be offered for their conversion and large sums will be given to support missions or obligations as they conceive them and are diliamong them. Why? gent in teaching their children to follow their Prophet. Apostasy is considered an unpardonable It is not because of any personal gain to mis- sin and in Moslem law it is a crime punishable sionaries, or any desire for political, economic or with death. These facts constitute a challenge to ecclesiastical advantage. It is not because the Christians; they may be transmuted into Chriswork is producing large results or because the tian graces when touched by the Holy Spirit.

Church of Christ is moved by a spirit of imperial- 4. Moslems exert a great influence on the world ism for world conquest. There are at least seven reasons why every true follower of Christ should for good or for evil. They constitute a real probtake a deep and practical interest in Moslems and Christian work in their behalf to the extent of lem in Egypt and Turkey, in Iran and Syria, in earnest prayer and sacrifice. Arabia and India. In lands where they are in 1. The number of Moslems in the world and their wide distribution are challenging. At least power they offer great obstacles to progress of one in every ten of the population of the earth is a Moslem. There are between 200 and 250 mil- Christianity and to the promotion of peace and lion of these people scattered over the globe. Nort~ Africa, Egypt, the Sudan, Turkey, Syria, good will among all classes. They believe in a ArabIa, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Java and Sumatra are almost solidly Mohamme- totalitarian Moslem state and in government condan. Millions more live in Central Africa, India, Central Asia, China, the Philippines, South trol by force of arms. Their influence might be Africa, Russia and Bulgaria. Many are found in other parts of Europe and in North and South turned to the advancement of the cause of Christ America. These multitudes cannot be ignored. and for the principles for which He stands. 2. They are people with positive and strong faith in God, as the one eternal, omnipotent 5. More potent than any of these reasons is the Creator and Ruler of the universe. They believe fact that Christ died for Moslems; He died that He might give tliem the life of God. They are sinners and know it, though they have wrong ideas of sin and its expiation. MthoereGoovse~reloutor Lord's command to "Go, preach every creature" certainly includes the Moham- medans today, even though there were none in existence when He first gave the command. There is no other way for Moslems to be saved than by Christ and the acceptance of His gift of Life.

in Christ as a unique prophet and in the authority 6. Another great reason is the obligation that of the Old and New Testaments. They believe in Christians have to Moslems because the contact prayer, in almsgiving, in immortality, and have of Arabians with 'a weak and distorted form of [451 ] Christianity was what led Mohammed to estab- and evidently thinks herself able to defy the publish his new form of religion. If Mohammed had lic opinion of the world. Her military party is been truly and intelligently converted to Christ ambitious to carry out its program, without in his youth what a difference that would have much regard for justice. It is reported on good made to the world ! We owe Moslems a debt, both authority that ninety per cent of the Japanese for the temporal things we have received from are opposed to the invasion of China, but the peothem and for spiritual truth we have failed to ple are kept in ignorance of the real situation share with them. by very strict censorship of the war news. J a- panese Christians, and others with more enlight- 7. A final reason for the support of Christian ened and pacific ideals, are greatly disturbed over work among Moslems is the encouraging results the aggressive policies of the military party that that have come in the conversion of Moslems to now rules Japan. These policies destroy the bene- Christ. Some outstanding trophies have been won ficial effects of the friendly advances made by in Syria and Egypt, in Iran and India. Every such Japanese Christian leaders as Dr. Toyohiko Moslem is supposed to be a missionary and, when Kagawa and Miss Michi Kawai. Apparently Jawon to Christ, should have the same zeal to ex- panese military leaders feared that China was tend their faith, in spite of persecution. What a growing in strength and was becoming united wonderful example is Dr. Sa'eed Kurdistani, the under the able Christian leadership of General- Kurdish Moslem who has become a great Chris- issimo Chiang Kai-shek and so determined to tian physician in Iran. Others are Kamil of strike while there was more likelihood of being Arabia and Michael Mansur of Egypt. There are able to achieve their purpose. multitudes more whose lights shine in narrower circles-but they are known to God. In Sumatra The modern war machine of Japan is much and other parts of the Dutch East Indies there more perfect and complete than that of China. are fifty thousand Christians who formerly were Airplanes· make it possible to carry destruction Moslems. They have their own schools and large far inland, and there seems little effort on the self-supporting churches. The influence of Christ part of the. Japanese to limit destruction to is permeating Iran, the Philippines, Africa, India, enemy fortifications and military forces. Already and many other lands to break down prejudice many thousands of noncombatants have been and build up an intelligent faith in Jesus Christ killed and wounded and peaceful villages have as the true revelation of God and the only Saviour been destroyed by ruthless Japanese airplane atfrom sin and its consequences. tacks. Foreigners and foreign enterprises have also suffered. In the north Japanese forces have Truly we as Christians have reason to preach occupied Peiping and Tientsin and are pushing the Gospel of Christ to Moslems, to carryon the their campaign north to the Great Wall and south work sacrificially and to expect that God will to the Yellow River. Without any declaration of honor our fulfilment of His will, by bringing Mo- war, Shanghai has been attacked with warships, hammedans into the fold of Christ. airplanes and cannon. Even the International Settlement has suffered and many educational THE TRAGEDY IN CHINA and missionary institutions have been bombed. The Chinese troops have offered brave and deter- Apparently the Japanese have determined to mined resistance in spite of their inferior equipgain control of China or of the northern prov- ment. They have now retired to their second line inces. Impartial observers who have followed the of defense on the west of Shanghai. events that led up to the present conflict can see no justification for Japan's invasion of China. What will be the outcome of this invasion of The excuse offered is the Japanese desire for eco- China, no one can foresee. China is too great a nomic development, their determination to sup- nation and too large a territory to be conquered press anti-Japanese feeling, and. a desire to com- in a short time. The Japanese attacks have bat the communistic influence of Russia. They united Chinese as never before, even communists have taken a strange method for accomplishing offering their service to the Nanking Government. these purposes. The first end might have been China is fighting for her life and for the pringained by friendly agreement and cooperation; ciples set forth by Dr. Sun Yat Sen, the father the second aim is thwarted and made more im- of the Chinese Republic. possible by each new invasion of China's territory and by utter disregard of China's sovereign The warfare is naturally affecting the missionrights. The third aim-to destroy communistic ary work in China. Reports come that the people influence in China-can scarcely be achieved by in war areas are filled with fear and that there methods that stir up the spirit of communism and are signs of religious revival in many places. seem to give reason for its promotion. Christians meet to worship, in spite of danger, and pray earnestly for the guidance and strength- Japan feels conscious of her military strength

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

ening of their rulers. The Protestant community meantime we can all work for greater unity numbers over one million and Roman Catholics re- through the guidance of the Spirit and through port 2,702,000 on their church rolls. Foreigners loving cooperation in the work He has given His in China number about 10,000, of whom over one- Church to carry forward. There is no room for half are Protestant missionaries. Many of these jealousy, for a desire to rule or for personal am- have left China on furlough; women and chil- bition, rivalry, suspicion and selfishness in such dren have been taken with other refugees to the unity. Philippines; missionaries on furlough are being kept home and others are being advised to leave Mr. Erling C. Olson, a New York business man, the danger zones. Probably by November first recently broadcasted over a network of stations the number of missionaries on the field will be re- some very helpful meditations on "Christian duced to 2,500, but most of these will elect to Unity," based on the one hundred and thirtystand by their flocks and to suffer and die with them if necessary. The missionary work most third Psalm. He said in part: * affected is in the area of Peiping, Tientsin, Shangh:;d and Nanking, although Japanese bombing The New Testament principle of fellowship and complanes have carried their attacks as far as Han- munion was beautifully expressed by our Lord, when He kow in the west and Canton in the south. said, "Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them." One would nat- The Christians in America and England can do urally assume, therefore, that when any body of Christians most by upholding their missionaries and the meets together they would experience this delightful comforces of righteousness by prayer. Much suffer- munion which the Psalmist so wonderfully portrayed, ing of innocent Chinese can be allayed through when he said, "Behold, how good and how pleasant it is missionary and Red Cross ministrations. Gifts for brethren to dwell together in unity!" No one takes to meet present emergencies should be sent exception to this principle. It is good for capital and through the mission boards working in China. labor to dwell together in unity. It is good for any in- dividual to enjoy the fellowship of other members of his THE BASIS FOR CHRISTIAN UNITY group and preserve a spirit of unity. Such being the case, what an indictment it is against the Christian fam- Many movements are on foot for church union ily when there are petty squabbles and when the spirit of -on mission fields, in England and in America. discord and consequent disruption are present, as has been Some of these are to unite denominational fam- evident, particularly in recent years, even among men ilies, as in the Methodist, Baptist, Congregation- and women who actually have been born again by the al, Lutheran, Presbyterian and Reformed bodies. operation of the Spirit of God and the Word of God. I Some unions have already been effected, while am not talking about Christendom as we know it today. others are still being agitated. Other union move- I am not talking about the vast body of Christians and ments, as in Canada, include different denomina- non-Christians gathered together in one great melting pot. tional groups, while still other communions, like I refer to the body of Christ; to those who know that their the Protestant Episcopal Church eagerly advocate sins are forgiven, who know that they have eternal life a united church but can conceive of it only on the through faith in Jesus Christ, who know that they have basis of the acceptance of ecclesiastical ordination passed out of death and into life and therefore know that in harmony with their belief in the "historic epis- the Lord Jesus Christ is their Saviour and have acknowlcopate." edged Him as their Lord.

All true and intelligent followers of Christ ac- It is no wonder that the Church appears so impotent cept unity as the Christian ideal for which our before the world when the members of the Church are at Lord prayed three times in his high-priestly variance with one another. prayer: "That all may be one, as thou Father art in me and I in thee, that they may be one as in There can be no united Church except on a solid foundaus"-they are given eternal life in order that they tion. I do not think it is possible to have unity between may know God and be sanctified, kept, perfected. two groups of people, one of whom believes that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and the other believes that He is The recent conferences at Oxford and Edinburgh a mere man; or to have unity between a group that looks have again emphasized the ideal for unity and upon the death of Jesus Christ on the Cross as a divine union among Christians, but seem to have found transaction, wherein God made 'atonement for sin, and a no new basis in which to realize such union. Hu- group that looks on the Cross and the death of Jesus man individuality, with differences of personal Christ as that of a martyr or a good man who died for a interpretations, tastes and methods of operation, cause. There can be no real fellowship between such must be recognized and respected until we all real- groups-but there can be unity between every member of ize that union with Christ that can find full ex- the body of Christ whose feet rest solidly upon the fact of pression in the harmony of faith, love and service the deity of Christ and upon the death which He died upon only as we realize perfect union in Him. In the the Cross.

In his letter to the Ephesians, Paul says, "I beseech you that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called, with all lowliness and meekness, with longsuifering, forbearing one another in love; endeavoring to' keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all."

In the 16th chapter of his letter to the Romans, the Apostle gives a similar injunction: "Now I beseech you, • Quoted by permission.

brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences tion. In Java and Sumatra alone, where the contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid Dutch Christian influence predominates, there them. For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus are over 50,000 converts from Islam. Christ, but their own belly . . ." That is a strange expression. Mark those men and avoid them, for they do There is the challenge of Jewry-not a popular not serve the Lord. They serve their own selves in their challenge but one we must face as Christians conlust for preeminence, or their appetite for power. cerned with the spiritual welfare of the youth of the world. The key to the Jewish problem every- Again, our Lord Jesus Christ, the fountain-head of all where is the recognition of Jesus Christ as divine truth, in His great high-priestly prayer, recorded in the Lord and Saviour of all mankind. Fifteen million 17th chapter of John's Gospel, said, "Neither pray I for Jews are without the knowledge of the saving these alone, (that is, the apostles gathered around Him) grace of Jesus Christ, and yet what do we owe but for them also which shall believe on me through their to the Chosen People of God for the preservation word; (that means us) that they all may be one; as of the Old Testament, and the knowledge of Christ thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may and His Way of Life. be one in us: that the world 11WIJJ believe that thou hast sent me." What a terrific responsibility rests upon each The challenge embraces many non-Christian member of the body of Christ to observe a spirit of unity, lands such as India and China. There is the mass in order that the world may know that our Lord Jesus movement in India towards 6hristianity; whole Christ is the Son of God and sent by Him to die for us! communities are pressing forward to become Christians. The immediate need there is for When brethren dwell in unity we will determine that, Christian education and the greater development instead of causing divisions, we will endeavor to keep the of indigenous leadership. China is plastic to new unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. The Holy Spirit impressions and the greatest hope of the Chrisalways makes for unity amongst believers in Christ, for tians of China is their vision of a Chinese in- He dwells in them. digenous movement adapted to meet the religious needs of the people, and effective in arousing in * SOME PRESENT-DAY CHALLENGES Chinese Christians the sense of responsibility for the extension of the Kingdom of God. Weare living in a world which is more or less in a broken state, when even the bravest are apt There is also the challenge of unreached areas to grow despondent. The difficulties and problems in Central Africa, in South America, the Islands are of many kinds-political upheavals and mass of the Pacific and other unevangelized fields. movements are ruthless in their disregard of Christianity; nations are dissatisfied with what Then there is the challenge of Europe today. they have seen of modern civilization, and are In Central and Southeastern Europe Protestantfilled with bitterness and antagonism. But a new ism is fighting for its life. Nationalism and Comproblem is becoming the most serious menace to munism are seeking to capture youth with teach- Christianity, namely, a refined heathenism. Also, ing, much of which is subversive to the ideals of in their very antagonism to Western civilization, Christ and the best interests of humanity. some non-Christian religions are absorbing the principles of the Gospel of Christ. While thus The needs of this weary, war-torn, restless refining their own religion they still stand in ab- world and the great opportunities that confront us solute antagonism to the Christian faith. In the constitute a challenge to every Christian. God is early days of the Christian Church, they, too, more concerned about the needs of the world than found that a purified paganism was more insid- we are; the Christian teaching and training of ious and powerful even than an antagonistic bar- youth is a great burden oli His heart even more barism. than on ours. One of the greatest words in Chris- tian literature is "Immanuel" – God is with us. We believe that these problems are not per- Here we find the motive and the power for Chrismanent, nor even paramount; they are passing tian education. God loved, and when He loved, phases; to followers of the Lord Jesus Christ, He served, and when He served, He sacrificed they constitute, not reasons for fears and misgiv- His best. There is but one service which is the ings, but a challenge. service of the Kingdom of God; one race, and one Cross; one world of men, and one Kingdom; and First, there is the challenge of Islam. Moham- one glorious, peerless, Saviour for the whole medanism is conscious of a solidarity and unity world. which does not exist to such an extent in any other religion. They have their sects and their divi- This world is not going to be won except by sions, but they are conscious of a brotherhood great sacrifice. We must have the spirit which wherever they are. Today the Mohammedan recognizes that only by entire dedication of ourworld is restless, but it is more responsive to the selves and all our resources can we truly serve message of Christ than it has ever been. Per- Christ. As Hudson Taylor once said, "Christ secution and opposition exist, but nothing so must be Lord of all or He is not Lord at all." clearly proves the power of the Gospel as opposi- • From an address at the World's Sunday School Convention, Oslo, by Dr. James Kelly.

Moslem World

-"if By the REV. DWIGHT M. DONALDSON, D.D., Ph.D., Meshed, Iran )Bt– Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., 1915- I T SHOULD never be forgotten that when the maintain this political and military authority, it armies of Islam were victorious in Syria and has come to be a matter of policy for Western in Persia, they took over the authority of the governments to have strict regard for the cultural old Persian Empire. This ancient empire, under and religious preferences of their Mohammedan the Achremenide'S, had been the scene of the far- subjects. Whatever criticisms may be voiced flung adventures of Xenophon and the Ten Thou- against this Western domination, it will not be sand; under the Parthians had held the haughty claimed by intelligent Mohammedan leaders that Romans at bay for more than two centuries; the Christian faith and practice are being forced upon same empire, under the Sassanidre, was forced to them. give place to the conquering Arabs. Afterwards, when this famous empire of the East became Mo- There is now no longer a Caliph in Islam, since hammedan, much of its culture and prestige sur- the Sultan of Turkey was compelled by his own vived to adorn the courts of the new rulers. Noble people to abdicate in order to open the way for the Persian families, some of them Zoroastrian and Turkish Republic. Of the entire Mohammedan some of them Christian, furnished viziers and population of the world, about 240 millions, there treasurers for the Caliphs, and scholars and trans- are nearly one hundred millions who are living lators for the libraries. under the authority and protection of the British crown and forty millions ruled by the Netherlands It is customary to ascribe the failure of the Cru- in the Dutch East Indies. Of the remaining 100 sades to a lack of effective cooperation among the millions, there are about thirty-two millions in the leaders of the Christian nations. No doubt real French colonies and protectorates, sixteen milunity in Christendom during the tenth, eleventh lions under the iron hand of the Soviet Republic, and twelfth centuries would have produced a dif- fifteen millions in China, and some four millions ferent situation. As a matter of fact unity of ac- in the Philippine Islands, in Japanese possessions, tion among the Mohammedans was but sporadic and in Europe. There remain to be accounted for and short-lived; they too had repeated failures only about thirty-three millions, who live in the that were primarily due to dissensions among five self-governing Mohammedan countries, twelve themselves. Time after time a new attack from millions in Turkey, eight millions in Iran (Perthe Christians would serve to bring them together. sia), three millions in Iraq, six millions in Af- In the course of the Crusades, each generation ghanistan, and four millions in Arabia. seemed to feel that the East and the West were, through some necessity, fighting again. On each H. R. H. Amir Saoud, the son of King Abdul side religion was part of the war propaganda. Aziz, remarked recently that "it is not easy for Now that many hundred years have passed, we independent countries to enter into a thorough look back upon those long continued conflicts and federation with countries that are only partially see how they served but one fatal purpose in world independent." When he was asked about his opinhistory. Their one abiding result was to hand ion in regalld to the suggested Middle Eastern bloc down to succeeding generations a heritage of between Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan, he hatred, suspicion and fanaticism. In their atti- said that "this would be a welcome development tude towards each other East anq West, for the and would certainly receive our blessing," (Great most part, have shared this heritage. Britain and the East, July 8,1937).* While today there is no longer a great Moham- In any effort to classify and describe the vast medan EmpI·re, as l·n th.e day.s of the Crusades when the actual dominion of the Caliph extended • counAtriceosncmisaey sbtaetefmouenndt oinf tWhe. Def.foSrctsheorfmCerhhroisrtnia'sn rmeciesnsitonbsooikn, t"hTehsee from the Indus to the Atlantic, yet Mohammedan CsthimriSutliaatningMisssuiorvne. yinotfhethJefodwehronleWporrolbdl"em(choafptmeris1si0on);s atondMaohmaoms-t medans is given in Dr. S. M. Zwemer's "Across the World of Islam." civilization has continued to prevail in vast areas Attention should also be called to an article in the July number of The Moslem World, which publishes "A Statistical Survey," by that have come under the political and military Carlo Gasbarri. This article has been translated from the Italian authority of Western peoples. In order to help by Phlllip T. Blackwood and it is probably the most up to date ~~fli~!S ;~r~~ question of the distribution of Mohammedans through- [455 ]

group of mankind that make up the Mohammedan with pious cant and hypocrisy, that boy may come world, divided as they are into many sects and to regard as genuine the open honesty and fairscattered in many countries, it is easy to make play that he sees in some Christian college. In serious mistakes. Aside from the fact that ac- such a case there is much for which to be thankful. curate census reports are not to be had in some of The lad acquires the habit of the conscientious these countries, a numerical survey of the adher- quest of truth for its own sake. But something ents to any religion is apt to be misleading. There further is needed. New eagerness to learn what are millions of Mohammedans whom the puritani- is true mus,t be directed into the spiritual realm as cal Wahabis in Arabia and Iraq would not recog- well, and this must be done by those whose ways nize as true believers. Likewise the self-satisfied of living he has come to admire. Here is an op- Shi'ites of Iran and India can see little hope for portunity for the possible coordination of the boy's those who rejected and dishonored their Imams. new life with the direct evangelistic work of the The modern reformers in India have suffered mission, or better still, with the agencies of the agony of soul when they realized the ignorance indigenous Church. and superstition of thousands upon thousands of their own religious community, whose systematic Another young man may show more interest veneration of fetishes and saints they regard as and ability in social life rather than as a scholar. sheer idolatry. And orthodox groups in Egypt, He may attend a Christian wedding in a beautiful who adhere to the Koran ,and the Traditions as garden in India. There he will see Christian interpreted by the four recognized schools of law, young ladies moving about modestly but graare indignant at the man-made movements of the ciously, animated with gay hospitality, and talking Moslem "modernists." From any of these varie- freely with both ladies and gentlemen. When he ties of believers you may easily find a friend who returns to his dormitory room he may voice a prowill assure you, "In these modern times it is hard test, as I once heard such a man do, against the to say who is a Mohammedan." unreasonable restrictions of Mohammedan so- ciety, and ask, "How long will it be until we can Objections to Christianity have the same clean and natural and loyal family life the Christians have?" Notwithstanding these inherent difficulties, whether a missionary go to Cairo or to Constan- Here also is a point of contact for some discerntinople, to Beirut or to Teheran, to Baghdad or to ing Christian friend to show him, in the right way Lucknow, he will hear certain uniform objections and time and place, that it is not what comes from to Christianity for example, that it has three gods, the West but what comes from Jesus Christ that or that the true Gospel that Jesus brought down makes the big difference. This, however, will not from Heaven is no longer extant. These objec- be accomplished by mere assertion. A careful tions are usually met best indirectly, in the course study together of the pre-Christian social standof calm and patient teaching and explanation of ards of some of the modern Christian peoples may the New Testament. But almost everywhere we be necessary. The missionary's objective is not to discover also that Westernization, in the form of suggest that one social culture be abandoned for secularism and nationalism, is making serious in- another, but rather that the culture of every naroads on Islam. And if we read again the opinion tion be submitted to the transforming power of of one of our foremost American orientalists, Dr. the will of God as revealed by Jesus Christ. D. B. Macdonald, (Aspects of Islam, p. 12), we realize that what required discerning insight a In such circumstances a program of Westernizafew years ago is now written in the Islamic social tion only would be hazal'dous and inadequate. structure so that one who runs may read: And what has been said with reference to schools and colleges applies with equal force to mission Islam as a religion is not holding its own against the dispensaries and hospitals. In this field also getunbelief that is flooding in from the European civilization. ting somewhere from the Christian point of view Young men are growing up into crass and material forms means getting beyond mere Westernization. There of atheism; forms that the best intellectual life of Europe is something fine and noble in a Christian doctor's has itself thrown off. And as education spreads and attitude toward his patients that witnesses to the deepens, as history vindicates for itself its place, as the spirit of Christ. It is this that enables him to work moral feeling becomes more watchful and sensitive, so the with patience and sympathy with people who are legend of Muhammad will crumble and his character be often unreasonable and exasperating. He has seen in its true light. It is, then, for the Christian schools something else than the discipline of his profesand preachers to save these peoples, not only for Chris- sion, something that has for its purpose, not the tianity, but for any religion at all; to vindicate to them white man's supremacy, not national honor, not the claims upon their lives of religion in the broadest sense. personal distinction, but a deeply laid desire for the dominion of the healing love of God in the But Westernization cannot be depended upon to hearts and bodies of suffering mankind. produce Christians. When perchance a Mohammedan youth has a father who disgusts his son

THE MOSLEM WORLD TODAY

As we think of many famous cities in the Islamic ary epistles in the New Testament, in their salutaworld where missionaries are now working pa- tions, exhortations and farewells. tiently and devotedly as true knights of the Cross, it is a sobering thought to realize over what a These national Christians also work with the wide area they are scattered. We rejoice also in missionaries in adapting Christian teaching to the strategic advantages they now have in this meet what has been called "the new Moslem apolgreat crusade for the peaceful penetration of the ogetic and polemic." In their candid social and love of God in Jesus Christ. Important and fa- intellectual relations with Mohammedans of the miliar cities in which they are witnessing, cities present day, missionaries find that many are not of more than 100,000 population according to the as dogmatic as they used to be. Things have been last issue of The Statesm.,an's Yearbook, may well happening to give them a broader background. be mentioned: They are inquisitive and receptive in the fields of history, of science, and of philosophy; and their Calcutta ………………………….. 1,485,582 opposition to Christianity is apt to be less bitter Constantinople ……………………… 740,805 and fanatical. Bombay …………………………… Cairo …………………………….. 1,161,383 On the other hand, if Moslems are irritated into Madras …………………………… 1,064,567 explosively proclaiming their objections to Chris- Hyderabad ………….. ,"""",',…. tianity, they may say things that are palpably Alexandria …………… ,………….. 647,230 specious and superficial. They may maint;:tin that Teheran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466,894 the Christian Scriptures teach that the blind and Lucknow ………………………….. 573,063 leprous are impure and that Solomon was an Rangoon ………………… , …. '….. 360,000 idolater. As the Mohammedan takes for granted Damascus …………………………. 274,659 the dogma that the prophets were sinless, they will Delhi …………………………….. 400,415 insist that the Bible is in gross error in saying Lahore …………… , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,912 that David became a prey to temptations and that Smyrna ………………… , ……… ,. 447,442 Aaron joined in the worship of the calf because of Cawnpore …………………………. 429,747 fear of the people of Israel. Like the Jews of old Agra …………………………….. 170,546 Moslems still exclaim that it is blasphemy to say Ahmadaoad .'……………………… 243,755 that Jesus is the Son of God, that it is directly Tabriz ……………………………. 229,764 contrary to the Koran to say that one person can Allahabad …………………………. 313,789 bear the sin of others, that it is immoral and fool- Tunis …………………………….. 219,000 ish to say that "the Law is a curse," and naively Amritsar … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,914 anthropomorphic to speak of God as being "tired" Howrah …………………………… 202,405 or "repentant." Poona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,840 Soerabaya ….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224,873 To counteract the considerable influence of Baghdad ………………………….. 250,187 Christian teaching among the students in the Diwaniya ………… '……………… 146,944 schools and colleges of India, the Ahmadi sect Fez ……………………. " . . . . . . . . . . . 353,840 make such allegations as these against Jesus: Patna ……….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341,068 Aleppo ……………………………. 106,838 That He was given to drunkenness. Karachi ……. ,……………………. 159,690 That He exceeded all bounds in vulgar abuse of the Jews. Meshed …………………………… 177,313 That He was a coward and afraid to face death. Beirut ……………………………. ' 263,565 That He was disrespectful to His mother. Ankara …………………………… 139,000 That He was friendly with women of questionable char- Isfahan …………………………… 134,655 123,699 acter. 100,000 That His teachings were too idealistic and impracticable. That He grew angry and lost His temper. Some of the most gratifying work for Christ is That He was provincial, and that His message was only done in towns and rural districts that lie across the plains or in the mountain valleys beyond the for the Jews. cities. It is from these regions that hundreds and That He was weak and helpless. hundreds of patients come to mission hospitals; That His mission was a failure. and country boys and girls come to attend mission That Jesus did not die on the Cross, and that there was schools. National Christians, sometimes accompanied by missionaries, go out and tour from town no Resurrection. to town, or from village to village, having their part in modern apostolic witnessing. The fellow- But as a rule Mohammedan readers put a disship of believers is beautifully shown when these tinction between the Gospels and Chri.stian propamen and women, often themselves converts from ganda literature. Many of them are able and Islam, are able to be in the same little place for a ready to refute superficial and hostile objections while with some isolated Christian family, or to to the character of Jesus. They feel too much of have a series of meetings with some struggling the significance of His life and teaching to let His little group of new Christians. And when letters character be smirched "by the pen of an enemy." are exchanged afterwards, it is interesting to see that they write after the manner of the mission- "It cannot be," as Dr. Murray T. Titus has ob- served in his book on Indian Islam, "that honest

truth-seeking Moslems will continue indefinitely ulation, with sharp differences between the varito refuse to face all the facts, and pursue a policy of evasion of the real issues of history and life, ous region; in the Northeast they reach 82%, in even though such investigation leads to the questioning and study of the very sources of revelation the East 8 %, in the West 32 %, in the center 470, itself. . . . The sum of it all is, that the highest revelation of God to man is through a living per- and in the South only 2%. sonality. That the modern Moslem apologist is becoming more and more conscious of the funda- Percentage mental importance of this truth is revealed in the Moslems of population fact that he is emphasizing the personality and character of Mohammed as the means by which Morocco ………………. 5,215,000 97 God's grace was shed upon the world, and as the fact of central importance in Islam. The problem, Algeria ……………….. 5,174,872 82 therefore, for the Moslem as for the Christian investigator, is to apply the same honest and fear- Tunisia ……………….. 1,932,184 93 less critical methods to the study of Mohammed and his revelation as have been applied to Jesus Egypt ………………… 11,658,148 91 and the Bible," ("Indian Islam," Murray T. Titus, 1930). . Libya …………………. 1,205,000 94 For missionaries among Mohammedans, as for Anglo-Egyptian Sudan …… 2,800,000 66 their supporters in the homeland, and for their colleagues from the national Christians in Moslem Mauritania …………….. 254,000 99 countries, the issue is clearly drawn; our purpose is "to ,give the light of the knowledge of the glory Senegal ……………….. 915,000 75 of God in the face of Jesus Christ." French Sudan ………….. 1,061,000 42 Eritrea ……………….. 225,000 56 French Somaliland ………. 210,000 100 British Somaliland ………. 300,000 100 Italian Somaliland ………. 1,500,000 99 Ethiopia ………………. 2,500,000 37 French Guinea …………. 1,045,000 66 North Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,889,000 64 South Nigeria …………. 1,940,0000 25 Chad …………………. 925,000 72 Cameroons …………….. 500,000 25 Nyasaland …………….. 160,000 10 Kenya ………………… 1,000,000 40 Uganda ……………….. 600,000 20 Tanganyika ……………. 400,000 10 A STATISTICAL SURVEY OF ISLAM* By far the largest Islamic country in Africa is Egypt where, as in West Africa, the Moslem prob- Every good Moslem is, and in fact must be, a lems are of particular interest.

"missionary." In 1900 the Moslem world had at Since 1930 Moslem missionaries from the el-Azhar University in Cairo have been diffusing its disposal two hundred printing presses; today culture and orthodox doctrine among the Moslems of various countries. An American observes that it has eight hundred and eighty. Out of a world the "Christians are talking about converting Af- rica, and the Moslems are doing it." Roman Cathpopulation of 2,053,600,000, we can accept 240,- olic missionaries state that the Moslems succeed in making propagandists among their converts, 000,000 as a figure for Islam. while the Catholics cannot succeed even in in- structing their catechumens. Moslems in A'sia are most numerous and in- Islam constitutes about two one-hundreths of clude 17.970 of the population. one per cent of the population of North America, and one-eighth of one per cent of South and Cen- Percentage tral America, with a total of scarcely 135,583 Moslems of plYpulation members.

Turkey ……………….. 12,600,000 92 In Europe and Soviet Russia Moslems represent 2% of the total population. They include 584,000 Syria …………………. 2,159,259 77 in Albania, 1,337,000 in Jugoslavia, 690,000 in Bulgaria, and 2,400,000 in Russia. Palestine ………… . . . . . . . 557,649 70 There are no general organizations for all Islam Transjordania ………….. 2,850,000 92 with a purely missionary scope, and the attempt to create an Association for the Defense of Islam Arabia ………………… 4,000,000 100 is a failure. The only organization of the kind, which will perhaps soon become international Iraq ………………….. 2,640,700 96 through increasing growth, is the Association of Moslem Youth, with headquarters in Cairo. An Iran ………………….. 8,830,000 95 international movement has developed from heret- ical Moslem sects, principally from the Ahma- Siberia, Kirghiztan, etc. ….. 16,462,442 80 diyah of Qadian and Lahore (British India), and from the Bahai sect, of Persian origin. Afghanistan …………… 6,380,500 100 British India …………… 78,000,000 21 French Indies ………….. 15,000 5 British East Indies ……… 2,025,000 47 Dutch East Indies ………. 43,000,000 86 Philippine Islands ………. 443,037 4 China …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000,000 5 Chinese Turkestan ………. 1,200,000 48 The leading Moslem country in Asia is India. Moslems in Africa number about 37% of the pop- *eondensed from The Moslem World (July, 1937), New York; translated from an article by Carlo Casfarri in Il Pensiero Mis- sionwrw (Rome), December, 1936, by Philip T. Blackwood of Princeton, N. J.

Trends in the Moslem

By EDWARD M. DODD, M.D., New York Author of "To Mecca and Beyond"; Formerly a Missionary of the Presbyterian Church in Iran A GENERATION ago the world of Islam was As one surveys the wide reaches of the Moslem still predominantly a unit. Though living scene, and ponders the changes taking place, there under diverse national and political condi- appear to be four fairly well defined trends of the tions, Moslems had a strong sense of their solidar- day. This observation applies chiefly to leaders, ity. Except for certain well established heresies to urban centers and to youth. The vast rural or minor offshoots, and allowing for the begin- bulk of Islam is still conservative, orthodox and nings of revised and modernized thinking which relatively little changed. But where the city goes affected a relatively small group of intelligentsia, now the village will go presently, especially with there were no outstanding .divergencies in the the radio and the automobile and the printed page Moslem road, or deep rifts in the Moslem front. arriving everywhere. We are here concerned with In the main the religious road of Sunnis in India, these lead-trends to the future.

Turkey or North Africa, for example, ran parallel, 1. In the first place we have the conservative or rather they loyally converged on Mecca. The status quo plus the "Puritan" revival in Arabia. Sultan-Caliph was still on the Constantinople Externally or mechanically Arabia is being gradthrone; and the faithful from Morocco to the ually modernized but religiously it remains ortho- Philippines, and from Bokhara to CapeTown, dox, with the re-emphasis of the Wahabi Moverecognized and revered him as their head. It ment. The tale which at once illustrates the point, was still not wholly fantastic to talk of a general as well as the consummate skill of Ibn Saoud, has Mohammedan Holy war; indeed Turkey made an been told more than once. When it was proposed abortive attempt at this as late as the closing year to install a telephone system in Riadh, the desert of the World War. Moslems had not yet trans- capital of Saoudi Arabia, the conservative relilated the Koran out of Arabic. The veiled and re- gious leaders protested. The thing was not of the pressed status of women was still universal. Even Koran and therefore not lawful. Ibn Saoud put in heretical Shiite Persia the Old Order was not the matter to the religious test. He suggested visibly disturbed. that a Mullah read the Koran into the telephone at one end of an experimental line and another But what have we now? Shocks from without Mullah listen at the other end. If the apparatus and revolutionary transformations from within, conveyed the sacred words, surely the thing was accentuated by the WorId War but largely repre- of Allah and lawful. How could one object to that? senting the influx of the modern age, have shaken Needless to say, Riadh now has telephones. Yet and confused the House of Islam. Turkey has the ecclesiastical hierarchy is intact. One wongone secular and modern, while Arabia is Puritan ders how long this intellectual straddle can hold Wahabi. The Caliphate has been summarily abol- up, for Islam tends to give way or to be revised ished, and there are no significant efforts afoot to as it is exposed to the modern impact. re-establish it. Egypt has developed theological modernism; and Azhar University, the intellec- North Africa, west of Egypt, shares with tual nerve-center of Islam, has been made over on Arabia the characteristic of Mohammedan conmodernized lines. The Koran has been translated servatism, even though in the social externals of for the use of Moslems into Turkish and is being life it is also becoming Europeanized. translated into other languages. The veil has been largely discarded in Turkey and is officially banned In Central Asia we have the complicated situain Iran. The Turkish National Assembly has now tion of conservative religious leadership, assaulted a number of women delegates; Egypt has a vig- by the socially radical and religiously atheistic orous feminist movement. Turkey and Iran are Soviet government and also facing a considerable busily harking back to their Turanian and Iranian feminist movement. The prospects are that the origins, and are turning away from the Arabic- religious old order will be overpowered by the Islamic culture. In the Near East generally, ex- social new order. A real battle is on. cept for Arabia, there is considerable disintegration in Islam. 2. There is another group which we might call the reform or revision states, conspicuously illus- [459 ]

trated by India and Egypt, each in its own way. be called the drifters. The drifting away from They are formulating definite philosophies, which Islam is a part of what is going on all over the have been developing and spreading for a number world-the drift away from all religion. In these of years, and which are changing and diversifying Moslem countries the dominant interest is political the religious picture. The outstanding contribu- and nationalistic. Nationalism is becoming the tion of India is the Ahmadiya movement. The net new religion rather than Islam: the ardors of result in India, according to Mr. Murray Titus is loyalty, the mass demonstrations, the allegiances reinvigoration. He concludes that in spite of di- of youth-these are now channelled largely into visions and weaknesses, "Islam in India today is nationalism. There is a wholesale drift of youth better organized, better educated, more progres- away from the old religion. Outward observances sive, more reasonable and tolerant toward its may still be maintained, though many of these are neighbors than ever before in its history. Of weakening, but the inner conviction is crumbling Egyptian thought, Dr. Charles C. Adams of the away. The movie theatre is found to be much American Mission says: more exciting than the Mosque; the radio broad- "Mohammedan modernism in Egypt may be cast is more intriguing to the younger generation said to have taken form as a definite movement than the call to prayer. Inert fatalism, the resig- during the last quarter of the preceding century, nation of Islam, has a hard time surviving the under the leadership of the late Grand Mufti of automobile and modern medicine.

Egypt, Sheikh Myhammad Abduh, who died in . The Iranian Shah has made it unmistakably and 1905. It constitutes an attempt to free the reli- dramatically clear fuat progressive nationalism, gion of Islam from the shackles of a too rigid embodied in himself, rules, and not Islam. But orthodoxy, and to accomplish reforms which will there has been no official disestablishment of the render it adaptable to the complex demands of latter. The youth of Iraq says that Mohammed modern life. Its prevailing character is that of was well enough for his day, but that he is now a religious reform; it is inspired and dominated back-number; let the religious hierarchy die in chiefly by theological considerations. It differs in peace; they no longer count. But no official overt this respect from the reforms instituted by the change has been made. Syria's consuming na- Indian group of nationalist reformers, who aim tional interest is in the new political situation cre- primarily at a cultural movement, and the adjust- ated by the transition from French mandate to ment of Islam to the conditions of modern Euro- independence. The races and religions in this pean civilization. The fundamental assumption, polyglot country increasingly unite on the basis of however, that Islam is a world religion, suitable Arab nationalism, which tends more and more to for all peoples, all times, and all cultural condi- transcend religious and racial lines.

tions, is common to both movements." Similarly in far~off Java, one of the largest In both countries there are strong social move- Moslem units of the world, there is a well-devel- ments among women, which are attacking prob- oped movement to return to the pre-Islamic Na- lems of health and well-being, of polygamy, di- tional culture. There is a strong nationalistic vorce and prostitution. All of this is within the movement, which is of far more vital interest to frame-work of the established religion. the younger generation than any religion. With These two groups, the orthodox and the revised, them Islam is increasingly under criticism and in give no evidence of breaking away from Islam. the discard.

They are making their social and theological adap- 4. Finally there is the radical state, Turkey, tations from within. The state or the community which alone has turned squarely away from Islam is still a "church" state or a "church" community. as an official institution. It has not turned against ("Church" is of course used as the nearest intel- Islam, nor is it antireligious in general, but it has ligible counterpart – not because Islam has a decided that, in order to become a modern and pro- church in the Christian sense.) gressive country, it cannot brook the inhibitions, Both of these groups are strongly missionary. interference, and frustrations of the old Moslem The Ahmadiya movement is very active and the order. Kemal Ataturk has therefore set up a sec- Azhar is still a powerful propaganda center, with, ular state which, in itself, is a repudiation of basic Africa as its chief missionary field. In India the Mohammedanism, because the Mohammedan sys- new situation created by the Outcast movement tem has hitherto claimed the whole stage. A away from Hinduism, and the Ambedkar an- typical indepenuent Moslem country was ipso nouncement of their readiness to consider some facto a religious government – a "church" state; other religion, appeals tremendously to this funda- the only law was the Moslem law; there was no mental missionary urge of Islam, as well as hav- concept of a separate civil law.

ing its important political hearings. This radical national departure, coming from 3. Other predominantly Moslem lands, like the country which had so long been the seat of the Iraq, Iran, and Syria, as well as Malaysia, might Caliphate, the spear-head of the whole Moslem

INFLUENCE OF MOSLEM SUPERSTITIONS

World, struck a body blow at world Islam. India hardly be water-tight compartments. There is and Egypt and the far isles of the Pacific rever- bound to be mingling and overflowing in this day berated with the shock. Turkey was branded as a of interchange and questioning and remolding. renegade and apostate, but the fulminations were It is an intriguing question as to which if anyone futile. Turkey went serenely and successfully on of these trends will prevail to any general extent. her way, and nothing has come of the scattered efforts to revive the Caliphate. It is, of course, incumbent upon the Christian enterprise to understand these trends, and the The course which Turkey has pursued has also varied fronts which they present. It is one thing had its admirers in other lands. Iran, for ex- to deal with a zealous, intolerant Wahabi Bedouin ample, is very apt to follow the same patterns as of the far desert reaches and another thing to talk her neighbor on her western boundary. There are with an indifferent, agreeable, irreligious young not wanting those, among the younger generation government clerk in Iran, or Syria; it is still anelsewhere, who think that Turkey has really other thing to sympathize with an active woman shown the way to do the thing. social reformer of Egypt, who also presents the new Moslem apologetic; and again another thing The patterns of national development, though to be a strictly inhibited missionary in Turkey. distinctively represented by national units, can Influence of Moslem Superstitions By DAVIDA M. FINNEY, Ramleh, Egypt II ~. – Missionary of the United Presbyterian Church '~==========================~I O NE of my earliest recollections as a child is Nurses and mothers frighten their erring children of a Moslem sheikh who came to call upon with, "Be good or the bu' bu' will catch you." my father. He sat alone in our drawing- room, waiting for father's return. I did not know Only about ten years ago I was dining with a he was there, and was wandering, rather discon- number of Egyptian college students about to re- . solately, down the hall when suddenly I was star- ceive the baccalaureate certificate. Turning to the tled by a flurry of robes, quick breathing, and one on my right, I asked: looked up to see the sheikh in full flight from the drawing-room door. When he saw me, he stopped "What did you think the bu' bu' was when you precipitately, and muttered, were a child?"

"An afreet! He blew down the chimney!" Then "A negro giant," he told me, "with flashing eyes he continued more calmly, "Let me, if you please, and a red mouth." sit outside here in the hall." At once the group around us was adding detail I remember glancing into the room, astonished upon detail. A discussion of afreet followed. Made at his fright and yet wondering if after all my a little uneasy by the vividness of descriptions mother might be wrong about afreet, and my na- given, I finally remarked: tive nurse right, and that I might now catch a glimpse of one. The sunny room lay silent and "Isn't it a fine thing that today we need no empty, however. No grinning afreet perched any- longer fear the bu' bu' and the afreetl" where, not even on the little iron stove. Faith in my mother returning in a comforting wave, I There was instant silence, and then the man on murmured loftily: my right said, "Pray be seated." "But you are a Westerner. We of the East know." This incident was my first introduction to the fact that learned men as well as my nurse were "But have you ever seen'an afreet?" I asked in- afraid of spirits. credulously.

In conversation with many Egyptians, I have To my amazement he nodded. found one word an open sesame to a common "One day," he said, "I was walking across a bit ground of experience, and eventually to a feeling of waste land. Suddenly I saw an afreet approach- of intimate friendliness. We discuss the bu' bu'. ing, very tall, clothed all in white. I looked to right and left, hunting for a place of concealment, but there was none. So I cowered down and hid my face until he had passed. One must always do that with an afreet; it is death to oppose him. Once a friend of mine, who happened to be armed,

met an a/reet and in his fright fired at it. The weaned her child. Women threatened with harm a/reet disappeared, but in a short time my friend may protect themselves by wearing a bit of palm was dead. If you oppose an a/reet, within a year stalk (gareeda). you die." No bride should be approached by a person just Over and over again in conversation with all circumcized. A woman who has just lost a child sorts of Egyptians one is reminded .of the fact that or a qati/ should not enter a house where there even today, for the mass of the population, ginn is a weaning child or one with sore eyes. If she and a/reet are real, a daily concern, terrifying. does, it will become blind. My friend, Mr. Khaleel Modern education, the radio, the cinema, closer Armanios, the blind evangelist of Alexandria, has contacts with Europe, a constantly increasing use often been asked if he was blinded by a qati/. of newspapers, these factors and many others are rapidly modifying superstiti.ous beliefs. Yet in Just after shaving a man must not approach a fairness one must remember that these educative bride, a pregnant, nursing .or weaning mother, if influences reach .only the minority in any country he has not previously met them, lest they become where literacy is low. Even in educated folk, barren or lose their milk. Evil consequences may brought up by superstitious parents, such belief be avoided if the WDman enters the room of meetis instinctive and dies hard. ing and walks around the man seven times. On the .other hand, if he shaves in his own house with A few years ago the editor of a fairly well- the woman close beside him no harm is done. Or known daily, then being published in Cairo, de- the woman may take the razor used, soak it in scribed to me his visit to an old convent. water, and .on a Friday when she bathes, pour the water over her body. Should her well-being be "I went alone," he told me, "although the place threatened by a qati/, or some other woman, she was full of a/reet. But," with quiet pride he con- may escape harm by securing some blood from the tinued, "J was not afraid." other WDman and placing it in her bath on Friday.

It is the modern educated youth who more Mr. Khaleel told me of a family of his acquaintnearly achieve freedom from fear. I am not writ- ance who had a bitter quarrel with a neighboring ing of Christians and well-traveled and well-read family. One of the women had weaned a child Moslems who for years have been unconsciDus of but had not yet seen the new moon. Forgetting such fear. I write rather of the general mass, not this fact, when her neighbor gave birth to a son the small group. she went to call upon the rejoicing mother. In a short time the child died, and, even worse, at the The women and girls with whom we come much end of a year the mother was still barren. After in contact are dominated by fear of el Mushohira much consultation and thought, the neighbor's (literally, to be monthed), the Ain (the Evil Eye) visit was remembered. She was apprDached and magic, and spirits. These spirits may be El Zar agreed to do what she could to repair the damage. (the Visitor), El Ginn, or El A/reet. The masses They took some blood from her hand, and the believe in certain charms to be said or used to mother placed it in her bath on Friday. No good counteract these evil influences. They think that resulting, again the neighbor was approached and .one must be quick to observe, and punctilious in again gave blood, this time from her foot. Still performing such rites, if one wishes to avoid no good resulting, .once more she was approached, injury. and asked to contribute blood from some other part of her body. This she indignantly refused t.o The Mushohira gets its name, as far as I am do, claiming that if she were the cause of the curse, able to discover its root, from shahr, month. The blood from one part of her body would be as effiidea in its use is that escape from harm depends caci.ous as from any other. Rapidly the quarrel on seeing the new moon. The evil effects of the grew, and for three years neither family has Mushohira fall upon certain groups of people and spoken t.o the other. are brought about by certain people. Those most commonly recognized Mushohira, bringing evil, There are other unlucky deeds by which one perare: a mother weaning her child, called El Qati/; son may bring evil upon another. If one crosses a a man who has just shaved; a person just cir- river in boat or train and then at .once enters cumcized; one who is ill or with sore eyes; and a where there is a bride, a sick person, a pregnant bride when she meets another bride. Those who or weaning mot!ler, injury will result. To avoid suffer from such individuals are brides, pregnant bringing injury, this person should remain in anwomen or mothers weaning a child, and the sick. other room until the woman enters where the new- The Mushohira is caused by other means, but less comer is and circles him seven times. Mr. Khaleel frequently. called recently in the home of a woman who once was visited by s.omeone just after crossing the If a Qati/ approaches a bride ora pregnant river. In a few days the woman became blind. woman, she becomes barren; if she approaches To remove the curse, her br.other took her in a another Qati/, the milk will be stopped. To rid herself of this baneful power, the Qati/ must see the new moon as soon as she has completely

boat to cross and recross the river. He was told not speak to or interfere with them. If a person that at once her eyesight was restored. Constantly accidentally stumbles or falls to the ground there one comes across the effects of the Mushohira. is grave danger that he has injured some of these spirits. The only way to appease them is to The Ain is injury brought about by admiring sprinkle the spot with salt, water, or even sugar something not your own. This admiration is prob- and bread. Last week a woman stumbled in ably envious and therefore brings evil conse- alighting from a street-car. She hastened to a quences. It is considered much more proper and friend's house, borrowed salt, sugar and water, considerate not to praise at all, but if impelled to returned to the spot and silently sprinkled it. To do so one should preface the remark with "Yikhzi maintain silence is essential if the rite is to be el Ain" (May God put the eye to shame), or "Aini efficacious. aleykum barda" (My eye is cold upon you). People are especially liable to be possessed by One man may say to another, "Aini barda, but spirits at certain times; at marriages, perhaps you seem to be in excellent health." Then all is because at that time they are concerned about well. It is difficult to remember this instinctive their appearance and frequently look in a mirror; shrinking from praise of anything a man holds when bathing, because they may inadvertantly addear. Nor is it easy to hold a baby in your arms mire their bodies; when sleeping alone, as spirits and make no admiring comment. If your eyes are always infest a solitary place; when going to bed blue, better far not even to look your pleasure. in a worried or angry frame of mind, as the spirits find access easy at that time. To be freed from the evil consequences of the Ain, it is thought necessary to secure a piece of Should one become possessed by a spirit one garment worn by the envious one, or some dregs must appease him and remove the cause of his from his coffee cup. No offense must be given, so anger. This is done by the holding of a Zar. one must not let him know that he is suspected of There are special women thought able to reconcile having done injury. If it is impossible to secure the spirits. The one possessed gives such a woman a bit of his clothing surreptitiously, often it is an article of her wearing apparel. She places it possible to secure a bit through a bribed servant beneath her pillow; during the night the offended or a sympathetic friend. Sometimes people are spirit tells her the cause of his anger and also startled to find a small piece gone from some val- what gift will satisfy him. Next morning the ued garment. This snippet is burned and the woman tells the possessed person what the spirit smoke passed over the child. Coffee dregs are wants – jewelry, a sheep, a new dress, or some boiled and the steam is passed over the child. piece of furniture. Many women take advantage of this custom to secure for themselves things they As for vengeful spirits, the ginn and zar are cannot otherwise obtain. considered always present. The ginn live usually in kitchens and bathrooms or in lofts where sup- The Sarukh (the cry), is brought about through plies are kept. The loft of a house in which Mr. an unnatural death. If a man is murdered, the Khaleel once lived was infested with rats. Neigh- spirits which live in his blood, continue to cry bors visiting in the house heard scurryings and aloud for vengeance from the spot where his blood squeakings and were firmly convinced that ginn was shed. There is no fear of evil consequences to the house if he dies away from home, otherwise it haunted the house. becomes infested with his afreet. In the case of A little Mohammedan girl once stayed in our any violent or accidental death, the spot where death occurs remains a place of danger to all home for some time. One day she went into the passers-by. kitchen to get some water but came out hastily without it. When asked what was the matter, she These are some of the superstitions with which one comes in contact day by day in schools, homes, said, and in one's travels. Many sheikhs studying in "There's an afreet in the pot on the stove." the Azhar University are today electing the course Looking in, I saw the lid of the tea-kettle rat- in modern education, similar to that given by the Ministry of Education. Such men will not fly pretling furiously as the water boiled. When taking cipitately from a room when the wind blows down a bath, if suddenly startled or frightened, one may the chimney. A new day has dawned in Egypt, a be sure that a ginn has taken possession of one's fact which is being felt even in EI Azhar Univer- sity. Yet those who visit in homes aU over the body. country, who deal intimately with men, women, Besides the ginn, the earth is believed to be in- and children, are forced to realize more and more clearly each year how great is the hold that superhabited by other spirits. These are divided into stition still has upon masses of the population in three main divisions; El Sitt (the woman), El any Mohammedan country. Seed (the master), and El Abd (the slave). They are found everywhere, but especially in any open or waste piece of land. Here they busy themselves with their own affairs. If one is forced to cross such a piece of land alone, one may see and hear them. To avoid injury by them, one should

Preach Christ to Moslems?

By the REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., F.R.G.S., –..g{ Princeton, New Jersey }Sc-.- Editor of "The Moslem World"

"IF YOU will only organize Christian missions lidity and necessity of Christian missions to to the heathen in my province, instead of at- Moslems? tempting to convert Mohammedans, I will do 1. If ,the Gospel of Christ in its simplest form everything in my power to further and support (which is also its deepest mystery) includes the them, but I cannot approve or allow, at any rate Incarnation, the Atonement and the Resurrection at present, the opening of a mission to the Mo- then the world of Islam certainly needs our meshammedans." So said the governor of Nigeria, sage for it is news and offers Good News to every about thirty years ago. This policy was that of Moslem. Islam is not a Christian sect or a Chris- Lord Kitchener in the Sudan, of the British in the tian heresy. It is an eclipse of the Christ as re- Malay States, and is not yet abandoned every- vealed in the Gospel. It is an Arabian palimpsest where. superinscribed over the message of Jesus by an- The validity and the necessity of carrying the other hand. Its categorical denial of the deity of Gospel message to Mohammedans have been ques- Christ, of the crucifixion, of the finality of Jesus tioned in times past and are being questioned Christ as God's messenger and of His way of life today! The late Professor G. Kampffmeyer of through regeneration is evident from the Koran the University of Berlin in "Whither Islam?" itself.

deals with the subject in the same attitude; his The analogy of Paul's attitude toward Jew and conclusion is that missions in the Near East among Gentile holds today as regards missions to Mos- Moslems are as dangerous as they are futile and, lems and to other non-Christians. It was because for the good"of humanity, should be discontinued. the Jew had so much that was true and noble and yet needed the Gospel that Paul preached every- Dr. Hugh Vernon White, a secretary of the where to the Jew first. Their theism, their knowl- American Board, in the magazine called Chris- edge of the Old Testament, their zeal for God, tendom, plainly states that "Christian efforts to their passion for the Law did not invalidate their evangelize the Moslem have met with signal and need of the Gospel but emphasized it. This imconsistent failure. The response to such efforts plication would hold also for those Moslems of today is negligible and there is little likelihood of China, Africa and India who live in the midst of any marked change in the near future. . . . The paganism or polytheistic ethnic faiths. Christian Church ought to quit trying to make proselytes of Mohammedans. It should bring the In the Near East and North Africa, we have an best works of Christian service to the Moslem additional argument. There we are not merely world in a spirit of ecclesiastical and theological trying to lead Moslems to Christ, but rather to disinterestedness. " lead them back to Christ. Here we have the argu- ment of church history; the inspiration of the Father T. Bennerth, writing in a Roman Cath- cloud of witnesses, the apostles and martyrs of the olic missionary magazine for April 1930 says: faith; and the very stones of ruined churches and "As the conversion of the great bloc of Islamic monasteries would cry out if we were silent. nations to the Christian faith is not to be expected in our century " . . it is of the highest value that The Great Unoccupied Moslem Fields Islam at least maintains the belief in God in puri- fied forms. If this refuge of belief in God should 2. The missionary forces have hitherto moved vanish, then Western Christianity will be threat- across or around this great Moslem bloc. The fol- ened by a new seat of danger." lowing areas, or. countries in which the popula- When we compare these statements with the tion is wholly or predominantly Moslem, are still verdict of the Roman Catholic Conference, held in practically unoccupied. The missionary confer- Louvain in 1930, we find that ,there also the entire ences of Cairo, Edinburgh, Lucknow, and Jeruworld of Islam is labeled "le bloc inconvertisable." salem successively laid them all before the Church, In view of such opinions and statements, what but with little result-Afghanistan; the provinces satisfactory reasons can be advanced for the va- of Hejaz, Asir, Nejd, and Hadramaut in Arabia; [464 ] Russian Turkestan; parts of Siberia, Bokhara; blasted. The Moslem World Conference held at the eastern part of the Malay Peninsula; Socotra Mecca, and afterwards in Europe, proved a failand the Moslem populations of Madagascar, Rus- ure; none of the resolutions was carried out. sia in Europe, British and French Somali-land, Tripoli in North Africa, the French Sudan; the The Dutch Orientalist, Dr. Van der Meulen, who Great Aures Mountains, the Saharan Atlas spent many years in the diplomatic service at ranges, the central populous mountain regions of Jiddah, asks, "Are we standing at the eve of a re- Morocco, and the vast Sahara itself. These un- vival, a renaissance of Islam? No, the phenomena occupied fields have a total population of approxi- do not point this way. Except for the Wahhabi mately thirty-six million. How can we speak or movement in Central Arabia, it has all been a sing of evangelizing the whole world and leave all question of self-defense and resistance," (Moslem this outside of the program of occupation for World, October, 1936). Christ? Regarding the enormous area and population of Disintegration and Decay of Islam Indonesia, Professor C. C. Berg speaks of "de- structive forces that are at work against Islam all 3. A religion that once was the hope and glory over the world." Of the favorable factors he says of millions shows signs of breaking up. Old sanc- that they "might possibly result only in the long tions are disappearing. Their anchor-ground has run in a decrease in the rate of decay," ("Whither proved insufficient in the rising tide of material- Islam?" pp. 306-311). ism and atheism. Some tell us that there are signs of a resurgent Islam and of revival of faith in The geographical expansion of Islam in Africa Mohammed. But all signs point in the opposite has often been exaggerated. The latest statistical direction. This years report of the Board of For- survey shows a smaller proportion of Moslems in eign Missions of the Presbyterian Church states: nearly every area in North-central Africa (Mos- "There is now abundant evidence that the religion lern World, April, 1936). Dr. Deaville Walker of Islam is slowly disintegrating." wrote a few years ago: The collapse of the caliphate, and the failure of Within a comparatively short time, we pictured great all attempts to revive it, would lead to the conclu- pagan populations being rapidly Islamised. I am consion that Pan-Islamism is dead. The policy of the vinced that the position is wholly different today. Careful new government in Turkey and the complete sec- personal investigation in Sierra Leone and Mendeland, ularization of that republic points in the same the Gold Coast and Ashanti, Nigeria, and in the French direction. The Turkish press utters severe judg- colonies and protectorates of Dahomey, Togo, and the ment on Islam and its Prophet, while one by one Ivory Coast,· have made it very clear to me that the adthe old sanctions and customs of religion are pub- vance of Islam is being definitely checked, and that today licly discarded. A few years ago a British official we are winning far more Africans to the faith of Christ of high standing actually wrote to me: "Islam as than the Moslems are winning for their Prophet. Startling we once knew it is dead in Turkey; it is dying in as this may sound, I believe it to be absolutely true. Persia; it has ceClJ8ed to carry real weight in Egypt; it may survive some generations in What elements in Islam are today resurgent? Arabia; but the basic truths of Christianity will Does the old Mohammedan law or jurisprudence in the long run even there prevail." Such judg- any longer prevail under the new nationalism and ment is undoubtedly somewhat premature but it the new state? Or has the purely -Islamic-govis prophetic. erned state disappeared even in Arabia and Afghanistan? Islam faces a crisis in the lands where once it was dominant. Its efforts at propagandism in Has the social structure of Islam withstood the India and Africa "remind one of those sparse feminist movement and female education anygreen twigs sometimes still appearing at the ex- where? Can we seriously speak of "resurgent treme ends of half-dried-up boughs in trees whose forces" as regards polygamy, slavery, concubicore has for long been decaying from old age." nage, and the seclusion of womanhood? Was the Islam suffers because it feels itself under the suppression of the age-old Moharram celebrations tutelage of the West. In Turkey it suffers by be- in Persia a sign of vitality in Islam? Is the reli'- ing violated in its own bosom; in Russia from gion of Islam showing a new vitality when three Soviet persecution; and in Persia from a revolt of its "five pillars" are crumbling? The daily against the Arabic language and tradition. Mus- prayers are no longer observed as they were ten tapha Kemal Ataturk of Turkey raised great ex- years ago. The number of pilgrims to Mecca, in pectations, but he has turned out a bitter disap- spite of new facilities by motorbus and steampointment for all Moslems. The disenchantment ships, has dwindled from 250,000 to 80,000. was cruel but complete. The high hopes fixed on Mecca is losing its importance. Are the uniting Ibn Saood of Arabia to revive the caliphate were forces that remain, the Arabic language and cul- ture, the sense of brotherhood, the press and Al Azhar of Egypt-are these forces strong enough to counteract the disintegrating factors? Or will the progressive secularization of Moslem life rob

all life from the religion of Islam? Will the wan- Hospital in Northwest China, reports that Moslem ing of the Dervish orders and their suppression, as in Turkey, continue? patients crowd the doors, kiss the feet of the The fact is that Islam has been severely Christian physicians, listen eagerly to the meswounded in the house of its friends. The younger Egyptian modernists, instead of building care- sage, and that some at least find new life in Christ. fully on the foundations of reform laid by Jamalal-Dinal Afghani and the great Mohammed'Abdu, More and more thousands of Moslem youth are have ruthlessly undermined what remained intact. Mansur Fahmi, in his doctor's thesis, proved that sitting at the feet of Christian teachers in every Islam was progressively responsible for the degradation of womanhood. Dr. Taha Housain raised land. Day schools, boarding schools, colleges, and a storm of hostility by a book proving that much of early Islamic literature was a forgery, ·fabri- universities tell of an increasing number of Moscated to prop up the Koran and tradition. "The story of Abraham and Ishmael building the Kaaba lem pupils and of the leavening power of Chrisis all fiction." Ali Abd al Razik went even further, and in his book, "Islam and the Fundamentals of tian education that reaches far beyond the cur- Authority," advocated the abolition of the caliphate, "which has always been a misfortune." riculum and the campus area. Everyone should Moreover, he proposed the complete separation of Church and State, and the abandonment of the know that the emancipation of Moslem girlhood vast body of canon law. (Adams, "Islam and Modernism in Egypt," pp. 254-265.) and womanhood began in mission schools. It is When the best thinkers in Islam accept an hon- not only unkind but ungrateful and unhistoric to est historical research of all her spiritual property, it will mean a revelation of bankruptcy. trace these modern movements to hybrid sources. When the foundations are destroyed, what can the righteous do? Only the real gold, the theistic Christ alone removes the veil because He demands spiritual values of Islam, will be able to withstand the heat of this inevitable furnace. A careful and imparts purity of heart. Moslems themselves study of the whole question leads to the conclusion that as a cultural and even as a political force have testified to this fact. there is yet a future for Islam, but as a religious force the future does not look promising-except The great Christian literature societies and comin Christ and His Gospel for Moslems. mittees in Cairo, Constantinople, Teheran, Shang- The Response to the Gospel Message hai, across India, and in the Dutch East Indies are 4. This great response, as we see it today, should not surprise those who believe God's prom- producing and distributing ten times as much litises and who have experienced the final fruitage that follows the "patience of unanswered prayer." erature as they did a decade ago. Illiteracy is de- Others have labored, since the days of Henry Martyn, and now we are entered into their labors. creasing. Education is becoming compulsory. Others have knocked long and loud and waited patiently before locked doors-now those very doors The stigma of disapproval now rests on old superare nailed open. Eastern Arabia, Hadhramaut, and the cities of Meshed, Iran, and Riadh in Cen- stitions that once had religious sanction. tral Arabia, are outstanding examples. There are public baptisms in places where for- The Bible has been translated into all the great languages of the world of Islam. It is the best merly the "law of apostasy" would have adminprinted of all books and has an ever-increasing circulation. One has only to read the annual re- istered public ostracism or private vengeance. In ports of the two great Bible societies to realize the miracles of grace accomplished every year by the Java alone there are 75,000 Moslem converts gathprinted Word. ered into Christian churches. In North India Every hospital and dispensary across the map from Tangier, Morocco, to the Borden Memorial there are other thousands and in Persia we can truly speak of an indigenous church-weak still in numbers, but strong in the spirit of sacrifice and boldness of witness.

Those who challenge the validity and success of work among Moslems need to remember the lines of Arthur H. Clough: .

For while the tired waves, vainly breaking, Seem here no painful inch to gain, Far back through creeks and inlets making, Comes silent, flooding in, the main.

For not iJy eastern windows only When daylight comes, comes in the light; In front the sun climbs slow, how slowly! But westward, look, the land is bright.

While for years Christians have been battering against an impregnable position in North Africa, Islam has been steadily sweeping south and pagan tribes have become followers of the Prophet and have been lost to Christ. Suppose the Church had concentrated its efforts on these tribes in the rear of the Moslem position, and had flung a barrier of Christian churches across Africa, would Islam have made the progress it has southward? Might not the Church have found in Christian Africans, the allies who would have won far greater success than white foreigners can hope to achieve?

A. S. McNAIRN.

Christian Approach to

By PREBENDERY W. WILSON CASH, London I Secretary of the Church Missionary Society I~ ~==============================~ H AS Christianity anything to offer Islam? disappointed, goes forward with undimmed faith In answer to this question, one group of and courage, proclaiming Christ and Him cruci- people fall back upon the threadbare argu- fied as the only Hope of the world.

ment that "Islam is good enough for the Arabs." This difficult situation makes us pause and study They do not think, however, that is good enough afresh the task before us. First of all, nothing in for themselves. this past hundred years in any way invalidates the The question is sometimes put in a different way Gospel of Christ. Men of many nations and races -What is there in Christianity that is not found have found a new eternal and abounding life in Islam? through Christ, the living Saviour. The experi- The Moslem himself approaches the issue from ence of men converted in evangelistic campaigns a very different angle. He is certain that Islam in Europe or America is duplicated in the lives has much to offer to the Christian world, and par- of Africans, Indians, Chinese, and many others. ticularly just now when international affairs are Revival sweeps through parts of India and Africa so tangled and difficult. and tens of thousands find peace with God. But The missionary meets the point by a bold and the Moslem world still stands like some impreg- frank presentation of the Gospel of Christ as the nable rock, almost unshaken, and as a rule undis- only adequate religion for all the world. turbed by missionary witness. The reasons for A missionary recruit, going out to a Moslem this are many; some of them must be briefly field for the first time, is shocked to find that the stated. When the Moslem armies invaded the Moslem is just as eager to convert him to Islam countries from Syria to the Sudan and North as he is to win the Moslem for Christ. This is Africa they found a responsive body of nominally only the first of a series of shocks. As he settles Christian men ready to join their ranks and to to his work he discovers for himself what he had fight for them. The armies of the prophet were always heard, that the Moslem is about the most increased daily by many who saw in Mohammed a difficult man in all the world to bring under the deliverer from the hated Byzantine rule. The Em- influence of the Gospel. peror used the Church as an imperial tool, and in A survey of the past hundred years of mission- the minds of most people Church and State were ary work among Moslems does not reveal appre- one.

ciable progress in most areas. In one or two coun- There were alsothe divisions within the Church tries there have been remarkable results, notably and the disruptive elements in its own ranks. The in the Dutch East Indies; but against this suc- Roman and the Greek churches were separated cess must be set the inroads of Islam into the and the Greek and the Coptic churches were no Christian Church in the Near East. In Egypt it is longer in communion with each other. The ornate estimated that from 500 to 800 Copts annually ritual of the Eastern churches was contrasted become Moslems. The history of Islam is one of with the simple forms of mosque worship. The ceaseless encroachments on'Christendom, until pictures and images in churches gave the impres- now we speak of Bible lands, which were once sion of polytheism, and the abstruse theological Christian, as Moslem lands. The large propor- controversies still further weakened the spiritual tion of the peoples of Syria, Palestine and Egypt life of the Church. The fact is that the Christian are Moslems today. The Christian Church of faith was so badly misrepresented by the Church North Africa has been blotted out. The formerly of the day that people could not see Christ through Christian areas of the Sudan are now solidly Mos- the maze of ritual and ceremonial, the selfish am- lem. And still the Church sends missionaries to bitions of prelates and the secular encroachments Moslems and many are willing to give their lives upon the community. Race superiority was re- to Moslem evangelization, in an effort to remove sponsible for a good deal. The Roman or Greek the reproach which lies at the door of the Church. pattern was stamped upon the churches every- And still the missionary, though often baffled and where. There seems to have been nothing in- [467 ]

digenous in the Church of North Africa; and in into a new environment, utterly foreign to him.

Arabia there does not appear to have been any The strain of this social upheaval upon a young translation into the vernacular, either of the convert is so great that it develops any idiosyn- Scriptures or the Christian liturgies. In Rome cracies and oddities in him and in the end drives people worshipped in Latin and, therefore, they him back to his old surroundings.

had to worship in Latin in all North Africa; sim- The history of Christian expansion down the ilarly, because in Constantinople the liturgical centuries does not show that the nineteenth censervices were all in Greek, they had to be in Greek tury policy was adopted in other periods. In also in the Arabic-speaking world. Any approach earlier days people moved towards the Christian to Islam by the Christian must take account of faith by communities, by families, and tribes. In such facts. They are not dead matters of history doing so they became Christian without having but living issues today, and a study of them will had to suffer a catastrophic upheaval in their sohelp us in our evangelistic work. cial life. Instead of being uprooted from their The Gospel, it is true, needs no vindication. natural environment their social heritage was Once it is given a chance in the lives of men it Christianized, while they lived in the same homes proves itself, and its validity is recognized, but as before, carried on the same occupations, and the method of presentng the Gospel is a very dif- met much the same people, yet things were differ- ferent matter; after the experience of the past ent. The homes were transformed, they worked hundred years it is surely evident that we must from different motives, and their relationships to all face anew how we are to preach the Gospel in others were new; a different standard of life came Moslem lands. into the community through the coming of Christ.

The Nineteenth Century missionary expansion While such people found by personal conversion was marked by a strong emphasis on individual- the way to God, yet they moved together, families ism. Personal conversion was the note struck; were baptized, and communities received into the evangelistic missions sought to pluck men as faith.

brands from the burning. No one who knows This contrast requires careful and detailed in- Christ as his Saviour and Lord would' wish to vestigation. Is the cause of unsatisfactory con- weaken the appeal for personal conversion, but it verts in Moslem lands due to the break up of their must be admitted that there are other factors to be social environment? If so, may it not be equally considered. Moslem converts in many cases have true that a wrong method has hindered the whole proved to be utterly unsatisfactory. Curiously progress of the Gospel. Some years ago in a vil- enough a normal Moslem often became an eccen- lage in the Near East a large number of Moslem tric Christian. Missionaries labored to win that . families asked for baptism. When I met them it convert and when he was baptized disillusionment was obvious that some were thinking of Chris- set in. Instead of fitting into his new surround- tianity in terms of "loaves and fishes," but others ings, often he proved to be restless and required seemed to be genuinely sincere. Once the news a great deal of nursing. When discipline was even leaked out great pressure was brought to bear by mildly applied he would fling off in a temper, re- the Moslems to prevent these men from becoming nounce Christianity and go back to Islam. Most Christians. Large bribes were offered if they missionaries in the Near East have had this ex- would remain Moslems. In the end .some went perience; but they have pegged away through back to Islam, but others accepted Christ. Now heart-breaking disappointments always hoping the point of this is that while the missionaries did that things would change and that a better type emphasize personal conversion the converts came of convert would appear, as in fact he did from forward as families. They lived on as before in time to time. their own village and tilled their land. They were The problem is not due to any failure of the sufficiently numerous to remain as a community Gospel, nor indeed to lack of faithfulness in the in the village. Instead of being driven from house missionaries. The Message has been honestly pre- and hQme, ostracized and disinherited, they con- tinued in their old homes which now became sented to Moslems. A certain number have be- Christian. Here the difficulties experienced so come Christians but many were failures. These often, of abnormal converts, did not appear beare the facts. What is the answer? A survey of cause in becoming Christian they still preserved the Moslem world shows that in the Dutch East Indies, and to a certain extent in Persia, this un- their social heritage.

satisfactory result does not obtain. If we examine This line of argument raises several still bigger the social environment of the converts, I believe issues. The old method of missionary work was that we shall find that, through the process of con- mainly an attack upon Islam as wrong and on the version, we have uprooted the Moslem, torn him prophet as false in his claims, and by comparison from hi'! QWn. ~pciftl Jif~ aIld transplanted him a pre~~nt~tioJl Qf Chri~t as th~ only true Saviour,

THE CHRISTIAN APPROACH TO MOSLEMS

The second half of this is all right. We believe similar experiences that Moslems claim to have. Christ to be the only Saviour, but by contrasting This may be illustrated frQm the eighth century Mohammed with Christ missionaries have created in Khurasan, where a young prince had a remarkin Moslem minds an antagonism to Christ. Instead able vision. He was out hunting one day when he of a Moslem agreeing that Christ was superior he heard a heavenly voice calling him from the purrather felt a kind of suppressed grievance against suit of pleasure to the service of God. This vision Him. Thus a wrong impression was created and came to him three times and at the third appeara missionary found himself in the prejudiced at- ance he fell to the ground and gave his life to mosphere, which frequently led to a heated debate. God's service. He then walked across to a shep- As the situation hardened the controversial herd near by and exchanged his clothes and horse method became a very common 'One in missionary for the shepherd's woolen garments; without propaganda. Argument led to counter argument, funds or material resources he set out on pilgrimand attack to counter attack, until the atmosphere age to Mecca. was so strained that it was impossible to sit down quietly and to explain the Christian message with- Missionaries need to study more the meaning out at once being involved in a bitter wrangle. of Islam because the root idea of complete sur- render to God contains a truth no Christian can lIo~ VVin nlosleDls? afford to neglect. Moslem mystics glory in the will of God and the strength of their position is How can I approach the Moslem without an- this acceptance of whatever God sends as right. tagonizing him? First, I must understand his Too often we have used the Koran simply for purpoint of view, his spiritual aspirations, and what poses of controversy, forgetting that it does conreligion means to him. We often hear it said that tain the spiritual pilgrimage of one who started Moslem prayers are a matter of words and for- with undoubted sincerity and who wrought a refmula because certain prayers are memorized and ormation in his own land such as no one either repeated five times a day. If therefore, as a Chris- before or since has ever been able to accomplish. tian, I talk about prayer to a Moslem and at the The strength of Mohammed was not merely milisame time believe that he has no real prayer life, tary prowess. He hammered out in the desert a I start from a prejudice and an assumption which conception of God that carried the Arabs to will make fellowship with Moslems impossible. I heights previously unattained, as he described God have heard Moslems pray extemporaneously, with as the Eternal, the Great, the Glorious. He drew no set form, with every evidence of intensity and men to religion by saying, "Whichever way ye reality. Here is what one Moslem lays down as a turn there is the face of God." He said: "All on rule about prayer: earth shall pass away, but the face of thy God shall abide resplendent with majesty and glory." Before the time of prayer comes the servant must be in a state of meditation and recollection, free from wander- Whatever may be our attitude toward Islam, we ing thoughts and considerations, and the remembrance of cannot help a Moslem unless we are really honest aught save God alone. Those who enter thus upon prayer in our approach. If we trade upon his ignorance from the heart, intent only upon God, will proceed from of either his or our faith, if we fail to see the eleprayer to prayer in that same state of recollection, and ments of truth and reality in his religion, if we will remain therein long after they have ceased to pray. condemn him and his faith when we do not know it enough to pass judgment upon it, we are not There is here a depth of insight into the meaning of prayer that could at once form common honest. ground between Christians and Moslems for a There is a Christian way of approach to the sharing of mutual experiences in prayer. Why should not our approach to the Moslem be by the Moslem which is noncontroversial, where we value road of prayer, by beginning with quiet and medi- all that is good in his faith and appreciate the tation, by a remembrance of the name of God, so spiritual values it contains. We need not give up that there may be between us a spiritual affinity any Christian convictions, nor need we deny our which would make discussion easy. own faith to recognize a value in his. We can well begin by learning from the Moslems, by shar- Again can we not appreciate more the teaching ing our spiritual experiences with them in such a of Islam on spiritual things? The Sufis have much way as to enable them to share their experiences in their writings that is curiously like parts of the with us. We may find much common ground in New Testament. One writer says, "The Sufi is our prayer lives, in our worship and in our conone whose heart is pure toward God"; another ceptions of God. How surprised many of us misaffirms that "Sufism is enmity to the world and sionaries would be if, when preaching about the love to the Lord." indwelling of Christ in our hearts, we heard some- one say, "I gazed into my own heart. There I As Christians we rightly place great importance saw Him. He was nowhere else." upon the need of a personal spiritual experience of God. It would help us to study more carefully Yet this comes from a Moslem. Often when we

get closer to the mystic we find a religious toler- earnest Moslems let us not forget that the witness ance that puts some Christians to shame. There of the Spirit ultimately always leads to Christ.

is a saying: "0 Lord, none but Thyself can No man can say, "Jesus Christ is Lord," but by fathom Thee; yet every mosque and church doth the Spirit. If we depend more upon the Spirit, harbour Thee." and realize that God is at work in the Moslem Where 9.oes all this lead us? Not to any form world, we shall see our task in new proportions.

of syncretism, but to a new sense of the values of We shall be content to let our lives be as living all truth, even where that is found in another seed. ,We shall not fret if converts are few at the . faith. It leads us ultimately to Christ who, in the moment. We shall not worry if men call Mo- end, must be the Crown of Islam. We lose nothing hammed, prophet. We shall see Christ supreme by recognizing broken lights of Him who is the and alive, seeking to break through in spiritual Light of the World. We do not diminish Christ's revelation and power into the lives of men. As glory when we see how God illumines every man the living truth works in the hearts, we shall see coming into the world. It is true, as St. Paul hasl men and women discovering a new meaning to said, "God has not left Himself without witness." life, as they learn that Islam must involve not only If we see evidence of the witness of the Spirit in surrender to God, but to God revealed in Jesus some of the teaching of Islam and in the lives of Christ.

A FEW FAOTS ABOUT ISLAM Islam, more than most religions, reflects the personality of its founder, Mohammed. He was born in Mecca, near the western coast of Arabia, about 570 A. D. When he was about forty years of age, he had a series of experiences which he interpreted as visions from God.

These ordered him to attack the idolatry and worldliness of his fellow citizens, and to proclaim one supreme God and a day of judgment. Converts at first gathered slowly, and they were subject to persecution.

In 622 A. D., the Hijrah, or Flight to Medina, took place, from which the Moslem calendar came to be reckoned. In Medina, Mohammed soon became head of the community and ruler as well as prophet. At the time of his death, in 632 A. D., not only Medina, but Mecca and practically the whole of Arabia, had accepted his doctrines.

The sayings of Mohammed, which are believed to have been dictated word for word to him by the Angel Gabriel, were later gathered together and they constitute the Koran. This scrIp- ture is divided into Suras, or chapters, arranged roughly according to length rather than in any chronological order. The Koran is the Bible of Islam, considered verbally infallible. Since it is often obscure, and since it failed to prescribe conduct or attitudes to be observed in subse- quent situations that arose, it was early supplemented by Traditions as to what Mohammed said or did under various circumstances. These rules of conduct were, in time, codified into legal systems.

The five principal observances of Islam are: (1) the recitation of the creed-"There is no God but God, and Mohammed is his Prophet"; (2) worship, the set forms of prayer which are to be performed five times a day; (3) alms, a certain proportion of the income being pre- scribed from those of means for the benefit of the poor; (4) fasting from sunrise to sunset during the Ramadan; (5) malting the Haj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca once in a lifetime by those who are able.

Among various prohibitions are intoxicants, usury, making of images, and games of chance. On the other hand, Mohammed's relations with women led him to permit four legal wives as well as concubines, and to recommend the seclusion of women. The Jihad, or war against countries controlled by unbelievers, has always been considered a duty. As in other religions, these observances have been much relaxed in practice.

In the first century of its existence Islam split into two principal sects, the Sunni, which is in the majority in most Moslem countries, and the Shia, containing the bulk of Persians, about half of Iraq, and smaller communities in other lands. In addition to these, there have been many other sects. _ Moslem theology has emphasized the unity and power of God, and has been especially severe on anything that seemed like polytheism or idolatry. At the same time saint worship has been quite general; there is also much superstition, together with mystical or emotional exercises.-Quoted from "The Moslem Faces the Future," by T. H. P. Sailer.

Reactions to the

By JAMES HALDANE, Mazagan, Morocco -.•~ Southern Morocco Mission; Author of "Missionary Romance in Morocco," "Morocco in Mufti," etc.

W HEN we present the Gospel of Christ to tion and have the means at their disposal to carry individual Moslems we find them reacting the effort to a climax.

to our message in a variety of attitudes Jeremiah, and other Hebrew prophets, acted and tempers. When the reaction is born of fa- sometimes in' strange manner with a view to exnaticism the man allows you the utterance of only citing their audience into a listening mood, and a few sentences, after which there is a manifesta- employed what we might call a sanctified guile to tion of petulence, rising to passion and finding its grip hearts which could not be reached by ordiclimax in vociferation and whirling gestures. The man's mind is infested with vitiated religious sentiments which, when stirred by an element that opposes them, make the body a medium for their manifestation and produce a condition akin to madness. In the presence of such a man the missionary is confronted with the question of what means he must employ to exercise these exorbitant religious notions from the mind where they are lodged.

Let it be said with emphasis that, whatever A MOSLEM "HOLY MAN'S" HABITATION IN MOROCCO attitude we take towards the fanatic, whatever means we employ to deal with such malady, it nary means. Let me give an instance – one of must be based on sympathy. A display of irrita- many used in my work among Moors-to illustrate tion, an exhibition of caustic temper or rancor, the method. far from mitigating the evil, will aggravate it. A movement from the basis of sympathy to attack I was dealing with a small group of men while religious enormities and delusions, as manifested a number of others, who were merely spectators, by the fanatic, does not imply an unsteady tread sat beside us. There was a wild scene in which suggestive of fear and helplessness. It means reason was caged and rowdyism became rampant. that we are approaching with love and under- I tried everything within the range of ordinary standing a victim who has been born and reared methods used to calm them into a listening attiunder the glare of superstition and religious in- tude but all in vain. I was faced with the alternafatuations, one who has come under the impact of tive of doing something unusual to overcome this a single idea which drives him past all other con- devastating display of fanaticism, or abandoning siderations. these men as hopeless material. I decided to imi- In deaJing with such men it may be necessary to adopt an attitude of silence, at least until some of their fierceness has subsided. In some instances one may detect, seeping through the crevices of a disordered mind, an occasional show of intelligence which casts a passing gleam upon the countenance. Just at that moment one may be able to shoot in a word like an arrow that will find its mark, touch the reason and stimulate it to accept the challenge of a new line of thought. And on occasion fanaticism may be countered by cajolery. But this experiment should not be tried by any but those who, through long contact with the peopIe among whom they labor, understand the situa- [471 ]

tate the Hebrew prophets. Taking off my boot, as if he were afraid that the usual tone of voice ignoring my audience as if it did not exist, I filled would be an interruption. With this show of init with stones. These I shook inside the boot, tense earnestness he lures the preacher on, and emptied them out and filled the boot again. With just at the moment when we are ready to urge his a show of much earnestness this process was kept surrender to Christ he riSes up, draws his fingers up for sometime. Their interest was directed into through his beard, shakes the dust from his gara new channel; they could not understand what I ments, exclaims in a loud voice, "There is no God was doing and were astonished that I had so easily but Allah and Mohammed is His prophet," and tripped away from a serious theological discus- strides away with an air of triumph. sion into the trivial business of shaking stones inside a boot. Their curiosity mounted until it could In some of our meetings, within doors and in no longer be curbed: the open, we have an audience that has come to- gether by consent to extract some pleasurable ex- "Whatever are you doing?" they asked. citement by engaging the foreign preacher in argument. On one occasion a number of young A VISIT TO MOSLEM BEDOUIN fellows came tumbling into my meeting for this purpose. As clearly as if the words had been "You are all acting like madmen and I deter- chiselled on their foreheads I read, "Weare here mined to help you ollt,~' T replied. for fun." I put away my Bible, erected the black- board, put down a sum in addition and invited This had the desired effect for it suddenly struck anyone in the company to come forward, take the them that their vociferation and whirling move- chalk and do the sum. Several came forward and ments were, in the circumstances, as foolish and attempted to add the figures but no one added futile as shaking stones in a boot. Then at my them correctly. invitation they squatted on the ground and together we examined calmly the message of Jesus. "If ever you are to rise above being water car- riers and laborers you must learn to count," I said. Another type we meet is the man who reacts to our message with a cunning camouflage, whose So we continued the exercise until they became aim is to humiliate the missionary. He makes a greatly interested and some could add up figures show of much earnestness and on occasion will before we finished. I invited them to return the sway his body to emphasize his concern for his following week to learn subtraction. soul. At the mention of forgiveness through Jesus Christ he will stare with the surprise of one who "This is the way into an office and a good job," has just made a great discovery. And as the I heard them say as they talked among themselves. story unfolds he will say in a whisper, "Proceed," They were so pleased with their progress that they all shook hands with me before taking their de- parture.

The following week they walked into my meet- ing, some of them with copy books and pencils. We put simple subtraction problems on the board. Interest reached a climax when some of the more intelligent ones were able to find the solution to what I had put down. At this juncture I wrote on the board: ADD TOGETHER: FORMAL PRAYERS, FASTS, LUST, LOVE OF THE WORLD.

SUBTRACT: DEATH.

RESULT: NOTHING.

What a discovery this was! Addition and sub- traction could be applied to theology.

Again this problem: ADD TOGETHER: SIN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.

SUBTRACT: – THE REDEMPTION OF JESUS'

CHRIST.

RESULT: FORGIVENESS AND ETERNAL LIFE.

This proved to be the beginning of an interest- ing work among those young fellows, some of

MOSLEM REACTIONS TO THE GOSPEL

whom continued· to attend my Bible class for that, if he gives Christianity a trial and it does not years. fulfil expectations, he may find the doors of the Then there is the polite man, the person who fold he has left barred against him. He wants to wishes to be courteous and who would treat an make an experiment with a new faith, for he is outburst of antagonism from any religious quar- deeply conscious of the inadequacy of Islam to ter as an outrage against good manners. When provide the assurance of pardon that he seeks.

we introduce our Gospel to this type there is no He is like a man who, dissatisfied with the job he display of opposition and almost no evidence of interest. He simply allows you to talk on, and says, "Yes," to everything. He is like a man who, busy with his own thoughts, will occasionally make a remark to the child that chatters by his side just to show that he is not displeased at its interrup- tions, although he finds nothing in its chatter to be cherished as valuable information. When we have given our Message and ask this man what he thinks of it, and what attitude he is going to take towards Jesus, he skirts the issue by inviting us to drink tea, or by diverting attention in some way calculated to close the subject.

What are we to do with that sort of man? Va- rious methods may be employed in an effort to awaken real interest in him. I give one example: "Well, let's go inside and drink tea now," said my Moslem friend after I had made a serious en- deavor to point him to Christ. We sat down to sip tea and I put this question to him: "I'm interested in Islam; what steps would I be required to take if I decided to become a Mos- lem ?"

The question gripped him and he began to teach me with much solemnity. He had gone far when I injected extraneous matter.

"Are your shoes made of leather or cloth?" I inquired.

He talked on and every now and then I inter- jected some trivial question and gazed around me indifferently. He became annoyed and said: "You are not listening."

"It doesn't matter, just go on," I replied. There was a spell of silence and then I asked: "Do you consider me a bad listener?"

"You certainly are," came the quiet reply.

"Do you know who taught me to listen badly?"

"Say who?"

"The gentleman who sat with me outside the A MOSLEM FANATIC IN MOROCCO door a little time ago." has, would fain go out and search for another, but "So you are taking revenge?" he said with a is afraid that should his quest fail his present em- ployer might not take him back. grin. "N0, only trying to teach you a lesson."

A more interesting, as well as more hopeful, In dealing with this type, which is common type is the man who has a real interest in spiritual enough, rush tactics do not succeed. In exalting matters and who is willing to make some real sac- the capital doctrine of the agency of the Holy rifice to reach the assurance that there is a way Spirit in dealing with such men we must not over- to obtain God's forgiveness, an offer of Eternal look the means of patience and instruction from Life. But there are difficulties in the way. The the missionary's side. To expect such a man, man is encumbered by an imaginative ignorance whose mind is sodden with superstition and that dogs his steps the moment he steps out to cramped from bold thinking by ignorance, to take meet Christ. He is embarrassed with the fear one long stride towards the objective we place be-

fore him is rather too much. He states his need, types enumerated above, gathered in a meeting shows interest in the Gospel message, but shies at where the Gospel is to be preached with a view to the suggestion that he should pass immediately their conversion. Our aim is to gain a hearing over the chasm that separates Islam and Chris- from them all. It would simplify matters if one tianity. Every time the man is forced forward could separate them according to their class, and he reacts with caution. present the Gospel in a manner calculated to meet the particular needs of each section, but this is HIGHIDR CLASS MOSLIDMS OF MOROCCO rarely possible. We must take the audience as we find it. In an effort to arouse the indifferent from their torpor we may say something that will un- sheath the passions of the fanatic and so have a tumult before the meeting is well begun. Or if we stress the finality of the cross of Christ as a means of taking away sin we are likely to hear the muffled rumblings of some who consider it is their duty to counter this teaching by repetitions of Islam's creed. These cross-currents will in turn disturb the polite section of our meeting whose only desire is to conduct themselves in a proper manner, and who would probably rise up and go out if there was any sign of rowdyism.

To place such a meeting in the hands of an in- experienced missionary is to do an injustice to our cause. Some will say: "Preach the Gospel and leave it at that. Let them all have the pure Gospel: there our responsibility ends."

The fact is one considers the Gospel to be such a blessed thing, and such consequences hang upon its presentation, that it is felt to be a kind of sacrilege to offer it to a rabble.

In a meeting of the type I am describing there are two factors which determine what results will be produced. In the first place there is the factor of atmosphere; the missionary's first business is to create one that will harmonize with the exalted theme he desires to present. This cannot be One more type is the man who meets all our – approaches with deadly indifference. In extreme cases we are almost made to feel that we are A HILARIOUS GROUP INTERVIEWING A MISSIONARY speaking to a corpse! The man can be turned from one position to another, rolled over from achieved by a process of shouting and pounding. one doctrine to another, without showing interest What means, then, must we use to create an ator resistance. There was a half silly man who mosphere worthy of a serious undertaking such as lived in our village in the days of my boyhood. presenting the issues of life and death as con- We used to tease him. He had enough sense to tained in the message of the New Testament? look after a cow but little more.

"Ah, Geordi," we would say, "did you give the cow a drink?" "Yes," he replied. Of course there would not be any water in the pail. We would continue. "No," he would reply naively. That silly teasing comes back to my mind almost every time I meet the Moslem type I am now dealing with. He answers "yes" and "no," according as we suggest, no matter how contradictory the replies may be.

Now think of fifty Moslems, a mixture of the

The answer is: a vigorous and proper use of The second factor is, motive. I have not space the native tongue of one's audience. There is no to develop this point. The most ignorant audience, substitute for this. Accent is not a serious handi- not to speak of those on a higher level, is concerned cap, but to flounder about in a sea of foreign words with the motive of the preacher. This concern is is simply to tickle or irritate an audience accord- born, not of analysis but of instinct. There is an ing to its mood. An easy flow of language, studied instinctive feeling of enquiry in every audience and correct, has a tremendous effect. If one can we face as to the motive of our preaching. That is prove to the listeners that he has not only an easy why many missionaries will not develop any phase flow of their language, but also an understanding of work where money comes into play. Mercenary of its underlying significance and subtleties, the motives may easily be attributed, by primitive chances are in his favor for getting a good hear- people, to money transactions accompanying Gos-' ing. Sale points out in his introduction to the pel services. (See the New Testament on this Koran that the success of that book is due in no subject.) small measure to the jingle of its words. The opening chapter of the Koran, when well read, My aim here is to show that natives are consounds like the jingling of bells. If, then, we find stantly watching our motives, and unless we can the atmosphere in a meeting unsuited to our mes- convince them that all our work springs from the sage, we must not imagine that we are false to our motive of love, we labor in vain. That is why a mission if we introduce some extraneous matter warning about sin and its consequences, a referfor the purpose of getting the proper conditions ence to the futility of Islam or an exposure of its established. Here is a method I have employed contradictions should never be carried out with times without number when faced with a meeting any show of triumph, lest we give the impression difficult to handle: that our aim is to score points. Even when en- gaged in disputation, as must sometimes happen, The audience is a mixed multitude-antagon- our words should be the breathing of love. Livism, hilarity, indifference and suspicion surge ingstone's achievements among primitive Afrithrough the atmosphere, and one detects an effort cans were due, almost solely, to this fact: he conon the part of some to scuttle the meeting. To in- vinced them, not merely that he was an honest troduce Jesus Christ in this atmosphere would be man or a good man, but that he loved Africa and to give them the very opportunity they desire to its people intensely. wreck the meeting, for it would present the object for attack. Much to their surprise the preacher With these two factors-a suitable atmosphere, claims only that there is one God and He has no and divine love in our hearts to supply the impetus partners. The next step is to show that all the for all our work-we may say, even when statistics good things we receive in this life are from His deny their support, the faithful missionary of hand. A sense of reverence asserts itself, for this Christ "shall doubtless come again rejoicing is what they all believe. The next step is to show bringing his sheaves with him." that many of the boons that reach us, coming from God, do so through the medium of our own DISTRIBUTION OF MOSLEMS labors, as for instance when we plough. "That," we say, "is why it is a good thing to have a trade." By GOVERNMENTS We then introduce lines from one of their own poets. This creates interest. There is now an Total Moslems in the world-about ……. . 240,000,000 atmosphere of reverence and interest. We quote Moslems under British rule (including Egypt) 94,000,000 the lines again and again: Moslems under other Western Governments ., 94,000,000 Moslems under MQslem Governments ……. . 38,000,000 Mal jiddeen A parent's legacy Moslems under other Eastern Governments ., 14,400,000 Yiteem; Will finish hastily; DISTRIBUTION-BY CONTINENTS Ma yibka All will fade Khir snaa Except the trade America-North and South …………… . 130,000 Australia and Islands ……………….. . 1,030,000 Yideen. You handle daily. Europe and Soviet Russia …………….. . 12,000,000 Africa ……………………………. . 53,000,000 It may be said that there is no Gospel in this. Asia and Malaysia ………………….. . 154,000,000 True; and there is no Gospel in a banner, a bell or a band. Yet these are constantly in use in INTERESTING HISTORICAL DATA Christian work for the purpose of creating interest and a proper atmosphere preliminary to intro- Birth of Mohammed, 570 A. D. Death of Mohammed, ducing the Gospel. I have a whole collection of 632 A.D. Moslem poems, proverbs and stories which I use almost daily in my meetings, for the same purpose Hejira (Mohammed's flight from Mecca), 622 A. D. as I use low gear in my automobile; that is, to get Battle of Tours (defeat in West Europe), 732 A. D. Moslems driven from Spain (by Ferdinand II), 1492. a start. Capture of Constantinople by the Turks-1453 A. D. Young Turks proclaim new Constitution-1908 A. D. End Qf the Caliphate (Turkey), 1924 A. D. Religious freedom in Iran (Persia), 1925 A. D.

Moslems for

By REV. JOHN VAN ESS, D.D., Basrah, Iraq Missionary of the Reformed Church in America THE objective of missionary work is to bring With this as my creed, I go back tomorrow to Moslems to a saving knowledge of Christ. my school. It is the last week of my twenty-fifth But what is "a saving knowledge"? Is bap- year as a teacher of Arabs. For twenty years this tism of converts the criterion of success? Christian school was on the crest of a wave of popularity. Being the first in this region, it has Salvation is assuredly not merely a "ticket into educated or at least vitally touched about three the ark," so to speak. To "accept Christ" is not thousand young Arabs. Each of these has met merely to assent to the formula "Christ died for Cl).rist or heard His message in the vernacular my sins." Our Lord's constant emphasis on the from my own lips, months and years on end, in Kingdom implies a King and an organization, with systematic and progressive Bible study. Hundreds laws, implied strife and victory. This Kingdom of these young men have been absorbed into the begins on earth but will be an eternal Kingdom as political and economic life of the land, and you its King is eternal. When a man is saved, there- can count on the fingers of two hands those who fore, he is saved not so much "from" as "unto"- have definitely gone bad. I can explain it only on unto Life, unto obedience, to fruitfulness, to har- the assumption that the light of Christ has somemony, to eventual and complete adjustment to how produced a change on the film of their heart God. The Cross is not merely a tragic drama on and thought life. Calvary on a Friday afternoon in a city in Palestine. We read of the "Lamb slain from the foun- And now has come nationalism. The Iraq Govdation of the world," of the Word that was in the ernment, in its youthful exuberance, is establishbeginning with God, that was God. The Cross was ing schools of all grades everywhere. They are eternally in the heart of God; Calvary was its good schools, well equipped and staffed. They tragic demonstration in time. The Atonement has have behind them all the prestige and resources of a gigantic sweep, far wider than the salvation of the Government. There are many respects in a confessed minority. The Atonement is a process which, pedagogically speaking, I do not agree with of divine dimensions, a process that began with the system. But the Government has the right to God's eternal purpose of good, reached its supreme decide its own objective and to formulate its own demonstration on Golgotha, and was consummated method. In a missionary school I cannot compete on Easter morning. "If Christ be not raised, ye with the Government on its own ground, nor are yet in your sins." should 1. Two summers ago, driving along a coun- try road in Michigan, I asked a farmer, "Where So I do not visualize myself as standing on a does this road go?" He replied, "Stranger, if you dock with a boat-hook, desperately grasping at follow it long enough, this road will lead you to the souls that come rushing by. According to my the cemetery." As Christians we are often in Lord's precept and example I work for individuals, danger of going up the road to a mental cemetery, but all the time I am conscious that those whom I where lie the dead bones of dead controversies. may miss do not "drift beyond His love and care." As missionaries we are in danger of going up the Above the din and clatter of my clumsy efforts I road to a cemetery of method, if not of message. hear Christ say "I have overcome the world"- The famous Dr. Abraham Kuyper of Amsterdam the cosmos. And so I visualize the world, the said, "The fault of the Church is not that she made whole cosmic order, the whole social, economic, creeds, but that she stopped making creeds." political, as well as the religious set-up, as being brought into obedience unto Him. Anything else As a missionary educator, I am closing a chap- is defeatism and defeatism is treason. Pro rege is ter of twenty-five years, with no regrets, and with. the device on my banner. pleasantest memories, grateful that it has been my privilege to be a pathfinder, and looking around Physical death, then, can no longer be a cri- for new fields to enter and new paths to open. I terion of anything either to me or the Moslem. am deliberately cutting out the top of my tree, so My missionary work is only a beginning, and in- to speak, gradually eliminating the high school deed will never stop. Christ promised a Life that grades, and concentrating on the depressed classes now is and spoke of death that ceases to be.

[476 ] who comprise about two-thirds of the population. outside of myself, illuminating the whole and shed- They do not come within the perimeter of the offi- ding its power over myself and my pupils. But cial vision, and will not do so for a generation. there is the phenomenon. They are desperately poor but they are desperately in earnest. Their economic condition does not For years and years I had tried to present allow them to remain in school more than six years Christ to the Arab boys: His life, His Cross, His at the most, after which they must return to their salvation. A young American, fresh from college, villages or to their former economic plane, equip- with the light of heaven in his eye and the smile ped, we trust, to lift up that plane to a higher level. of God on his face, came to join me for a short Any higher education I leave to the government term. For fifteen months he taught the boys, lived schools which admittedly qualify only for govern- with them, played with them, brothered them. ment jobs and already have reached the point of Then, by an accident, God took him. The boys besupersaturation. Out of the morass of this little' gan to come to me and say, "Sir, now we underproblem I leave the government to struggle as best stand what you have been trying to teach us about it may. God; how He made Himself visible, and lived among us, and suffered with us, and died for us. And so, after a quarter of a century, I stand We have seen it in Mr. Raymond. That is what again where I stood at the beginning. I am again God did." I awoke to the fact that we cannot teaching small boys in simple subjects, and am make men hear the Atonement; we must make back in the daily irritations of discipline and routine. One of my former colleagues, a man of wide men see it. reputation, said to me: "Van Ess, I thought you had it in you to put up a college in Iraq." To I am quite unruffled by government competition which I replied, "I am really prouder of the fact and by decreased appropriations. Indeed, the dethat I had it in me not to put up a college in Iraq." With the rise of nationalism, missionary colleges pression and the consequent cuts have made me are being forced to the wall. India may be an ex- cut out a lot of underbrush, so that I can now see ception, though in the new constitution lurk the path more plainly. Even the casual remarks ominous obstacles. That they have done a splen- of well-meaning friends that the school seems to did service is undoubtedly true but how much be going backward, does not sting anymore. As room there remains for them is a serious question. But there remains a great deal of room at the a matter of fact, there is a far greater percentage bottom. This to my mind is the great challenge of Moslems in the school than ever before, and all to missionary educators today. The greatest con- available space is filled. "Why are most of your tribution we missionary educators can make is not boys barefoot?" asked a government inspector. in the doing of big things in a comparatively small "Why do all the barefoot boys come to me 7" I way, but in the doing of little things in a big way. answered. For that task we need all the mentality, and all the education and all the experience, and all the Where now does all this fit into my pretentious manhood, and all the linguistic ability, and all the creed? Next door to my house is an electric powerhumility, and all the spiritual equipment we can station. Into one end is fed the crude oil; out of command. When the world's proletariat awakes, the other end comes that strange, invisible, potent within the next generation, as it inevitably must, fluid called electricity. The cause is not at all will men, by that time, be familiar with us and commensurate with the result. The only function our message and our Lord, or will they, as in of the crude oil has been to be consumed. Some- Russia, revolt against Christianity that has cham- where along the line, in the dynamo in fact, it has pioned the rights of the privileged classes? If been transformed into energy. It is carried miles one great truth of the Cross of Christ is, in Jesus' away to the wharves where it raises heavy burown words, "I have power to lay down my life dens and lights dark streets and houses. I cannot, and I have power to take it again," surely we dis- and we cannot by education or any other method, ciples can best preach that Cross in our own daily change the world. But we can be consumed, willhumiliation. I, for one, wish to bear witness to ingly, humbly, gladly, for our efforts are made dythe compensation that comes from a humble effort namic in the Cross. "I fill up on my part that in that direction. which is lacking of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh." During the past year I have had a daily experience, which you may explain as you like but which Anyone who knew Turkey before the World is, none-the-Iess, intensely real. As I teach the War knows that there was not one ray of light Gospel lessons to class after class, lessons which I on the horizon of missionary work among Moshave taught literally hundreds of times, a shaft of lems. In five short years, what happened? The light seems to come from somewhere, certainly Caliphate was abrogated, the Sultan was expelled, and a republic was established; Islam was dis- established, womanhood was emancipated, suf- frage was made universal. The Turkish revolution came like a bolt from the blue. I have heard

famous professors of international affairs confess innovations, which seemed impossible a decade or their inability to explain it. It seems plain to me, two ago, are rapidly being realized. however. For eighty years the American missionaries had been working in Turkey, and prayers, Another innovation, the lawfulness of which the tears, the sighs, the labors, the gifts of God's has been hotly contested, is the translation of the people were consumed for Turkey. They were Koran into English. After a lengthy debate in the made dynamic in the eternal Cross of Christ; the secular press, the Government and the leaders of energy was banked up behind the barrage of God's reform have gotten round the difficulty by affirmpurpose until in His own time He let it loose on ing that while the Koran can never be translated Turkey, and something more had to happen. into any other language, what is now being at- tempted is to translate the teaching of the Book A couple of generations ago a young Chinese especially for the benefit of the English-speaking lad named Sun Yat Sen learned in a mission school peoples. The large increase of religious articles in Honolulu the three uniquely Christian prin- and debates in the secular press, both Arabic and ciples: Liberty, Democracy, Social Justice; today English, is another noticeable development, and if China is in the throes of a new birth. And so it to this we add the broadcasting of the chanting of is in India, and I believe in Russia. To me the the Koran several times a day, while Christians great and humiliating fact about Russia is that the are not allowed to broadcast even a reading of the Church has let Communism steal her thunder of Scripture, we get an idea of the strength of the demanding social justice. propaganda that is being daily carried on.

From the segment of a circle we can tell from The remarkable growth in Egypt of Moslem rethe degree of curvature, not only how big the ligious societies to further the teaching of Islam circle is but where the center is. And everywhere from every aspect impresses itself upon Christian in the round world today we can see the segments residents. The most active of these is the Young being filled in, all centering in Christ, a gigantic Men's Moslem Association. It is a regular centre sweep, a stupendous Kingdom of Divine dimen- of political and religious intrigue. The same sions. spread is also noticeable in the Islamic periodicals and magazines, which are distributed far· and So I go back to my little school tomorrow, con- wide, even in the remotest villages. This new fident of contributing a small but none the less a movement has even reached the neglected southern real part to one segment, and overwhelmed by a European Moslems, and very recently these held sense of unutterable privilege. How many bap- a Moslem conference in Geneva, so that they tisms? A greater missionary than any of us said: should not be left behind in the reforms. Needless "Christ sent me not to baptize but to preach." to say, Islam is being interpreted now-a-days in terms of Christian doctrine. MODERN REFORMS IN ISLAM The agitation of the Feminist Movement against The disintegration of Islam is true only in a plurality of marriage, the prevalence of divorce very qualified sense. The old and primitive type (at present 47 per cent), and the neglect of chilof Islam is giving way to a new form of teaching dren is but like a voice crying in the wilderness, and to an interpretation in line with modern which soon dies in the arid air of Islam. The Western ideas and philosophy. This new move- greatest hindrance to Arab advance and the ment carries with it the vitality and momentum of spread of Islam has been hitherto the wide diveryouth, accompanied with the zeal, if not fanati- gence of views and the animosities among the difcism, of the old Islam, so that, in a very real sense, ferent states, but the Alliance recently signed there is revival in Islam. among all the Arab states and with Egypt joining them, presents a united Islamic front. This revival is most in evidence in Egypt, which is taking the lead among Moslem countries. It Islam is essentially a primitive religion, a fact has actually carried along with it the great centre of which all the leaders boast -and emphasize on of Islamic learning, the Azhar University, that all occasions; no wonder if we see it breaking immobile institution which has for the last thou- down under the demands of modern progress and sand years defied any scheme of reform. The cur- civilization; they are trying to reconstruct it riculum of the University now demands the study along modern lines. It will remain to be seen of science along European lines, and of modern whether such external reforms will prove the relanguages. Promising students have even been vival or the death of Islam.–Condensed from an sent to European universities, and other startling article by an Egyptian Christian in Egypt, "Gen- eral M-vssion News," 1936.

PATIENTS AT A WAYSIDE DISPENSARY IN

A Christian Doctor Among Moslems By PAUL HARRISON, M.D., Muscat, Arabia Missionary of the Reformed Church in America ~~N0. ' I DO NOT believe in forcing religion with God. I have never met a missionary who was down people's throats. I believe in med- foolish enough to suppose that a man could be ical missions though." forced into Christian faith, nor wicked enough to More mistakes it would be hard to put into two attempt it.

sentences. Ordinary missionaries force religion And if any have illusions as to the redemptive upon the sensitive innocence of the unprotected, capacity of Atebrin pills, and Elastoplast band- whereas the medical missionary who has re- ages, and Davis and Geck sutures, the medical mis- nounced the Devil and all his works, redeems them sionary has none. Men with their hernias skill- with pills, plasters, and catgut sutures. fully repaired, stab their neighbors just as fero- Neither the minister nor his medical colleague ciously in the bazaar, and marry their fourth wife, is so foolish. None of us try to force anything on a baby of twelve, with just as animal a glitter in anybody. Those who are willing, we introduce to their eyes, as they did before. None watch the Jesus Christ, with as deep and discriminating an dreadful pageant of human ignorance, and sin and introduction as desire anct background make pos- suffering, with quite so deep and terrible an under- sible. Christ's contact with them depends even standing as the doctor, none know so well as he, more on the depth of our surrender to Him, and that the wages of sin is death, and before it is the radiance of our daily walk in His company. death, it is disease.

In the affairs of the spirit coercion is poison. Be- And so the medical missionary thanks God with fore us always is the beauty of Christ's example, all his heart that he is as other men are; i. e., an as He led free men into a redeeming fellowship evangelist whose life object is to bring Christ to 479

those who need Him. Ignorance has crippled the afternoon, in the hospital courtyard, and on weekmen whom Mohammed captured so many years day evenings they saw Christ on the Cross through ago. Sin has overcome them. Their diseases the stereopticon. Smooth sailing? Not always. come from sin. So does their poverty which is A month ago our outlying dispensary in Nuchl, 75 almost worse than disease in these terrible areas. miles from Muscat, was summarily closed, and we So, also, that emptiness of soul which makes the ejected. But the people there want us to return, inner poverty of the rich, worse many times, than and it will be only a short time probably, before the outer poverty of the poor. If only Christ can we are back. fill some of these souls with the radiance of His Eternal life, they will be a light for the entire There are many areas in the world where the community, just as He promised. Yes,. and in medical missionary is still a pioneer in the simplest sense of that word. No missionary except he. can AN ARAB CHIEF, WITH DR. HARRISON WHOM HE INVITED enter. Central Arabia is such an area. Sois TO VISIT HIS TRIBES IN INLAND ARABIA Afghanistan, and Tibet, and parts of Northwest China. Often even he can go only by special invithat radiant group, Christ Himself will find the tation, and very infrequently. Sometimes he can one joy and happiness that men are capable of take his evangelistic colleague with him. On~e I giving Him. heard of a consecrated music teacher finding an entrance when even the Doctor was shut out. But What part have the medical missionaries played the brunt of this campaign is carried by the docin the great Eternal enterprise of carrying Christ tors. They visit such places on medical tours, to the Mohammedans? A genuine part and an treat those who need medical help, present Christ honorable one. We go where no one else can. to those who will listen, make many friends. Harold Storm made a trip two years ago which included pretty well the whole southern coast of On occasion theYl;re driven out, but they re~ Arabia. With trifling exceptions, that whole sec- turn.. and eventually tlieMission is invited to come tion can be reached only by the medical mission- in and establish a permanent station. Such a staary. And can the Gospel be preached on such a tion may begin with only the medical missionary tour? It can. Last year in Sur, a wild and fanati- in residence. Eventually he is joined by his evancal place, men listened to the Gospel every Sunday gelistic colleague.

It is a great step in advance when a permanent mission station is established. Then the impact of Christian family life is felt, and that is by far the heaviest piece of artillery that we have. The difference between the Christian and the Moham- medan family is an apologetic which admits of no answer. But in this station too, the active medical work of the mission hospital has a great part to play. Dozens and scores and hundreds come to the dispensary. They do not become Christians, but they do become friends. And in the hospital itself men listen to the Christian message with a more friendly ear than elsewhere, and during their days of comfortable convalescence, the same mes- sage can be repeated many times, until some de- gree of comprehension is reached. Christ walks up and down the aisles of these primitive mission- ary hospitals, and the doctor succeeds in making Him visible to some of those who are his guests.

Abdullah was such a patient. He came with the largest ulcer of the year, and we have many ulcers by no means small. His measured six by four inches. Only the swollen condition of the foot made such dimensions possible. After three months he is nearly healed. Abdullah is one of' those fine, sincere, gentle souls, who show that Christ is indeed the light that lighteth every man. The Gospel story was water to his thirsty soul. Abdullah is one of the fortunate few who can read. For weeks he was a hospital fixture, with his leg

A CHRISTIAN DOCTOR AMONG MOSLEMS

stretched out so it could lie in the sun, while he emerging medical profession in these new states earnestly studied the New Testament. He follows can reach full growth. In the meantime the med- Christ now, with deep sincerity, and just ahead is ical missionary can take under his wing these newthe realization that Christ and Mohammed do not fledged doctors, and to their science add ethics, walk the same road. Abdullah returned home two and to their ethics compassion, and to their comweeks ago. May God keep him. passion, freedom from the love of money, and if when he has finished with some of them, these Young men of the community make up the hos- things be in them and abound, he will have made pital staff. They are chosen after much elimina- a very great contribution indeed. And the most tion of inferior material, because they have unusual deftness of hand, and kindliness of soul. PATIElNTS AT THE MISSION HOSPITAL They are not Christians when they enter the hospital service. No such material is available. But important members of this group which he trains, some of these boys come to see Christ as He walks will be the Christian doctors who become under beside them, ministering to men and women who his hands, pillars in the church, and ornaments of suffer. Mobarrek is such a convert. The whole the Kingdom of God. town of Muttreh has been lit up by the beauty and simplicity of his Christian confession. Two of his The medical missionary is a member of the comrades in the hospital have already followed his great eternal succession, through which from example, and the Sultan himself has listened to Abraham to Hudson Taylor, God has unfolded His his testimony. program of Divine power and salvation. The Church of Christ has been set up in the Moham- The medical missionary is a missionary in his medan world. In Iran she has reached the magown right. He is also a member of a mission sta- nificent virility of youth. Even in Arabia the intion where team work is very important. The fant church has been born. Thus does the last evangelistic impact of such a team can be very citadel of human error and sin slowly open to the great. Only a small part of the preaching can be love of Christ. The medical missionary's heart done by the doctor. Proclaiming the truth of is filled with gratitude that in this great adventure Christ is the evangelist's task, illustrating the of the Divine Will, he has been permitted to have grace of Christ is the doctor's (though to be sure a share, and at times to carry the flag. the evangelist does that too). The intelligent and effective mercy of the hospital is a Christian les- ISLAM AS A RELIGION son of the first order. It is the hospital which makes the Christian Gospel intelligible. Moreover Moslem Creed: "There is no God but God and Mohammed there are Christian lessons of no mean order in is the prophet of God." Includes pantheism and scientific medicine per se. Truth is one thing, and animism. error something else. Noone who assists at surgical operations doubts that for very long. The Jesus is regarded as a human prophet inferior to Mopatients believe it too. Ignorance is one thing and hammed. discriminating knowledge something else, and no one knows that quite so wen as the patient to Materialistic and sensual Paradise. whom an accurate diagnosis brings relief after Five supreme duties-witnessing, saying prayers (five many disappointments. Cleanliness is different times a day), almsgiving, the Fast of Ramadhan, pilfrom filth, a rule that holds in the realm of the grimage to Mecca. (Also Holy War.) spirit as well as in the world of bacteria. There Weakness or Islwm-formalism, fatalism, militarism, senis no antidote to superstition like the microscope. sualism, stagnation, polygamy, slavery, blind adher- A louse there, looks far more dangerous than the ence to tradition. evil eye itself. St?'ength of Islamr-belief in one supreme imnipotent God, loyalty to their faith, people of one sacred book, ag- The function of the medical missionary is a tem- gressive in witnessing, courageous. porary function. He understands that. We do not send medical missionaries to Japan. Medical schools are making their appearance in nearly all of the Moslem countries. There is such a school in Teheran, Iran. There is another in Baghdad. They will give first class medical training. In such a country the medical missionary faces a new problem, and new problems mean new opportunities, if only we can see them with God's eyes. The place and the need for the medical missionary are passing away, but it will be years before the

Power of the Printed

By MABEL H. ERDMAN, Beirut, Syria i Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, U. s. A. 1Jie– I .l"". "/ LITTLE old man with greying beard and than all else I was impressed by the beauty and kindly, smiling hazel eyes sits in a wheel the purity of Christ's teaching and character. chair on the veranda of a Home for the "Suddenly I was covered with confusion. This Aged in a near East city. His face is lined, but thing which I considered beautiful, this story the Tines are those of a thinker. He is talking to which was written in my own sacred tongue, was his Moslem neighbor – a thin, time-scarred old a despised Christian thing, a false book which they gentleman whose bed has been pulled out on the dared to set up in comparison with the holy balcony. The first old man is telling something Koran! Hastily I hid it lest I be detected.

of his early life. A missionary friend listens while "Days slipped by, during which I condemned the tale is told. myself on the one hand and indulged my curiosity "Years ago I lived in the Holy City where I was on the other. Finally I decided that there was no a keeper in a large mosque. I was a devout Mos- harm in carrying the book about with me. After lem, wearing the green turban to which I was en- all, my devotion to Islam could not be questioned.

titled as a direct descendant of the Prophet. Five I managed to read all of the Gospel of Mark, and times a day when the muezzin called, I prayed then, still firm in my own faith, I made bold to with the faithful. One of my duties was to clean visit the foreign lady again and ask for other and fill the many ornate lamps which hung in that books of the same sort. I do not know what im- mosque. I was also expected to collect the rents pression I made upon her, but she received me due from houses owned by the mosque. In these kindly and without question gave me three other houses lived all manner of people, the better apart- Gospels.

ments being let to foreigners from whom we could "In a short time I had read all four Gospels and demand a high rental. One of these tenants was then I secured the Book of Acts. It was not long a lady who lived alone. I wondered why she had then before I had to acknowledge that Jesus the left her far-away home to live among strangers, Christ had won me as he had Paul of Tarsus, who, to judge by myself, loved her little. though my own conversion was much less dra- "One day, quite accidentally, I learned why she matico I was filled with a great longing to serve had come. When she gave me her rent money she my Saviour and Friend, who had revealed God to handed me a small book. I suspected at once that me in a new light-as a loving Father to whom I it must be an accursed book of the Christians, and was precious.

had it not been for the precious money and the "So strong was my new faith, so compelling His courtesy due a tenant of the holy mosque, I should plea to leave all and follow Him, that I knew I have dropped the hated thing which seemed to must make open declaration. The great mosque burn into my hand. As soon as possible I bowed became an intolerable place; the copies of the politely and left the foreign lady. sacred Koran, the shining lamps, the very rugs "There were other collections to be made that leered at me.

day, and lacking opportunity" to do otherwise, I "I knew that I must turn my back on all this.

slipped the small book into my pocket. I forgot My parents would disown me and disinherit me; about it until later in the day when I sat alone in a my friends would seek to destroy me; my wife shadowed corn~r of the great mosque. Curiosity would have to do as her parents and mine decreed, overcame my fear and I opened the book sur- and I should have to leave her and the children.

reptitiously. "Weeks and months slipped by as I hesitated.

"Many years have gone by now, but never shall My life was comfortable, even luxurious. I was I forget my first impression of the beauty of that loved, respected, trusted. In giving up Islam I '

story. It was the Gospel according to Saint Mark, should be giving up all security and respectability and as by some outer force I was impelled 'to read as I knew them. But while I debated about this through the verses which described John the Bap- other Prophet and compared His life with that of tist, Christ's Baptism, His temptation and the Mohammed, I knew what I must do; and at last calling of some of the disciples. Perhaps more I did it.

[482 ] "The result was all that I had anticipated, but Dark tales were whispered over backgammon though my suffering was great, I felt no sorrow boards and between sips of thick, sweet coffee- nor regret. There were many new friends now tales of clever thefts, of quick, sure fingers on to replace the old, whom I loved with a greater knife and trigger, of amazing feats of horseman- love than ever and forgave wholeheartedly when ship and of unbelievable endurance.

they persecuted me. Penniless, I left my home city J-'s quiet, pale Armenian wife, whom he had with all of its dear associations, and traveled taken from a refugee camp just after the World northward. Everywhere Christians who had War, had borne him a son and a daughter; but for heard of me welcomed me, but whenever I encoun- him there was no united family life; it had never tered those of myoId faith, they reviled me merci- occurred to him that such was necessary or de- lessly. I was refused shelter in every Moslem sirable. His own mother had often sent him as a home; I was shamefully cursed and ejected from boy to carry supplies of money and food, to her restaurants and all public places where I was father's home, against the inevitable day when her known. husband should tire of her. Many a day on the "For a time doubt assailed me. I wondered road he had met other boys, his friends, going on whether God had forgotten me. Things were the same sort of secret errand. Home for J – strange as I traveled away from home; I did not meant shelter from rain and cold, even from ene- slip easily into the new customs and religious mies to some extent, but little else.

practices. I missed my loved ones, particularly It happened one day that J-, natty in his well- my sons, who would now grow up considering fitting uniform, passed a meeting house in the their father a renegade, an infidel, a betrayer of center of his home town and saw a crowd of peo- the faith. Perhaps these were the hardest hours ple assembled. Curious, he looked in and saw his of my life. wife and children there. Upon questioning some "But when my sorrow was deepest, when the bystanders he learned that an evangelist had come outlook seemed blackest, God made Himself known from the far west to help the harassed Armenian to me, and I was able to rise up and follow Him refugees to return to their ancient faith in God with renewed strength and vision. and His Prophet Jesus Christ. J- was amused, "Now after all these years I can testify that and leaning against the rear wall of the building, He has never forsaken me at any time and that listened while the foreigner read a story which He is worthy of every sacrifice made for His sake. seemed to be all about a new way of Life. The I would not go back to the old IHe, with all of its preacher then talked simply about repentance and security and material comfort, for all that the salvation. It was all so easy to understand, so world has to offer. I have tried to witness to straightforward, that J – was amazed. The meet": Him, to tell others of His love and beauty, and as ings continued for several days, and J- attended life's shadows lengthen around me, I realize that all of them, hearing little more than the simple I must work harder that no time be lost." Gospel story told in none-too-perfect Turkish.

Thus the fascinating tale came to a close. When- That story was enough to change his life. From ever he can do so, this truly converted believer that time on J – knew that his old ways were not reads from his "Beautiful Book" to his compan- in keeping with God's will. To his astounded asions, and if we were there to see, we should note sociates he declared his new faith as openly as he that many a face is softened, that new light comes had boasted of his heinous deeds. He resigned his into hard, cold eyes which have seen much bitter- position with the gendarmerie, and rearranged his ness and disappointment, for the Prince of Peace whole life. There was little he could do to earn an hovers near. honest living, but he did what his hands could find to do, often enough working as a day laborer. *** After their first amusement at J-'s new A few years ago a gay young man rode daily "stunt," his former friends and associates began through the crowded streets of the northern towns to persecu~e him. Finding that he paid little heed of Syria, cursing and jostling the shepherds and to them, they spat upon him, kicked and reviled other traders who came in from the desert to sell him; caused him to be thrown into prison. They their produce. His bright, dark eyes sparkled as were humbled and astounded the more when he he drew rein, for he knew his power and his repu- turned the other cheek. He who had once been so tation for cruel justice. His uniform indicated quick to retaliate now bore the harshest treatment that he was one of the gendarmerie, and well was without reproach. His former powerful char- he known in village and town and out in the far- acteristics were changed and beautified. His rest- away places of the desert. No danger was too less energy led him on to greater and greater tasks great for him to face, no journey too distant for and sacrifices; his splendid physique enabled him his strength. Bold, winsome, rash, J – was at to endure great suffering and deprivation without once the terror and the pride of his associates. apparent harm.

In quiet moments J- sadly counted the years of Before long a crowd gathered, and J- took his life which had been spent in wickedness and occasion to tell his story of Jesus and to distribute riotous living, the blood-stained deeds of his im- tracts. The Sheikh listened as attentively as the petuous youth, and he longed to recall them and others, and when J- had finished he stood up and dedicate them to God. told an amazing story himself. J-Iater recounted this story to us in detail. Some years have passed during which -he has grown steadily in grace. He is tireless in his task About three years ago the Sheikh went to the of spreading the Gospel, his journeyings covering dyeing establishment of an Armenian Christian. the breadth and the length of his native land. On the table in the small shop lay an open book. The bitterest of his enemies are being won over, one by one, for the old charm of J – coupled with "What book is that?" asked the Sheikh, using this new, compelling love, is irresistible. Now and Turkish as readily as his native tongue, Arabic. then there is one who still distrusts, even persecutes him, but to no avail. Into prisons, among "A Bible,!' answered the Armenian. castaways of all faiths, he takes Bibles and Gos- "Is it the good book of which the Koran pel portions and religious tracts. At the doors of speaks?" mosques, in the homes of rich and powerful "Yes," answered the Armenian, a bit on his sheikhs he preaches Christ and distributes lit- guard with so staunch a Moslem leader. The Arerature. menian, though fearless in his faith, had experi- enced something from the fanaticism of Moslems. Recently he was visiting some of the scattered "Tell me about it," persisted the Sheikh with hamlets on the edge of the north Syria desert genuine interest. when he met a man whom he had not seen for "Let me read from it," answered the dyer; "it some years. At sight of that man J- thanked tells its own story better than I can." God and said, He picked up the Book and read some chapters in Genesis. As he read the Sheikh received a new "Brother, do you remember me?" vision of the greatness and the power and the majesty of God as compared with the sinfulness "Yes, indeed," responded the lean shepherd, his of man. The Armenian saw that the effect was keen eyes narrowed in his weather-beaten face, real and read on. "you used to be in the gendarmerie. I have not Later his customer returned and begged to borseen you lately, but I remember you well." row the Book. The dyer volunteered to secure for him an Arabic version, and with this copy in his "Do you remember that once a goat was stolen hands the Sheikh began at the first chapter of from you?" Genesis and read through all of the books of the Old and New Testaments. When he reached the "Ap, my friend," laughed the shepherd, "a goat last verse of Revelation he began again and read is often stolen from a shepherd in these parts. as before. What can I do? The poor have no rights." After that second reading he was convinced that "I stole a goat from you once,and I thought I the only way of salvation is through Jesus Christ. was clever to do it without being caught. My Then one night he dreamed that his city was being friends and I had a fine feast." destroyed because of the wickedness of the people, as Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed. Great "You?" grinned the shepherd in mock surprise. was his grief and helplessness when he turned "I cannot believe it." away from the awful scene-and there he beheld Jesus upon the cross. He dreamed that he rose "But yes, I did," averred J- in all seriousness. up, threw his arms about the bleeding feet and "And now I wish to pay for that goat, and to ask wept for his sins and those of his people. your forgiveness. Here is the money." So it happened that when J- came to this town Overcome, the poor man who seldom sees even the Sheikh took courage openly to declare himself paper money, for he trades in kind and is always a Christian. "Do not call me 'Sheikh' any more; in debt to the money-lenders, exclaimed, "Is it I am a Chris-tian, a follower of Jesus Christ," he possible that one steals a goat, is not caught, and declared to the crowd. then comes back to pay for it?" The Word of God is living and active, and sharper than "Yes; it is possible," responded his companion, any two-edged sword. Hebrews 4: 12. "if one steals while he is in darkness and sin and then learns to know Jesus Christ." My Word shall not return unto Me void. Isaiah 55: 11.

What better sermon could have been preached Surely the Word of God is a powerful witness to that poor, ignorant Bedouin of the desert? to Christ and can be used to achieve great results if we can but put it into the hands of men and Leaving the desert, J- went to one of the larger women everywhere. towns and was invited to meet the head man who owns more than three-fourths of the town's land and houses. He bears the important title of Sheikh and is a man of great influence.

Experience with

By REV. FRANK LAUBACH, Ph.D., Mindanao, Philippines Missionary of the American Board C. F. M.

FOR four centuries the Moros of Mindanao pealed to the supreme court, entering a plea of fought the same relentless war with the Span- self-defense. Our case was so well prepared that iards and Filipino Christians that the Moros Pambaya was ~cquitte!i. He is now my/fast friend (Moors) of Africa had fought in Spain during the and will be yours if I introduce him to you." five centuries before Columbus discovered America. The annual war in the Philippines would So this man .]?ambaya, who so nearly spent commence as soon as the winds were favorable for twenty years in,i'Irrison, became my friend, taught the Moro vintas to sail northward, or for the me the .Maranaw language, and has been our Spanish galleons to sail southward. strongesfhulw3;rk ever since. He has toiled with us for cOU)ltless. hours in building up a Maranaw When the United States took over the Philip- dictionary, haS'-helped in the translation of the Old pines in 1898, we inherited this endless war with Testament stories and the Gospel of Luke, and has the Moros. American soldiers, with their greatly ~ided in the preparation of many other books.

.superior weapons, broke the power of the Moros But his chief function is to keep his ear to the and instilled in them a sense of fear and respect, ground for signs of opposition and to make friends though outlaws have hidden in the forests and Qut of potential enemies. No missionary in a performed exploits of murder and robbery every Moslem country can get on very well without some year up to the present day. man of that type.

In the year 1915 my wife and I visited Lanao for the first time, hoping to establish a mission for the Moros. We found the air tense, the nerves of the officials taut, the Moros sullen, and rumors of impending attacks being whispered from ear to ear. We were told plainly that no Christian missionary effort would be tolerated as it would certainly add to the fanatical fury of the Moros.

We left Lanao to work in other parts of the Philip- pines, awaiting a more propitious day.

It was not until 1929 that we felt the time had arrived. A large percentage of the trouble makers had been imprisoned or killed, and the Province had become comparatively quiet. Because there MORO GI1,;LS'l'H:tNK;iTH:EY WILL DIE U' THEIR PICTURE· IS was no school suitable for the education of our 'l'AJ(;EN,BUT 'fHEY Tf.:KE A CHANCE TO son, and also because we were not sure how safe pLlllASE THE; MISSIONARy Lanao would be for women and children of missionaries, I left my wife and son in· the northern Tclie first :rno.n~~,be:fo.:re I had found Pambaya, wer¢, among the hardest Of my life. I did not seem part of the Philippines, and entered Lanao alone. to be able to get the right beginning. I climbed The officials still expressed misgivings about any Signal Hill, back of my cottage, night after night, religious work being attempted, and permitted me with no companion but my dog Tip, and remained to begin my work on the understanding that it until long ·after dark while the finger of God would be educational and social, and not contro- painted marvelous colors against the western sky.

versial. I was a missionary of Christ, with my I recall the heartaches and the yearnings with lips practically sealed~ which my eyes roved around the lake below me, I asked a big-hearted American, Lieutenant where the Moros had their villages. The deepest Cramer, whether he knew a Moro whom I could spiritual experiences are born of pain, if one lets trust. Cramer replied: that pain drive him to God. Out of the loneliness "There is a Moro who was convicted of murder of Lanao came some of the most precious soul ex- and sentenced to serve for twenty years. Feeling periences of my whole life. During one of these that this sentence was too heavy, some of us ap- sunset trysts I was telling God aloud that He must [485 ]

guide my pathway, for the obstacles were like a sinless man to be crucified. That would not be mountains. I spoke aloud, for nobody could hear justice." He snatched Jesus out of Gethsemane, me but God and Tip. Then my lips began to sp.eak and then changed Judas into the appearance of to myself, voicing a new light which had come Jesus, and allowed the Jews to crucify Judas, as into my mind: he deserved. The Koran teaches that Jesus now sits on the right hand of God interceding for men If you want these Moros to be fair to your religion, be -more kindlihearted than the Moslem God. In fair to theirs. Study their Koran with them. Medina there are four graves: that of Mo- hammed; that of Fatima his daughter; that of I told some of the Mohammedan priests that I Omar, the greatest Moslem missionary, and an wanted to study the Koran, and the next day my empty grave. Tradition says that Jesus will re- turn, will reign a thousand years, will die, and MORO POET WHO WON A CONTEST will be buried in that fourth grave.

house was full of priests and hadjis with their What broke down the wans between the Moros Korans, all of them bent upon making a Moham- and myself more than anything else was a pammedan out of me. We found to our delight that phlet published by the Moslem Propaganda Society there was much in common in our religions. Islam of India. This pamphlet was brought to me to has about seventy-two prophets, of whom we show me how to become a good Moslem. To my found the names of sixty in our Bible. delight I was able to translate into Moro, before all the priests in my house, these important facts: Those who do not know the Koran will be surprised to find how it exalts Jesus. He was born of Islam has four holy books: a virgin, according to Moslem tradition, but he (1) Torah, or the books of Moses; was not crucified. In the Garden of Gethsemane, (2) Jabur, Qr the Psalms of David; so the tradition goes, God said: "I will not permit (3) Kita.J Injil, or the Life of Jesus; (4) The Koran of Mohammed.

"I have studied these first three sacred books many years," I told my Moslem friends, "and will tell you all I know, while you tell me all you know about the Koran."

Two or three of the men studying the Koran knew English and so acted as interpreters for the others and for me. They began to ask for a class to teach them to read English.

"Our constant warfare with the Christians has left us far· behind the rest of the Islands," they told me, "and we want to catch up."

The Moros had burned down fifty school build- ings in the years just preceding my arrival, and were for the most part unfriendly to the schools. Yet they began to realize that they were harming themselves and nobody else by this attitude. I knew that for these adults the mastery of English would be a very long process, so I said: "Suppose you learn to read your own language first with English letters. Then it will be easier to learn to read English."

This sounded reasonable, so we began to pre- pare lessons in the Maranaw language with Eng- lish letters.. Nothing had ever been printed in their language up to that time. We had to decide upon an alphabet. Fortunately the Philippine languages have adopted perfectly phonetic alpha- bets, and we followed these in all but one letter. We needed but sixteen letters in all.

At first we used the ordinary sentence method of teaching, but this seemed unnecessarily long for learning sixteen simple letters; so the Moros joined me in seeking a method better adapted to their own language. Month after month they

MY EXPERIENCE WITH MOSLEMS

toiled with me, making positively exciting prog- are you going to get· your money back? Our ress. As the course became easier the numbers imams will not teach us the Koran unless we pay who desired to learn increased, until at last hun- them in advance." dreds came to the large old building we had purchased. Thus began the first of those literacy This gives us our opportunity to tell the religion campaigns based on the principle of "each one which under other circumstances they would be teach five more" which have since spread to many unwilling to consider: parts of Malaysia, India, Africa, and Latin America. "I have studied the wonderful life of Nabi Isa. From the time he awoke in the morning until he The second year the highest Chieftain in south- closed his eyes at night he spent every minute of ern Lanao asked me to attend a three-day feast the day helping people. He was always teaching which he was holding in celebration of the opening of his school for adults. He had moved out of DOCTOR LAUBACH AND PAMBAYA, A MORO FRIEND his largest house and turned it into a school building. The day I arrived was Friday. Kakai Daga- or encouraging, or defending or healing or saving langit, for this was the chieftain's name, asked me somebody. That is a wonderful way to live. If to accompany him to the mosque, and I accepted. everybody in Lanao lived like that we would have I washed my hands and feet as is the Moro cus- a paradise. The climate is perfect, but the people tom, and followed the chief into his mosque. He hate and fight and defraud one another. Because took me to the front prayer rug, placed a black I see everybody must help everybody else, I am hat-far too small for me-on my head, and said trying to teach all I can. And I have discovered I was a "Christian pandita." By this brilliant the secret of happiness! When I was looking for name he hoped that Islam and Christianity might happiness I could not find it. It escapes like the be reconciled. He returned my courtesy by at- rainbow. And when I harm people I feel mean tending our Christian church, dressed in a magnificent shining satin coat and trousers. Since inside. But when i spend my day teaching peothat time I have accepted the invitations of many of the highest chieftains to attend their mosques. ple, my heart sings. Go out and teach others and do not take a cent for it, and see how your heart Kakai Dagalangit has one of the most brilliant will sing!" minds I have ever met. He asked me endless searching questions and told me the populations of all the principal countries of Europe – some army captain had told him what they are. This chieftain also made a contribution to education which may have very far-reaching effects.

When the depression came I had to call all my teachers and the leading chieftains of Lanao together and announce that the little money I had left would permit me to retain only three out of nineteen teachers. Kakai Dagalangit arose and said, with his usual brevity: "This campaign is the most important thing that ever came to Lanao. It shall not stop. Every person who learns must teach five others. I will see that they do."

This is how it happened that we began the "each one teach five" idea, which proved a great success in Lanao, and has proven a cheap and effective method of reaching adults in their homes throughout the Philippines and indeed in every country I have since visited.

A literacy campaign along these lines has proven to be a very fine way to make friends. If you sit beside an illiterate and teach him with patience and real love in your heart, he grows more and more surprised at this new experience, and at last interrupts the lesson to ask: "Why are you teaching me without pay? When

Thus we introduce Jesus at the point where He so tenderly, so perfectly as in the face of Jesus. is most irresistable-His great burning heart and Until men have known Jesus they have not known His loving service. We help people to act like the best fact about God, that He is, that any being, Christians long before they think of becoming even God, can be as good as Jesus! Christian in name. Arabs are poor slipshod business men. Jews There was equal eagerness on the part of stu- and Christians can beat them in business with the dents from Irak studying in the American Univer- utmost ease-:-and do! Mohammed· met Christians sity in Beirut, and Iraneans whom we met in who told him wonderful stories about the lovely Turkey. Now as I write from Dar es Salaam in Jesus-and then proceeded to take advantage of East Africa, I am having one of the most thrilling him in their business transactions. The result experiences of my whole life preparing lessons was that Mohammed, one of the supreme religious and teaching Moslem men every morning, and geniuses of all time, loved Christ and hated Christeaching Moslem illiterate women every afternoon. tians! If Christians had lived what Christ taught A leading African Mohammedan imam is collect- and lived, Mohammed might have become the ing the illiterates. With the memories of thou- greatest Christian since Paul. So ten thousand sands of Mohammedans who have looked at me times over this planet one runs across instances and held my hand in loving appreciation, I feel deeply as well as believe profoundly, that the day TEACHING MORO ADULTS IN THE MARKET PLACE for embittering controversy is past.. For centuries it was the fashion for the two religions to expose of the fact that Christ's chief enemies are Christhe worst features they could find or imagine about tians who betray Christ in their lives and their one another. The time has come to call a truce to business relations. this, and for these two religionS to appreciate one another. We ought to be fair to Islam, for we need to ask mercy in judging Christianity. We have failed so There is much Christians may learn from Islam tragically that we are asking the world to believe if they will look for it. For example a good Mos- that "Christianity has never yet really been tried." lem prays five times a day. Of course Christians We ask others to begin to try it, though Christian are supposed to pray oftener than that-but how nations have never tried it themselves. many of us do? For Moslems the one overwhelming fact is the will of God. We who have come I often hear Christians in Asia and Africa say: into contact with Islam have been reminded that "You can't trust any of them." I dare not tell the one imperative duty of a Christian is to find that Moslem what I think of him, but I will tell and carry out the full will of God in every detail you. What he means to say is: "You cannot trust -,-but how many of us do? Every Moslem is sup- any of them to allow you to despise them, outwit posed to regard every other Moslem as a brother, them, underpay them, ostracize them, and browregardless of race, nationality, wealth, or social beat them." No,he is right, you cannot. Moslems , condition. Moslems do not need to be introduced are mirrors, giving back love for love, hatred for in order to speak to one another! The Arabs inter- hatred, suspicion for suspicion, trust for trust. marry with the Africans and thus make Moslems But so are all the people of the world-mirrors! of them. Christian whites compel Africans to And the majority of ~very nation are responsible live in segregated sections of the African cities. if one treats them decently. The Christian teaching is exactly like the Moslem teaching on the point of brotherhood-but how Nobody can appreciate how valuable it is for many Christians practice it? On the other hand Christians and Moslems to cooperate in some such the Moslems are in tragic need of a vital contact campaign as this, unless he has gone through the with the Christ whom they hold in high esteem, experience. Our experience in Lanao while seekbut about whom they know so little. The more ing the best method of teaching Maranaw, was generously we appreciate their merits the more particularly fortunate. Letters began to reach us readily they will accept the Christian experience of Christ. In a very real sense therefore, we can speak of sharing with Islam.

Some people fear that words like these will paralyze missionary giving. But any person who stops giving for this reason does not need to read more ugly pictures about other religions; what he needs isa fresh experience of Christ. Those of us who have touched other religions know that never in any religion have men seen God so winsomely,

MOSLEM VIEWS OF "THOSE NAZARENES"

fromaH parts of the world inquiring about our Only by some such sharing can one discover campaign. These letters were read to the Moros, what wonderful and zealous friends the Moslems who boasted inordinately about showing the world can be, and how "Christian" many of them are in how to become literate. Some of the young men spirit. Whenever we told Mohammedans about prepared a large map of the world, and ran green our Lanao friends they worked with tireless enlines out to the countries from which letters were thusiasm in preparing lessons in other languages. received. When three years ago we announced A dozen young Moslems and two missionaries our plan of visiting other countries, all Lanao worked almost night and day preparing Malay wanted to go along! Hundreds of datos came down charts in Malacca. In VeIlore India, the Printo the seacoast, a distance of twenty-five miles, to cipal of the Mohammedan Government School and bid us farewell. They crowded the deck of the his faculty struggled and toiled and sometimes steamer, making highly exaggerated but wholly nearly fought over the difficult Urdu. The Presisincere speeches. Then they selected the leading dent of the Arabic College in Madras gathered the imam to pray while they held out their hands great lights of Urdu in a most inspiring meeting, turning their palms alternately upward and down- staged a successful demonstration, put fragrant ward as they responded to the prayer. Mingling flowers around my neck and made such speeches Maranaw with Arabic the imam asked that this as I have not heard, no, not in all ChristenQom. American friend, who had cooperated with them in making the easiest lessons in the world, should When the students of the Lahore Government have the blessing of Allah as he introduced their Training College heard the story of the Lanao method to other countries. They kissed me fare- Moslems, several Mohammedan students followed well, with their long Arab whiskers, and the me home and would not permit me to eat my lunch imams said: before taking the train. One of them wept as he begged me to change my program and visit Jind "We will pray for you in every mosque in this State at once! Two others hung on me resolutely province, while you carry our method to the until I promised to go to Afghanistan. They said world." they would write at once for the government to issue an invitation. I was as excited as they, for Then the Mohammedans stood in silent rever- few foreigners and no missionaries enter Afghanence while the Christians prayed and sang: "God istan. be with you till we meet again."

Moslem Views of "Those N azarenes"

By J. LOWRIE ANDERSON United Presbyterian Missionary in the Egyptian Sudan W HAT a member of one religious sect thinks a man here know or care about the elections in of those of a different faith depends upon America? I thought.) the prejudices in which he grew up, on his temperament and critical faculties, on his second- "But why?" I asked. hand knowledge, and on the members of the other "Because Hoover was against liquor, and the group with whom he is acquainted. other fellow is for it. I am sorry that America turned its back on Hoover and prohibition." (In- The average Moslem knows little or nothing toxicants are prohibited by Moslem law.) about the Christians of America. Only once did I In the French consulate in London, awaiting a find interest in a moral issue in America, and that, viise to our passport, we met a young Turk who strangely enough, in a small city where no Euro- had been a student in Paris and London, and was pean or American lived. We were on an evan- returning to his native land. He was interested gelistic journey in 1934 and visited a town three that we were going for the first time as missiondays' journey from the nearest railroad. Discov- aries to a Moslem land. ering that some in the party were from America, "In recent years," he said, "Moslem countries a stranger sought us out to question us about our have retrogressed. That is because Islam, our country. In the conversation he said, faith, has been weakened. Our great days of power were the great days of faith. When Mos- "I am sorry that America rejected Hoover and lems closely adhered to their religion they were took this other fellow." (What in the world does

the leaders of the world. When faith decayed, so The man of the street in the Sudan has become did their political power and intellectual leader- interested in one report that has reached him, ship. namely, that Islam is spreading in Europe and America. Where the report started I know not, "In Christianity it is just the opposite. It is but in every corner of the Moslem Sudan it has the nations who have abandoned the attempt to gained credence. In many different cities I have follow their religion that are at the forefront. been asked if I knew that all Germany had aban- France and England pay only lip service to their doned Christianity and gone over bodily to Islam. religion. They do not follow the ideals of Jesus. This is probably how the news of the rise of Nazi- And because they have left these out, they have ism and the Neo-pagan Movement in Germany has become great. This is always true." finally filtered into the broadcasting agencies of these simple people. I was at a loss to account In the Sudan, years later, I heard a strange for the origin of the report that in the United variant to that same theme. The spokesman was States five millions have declared themselves Mosnot a graduate student, as the first had been, one lem. Any attempt to deny the statement would be who had traveled in Europe and was learned in useless. Perhaps the Sudanese had heard about the branches of Western science. He was a poor the recent movement among the Negroes in Amer- Sudanese black, who had traveled little if any out- ica to claim that they are not Negroes, but Moors, side hi!,! native region, and who knew how to read with a history not of slavery, but of conquest. Arabic, but no other language. Our colporteur When such Negroes dress in Arab costume and pointed him out, sitting in the shade by the side wear fezzes, worship Allah, and go through forms of the road, and said: of worship, these things have no relation to Islam. But when we realize that they have done this to "That man I believe to be a Christian. He has get away from the stigma white Christians have read the New Testament many times, and he has put upon their race and color, we need to be bought some other books. He knows about Chris- ashamed. Jesus quoted with approval the saying, tianity, although he will not confess Christ." "My house shall be called a hous!'! of prayer for all peoples." But it is hard to find a church in Amer- We walked over and sat down on the log beside ica without the color bar. No wonder Negroes the black man. After introductions were over, the prefer to be considered "Moors" and to profess old man turned to me and said: Islam, rather than Christianity.

"You Christians are the queerest people in the Although the Moslem in the Sudan knows and world?" cares little about the Christians of the West, he has known his Christian neighbors. In Greece, "Why do you say that, Uncle?" Syria and Egypt the ancient Eastern churches "I have read your books. I have read the Gos- still exist and their members can be found in every pel through many times. I find that Jesus section of the Sudan. From these Christians the preaches peace. He tells his followers if they are Sudanese buy their sugar and cotton cloth, and to smitten on one cheek to turn the other. He com- them they often sell cattle or dates. mands that when a man asks for your coat you shall give your cloak too. He says to forgive each "Drunk as a Christian" is a metaphor that was other, and to love your enemies, and to pray for not coined from imagination. The great Christian them. Is that not true?" festivals of Christmas and Easter have too often "Very true, Uncle." been largely drunken orgies in the East. A Mos- "Before you Christians came to the Sudan, we lem funeral is marked with dignity and solemnity. thought we knew something about fighting. All "This is Allah's will," the mourners say, "and as our men le~rned how to use the sword and the His creatures we submit to it." But shrieking and spear and the javelin. Some of them knew also wailing, cursing God for having taken the loved how to shoot a rifle. But that was nothing to what one, and every sign of grief and desolation mark you Christians have shown us how to do. You the death of a Christian. No (me would ever befight with machine guns that kill people, not one lieve that they are followers of One who is the at a time, but by the scores. You bombard towns Resurrection and the Life. Often for years the with cannons fired from many miles away. You Christians display the outward marks of grief and fight not only on land, but on the water, and under priests fatten on the superstitions of the people. the water, and under the land. Nowadays you He alone can intercede effectively for the sins of even fight from the air. Yet you claim to be fol- the people, and only when his palm is crossed. lowers of Jesus, who preached love to all men." The keys of the future life are in his hand, and only gold will give him strength to turn that key. Acknowledging inconsistency of professing This the Moslem knows, and thanks Allah that he Christians, I tried to show the man my own conviction that nothing of Western civilization built on force will endure but that the teachings of Jesus are the only sure foundations for abiding life, in the East or in the West.

needs no intercessor as he comes to God. For this the Gospel in the Apostolic Era. Moslems who reason he further despises the Christian. have become acquainted with them have a better conception of what Christians are like than if they Moreover, the Moslem usually knows little about did not know any Christians. the religIon of the Christian, and what little he knows usually repels. Religious pictures, and the Conversation with Moslem converts has concandles that burn before them, leads him to think firmed my own observation. A convert who had the Christian little better than an idolator. Many learned to hate Christians, found those he met in Moslems believe that the Trinity consists of God school to be little different from Moslem boys, exthe Father, Mary the Mother, and Jesus the Son. cept that they had a better spirit of mutual coop- They reject this suggestion as vile and puerile. eration. Eighty years ago in the Sudan, Arab All are sure that the doctrine at least betrays mud- slave raiders attacked a native village and took dled thinking. Nor has the witness of Christians the women and children as slaves. Among the to their own faith usually been strong. In the group was the son of the chieftain, a twelve-year- Sudan, because they are in the minority few have old naked savage, brighter than the rest. The been willing even to discuss with Moslems the Arabs called him Ibrahim. He attributes his conthings they believe. Thousands of Moslems would version to Christ to a conversation he had while die for their religion, and in the days of the Mahdi still a slave with an untutored Copt in a small vilproved it by courting martyrdom. But when the lage in upper Egypt. In half an hour the Copt same Mahdi ordered all Christians to turn Mos- explained to the inquiring black youth the myslems on pain of death, they scurried like fright- teries of the Incarnation and the Trinity. The ened rabbits into the folds of Islam. Many re- young man's heart went out to Christ who became mained Christians secretly, and when the power flesh and tabernacled among men. His conversion of the Mahdi's sway was broken, confessed it was real, as is proved by Ibrahim's years of faithopenly again. It is the blood of martyrs, not the ful service as a colporteur and evangelist in Egypt saving of life by apostasy, that is the seed of the and the Sudan. Church. Sudanese hold to their faith so strongly, and count death so lightly, that they have no re- In recent years there has grown up a small Protspect for people who change their religion as they estant community in the Sudan. Their interest in do their cloak, when they meet the fierce wind of evangelism has thrown them into contact with the persecution. But the influence of the Eastern Moslem majority and their emphasis on the ap- Christian churches on Islam is not all negative or plication of the teachings and spirit of Christ to detrimental to Christian progress. My experience daily life has not only given them a higher standin the Sudan has caused me to moderate my own ing with the Moslems, but has influenced the memviews on this subject. The presence of the Chris- bers of the older Eastern churches. Moslems of tian in the Sudan, though he be worldly, is a the Sudan are thus having the opportunity to constant reminder to the Sudanese of the presence judge Christianity on its real merits more than of this other faith. Moreover he sees the Chris- ever before, as they see persons who seek to lead tian, not as the vile and wicked monster some- the Christ-life in their daily conduct. times portrayed in their tales, but as a man in many ways similar to himself – with the same "Never have I had a superior like this one," needs and aspirations, the same passions and said a Moslem doorman at the Government office temptations, much the same likes and dislikes, where a Prot,;)stant held a high position. "He is hope and fears. Moreover, he knows Christians always polite, always considerate, and I believe to be people of "The Book," and that interests him that he takes a personal interest in me." more in the religion of Christ. Very uncertainly at times, but on the whole effectively, the Chris- "The best loved in all Wad Medani is Mr. tian has raised the standard of monogamy in the Toobia," said a Moslem to me concerning our Sudan, which many Moslems are coming to recog- Christian pastor. He is probably the most unnize as superior to their own polygamy and easy selfish man in all the district-a man whose face divorce. Christians have many faults and the and life are stamped with the marks of the Lord Christianity they profess is often a caricature of Jesus. the real thing. That their standard of. religion and morals is far from that of the apostolic days. The Church Mission hospital in Omdurman, The Moslem of the street despises them, and not where Christian doctors give freely of time and without cause, yet, all in all they have been an strength and of their own souls to serve their Mosasset to the Gospel, and their scattering through- lem brothers,.has given many a new conception of out the cities and towns of the Moslem Sudan is a what true Christians are. Perhaps the day is not preparation for the Gospel, even as the Dispersion far distant when the Moslem will say not that a of the despised Jews was a help to the spread of certain Christian "is good enough to be a Moslem" -their highest compliment today – but that un- selfishness in a Moslem is one of the marks of a Christian. S~irit-filled Christians can bring that change about.

and Moslem

By ELEANOR T. CALVERLEY, M.D., Hartford, Conn.

Formerly a Missionary in Arabia A MEENA rocks her baby in an Arab cradle baby of her own. The Saviour Divine to whom .r-.. made of date~sticks just as the Moslem her faith looked up during those days and nights of danger and suffering at the beginning of her mother in the next mat hut rocks her little widowhood is the One of whom her neighbors hear one. Next door the mother chants softly to put her sing. Yes, Ameena means the words. Christ her child to sleep. is her saviour in a very real and tangible way. She knows from what He has saved her and she "La ilah il allah knows from what He has saved her tiny daughter La ilah il allah." who sleeps so peacefully without benefit of Mos- lem charm or amulet. Her little one is perhaps Over and over again from the first day of his life the only native child in the whole town and for the Arab child hears these sacred words of the many hundreds of miles around who will enjoy Moslem creed. "There is no god but Allah." For all Islam no other lullaby could compare with this the advantages of a Christian home. in beauty or in soothing power.

The song which Ameena sings as she rocks her little daughter is a Christian hymn. Her neighbors are beginning to learn the words which they have heard so often.

My faith looks up to Thee Thou Lamb of Calvary Saviour Divine.

Does Ameena think of the meaning of those words? Does her faith really look up as she sings to her baby girl? Does her faith lift her above the level of the sordid life with its filth and misery and wickedness which is all about her little home? THREE ARAB BOYS AND A GIRL IN KUWAIT Does it make her home different; more lovely and more happy than the homes of her Moslem neigh- Few towns in Arabia have the example of a bors? Is Christ her saviour in a really practical home like that of Ameena. She and her husband sense? If so from what has he saved Ameena? are of slave descent, and for that reason are more independent than members of Arab families. Eight years ago Ameena's first husband died. Under the prevalent patriarchal system it would It was he who had taught the young wife to become with him a follower of Christ. Gently and with great patience year after year as he and Ameena lived together among neighbors who thought them traitors and infidels because they were no longer Moslems the husband shared with be. difficult for the son of a family with social his wife the knowledge which meant so much to standing in a Moslem town to become a Christian. him. She was very shy and slow to learn but Even though a young man might be willing to live when her husband died she proved that his teach- as simply as does the husband of Ameena, for him ing had not been in vain. Although the whole to take a wife of his own choice and establish an Moslem community seemed determined to force independent home where his bride could enjoy the her to return to her former religion and accept a privilege!'! of Christian womanhood would seem to husband of their choice, Ameena stood her ground. most Arabs an impossibility. For this reason, in ' Even when death threatened, with back to the wall Arabia at least, the only Christian homes with she persisted, never wavering in her witness for which most Moslems can compare their own are.

Christ her Saviour. the homes of foreigners.

Years have passed and Ameena has another In Kuwait on the eastern coast of Arabia where Christian husband now. At last hftr arms hold a it was our good fortune to make our home for [492 ] eighteen years, the missionary family was always uttering three times the words, "You are dian object of much interest and curiosity to the vorced." His wife however has no similar right. women of the town. For two years we lived in Concubinage is taken for granted; slaves are both rented houses. These were built like other native Negroes and white women from countries farther houses with blank outside walls designed to pro- north. Women who live in the town, when in pubtect women occupants from the gaze of men. The lic must cover the entire face with a layer of black rooms surrounded a central courtyard which was cheese-cloth through which they can see dimly open to the sky. When our new home was built although their features are not visible to others. with outside windows admitting sunshine and A black cloak called an "aba" envelops their whole fresh air to every room many women visitors came to see the house whose arrangement seemed to ARAB WOMAN AT EN'ImANCE TO AN ARABIAN TOWN them so strange. person from crown of head to feet, when on the "Which is your room?" they asked the mission- street, excepting only one cheese-cloth-covered eye. ary mother, thinking that she like themselves would have but one room to call her own. Few Arab women can read and fewer still are permitted to learn to write. Fatalism restrains "The rooms are all mine; you see the family any desire for progress or for change. What is shares them all. This where we now are is the "written" on one's forehead must be endured. living room where we sit together and visit with Marriage and motherhood, especially the motherour friends." hood of sons are practically the only aim of exist- ence for these women. "You mean the reception room for men." "No, for both men and women." It is not fair to generalize about the home life "Surely you don't mean that men and women of all Islam from conditions in a backward sit together in the room!" country like Arabia. Great changes are tak- "Certainly they do." ing place in many Moslem lands. In Turkey, for "And this," continued the hostess, leading her instance, almost overnight through the adoption friends into the dining room, "is where we eat. With us, the mother sits at one end of the table and the father at the other end while the children sit at the sides." "You cannot mean that you and your husband eat together!" "Yes we do." That was hard for the guests to accept, for in their homes the men are served first and the women have their meal afterward. "They tell us," persevered the callers, "that your children are all girls. Is that true?" "Yes it is true." "Won't your husband divorce you because you have no son?" "No, he will not divorce me."

"Well then, won't he take another wife on your head?"

"No, in our country a man would be arrested for having two wives at a time. But I am thankful to say my husband does not even wish to take another wife."

"Oh! how fortunate you are!" exclaimed the visitors; and then, more wistfully, "How we wish that we were like you!"

Eas,tern Arabia is very conservative and is little affected by Western ways. The laws formulated in the Koran are still the rule for life. Polygamy is usual for those who can afford more than one wife and is also practiced by many who are poor. Early marriage of girls, not infrequently at the age of nine but more often between the ages of twelve and fourteen, is the established custom.

A man may divorce bis wife at will by simply

of the Swiss code and the separation of Church sionaries' home in order that they may become and State Turkish women were released, in theory accustomed to the association of men and women at least, from many of the restrictions we have in social intercourse and may learn to feel at ease mentioned. Legally, polygamy, the veil and un- in acting as hostess in their own homes.

equal divorce laws have all disappeared. As a Surprisingly enough the most violent opposition Turkish woman discussing modern social prob- to changes proposed by feminists in the status of lems said,* "What was moral in my grandmother's women in the home often comes from women day is now taboo, for instance polygamy; whereas themselves, especially from women of the older the perfectly normal social relations of young peo- generation. There is something not only indecent ple today would have formerly been considered but traitorous they feel in the new-fangled ideas immoral." of their sons. Virtuous women of Islam through In Egypt, Syria and India groups less radical all the centuries since Mohammed have gloried in than the Nationalists who are in power in Turkey submission to what they felt was Allah's will.

"We know the 'kind of life you Westerners live,"

said some Arab women returning from a visit in India, to a fellow passenger who talked with them on the ship. "We have seen life in your country pictured in the movies at Bombay." Then they described indecorous behavior of men and women together as they had seen it pictured on the screen.

That sort of thing would be to their minds the inevitable result of discarding the veil and giving to women a position similar to that enjoyed by men.

That freedom has its perils cannot be denied.

BAHREIN GIRLS' SCHOOL MADE OF DATE' STICKS When the veil is taken from the face of women a veil of character to shield the heart becomes imare endeavoring to secure social justice for women perative. Western civilization, nationalism and by reinterpreting Islam. Laws set down in the feminism must all have their part in bringing so- Koran to meet seventh century conditions need cial justice into Moslem homes; but all of these not be followed literally in the twentieth century together could not do for Ameena and her home they believe. And so, although more slowly than what Christ has done-that Saviour of whom she in Turkey, the status of women is beginning to be sings. raised in many Moslem countries.

In speaking of the effect of Islam on home life THE OHALLENGE OF ISLAM it is usual to consider principally the injustices imposed upon women. Educated Moslems are be- To win Moslems for Christ is a task of supreme ginning to realize that in the system of polygamy difficulty and many Christians regard it as one and in seclusion and lack of education for women, from which practically no results are to be exmen also suffer loss. In the face of opposition from pected. his superstitious and hysterical women-folk a man is helpless to apply the discoveries of modern Let it be admitted that it is the Evil-one's counscience to the care of his children. After losing terblast to the Gospel in the Eastern world. These child after chUd, in Arabia.where the infant mor- very facts make the conversion of a Moslem to tality is appalling, I have heard Moslem fathers Christ one of the most signal illustrations of the exclaim in despair, "What can I do? The women power and grace of God. In Moslem lands there are like cows!" Moreover, when men become edu- are today many men who once recited, five times cated in the Western sense as is happening more a day, with passionate conviction, the Moslem and more frequently in Iraq, for instance, they creed, but who now, with equal sincerity, are desire wives with whom they can enjoy compan- preaching Christ. In Morocco alone there are ionship. Sons frequently refuse to accept their little assemblies of believing and baptized natives, parents' choice of uneducated girls to be their who manifest the gifts and graces of the Spirit. brides. This fact perhaps more than any other Such instances are a clearer proof of the triinduces fathers to send their girls to school. umphant POWel' of the Gospel than the conver-· sion of hundreds of those, who, for various pre- Men students in Iran, I was told by the wife of disposing causes, are eagerly stretching out their an American professor in that country, are begin- hands for the Word of Life.-Condensed from a ning to bring their young wives to call in the mis- letter by Rev. E. J. Poole-Connor of the "North Africa Mission," printed in "The Christian" * Quoted from "Moslem Women Enter a New World," by Wood- (London).

small.

Ways of

'Tested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home s. EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO "New Roads in Ancient Islam" but rather mentioned as they ap- "The People of the Mosque," by L. pear in the outlines for work and Bevan Jones-a scholarly and detailed "To the majority of our church study sent in to this Department study of Islam and a challenge to members, the Moslem World is an un- by various denominations. In Christianity (cloth, $2.00). known sphere and therefore holds little this no discriminations have interest. To us as leaders is given been made. Leaders in any com- "Voices from the Near East"-writthe opportunity of opening up this munion have only to submit their ten by Christian nationals (50¢ and fascinating and most challenging prob- materials for the Editor's exam- 25¢) . lem facing the world mission of the ination, whereupon they will be Christian Church today." given attention and publicity in "Young Islam on Trek," by Basil the interests of the common Mathews (25¢). "Glimpses of the Moslem World good. show us that change is the order of "Islam Awakens," by Herrick B. the day. Whether it be a surge of The Source Material Young – a course for senior high nationalism here, a welling up of re- school groups (25¢). ligious fervor there, a zigzag course The main study book is, of of progress and reaction elsewhere, or course, "Mecca and Beyond," by "Masoud the Bedouin," by Alfreda just an unheralded drift from the old Dr. and Mrs. Edward M. Dodd, Post Carharlr-stories of Bedouin life moorings, there is something going on priced at 50¢ and $1.00. One of (25¢) . which is unprecedented in extent and the most excellent "How to Use" scope in all the thirteen centuries booklets (15¢) the writer has "Tales from Moslem Lands," edited since Mohammed. Modern civilization ever seen furnishes the plans for by William W. Reid (50¢). is flooding un on the world of Islam young folks and adults, men and and changing the face of that world. women alike. In addition to pro- "Christian Adventures in Moslem . . . The great question is, 'Whither, gram outlines of the subject mat- Lands," by Winifred Hulberlr-a study Islam?'" (From "How to Use," ter, complete worship services, for intermediate groups (25¢). Mecca and Beyond.) poems and the like, there are suggestions for invitations in- "Doorways," by Mary Entwistle- Our foreign mission theme is clusive of 0 utI in e picture stories for juniors (75¢ and 50¢). so rich in subject matter, so col- sketches, two complete dramaorful in plans for pres.entation, tizations and plans for a variety "Musa: a Son of Egypt," by Perkso dynamic in possibilities that of others, plans for use of life ins and Entwistle-a primary course it would be wasteful to give stories taken from the book, im- (25¢). space to prefatory remarks. personations, imaginary broad- Sampling the main study book casts, airplane trips, etc., a rib- "The Story of Musa," by Entwistle or any of its supplementary vol- bon demonstration, a candle (25¢) . umes, or of the articles in the lighting service, a "convers'abody of this magazine, may well tion" between a Moslem and a "Esa: a Little Boy of Nazareth," be trusted to win students with- Christian, a "pageant of antiq- by E. Mildred Neville-for beginners out explanatory "sales talk." uity," a new "Riddle of the (25¢) . The potentialities bound up in Sphinx," matching and other the theme, "The Moslem World," "tests," an "impersonation of the A variety of others may be readi.ly are explosive enough to rend pyramids," questions for prac- located from the listings of Boards of Christendom, or powerful enough tical discussions and many other Missionary Education, or denominato furnish motive power for devices for making topics attrac- tional publishing houses. building the King's Highway tive and forceful. "Effective Ways of Working" through the Orient. So whether Supplementary books: with the Study Topics making this an entire unit of study or merely incorporating it "What Is This Moslem World?" by The Central Committee on into some addresses and pro- Charles R. Watson ($1.00 and 60¢). United Study of Foreign Misgrams, our readers cannot afford sions, 186 Massachusetts Ave., to turn it down because not rep- "The Young Moslem Looks at Life," Boston, MMS.: resenting a field of endeavor in by Murray T. Titus ($1.00 and 60¢). their own denominational work. Miss M. H. Leavis, its secretary, "The Christian Approach to Mos- states that she has had great difficulty As in last month's citation of lems," by T. H. P. Sailer – a study in securing the illustrative curios helps for the home theme, ma- with teaching aids for adults (25¢). such as enlivened our study of Africa terials are not all listed under last year, receiving either nothing or their many publication sources, [495 ] novelties in too small quantities to be because of our space limitations, advertised, but that she is ready to furnish the following aids, in mim- eographed form: Life stories of the authors of "Mecca and Beyond"-Dr. and Mrs. Dodd ………………. 5¢ Story-"He Sent the Comforter" (to be read and questioned upon) ……..•…………. 51/'

Poem-"Desert Thirst," by Mary W. Vassar (Moslem woman's dream of God) ………….. 31/'

Poem – "Our Moslem Sisters" (communion story on "Has Any One Been Missed?") ……… 3¢

Poem-"The Tapestry Weavers". 3¢ saw. She asks, "What if we could The United Christian Mission- Plays- see all around the world through win- ary Society, Missions Bldg., 222 dows in all countries? Would you like "My Baby Is Sick," by Mary to try it? Which countries would you Downey Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.: Vassar – two women and a like to see? Can you think of any doll. . . …. . . . . . . .. . . . … .. 5¢ friends you would like to meet?" A Has no work in Mpslem lan_ds but game is then played in which the chil- "Yesterday – Today," by M;ary dren in the circle represent different expects to devote two months to the Vassar – mother and daugh- nations and the child in the center study topics and will use materials ter dialogue …………… 5¢ chooses from whatever nation she pre- to be mentioned later in the year. fers, the old tune, "Go in and out the Their catalogue mentions "Moslem "Persian Proverbs and Wise Say- Windows" to be used with words be- Children"-pictures at 50¢ per set, ings" •…………………. 3¢ ginning, "Go round and round the and a "Cut-out Sheet of Moslem "The Experiences of a Moham- nations." Types" at 15¢. medan in Christian America," "What We See First through Open by Mrs. F. G. Platt. . . . . . . . . . 3¢ Baptist Board of Missionary Windows" shows a picture of Christ Place cards – picture of "Mecca and the children of all races. Leader Education, 152 Madison Ave., and Beyond" on green card with directs conversation to the idea of N. Y.: . space for name ………. each 1¢ God's garden with differently colored flowers, these being the children of all The graded missionary materials ar- A Window Transparency-the lands. "Weare going to visit this ranged by this board are for use in camels and the star (directions garden and enjoy these flowers." A Sunday schools or organized groups of for making) ……………. 3¢ song, "His Garden," is then sung. It corresponding age interests. In order- is suggested that Friendship Paper ing the publications listed, note that "The Mecca Certificate"-a beauti- Dolls be used in this connection (four all materials marked (*) should come ful reproduction in a series of four dolls eight inches high, like real chil- from the board headquarters as cited plates (9x22in.) of the certificate dren of various oriental countries, above, but books and other helps (ingiven to every Mohammedan who price 25¢ a set). clusive of publications of other demakes the pilgrimage to Mecca. The nominations) are to be obtained from art work is fine and intricate. Ex- Succeeding lessons emphasize the the American Baptist Publication Soplanation and translation accompanies needs we see through open windows, ciety, 1701 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, certificate. 10¢. ourselves through open window, "The Pa., or its various bookstores. World Looks through Our Windows- Cash must accompany all orders for And What Does It See?" etc. Beginners: the foregoing materials. Auxiliary materials suggested and "Esa: a Little Boy of Nazareth" Women's Missionary Society which may be ordered through the furnishes the main story material. of United Lutheran Church, 723 For visualizations, use "Friends in Muhlenberg Bldg., Philadelphia, Lutheran headquarters are: Everyland"-12 pictures with story Pa.: on back of each, including "A Moslem Picture Sheets in "Child Life of Friend in India" and "A Friend in "Zahia" – dialogue between Mo- the World" ………….. each 25¢ Turkey," 25¢ (listed elsewhere by its hammedan bride and school- publishers, the Women's Society of the mate ………….. 3¢ or 6 for 10¢ Lutheran Picture Sheets on Af- United Lutheran Church); "Posters rica, India and Japan …. each 5¢ of Moslem Children," 25¢; and hand- Special Program Helps to Use work such as "Arabian Village Cut- with "Open Windows" ……. 15¢ Picture Maps of Africa, India .. out"-eight cardboard sheets with di- ……………………. each 50¢ rections for coloring, 50¢; "Desert This pamphlet is especially helpful Life Panel Posters"-four brown sepia in presenting the book to children. Picture, "The Hope of the World" panels, 12×36, with colored cut-outs to Its keynote is in the opening para- (Christ and the children) …. be pasted on, 50¢; "Near East Paintgraph: "Through open windows that ………… postcard size, 5¢; ing Book"-seven pictures with colorlook out into the world, we see boys sepia, 35¢; large size in colors, 60¢ ing instructions, 10¢. Other stories and girls in China and India, in Af- recommended are "Just Like You" by rica and Egypt, in Japan and Borneo. Picture games – I n d i a, Africa, Lucy W. Peabody-a book of stories The stories of their lives and adven- China ………………. each 20¢ from many lands, 25¢; "A First Book tures are told so vividly that it is not of World Friendship," by the same hard to feel that we really see them Pictures through Magic Windows author-a collection of "Just Like You through the open windows. The leader -18 Bible pictures and verses Stories" in six little books, $1.50. may also reverse the idea so that the in attractive form ……….. 75¢ boys and girls realize that children of Primary: other countries are watching us also. "Friends in Everyland"-12 sto- The book contains ten stories. Each ries with large picture ……. 25¢ The stories are found in "Missionmay be told separately or some of the ary Stories to Tell," which contains material may be combined and used Teaching Pictures on Rural Life two short stories from Moslem lands. for six or more programs. The lead- around the World ………… 50¢ $1.00 and 50¢; "Our Little Friends of er's aim is to open the windows of a the Arabian Desert" (illustrated) child's heart and help him to make Presbyterian Board of Na- which takes us to visit the children of friends with all people who pass by." tional Missions, Central Distrib- a Bedouin sheik, $1.00; "The Story of uting Department, 156 Fifth Musa," by Entwistle-eight illustrated The ensuing pamphlet suggests Ave., N. Y. (Checks payable to narratives, 25¢; "Graded Foreign ways for leaders to carry out the fore- Central Distributing Department Mission Stories" (*), to be ready in going ideal, furnishes an outline guide December, 15¢. for each program, hymns, prayers, of the Mission Boards) : Scripture, a long list of excellent The visualizations and handwork group activities in the way of poster In addition to the study books listed are "Children from Manv Lands"- making, dramatizations and construc- previously, with their respective teach- portfolio posters of children of 10 tion work, outline illustrations of ing helps, "Fun and Festival from countries, llx14 in., in colors, with posters, directions for making an in- Moslem Lands" (25¢); "Primary Pic- verse for each picture, $1.00; "Life ternational house or village, map in Moslem Lands"-21 pictures with work, plans for scrap books, etc. ture Stories – M 0 s I e m Children" descriptive titles, 25¢, and all the ma- (25¢); and a moving picture, "Islam terials listed for the beginners. A sample of some of the preliminary in Egypt" are listed. Special attenplans will furnish an idea of the tion is called to this last valuable item, Juniors: method employed: which is a one-reel film taking ap- proximately 15 minutes to show. The The Stories are "Doorways," 75¢ Introducing the idea of theme, the rental price is $1.25 in 16mm. and $2.00 and 50¢; "Graded Foreign Mission leader has the children-individually in 35mm., plus transportation charges. or in groups-look through the largest ordering from Visual Aids Division of window near them, then tell what they The Westminster Press, 925 Wither- spoon Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.

"Living Water" is a play taking 20 minutes, 13 women, 2 children (5¢).

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

Stories on Missions and World Peace" "Hostess Hints," covering menus Oriental music suitable for Moslem (*), 15¢; material from the primary and recipes for Arab cookery, 10¢. studies includes "Where My Caravan section. Has Rested," "Till the Sands of the "Traceaole Sketches" – outlines of Desert Grow Cold," "Bedouin Love Visualizations and handwork include flags, suggestions for place cards, Song" and "Kashmiri Song," with a picture map of the world-art map fruits, human figures, etc., which may other selections from collections of 30×50 in. with 23 small pictures to be readily be copied by tracing and used Oriental Music by Amy Woodfordepasted on, 50¢ "Cut-out Sheets of in a variety of social ways, 10¢. Finden. Inquire of any music dealer. Moslem Types"-20 outline sketches with directions for coloring, 10¢; "Islam," a dramatization with nar- The Religious Motion Picture "Friends of the Caravan Trails"- rator and 14 characters – outstand- Foundation has now merged its intersuggestions for handwork on pp. 21- ingly informing and worthful, 15¢. ests with those of another concern and 24, also sketches in insert sheet, 25¢; should now be addressed as Departmaterials listed under primary section. Sketches, "Mohammed" (4¢), and ment of Visualization, Harmon Founda- "Mohammedanism" (3¢). tion, 140 Nassau St., New York. It Intermediate and Young People: has a large number of religious and Story, "The Forgotten Words," 5¢. educational moving picture films in Story telling from "Tales from Leaflet (easily dramatized), "A stock, and each year additional ones Moslem Lands"-illustrated adventure Kabyle Wedding," 4¢. on the current study topics are prestories, 50¢; "M,asoud the Bedouin," Young women have a course on pared with the heln of an interde- 25¢; "The Beloved Physician of Te- "Highways and Skyways in Minaret nominational committee. heran," $1.00; "The Moslem World" Lands," including the textbook, for -a book of facts about foreign mis- 60¢. Some Rural Programs sions (*), 15rb. For Standard Bearers (of junior age), "Moslem Adventures on the By ANNYE ALLISON Visualizations and handwork include Magic Carpet of Imagination" con- "Christian Adventures in Moslem tains all necessary materials for a For primary pupils, make Lands" – suggestions for handwork, program of strong appeal to young 25¢ ; Set of Twelve Charts with folks, $1.00. poster headed "Win Rural Amergraphs for blackboard work or poster "Doorways" (50¢) and its "How to ica for Christ," showing church, making, 50¢ per set; Maps of the Use" (10¢) are recommended for the Sunday school, daily vacation Moslem World, to be colored and wired younger groups, along with materials Bible school, young people's for project purposes-wall map 30×46 listed elsewhere in this Department. meeting, hospital, orphanage, in., 60¢; large outline map, 28×32 in., 25¢; small outline map, llx14 in., 25¢ Woman's Board of Foreign colporteur, etc. Dramatize some per dozen; and some of the materials Missions, Reformed Church in features. Have group of chilfor the younger groups. America, 25 East 22d St., New dren pretending to fish or pick York: berries, and let lady enter and There is one stereopticon lecture on invite them to the D. V. B. S. the Moslem World, revised by Dr. "Camel Bells"-complete programs which is to begin the next day. Zwemer, entitled "The Spread of including semi-dramatic and easily When children arrive, seat them Islam." It rents for $2.00 and car- dramatized material, under the topics in circle with lady in center to riage both ways. Address the Vis- "Letters from a Saddle Bag," "Cara- tell a good religious story. Pass ualization Department, Council on van Trails," "Oases" and "Behind the paper and crayons and have chil- Finance and Promotion, 152 Madison Lattice," 10¢. dren draw pictures to illustrate Ave., N. Y. "God's Good Gifts" or "God's "Playmates in Mission Lands"-at- Beautiful World." Hymn, "Jesus Plays: "Black Tents" -life among tractive illustrated primer booklet on Loves the Little Children of the Bedouins in Syria; 4 boys, 3 girls, A, B, C plan, for very young children, World" ; the Lord's Prayer; 20 minutes, 25¢; "Tara Finds the and including Arabian features. simple Bible verse such as "God Door to Happiness"-life of Moslem is love," "Suffer the Little Chilwomen and girls in India; 2 women, "Under Many Flags," 5¢. dren," etc., following with the 7 girls, 2 boys, 30 minutes, 25¢. "Silhouettes," 5¢. circle talk and another hymn. "True-False Test on Arabia," 1¢ "The School of Missions"-a hand- each sheet. The brighter side of the hosbook of information on setting up a "Cross Word Puzzle on Arabia," 2¢ pital theme may be dramatized school, by William A. Hill, free (*). each sheet. by having a child who has been "Fun and Festival from Moslem cured waiting for his mother to Woman's Foreign Missionary Lands," 25¢. take him home. Nurse wearing Society, M ethodiJst Episcopal Wall Map of Moslem World (60¢) white dress, cap and apron and Church, 581 Boylston St., Bos- and Outline Maps of Moslem World arm band with red cross on it is ton, Mass.: (large size, 25¢; small, 25¢ per with him and teaches him a Bible dozen) . verse. Child presently runs to "Complete Program Outlines for "Spiritual Adventuring" is a very meet mother telling how good Auxiliaries" (woman's societies), giv- worthful manual of worship for mis- people have been to him, about ing suggestions and plans for a year's sionary societies, giving complete out- the cards, Bible verses, hymns, work, 25¢. This begins with a beau- lines, including poems and prayers, etc., which he will repeat when tiful installation service for the offi- for a year's meetings, 10¢. he gets home. At nurse's call the cers and continues through Moham- doctor enters and mother pours medan studies including "The Moslem Additional Helps and out her gratitude for a denomand His World," "North of the Sa- Suggestions inational hospital to which counhara," "Christmas and the Christ's try people with very little money Land," "Behind the Bourka," "The Further missionary dramatics, ob- can send their sick children. Sword of the Moslem." Additional tainable from sources whose addresses programs of universal application have already been given herein are: [CONTINUED IN NOVEMBER.] (omitting one specific to Methodist "An Afternoon in Arabia"-10 young plans) are on "Christian College Stu- women and girls, taking about 10 dents around the World," "World minutes-5¢ (W. B. F. M. of Reformed Citizenship," and "On the Road to Church) . Hangchow." May be used by groups in any denomination. "Christ or Mahomet – Which?" 4 scenes, 12 characters, 15 minutes-10¢ Excellent coordinated materials are: (W. F. M. S. of M. E. Church).

"Go Ye," a year's devotional out- "Kasim"-modern life in Persia, 5 lines, 15¢. men, 5 women, 1 hour-25¢ (Mission- ary Education Movement, 150 Fifth Ave., N. Y.). The Council of Women for Home Missions EDITH E. LOWRY, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK Over half of the population of the United States is rural. Under what conditions do they live? What are their problems? What groups have special needs?

How should they be met? Is the church meeting the needs of Rural America? What must we do to Rebuild Rural America that it may be a part of a great Christian nation of which we can be proud? What lessons can Rural America teach us today? The contribution of Rural Amer- ica to urban life and the develop- fllent of the nation has been great, as has been its contribu- tion to the Christian Church, which has its roots in rural life.

CHARLOTTE M. BURNHAM.

STUDY BOOKS For Adulbs Rebuilding Rural America, by Mark A. Dawber.

A PRAYER THE CHURCH AND RURAL Dr. Dawber has for years trav- eled the whole United States as Teach me, Father how to go AMERICA a leader in rural church work. Softly as the grasses grow; He reports graphically what is Hush my soul to meet the shock This is the month when many happening to,rural America, and Of the wild world as a rock; of the women's societies will take describes rural people and con- But my spirit, propt with power, up their studies of the home mis- structive enterprises that the Make as simple as a flower. sions theme for 1937-38. The churches are undertaking. A books this year are not only in- chapter is given to groups with Let the dry heart fill its cup, tensely interesting and challeng- special needs as the Migratory Like a poppy looking up; ing, but are vitally related to our Worker, the Southern High- Let life lightly wear her crown national life and the critical pe- lander, and the American In- Like a poppy looking down, riod in which we are living. As dian. Cloth, $1.00.. paper, 60 When its heart is filled with dew many of the speakers at the Mis- cent8. And its life begins anew. sions Institutes this summer have pointed out, we can no longer The Church and American Rural Our Father, help us to root expect to hide our own family Life, by Benson Y. Landis. our lives as deeply as Thy trees, skeletons from the world, and which grow so grandly; to rise unchristian conditions in our- A leader's guide based on Restraight and true as Thy grasses, own country, and unchristian building Rural America, conwhich grow so simply; to make behavior toward other countries, taining many helpful suggestions the results of our living as-beaU- prove a stumbling block to the for study groups for city and tiful as Thy flowers. Amen. foreign missionary as well to rural churches. Paper, 25 cent8. those at home who are trying to "Sorvices fr>r th.e Open." spread the Gospel of Jesus. Migrant Laborers. They Starve T hat We May Eat.

Two million migratory workers ' on the road, in the fields and at the canneries; a challenging problem in the rural field with a description of a challenging program of action for the church. . This composite study has been written by authorities in the church and secular field [498 ]

BULLETIN OF THE COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS

and edited by Edith E. Lowry, joyed to learn that I was to go School Methods, Adult Educa- Executive Secretary and na- to Lisle, New York, for a set- tion Methods, Round-Table Dis- tional Director of Migrant ting-up conference. cussions on Work with Young Work. Paper, 35 cents. People, Handicraft, Health Pro- Nearly fifty migrant workers gram, Infant Care, Nutrition, For Young People who are to serve in the Eastern Methods in Work with Children, Migrant camps this summer ar- Methods in Recreation, First Aid Highland Heritage, by Edwin E. rived in Lisle, a typical, peace- and Camp Sanitation, and a dis- White. ful, happy, country community, cussion on our relationship to and were welcomed most gra- the community, the employer The book has literary charm and ciously by our host and hostess, and the migrant. the task of the churches in rural Dr. and Mrs. Richard Edwards. America is vividly illustrated by [This little community has a By the third day, many doubts what is happening as new high- population of three hundred and had come to my mind. Can I do ways and power lines are driven our conference, plus a young all that these other people have through the isolated valleys of people's conference, swelled the done before me and can I put in the "horseback country." Cloth, number to four hundred. You these long hours each day? $1.00; paper, 60 cents. may well see that we overflowed the Inn, the conference rooms For the last vesper service on Rural America Challenges Chris- and the village homes.] Saturday evening, we climbed up to the highest point in this local- tian Youth, by Edwin E. White. PICNIC LUNCH AT A MIGRANT CENTER ity where we seemed to be on the top of the world. I felt, almost A leader's guide based on High- The first evening we met for instantly, a great sense of peace land Heritage containing sug- vespers on a near-by hillside steal over me. My doubts seemed gestions. for youth groups as an looking out over the valley be- to vanish during this vesper approach to the study of the low. This experience instilled service and I felt a sense of re- church in rural America. Paper, in me a sense of quiet and in- newed strength to carryon in 25 cents. spired courage for the many this chosen work. "May I prove hard days ahead. Later that my mettle and may I bring these For Children evening, former migrant work- people the ideals and under- ers gave us a bird's-eye view of standing that will enable them Missionary Stories to Tell. the work and their experiences to come to a greater feeling of in the migrant centers. These fellowship with God and an Thirty-eight of the best mission- girls had worked very hard, had understanding of the meaning of ary stories to tell to primary and experienced many hard, long Christian fellowship that will junior children. Cloth, $1.00; hours that must be put in in any lead them into a more meaning- paper, 50 cents. center, and still were ready and fullife"-this was my prayer. happy to go forward into another Lifting Today Above Its Past, by year. How cheering this was One thing that Dr. Eric Grace McGavran. for me! Thomsen said in one of his talks with us shall always remain with An interesting and challenging Along about the second day a me. "If you suffer without suc- course on life in the country suspicion came into my mind ceeding, then some one after you places of America. This unit of that, perhaps, Miss Lowry was will succeed without suffering work for intermediate groups breaking us into this migrant and if you succeed without suf- contains selected oackground ma- work here at Lisle. We arose at fering, then some one before you terial and can be given without 6: 30 in order to arrive in time has suffered without succeed- additional sources, although use- for breakfast at 7: 30 and were ing." This seems to sum up in ful references are cited. Paper, kept busy each and every minute my mind our work. Will we suc- 35 cents. until 10: 30 at night. During ceed now in our endeavors with these hours, we had the oppor- these people, or will we pave the Ship East-Ship West, by Eliza:- tunity of a varied program way for some one after us to beth Miller Lobingier. which included staff conferences, courses in R u r a I Sociology, succeed? This first volume of a new series Kindergarten Methods, Nursery I cannot stop here without of source books for primary chil- dren introduces them to the sub- saying that I arrived at Whites- ject of world peace through bog, New Jersey, twelve days stories and simple facts. Mrs. ago and have worked as I have Lobingier is a skilled teacher never before for such a long and the author of Stories of stretch of time, seven days every Shepherd Life and other vol- week. I find these people to be umes. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00; a happy, friendly, courageous, paper, 50 cents. hard-working race who seem as little children in so many ways For Reading List refer to the June number and who need our guidance and of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD, understanding. pages 334-335. HARRIET CLOSTER. THE SETTING-UP CON- FERENCE AT LISLE, NEW YORK July 23 to July 27, 1937 After making my decision to devote my summer to working among the Migrants, the feeling came over me many times that I was going into this man-sized job with little knowledge of previous conditions, methods or results and was, therefore, over-

AND SIAM to save that which is lost." In India launched on its first voyage

dedicated for its work of minis- Toward Greater Efficiency Christianity is everything to the De- try. It is chiefly to the workers At Montgomerywala in the pressed Classes, It is with them in in the rice lands that this float- Punjab, a church committee is ing dispensary is sent, and their forming itself into small groups, their work, in their homes, in their need is great indeed, as they are each of which will tackle some entirely without medical help. particular need. For instance, fields. It has "found" them. Then Many of their homes are quite three or four members are to form a hygiene committee to see Christianity has found the criminal inaccessible except by boat, and that the village is kept clean and during the monsoon flood time to teach the people to realize the tribes-men who were regarded as alneed of sufficient light and air in thousands more are cut off; even their houses; another committee most lower than the beasts, men who food must be brought from great i's to find out special cases of pov- distances by boat. During two erty resulting from illness or were guilty of unheard-of evil. I saw months of the monsoon no work some other cause, and to report them to the church committee; these same men giving all their power can be done in the rice fields, and and a third group will teach the people the privilege of giving, to help each other. I heard them sing, which few have learned. and saw men whom I had been told The women are also assuming more responsibility. A Zenana would never work, working for the Committee, some· of them quite illiterate, take care of a weekly sheer joy of doing that which was usemeeting, where one leads the devotionals, another reads the les- ful. – The Chru.stw' n. son, and a third gives a talk. Once a month there is a witness A Practical Experiment meeting, when any who have received special help witness to In the Punjab a different cen- the people of the backwaters are what God has done for them. faced with terrible want. No ter is chosen each month, and all work means no money and no -C. M. S. Outlook. the congregations of the C. M. S. food. They borrow-and pledge Mission, within a radius of eight The Salvation Army away the whole of the next har- miles, assemble. The men and vest to keep themselves alive till Lord Willingdon, former vice- boys form a procession which roy of India, pays tribute to the marches around the village sing- that harvest can be sown. work of the Salvation Army in that part of the Empire. He says ing psalms and hymns. Mean- The voyage of the new boat is he has watched this work for 16 years, and declares there is not while the women and girls gath- carefully planned. There are a public official who would not er in the courtyard and sing. three "ports of call" to be visited express gratitude for such as- Then they are seated in an open each month. The boat is tied up, sistance as the Army is giving in space outside the village, which the stores and medicines are prohumanizing, Christianizing and duced and patients begin to arcivilizing those who are thought is decorated with colored paper rive. A clinic under the trees is to be beyond the reach of good flags, texts and mottoes such as: influence. "Do not get into debt," "Learn held each day for ten days, then Speaking of her visit to India. General Evangeline Booth says': to read," "Be sober." By this the boat is moved to another I never knew until I undertook this time the congregation has been place, not to return for a year. journey the meaning of the words, "The Son of man is come to seek and swelled by a good number of Thousands of people, for whom non-Christians. There is more medical help is available only singing, an opening address ex- from the two floating dispensa- plaining the obj ect of the meet- ries, are ministered to for less ing, and touching on the broth- than a month, then have to erhood of mankind through the be left "as sheep having no Fatherhood of God, addresses by shepherd."

two or three of the manads on -C. M. S. Outlook.

the causes, effects and remedies of debts, illiteracy, poverty, and Festival of Lights a closing address, giving the defi- While there are many unlove- nite Christian message. -C. M. S. Outlook. ly features attached to India's popular festivals, some of them Travancore's Floating _ have beauty and value. At Das- Dispensary ahara time children may be seen· in the evening going about car- Early this year the second rying various colored lights floating dispensary which is to which from a distance have the ply up and down the backwaters appearance of being lanterns so of Travancore, bringing help arranged as throw out light and relief to so many, was through odd openings. An inves- [500 ]

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

tigation discloses the contriv- Bangkok Christian College CHINA ance to be simple enough. A Bangkok Christian College is The Challenge in China small earthen vessel has been looking forward to the day when their plant will be moved to the made wIth openings cut in the new site. Ten years ago new Dr. Charles T. Leber and Dr. property was purchased between side in fanciful designs. Over Bangkok and Paknam at a loca- J. L. Dodds, new secretaries of tion that seemed very remote. this is pasted colored paper and Today, with government high- the Presbyterian Board of For- way improvement, the new site the little oil lamp placed on the is only fifteen minutes distant eign Missions, recently com- from Bangkok, by motor car. inside turns this crude lantern pleted a tour of the mission The staff now includes sixteen into something quite fantastic. Siamese and three foreign teach- fields. Of China, Dr. Leber says: ers on duty, with a few others It is the custom for" children, es- on furlough. "The country is magnificent pecially of the servant class, to When the Educational Com- in its possibilities and presents mittee of the Siam Mission put go with these lights to the houses on a Teachers' Institute at the a tremendous challenge to Chris- beginning of the year, seventy of their masters and others from Christian teachers from mission tianity. The lives of Christian schools of three denominations whom they expect gifts at Das- were in attendance. faith and sacrifice that have ahara time. These children run- Nearly four hundred boys are been put into this land are bear- ning about from house to house ing fruit. The whole nation is in the darkness with these lights progressing but I have been es- make a very striking feature of pecially impressed with the rise the Dasahara festival. The chil- of Christianity. . . . It is in- dren themselves greatly enjoy spiring to see how the Chinese the part which they play, and leaders are re~ching out into the even aside from the gifts which areas of evangelism, Christian they receive, think the occasion education, young people's work one of great importance. Why and social welfare. . .. – not? -Indian Witness. "Mr. Arthur Rugh, formerly Begging for the Gospel in enrolled this year and classes are with the Y. M. C. A., but now Ceylon overcrowded. The government working independently among curriculum for the lower grades the students at Yenching, made does not permit the teaching of A Five-Year Plan of Evan- a survey of student thinking at gelism is being carried out in Bible in the regular schedule, so Yenching. He held personal in- C e y lon, all the Protestant Churches cooperating. Recent- that subject is now taught be- terviews with two hundred of ly, a long closed door unex- the students and is amazed at pectedly opened in Eheliyagoda. fore the opening of the official the thinking they are doing along A man came there from another district, bringing with him a Bi- day in the first six classes. In the lines of religion. They are ble and a very limited knowledge even asking why no greater pOSIof Christianity, but the little he the upper division there has knew he passed on. The people tive Christian approach has been been no need to make this made to them, though most of -Siam Outlook. them are not Christian. A list change. was made of 500 questions which Siam Cares for Lepers of Eheliyagoda are low caste, The Siamese Government has students are asking about reliand were at once attracted to a been watching with interest the gion. A group of educators are religion where all men are equal, chain of 23 leper clinics, laid out considering the possibilities of and were quick to see that Chris- by Dr. J. H. McKean, Presbyte- religious instruction being pertianity would bring them social rian missionary; and now pro- mitted in the schools. At a conuplift as well. So they asked to poses a plan to establish self- ference of' Christian middle be taught. One group of evan- supporting government colonies school principals in Shanghai gelists went from house to in several sections of the coun- the Mayor of Shanghai arose house; another held an open air try, with the same type of organ- and gave testimony as to his meeting. New Testaments were ization as now exists in mission Christian faith. He charged the eagerly bought. At these meet- clinics. The first step will be to principals that their duty as ings, which continued, there train government doctors and Christian principals was to make would be two or three simple assistants at the Chiengmai col- their schools Christian. One addresses, including one to the ony. Then a special leprosy of- trembles to realize what a tragchildren, who are always present ficer and committee will be ap- edy it will be if the Christian in large numbers. Between ad- pointed to make a survey, do forces do not unite and do not dresses the people would ask propaganda work among the move forward to meet the chalquestions or explain their diffi- people, and establish, as the first lenge of this present opportuculties. At the end, the village of the series, a large farm col- nity." headman would select points ony with up-to-date treatment. from the various addresses and If this plan renders mission War Against Opium compare them with Buddhist clinics unnecessary, they will at China seems determined to doctrines, pointing out the ad- least have served to stimulate wipe out the opium curse. On vantages of Christianity. the government to recognize and the eve of the New Year, before -L. M. S. Chronicle. accept its own responsibility. a large crowd at the famous Con-

fucius temple in Nanking, huge ciety," interdenominational, is JAPAN-CHOSEN quantities of opium, and para- putting into operation a plan to phernalia of opium addicts were send forth evangelistic bands of Church Worship burned. Long before this meet- trained men and women to the ing, placards were distributed market towns, let them locate Church service in Japan has and posted on the doors of every there for about two weeks and so me interesting differences house and shop, and slogans from that as a center, visit every from American customs. The written on white streamers home in all the surrounding vil- tray for offerings is always were displayed everywhere an- lages, and freely give the people passed to the minister as well as nouncing: the Word of God. They will also to the congregation. If the ush- do personal work and preach on er fails to do this, the minister 1. Beginning Jan. 1, 1937, hopeless the streets of every village. They will walk from the pulpit and narcotic addicts will be executed. will return to the market towns deposit his money. The sexes arc in the evening, where special separated in all church services: 2. Beginning Jan. 1, 1937, first-time meetings are held in halls, tel!l- men on one side and women on opium smokers will be heavily pun- pIes, schools or homes. the other. This was the custom ished; after being arrested three in America a hundred years ago. times, they will be shot. These bands have already For thirty years Japanese Chris- gone to sixty-four market towns tians have used a common hym- 3. Narcotic addicts who desire to and, as they have worked out nal. Methodists, Presbyterians, escape these penalties should surren- from those centers, 3,482 villages Baptists and Congregationalists der themselves to the city clinics for have been finished. In these vil- all use the same songs of wortreatment on or before Dec. 31, 1936. lages there have been 390,049 ship. -Missionary Herald. homes with a population of near- Parades, depicting opium addicts be- ly two million people. In the Pastors Discuss Religious ing dragged to the g;:tllows with the 3,947 meetings held there have Topics wailing families trailing behind, were been some 691,657 people who also witnessed in the cities. heard the Gospel, besides having The Church of Christ in Ja- received 571,123 tracts and Gos- pan held a Pastors' Conference The regulation, control, pur- pels. As a direct result of this at its theological seminary in chase and sale of narcotic drugs work, 12,906 of those who were Tokyo August 30 to September for legitimate purposes in the dealt and prayed with, sought 4 as a part of the celebration of country were placed in charge Christ as their Saviour. the fiftieth anniversary of the of Division of Narcotics, newly church. Leading pastors and created bureau. Immediately -0. M. S. Standard. teachers lectured on the followthe following measures were put ing subjects: into effect: (1) It restricted the Bible Exhibit issuance of certificates for the The Creed of the Church of Christ importation of narcotic drugs; An exhibition of Bibles in in Japan. (2) it prepared an estimate of Peiping this year evidenced kinds and quantities of narcotic China's interest in the Christian The History of the Church During drugs for the nation's medical Scriptures. There were 300 en- the Meiji Era. and scientific use for 1936; and tries, representing 69 languages (3) it drafted measures for the and dialects, of which 17 were Protestant Credal Views of the Bicontrol of sales of narcotic Chinese. Among the Bibles were ble. drugs. some of a costly character, and others of priceless historical val- The Differences Between Catholi- In order to check recultivation ue. The volumes were lent by cism and Protestantism as a Means of of poppy in areas where poppy libraries, universities, individ- Understanding the Gospel. cultivation existed before but uals and various mission groups. has now been absolutely prohib- The British and Foreign Bible The Main Currents and Problems of ited, the "Measures for General Society lent the famous Morri- Contemporary Theology. Detection and Suppression of son Bible of 1823 and the Morri- Poppy Cultivation" were issued. son New Testament of that same The Thought of the Old Testament date, printed from wooden Prophets. -China Weekly Review. blocks made 10 years earlier. There was also the first Protes- The Church and Culture. Market Town Campaign tant Chinese version to be pub- The Fundamental Principles of the lished. Protestant Reformation. Generally speaking, China's vas t population is grouped No V'olume, however, attracted_ Open discussions were conaround market towns. It is esti- as much attention as the Manda- ducted on The Pulpit and the mated that there are some 40,- rin Bible loaned by Generalis- Church; The Sunday School 000 market towns in China, and simo Chiang Kai-shek-the one and the Church; The Pastor and that an average of about twenty- he used during his imprisonment His Readings, and The Church five surrounding villages are fed at the time of the Sian revolt in and Society. by each market town. On mar- December, 1936. ket days, held every third day, -Translated from Fukuin the people of these villages flock -Monday Morning. Shimpo. to the market towns to do theIr buying, selling and "neighbor- Kagawa Fellowship ing." The Kagawa Fellowship in Ja- The "Oriental Missionary So- pan is an informal organization of about 150 Occidental friends of Dr. Kagawa living in Japan, whose purpose is to share with

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Kagawa in the rich experience missionaries were sent to the Manchuria, and helping to send that God has given him; to study Chinese in East Shantung, them to China and elsewhere. his program for the extension of China. This work has been the Kingdom of God, and as far maintained for 25 years and the The Australian Mission as possible to cooperate with him Korean missionaries there are in achieving this program. The ministering to 25 churches and South Kyengsang, in which fellowship assists Dr. Kagawa in groups in which are enrolled the Australian Presbyterian the translation of his writings 1,500 professing Chinese Chris- Mission has work, is the third into English, gives information tians. smallest of the thirteen provabroad and in Japan about his inces of Korea. It is the most work, and endeavors to get The Korean churches are in- densely populated, the nearest whatever financial support for digenous, self-propagating, self- to Japan and according to stahis program it can. supporting, but need more mis- tistics it consumes per capita sionaries to help in the evangel- the largest amount of beer. Effort is being made to obtain ization of 22,000,000 Koreans in These three circumstances presupport for the promising Medi- Korea, a million in Manchukuo sent their own problems. cal Cooperative Society in To- and 500,000 in Japan proper. kyo, an interesting pro j e c t In 1914, when the mission of started by Kagawa. More than -Korea Mission Field. the Presbyterian Church, U. S. seven thousand people are mem- A., handed over this province to bers of it. The society has a hos- Protestant Christian the Australian mission there pital with fifty-one beds as well were 101 churches, 1887 bapas conducting a clinic, dispen- Membership tized members and 3,816 adhersary and visiting nurse service. ents. Just now money is being raised Of 410,000 enrolled Protesto erect a residence for the tant Christians in Korea, 78 per Comparing these statistics nurses; the building will be cent are Presbyterians, 14 per with those of 1936, we find that called the Nitobe Memorial in cent Methodists and eight per now there are: churches 313, remembrance of Dr. Inazo Ni- cent of other denominations. Of baptized members 7,941, adhertobe. -Christian Observer. the total number 210,000 are ents 26,955. either baptized or members on "God Shelf" for Kitchens probation. The remaining 200,- Each of the five stations has 000 are enrolled as professing some form of institutional work. One of the large department Christians and are regular at- The Harper Memorial High stores of Kyoto is displaying a tendants. School for Girls, near Fusanmod e 1 Japanese kit c hen, chin, trains Christian leaders equipped with electric icebox, With 3,880 churches and for church and school. The Vogas stove, kitchen cabinet, and groups, the average sized con- cational Farm School for Womso on. On the walls hang an gregation numbers about 100. en seeks and saves those in morelectric clock, a thermometer, The largest congregation in Ko- al danger and destitution, and and a small, but complete "god- rea is in the city of Sin Euiju the Paton Memorial Hospital ill shelf" for the spirit of the deity with 4,000 adherents. The Sun- Chinju cares for the sick, espethat presides over kitchens. The day school enrolment of 316,000 cially the sick poor. There are shelf is complete and up-to-date in the Presbyterian and Method- also Men's and Women's Lower with miniature lanterns and ist churches in Korea is about Bible Schools. dishes for the food offerings. the same as the total number of professing Christians. Method- -Korea Mission Field. -Living Church. ist and Presbyterian mission- aries in Korea number a little ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC Korean Christianity more than 400. Many mission lands have a less number of mis- About the Philippines Of the first seven Koreans to sionaries in proportion to the be ordained to the ministry in population, but none h a v e Did you know that there are the Presbyterian Church, one yielded a better return for the three classes of people on the was sent as a home missionary expenditure of time and money. islands, each of a different colto the island of Quelpart. That or? That the Chinese have been church is now supporting 500 -Presbyterian Banner. coming to the island for years, evangelists to unevangelized dis- thus solving the employment tricts in Korea and to Koreans On Their Own problem, since a Filipino will in Manchukuo, Peiping, Shang- not work until the money he has hai and Japan proper. The A Presbyterian church in on hand is all gone? That 10,000 Methodist Church is also carry- Wiju, Korea, has a membership converts were received within ing on an extensive home mis- of 3,000. Not a cent of Ameri- ten years? That there are nine sion work among Koreans in can money has gone into the flourishing mission stations now Manchukuo. When the Korean work of that district for 20 in operation? That there are Presbyterian General Assembly years; no missionary lives witn- 7,000 Americans on the islands? was organized in 1912, three in 20 miles of it. The people That before American occupa- have erected and financed their tion funeral arrangements were own church and are sending mis- always made before calling in a sionaries across the border into physician? That only one and

one-eighth per cent of the popu- ments. In ten years they have and the imminent consummation lation are classed as Frotestant not only banded themselves into of union with the Methodist Christians? effective intelligent groups for Church of France. Nearer home, -Monday Morning. mutual improvement, but they the Alliance welcomed a new have transformed their village member in the Evangelical and Club Women in Polynesia life.-London Chronicle. Reformed Church. The Re- formed Church of the U. S. A., The Polynesians have been NORTH AMERICA recently united with the Evan- evangelized by Samoan Chris- Coordinated Missions gelical Church, was already a tians, who themselves received member.

the Gospel a hundred years ago. The International Foreign The International Women's Mission Association of North Council of Women's Missionary While the men folk have fishing America (composed of inde- Societies was recognized as the for excitement, the women have pendent undenominational mis- women's section of the Alliance, no activities which give interest sions) brings together for coun- with a provision that a certain and variety to island life. Miss E. sel sixteen mission enterprises, quota of del ega t e s shall be A. Downs, principal of the Girls'

School at Puapua, Samoa, sug- under which some 2,231 mis- chosen from the women, with au- sionaries are sent out. They ad- thority to hold sessions during gested that they form Women's the meeting of the council. Sim- Clubs, and that they should work minister over a million dollars ilar action was taken with retogether for the general uplift of annually, and go into many of gard to a youth section of those under 30 years of age, the deletheir village life, for the applica- the out-of-the-way corners of the gates of this group being authortion of simple laws of health and world. The doctrinal basis of hygiene, for mothercraft and in- all these missions is: (1) The fant welfare work, for the pres- plenary inspiration and divine ized to bring to the notice of council matters of deep concern ervation of native arts and authority of the Scripture; (2) to youth. crafts, for social intercourse and the Trinity, including the deity religious expression. They de- of Christ and the personality of -The Christian Century.

cided to call their club "The the Holy Spirit; (3) the fall of Women's Committee," and on man, his moral depravity, and Lutheran Church Leaguers each island the pastor's wife was his need of regeneration; (4) Interest in the education of made the leader. the atonement through the sub- youth tow a r d international Returning to visit the islands, stitutionary death of Christ; peace and continued support of Miss Downs found the women no (5) justification by faith in mission work through a special longer apathetic, but eager to Christ, apart from works; (6) project were the outstanding show what they were trying to the bodily resurrection of Christ, features of the twenty-first bien- do. In Nanumea they had re.- and also of the saved and the un- nial convention of the Luther vived their art of making beauti- saved; (7) the unending life of League of America at Spring- ful fans decorated with seabirds' the saved and the unending pun- field, Ohio, in July. The sessions feathers; in Nui the women were ishment of the unsaved; (8) the brought together between six making mats with patterns of personal, bodily and visible re- and seven hundred young people secret native dyes. In Nanu- turn of Christ. and leaders from the United maga there was a new taro plan- Lutheran churches throughout tation w h i c h their Women's Presbyterians in World the United States and Canada.

Committee had made in the face Council Climaxing the mISSIOnary of a good deal of jeering from Last June Montreal, most project for the past biennium the men; the women had grown Catholic of any large city in this much-valued food product North America, entertained the with a gift of more than $11,000 by dividing the swamp into General Council of the "Re- for a community center building workable sections with walls of formed Churches throughout the at T'ai Tung Chen in the foreign coral from the reef, and in them World Holding the Presbyterian mission field in Chi n a, the making soil from rubbish and System." The central theme Luther League of Arne ric a rotting vegetation; Nanumaga was "The Church in Modern adopted another $10,000 project had in the past been one of the Life." for the coming biennium. This poorest islands,. and liable to time the objective will be the famine, but here was a source of An advance was made in the complete furnishing of a medical prosperity. The women of Niu- unification of Reformed Chris- center established at Konnarock, tao were especially interested in tians. The Reformed Church of Virginia, for southern mounmaking soap from caustic soda. Denmark was admitted to mem- _taineers. bership in the Alliance, now Last year, the triennial church comprehending more than two The Convention of 1939 will conference saw women delegates hundred church groups through- be held at Long Beach, Cali- fornia.

for the first time, eager to ex- out the world. The Reformed Bible Teaching in Kansas change ideas and report achieve- Church of France announced the ments, and to draw up a list of completion of union among all Kansas City, Kansas, has comproposals for future develop- Reformed Churches in France, pleted thirteen years of religious

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

education of its school children. many new people have been seek- sacrifices, without ever obtain- The Council of Religious Educa- ing association with the church ing healing for my poor chiltion, representing all denomina- during recent months that he dren. When my second child betions, sponsors this work. The has been completely "snowed came dangerously ill, I went to Jews are interested but as yet under." Throughout the spring consult a witch doctor and asked not participating. and early summer season every him if he could heal my child. service has been conducted in a He assured me that he could, There are 74 church schools, packed church, and with the provided that I would give him enrolling 91 per cent of public coming of fall the pastor believes thirty dollars. I offered him scholil pupils. The courses are it may become necessary to con- twenty dollars, which he acplanned to correlate with the duct two morning services. cepted. I paid him half the sum work of each grade in public on the spot. But on my way school from October to the end LATIN AMERICA back to get the balance of the of April. Classroom work in- money, a messenger came to tell cludes Bible memorizing, Bible Liquor Ban in Mexico me that the child was dead. I reading, Biblical and character- saw that I was being deceived by building stories and dramatiza- Within ten years statesmen the devil. As a respected antion, notebook and expressional below the Rio Grande, led by cestor of my family was a Chriswork. President Cardenas, hope to tian, I had often heard him speak complete the prohibition of alco- of God, so I told my wife I was -Women's Missionary holic beverages. Governors of going to Port-de-Paix to find out Magazine. all states have helped by order- about Him. ing municipalities to cease issu- Texas Wars on Evil ing licenses for saloons, to cut At a service held by the Hai- down the production of alcohol tian Gospel Mission at Port-de- Texas legislators are out to gradually but none the less Paix I first heard the Gospel. "clean up." In special session surely, and to trim the sales they have outlawed pari-mutuel through higher and higher taxes. After attending services for gambling on horse races, pro- The governor of Coahuila has some time, one Sunday my wife hibited the operation of bookies, gone even farther. He has acted said to me, "Wait for me, I am abolished dog races and insti- to stop the vending of liquor on going also." Since then, not only tuted such an anti-gambling cru- all trains passing through tl}e has God in His mercy saved my sade as has seldom been seen state. The main line of the Na- wife and myself, but He has also anywhere in the whole country. tional Railways of Mexico, healed my child who was para- The Texas supreme court has carrying many passengers be- lyzed from birth. definitely ruled out lotteries. tween Laredo, Tex., and Mexico The Dallas News, the Houston City, is affected, for the route -Haitian Gospel News. Post, and other leading dailies for many miles lies through have ceased the publication of Coahuila, with a stop at Saltillo, Religious Census in Venezuela racing results. In nearly all of the capital of the state. The govthe several counties voting by ernor gives this explanation for The Government of Venezuela local option recently, liquor has his order: vendors from pass- is making a survey and census been outlawed. Anti-vice squads ing trains have sold intoxicants of all religious work and workare also being called into action. to the villagers along the way, ers in the country, collecting full checking the good work that was data regarding the work of both -Christian Century. being accomplished by means of Catholics and Evangelicals. The prohibition in the country towns. purpose is to decide on some "Church of the Lighted Since the government now con- policy regarding the admission Window" trols the railways, this order of foreign religious workers. should be easy to enforce. No disposition to oppose the The Lutheran Church of the work is indicated, but it is pro- Redeemer in Atlanta, Ga., is -Christian Advocate. posed to fix the number of those gaining state-wide recognition who may be admitted, and when as "The Church of the Lighted From Darkness to Light that n u m b e r is established, Window." It is the custom each others will be admitted only night to light up the large color- A convert from heathenism in when some of those at present in ful front window. The effect of Haiti gave the following testi- the country leave for furlough the window is so unusual that it mony on the occasion of his bap- or other reasons. has attracted the attention of tism: "From my earliest life I people throughout that section. put myself under the protection In view of the tremendous A recent monthly publication of of demons. I built a small house, need, it is hoped that new misthe Georgia Power Company, and furnished it expressly for sionaries may be admitted, espewhich lights the window, car- their reception. I had two sick cially those who are accepted ried front-cover pictures of the children one of which had never and waiting to enter. church with particular reference walked from birth. I spent to its beauty and the unique cus- everything I possessed in pay- -Moody Institute Monthly. tom of lighting the window. ment to the witch doctor and in "Voice of the Andes" The pastor reports that so Senor Manuel Aldama was born in the Basque Province of

Spain, trained for the priest- then asked, "Will you read the they can understand, they are hood, became Professor in the University of Santander, was book if I give to to you?" surprised by songs of deliver- converted to evangelical Chris- tianity in 1925, and after in- "Gladly," said the gentleman, as ance, victory and blessed assur- struction in the Bible Training Institute, Glasgow, was accepted he rose to leave the bus. ance ; they are moved by the by the Evangelical Union of South America, for work in When he had gone, the work- words of sympathy expressed by Lima, Peru. Here he took up the ing man said, "It is a funny the pastor, and cannot believe editorial work of the Mission thing, but that text was my their eyes when they see him press and the translation of the mother's favorite, too. I have mourn with the bereaved fam- Sunday school lessons. His gone a long way on the wrong ily. Thus it is that a Protestant mastery of Spanish and his fa- funeral service conducted in a miliarity with Romanism en- road since those days." The Roman Catholic country is a abled him to contribute largely woman gave him a Gospel of St. great opportunity to put the to the development of the Evan- John, which he promised to read, truth of the Gospel before the gelical Church of Peru. and went on her way praying people.

Recently, a call has come to that both might be touched by About 2,000 people assembled him to full-time cooperation in the Word that giveth Light." the only Evangelical broadcast- ing station in South America, La -Life of Faith. for the funeral of a young Voz de los Andes (The Voice of mother, whose last words were, the Andes). This Voice of the Andes operates from Qui t 0, The Gospel in Spain "Whether I die or live, I am the Ecuador, and was established Lord's." The Mayor, the Town some five years ago by an inde- Opinion is divided as to the Council, the teaching staff of the pendent worker from Chicago. religious outlook in Spain. Some high school with their 400 chil- believe that opportunity for Gos- dren, and many notables had The Board of the Evangelical pel teaching will be assured if gathered to pay homage to the Union of South America is set- the government wins, while deceased. The first meeting be- ting Sr. Aldama free for this others are convinced that the gan at the home; another meet- special service. He will combine government is not only anti- ing followed at the Mission Hall, with this ministry some service clerical, but anti-Christian. Rep- and the last one took place in for the British and Foreign resentatives of Anglican and Bible Society throughout the Re- Free Churches of Great Britain the cemetery. At each place the public of Ecuador. went to Spain recently to gain Gospel was listened to by thou- first-hand information. They sands who had followed the pro- -The Christian. were given full liberty of move- ceedings from half-past one till ment, and upon returning to five o'clock in the afternoon. As EUROPE England reported as follows: a result, the evangelist had many requests for interviews. . "The Entrance of Thy Word" We found no evidence of an organ- -Belgian Gospel Mission. A member of the Pocket Tes- ized "Godless" propaganda such as tament League was riding in an exists in Soviet Russia. We were un- Paul's Speech on Mars Hill English bus with two other pas- able on inquiry to hear of any carica- sengers – an elderly business Unlike the ancients, tourists man and a working man. The tures of God, of Christ, or of the who go to Athens are not search- business man leaned across the Virgin and Saints, such as have been ing for "some new thing," but bus and asked the woman, features of "anti-God" propaganda in for things associated with the "Would you like to read my other countries. On the other hand, past. With this in view, one of paper?" "Thank you," she said. members of our party found copies of Mr. Rockefeller's projects has "Would you like to read my the Scriptures offered freely for sale been the restoration of the Par- book," holding out the New Tes- on street bookstalls. The situation in thenon; and because it is fitting tament. He took it, and after regard to religion in Spain was that something far more signifi- glancing at the page said, "Why summed up to us by a very acute cant than the friezes of Praxit- did you give me this?" "Why English observer of dispassionate eles should be remembered, Mrs. did you give me the paper?" she views, one who knows Spain well and Josephine Demas, daughter of countered. "Because the news is is himself a practicing Catholic, in the one of the most famous archi- interesting this morning," he following terms :-"There is a strong said. "My book is interesting anti-clerical movement but no anti- every morning." He looked God movement in Spain." again at the book. "This is my mother's favorite text, John -The Christian. 5: 24. It is years since I have read it." The P. T. L. member Evangelizing at Funerals tects in Athens, has urged upon the municipality the enshrining Great is the astonishment of of Paul's speech in the rock of Catholics in Belgium when they Mars Hill. T~e press an~ a attend their first Protestant number of emment Athemans funeral. They are familiar with – have. backed the proposal ~nd the pomp and ceremonies of the dIrector of.the A~cheologlCal their own funerals, the mo- Bureau has gIven hIS endorse- notonous recital of the Latin ment. He says that £350 to £400 liturgy, the gestures of the offi- is ne.e~ed,. and h.e hopes .that t~e ciating priest and his apparent ~umc}pahtr ~Il~ prOVIde ~~IS indifference to grief. At a Prot- relatIvely mSIgmficant sum.

estant funeral they hear things -Christian Advocate.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Paid Persecutors in Galicia Church has extended its serv- while Pravda laments the inac- ice and the social side of the tivity of the "Godless League." The National Lutheran Coun- Church as a colony center has cil is authority for the report not been neglected. Spiritually, This new life is particularly that agitators in Poland are be- there are the regular services noticeable in the country. Heads ing paid approximately 120 zloty the Church Festival6bservances' of collective farms even conduct per month to persecute members and th?se on national holidays; Church Councils, and other colof the Lutheran Church and MemOrIal Day, Fourth of July lective farms permit Bible readcompel them to return to the Thanksgiving Day and the like: ing, ch?ir singing, and evening Catholic Church from which The names of Ambassador W. entertam~nts. It is also anthey originally came. In a re- E. Dodd and Consul-General nounced that the number of cent legal process it was re- General Jenkins are on the members of the Militant Godless vealed that one such agitator Church Council roll. League has decreased from was offered a bonus of 50 zloty 5,000,000 in 1933 to less than for every person he succeeded in -Lutheran News. 2,000,000. Five anti-religious intimidating to return. But even though there are constant Religious Freedom in Russia museums in the provinces have difficulties and hardships the been closed. A correspondent Ukrainian peasants are firmly The much-heralded religious in another paper notes that the steadfast, and manifest an ever- freedom promised by the new jeering at religion has largely increasing interest in the Gospel constitution of Soviet Russia gone. turns out to be a disappointof Jesus Christ. ment. Four conditions must be AFRICA Christian Convention in Italy a~op:pvrocvleosd~d,be.if~oorepenaendy. Tchheurpcoh~ Student Alliance in Alexandria The Director of Spezia Mis- htIcal rehabIlIty of the petition- as Young Emgaytpetriiaanlissttiucdaenndtsiarrree~ ers "must be above suspicion." a rule, sion writes: "Those who can go The church must be more than 15 minutes' walk from a school ligious; their education is of the freely to Christian conferences the condition of the building must be above criticism, there sort to make them vain, shallow, and share the fellowship of kin- must be no protest from the local organization of the godless. selfish. For this reason Chrisdred minds know little of the tian work among them advances According to official Soviet grave difficulties to be sur- figures, 14,000 churches and slowly. But a young men's club chapels were closed in 1935 and mounted, the severe testing of 3,700 priests, preachers' and known as the "Christian Alliance other servers of the churches of Young Men," reports some faith, the patience, and the condemned, twenty-nine of them to death. prayers involved in accomplish- progress. On the other hand a renewal mg such a gathering in Italy. of spiritual life is appearing. In Two Bible classes and other the province of Swerdlovsk the prayer – meetings are h e I d But God worked what seemed to population have requested that at~eist propaganda be stopped. us miracles indeed, in breaking ThIS movement began in the in- weekly; Copts, Moslems and dustrial districts, where almost Jews sing hymns together and down obstacles." the whole population consisted of factory workers. Collections Representatives cam e from are held among the workers to study God's Word; the numbers restore the churches and rebuild far and near, and the organizers them. A Czech correspondent are increasing. Two young men wr!tes that !Ie found a newly !Iad their hands full, in arrang- bUIlt church m almost every vil- have been converted recently lage in the neighborhood of Mosmg for the accommodation and cow. In some of the collective one a Copt, one a Greek. ' farms, club buildings are being the meals for those to whom they set up to get the church free The members of this Alliance once more. gave so warm a welcome. are asked to sign a basis stating Religious Interest in Russia T~e supreme point of the Con- that they are uniting with other It seems unquestioned that reventIOn was the service in the ligion is reviving in Russia to a young men who know the Lord degree disturhing to commu- Church of Casa Alberto, which nists. W 0 r l d Evangelization as Saviour, and desire to bring mentions a town of 4,500 which was crowded,-a long and won- has 30 religious organizations, others into the Kingdom. Twelve derful service. It included the baptism of groups of those who members have signed. -Life of Faith. at La Spezia and at Leghorn'

had recently tfhoeuncdelCebhrraitsit~nanodf Medical Service to Felahe'en ended with Dr. Harpur of the Church the Lord's Supper. Missionary Society founded a hospital in Old Cairo 48 years -Life of Faith. ago which is still known 'to Egyptians, especially the fela- American Church in Berlin heen, as "Harmel," a corruption of Dr. Harpur's name. The Despite the fact that the felaheen are a lovable and Ame~ICan Colony in Berlin is friendly people, though ignorant and superstitious; it is from growmg. smaller, the American this class that the majority of Church m that city is growing the patients are drawn. They ~tronger both financially and in are almost overcome by the mfluence. Truly American is strangeness of being put into the "Ladies Aid Society" in the form ?f an active Sewing Guild. The hbrary connected with the

beds with sheets and blankets, favor the Westernization of the ing developments, avoiding un- instead of lying in a dark and country. There is a movement necessary risk and exposure of dirty corner, surrounded with in the Egyptian University to missionaries, and at the same noise and clatter, the talking of introduce compulsory Moslem time gradually reducing ex- relatives and neighbors, and the religious equcation and to abol- penditures in view of the uncer- noise of animals and chickens. ish coeducation. The Dean of tainties of the future.

Arabic texts are painted in red Arts in the University thinks The Italian Minister of For- on the white walls, giving a there is nothing in the Koran eign Affairs has informed the touch of brightness t~ the whole; against coeducation, while the American Ambassador at Rome instead of being thought too Rector of EI-Azhar University is that "The Italian Government much bother to be looked after, against it. has decided not to entrust to for- the patients are treated kindly The Westernizing faction ig- eigners whatever may be the re- by the Egyptian staff of nurses. nores the Ramazan Fast, neg- ligion they profess, the work of Biblewomen and evangelists lects the study of the Koran, establishing schools in terri- have prayers for half an hour in seldom prays in the Masjids and tories of Ethiopia." The com- the mornings in the out-patient encourages their women to dis- munication also states: "Should departments; for those in the card the veil. An article in a pro- foreign missionaries wish to con- wards prayers twice each day. Moslem paper declares that tinue their other humanitarian Recently some of the Egyptian "Most Egyptian households, es- and philanthropic activities, out- men nurses have been singing pecially those in high life, have side the field of education, their hymns and giving a talk on Sun- no prayer-carpet, and no copy requests for permission will be day evenings to the patients in of the Koran, and do not know considered in due time and after the men's hospital. what these are." de jure recognition of the Italian -Life of Faith. -World Dominion Press. empire is an accomplished fact."

Missionaries can scarcely see Faith and Freedom Times of Trial how evangelistic and medical The February number of Protestant missions are rapid- work can be carried on success- Faith and Freedom calls atten- fully without at least some type tion to the new constitution of ly disappearing from Ethiopia. of educational institution. the Soviet Union, in which many Mussolini's own paper, the Gior'- nale d' ltalia, has carried a front -United Presbyterian.

have seen the end of the struggle page story predicting the end of Liberia's Hinterland against church and worship; Protestant work. The Swedish for protection of religious con- missionaries and three Ameri- The native population of Liviction is expressly guaranteed can independent mlSSlOnaries beria, divided into many tribes, in the new project. This in no have been expelled, and the prop- is about 1,000,000 of good, virile erty of the Sudan Interior Mis- stock. The Liberians, who are sense means that a change has sion has been requisitioned. the descendants of liberated Necome about in the attitude of offi- groes brought to Africa by the cial circles towards church and The pastor of the Swedish United States and Great Britain religion, or that the time of per- church in Addis Ababa, Kes Ba- about 120 years ago, now numsecution is past. The Soviet at- dima, has grown old and gray ber about 12,000, and are the titude remains the same. The in the service of his Lord, and ruling group of the country. new policy means that those re- knows what it is to be chained sponsible must carryon with the and driven from place to place The Methodist C h u r c h of eradication of church and reli- for his faith. His son was killed America has been active in gious life, though they must not during the riots. He spoke often spreading the Christian mesthereby injure too greatly the of the keeping power of God, sage, and churches now number religious conviction of the peo- and of his longing for the day 102. The great need is to peneple. Stalin has said, "Why when his earthly pilgrimage trate the thick bush country of should one be actively unmerci- would be ended. He told count- the interior, where live most of ful? One must explain the harm- less people how God had judged the natives who have been pracfulness of religion to the young Ethiopia, and warned the-:n tically unreached with the Goswith patience, and supply them against the final judgment. He pel. A pioneer mission penewith propaganda for a material- encouraged those who were trated for 200 miles to Ganta istic outlook as the only scientific weak, gave liberally to the poor, and there organized a station a one !" Communist patience will and not even the great slaughter few years ago, and a road for 80 in future be set against Chris- of February shook his faith in miles of this distance has been tian and religious patience; but the least. -Alliance Weekly. _ made. For three years a doctor the extirpation of church and and his wife have labored here, religion is still the purpose. Ethiopian Situation then sleeping sickness claimed them and forced them back to The V nit e d Presbyterian Modernism in Islam Board has not been willing to the States. A similar effort by abandon established work in another doctor and his wife was A conflict is going on in Egypt made three years ago to reach between those who would revive Ethiopia unless obliged to do so. the tribes in the hinterland of interest in Islam and those who They have been watchfully wait- Barclayville, sit u ate d in the

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

southeastern corner of Liberia. ble and Prayer Circle, a move- 'the blood of martyrs is the seed Sickness again defeated a fine ment which has grown out of of the Church," for not long aftwork, and the workers have been the evangelistic ministry of Mr. er Rasalama's execution church compelled to return to the States. G. A. Gush, a colporteur-evan- membership increased tenfold, gelist who was at one time a and the adherents twentyfold. The Firestone Rubber Com- farmer, and who was converted pany have cleared 70,000 acres during a mission conducted by -The Chronicle. of jungle and planted it with Gipsy Smith in South Africa, rubber trees, 15,000 acres of about thirty-three years ago. Call for Protestant Unity which are now bearing. This has Those who found Christ through greatly increased prosperity in Mr. Gush are to be found all Dr. Daniel A. Poling, inter- Liberia. over South Africa today; and national president of Christian there are hundreds, especially Endeavor, told a group of hear- -World Dominion Press. among the European population ers in Grand Rapids, Mich., re- of the eastern Cape Province, cently that Protestant Christian- Angola Leper Work where the Prayer Circle has been ity, instead of being in a posi- the result of a hunger for deep- tion to conduct a successful of- A large part of the work con- er spiritual life. fensive against the powerful nected with the Camundong~ forces opposing the Church, Leper Colony, Angola, South Af- The Prayer Circle is an unde- might be unable to maintain its rica, is undertaken by the lepers nominational body made up of own position. Among these opthemselves. It was considered many praying bands in cities, posing forces he cited militant impracticable to send nurses or towns and villages. The differ- Shintoism in Japan; a united orderlies from the station to the ent bands meet on different eve- Hinduism in India, Burma and villages; the more intelligent nings~ and each has its own Siam; a united, world Bud- Christian lepers were therefore method and procedure; but dhism; Mohammedanism, shaktaught to use the hypodermic twice a year there is a large ing off its age-old superstitions; syringe, and to administer chaul- gathering in a central place. the German Neo-pagan movemoogra oil treatment. Only ment, and Communism. Christians, and those who can -Life of Faith. read the Bible and preach the Under the slogan "Christ for Gospel, are sent out. Dlalagasy Centenary the Crisis," Christian Endeavor has adopted a program of ob- Christian lepers have also en- Among this year's centenaries jectives that have to do with gaged in evangelistic work. Re- is that of the martyrdom of Ras- world peace, cooperation in the cently a party, many of them alama, Malagasy Christian, in enactment and enforcement of advanced cases, set out on a the reign of Ranavalona I, "ty- law support for Christian mismission of testimony, traveling rant queen of Madagascar." sions at home and abroad, the from village to village, telling During her reign of thirty-three furtherance of economic justice what had been done for them, years from sixty to eighty pro- and racial good will, and the and preaching the Gospel. This fessing Christians were publicly fight against alcohol and narcombined medical and evangel- put to death; s 0 m e were cotics. istic work is meeting with great speared, others burnt, and many response. -Life of Faith. stoned. Later, 500 died from -Presbyterian Tribune. the poison ordeal. Of those who Congo Prayers voluntarily confessed the i r Interesting Documents Christian faith, 400 officers were A missionary has w r itt e n reduced in rank and 2,000 were The Life of Faith reports that down some of the prayers of fined, while an unknown number half a million private journals men and women in the Congo. suffered privation and under- and letters sent home by mis- Here are two of them. mined health as they hid away sionaries in Africa, India, China in mountain fastnesses, or up and the West Indies, during the We have two hands each full of to their necks in rice bogs. last 140 years are to be reclassiseeds, seeds of goodness and seeds of fied by experts and preserved in evil. Day by day we scatter thfs8 Rasalama, 39 years of age, fireproof rooms at Livingstone seeds. Father in lieaven, help us to sang cheerfully most of the way House, Westminster, England. fill both hands with good seeds. Daily to her execution, and when This task will take two years. I seem to scatter evil seeds, and as reaching the spot where she was The documents include letters yet I am not worthy to go and tdi to be martyred, she asked per- from the first missionaries to others of Jesus. mission to kneel in prayer, and reach Tahiti, in 1797; from Dr. in that posture she was speared John Philip, who defended the * ** to death. rights of the Kaffirs in South Africa; Robert Moffat, during As the charcoal burns in the fire of Today, Rasalama's cottage his pioneer days in Southern the village smithy, and is consumed as still stands as she left it. There Rhodesia; David Livingstone; it makes the iron hot, so let me burn is a strong church here under Robert Morrison, the first transout in Thy service, 0 God, my King the London Missionary Society, lator of the Bible in Chinese; and Lord. and Christians can worship W. G. Lawes and James Chal- without fear of consequences. mers, of Papua; and from many -Wonderlands. It has been literally true that others.

Young People's Prayer Circle Between 500 and 600 people attended the fifteenth rally of the United Young People's Bi-

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Our Missionary Bookshelf Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information I ~i==============–=-=~ TWENTY-FIVE "BEST BOOKS" IN THE STUDY OF MISSIONS TO MOSLEMS PREPARED BY THE REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D.

Editor of "The Moslem World"; author of "Arabia, the Cradle of Islam," etc., etc.

Shortly after the World War 3. The Origin of Islam in Its signon's Annuaire du Monde a German scholar, Gus t a v Christian Environment. By Musulman. Paris. 1934. Pfannmuller compiled a Hand- Richard Bell. $3.50. Macbook of Literature on Islam and Millan, New York. 1926. 8. Christendom and IrSlam. By missions to Moslems. It com- W. W. Cash. $2.00. Harpprised over four hundred pages The writer gives the back- ers, New York. 1937. and over two thousand titles. ground of the new religion in Since that survey appeared, in- Arabia and indicates the sources A succinct account of the conterest in Islam as a world prob- of its strength and vigor. . tacts between Christendom and lem, and in missions, has not de- Islam and the influence for good creased. For one who has him- 4. Islam: Beliefs and Institu- and ill mutually exerted by Cruself written more than twenty- tions. By H. Lammens. sades and conquests. five books on Islam and Missions 8's. 6d. Methuen, London. to be asked to select twenty-five 1929. 9. An Eastern Palimpsest. By "best" books is therefore some- O. Wyon. 2s. 6d. World what an embarrassing task. A careful analysis of the creed Dominion Press, New York. New books (like new art, new and practice in Islam. Full of 1928. wine, or new violins) are not information and accurate in all always better than the old. Yet its statements. A brief account of missions in the latest view may be the only the Near East with maps and true picture of a scene that has *5. The Legacy of Islam. By statistics. witnessed kaleidoscopic changes. Sir Thomas Arnold and We have therefore selected some Others. Oxford. 1931. *10. Moslem Women Enter a new and some old volumes, while New World. By Ruth scores of others here omitted are A compendium of what the F ran c e s Woodsmall. "best" in their own field. The West owes to Islam in literature, $3.00. R 0 u n d Table titles marked with an asterisk art, architecture, science, phi- Press, New York. 1936. are popular and suitable for losophy and culture. No other younger readers also. book contains such fascinating The most recent book on the material on the "glory of Islam." subject and gives the brighter r. MOHAMMED AND ISLAM: side of the picture. Needs to be 6. The Koran (translated). By supplemented by present-day re- 1. Mohammed the Man and His E. H. Palmer. 80 cents. ports of women – missionaries Faith. By Tor Andrae. Pocket edition. Oxford Uni- who live close to the illiterate Scribners, New Y 0 r k. versity Press, New York. masses. 19.36. 1929. 11. The Moslem World of To- The latest attempt to evaluate The most idiomatic transla- day. Edited by John R. Mohammed's character. It is tion of the Koran with valuable Mott. $2.50. Doran, New fair and discriminating. Shows introduction and good index. York. 1926. how much Mohammed owed to Nestorian Christianity. II. EXTENT AND CHARACTER OF This consists of a series of monographs by missionaries and THE MOSLEM WORLD: orientalists on present-day as- pects of the problem, education, *7. Across the World of Islam. the press, medical work, etc. By S. M. Zwemer. $3.00.

2. Mohammed and the Rise of Revell & Co., New York. III. MISSIONS TO MOSLEMS: Islam. By D. S. Margo- 1929. liouth. $2.50. Putnam, THEIR VALIDITY, HIS- New York. 1905. A statistical and political sur- vey of the Moslem world and its TORY AND CHARACTER. The best brief life story of the missionary opportunity. Lacks Prophet; fully documented from a clJ,apter on the Near East and *12. Henry Martyn, Confessor original sources. should be supplemented by Mas- of the Faith. By Con- stance E. Padwick. S. C. M., London. 1922.

Any of the books noted in these columns will be sent by the R~IllW publishers on receipt of price.

[510 ]

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

The best life of the first mod- it deserves special mention. Full They teach a lesson without the ern missionary to Islam. of inspiration. necessity of pointing a moral. Children, parents and teachers 13. Modern Movements Among 21. The Arab at Home. By Paul will find these tales delightful Moslems. By S. G. Wil- and helpful. son. $1.50. Revell, New W. H a r r i son. $3.50. York. 1916. Africa and Christianity. By Diedrich Crowell, New York. 1924. Westermann. 221 pp. $2.25. Ox- Excellent, especially on Iran, ford University Press. New York. but not quite up-to-date. One of the best books for the 1937.

*14. The Persian Journey of the study of the Arab mind and soul Dr. Westermann of Berlin, Rev. Ash ley Wishard, the author of "Africa Today," is etc. By Elgin Grosclose. by one who has lived close to this one of the best-informed and $2.50. Bobbs – Merrill, people and loves them. . most interesting writers on Af- Indianapolis. 1937. rica from a Christian point of *22. The Expansion of Islam. view. He is professor of African A novel full of missionary ap- By W. W. Cash. 38.6d. languages at the University of peal and interest. Edinburgh House Press, Berlin and the material here London. 1929. presented was given in the Duff 15. History of the Arabian Mis- Lectures in Scotland in 1935. sion. By Mason & Barney, An excellent, popular general The author dwells on aspects of 25 East 22d Street, New survey. missionary work in Africa and York. the change this work is bringing 23. The Eclipse of Christianity about in the character, culture An account of thirty years' in Asia. By L. E. Browne. and condition of the people. He pioneer effort in the hardest of $3.50. Cambridge Uni- shows the old and new standards Moslem lands. versity Pre s s, London. and ideals in family and commu- 1935. nity life; the influence of Euro- 16. Vital Forces of Christianity pean commerce and control; the and Islam. 3s. 6d. Oli- Here is the history of Islam's changes in religious faith and phant, Anderson & Fer- penetration and spiritual con- practice-from superstition, ig- rier, London. 1915. quest of those lands in Asia norance, fear, to belief in God as where the Crescent has super- presented by missionaries. Dr. Six studies by missionaries to seded the Cross. Scholarly yet Westermann includes a chapter Moslems on Method of approach most interestingly written. on Christianity vs. Competition to the Moslem heart. with sects, with Islam and with 24. The Crescent in Northwest secularism-not c h e e r i n g to 17. Indian Islam. By Murray China. By G. Findley An- read; the growth of the Church; T. Titus. 12s. 6d. Ox- drews. China Inland Mis- and the production of Christian ford Press, New York. sion, London. 1922. literature. He does not hesitate 1930. to criticize missions construc- Sketch of Missions in North- tively as a friend. A scholarly survey of the his- west China. tory, character and peculiarities The information is general of Islam in India, its distribu- 25. A Desert Journal. By Evan- rather than specific for Africa is tion, and its present-day in- geline French & Mildred too large a continent to be sucfluence. Cable. $3.00. China In- cessfully dealt with in one short land Mis s ion, German- volume. For a general view, 18. Temple Gairdner of Cairo. town. 1934. however, this volume is highly By Constance E. Padwick. commended. It shows the prob- $3.00. Macmillan, New This book is a type of many lems and the progress noted in York. 1929. that tell of the daily life of Mos- two centuries of modern mis- lems and their attitude toward sions in Africa; also the forces The life of a versatile, schol- Christians in the great unoccu- for and against Christ and the arly and devoted missionary by pied areas. Church, forces that must largely one who is herself doing work determine the future of this for Moslems in all lands through OTHER RECENT BOOKS great continent. Christian literature. Stocking Tales. A Book of Stories Ablaze for God. By Mary W. Dunn 19. The Reproach of Islam. By for Children. By J. T. Stocking. Pattison. 317 pp. 38. 6d. Japan Temple Gairdner. C. M. Illustrated by Winifred Bromhall. Evangelistic Band, London. 1937. S., London. 119 pp. $1.25. Pilgrim Press. Boston. 1937. This is the biography of Paget There is no better textbook for Wilkes written by his sister. all who desire to know Islam as Dr. Stocking is a prince of Wilkes was born in Suffolk in it is and Christianity as it ought story-tellers, with lit era r y 1871, was educated at Oxford to be in witnessing for Christ. charm, a truly Christlike spirit, with Temple Gairdner, J. H. Not a lukewarm book, but full of imagination and a love for chilfire. dren. He fascinates adults and young people as well. His death *20. Young Islam on Trek. By has brought a great loss as his Basil Mathews. 25 cents. life was a great blessing to Friendship Press, New many. These stories are a mix- York. 1926. ture of fairy tale and parable.

This earlier textbook for mission study is so well written that

Oldham and Stuart Holden and the Plan of Union between Pres- meet are not so ready to be led." went to Japan to work with Bar- byterianism and Congregational- Doubtless Dr. Wilson has also clay Brocton in 1897. Later he ism and the controversy growing met many utterly indifferent to became the leader of the Japan out of it. the Word of God, who needed to Evangelistic Band, an undenom- be a wakened to a sense of sin. inational movement which em- Part Two is made up of docu- This is probably a selection of phasized direct evangelism and ments illustrating the frontier certain experience.'3 that show the "Second blessing." He was work of the Pre s b y t e ria n the great truth to be presented a man of great ability and of churches-an immense wealth of in Bible words to sinners, namepure devotion, whose motto source material. It is of course ly the way of justification and might well have been Henry ·only a fraction of what is avail- peace through the atoning death Martyn's "Now let me burn out able and a vast deal is of neces- of Christ. These true sketches for God." He mastered the Jap- sity omitted, many times as are very informing because they anese language and he inspired much as could be included; one show how thousands of people his associates, both Japanese and would rather have some of the who have gone to church and foreign, with his own zeal, and omitted material than that which have read the Bible for years, his consecration and sacrifice is included, some, for example, have never really understood the were a stimulus to many in the from the records of the old Penn- Gospel that Christ died for the missions of the British and sylvania presbyteries and from remission of sin, and that we American churches. At home, the period and area covered in are not saved by our own goodin England or in Canada or in Waddell's "Annals of Augusta ness, but by faith in Jesus South Africa, he conducted mis- County, Virginia, from 1726 to Christ. That is the one thing sions for the conversion of non- 1871." But we are grateful for that stands out in this book. We Christians and for the deeper the mass of old documents which must add this also that readers life of Christians. He was a Dr. Sweet has presented. They will be convinced that most Church of England evangelical enable us to enter intelligently Christians do not sufficiently and was a notable illustration of into the religious atmosphere of recognize the sinfulness of sin, the great body of British Chris- our country a century, and a cen- and the necessity of the shedding tians who move out on their own tury and a half ago, to realize of Jesus' blood; therefore they lines beyond the bounds of de- the social and cultural conditions do not feel impelled to seek the nominational action. He had the of that early time and, by such salvation of others. Finally, this Keswick mind, with a turn of a term of comparison, to see how book shows that Christians his own, and he served his Mas- far on we have come in true re- ought to know their Bibles and ter with his whole heart and ligion and Christian charity. be able to diagnose a soul's need mind and soul and strength. T9 and offer the remedy. We should read such a life is to have one's ROBERT E. SPEER. definitely study the book with own lethargy and reticence :r:e- this in mind. We may well note buked and to feel the glow of the The Romance of a Doctor's Visits. the Scripture passages used. New Testament discipleship at By Dr. Walter L. Wilson. 128 pp. Dull is the conscience of the work amid the conditions of our Is. Pickering & In~lis. London. Christian, either at home or on own day. 1937. the mission field, that will not be moved to personal work by read- Religion on the American Frontier. This small, easy-reading vol- ing this book. Vol. II, The Presbyterians, 1783- ume is one of the "World-Wide 1840. By William Warren Sweet. Library of Famous G 0 s pel FRANK LUKENS. 939 pp. $3.50. Harper & Brothers, Books." The author is a physi- New York and London. 1936. cian of some years' experience Consider Him. By Vance Havner. who but devotes much of his $1.00. American Bible Conference This volume by Dr. Sweet of time to Christian ministry. For Association. Philadelphia, Pa. 1937. the University of Chicago is the a number of years he regularly broadcast the morning Bible les- For those that like a "stimsecond in a series dealing with son over the radio station of the ulus" in Bible study and meditathe different denominations on Kansas City Star, and was said tion and desire a greater fellow- to have an audience of a million ship with the Spirit of God, this the early American frontier. people. book will be of great help. In it we find one hundred medita- The first volume dealt with the Here are twenty-eight short tions on some of the great pas- Baptists and the third is to deal pen-pictures of different persons sages of the Bible. These mediwit h the Congregationalists. seeking salvation whom he led tations were gathered by a Part One (125 pages of this to assured faith by use of Bible pastor from his everyday "walk volume) deals generally with passages. The cases represent and talk" with the Master and American Presbyterianism at all sorts and conditions of life, with his people in the parish. the close of the Revolution, the but the need and the solution In a book form they will inspire Presbyterians and Westward are practically the same in all. a much greater parish. To min- Expansion, the cultural and edu- The first impression on the read- isters they will serve as seeds of cational influence of the Presby- er is that everyone of these peo- thoughts for sermons. terians in the Early West, re- ple were seekers, conscious of vivalism and Presbyterian con- their sin, and wanting peace. A. H. PERPETUO. troversy, and the operation of Some may say, "The people I

Books Obituary Notes The

Across Africa in a Lorry. W. B. Red- (Concluded from page 449.) A weekly religious newspaper in mayne. 128 pp. $1.40. Zondervan. Grand Rapids. Dr. Edward M. Poteat, prominent its lo6th year of continuous pub- in Baptist work both North and South Books for the Traveler or Sojourner for two generations, died June 26, at Iication under the same name. in China. Harriet Hardison Rob- Raleigh, N. C. After a period of son. 24 pp. 25 cents. American years as preacher, college president, It is conservative and evangel- Council, Institute of Pacific Rela- and denominational worker, he went tions. New York. to China to be a professor in Shang- ical, gets its news by telegraph hai College. His son, Gordon Poteat, is Burmese Brothers. Story Lessons professor in Shanghai College; an- and keeps abreast of the times. for Little Children. Eleanor Mar- other son, Edwin M. Poteat, Jr., is a tin. 42 pp. 6d. S. P. G. London. prominent pastor in Raleigh. It goes into every state of the Union, the District of Columbia, Fun, Fear and Faith. The Story of *** the Church in Burma. Ruth Hen- and U. S. possessions. rich. 91 pp. 18. S. P. G. London. Dr. Danjo Ebina, Professor Emer- itus of Doshisha University, died in It goes to Asia and AFrica, South Cycle of Prayer and Praise, 19'37-38. Tokyo, on May 22. He first learned 100 pp. 68. S. P. G. London. about Christ from Gapt. L. L. Janes, America, Canada and New Zealand and afterwards was a member of the Christ of the Countryside. Malcolm first graduating class of Doshisha in and into twelve countries of Eu- Dana. 128 pp. $1.00. Cokesbury. 1879. He founded the Hongo Congre- Nashville. gational Church in Tokyo, was its rope. pastor until 1920 when he became Communism. John Horsch. 30 pp. university president. He was the Subscription Price, – 15 cents. B. I. C. Assn. Chicago. author of many books on Christianity. Ministerial Rate, The Land of Umbrellas. Lessons on *** the Church in Burma. Ruth Hen- 50c. extra—Canadian postage rich. 92 pp. Is. S. P. G. London. Emile Doumergue, for 66 years the leader of the French conservative $1.00 extra—foreign postage Flaming Milestone. Report of the theological group, died recently in World's Conference of the World France at the age of ninety-three. He THE PRESBYTERIAN Alliance of the Y. M. C. A.'s. 115 was the author of the Life of Calvin pp. World's Committee, Y. M. C. A. in seven volumes, and contributed 1217 Mark..t: Str….t, Philad..lphia, Pa. Geneva. editorially to the leading journal of Protestantism in France. He was not ciety, and president of the Bible Highland Heritage. Edwin E. White. in favor of church union for the sake League of North America. 196 pp. $1.00, cloth; 60 cents, of union. His was the phrase: "Fu- paper. Friendship Press. New sion without proper evangelical basis *** York. is nothing but confusion." Sir J. Charles Clegg, president of Is Not This a Brand? Percy Rush. *** the British Temperance League for 96 pp. Is. Pickering & Inglis. sixty-three years, died at Sheffield, London. Mrs. Elizabeth Murdoch Poage England, June 26. His most recent entered into rest at her home in Co- efforts in the cause of temperance was An Introduction to the New Testa- lusa, California, on July 4, at the age the preparation of a booklet, "Out to ment. Edgar J. Goodspeed. 362 of sixty–one. For forty years Mrs. Win." pp. $2.50. University of Chicago Poage had been an officer of the Press. Chicago. Sacramento Presbyterial and for nine *** years was president. The loss of her Little Talks to Little Folks. Charles service is keenly felt for she had been John T. Underwood, founder of the A. Puncker. 92 pp. Is. Pickering faithful in the performance of re- Underwood Typewriter Co., and & Inglis. London. sponsibilities both little and great. brother of Dr. Horace G. Underwood of Korea, died July 2. Mr. Under- Lessons in Soul Winning. Will H. Dr. Frederick H'" . W* ri*ght, who ren- wood was a former member of the Houghton. 23 pp. Free. Moody Presbyterian Board of Foreign Mis- Bible Institute. Chicago. dered effective service in both the sions, president of the Buckhorn As- heme and foreign work of the Metho- sociation of Kentucky, and a generous Medical Missions at Work. H. P. dit<: Episcopal Church, died June 11 supporter of work in Korea. Thompson. 82 pp. Is. S. P. G. in Ocean Grove, N. J., aged seventy- London. eight. He served as past)!· of the Gifts during his lifetime were con- Methodist Church in Rome from 1899 tinued in numerous bequests, among More Sources of Power in Famous to 1905. Some years later he becama them: $50,000 each to the Buckhorn Lives. Walter C. Erdman. 160 superintendent of the Italian Mission Association and to Chosen Christian pp. $1.00. Cokesbury Press. Nash- Conference under the Board of Home College; $20,000 to the Orphan ville. Missions and Church Extension. Asylum Society of Brooklyn; $10,000 each to the Lafayette Avenue Presby- Work of the Chaplain in the Civilian Mrs. Thomas *E. * Ba*rber, former terian Church of Brooklyn, the Pres- Conversation Corps. Col. Alva J. byterian Board of Foreign Missions, Brasted. 48 pp. Command & Gen- missionary in the Columbia Mission, the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities and eral Staff School Press. Ft. Leaven- Presbvterian, U. S. A., died in the the Brooklyn Museum. worth, Kansas. Pasad"ena Hospital, Pasadena, Cali- fornia on June 2. Most of Mrs. Bar- *** Women of the New Testament. ber's time during her 25 years on the Abraham Kuyper. $1.00, cloth; 65 field was spent in educational and Rev. Wilhelm Zoellner, D.D., for- cents, paper. 95 pp. Zondervan evangelistic work at Barranquilla, Bo- mer head of the Church Affairs De- Pub. Co. Grand Rapids. gota and Medellin. partment of the Nazi government and one-time leader in the ecumenical The West Indies. H. P. Thompson. *** movements of Stockholm and Lau- 70 pp. 18. S. P. G. London. sanne, died at Duesseldorf, July 17. Mr. William Philips Hall, for 26 The World, the Church and You. years president of the American Tract When, in December, 1936, Hitler Outlines for Group Study. 34 pp. Society, died on August 14 at Walling- ,rarned Nazi leaders to cease their at- 3d. Edinburgh House Press. Lon- ford, Conn., in his seventy-third year. tacks upon Christianity, part of the don. Mr. Hall was born at Stamford, credit was given to Dr. Zoellner, who Conn., on February 1, 1864. He was was reported to have warned the gov- Yahrbuch Der Ostasien Mission. 96 the founder and for many years the ernment that its anti-Church program pp. Allgemeiner Evangelische-Pro- president of the Hall Signal Co., vice- had gone too far. tantische Missionsverein. Berlin, president of the American Bible So- Germany.

The Man that Changed the World. Frederick B. Fisher. 208 pp. $2.00. Cokesbury Press. Nashville.

~o Noi MU4 A DAILY USE

THE •.. Cbt lIPPtf Room (America's Leading Devotional Guide) MOSLEM Will Lift the CONTENTS OF THE WORLD Level of the OCTOBER-NOVEMBER- Sfiritual Life A Christian Quarterly Review of o Any Church DECEMBER ISSUE Current Events, Literature and and Its Homes Thought Among Mohammedans Inte,.pretation of COf)er Picture, "Christ amont the Lowl," Editor: SAMUEL M. ZWEMER October 1-9 SOME ARTICLES IN THE The Christian and His Home OCTOBER NUMBER October 10·20 Herbert Udny Weitbrecht Stanton The Christian and His God By Samuel M. Zwemer Octobe,. 21-21 Missionary Adventure in the Sahara The Christian and the Christ By Dugald Campbell Octobe,. 28-31 Northern Nigerian Opportunity The Christian and the Holy Spirit By H. G. Farrant NOf)ember 1-6 Islam in India The Christian and Social Responsi. bility By James W. Sweetman NOf)ember 1-13 Moslem Women of North Africa Foundations for a Stable and Peace. By Frances E. Roberds ful Society The Joy of Preaching to Moslems N of)ember 14-20 By Stephen Khoobyar The Kingdom of God and the So· cial Order The Political Fortunes of Islam By G. L. Schanzlin NOf)embe,. 21-21 The Spirit of Thanksgiving and Hitti's History of the Arabs the Social Order By Nabih A. Faris NOf)ember 28-30 Also Book Reviews, Current Top. Working Together with God ics, Survey· of Periodicals, and the Index for the Year. December 1-11 The Christian and His Attitudes SUBSCRIBE NOW December 12-18 50 Cents a Copy. $2.00 a Year (postpaid) The Christian and His Daily Walk THE MOSLEM WORLD December 19-25 156 Fifth Ave., New York City "Unto Us a Saviour Is Born"

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The Missionary Review of the World — October 1927

OCTOBER, 1927

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DEPT. No. 20 '~"'- NEW YORK ~e MOSLEM WORLD A Quarterly Review of current events, literature, and thought among Mohammedans and the progress of Christian Missions in Moslem lands.

Edited by REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., F.R.G.S.

cA.sodate EditOT.

PR.OF. D. B. MACDONALD, D.D., Hartford, Conn. REV. MURRAY T. TITUS, B.Litt., India CANON W. H. T. GAIRDNJ:R, B.A., Cairo MR. MARSHAI..[' BROOMHALL, London REV. H. U. WEITBR~CHT STANTON, London REv. E. M. WHERRY, D.D., India PROF. WM. G. SHlU.I.ABnAR, D.D .• Hartford, Conn. PROF. ARTHUR JEFFERY, Cairo, Egypt PROF. S. RALPH HARLOW, Northampton. Mass.

T HE Moslem World was founded in 1911 to follow up the work of the conferences on evangelization of Moslems, held at Cairo in 1906 and at Lucknow in 1911. It is unique in its outlook, at once on phases and conditions of contemporary Islam, and on the missionary work of all sections of the Christian Church among Moslems, WHAT SOME READERS SAY "THE MOSLEM WORLD is the best source of information in the English language with regard to religious movements among the Mohammedan peoples and with regard to Christian Missions to Moslems. It deals with the literature that relates to Islam and Irslamic ,Peoples _and it is indispens- able to all those who arc interested in their evangelization. Its attitude wlth reference to the world's need of Christ and the sufficiency of the Christian Gospel is unwavering but it deals with the great issue of Islam and Christianity with Christian kindness and goodwill."-RoBERT E. SPEER, D.D., Secretary Board Foreign Missions Presbyterian Church~ U. S. A.

"THE MOSLEM WORLD is indispensable for all friends of foreign missions who wish to remain in touch with the rapid and kaleidoscopic changes among the two hundred and thirtYMfour millions of Moslems. There is at present no livmg person commanding such worldMwide and intimate knowledge of the problems connected with the Moslem world as tho editorMinMchief of this Quarterly." -DR. JULIUS RICHTtR, D.O., Professor of Science of Missions, University of Berlin.

MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING CO., 156 Fifth Ave., New York City Price in U. S. A., $2.00 or 50 cents per copy; in Britain, 8s. per annum. or 2s. per copy Please menUon THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers. THE MISSIONARY Review of the World DELAVAN L. PIERSON. EJitor CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1927 Page FRONTISPIECE …… CENTRAL A}'RIC'A MISSION FIELD OF THE LATE DAN CRAWFORD MOSLEM LIFE IN RUMANIA AND BULGARIA …………SAMUEL M. ZWEMER 725 A report of observation;; and information gathered on a reolmt tour in South· oostern Europe. Some revelations of the prevalence ot Islam in the Balkan States. TRE CEASEL,ESS INNER URGE …………………………… S. D. GDRDON 732 A strikim,g study of the motive and power of the Christian missionary. enterprise as viewed by the author of the famous" Quiet Talks." WRY CHRISTIAN MISSIONS~ …………………….. P. WHITWELL WILSON 737 The authw of "The Christ We Forget" and other well-known volumes, gives reasons why Chris·tian mis8ionary alJtivity hoUls 81Lch an important and essential prave in the work of the Christian Church. SEVENTEEN YEARS IN THE PERSIAN GULF ……………. C. S. G. MYLREA 743 One of tke well·known missionaries of the Reformed Church tells of his experienoes among fanat;;oa~ anti-Christian Arabs ana shows the opportu.nities for in{})'ease-a missionary eilart. MOHAMMED AND THEOPHOLIS …………………….. OALVIN K. STAUDT 747 The head o<f a Christian boys' ..chool in Mesopotamia giv'es some interesting experiences in dealing with Mohanumedan boys. A FOCAL POINT FOR MOSLEM SEEKERS …………………… E. E. ELDER 749 A mil8sionary too.oher in aairo desoribes the influence of a Christian schoo~ ana: the seO/J'oh of followers of Mohantmed fot' the truth. TESTS OF SPIRITUAL LIFE ……………………… SADHU SUNDAR SINGH 751 The famous Indian Christian" holy man" expresses in Orilmtal style his interpre· tation of Christian truth. A GREAT AFRICAN CHRISTIAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. W. FEET 753 A sket"" of the life and work of J. E. K. Aggrey, one Of the most intelligent and outstandmg of African Christians who won honot's in American universities. AN EXPERIMENT IN AFRICAN EDUCATION ………………… F. W. COBB 755 The story of the purpose and: progress of the ed,ueationa~ institution in West· Africa to which Dr. Aggrey intended to devote his life. AMONG THE MEIXICANS IN TEXAS …………….. .TOSEPH MARTIN DAWSON 757 A picture of conrlcitions on the American side of the Rio Grande, showing the need and opportunities for evange1ical work. WALDENSIAN CHURCHES IN SICILy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. S. GOODMAN 759 ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AND MISSIONS …………….. . .T. W. BURTON 761 TAKEN FOR KIDNAPPERS ………………………………. H. J. SHEET'S 764 BEST METHODS FOR USING MISSION STUDY BOOKS .MRS. DAN B. BRUMMITT 765 A MISSIONARY HIS'l'ORY TEST ON MOSLEM LANDS …… BELLE M. BRAIN 770 WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN . . . . . . . EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN! 771 WOM'AN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN …… EDITED BY ELLA D. MAOLAURIN 774 NEWS FROM MANY LANDS ………………………………………… 776 THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY ……………………………………….. 793 TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, liD cents. Single copies, 25 cents. Published mont~ly. Copyrighted, 1927, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All l'l.ghts reserved.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc, Robert E. Speer. President Wm. 1. Chamberlain, Vice-President Delavan L. Pierson, Secretary Walter McDougall, Treasurer Publication om••, 3d & Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Editorial and Business Omce. 156 l"lttl> Avenue. Pa.. 25c" COPy. $2.50 a year. New York City Entered aa second-class matter at the Poet omce. Harrisburg, Pa.. under Act or March 3. 1879. PERSONALS DR. WILFRED GRENFELL of Labrador has Quadruple Dividends been made lly IGpg George of England a knight of the order of St. Michael and St. FROM George. Annuity Agreements * CASH DIVIDENDS-To the donor during life. DR. WILLIAM R. KING, formerly pastor of an important church in St. Lonis and re- Based on age when gift is made. cently district secretary of the Board of National Missions of the Presbyterian SPIRITUAL DIVIDENDS-To Ihe donor during life. Church, has recently accepted the position "It is more blessed to give than to receive." of execntive secretary of the Home Missions CASH DIVIDENDS-To tbe project named by Ihe Council with offices at 105 E. 22nd Street, New York. donor.

* Any regular missionary work may be supported. RT. REV. PETER TRIMBLE ROWE, D.D., Bishop of Alaska, unable to await the government boat for the Arctic, made the trip to Tiagara from Nome and return by airplane for the visitation of missions.

~ SPIRITUAL DIVIDENDS-To tbe people reached as a result of your gift. THE REV. CHARLES E. VERMILYA, who was formerly superintendent of frontier work The life that is brought to Christ in the Methodist Episcopal Board of Home is the great dividend. Missions, and recently secretary of the Home Missions Council, has been appointed ex- For further informati"n write ; ecutive secretary of the New York State Council of Churches. His office is 105, East Morna W. Ehnes, Treasurer. Board 01 For. Twenty-second Street, New York City. agD Mi.lions 01 the Methodist Epitcopal Church, * 150 Filth Avenue, New York. N. Y., or MRS. DOUGLAS THORNTON, whose late hus- W. J. Elliott, Treasurer. Board 0/ Home Mi•• band was once a leader in the British Student Movement and a C. M. S. missionary .ionl and Church Extension "I the Methodist Episco. to Egypt, has been appointed a full secre- pal Chwch. 170 I Arch Street, Philadelphia. Pa. tary by the Church Missionary Society-the first woman to be called to such a position.

OBITUARY first Protestant church in Alaska, and was the author of "Alaska Days with John DR. GEORGE E. KING, head of the Borden Muir," "Adventures in Alaska, " and" The Memorial Hospital at Lanchow, KansuProv- Klondike Klan" and other volumes. His inee, China, and son of a veteran mission- autobiography is now in the hands of Flemary of the China Inland Mission, was ing H. Revell Co. drowned while fleeing, with fellow missionaries, on rafts from Lanchow. * * WILLIAM MOQUERE, a converted safe cracker and, for about twenty years, an REV. WILLIAM T. ELSING, D.D., an au- earnest Christian worker and superintendent thority on City Missions and for forty years of the McAuley Cremorne Mission of the pastor of De Witt Memorial Church, New National Bibt'e Institute, died suddenly of York City, nntil his retirement a few years heart disease on September 5th. ago, died in Merano, Italy, early in August, aged seventy-six years. COMING EVENTS * Octobe,. 4th to 6th-The Missionary Edu- eation Movement is to hold an important REV. S. HALL YOUNG, D.D., for nearly conference on Mission Study at Pocono fifty years a Presbyterian missionary in Manor, Pa. Alaska, died as the result of a trolley accident near Clarksburg, West Virginia, on ** September 2nd, 1927. Dr. Young would have been eighty years old on September The annual meeting of the Interdenomi- 12th. He was born in Butler, Pa., and at- national Council on Spanish-Speaking Work tended the University of Wooster, and will be held in San Antonio, Texas, from Princeton Theological: Seminary. Nearly December 14-18, 1927. fifty years ago, he was married to Miss Fannie E. Kellogg in Sitka. He was the Preparations are now being made in Engcompanion of John Muir, the naturalist, and land and America for the celebration of the in the gold rush to the Klondike in 1898, Three Hundredth Anniversary of the birth and carried on his missionary work by of John Bunvan in 1928. The American canoe and dog team to many settlements Tract Society' expects, as a part of its plan in this vast territory. He organized the for the celebration, to raise a fund of $25, 000 to print new editions of "Pilgrim's Progress" in many languages.

PI."… mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD In wrIting to advertIsers. o BELGIAN CONGO ~ LUBA 4.j .e; Katnevwe 8'

. .. LOU B A • Nielllbu 1<und,. ~ 6,'<?-· • … Sv· '.0-.–~'.-.~~'!ijl. lfu lenge . . . . . ._ o LAM Scal. lliles MISSION STATIO~S WITH RESIDENT WHITE NATIVE CHURCIIES WITHOUT ,RESIOENT WHITE RESIDENT EVANGELISTS" PRIMARY SCHOOL 270 28"

MISSION FIELD OF THE LATE DAN CRAWFORD, OENTRAL AFRIGA This map, drawn by Dr. Tilsley, Mr. Crawford '8 nephew and successor, shows the extent of the territory (200 by 300 miles) occupied by the Luanza Mission. Note the number of mission stations and outstations, with churches and with resident Afriean evangelists and native schools. The neighboring territory, occupied by the Methodist Episcopal Church, London Missionary Society and Congo Evangelistic Mission, is also indicated. L TEN Moslem Life in Rumania and Bulgaria BY THE REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., CAIRO, EGYPT- Author of "Arabia, The Cradle of Islam," etc., etc.

I T IS not generally known that in Southern Europe there are still nearly three million followers of the Arabian Prophet, chiefly in Yugo-Slavia, Albania, Rumania and Bulgaria. These are living, as minority groups, in the midst of the Christians. Their racial origin is in some places Tatar or Turkish, the descendants of the old Moslem conquerors. In other places Serbians, Bulgarians, (Pomaks), Albanians and Gypsies have been "converted" to Islam since many decades, and cannot easily be distinguished from orthodox Turks.

Eager to learn the needs of these people, and to know something at first hand of the missionary opportunity among them, we recently visited some of the great Moslem centers such as Rustchuk, Varna, Constanza, Sofia, Philopoppolis, Belgrade and Serajevo. We saw more, however, in the smaller towns, away from the usual routes, in places like Bazargic, Shumna, and Majidiya, where the old-fashioned life prevails, where men still mourn the abolition of the Caliphate, women go veiled, young men wear the fez, and old men smoke the waterpipe. We were reminded at Warsaw, on a visit to the mosque and the Moslem cemetery, that there are six thousand IMoslems in Poland; and by the noble marble monument to Sobieski that it was a Polish king who hurled back the wave of Turkish invasion from the gates of Vienna in 1683, and saved Europe.

In Budapest we visited the little mosque-shrine to the last saint of Islam in Hungary, but once across the border and into the great plain of the Danube in Rumania we saw the familiar dress that distinguishes Moslem men and women everywhere.

725

After arrival in Bucarest, 'the Paris of the Balkans, our host, the .r Rev. J. H. Adeney of the London ews Society, took us for a visit to the beautiful little mosque, built in Carol Park by the Government to adorn the exposition grounds, and now used for Moslem worship. We had a delightful hour discussing religious matters with the Mufti, who spoke Arabic quite easily, and gave us a warm welcome. Literature from the Nile Mission Press and the Scriptures in Arabic, Turkish, etc., were here and everywhere on our journey eagerly accepted. In fact our lack of faith was rebuked, for our supply ran out long before the demand was supplied. A converted Jewish soldier in the Rumanian army for example bought testaments for his Moslem comrades at the barracks.

On a visit to the old Academia Library in Bucarest we became acquainted with the output of the Moslem press, and through thp kindness of the American minister secured a special letter from the Government for crossing the rather disturbed frontiers.

On April 29th we left for Rustchuk to attend a conference of Christian. workers from every part of Bulgaria. We traveled by train to Giorgia on the frontier and crossed the Danube by the ferry.

Rustchuk is a town of some 40,000, of which perhaps one fourth is Mohammedan. Formerly it had twenty-nine mosques, now it has twelve: some were demolished during the war and others by the municipality because of new streets. It is still a stronghold of Islam, however, for all Northern Bulgaria, through its schools and press.

At Rustchuk we met two old friends-Ivan Gantcheff, agent for the British and Foreign Bible Society, and E. Max Hoppe of the German Hilfsbund and Orient Mission. Both were delegates to the Conference which met in the .Methodist church-too small to contain the audience that gathered at every session. There were able leaders and earnest words; the singing of a choir of young people (the girls in picturesque costume) was excellent. After an address on God's love for Moslems and His call to evangeli'ze them, a resolution was passed unanimously, which reads: We are greatly impressed with our Christian obligation to bring the Christ to our 750,000 Mohammedan neighbours in Bulgaria, therefore we, the delegates to the 47th Convention of the Bulgarian Evangelical Society representing the united body of Evangelical Christians working in Bulgaria, do hereby pledge ourselves to every possible interest in the evangelization of our Mohammedan brothers, and will give loyal cooperation to every effort to reach with the Gospel the thousands of Mohammedans in this land and elsewhere.

We trust the American Missions working in this area will follow such resolutions with definite plans for leading the Bulgarian Church out into this great unoccupied fied. Hitherto the Moslem has been much neglected, for special reasons and because of special difficulties.

MOSLEM LIFE IN RUlV!ANIA AND BULGARIA

Today there is peace, religious freedom, and no barrier to the tactful presentation of the gospel message,. The splendid work of such men as Max Hoppe, Pastor Ehmann and others of the German Mission, and the work of the two Bible Societies prove that the doors are wide open. In the village of Razgrad a converted Moslem is preaching to his former coreligionists.

In Rustchuk we met an earnest inquirer, a book-seller, who took us to the fraternity house of the Shathaliya order of which he was a member. I shall never forget his thoughtful questions and his pierc- ing eyes, hungry for spiritual vision. On the walls of the tekke were mottoes some of which we found on sale afterwards in other places.

One very striking motto written in Arabic reads: " 'Whoso hath a place for Allah in his heart will find Allah his helper in this world and the next; but whoso hath in his heart other than Allah, will find Allah his opponent in this world and the next." '

On Saturday; April 30th, we went to Varna. All along the railway there are Moslem villages and agricultural settlements. Varna, on the Black Sea, is an important center for trade and shipping, and is the seat of the Bulgarian orthodox metropolitan and of Roman Catholic clergy and schools. Among its population of 41,000 there M.0SLE'M BOYS AT SHUMEN. BULGARIA are some 4,500 rrurkish-speaking Moslems. The German Mission under Pastor Ehmann and Pastor Liiling is attempting literary work for the Moslems of Bulgaria for which there is great need. We met the daughters of Abraham Amirkhanjanz who, with Johannes Aveteranian, was a pioneer in this region. They left behind them a literary heritage which is yet to be more widely used-manuscripts, tracts, books in Armenian, Bulgarian and Turkish, a translation of the Koran into Armenian and one into Turkish printed on alternate pages with the text of the Turkish New Testament! Long before the war this seed was being sown in Bulgaria and it has born fruit. At Varna we held a union meeting in the Evangelical church, and our message was interpreted first into Bulgarian and then into Armenian. What wonderful talent the Bulgarian Christians have for song!

We spent one memorable day at Shumen, the great intellectual center of Islam in Bulgaria. The largest of its many mosques is called Tumboli Jamia and dates from 1648. Near it is the tomb of Hassan Pasha, a place of pilgrimage. From the verandah of the

GRADUATING CLASS OF 1924 IN A SCHOOL FOR R E LIGIOUS TRAINING AT MIAJIDIYA, RUMANIA German Mission House one can count twenty-two minarets, a panorama that reminds one of a miniature Cairo seen from the Citadel. We visite'd the Moslem press and called on the Mufti who accepted Arabic Christian books eagerly. Shumen is an educational center and in addition to primary Koran schools has an institution for the training of Moslem teachers. We met many of their "Young Islam on Trek" to schoo], (see illustration) but there are no radical educational reforms yet in this part of Bulgaria: the curriculum is oldfashioned and very orthodox.

Rather than take the meandering course of the railway, we went direct by automobile from Varna to Bazargic, crossing the frontier and rather enjoying the double unsuccessful custom-house search for tobacco, fire-arms or Bolshevist literature at two posts! Bibles were not confiscated but the copies given accepted gratefully. Bazargic has several mosques, three book-shops, and an active press.We also saw the young Moslem Club, its reading room, cafe and small gymnasium, all very primitive but harbingers of a new day. One of the small group of Evangelicals living here begged me, as they were without a pastor or missionary, to hold a service and baptize the twins of Ivan Petkoff. It was a polyglot service, by interpretation and interruption. The crying seemed to be American, they sang Bulgarian hymns, and the service was interpreted by a Greek lady, wife of an Armenian, whose father is pastor of a Greek church in New York City. The next day we took a car for Constanza. Our fellow-passengers were a Moslem judge and a merchant; both accepted a portion of the Scriptures in Turkish.

The city of Constanza has a very beautiful mosque recently built, with a high minaret of concrete; there is a learned Mufti but the city has only a small Mos]em population. Majidiya a much smaller town, forty kilometers away, is far more important as a

MOSLEM, LIFE IN RUMANIA AND BULGARIA

Moslem center. We spent a day there visiting the schools and studying the life of the people. In the Moslem high school for boys and girls, the Arabic language is well taught, and we heard them recite the Koran. There is a sort of theological seminary also with over one hundred enrolled, and eighty in the boarding department. They follow an eight-year course of study. Our illustration shows the graduating class with the faculty-a very impressive group, when you r ealize that such as these go out every year to strengthen the hold of orthodox Islam among the masses. In the middle of the town there is a fairly large printing press employing a goodly staff where three small rotary presses turn out Moslem literature.

R eturning to Bucarest we were surprised to see on the day of our arrival an account on the first page of the daily press of the public baptism of twelve Mohammedans. Afterwards we learned that these were villagers who had accepted Christian teaching and joined the Greek Orthodox Church by immersion. A prelate told us there were others preparing for baptism. Apparently the" Law of Apostasy" is no longer in force and no special danger or persecution follows the abandonment of Islam in Rumania. One longed for the occupation of this ripe field by some Evangelical Society, or at least for the opening of work in places like Silistra, Bazargic and Majidiya, now wholly neglected.

To reach Sofia and Philopoppolis we again crossed the Danube at Rustchuk On Sunday it was our privilege to preach in the Methodist Episcopal church in the morning, where the genial pastor Mr. Zapkoff is in charge of an important work. In the evening there was a crowded union meeting in the Congregational church. After an SOMEl. GYP SY MOH<AMMEDANS AT SOFIA. BULGARIA

address on Islam, opportunity was given for questions. They were not all easily answered, but were proof of a growing and intelligent interest of these earnest Christians in their Moslem neighbors. The next day we visited a Gypsy village of which there are many in Bulgaria. Some of the thousands of this wandering race belong to the Orthodox Church, but more are Mohammedans. They belong economically and intellectually to the lower strata of society. There is no regular mission work done among them. Living in their untidy villages or camps, their lot is pitiful in every way. Yet here too we found a rickety mosque and a woe-begone building that stood near, used as a school. To hear Gypsy boys repeat the Arabic Koran and to see Gypsy girls copying the Ali! Bay on their slates was proof that Islam is trying to win these outcasts.

Sofia is a mission station of the American Board whose activities in the Balkans date back to 1857. The Methodists also have an important work here. The Protestants in Bulgaria have 32 churches, 29 pastors and 14 lay preachers. The president of the United Protestant Church is the Rev. D. N. Fournajieff, pastor of the Sofia Congregational Church. There are schools and a theological institute. The oldest newspaper in Bulgaria is the Zrnitza, organ of the Evangelical Church. The Y. M. C. A. began work at Sofia in 1899 and has fifteen branches in Bulgaria, with a total membership of over one thousand. There is, however, little aggressive work among the Moslem population.

At Philopoppolis we had most interesting contacts with the Moslems. It is a city of mosques, fourteen in all, with an active Moslem press, and it is the educational center for Southern Bulgaria. To our astonishment we found the chief Turkish Mohammedan bookshop and press conducted by an Armenian Christian, Thomas Ismerlijan, who when exiled from Constantinople, where he was a bookseller, undertook this enterprise for a living. In his shop we found on sale five different versions of the Koran in Turkish, and many other books, especially catechisms and lives of Mohammed: a proof that Islam is active here. At a conference of all the Christian workers from the various societies held in the home of Mr. Holway of the American Board, the need and opportunity of work for Moslems were discussed. Some are trying to reach Moslems in the prisons, others have begun work among the Gypsies who are responsive to friendly approach. The great need is literature for Christians about Islam, and literatur.e of the right type for their Moslem neighbors. It was pathetic to meet an aged and learned Christian from Monastir, who brought his manuscript version of the Koran translated into Bulgarian. He had toiled to complete it, furnished it with notes and a fine introduction based on Sale's translation, but was able to print only three small portions. He asked for help to complete this labor of love, and then with a smile of hope, bundled

MOSLEM LIFE IN RUMlAI-nA AND BULGARIA

up his precious manuscript and walked home again. Who will encourage this lonely scrjbe and put funds at the disposal of the Christian Literature Committee to give Moslems better books than the Koran1 'With specially trained workers, the wide use of Christian literature, and the union of all the scattered groups, we believe the Bulgarian Church could speedily win the seven hundred thousand Moslems back to Christ. The Pomaks are really lapsed Christians, prodigals to be welcomed back home.

Just across the borders of Rumania and Bulgaria, there are the eighteen million Mohammedans of Russia; westward there are nearly two million Mohammedans in Albania and Yugo-Slavia. What a challenge to the Church, and what a strategic advantage the present missionary forces in Bulgaria and Rumania would have if they arose to their opportunity! We called on the Mufti in Philopoppolis and found him reading a marked copy of the Turkish New Testament. When asked why he had marked certain passages his reply was, "I ma.rked those places where I foun;d that Christians were not living in accordance w'ith the tca,chings of Jesus the Messiah." One wonders whether he had underscored the last paragraph of the Gospel according to Matthew.

'" After attendanco at the two conferences held at Budapest and Warsaw on missions to the Jews, it was my privilege to spend a. month in vi s iting and studying the needs and opportunities for Christian work among the Mohammedans in Southeastern Europe. S. M. Z.

A GROUP OF MOSLEMS BAPTISED AS CHRIST'IANS AT BUCARE'ST

Ceaseless Inner'

The Essential Missionary Spirit of Christianity BY S. D. ,GORDON Author of "Quiet Talks"

T HE spirit of a ceaseless aggressive urge is the breath and blood of the original Christian Movement. The distinctive message of the movement has the same instinctive insistent quality, deeply imbedded in bone and fibre, a spirit of aggressive ceaseless Go.

And, in distinct addition to these, there is an aggressiveness aroused and intensified by contact with the need, the tragic pathetic need of the world, in which movement and message are enmeshed.

This is the three-fold intensified spirit of urge inherent in the Christian Movement itself, in its message, and through the world's need.

Aggressive means taking the initiative, and doing it vigorously. It is of the very life of the Christian Movement that it takes the initiative. It attacks that which is neither good nor right.

Its aggressive sweep in the beginning stands sharply out. From the purely human point of view the strategy of the Holy Spirit here is simply unmatched and matchless.

It would be expected, of course, and there it is. Let it be said with the utmost reverence. Yet, let it be said, for the human comparison makes us better able to appreciate that strategy.

It may well be doubted if the Pentecost event has ever been fully appreciated, simply now as a bit of strategy.

Look at it afresh. At least five thousand men are involved in that Pentecost group as it quickly grew; not persons, but men, the natural leaders. They are Jews, the most intense racial group. They are from every city center of the earth literally. It is actually a world-wide group.

They are devout men, pilgrims to the Passover Feast. They have witnessed the crucifixion of Christ. Many of them, as many as five hundred at one time, have seen Christ after his resurrection.

They had gone through that untellable experience of the Holy Spirit flooding down, the tongues of flame, the rushing mighty wind, the speaking every common foreign language known, the dominant message of the crucified risen Christ, told with exultant praise.

That experience could never be forgotten, nor gotten over. It burned itself into their very being, scarred itself in, blessedly scarred. It revolutionized every man there.

Now, these men are scattered, scattered literally everywhere over the earth, aflame with the Holy Spirit's presence, and the tremendous fact of a crucified and risenM'essiah.

732 Every city center of the earth heard the story, saw evidence of a supernatural power, felt the power, actually felt the power, clearly a supernatural power. The earth was aflame with the Ohrist story and the Ohrist power.

As a bit of pure strategy the whole thing arouses the profound regard and reverent admiration, and more, of the student of strategy. There is nothing like it anywhere, simply nothing in the same class strategically.

And the inner spirit of it all was that ceaseless urge. It was the. urge of a living flame. It had the incessant move of the Holy Spirit's own presence. And this was the very breath and blood of that early Ohristian move. For intensiveness and rapidity of movement, over a wide area, earthwide, the thing is without parallel.

The distinctive message of the Ohristian Movement had the same tense throbbing pulse beat. It reveals at once its life, the reason of its being.

That message centered wholly in the person of Ohrist; who He was, the tremendous thing He did in dying, the terrific necessity for it, and the ceaseless appeal to men to choose. These four things stand boldly out. And their very daring and boldness made and makes an aggressiveness without parallel or precedent or successor. To these early leaders and their followers Ohrist was the Son of God in a distinctive sense true of no other. The significance of the virgin-birth is simply in this that it reveals at once His distinctive personality, quite apart from all other humans.

To them the central fact of Christ's life was the end of it, the death. It was voluntary. It was distinctly sacrificial for others in the substitute sense. The singular death of this singular personality, with the tre- mendous resurrection event, this was the tense, never absent, heart- throb of their message. The terrible tragedy of sin, man's stubborn opposition to God, was the one thing that made the sacrificial death of this singular Man of vital necessity. The sin score was settled by that singular death, and only so. And every man was urged to choose.

And it becomes of intensest interest in today's strange· cross- currents to mark keenly that this four-fold message they found, not alone in the events occurring then, but, burt rooted deep back in their Jewish Bible. These leaders had an intensive course in Bible study that resur- rection day. The teacher was Ohrist Himself. To the Emmaus couple, and then the larger Jerusalem company, He opened up their old Hebrew Bible. The whole story was, is, there. He had simply done what had been fully plainly foretold. Luke tells explicitly that He went through

every part of their Bible in that intensive course. One recalls with fresh interest the fact that their Hebrew Scriptures, so opened up, are identical in content with our Old Testament.

The Hebrew Bible, variously grouped and classified by Hebrew authorities, was the Pentecostal Bible of the early Church, and is the text reproduced in our Old Testament. Christ and His death explained and illuminated the Hebrew Bible, our Old Testament.

The bold daring of this original message makes one gasp. A .distinctive solitary personality, "the only begotten God," voluntarily dying a singularly sacrificial death for men, and for their sin, and the issue with every man dependent wholly on his imperial right of choice-the thing is daringly tremendous.

It is its daring that makes its aggressiveness. There is a ceaseless inner urge in it that at once caught men, and aroused such opposition.

Then the urgency of the need of men for this Christ message, and for the Christ Himself, intensified the ceaseless urge within both movement· and message. The outside pressed hard on the inside. And this prodding has never ceased, and doesn't.

That urge of the need has greatly broadened in our day. Originally the world's need pressed in on the church group. The thing was simple, thus far.

Now the need for the Christ message, and the Christ, and the Christ power, has grown complex. It is a three-fold need-in the world as then, in the Clmrch itself, and in the missionary groups and fields.

THE UNDERTOW BECOMES A FLOOD The world's outside undertow and suction of early days has become a flood tide in our day, seeping and sweeping insistently inside church circles, as well as outside.

A washed-out, merely cultural message has swamped the sacrincial Christ message, in the Church, and on the foreign field. This is true of the American, the British, and the Continental Ohurch, and on every mission field. There are always fine exceptions. But this is the characteristic thing.

A-recent striking illustration of this is fonnd in the utterances, by tongue and pen, of an American missionary to the Caucasian Orient, during an extended visit to his homeland.

He is clearly a saint, utterly devoted to Ohrist and to his chosen life work, with a passion for winning men, and marked ability. He has been through sacrificial experiences for many tense years.

In his recent utterances, which have attracted wide attention, he tells of a certain radical change of approach to men in presenting the Gospel. This is the striking thing to note.

He makes some confessions. And they are good, partly, at least

THE CEASELESS INNER URGE

two-thirds. He confesses to discarding Western civilrzation as part of his missionary propaganda. What a stroke of genius 1 What a pity he hadn't done it sooner 1 But then he was clear in the lead of the whole missionary movement in doing it. What a sense of freedom that must have been 1 And with that went the distinctively 'Vestern type of Christianity. He tried to shake the Christ, and the Christ message, free of the Western world's scaffolding. What a relief!

But in the shaking process he went a bit far. He shook off the line of defence of the Old Testament, he says. His language is informing. He didn't shake off the Old Testament itself.

It was clearly certain fixed interpretations of the Old Testament that he threw off. And that would be a blessed throw. But the Old Testament, which tTesus opened up and explained on the Emmaus Road, and that same night to the Jerusalem group, the Old Testament which to the Pentecostal Church was all athrob with the crucified risen Messiah-Saviour for men in their sin-he seems not to have had that clearly in his mind.

Then he made a new message, with an omission. It is a wonderfully fine message. There is a positive part to it, and the omission. The positive part is a delight. The omission is the dangerous part.

He delightfully pictures Christ as human, a sympathetic fellowman, a teacher, an example, a leader, the leader. But Christ the Saviour, whose death saves men from sin, and the badness of man's sin that necessitates the one great sacrifice-this is the fatal omission.

Except for indirect phrasing, lost in the great flow of other words, Christ the Saviour is not set forth in his message.

If scantest indirect mention of the leading issue be a practical ignoring of it, and if repetition be the greatest emphasis, then the omission in this man's message glares openly.

It seems to be the unconscious blunder of the head, in the burning desire to win men, and not of a very earnest heart, in the sore stress; but none the less, it is critical, and vital, and fatal.

His changed message bears the relation of fragrance to rose. He uses some of the fragrance but has left out the thorny rose that exudes the fragrance.

Now this particular instance would not be worth so much space were it not for the fact that the thing is systemic, not incidental nor local. It is a symptom of general conditions.

You see clear to the horizon through a thin crack in a fence. You can see the whole field, mission lands and home church, American, British and Continental, in this incident. It strikingly reflects the whole present situation.

This man's utterances are having widest acceptance as a wondrously new putting of the gospel message. It is not new, and it is not

the vital message of the early Church. Its warm welcome shows how accustomed the Church has gotten to such a thinned-out message. And so the present situation reveals a tremendous intensifying of the need for the real Christ message, and the Christ power. The intensified need becomes a fresh prod on that ceaseless inner urge.

And, it is of the very essence of the Christian Movement, and of its distinctive message, that the spirit of love breathe through all, even as the fragrant locust blossoms in the springtime.

It is the love that is gracious and gentle, in voice and pen and personal contact, even while relentlessly intolerant regarding the person of Jesus. It is the love that is always tolerant of persons while incorrigibly intolerant of looseness and errors regarding the Christ, and all that is tied up with Him.

There are three kinds of intolerance. There is the intolerance that makes a creed of tolerating everything regardless, and is utterly intolerant of those who won't.

There is the intolerance of those who believe certain central facts about the person of Jesus, but in a loose, easy-going sort of way, and who fellowship heartily with those denying the facts. It is intolerant of those who won't tolerate practical compromise on es- sentials. And there is the intolerance of love. It is the intolerance of purity toward impurity, of honesty toward rank dishonesty, of chastity toward defilement, of truth toward the lie, of loyalty to the person of Jesus toward all loose teaching about Him.

And there is no intolerance comparable to this. It is gracious in personal touch, but incorrigibly intolerant where Jesus' personality and work are concerned. What is love ~ It can't be defined in words, only in actions. God is love. Jesus was God in human shoes, down on earth, telling us the meaning of love, the tremendous urge of it, in the language of action. Jesus, living our human life, sympathizing, teaching, healing, suffering, dying sacrificially, living again-that is Love. That is God. That is the underlying urge of Christianity.

PRAYING FORTH THE WORKERS W ITHOUT doubt the dearth of workers aetuated with a sacred sense of their vocation is due to lack of prayer on the part of Christians. Let the prayers offered in the pulpit and elsewhere evidence larger obedience to the prayer· command of Christ. Let the missionary prayer·meeting respond more faithfully to the call for intercession. Ask the officers and teachers of the Sunday-school to unite in prayer that the Holy Spirit may separate from among the young those whom God would have one day preach Christ. Exhort parents to pray that their own children may be guided into the work of God's own appointment. Influence earnest young men and women to make the choice of their life work and life field a matter of special prayer until God's win is made clear. Multitudes have been inspired while praying to God for guidanee to give their lives to missionary service at home and abroad.-John R. Mott.

Christian Missions?*

BY P. WHITWELL WILSON, NEW YORK Author of "The Church We Forget,' J etc.

.nA.S. IT seems to me, there is a stock taking today of influences that contribute to or detract from the more abundant life of the race-armies, navies, politics, arts, sciences, industries, colleges, hospitals and amusements-from which survey, searching and even revolutionary, it is impossible to exclude religion-the faith of man in things unseen. .

We are told that the churches have failed. But is that the sum- total of our disillusion1 Have agencies, other than the churches, succeeded1 Everywhere parliaments are disappointing democracy.

In many countries-for instance, Italy, China, and Spain-they have broken down. Has organized labor redeemed society~ Not in Britain, not in Russia, and it may be, not anywhere. Has diplomacy arrived at a, permanent peace 1 Has science foresworn poison gas ¥ Are schools what we hoped they would be¥ Even education arouses pessimism. If then the. churches are on trial, it means that man himself, in all his activities, stands before the judgment seat. He has pursued a happiness which he has not found.

It is not enough to say, then, that the churches have failed. The further question is whether, if the churches fail, any other agency can fulfil its true task. The Best is offered through the individual to the race. If the Best be despised and rejected of men, is any second best likely to be good enough ¥ By His name, Jehovah is defined as the Great I AM. He is the one Egotism that is supreme, the Mind of minds, the mind that is Love. Of that Word of God, Jesus Christ was the Incarnate-the "Vord made Flesh. He also said, "Without Me, ye can do nothing." Y ears ago, I wrote a little book in which I read the newsaper into the Apocalypse and the Apocalypse into the newspaper. The Vision of St. John the Divine, which we forget, may be symbolic but it is simple. It means that, in Christ, civiliza- tion can be perfected but that, without Christ, even an imperfect civili- !l:ation cannot be sustained.

There are those who argue that the religions of the world are like the colors of a rainbow, all of which are necessary to the blend of illumination that we call light. Why do we try to convert other people to our way of thinking? Surely, we should try first ,to correct the evil in ourselves and should seek the good in others. Christianity, yes; but why the Christian mission1 He who lightly disparages widespread and venerable religions '" Since I have never been a missionary or even a serious student of missions, it is surely a presumption that I should set -out these ideas, though they are invited, in a quarter where so much knowledge, so deep an experience and so willing a self-sacrifice rebuke the ignorance and the senularitles or a Iayman.-P. W. W.

737 2

other than his own, is foolish. But the test must be truth; and in the clarity of truth, it does not appear that the Confucian, the Shinto, the Buddhist, the Hindu, the Moslem, and the Parsee faiths are today offering to mankind or any part of mankind, a salvation, whether it be personal, economic, racial, physical, or spiritual.

Over wide areas, China has expelled the foreigner. But has Zimri peace who slew his missionaries ~ The chaos of China is becoming chronic. It means that the country needs a greater than Confucius.

So with Hinduism. I do not accept Miss Mayo's "Mother India" as a complete picture of the many civilizations of India, but her broad statement that India is enervated by indulgence and disease, with her description of child marriage, of untouchability and of antihygienic rites and assumptions, is enough to dispose of India's mysticism as an adequate motive of well-being.

Has Islam a future~ Even, in Turkey, there is neither Sultan nor Caliph. The very faith that deports Christians from its borders is itself crumbling to a collapse under its own weight.

The hYIlOthesis that, if Christianity ceases to permeate the world, other religions will flourish, is not in accordance with the probabilities. Suspend Christian missions, and over most of this planet there will be no religion at all which is not a menace to science, to health, to womanhood, to education and to a reasonable prosperity. Man will have mutilated his own self by suppressing his soul.

If the! Christian mission were merely an attempt to make others believe as we do, Christ Himself would refuse a subscription. He denounced such attempts to win mere proselytes, and while He numbered the multitude fed and the lepers healed, He never counted converts. To win paradise for one thief, He was ready to die on the very Cross.

Indeed, among His disciples was Simon Zelotes, always described as such, who belonged to a sect other than the Nazarene, nor was the word, Christian, known until the faith reached Antioch, and even there, it was a label applied to the Cause by the pagan.

Evangelism is thus the offer not of what we see in Christ but of what in Him is more than we see-what we worship-what He is; the love that is larger than our love; the only love that is large enough to embrace the world.

That the Roman Christians evangelized the rest of Europe, or much of it, is thei,r glory. If, however, they made a mistake, it was in attempting to impose the faith as a spiritual empire on lands which, in the end, insisted on seeing Christ with their eyes or not at all.

This is a mistake that Protestant missionaries should be careful ourselves to avoid. In the heart of our Lord, there is room for the sheep that are not of our Occidental fold-Chinese who revere Him in terms of China; Negroes who are sure that He was colored;

1927J WHY CHRISTIAN MISSIONS'

East Indians who hint that he went on pilgrimage to Tibet. To break His Body seems a blasphemy. But His Body was given to be broken.

But the fold, however valuable, is not all. The fold may be a resting place at night for those who sleep, but the flock moves on and on to new pasture. When, therefore, we aim at progress, at liberty, at a pursuit and not a mere enjoyment of happiness, there is but one Shepherd Who is the Way, the Truth anLl the Life. "I am," said Our Lord, "The Light of the World "-not a light among other lights-not a colored ray among the many constituents of lightbut Light itself, universal, penetrating, inclusive. Here is one lesson from the Transfiguration. Moses is to be honored and Elijah is to be honored. So Confucius, Buddha and Mohammed may be honored, but at the end, Jesus alone is to be seen and heard and followed. Others may have been accepted as teachers in the past, but none survive comparison. Whatever of good there has been anywhere is summed up in Him.

This is 110 longer homiletic. It is history. In Jewry, in Greece and in Rome, this is what happened. It is Christ whose direct influence, working through society, has preserved the past and, indeed, rescued it from oblivion. What would be known today of classical art and literature if it had not been for Christian scholarship~ What would have been left of the treasures of King Tut-Ankh-Amen if they had been discovered by Moslems ~ How long would the Taj Mahal have stood serene if the Christian zeal for beauty had not been applied to its preservation~ If you want to study the sacred books whether of China or India, you will find them better arranged in the British MuseuIp than at any Asiatic library in Peking or Benares.

It is quite true that, apart from the Christian faith, man has achieved culture and accumulated wealth. But it is also true that this culture, this wealth has been an evanescent blessing. Successive Babylons, with their "merchandise of gold and silver and precious stones and of pearls and fine linen and bodies and souls of men" have fallen into ruin. If Christ be not the chief cornerstone of society, there is none other.

Wherein lay St. John's distinction between the new Jerusalem and the old Babylon ~ Both cities were described as rich nor did the City of God suggest any return to what has been called a simple life. The fate of Babylon is no warning against the accumulation of good things, but it is a lesson rather that mere accumulation is not enough. Happiness, if it is to persist, must not only be increased, but distributed; and the Gospel of Christ is this distribution of true happiness. "Go ye into all the world and proclaiJn Good News." Whatever helps us, be it a rite like baptism, be it a science like healing, be it a school for teaching, must be offered to everyone else. To

be saved is to share salvation. The Lord's Prayer, is a family prayer; a prayer personal but plural. There is no Christianity that is not missionary-sending, giving, touching, speaking, healing. That is the very essenc~ of the whole faith. Without works, it is dead.

The story of the early Church, told in the Acts, is the story, not of the headquarters staff at Jerusalem, but of the soldiers going over the top into No-Man's-Land. Peter at Joppa, Philip at Samaria, Paul at Damascus, at CfBsarea, at Philippi, at Athens, at Rome. Note the widening yet concentric circles. The foreign missionary work of the Church today is the one unmistakable proof that the Church of our century continues to be Catholic, Apostolic and Christian.

In the cause of Christ, then, we are not conscious of a horizon. He deals with this moment and this man. But He embraces all men at every moment. His Gospel is not the meal which is meal and nothing else. It is the leaven which transforms meal into food. And the leaven must so work on the meal until the whole is leavened. There is no limit that you can set to the love which is the very being of the Eternal.

Christianity is the antithesis to a creeping paralysis. It is an evolutionary resurrection into life and health and joy and hope and peace. What we call piety is man growing in grace. What we call a church is society oVeT'coming sin. In Christ, something is always happening-a word said, an eye opened, a wrong righted, a 'truth discovered, an error abandoned, a sorrow comforted, an enemy reconciled, a home built, a world turned up-side-down. There is a power released and it is a Power which demands its full use.

To abandon missions would be like building a locomotive, filling its tender with coal, kindling fire in the furnac€, getting up steam, and then refusing to let the engine use its power. The pressure in the boiler, which is power, becomes a peril. The real safety lies, not in a valve which leaves the engine standing, but in the lever which allows the engine to move.

It was when the early Church ceased to advance that it began to doubt, to indulge in dissensions and to rend the ancient world on twain. The energy or, if you like to put it so, the fanaticism which found no outlet among the heathen seemed to explode under the stress of an internal combustion. The answer, both to Arius and to Athanasius, was Asia. But Asia was to them no more than an Asia Minor. At Nicea, they fought each other while, at Benares, they might have fought disease and dirt and evil.

After the Reformation, there was to be observed a similar phenomenon. Protestanism was intense but not expansive. And instead of going forth into the world to teach all nations, it concentrated its energies within itself, plunged into dialectics, attempted an impossible uniformity until, in the eighteenth century, there emerged a formalism which had ceased to deal with the needs of society, not

WHY CHRISTIAN MISSIONSf

abroad merely but at home. Among intellectuals, there was declared a reign of reason, and the kingdom over which reason thus reigned, was political corruption, vice, banditry, drunkenness and gambling. A Puritanism that did not include missions flourished in the worst England ever described by the historian.

The upheaval called Methodism did not only change the face of England. While the sinner at home repented, the heathen abroad heard of repentance. Methodism, like Apostolic Ohristianity, was a force that began in the heart and radiated everywhere.

My submission is that, in our own day, we must expect the same rules of history to operate. If our Ohristian faith, whatever be its form, omits the missionary impulse, it will fail to hold Ohristendom itself for the Gospel. 'fhe dissensions in our churches, the prevalence of divorce and crime and suicide, the decadence of the drama and the elaboration of an introspective philosophy are symptoms, everyone of them, which would have been recognized as familiar, by a discerning mind, whether in the fourth or in the eighteenth centuries. For the~e disturbing tendencies, the remedy is, as it always has been, to absorb the whole energies of the Ohurch in the task of carrying the whole Gospel of Ohrist to the whole world.

The way to defend the faith is to apply it. Take the Bible, rapidly becoming a closed book at a loss to the mind of the nation which can be measured by the tabloid newspaper. If the Bible is not read, it is because it is not used. This Book is not an ornament; it is a sword. Kept in its sheath, any sword rusts.

Also, the Bible is not a gift to us alone who happen to live in the United States in the year of Grace, 1927. It is a gift to all people at all stages in their development. Texts in the Bible which have offended our delicate sense of propriety-for instance, the condemnation of witchcraft-become the strong meat of common sense when we face the actualities of wizardry in mid-Africa or the South Seas.

We are asked sometimes what is the proper work of a mission. I suggest that if we would read our Bible, instead of merely talking about the book, we would be left in no doubt as to these matters. The Apostles were sent out by our Lord to preach and teach and heal and baptize; boldly to handle serpents or any deadly thing. It is clear, then, that the mission was spiritual, educational, ecclesiastical, medical and social. If a mission is only spiritual, it does not offer the whole Gospel of Christ. If it is only educational, or ecclesiastical, or medical, or social, it does not offer the whole Gospel of Ohrist. The complete mission must include all these activities. It must declare the Cross of Christ; it must open schools; it must form a church; it must conduct a hospital; it must combat evils like opium and slavery and cannibalism. I do not say that a mission is useless which does not achieve all these tasks. But I do say that Christ is inexhaustible and that His program omits nothing.

When, therefore, some people say that missions should be spirit- ual. while other people say that missions should be social, there is something lacking on both sides. Christ is all and in all. Writing to Corinth, St. Paul tells us what is meant by the missionary churcha body with many members, of which no member has the right to claim that the others are not equally necessary. Apostles-a word which is merely Greek for the Latin word, missionary-prophets or preachers, healers, linguists-all are needed and all equally are ellgaged in the service of the one Master.

For the churches, such a diversity of opportunity is surely a fact of an enormous significance. It means that, in the mission field, there is room for the doctor, the gymnast, the trained nurse, the scholar, the teacher, and the preacher-indeed, all may be useful abroad who would be useful at home. It means that the churches can meet their critics with an unanswerable argument-"You say we have failed. Then go out yourselves and do better." In the apologetic for Christianity, the Foreign Mission is the central argument.

Between the Church and the State, at home and abroad, there is no reason for conflict. The Church leads the way. The State follows. l". mission starts schools and hospitals-why~ Because otherwise there would be no schools or hospitals. If however the State, learning its duty from the mission, begins to establish these institutions, then the mission should not regard the State as a rival but should encourage the State, cooperate with the State and so display the spirit of Our Lord Jesus Christ.

For, after all, the church is entrusted with a task, the essence of which lies beyond the function of any State. If every school and gymnasium and hospital were to be entirely secular, the soul of man would still remain to be healed and sustained by the love of Christ. "Lo, I am with you alway" was what He said, and the Gospel-the spell of God-is His presence as the Companion of the individual. If missions on their social side were to establish in India and China and Africa a state of health, a properity and an enlightenment, equal to or exceeding what we see in the United States or Great Britain, it would still be a fact that Christ would be the Supreme Essential. The United States is today a proof that silver and gold and all that they can purchase of art and science and philosophy are no salvation from sin. Youth and beauty, wealth and genius, are finding it impossible to maintain a standard of marriage and a freedom from crime which were regarded as axiomatic in churches of an earlier day. No reformation, achieved by environment, is effective without the regeneration which is achieved by Grace. As Christ called Peter to Him, and John, and Mary of 1Tagdala, so does He still look through the haze of tendencies and points of view and demands a personal allegiance from the individual. He tells of the good Samaritan only to add, "Go and do thou likewise."

WOMEN LISTENING TO THE GOSPEL AT THE MISS.ON

KUWEIT (KOWEIT), ARAHIA Seventeen Years in the Persian Gulf BY DR. C. S. G. MYLREA, KOWEIT, ARABIA KOWEIT was the last station in the Persian Gulf to be occupied by the American Mission. We had for a long time wanted to enter the place but the Arabs refused to allow any white people to settle there. As the result of a surgical operation performed on the leading man of the town the American Mission received a formal request from the Sheikh of Koweit to go there and begin medical work. That was in 1910. Although the Sheikh and a few of the leading families were friendly, the general attitude of the city was bitterly hostile. The missionaries could not go out without having stones thrown at them, and one of our ladies was actually assaulted by a coolie in the bazaar. In fact it was almost impossible in the early days for ladies to appear in the streets of Koweit.

The first evangelistic missionaries were admitted to Koweit in 1912, while the doctors had been holding the place intermittently since 1911. In 1914 the American hospital was formally opened. By this time educational work of some value had also been started. With the progress of educational and medical work, the opposition of the people which had heretofore been mostly talk now crystallized into definite action. Funds were raised by the Arabs, and an opposition school was built at the cost of somewhere about $30,000.

743

This school was put in charge of a modern young Egyptian from Cairo, who, however, proved to be too modern for the conservative Wahabi leanings of Koweit, and was later on replace__ by an old fashioned type of teacher from Smyrna. This school has since resulted in two more schools being opened in Koweit, so that educational work in Koweit today owes its existence to the example of the American Mission school stinted in 1912.

At about the same time as the opposition school was being built, an opposition hospital was also started, the funds for this also being raised by public subscription. A Turkish doctor was placed in charge of their hospital, but as he turned out to be a drinker, and insisted that everyone should pay fees, as well as being in the opinion of the people a poor doctor, his stay in Koweit only lasted a few months. He was finally sent away by Sheikh Mubarek. A sequel to this was that not long after the departure of the Turkish doctor, the Sheikh presented the greater part of the hospital equipment to the American Mission hospital.

The eyangelistic work in Koweit is in many ways unique, for while all of the stations have dispensary preaching in the hospitals and regular church services to which Arabs are also invited, there is no special service for Moslems at which any large attendance is registered. The missionaries had been in the habit of holding an afternoon service in their Arab house in the heart of the city in the early days before the present missionary residence in the mission eoIT' pound was built. As the missionaries moved out to their new residence, it seemed hopeless to expect Arabs to come to an open modern house situated at the far end of the town. It was therefore decided to attempt to continue the old service in the house in which the doctor and his wife had lived in the first year of their mission work ther~. This service was planned specially for Moslems, it consisted of a simple prayer, lesson and address with three or four hymns at the usual intervals.

This service has now been carried on without a break for twelve years, and during all that time the attendance, men, women, and children, has averaged about 60. On occasion there have been congregations of about 200. These services have not been conducted without opposition, there have been persistent attempts to break up our service, parties of rowdies coming in and by noise and general disturbance have made the preaching of the Gospel extremely difficult. Parties of boys have been encouraged to stand outside in the street and shout. They have even thrown mud over the walls and of course picket everybody who tries to attend. Peaceful picketing! There is no doubt that all those who attended were more or less marked except probably the women, who since they were veiled were not so easy to identify. At first we used to think that the people came merely out of curiosity to hear the organ and to see just what

SEVENTEEN YEARS IN THE PERSIAN GULF

a Christian service was like, and never did our faith anticipate that the interest of the Gospel would continue to hold the people. But they still come, and we are justified in concluding that the people come because they get something.

We still have periods of disturbance, but as the years pass it is becoming more and more easy to preach in perfect comfort. There must be now many thousands of people in Koweit who are familiar with the parables and miracles that constituted so much of Our Lord's teaching, and the Sermon on the Mount has been freely used. In ad- dition to this there is the influence of the daily preaching in the hos- pital dispensaries both to men and to women, and when it is realized that about 25,000 people pass through our dispensaries annually, it will be understood that there is a definite witness for Christ in Koweit. fhere are also the pupils in our school who are under the daily influence of our clergyman and his assistant.

Converts in Koweit, as may be readily imagined, have to go through fire and water. One young fellow who confessed Christ openly in one of our Sunday afternoon services was threatened with death at the hands of his own fa- ther, and had to flee for his life to A YOUNG s~~~~~~ :Jw1V: ~fISSION Basra. He stood the test however and earned for himself the esteem of all who knew him in Basra.

He secured a good position in government service in the chlorination department, and on one occasion risked his life at a time when chlorine gas was escaping in the generating room, and no one else dared to go in there. It is more than likely that this noble act caused his death ultimately. He came of a tuberculous family, the dreaded disease attacked his lungs, and he came back to Koweit only to die.

During his last illness it was extremely difficult for the missionaries to have very much contact with him, and the town says that he died a "Moslem. The missionaries, however, knowing him as well as they did, feel very sure that if in his last hours of weakness he did confess Mohammed and deny Christ, it was under pressure which he was too weak physically to resist.

There was also another convert, a Persian, who came to Koweit to seek out the missionaries. He was a man who had done a lot of thinking and had been influenced first by the Ahmadi type of thought,

and then later by the Bahais, but had rejected them both. He eventu- . ally became a Christian and was bapti'zed in Koweit, but the incessant persecution to which he was subj ected wore him down and finally he left Koweit and returned to Persia. Since then we have lost sight of him. I believe he lives somewhere in Shiraz.

Still another convert is a Sheikh Arab who was baptized several years ago, is on the hospital staff and witnesses a true confession day in and day out. Without any doubt there are many many people in Koweit who in their heart of hearts believe that we have the Light of Light, and we must be patient and wait for God's own time when these hidden flow ers will come to Eght.

It will interest you all lo lenow that there is now in Koweit a very large Persian colony. The ma- jority of these P ersians belong to the coolie class and were attracted to Koweit by the high' rate of wages prevailing there. In addi- tiol! to these there is a growing community of Persian merchants. Altogether there must be at the very least 5,000 P ersians in Ko- weit today, and probably double that number. Our lady doctor has been studying P ersian in addition to Arabic for some time and hopes soon to be able to give the Gospel to her Persian patients in their na- A YOUNG ARAB BOY, WITH LONG HAIR tive language more and more. The Persian language is becoming a necessity to the missionary if he would be properly equipped. Sometimes fully one half of the hos- pital patients consist of Persians who understand little or no Arabic. In our Bible shop which is in the heart of the bazaar, we stock Persian Scriptures as well as Arabic, Turkish, and Hebrew, but as nearly all our Persians are illiterate it is not easy to dispose of Persian Scriptures.

It may be that in Isfahan there are Persians who have learned to know and love the Lord J esus Christ. If some of them could settle in Koweit to devote their lives to their countrymen, there, they could do far more than any foreign missionary can expect to do for some time. In Isfahan they have long since passed through the weary days of persecution and hatred and intolerance, in Koweit we are passing through those very times. Christ's call was to preach the Gospel to every creature-including those in this large Persian colony in Koweit.

and Theopholis *

BY CALVIN K. ST'AUDT, BAGHDAD, IRAK A Member of the United Mission in Mesopotamia M ORE than one hundred children and young people come to our house daily to receive instruction. These children represent different races and religions. They are Arabs and Turks and Assyrians and Armenians and Chaldeans and Indians and Greeks and Jews and Moslems and Protestants and Catholics and Gregorians and Nestorians and Greek Orthodox. These races and religions are antagonistic, and throughout the centuries these people have hated one another. In our school the barrier of hatred is broken down, and these children for the first time learn to love one another.

Mohammed is a Moslem, named for the founder of his religion. Theopholis is a Christian. He was named after that unknown person to whom Luke, the evangelist, dedicated two books in our New Testament.

These boys are about twelve or thirteen years of age, and are thrown together in the same class. Both come from influential families. Mohammed comes to school every day on his bicycle, which is a curiosity to most of the boys in the school. Mohammed is of pure Arab stock, and his ancestors for more than a thousand years, it may be, have been Moslems. Theopholis, on the other hand, is the son of the archdeacon of Julan, a Nestorian bishop, who came to Baghdad with the refugees from Urmia. The family tree would show that Theopholis descended from a people who have been Christians since the third or fourth century of the Christian era. The fact that the father of Theopholis held a high position in the Nestorian Church at once puts him on a level with the social status of l{'ohammed.

Mohammed has the Semitic features, the features of an Arab. His hair and eyes are coal-black, and his skin is somewhat dark, while his physiognomy is like that of the man you meet in the desert. On the other hand, Theopholis has a very fair skin, bright blue eyes, and light hair, indicating that he belongs to the Aryan race.

For a few days after he came to school Mohammed had no book out of which he could recite, and so I asked him to sit in the seat with Theopholis. The religious and racial antagonism showed itself clearly and unmistakably. Mohammed showed no willingness to move into a seat with a Christian, and after he had moved he showed no readiness to look on Theopholis's book. Moslems not only hate Christians, but the fanaticM'oslems also curse them. And there is no natural affinity between an Arab and the Aryan race.

Theopholis seemed to resent this intrusion, and was not too will- * Chri8tian Endeavor Worltf.

747

ing to share his book. It was the Moslem Turks who drove his parents from their happy home in Urmia, and it is the Moslem Persians who prevent their return. Thus these two boys could not help disliking each other when they were first thrown together. They had inherited a racial hatred and a religious antagonism. It was in the blood. Each was brought up in such a way as to look upon the other as unfriendly.

When Mohammed's turn came to recite, Theopholis found an opportunity to give vent to his pent-up feelings. We had the word "forgive," and I asked Mohammed what "forgive" means. He hesitated, and before he could give an answer Theopholis raised his hand, and said, "He can't know."

,Mark the words; it was not, "He doesn't know. " There flashed through my mind the whole history and tragedy of the Near East. I saw in the faces of these two young lads and in their actions an epitome of the land, and it gave me a vision of our missionary work. "He doesn't know" is what we should have expected as an answer from the son of a priest who has been taught the doctrine of forgiveness; but when he said in regard to Mohammed, "He can't know," that told me a story of inherited hatreds.

This happened several weeks ago. Today these bpys are bosom friends. They have learned to like and love each other. The one stands up for the other, and is willing to defend him. The hatred which they had inherited against each other, and that which had been taught them by their elders, are gone. Mohammed has taught Theopholis to ride his bicycle, and Theopholis is the only boy in the school, as far as I have observed, to whom this coveted privilege was extended. The other day, when I wanted to take a picture of Theopholis, he said, "Wait until I fetch my friend," and he called Mohammed.

NOT THE END-THE BEGINNING!

O NE of the Chinese Christian clergy, studying in the United States, writes of the anxiety he feels for his family in China and for the welfare of his American friends through whom he learned to love our Lord. He says: "I am so sorry and in a way as a representative of China in this country feel so ashamed of myself for the unnecessary and almost un· called-for high tide of anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprisings which are sweeping through the central and southern provinces of China. But it is just one more of the innumerable instances of people's knowing not what they do, and today we need your prayerful patience and sympathy and the being with us in spirit in going through the trials and sufferings )f the Church which is Christ's Body in China more than ever. And what a wonderful expression of the glorious faith of Christians it is, as uttered in mlny quarters today, No, it is not the end, but just the beginwing of missions!"

STU[JIDNTS IN THE AMERICAN M,[SSION SCHOOL AT CAIRO, EGYPT

These students include Copt. Moslem. Jew. Syrian. Greek. Italian, Armenian. Sudanese, Indian.

Ara.blan. SUmatran and Siamese A Focal Point for Moslem Seekers Students of Malfl,Y Lands at the E zbekia Mission School BY E. E. ELDER, OAIRO, EGYPT I N THE Ezbekia quarter of the city of Cairo, just across the street fr om Shepheard's Hotel, two American mission schools have been teaching Egyptian boys and girls for just fifty years. On one side of the main thoroughfa r e is the rendezvous of globe-encircling tourists, and on the other side is a girls' school, with an enrollment of 280, and one for boys, with more than 400 in daily attendance. Here the Christian ideals are being interpreted to the dsfng generation of Moslem lands.

The students of the Ezbekia Boys' School are predominately Egyptian. During a half century not only have hundreds and thousands of Copts, Mohammedans, and Protestants been educated here, but in addition many Greeks, Syrians, Armenians, and other nationals of the Near East have been brought into contact with a living interpretation of Christ. Thus the influence of the school has gone far beyond the expectation of its founders and to-day students come from the ends of the Moslem world, from Siam and Malaysia.

Last autumn two Siamese youths, Mohammad and Zacharia, presented themselves for admission as the first representatives of the Far East. When they left home they had no thought of entering a Christian mission school, else they need not have traveled five 149

thousand miles to find one. They were looking for a Moslem school, and reached the Christian school in Cairo by way of Mecca and the Azhar University.

They started on their long trip impelled by the desire to make the pilgrimage to Mecca, as a great religious duty. They took leave of friends and kinsmen, and sailed for Arabia, in company with many other pilgrims. After marching around the sacred Kaaba, kissing the venerated black stone, and performing other rites, they remained in Mecca to study in the mosque school.

Before a year had passed Arabia was in the throes of intertribal warfare. Ibn Saoud and his Arab puritans threatened the peace of Mecca and when the capture of the holy city seemed imminent the Siamese lads left Arabia for Cairo. They entered the Azhar, where the intricacies of the Moslem canon law are expounded and the vagaries and obscurities of the Koran are explained. Algerian and Arab, Turk and Tunisian, Sudanese and Javanese, rub shoulders in this great medieval university of Islam. But this great Moslem university, famed as the center of Islamic thought, was not what Mohammed and Zacharla had expected. To-day young Islam is not as docile and subservient as it once was and students are being stirred to demand a new curriculum. Being dissatisfied with the Azhar, these two Siamese youths looked around for more practical education and finally entered the American mission school. Here, on every hand, they are confronted with new conceptions and new ideals which are transforming their mental and spiritual outlook.

Another interesting student, Mukhtar, comes from Padang, Sumatra, in the Dutch East Indies. He is quick and intelligent and speaks Malay, English and Dutch. After he leaves Egypt, he hopes to go to Turkey and to Europe, to see how the modern world lives, und then to return to serve his country.

Abd al Wahad, the son of a Moslem merchant in Karachi, India, represents that part of Indian Islam which is facing the future. He is receptive to new ideas and finds in Christ's message the solution of many difficult modern world problems. In a Bible class in which are enrolled Christians and Moslems of many shades of opinions, he and a Moslem student of Meccan parentage often prove the most zealous for a thorough application of the principles of Jesus Christ.

Among the graduates of the school at Ezbekia are young men who enter the mission college at Assiut and the American University in Cairo; some have entered Christian work as ministers, teachers and evangelists or are prominent doctors, lawyers, and government em- ployees. The younger generation of Moslems are making enormous strides and one of America's greatest privileges is to share in the work of training and guiding young Moslems to understand Christ and His message and to enter upon lives of higher service.

of Spiritual

BY SADHU SUNDAR SINGH, SABATHU, INDIA YE SHALL know them, not by their roots, but by their fruits- (Matt. 7: 20). A tree never eats its own fruit whether it be good or bad but passes it on, seed and all, for others to eat. If the fruit be bad and useless it is cut down in due time, for so it deserves. But even though destroyed, it leaves bad seed for future generations. A good tree, while it fulfills its Creator's aim by bringing forth good fruit, at the same time leaves behind good seed for coming generations. So a real Christian, by spending life in the service of others, leaves behind a good example and a creative and inspiring influence like the seed of the tree. The man enters into his rest and his works follow him (Rev. 14-: 13). What kind of fruit and seeds are we going to leave behind us and what will we carry with us into the next world ~ The hen may sit on other eggs besides her own but the young ones brought forth are only after their kind. The poisonous tree receives the same air, heat and light as the good one; nevertheless they remain distinct according to their inherent good or evil nature. The fault does not lie with the rains or with the sun which shines the same for both; the defect is in the plant itself.

In the same way the Sun of Righteousness shines equally on all, good or bad, but the result is different. Those who live according to God's will and in His love and light are made blessed and fruitful for ever, while the wicked find the same Sun of Love to be a "consuming fire." (Heb. 12: 29.) When a man kills another man, it is not the revolver that kills but the hand behind the revolver and still more the heart and "will" of the man who used the weapon. If the heart could be changed and made the temple of God, an act of this kind would become impossible. For this reason God reveals Himself to the heart and spirit directly, for God is spirit. If he were to reveal Himself through the physical eye the body would become an intermediary, in which case the revelation would be only indirect. This explains why God reveals Himself physically as with Saint Paul to a very few, but He reveals Himself to most men spiritually-Spirit to spirit. When a man receives this spirtual birth or touch of God then is he made an instrument to save rather than kill. Thus it is that a man by saving others fulfils the purpose of real spiritual life.

There are many who remain in doubt as to the reality of the spiritual life on account of not being able to find complete intellectual satisfaction. But our abiding happiness and bliss does not depend on increase of knowledge and in dispelling of doubts but on living according to the Will of God and obedience. Our knowledge is 751

finite. Therefore there is always room for doubt, for doubt can be . absent only when our knowledge has reached the perfect and infinite state. Hence we should trust our Heavenly Father, who is Love, for every thing, and in whatever condition He may be pleased to put us we should be content and happy. For He knows our needs.

Whatever God discloses of the future is enough. If we were to know more beforehand what is to befall us on earth, it would do us more harm than good. The small trials and difficulties that await us in the struggle of life would appear like a terrifying mountain and would crush us with dismay. How could we endure to have all the ills and pains of life shown to us at once? If all our good prospects were revealed to us we might become careless and indifferent and might think that there is no need of making any effort. The consequence would be we would lose our reward. The goal of man is not merely the attainment of an external reward-an essential part of it consists in the soul acquiring a fitness of character by severe struggle and effort. Without this fitness of character that reward will be no reward, for the soul would be without capacity to enjoy it. For this reason our Lord warned us to hold fast that which we have that no man take the crown from us (Rev. 3: 11).

The silk-worm before putting on garments of silk for itself produces silk for others; they become beautiful only after they have spun the cocoons of silk for others. They even sacrifice their lives and die in producing silk for others. Are we, who are to have the crown of life from God, to do less than the worms in service for our fellow beings 7 There are countries on the earth where there is extreme cold, and others where there is extreme heat. In one place water is freezing and in the other perspiration is falling. The good and the bad also exist in this world simultaneously. In the heart of the wicked there is continuous restlessness and anguish, whereas under the same circumstances, and in spite of outward sufferings, the heart of the child of God becomes a paradise because the Prince of Peace dwells there.

MISSIONS OR O-MISSIONS In mU!SlOnary interest, some give themselves to foreign missions, some to home missions, and a good many to omissions. Among these last, the interest is often zero, as they are naught. Again, there are those who exclaim warmly, "0 missions! Yes they are, 0 so needed!" but the 0 compasses all they do. Would that many at home might turn from being o-missionaries to being go-missionaries. And may those who for sufficient reasons cannot now be go·missionaries, be co·missionaries, "holding the ropes," supporting by prayer those who really venture their lives in missionary service.

A Great African

The Late Dr. James E. Kwegyir Aggrey, Vice Principal of Achimota College, Gold Coast BY H. W. PEE'f, BECKENHAM, KENT DELIGHTFULLY ingenuous, with the charm of a man of genius who retained the true simplicity of a child, a man of rare ability, keenness and education, Dr. James E. Kwegyir Aggrey was a credit to the Negro race, and the work of the Christian missionaries. He did much to help races and nations to understand one another, and to work together. He belonged, not only to one section, but to the world. He was a real black diamond among the treasures of humanity.

The great work of interpreter, reconciler, . mediator, which we hoped Dr. Aggrey would continue and extend, has been brought to a sudden close by the news of his death in New York, on July 30th, after an illness of only one day, due to "Pneumococcus menin- gitis. " JAMES EMMAN KjWEOYIR AGGREY-AN Dr. Aggrey was born in ,Vest AFRICAN CHRISTIAN Africa fifty-one years ago, son of KodwQ K wegyir, a royal linguist, who could trace his family back to the battle of Ghineah in the eleventh century. He was the heir to state and public positions from his father, and inherited five state offices from his mother. He re- ceived his early education at the ,Vesleyan School at Cape Coast Castle, and with little effort could have become a person of considerable importance in his own land. "But, " as he wrote in a letter dated June 14th last, "it is enough for me that it is known that I have such dynasties. On my father's side I prefer to be spokesman for my entire country, 'Africa, my Africa.' On my mother's side I prefer the stool, the golden stool of education. I want all my people, my countrymen, men and women, to be educated in the larger sense in the hand, the heart, and the head, and thus render Africa indispensable in spiritual, intellectual and common civil products to the world."

3 ~3

The story of his journey to America for more education, after he had become a teacher at the Cape Ooast, is well known. In 1896 he accompanied his father to Kumasi on the Prempeh expedition, attached as interpreter to the Royal Telegraph Battalion. "I was present," he wrote, "that Sunday when Canon Taylor Smith (now Bishop) preached his remarkable sermon and I was standing next to the late Prince Christian."

At Salisbury, North Carolina, he followed the trade of compositor, which he had learned in the vVesleyan School, and also reporter. He also studied, and took charge of two rural churches. Here in the social work he began to get close to the social problems of his people. When he left Livingstone College, Salisbury, for Achimota, after twenty-five years in the United States, he possessed twelve degrees, some from Columbia University, New York, including doctorates in theology, literature, philosophy and psychology.

He was invited to join the first Phelps Stokes Educational Commission to West Africa in 1921 and his tact, his insight and his power of interpretation of the African outlook led to another invitation to join the East African Commission two year later. "He was the most valuable man we had with us," said Dr. Thomas Jesse Jones, the chairman. This Commission gave him special opportunities to show his power, not only to interpret the mind of his own race, but to reconcile white and black in areas where prejudice and misunderstanding are too common. Dr. Loram, one of the South African Native Affairs Commissioners, pressed him to become a professor at Fort Hare. Aggrey had virtually accepted when the invitation came to help in the building up of Achimota. "I believed," he said, "that the greater service to Africa would be done by giving an object lesson of what might be done in this great experiment in ",Vest Africa, and so I decided to go as lieutenant to that great man, Alec Fraser."

What his passing will mean for that great institution in Africa none can say. "He will be an irreparable loss," said a high Gold Coast official. "Aggrey was an invaluable interpreter of the African to the white man and of the white man to the African."

"He it was who persuaded me to go to Achimota," the Rev. A. G. Fraser, Principal of the Prince of Wales's College, writes: "Never had a man a more loyal fellow worker, and he was invaluable in the special work he had to do. I have had many good things in life, but one of the best has been to know Aggrey intimately and well." Rev. J. H. Oldham, Secretary of the International Missionary Council, and member of the Colonial Office Education Committee, has called Aggrey "the greatest living African." All who knew him well felt that even such a description was not unjustified.

He was also an apostle of laughter, of the smile which wears

A GREAT AFRICAN CHRISTIAN

down scowls, and the attitude of mind which is the essence of the Sermon on the Mount; while glorying to be an African, he sought to be a bridg'e of understanding between his own and other races.

Above all Dr. Aggrey was a great Christian. "The one thing I am most proud of "he said in his last letter to me, "is my conversion to Christ. God understands me and makes me work harder every day to reach His stand for me, because, wonderful to relate, He has such faith in me. I pray in deep humility that I may never disappoint Him."

An Experiment in African Education BY THE REV. F. W. COBB, M.A.

H ISTORY is being made in the annals of the Gold Coast where, recently, the first all-black university flung open its doors in welcome to the five hundred students who will form the nucleus of an institution of which great things are expected.

In a single generation the lives and outlook of thousands of Africans on the West Coast have been changed as if a magician's wand had passed over the land. To these changes many circumstances have contributed, and foremost amongst these have been the opening up of great territories, a rapid influx of Europeans, and a vast increase in the country's trade.

With the expanding life of the African has not unnaturally come an insistent demand for education, and it is to meet this that the British Government has voted from funds provided by local taxes a sum of £500,000 for founding a college, with an addtional £50,000 annually for its maintenance. In this move of far-reaching importance the Governor of the Gold Coast, Sir Gordon Guggisberg, gave a splendid lead, and the result has been the founding of the Prince of Wales College on the hill of Achimota, overlooking the town of Accra.

On the opening day, Sir Gordon Guggisberg described Achimota as "the main gateway on the highroad of the progress of the Africans." Here in the four square miles of territory given up to the C~llege everything that experience and ingenuity can devise will be introduced to ensure success.

The central aim of this great educational experiment will not be to exploit or to Europeanize the African but to enable him to stand on his feet in the high realms of life. Here he will be taught the essentials of true and worthy leadership of his own people. He will be trained to teach, and to train others to teach, and a similar aim will be centralized in such other industries as engineering, farming and merchandise, while the girls-for Achimota includes both sexes-when they receive practical training in home-

making, besides general education, will be learning how to shape the new homes that will go so far to make a new Africa. Underlying all the college efforts, whether amongst boys or girls, will be the aim to make them worthy Christian citizens.

Sports will occupy an important place at Achimota, and large playing-fields have been laid out where the African boys and girls, besides developing mind and muscle, may learn those qualities of endurance and unsefishness which all true sport should mature.

Achimota is to be the mainspring of a peaceful revolution, not a university merely, but the keystone of a far-seeing government scheme destined ultimately to include colleges, secondary and elementary schools, and kindergartens throughout the length and breadth of the land. These will be staffed by West African teachers all keenly interested in developing a new and higher civilization for the land they love.

Of first importance has been the selection of the leaders. It is no exaggeration to say that the world has been searched in order to find the right men. The Colonial Office chose two principals, black and white; the Rev. A. G. Fraser and Dr. Kwegyir Aggrey.

The white man is known to his friends the world over as "Alec Fraser." A lithe, wiry man, he has been a wonderfully successful leader of youth in circumstances that have tested his powers to the full. Mr. Basil Mathews thus describes him in his arresting little book, "Black Treasure": "Alec ]~raser ….. is in this new adventure in the same spirit that nerved him to struggle through the mud and blood and barbed wire of the Great War. The very breath of his nostrils is to do new things for the freedom of the world in comradeship with other races-it is the spirit that he absorbed as a boy in Scotland, and as a young man watching his father, Sir Andrew Fraser, serving the people of India as Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal; the spirit that he breathed into others in building up a wonderful college for the boys of Asia at Kandy, in Ceylon."

Dr. Aggrey (whose death has just been recorded) has a record as excellent as that of his British colleague. Born on the Gold Coast in a leading family of the Fanti tribe, he was himself a chief, and as a boy went to school near the old slave castle where in past years men or his own tribe were penned in filthy dungeons while waiting for the slave ship to take them to America. Aggrey found his way to America, and there, after a course at Livingstone College, he went on to Columbia University, where he took the highest degree in philosophy. One who knew him well has thus described him: "A cheery African gentleman, consecrated to the service of God and of his own people, who burns with desire to lift them to where they should be." It is a great experiment, which many will watch with sympathetic interest.

A. N . POR1' ER AND HER MEXICAN BAPTIST KI Nl)ERGARTEN

Among the Mexicans in Texas BY JOSEPH MARTIN DAWSON, WACO, TEXAS T HE Mexican population in T exas, which normally numbers about a million, is being considerably augumented by priests and nuns from across the Rio Grande, They are fleeing from the rigors of the enforcement of Mexican religious laws and in consequence there has been started a renaissance of Catholic devotion among the immigrants in Texas.

This little mission was organized in the basement of the First Baptist Church of Waco some years ago by Dr. A. J. Barton, then p astor, now executive head of Southern Baptists at Nashville, Tennessee. Upon the abolition of W aco's restricted vice district, once the notorious center of basest wickedness, North Second Street became the home of the Mexican Bautista Iglesia. One of the largest of th e former houses of ill-fame was purchased by the Mission Boa rd for the ch urch and here the Mission has remained to cleanse the district. "Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of the briar shall come up the myrtle."

During fifteen years this little mission, four hundred miles from the border, counts evangelism its greatest means of victory. During this period its pastors have baptized more than seven hundred Mexican converts, chiefly adults. This despite the fact that at the present, when the church registers the highest enrollment of its history, many transient members have gone on to other communities to help establish other church es.

These Mexicau Christians, breaking away from Roman Catholicism, are intensely missionary in spirit. Their state conventions are marked by great missionary ardor. When, due to the financial 757

stringency, Dr. C. D. Daniel, the superintendent of Mexican Baptist missions in Texas was withdrawn, the Mexican Baptist pastors earnestly protested and said: "We must have Dr. Daniel with us. He won us to Christ and he has been a father to us in the ministry." One said, "Take ten dollars out of my salary"; others said, "Take five dollars per month out of my salary and apply it to the salary of Dr. DanieL" Thus $150.00 a month was provided for by workers, many of whom were receiving only fifty dollars a month.

If the American pastors and members should meet their challenge, there would be no debt on the Home Mission Board within a few months.

The Waco Mission is presided over by Rev. and Mrs. A. N. Porter, formerly at the head of the Baptist College in Alamogordo, New Mexico. Mrs. Porter conducts a kindergarten and has been able to promote twelve of her pupils recently to the public schools. She also carries on cooking and sewing classes in which she is assisted by young ladies from Baylor University. On Thursday evenings Mr. Porter, assisted by teachers from the public schools, conducts free classes in English, not only for the children but for adults, some of whom are old men, the classes being graded according to the advancement of the pupils.

The midweek prayermeeting in this EttIe Mexican church of 120, notwithstanding the fact that many of the members live miles in the country and have no automobiles to transport them, has. an attendance of over fifty a week. On Sunday at 9: 30 in the morning the Bible School is held and lasts until noon. At 3 0 'clock comes the Sunbeam Band, 30 strong; at 4 o'clock the B. Y. P. U., with 24 young people, and at night the evangelistic preaching service.

The Mexican is much misunderstood. He has no disclosures for the rude. There is resentment against the patronizing and there is vengeance for injustice and cruelty. He is patient, industrious, patriotic, religious. If energized by the illuminating spirit of the Gospel, he is an asset to the world in the present time of need.

A wealthv Mexican from Chihuahua said to me: "Your Christian mission ~chools along the border of Texas are doing more to bring about g'ood will between Mexico and the United States than any other one thing. They have unmeasured possibilities. Keep them going."

RELIGION A NECESSITY, NOT A LUXURY Striking testimony is being given in many quarters to the necessity of religion as a means for holding intad the social structure. Experience shows that irreligion dissolves hnman society. The Jate .Tames Bryce, in his work on South America, wrote: "Both the intenectual life and the ethical standards of conduct in these countries seem to be entirely divorced from religion." The impossibility of making such a situation work has been forced home upon several South American governments. Accordingly, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay are cooperating with the YOUllg Men's Christian Association in the efforts to establish a spiritual basis for life in South America. .Tapallose statesmen have also frankly declared the necessity of religion as a basis of national life.

Churches in

BY FREDERIC S. GOOD)1AN, NEW YORK Secretary of the American Walden sian Aid Society M AY fifteenth was a day of rejoicing for the Waldensian Chris- tian~ ?f Sicily. In the presence of the pastors and evangelists of SICIly, and a crowd of members and visitors, the beautiful new building for the church in Palermo was dedicated. The Moder- ator of the ,'Valdensians, Signor Leger of Home, conducted the serv- ices and the sermon was preached by Signor Fasulo of Catania. A conference on evangelism, and a spiritual retreat, participated in by the officers and workers of Sicily, occupied the two following days.

'1'he church at Palermo has been waitilig patiently for a new building for more than fifteen years. The old property on a growing business street was sold and the new site purchased, but when Italy entered the war all such enlargements had to wait.

The fine day school of over one hundred boys and girls, the Sun- day-school and the other features of a city church, as well as im- portant evangelistic .activities, were maintained amid steadily in- creased difficulties. The church has now one hundred and fifty-five communicant members and added twenty-seven last year. The THE WAJJDENSIAN CHURCH, PALERMO, SICILY church at Catania, with 200 mem- bers, is the only one of the nine organized Waldensian churches in Sicily with a larger membership tli.an that at Palermo.

The beautiful new building, exclusive of lot, cost about $55,000.

The equipment is being provided by special gifts. The organ, de- signed especially for this church, and $1,000 towards the educational equipment are covered by gifts from the New York Branch of the American Waldensian Aid Society. The importance of the completion and dedication of this building, in the capital city of Sicily, can hardly be overestimated. This is the great port city, with a population of 300,000, It is the military, political, commercial, educational and ecclesiastical headquarters of 759

Sicily. Great cathedrals and monuments of earlier civilizations attract many visitors. How fitting that the oldest evangelical church in the world should have here its appropriate house of worship and center of Christian work!

Probably no other part of Italy offers to the Valdensian Church :J more promising field for evangelism and Christian education, than does Sicily. The sad statistics of illiteracy of the island (reported as over seventy per cent), the poor educational facilities in many places, and the gross superstitions of multitudes of the people, have made a !Strong appeal to the Valdensians for more than forty years. Against big odds, and out of their own poverty they have planted missions, built humble churches and started schools. They have now nine organized churches and twenty out-stations, in the island, with a communicant membership of 955, adding 113 last year.

The pastor at Palermo, who is also superintendent of the mission work of Sicily, is Signor Rinaido Malan. He will welcome visitors at the new church and manse, centrally located at Via Spezia, 61, near the beautiful Garibaldi Memorial on Via La I..Jiberta.

The writer has visited all but one of their churches, and has seen the children at work in the day schools. Some of these schools enroll over 400 pupils, three-fourths of whom come from Roman Catholic homes. Every child has daily Bible study, and the children learn to sing with enthusiasm the beautiful Waldensian hymns. Hundreds of the Sicilians thus come within hearing of the evangel in the 'VaIdensian services, and the Gospel is shown again to be "the power of God unto salvation," to all those wherever they live who hear and receive Christ by faith. It is impossible to estimate the silent influence of the faithful testimony, such as was borne about two years ago, by a family that moved from Riesi to Piazza Amerina. The former town is a sulphur mining settlement in the center of Sicily and the latter is the capital of a province in the eastern section of the island. This Christian family began to tell the" Good News" to their neighbors and as a result, inside of a year, ten fathers had confessed Christ, and ten families were ready to form a church. Sicily is ready for an advance step in the preaching of the Christian evangel.

Why Roman Cathollcs Need to Be Evangelized 1. Because multitudes of them are ignorant of the Gospel of Christ as proclaimed in the New Testament.

2. Because their religious leaders do not give them the Gospel or salvation through Christ by raith-but substitute salvation by works.

3·. Because their Church does not encourage them to read the Bible so that they may become intelligent Christians.

4. Because their Church interposes the Virgin Mary and canonized mortals between the suppliant sinner and the Saviour.

5. Because their Church encourages many superstitious beliefs-as in relies, charms, etc.

6. Because many of their priests are ignorant aud immoral and exaet money for bapHsm, marriage, mass and other religious sacrameuts.

7. Because Roman Catholics truly converted to Christ testify to the new life and light, peace and power that have come to them through the evangelical Gospel.

Louis Stevenson and Missions *

BY REV. J. W. BURTON, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA T HERE is little doubt that the first state of Robert Louis Stevenson, in relation to Foreign MissionS', is that of many an uninformed writer today, and the manner in which his point of view was changed is one of the romances of literature. The quiet, persistent pressure of facts completely changed his attitude, and the bohemian "R. L. S.," who has charmed a world with his stories, poems and essays, actually became a Sunday-school teacher in a Samoan mission school, and a supporter of missions' to the day of his death!

"I suppose," he writes, in a paper read before a missionary meeting in Sydney in 1893, "I am in the position of many persons. I had conceived a great prejudice against missions in the South Seas. I had no sooner come there than that prejudice was reduced, and then at last annihilated. Those who deblaterate against missions have only one thing to do, to come and see them on the spot. They will see a great deal of good done, they will see a race being forwarded in many different directions, and, I believe, if they be honest persons, they will cease to complain of mission work and its effects. At the same time, and infallibly in all sublunary matters, they will see a great deal of harm done. I am very glad to think that the new class of missionaries are by no means so radical as their predecessors. I have spoken to many missionaries, and I have pleasure to say that the most intelligent among them are of one opinion, and that the true one. They incline to think that it is beiSt to proceed by little and little, and not by much and much."

It was in the Marquesas Islands that Stevenson first came into touch with the missionary on the spot, and his picture of the Pere Simeon, is one of the finest he has ever drawn. "I had feared to meet a missionary, feared to find the narrowness and the self-sufficiency that deface their publications, that too often disgrace their behaviour." But in Pere Simeon he found man tru1y serving in the Spirit of Christ, whos'e business it was "to smooth the pillows of this dying family of man." ….. .

It was, however, during his long residence in Samoa, where he built himself a beautiful home at Vailima, some four miles from Apia, that he came into the most intimate and sympathetic touch with missionary work, and there the missionaries were among his closest and most valued friends. Of the Rev. W. E. Clarke, a London Missionary Society missionary, he writes: "The excellent Clarke up here almost all day yesterday, a man I esteem and like to the soles * The Miossionary Review of the Methodist Church of Australia. 761

of his boots; I prefer him to anyone in Samoa, and to most people in the world; a real good missionary, with the inestimable advantage of having grown up a layman. Pity they can't all get that!"

Stevenson grew impatient with those easy critics of missions who blame without discrimination the heroic efforts of these comparatively unknown workerS': "Those who have a taste for hearing missions, Catholic or Protestant, decried, must seek their pleasure elsewhere than in my pages. Whether Catholic or Protestant, with all their gross blots, with all their deficiency of candor, of humor, and of commonsense, the missionaries are the best and most useful whites in the Pacific."

In the quality of the converts he rejoices and adds this testimony: "The best specimen of a Christian hero I ever met was one of the native missionaries."

It was' James Chalmers, the pioneer missionary to New Guinea, that captivated Stevenson's imagination and turned him into a heroworshipper. Writing to his mother on board the S. S. Lubeck, between Sydney and Tonga, he says: " We have a very interesting party on board. Messrs. Chalmers and Hunt, of the London Society, and Mr. Brown, of the vVesleyan. Chalmers and Brown are pioneer missionaries, splendid men, with no humbug, plenty of courage, and the love of adventure. I have become a terrible missionaryite of late days: very much interested in their work, errors, and merits. Perhaps it's in the blood, though it has been a little slow in coming out. No, to be sure, I always liked the type. Chalmers, a big, stout, wildish-Iooking man, iron-gray, with big bold black eyes, and a deep straight furrow down each cheek. JEtat forty to forty-five."

Over and over again Chalmers is mentioned in his letters. To his close friend, Sidney Colvin, to whom most of tl1e "Vailima Letters" were written, he says: "I wistl you to get Pioneering in New Guinea, by .T. Chalmers. It's a missionary book, and has less pretentions to be literature than Spurgeon's Sermons. Yet I think even through that, you will see some of the traits of the hero that wrote it; a man that took one fairly by storm for the most attractive, simple, brave, and interesting man in the whole Pacific."

A year later he writes to Professor Baildon: "I could hardly change (life) with any man of my time, unless perhaps it were Gordon or our friend Chalmers: a man I admire for his virtues, love for his faults, and envy for the really Al life he has…… I shall look forward to some record of your time with Chalmers. You can't weary me of that fellow: he is as big as a house and far bigger than any church."

Little wonder then that Stevenson confided to Chalmers himself in a letter written shortly before the latter's death: "But, oh! Tamate! if I had met you when I was a boy and a bachelor, how different my life would have been."

I Am the Immigrant"

BY FREDERWK J. HASKIN I am the immigrant. Since the dawn of creation my restless feet have beaten new paths across the earth. My uneasy bark has tossed on all seas. My wanderlust was born of the craving for more liberty and a better wage for the sweat of my face. I looked towards the United States with eyes kindled by the fire of ambition and heart quickened with new-born hope. I approached its gates with great expectation. I entered in with fine hope. I have shouldered my burden as the American man-of-all- work. I contribute eighty-five per cent of all the labor in the slaugh- tering and meat-packing industries. I do seven-tenths of the bituminous coal mining. I do seventy-eight per cent of all the work in the woolen mills. I contribute nine-tenths of all the labor in the cotton mills. I make nineteen-twentieths of all the clothing. I manufacture more than half the shoes. I build four-fifths of all the furniture. I make half of the collars, cuffs and shirts. I turn out four-fifths of all the leather. I make half the gloves. I refine nearly nineteen-twentieths of the sugar. I make half of the tobacco and cigars. And yet, I am the great American problem. When I pour out my blood on your altar of labor, and lay down my life as a sacrifice to your god of toil, men make no more comment than at the fall of a sparrow. But my brawn is woven into the warp and woof of the fabric of your national being. My children shall be your children and your land shall be my land because my sweat and my blood will cement the foundations of the America of Tomorrow. If I can be fused into the body politic the melting pot will have stood the supreme test.

'" From The Immigrant.

763 BY H. J. SHEETS, BAREILLY, INDIA W HY preach to us illiterate folks ~ We can't understand your message." '['ranslated into plain Anglo-Saxon, this was the Oriental's way of telling us to "move on." Vhy this hostile reception? For a week we had been most cordially received by both Hindus and Moslems, and given a splendid sympathetic hearing.

As we moved on, men in the fields stopped their work to stare at us. When we drew nigh to the next village no children appeared to greet us and the women with fear on their faces beat a hasty retreat. A few men armed with clubs came out.

In tl1is unfriendly atmosphere we began to sing and then to preach. Gradually the people became interested, but still held on to their clubs. More men came-not one without a bludgeon-but the women and children remained conspicuous by their absence.

Songs and addresses finally succeeded in winning their confidence. Then we were told that the day before some men had come in a motor (we were in the missionary motor lorry) and entering a near-by village had kidnapped a child. The report has spread that nine children in all had been captured and carried way. I recalled that a new bridge was being built over the Ganges river and that word had been circulated by the worshipers of Mother Ganges that to placate her for this indigllity sixty children must be sacrificed. These superstitious villagers had taken us for kidnappers.

"Had we been Moslems and not Hindus," they frankly affirmed, "we would first have beaten you and then made inqUiries. In fact had not the Sahib (meaning me) been with you, we would have cudgeled you any way. We were sure that having come in a motor you could have only one purpose. "Vhen we saw you were carrying a box (harmonium) our suspicions were confirmed, for we felt sure you brought it along to stow a child away."

This ·week's evangelistic effort has convinced me that there is a most amazing and gratifying change in the attitude of the Moslems. As a rule they combine the disposition of the wolf and the lion and are never so happy as when attacking or devouring you. Controversial, intolerant, bigoted, they are hard to reach. But though we visited not less than ten villages where only Moslems live and though two of OUr men were tactless and controversial, the Moslems showed a most beautiful spirit of tolerance and receptiveness. The deity of Jesus and other questions came Up for discussion which in the past would have been tantamount to waving a red flag before a bull, but they were discussed in a truly Christian spirit. One young man followed after the rest had gone and told us that for years he had been a reader of the New Testament and asked us to teach him more about Jesus. We hope that he may become a true Christian.

764 ijjJ]M CUdDlf!$" {5 WWsn"'wvU'u",;UW""

By MRS. DAN B. BRUMMITT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DR. CAVERT'S BOOK-A PAGEANT (b) Nationalism.

As a textbook for the women of (c) Internationalism. Protestantism we believe that "The Adventure of the Church," by Sam- 4. What should be the goal of the Church' (a) World fellowship. (b) Missions.

uel McCrea Cavert, has no superior. (c) Kingdom of God.

Any woman who has forgotten churc.h 5. Define missions. history will in the study of thIS What do home and foreign fields have volume make a voyage of rediscovery in eommon~ which brings widened horizons and (a) Race questions. reveals new worlds of thought. * (b) World peace. (c) Industrial problems.

In introducing the author, do not CHAPTER II was a lovely, colorful neglect the peautiful paragraph in biblical pageant. Scripture characthe Preface beginning with the words, ters marched in stately procession "Most of all to Miss Twila Lytton." through the early history of Chris- Tell your class that "the discussion, tianity. Costumes were made of chapter by chapter," the" discerning cheap but bright-hued material, coninsight," and the" comradeship" cul- sisting of the long kimono-like underminated not only in a fine book, but garment, the flowing c 0 at s . 0 f also in the lovely wedding of this in- contrasting color, and a long straIght terested twain, on June 28, 1927. piece for the headdress, bound to the head by a cord around the brow and Make a careful outline of CHAPTER low on the back of the head. I in your own notebook; then go before your class with crayon and a Love was the only character who good blackboard. By skillful ques- was not in color. She was clad in tions, lead the students to develop the spotless white. outline. Mine was as follows: The leader was the interlocutor.

1. Do yon believe our Gospel? With a few words, she bound the (a) Do your religious convictions make characters into a harmonious. whole. a difference in your living1 The characters came on the platform (b) Do you believe in the God whom with open Bibles in hand. The order Christ revealed 1 (3,) Does your belief show itself in of the chapter was changed somewhat, service' All classes-all colors-all nations-all cultures ~ but all the material was used.

2. Define fellowship in the Gospel. First came "The Chosen People" (p. (a) Fellowship with God is not apart 48), showing the background of Judaism. from man. She read Psalm 2: 8, 9 and Exodus 23: 22. Cb) Fellowship with man is not apart from God. Second: The Jews become complacent (c) Fellowship knows sin t? b~ :obb.ing (p. 50). Amos 5: 22·24. Amos 3: 2. economically, color dIscnmlnatlOn, Amos 9: 7.

caste, etc. Third: Enlarging views (p. 52). Isaiah 60: 1 to 14.

Fourth: A protest against the narrow- 3. How shall we develop fellowship' ness of the day. Jonah 1: 1 to 5, 14 to 16.

Ca) Brotherhood between capital and Jonah 3: 1 to 4. Jonah 4: 1 to 4.

labor. Fifth . Jesus' idea of man is universal.

(p. 61): "Humanity." .Luke 15: 1 to 15.

* Copies of our outline, printed for use in the Sixth: A protest agamst exelusweness.

various classes, are now !=m. sale for ten cents each (p.68). "Race." John 4: 7 to 15. Luke at the various home mISSIon offices where there 10: 25, 37. arei Methodist headquarters.

765

/Seventh: The motive for Kingdom bUild- of terrol.' in the last of the persecuing (p. 65). "Love." Matt. 22: 35, 40. tions, from 303 to 313 A.. D., when the Scdptures were burned and Matt. 5: 43, 44. Matt. 18: 21, 22. Eighth: God is Universal (p. 59).

"Evangelist." John 4: 20 to 26. Matt. chmches were destroyed. The map 5: 43 to 48. showed no progress of Christianity in this period. Ninth: The result is (p. 71 and 72) " The Missionary.' , Luke 9: 52 to 55.

Luke 9: 57 to 59. Woman No.4 portrayed "The Im- After all characters had tal,en perial Church," with Constantine their places in a semi-circle on the raising a banner on which was a stage, a chord was struck on the piano cross and the words In Hoc Signo and one verse was sung of "0 Zion Vinces ("by this sign conquer") and Haste, Thy Mission High Fulfilling," followed by one verse of "Where told of the founding of Constanti- Cross the Crowded Ways of Life." nople. There was no missionary de- velopment of Christianity on the Many of the women decided that world map.

they would ask their pastors to allow Woman No. 5 interested us with them to use this little pageant in the the story of the old, yet ever new, devotional service which precedes his controversy over the doctrine of the missionary sermon. Trinity and she told of the formation The greatest and most difficult task of the Nicene Creed. She read the of this study was the presentation of earlier form of the Christian creed, the whole history of Christianity. It now known as the Apostles' Creed.

was for this task that the printed out- Woman No.5 pointed out quickly line was prepared for class use. the growth of the monastic spirit, the I suggest that Chapters III and V invasion of Rome by the Goths, Van- be used together. You will need an dals., Saxons and Angles. She closed outline map of the world for this with NOl.'th Africa claimed for Chris- study, and some sheets of colored tianity by Augustine, Bishop of bristol board. I used Hurlbut's Hippo. The leader placed a segment "Short Story 0 f the Christian of color on North Africa and claimed Church" and its divisions into pe- it for Christ..

riods as a basis for my little sketchy Woman No.6 had a tragic assign- history of Christianity in the printed ment. She pictured the rise and outline, placed in the hands of my spread of Mohammedanism. The class. leader placed a large irregular piece Woman No.1 took as her assign- of cardboard on the world map which ment "The Apostolic Church" and brought a gasp of dismay from the told briefly of the birth, life, cruci- class, for lo! most of the early con· fixion, and ascension of Jesus Christ, quests of Christianity were obliterated c los i n g with "The Pentecostal by the growth of Islam.

Church." The leader placed a tiny Woman No. 7 told briefly of the bit of living green over the place Crusades, showing how natural, yet where Palestine showed in the outline how harmful, was the desire to rescue map of the world. the Holy Sepulchre from the hands Woman No_ 2 took "The Expand- of the infidel.

ing Church," and told of the jour- Woman No.8 started the story of neys of Paul, Philip, and Peter, of "The Reformed Church." To her Paul's journeys with Silas and Timo- came the joy of telling about Peter thy. When she had finished, the Waldo, John Wyclif, John Hus, and leader placed in the Mediterranean Savonarola. There was no develop.

area another color, which covered all ment on the world map in this period.

the territory touched by these jour- Woman No. 9 took the period neys. known as "The Reformation" and Woman No. 3 took "The Perse- told of the dpirsecsosv,earyndofthge umnaproiwnedre'r~ cuted Church," telling of the reign the printing

BEST METHODS

compass. Hcr joyous task was to de- camc a mute appeal for an enlarged scribe the courage of Martin Luther, world-wide program.

Zwingli, John Calvin, and John CHAPTER IV. "'rhe Adventure in Knox. No development on the world America" was taught by the use of map. ten questions.

Woman No. 10 briefly suggested 1. In what sense can David Crockett and points in "The Counter Reformation. " She told of the Inquisition in Daniel Boone be considered as missionaries 1 Spain and France, and the founding 2. Trace the influence of the Haystack of the Order of the Jesuits which did meeting in Home and Foreign Missions.

3. What is the idea of Home Mission development in America ¥ missionary work in Mexico, South 4. Has any change taken place in the America, and the Orient. The leader Home Mission task in fifty years ~ placed color over these portions of the map, amid the protestings of the 5. What do you consider the three great class. tasks of Christian America today' Woman No. 11 developed rapidly 6. Is your Board of Missions equal to the "Growth of Puritanism" and the this task f 7. Are the Social Ideals of the Churches practica ble?

8. Is America a Christian Nation'

rise of the historic churches known Why' today as Presbyterian, Congregation- 9. Name a new task you are going to al, and Baptist. She showed the decline of interest, in the beginning of assume. 10. What new word are you going to put in your year's program'

the eighteenth century, which made CHAPTER VI. "The Adventurous the Wesleyan revival necessary. The Task for Our Generation" falls natleader placed a thin line of color urally into subjects for discussion along the Eastern coast of North groups. America, to indicate the location of the thirteen original colonies. An in- 1. New Frontiers for Missionary Pioterested group of women cheered gleefully. neers. 2. Western Civilization VB. Christianity. Woman No. 12 had been asked to 3. My Church in its Practice of Brother- hood.

take from Chapter V, (p. 150) the 4. Prove the Theory of One God. story of William Carey, and the 5. Define the Term "Heathen." leader placed India on the world map. 6. Latest News from China and Mexico.

Woman No. 13 related the story of We believe that every woman went Robert Morrison, (page 154) and the out from the study realizing that leader placed China on the map. "the final and perennial need is for Woman No. 14 briefly told the won- a deeper experience of God, revealed derful stories of Robert Moffat and through Christ, on the part of the David Livingstone, and the continent individual.' , of Africa anneared on the world map. MISS BURTON'S BOOK Woman No. 15 read up on the story of John Williams, (p. 15:7), and The following methods have been the leader placed over the islands of used with success in presenting Miss the South Pacific a large splash of Burton's "New Paths for Old Pur- color. poses," in five summer schools. The Woman No. 16 related the story methods may not be very wonderful, of Guido Verbeck and the going of but they show that if one will give seven mISSIOnaries from America to girls a chance they will make good Japan, and that country was placed use of almost any method. Let the on the world's map. imagination loose and let the young The call of Tibet, Afghanistan, folks get joy out of the book.

Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan, and Your first lesson will be "Tea for Baluchistan was voiced, as were the Five," not Chapter I-though that needs of Arabia, Persia and the Ma- is exactly what it is. Have real tea lay Archipelago. The world map be- and wafers and lemon and "things."

Let the "leading woman" be the hos- Chapter II is "Making a Scrap- tess, entertaining four guests: Eng- book." The scene opens with a group lish women No.1 and 2, and American of girls sitting on the floor and going women No.1 and 2. Let the party through a lot of newspapers and start with pouring tea, which is too magazines. Scissors are used freely strong for the American women, but by the girls and their leader, who just right for the English women. sits at a table before a huge loose- The hostess leads by saying that she leaf scrapbook. A tube of paste and just must talk about the latest meet- a box of candy complete the list of ing of the mission board of which stage accessories.

she is a member and at which every- Let the leader begin with the para- one expressed the opinion that "mis- graph in the lower edge of page 25, sions" are changing. Then follows a It has been said that the recent indusbit of dialogue. trialization of the East constitutes a fresh English woman No.1. "It seems challenge to Christianity the world over.

'extraordinary' (say it as they do, "Now, I am so glad," says the eliding the 'a') that I do not see cow- leader, "to have you girls help me boys and Indians here in your won- find news of this industrial situation derful America. I have not even the world over. Suppose you let me seen anyone who looked like a have what you find about China first, pioneer 1" then Japan, and, lastly, India." America.n woman No.1. "No, you A girl calls out, "Here is somewon't see many cowboys and Indians, thing on silk filatures, that means facexcept in certain sections out West, tories where silk is wound from the but my own parents were what might cocoons, doesn't it? Let me read it." be called pioneers. I was a baby The girl then reads from her newswhen we went to Oklahoma to live." paper a careful digest of the para- (See p 1, speak especially of reciting graph on page 27 which she has pages of Dickens.) prepared and pasted in the newspa- EngUsh woman No.2. "How in- per.

teresting! I'd love to take her to a The leader says that it is just what certain street in my London and she wants, so the article is clipped show her' The Old Curiosity Shop' in and handed to the leader who pastes the traditional spot where Dickens it in her scrapbook.

knew it." Draw upon other material in the English woman No.1. "But do chapter, being careful to make the you really have what you call a home articles short and crisp. Use about mission problem in America?" seven girls, asking each to prepare one "clipping" on some country. Hostess gives the answer, as she Keep the candy box going, use scisdoes in all the items of information sors and paste freely, chat, and have to be brought out, such as: a good time.

1. New occasions teach new duties. Let Chapter III be a meeting of 2. New circumstances of which Christian "The Cosmopolitan Club." In my missions must take notice, such as inter- dependence, the world a whispering gallery, class at Northfield we had a "really truly" Japanese, an Armenian, an the effect of movies, world travel. Italian, a Negro, and a German, with 3. Missionary message of today is our three or four Americans.

entire national life (p. 11). 4. Read from "The Christ of the Indian Road" extracts from Chapter III, "The The contents of this chapter on Great Hindrance." "Christian Missions and Modern In- dustry," were assigned to girls who 5. Today's challenge, the hunger for God, had made careful preparation of the need for education and evangelism to be restated, the doing away with geographi- cal barriers (p. 211), and last, but most "speeches" for the meeting. The important, the appeal of today to the spirit meeting was formally called to order, of sacrifice and heroism. If you will chat, the subject for discussion was stated, and sip tea and be natural, this goes well.

and there followed such excellent For the fine, world-wide, last chapspeeches that not only the Club but ter, let the meeting take the form of the audience cheered each speech. a Resolutions Committee. Let the leader read the preamble and the The leader must say little, of girls the" whereases," which must be course, but she must tie the speeches carefully prepared in advance or together. At Northfield, she was they will be too long. needed to provide a handkerchief for the darling Armenian girl to whom For subject matter, let me suggest: the session became so real that her emotion caused her to extemporise on (a) Appreciation of abilities and talents her real Christian experience, to the of other races. delight of those who heard her. (b) Recognition of the desire for God Chapters IV and V were used as in every human heart. a kind of "free for all" discussion group, on such questions as, "What (c) Forms of worship more important is your motive in doing missionary than church buildings. work among colored races,1" "Name (d) The supreme significance of Jesus Christianity's greatest foe, and don't Christ and the insignificance of denomina· say Mohammedanism." "If you tionalism. were a missionary to China, what would you ask of this group f" (e) Christ greater than Christianity.

(f) Recognition of the natural growing spirit of nationalism.

(g) The change in Christian Missions from leaders and followers to a fellowship in a world-wide task.

PRINOIPLES OF OHRISTIAN STEWARDSHIP 1. The following principles should be recognized by the Christian who would relate himself intelligently to property, income, wages and wealth: (1) God is the Owner of all things. (2) God invites men to subdue the earth and possess it. (3) Under grace, man is a steward to hold and administer his possessions as a sacred trust. (4) God's ownership ought to be acknowledged. (5) Biblical history records and extraordinary history recognize the setting apart of the tenth of the income as that acknowledgment; there is indicated a divine sanction for the practice and the amount. (6) God's ownership and man's stewardship are best evidenced by the s,ystematic application of this portion of income to the advancement of the Kingdom and by the faithful use of the balance of income not set aside. 2. The following methods should be pursued by the Christian who would administer wisely his stewardship of material possessions: (1) Actual or constructive separation of the proportion of income which complies with the foregoing principles. (2) A written pledge in advance for the regular work of the church (local budget and benevolence budget). (3) A weekly payment of the amounts prescribed; offered as an act of worship at a public service, if this is possible; otherwise held until offering may be made. (4) Payments from time to time, out of the portion set aside but not previously pledged, to special causes. (5) Careful, intelligent, personal and prayerful consideration of the uses to be made of the whole of income and wealth; this will require study of the local, national and world-wide program of the Church and of the full stewardship of life itself. (6) Freewill offerings, thank-offerings and gifts.

4

History Test On Moslem

PREPARED BY BELLE M. BRAIN, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK WHAT IS YOUR S(JORE1 T HE following twenty questions may be used to test your knowledge of missions in Moslem Lands. Grade yourself and your friends by the percentage of correct replies. Twenty correct answers score 100 per cent, ten correct answers 50 per cent, and so on. The answers will be found on page 792, but do not consult them until you have tried to answer the questions. You will be interested to discover your score.

1. Approximately what is the Mohammedan population of the world 1 2. In what two countries of Asia is the population wholly Mohammedan?

3. What countries in Asia have no ,Moslem problem f 4. Which country has the largest Moslem population of any in the world T 5. Where are there nearly 200,000 Moslems for whom no Christian missionary is at work ~ 6. Where is Mohammedanism making its largest advance at the present time? 7. What famous battle checked Moslem advance in Western Europe 1 8. What is the watchword of Islam 1 9. How many times a day and at what hours must a Mohammedan pray 1 10. What is the sacred book of Islam and how does it compare in length with the New Testament? 11. What are the two most sacred centers of the Mohammedan world 1 12. Who was the first Christian missionary to the Moslems? 13. Who was the first, modern missionary to the Moslems? 14. What two great missionaries translated the Bible into Arabic, the sacred language of Islam V 15. What champion bicycle rider of Great Britain and contributor to the Encyclopedia Brittanica founded a mission for Moslems in Arabia? 16. What missionaries, still living, founded the Arabian Mission of the Reformed Church in America? 17. What famous English missionary bishop, after 40 years' work in India, went to Muscat to work for the Moslems of Arabia? 18. What young millionaire alumnus of Yale enlisted for work among the Moslems of China and died at Cairo en route to his. field? 19. Who is said to have been the most distinguished of all Moslem converts in India during the 19th century7 20. What young Syrian, said to have been the first Moslem convert to preach Christ in Arabia, died after 16 months' work under suspicious circumstances that pointed to poisoning1 770

Woman's Home Mission

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 E. 22ND STREET, NEW YORK RELIGIOUS WORK AMONG Mexico from the east. In 1804, how- SPANISH-SPEAKING ever, an American peddler entered PEOPLE • the country and the following year SPANISH CONQUESTS IN NEW a hunter, trapper, and trader wan- MEXICO dered by chance into New lIIexico after having become lost in the Rocky When the first Spanish explorers ~[ountains. In 1812 the Santa Fe came to what is now our Southwest, trail was blazed from St. Louis, and they found an Indian civilization al- ten years later it was permanently ready several centuries old. The opened. Over this trail large cara- first Spanish settlement in New Mex- vans passed.

ico was made September 5, ] 598, at Until 1821 New Mexico was under Chamita. Seven years later, in 1605, Spanish control and much of the it was. removed to Santa Fe. There land was held under land grants is- the Spaniards conquered and en- sued by the King of Spain. In 1821 slaved the Pueblo Indians. They de- New Mexico became a province of veloped nunmg, agriculture, and :',lexico and remained such until 1846, grazing, and for three quarters of a when General Kearney marched west, century they prospered. In 1680 the raised the American flag over the Indians revolted, burning ranch Santa Fe plaza, and declared New houses, destroying property, and fi- Mexico a part of the United States.

nally seil':ing the governor's palace at Santa ]'e. The governor and his MEXICANS IN THE UNITED STATES party were forced to leave the coun- There has been much crossing and try in haste. For the next twelve recrossing of the border line through years, or until 1692, the Pueblos were the years, but the last two decades again in control of the land which have been characterized by very they had occupied for centuries and marked increases in Mexicans coming they did their best to wipe out every into the United States ….. vestige of Spanish occupation. They destroyed mines, burned records, pro- No longer can we think of the Mexhibited the use of the Spanish lan- ican and Spanish-speaking people as guage and even destroyed the seeds living only in the Southwest. Whereintroduced by the Spaniards. It was ever sugar beets are raised, as in then that de Vargas returned with Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, an army of 300 Spaniards and 100 North Dakota, Michigan, and Ohio, Indians and once more conquered the .Mexican labor is used. In great incountry ….. dustrial centers such as Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Toledo, Gary, Chicago, The Spaniards brought with them Aurora, Joliet, Detroit, Milwaukee, the traditions and organization of the St. Louis, Kansas City, and Wichita, Roman Catholic Church and at once Mexicans are found in varying numimposed their religion upon the In- bers. The lines of immigration have dians or won them to its standards. reached even the fl.sheries of Alaska. Some are deflected south and east Before the nineteenth century where in cotton-raiRing sections Ne- Americans had not approached New (Ja• yFrso. mS Report of Commission on Religion gro labor has heretofore had no com- towell, Secretary) El Paso Conference petition. In Tampa, Florida, the Mexican and Porto Rican popUlation of religious, social, educational and welfare IS estimated to be fully 30,000. On representatives held December. 1926. to con- ~ider the interests of Mexicans and SDanishsp·eaklng people in the United States.

771

the eastern coast Mexicans form a ter nearly three quarters of a century minor part of an increasing Spanish- of effort we have a Protestant church speaking population principally from membership of 2,790 as compared the West Indies. In New York this with an estimated Spanish population lS especially true. of 225,000. In the past we have been inclined to be very critical of the Some effort is being made to pro- Roman Catholic Church and there are vide religious leadership and help. many things in its history in New There are at least four or five Span- Mexico of which it would be difficult ish-speaking churches in New York, to be proud. However, there is in- 'ohree or four in Chicago and in De- creasing evidence that the ministry of troit. At Gary work is also being the Catholic Church is an important done. It is safe to say, however, that factor in the moral and religious welin most cases there is a woeful lack fare of the state. Standards of work of equipment and leaders ….. The have been improving and workers in magnitude of these countrywide op- charge seem to be more carefully seportunities presents a new challenge lected than they have been at certain to the religious forces of America …. times in the past.

WORK IN NEW MEXICO In the rural places the service of the Catholic Church is limited but the The first Protestant missionary people are loyal. In northeastern came tD New Mexico in 1850 under New Mexico the situation is complithe Methodist Episcopal Church, but cated by the Penitente organizations work was not opened in the Spanish whieh flourish there whose moru,dos language until 1853 …… Very little and crosses dot the country-side. definite progress was made in Methodist work before 1870. Other de- Protestantism has not succeeded in nominations may have entered the building strong Protestant churches field shortly after 1850, but the rec- in New Mexico, but that it has made ord of such entry is not available at an important contribution to the this writing. The Presbyterian building of a state, no one can deny. Church, U. S. A. in 1866 definitely In numerous communities the outestablished work there. The North- standing leaders are products of its ern Baptists commenced work among schools and in our churches. Spanish-speaking people of New Mexico about the same time; this was The language problem has probably later turned over to the Southern complicated work in New Mexico a Baptists. The Congregational Church little more than elsewhere. Spanish entered the field in 1879, the United is the native tongue although it should Brethren in 1912, arid the Methodist be noted that owing to isolation the Episcopal Church, South, in 1917. language is not the Spanish of Mex- ico ….. It was not until 1891 that a An interdenominational study of public school system was established the Spanish work in New Mexico re- in the territory ….. Within recent ports 47 churches: Presbyterian, U. years the New Mexico public school S. A., 21; Methodist Episcopal, 12; system has made rapid advances …. Congregational, 5; Methodist Epis- In the larger places pupils in the copal, South, 8; United Brethren, 4. public schools almost automatically acquire English through mingling The Roman Catholic Ohurch is with individuals who speak English dominant and there is evidence that and through their work in the classthe qnality of its ministry is steadily room ….. Now that boys and girls of improving, particularly in its chief both groups mingle together freely in center, Santa Fe ….. Possibly in no public schools and are mastering part of the United States is the in- English, so that language is no longer fluence of that church relatively a barrier, the question is raised as to greater than among the Spanish- whether we should continue separa· speaking people of New Mexico. Af-

1:927J WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN

tion of the two groups in our churches, taken into consideration in the study whether we can afford to maintain a of the whole question of self-support. division which the public school does The general average would indicate not, and which is not observed in the that 50% are in comfortable circum- Catholic Church, in politics or in stances, 25% poor, 25% destitute. business. This. brings us to the ever important question as to the correct "In spite of large efforts made by attitude of Anglo-American churches county, city, and state health boards, toward specialized groups m their in spite of efficient work of clinics communities. which are often features of our com- munity and church work, in spite of Spanish-Americans have the same instructions in sanitation and hylegal standing as Anglo-Americans. giene, health conditions among Mexi- .Many highest state offices have been cans in Southern California are deheld and are held by Spanish-speak- plorable ….. In some localities the ing Americans. It seems to be pos- rate of infant mortality among Mexisible to have representatives of the cans is as high as 25%. The poor two groups in the same legislative health conditions are due to malnutribody, same office or store, same ath- tion, because of insufficient wages to letic teams, same rooms in grammar support large families, ignorance, and high schools and in universities. crowding, and immorality. The dis- With the language difficulty disap- eases to which Mexicans seem to be pearing for the younger generation, particularly susceptible are tubercuwith tbe example of other groups to losis, trachoma, and venereal diseases. encourage us, we are more and more Of course, during the winter when perplexed to discover why our Anglo- the usual run is on of whooping American churches, so-called, should cough, scarlet fever, diphtheria, not assume .larger responsibility for mumps, measles and smallpox, Mexi- Spanish-Americans in their respec- cans are very much larger sufferers tive communities. In some cases it than are Americans …… " will doubtless be desirable to employ special workers who have at least a It seems to be the consensus of conversational knowledge of Spanish, opinion that it is wiser to have two but we are facing the question as to enterprises: the settlement house and whether some adjustment of program the church, under separate managein certain communities along a ment but working cooperatively. broader, more comprehensive, and more unified basis should not take Poor physical equipment seems to place. be the biggest handicap of most of the fields ….. Roman Catholics are IN CALIFORNIA accustomed to worship in cathedrals, while Protestant worship invites them The largest l'IIexican center in the to huts ….. . state is Los Angeles with a Mexican population which is estimated from Mexicans are great personal 75,000 to 125,{)00 ….. . workers, and very probably the re- sponse which a pastor receives to his "Mexicans served by our Protes- public appeal has been fostered by tant evangelical churches in Southern personal work on the part of mem- California are engaged for the most bers of his church. Practically all of part in work on fruit and nut the churches indicate that there has ranches, construction work upon rail- been a decided advance during the roads, street car lines, sewers, and as past five years. laborers in railroad shops and factories. From 30 to 40% seems to be I love to think that God appoints migratory. Destitution among fam- My portion, day by day; ilies served by our churches ranges from 20 to 40% . This very large Events of life are in His hand, figure is an important index to be And I would only say: "Appoint them in Thine own good time, And in Thine Own best way!" A. L. WARING. EDITED BY MISS A:MY G. LEWIS, NJ<.'W YORK THE NEXT ANNUAL MEETINGS extent of the indirect influence of Christianity among the people of this The next Annual Meeting of the country. . . . .. The Christians are Federation of Woman's Boards of numerically a small body but for Foreign Missions will be held January every family that numbers professed 6' to 10, 1928. The theme selected Christians, among its members, there by the Program Committee is, "In- are manv who have come in contact _creasing Power for Increasing Obli- with C};ristian work and teaching, gations. " Present-day situations in and, though not adherents of any lands where missions are at work will Christian body, are averse to any be presented by nationals. A frank step that would hamper the liberty facing of the real situation is sought. that Christians value ….. , The epi- sode effectively illustrates the general The Foreign Missions Conference sympathy of the people of Japan, and will be held from January 10 to 13, their legislature, with the Christian 1928. 'l'here will be joint meetings movement …… and the power of a of the Foreign Missions Conference vigorous and educated minority to inand the Federation Tuesday afternoon fluence the course of government." and evening to consider these subjects : The Jerusalem Conference, OPEN-MINDED Union Colleges, Christian Literature and The Home Base. A joint Young One of the prayers being offered by People '8 Session will be held on Sun- those preparing for the Jerusalem day afternoon. Conference is: JAPANESE PEERS AND "That members of the Couuci!, all who take part in the work of preparation, the CHRISTIANITY Mission Boards and the Churches overseas may be given an open and childlike mind, Missionaries in Japan are taking readiness to receive new ideas and willingnew courage for their tasks from the ness to venture forth on untried ways." shelving of the law proposed by the Minister of Education to control all To some it may seem a dangerous relip'ious teaching. The bill was de- prayer likely to lead into unknown cisively beaten in the House of PeerR. and unwise ways. It is interesting to see how open-mindedness and honesty "Christianity found friends in may have other results. Stanley many unexpeeted quarten; when this High, author of "The Revolt of bill came before the Diet," writes one Youth" and well-known for his symmissionary. "Many objectionable pathy with national aspirations. withfeatures were stricken out or modi- in and without the Church, writes in fied. In the Diet there was revealed The Christian Advocate of August 4th in a singular way the intellectual of his experience in India on his rechange that has taken place in Japan. eent :iourney around the world: The debates wrre keen, intelligent, fair, and revealed a knowledge of "There is more than one India …. Christianity and a wish to promote I landed in Bombav with an itinerary its growth that should hearten any rather well mapped out. An India~ doubting Thomas. The bill was finally student helped me to map it ……. . shelved in the House of Peers. " " 'If you want to know India,' he One of the leading Japanese papers said,' divide your time-exclusive of said (in connection with the defeat of the necessary side trips-between the bill) "Among. the factors which Gandhi's Ashram at Ahmedabad and impressed them (the Peers) was the Tagore's school at Shantanekatan.' "

774 After interviews in Bombay with India of the drawing rooms and distinguished members of Municipal student hostels of Bombay_ and Provincial Councils, Indian edi- "I went to the home of Brindaban's tors, bankers" merchants, Mr. High leading Hindu. His house was a sanc- met an Indian of whom he writes: tuary. Above the delicate carving of "This man-an Oxford B.A.-has the stone door there were inscriptions not done much in politics. But wHh from the Vedas. He came out onto a an increasing minority of Indians who little portico above a quiet courtyard have given themselves to social service, he is known and loved for his –an old man, kindly, considerate, good works wherever, in the cities of godlike. For a long time we talked to- India, men, women and little children [!,'ether. He told me of the hours, each are ground out on the wheels of mod- day, which he spent in prayer and of ern industry. the knowledge of God which those hour;; brought him. " 'What and whom have you been seeing?' he asked me when I ap- "Then I recalled the widows in peared at his office for an interview. the temple compound and the temple "I told him in some detail and with children up at the hospital, and it ocmuch satisfaction. He laughed. curred to me that Jesus-who also knew God-had insisted that that "'When will you start in on knowledge would find its final meas- India l' he asked. urement 'inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these.' So " 'What do you mean l' I told my Hindu friend of the things " 'Simply this: that you won't find I had seen and of the stories I had India in Bombay or Calcutta or heard about religion at Brindaban.

Madras, or even at Ahmedabad and " 'That is all true,' he said, 'and Shantanekatan. India doesn't speak much more that you do not know. English or wear shoes, and isn't met But what does that have to do with up with over the tea at four. India religion 1 There is immorality and of the future-the distant future- morality in Hinduism; oppression may be there. But if you are inter- and freedom. But we Hindus are con- cerned with none of these things. Reested in the India of the present, with ligion to us is communion of the soul whom you and I in our lifetime will with God; that and nothing more.' be concerned, get off the asphalt and on to the country roads,. The real "I came to India fed up with the India-and a vastly different place it intolerance of Christianity. I did not is-is in the villages where a mere believe in the sentiments of many of ninety-one of every hundred Indians our missionary messages and in the dwell. ' expressions of many of our mission "In the end I took his, advice and hymns. But away from the wide remade my schedule. Gandhi's Ash- porticoes and quiet classrooms of ram and Tagore's school remained on India's nine per cent I have seen anit, but they were included as side other India-not talked of over the trips. The regular route lay through tea. It is in this India that the misthe small communities, the smaller sionary serves. His message-since it the better. I have visited Mr. Gandhi and have continued to meet the lead- involves unpleasant facts and more en; of political India. But under the unpleasant responsibilities – may guidance of Indians and with their sound intolerant to the New Intelinterpretations I have seen and li~e~tsia. But it is a message of kindly learned many things about the other mllllstry and hope to the ninety-one ninety-one per cent. And most of all, ner cent in India's. population who I have learned how wide and deep live beyond the asphalt where, heavy with ancient fears, is the gulf that extends between them " 'The heathen in his blindness and their life, their India and the Bows down to wood and stone.' 'I

fROM.l1fANY

THE NEAR EAST ary Council to be held in Jerusalem Christ Lifted Up in Turkey next spring. The new secretary has MISSES ETHEL W. PUTNEY written of his work: "The Council and Edith H. Wiley, mission- wish my main work to be that of evanaries of the American Board in Tur- gelism, recruiting and deepening the key, wrote in a recent letter: "Those spiritual life of the indigenous and outside of Turkey who hear of the foreign Christians. The thought of prohibition of religious teaching in getting back again into the foreign our schools, have little idea of the mission field thrills me."

amount of spiritual yearning found, especially among the younger genera- New Church Me_bers in Syria R tion most affected by the social revolu-EV. W. S. NELSON writes of a trip to Birsheen, a mountain tion. They, like the same types of people all over the world, respond in village in Syria which for a year and admiration and reverence to any real a half had not been visited by a misportrayal of the personality and sionary: "That Sunday was one to teaching of Christ. Sometimes even be remembered. Two well-attended their hearts so respond to His teach- services were held, and we had conings, wherever they may have heard tinuous conferences and religious disthem, that they themselves urge the cussion. There were neople present acceptance of the principles which we from five other villages, in all of have been accustomed to consider dis- which there are interested groups of tinctly Christian. For all this, we are inquirers. Four bright young men very grateful and are more than ever came into church membership, and it eager to lift up Christ in word and was a pleasure to hear their eager and life. " intelligent answers to our questions.

Two of these are sons of one of the A Bible Lands Chrbtian Council most important men of the village, I T WAS announced in the Septem- who is unwilling to compromise his ber REVIEW that Robert P. Wilder, worldly leadership by uniting with founder of the Student Volunteer the little Protestant group, though Movement for Foreign Missions, ex- he always attends our services and pects to serve for three years as execu- was present when his sons joined the tive secretary of "the newly formed church. In conversation about the Christian Council of Western Asia building of a church which is much and Northern Africa." The field of this council includes about 85,000,000 needed, I said to him, 'We shall expeople, of whom 6·6,000,000 are Mos- pect you to head the subscription list lems, in Turkey, Syria, Palestine, with a good sum.' He replied with eagerness, 'Believe me, I will.' "

Iraq, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, the Su- 0 dan, Abyssinia, Algiers, Tunis and The Earthquake in Palestine the Balkans. There are Protestant LD Testament allusions to earth- missionary societies at work in this quakes and records of many such area with about 1,600 missionaries. events in more recent days show that Special responsibilities will be given "the little country which is the land to this body in view of the proposed of heart's desire for three religions.

meeting of the International Mission- Christianity, Judaism, and Moham- 776

J927J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

medanism," has suffered frequently to talk and wave his arms about. We in this manner. The earthquake all sat still, and finally the preacher shocks which were felt on July 11th asked him if he was through; and were responsible for casualities num- looking earnestly at bim said, 'Well, bered at 6iOO dead and 3,000 injured. then, what are you going to do with The Christian Century thus sum- Jesus?' The man was so chagrined marizes the damage wrought in the and taken aback, that he sat down Holy Land: without a word. The courtesy and love with which these men were In Jerusalem portions of the Church of treated in our own church, when they the Holy Sepulchre, precious.to Christians were trying to cause trouble, made of all groups, have suffered severely. The other Moslems more in sympathy with Mohammedan Dome of the Rock, the so- us than ever." called Mosque of Omar, will require much repairing. The Zionist academy or univer- Persia Needs Christian Books sity has suffered the loss of one of its principal bnildings and much of its equipment. REV. DWIGHT M. DONALDSON, Other effects of the shock have been felt in of the American Presbyterian various parts of the city and vicinity, es- Mission in lHeshed, Persia, writes of peciaJly at A5n Karim, the traditional home the need ·of Christian literature for of John the Baptist, and at Abu Dis, a town both inquirers and converts: "After back of Bethany, notorious for its bandits thirty or forty thousand copies of in the days of Turkish rule. At Bethlehem Scripture have been discriminatingly the Church of the Nativity has also suffered sold, with the vast amount of short and will need .extensive repairs. In Jericho, sermon preaching that goes with this one of the hotels was completely destroyed. work, it is only logical to expect that And in Nablus, the ancient Shechern, con- there will be men anxious to have persiderable portions of the town have been sonal conferences with some one about wrecked, including, as reports indicate, that what they have read and found interarea in which the Samaritans, the only sur· esting. And those who have newly vivors of that ancient group, had their believed on Jesus Christ, and who are synagogue and their homes. growing in Christian character, often come with special problems and ques- Education for Syrian Girls tions……. The missionary has very few books to choose from. We may FROM the nucleus of a few girl pu- have to wait for the second-generation pils in the early days of the Ameri- Christians to write the best books, but can Presbyterian Mission in Beirut, those eventual best books will be all boarding schools for girls, then day the better if the first-generation parschools, a nurses' training school, and ents have wholesome and stimulating a .iunior college for girls have had reading matter in their homes now." their slow but sure development, until even the doors of the American Uni- Moslem Teacher Accepts Christ versity have been forced to open wide enough to admit the eager women ARECENT conversion reported students. "It is a far cry from those early days," says Miss Ottora Horne, . from Persia is that of a teacher "when education for girls was con- in a Moslem school for boys whose sidered a preposterous scheme by the principal was a blind mullah. He had people of the land, to the present an infection and was brought to the when the university men are forced American hospital. After several to work their hardest to equal the few visits, he became interested in the women in their classes." Saviour and, with the doctor, studied the Gospel. Soon he learned that this Courtesy Disarms a Mullah Saviour was his Saviour too, and ac- cepted Him for himself. He then THE subject discussed at a prayer began to talk to others about his newly meeting- in Tabriz, Persia, was, found Master and to carry gospel por- "What will you do with Christ?" "Just after the preacher finished," writes a missionary, "a mullah rose, and began in a most excited fashion

tions and tract~ to !ti~ fellow teachers would return after having been con- and students. Some became interested verted to other faiths. The matter of and wanted to know more about the the uplift of the' untouchables' is now Gospel, but some went to the blind a prominent question among Hindus mullah and told him that this man of all classes. The lower classes them- was trying to make Christians out of lielves are holding conferences and Moslems. 'l'he blind mullah said, making demands and seeking outlets "You must not go to the American into higher and better things. The hospital any more.' , Nevertheless, newer Hinduism, as represented by the man did not stop going, nor did the Arya Samaj, has adopted several he stop teaching his associates, but Christian methods in its work ….. .

he did lose his position as teacher. Mohammedanism has no paid min- istry, for every man is supposed to be Open Honse in Baghdad a missionary. Lectures are being de- WHEN someone in Baghdad said livered, literature distributed, and in- to Dr. and Mrs. Calvin Staudt, creased activity is very manifest in "Your house is like a khan, people the community."

pass in and out its doors continual- ly, " they felt that they were reaching Some Social Evils of Hinduism A their ideal for their home. Mrs. N ILLUSTRATION of the lengths to which the laws of Hindu social Staudt men~ions among those who, she says, "come in through the wide- orthodoxy. will go is seen in the case open door," members of the Syrian of an aged woman patient in the Visand Jewish communities, the Iraqi nddhananda Marwari Hospital in Calofficials, missionaries from India, cutta, suffering from dropsy, who was Burma, Persia, and Arabia, and trav- expelled from the hospital because her elers from many lands, "But," she son had married a Marwari widow. says, "there is, first of all the large I t is charged that her expulsion from and varied acquaintance through our the hospital in a critical condition reboys. No school in Iraq has such a sulted in her death. variety of races and religions under The Indian Witness, a Christian one roof. Parents, from the janitor paper published in Lucknow, makes of a business house to the sheikh of this incident the occasion for the folone of the big tribes, come here with lowing statements: equal assurance. This relationship is Occasionally we are told that Hinduism but in its infancy. We plan for has produced a mild and gentle people, something much more intimate in the more Christ-like in character than those who profess to be disciples of Jesus. Those who future. " make such statements seem to be acutely INDIA AND SIAM and painfully aware of the social and mo:ral evils existent among Christians, but uncon- Foes of Christianity in India scions of the evils that afflict Hindu society.

OPPOSITION to Christianity on ……,The social reform movement in India has been distinctly slowed-up by numerous the part of Mohammedans and lllldeserved panegyrics on Hinduism and the Hindus was never better organized or time has come for plain speaking about the evils of the Hindu social system (unexmore aggressive than now, according reeded for cruelty in any civilized commuto reports received at the office of nity) such as child marriage, mistreatment the Foreign Missions Conference of widows, untouchability, and denial of from missionaries in the central elementary human rights to outeastes.

provinces of India. "Hinduism has undergone a change, one of the most India Reading the Bible A remarkable in the history of any T THE annual meeting of the British and Foreign Bible Sorf'lil!ion." writes one ~issionarY. "From heinl! simuly a conservative ciety various statements were made force, non-resistant, it has surldenly concerning the increasing interest in become a missionary relig-ion. It now the Bible shown by educated Indians.

opens the doors of caste to those who In the 'l'elugu country there is a

1927J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

zcmindar-, a petty rajah, who has been indeed, and you take it to the poor spending the last two or three years and to the outcaste, but we zemindars in putting the whole of the New . , …. it has not been brought to 'l'estament into Telugu verse. At his us.' "

daughter's wedding he renrinted the Sermon on the Mount on good paper, South Indian Villages Changed and in good print, and presented a T HE Church Missionary Society copy of it to each of his thousands of has recently published a survey of guests. The lectures on the New the mass movements toward Chris- Testament given by Gandhi, at the tianity in those parts of India where it is at work. Bishop Azariah of request of the students, at the Na- Dornakal is quoted as saying that the tional College at Ahmedabad have movement in his South Indian diocreated an unprecedented demand for cese is growing in volume and Testaments in the Gujerati language, strength. The numbers of converts and several pastors in South India have greatly increased: 40,000 people report that young men and old men who have never been near a mission are being prepared for baptism now school have asked them for copies of in an area where five years ago the "the book which contains the Sermon number was 20,000. Whole villages on the Mount," for, they said, "Mr. are being changed because of the transforming power of Christ at work Gandhi has been writing so often in the lives of hundreds and thouabout the Sermon on the Mount, and sands of individuals, And the moveabout the Cross of .Jesus Christ, that ment, which for a long time was we want to have the book which tells confined to the outcastes, is now us these stories.'"

The Mohammedan's Appeal reaching their caste neighbors. Bishop Azariah tells of the baptism in one REY, A. G. COWIE, of the S. P. village of 117 candidates, 100 of G. Mission at Rawalpindi, in the ',,;hom were caste people, and this is Punjab. relates this incident of an sImply an illustration of what is pvangelistic tour: "One dav when happening in many districts. we had halted for our midday meal, a Mohammedanzemindar (land- AGod at Work in the Punjab owner) ;ioined us and asked me the LoTfHtOh eU GUHn i t eMdisPs r eHsabzyetle rBi aenn nMiest t~ usual 'Who? What? Whence? Whither?' I told him that we had come from Rawalpindi to tell the sian in the northern part of India Good News that was written in our recognizes the difficulties of winning Sacred Book. 'Oh ! well,. tell me Moslems to Christ, she is full of hope some,' he said. 'Onr great Good News as she writes: "Tn the past few is that we have a Jl.laster who is alive.' months we have witnessed whole vil- 'Yes. he is alive; I admit that. But, lages wondering at the wonderful love Sahib, Goa is One, is he not? or is which prompted God to give His Son. he more than One? You say that We have seen a Mohammedan boy of there are three Goas. Father, Mother good family confess Jesus Christ and a.na Son. can that be?' 'Khan Sahib,' then go back home and witness for T replied. 'You asked me to tell you Him. We have heard his lovely onr Good News. You never men- mother tell with nride of the wav her tioned anything about having an ar- son preached Christ in his own village p:nment. Our Good News is thi~. that and we have heard her ask us, oh so earnestly. to teach her to uray. Does while Mohammea Sahib is dead. our anyone doubt the miracles of our Lord ,Tesus Christ is alive. and can Lo'rd in His own time on earth or in p:ive strength and life.' These last words were met with a pathetic an- our own? Let such an one come to a peal, that was also an unwittin!!" re- Punjab village and see God work in proof: 'Ah 1 this is Good News these days. We would not have you

think that the barriers are all down ners, pennants, and pictures o~ Dr. or that Mohammedan India is ready and Mrs. Clark. There were about to turn to Christ, or that even great forty speakers on the program. The numbers are ready to accept our Lord roll of the provinces was called, and and Saviour, but we would have you only· three or four out of the total know that we are living in a time number failed to respond. This was when God is working wonders in the because the China Inland Mission and hearts of men and in a time when other agencies were holding meetings, many in these villages are strangely and missionaries from some provinces tenderhearted and hungry." were attending these meetings. Re- ports from the provinces stated the India's OuteDates Transformed number of societies in each and de- scribed the conditions. Among the THAT "many of the caste people resolutions adopted is one that reads: in South India have recently become Christians through the influence The Christian Endeavor organization has of their Christian outcaste servants" proved itself acceptable, adaptable, ani! is stated by those familiar with the indispensable to misslon work in China. At situation. 'In a letter to the Press, this time, when most of the missionaries Bishop Whitehead, formerly of Mad- have been driven from their stations, the ras, draws the attention of British Christians keep up their Bible study with people to what the Christian churches the Christian Endeavor topic.books as have achieved in' India, during the guides. last half-century, among the "depressed" millions. He points out that New Chinese Clergymen whatever effective measures may have been undertaken by the Government MIDSUMMER cablegrams from in behalf of nati';e agricultural la- Bishop Logan H. Roots asked for borers and others, still more has been the return to Hankow of certain misachieved by those whose service is, sionaries now in the United States. first and foremost, designed to spread How the Chinese Church is growing, the Gospel of Christ. He says: in spite of the political situation, is shown in a letter from Bishop Roots, It needs to be borne in mini! that a thou· describing the ordination on Whitsand years of opllression and contemT't has sunday of a group of Chinese, in so degraded the lives of these peonle th"t it which he says: "I have naturally had needs some powerful moral and spiritnal a great deal of hesitation about going force to raise them out of their hopeless ahead with ordinations at this present despair and set them on the path of prog· time. But this class seems to be, all ress. Thev have found this so far in Chris- of them, such good material, and to tianity and in Christianity alone. Thousands be meeting the difficult situations in of them dmin! the last fifty years have such fine spirit, and furthermore the Iouni! a new life in the Gospel of Christ. Standing Committee of this diocese At the present day they are bein! admitted and all my counselors here seem to be into the Chnrch at the date of about three so unanimous in approving this step, thousand a week. that I could not doubt the wisdom of going ahead. I was especially satis- CHINA AND TIBET fied with the statement of Newton Liu, when we were in the midst of a Shangha.i Has a C. E. Convention crisis a few weeks before. He said he hoped he could be ordained even if T HE presence in Shanghai of many in the near future the mission had to missionaries who h a v e been be broken up and the foreigners go forced to leave thf'ir Rtations in the home, for in that case he would reinterior of China has been made the turn to his country home. till his occasion by Rev. Edgar E. Rtrother, fields, and preach the Gospel and adveneral secretary for Christian En- minister the sacraments while making nAavor in China, for a convention. his own living, after the example of The meeting was held in Union the Apostle PauL" Church. Shanghai. which was decorated with Christian Endeavor ban-

NEWS FROM MANY LckNDS

Vows Renewed After Many Years University and is 'now professor of philosophy in Yenching University, ONE of the Chinese pastors in the constitute the committee in charge. Presbyterian Mission in Shan- They are translating articles from tung Province reports that when he Chinese magazines in order to help was preaching in a certain village, the American public realize the "an old man seemed unusuallv thoughtful moderate Chinese point of friendly. He followed me about ail view and the reasons why people in day and in the afternoon insisted that China of patriotic character are in- I go with him to his home and have terested in the overthrow of conservtea. He seemed to have something in atism and selfish militarism and in his heart which he wanted to tell me, the progress of moderate constructive so I went along to his home. We develoDments in their own country. talked a long time, and finally he Cooperating with them are a number said: 'Pastor, you must not think of of former missionaries in China who me as just an ordinary non-Christian are now in the United States. country man. I am a church member.' 'How is that?' I said. 'I have Friends of Chinese Moslems been about here all these years and have never heard of a Christian in T HE Moslem Committee of the Nathis village.' Then he told me his tional Christian Council of China story. He,had been a Christian be- was dissolved last year. Those who fore the Boxer uprising, and during were interested in the evangelization the persecution he was not able to of the Moslems greatly desired to stand, so burned his Bible and pub- carryon the good work of the former licly renounced his religion, and had committee, and therefore formed the never shown any public interest since. "Society of the Friends of the Mos- He had learned the worthlessness of lems in China," of which Rev. C. L. heathen rites, and could not make Pickens is secretary. This society himself return to them, so for these held an important meeting in Shangtwenty-three years had made no pro- hai on May 10th, at which the subfession of religion of any sort. That jects most emphasized were the need day in the market the promises of his of adequate Christian literature for old faith were laid before him again, Mohammedans and the importance of and his heart was touched. He truly arousing interest among Chinese repented and is now 'hot-heartedly' Christians in the evangelization of preaching in his village." their Moslem neighbors. H. D. J. Harding, who has worked in Kansu A Christian Publicity Service Province, in which there are estimated to be 3,000,000 Moslems, and later in T HE North China Council of the Honan, particularly stressed the lack Kung Li Hui (the Congregational of knowledge of Moslem beliefs or Church) has established a translation practices on the part of the Chinese and publicity service which, it is evangelists. "The average Chinese hoped, will be of assistance in ex- preacher, " he said, "is more ignorant changing between American and Chi- and therefore more afraid of the Monese newspapers and magazines the hammedans than the average foreign attitudes of moderation and mutual missionary. " sympathy that are being expressed in both China and America. Wynne A Hunanese Pastor Murdered Fairfield, one of the few white graduates of a colored university (Howard, THE Board of Foreign Missions of in Washington), Miss Rosium, a Chi- the Reformed Church in the nese secretary, and Dr. Lucius Porter, United States has received word of who during his recent furlough in the murder of one of its leading Chi- America was acting head of the De- nese workers, Pastor Chen Djoupartment of Chinese in Columbia Tsing. While he was putting up a

poster calling for respect of mission poverty of the Korean will be appre- property, members of the Farmers' ciated when the cost of a new song Union (communistic and anti-Chris- book is considered. This is seventeen tian) fell upon him and stoned him sen, or eight and a half cents. It was to death. for lack of this sum, combined with a Pastor Chen was a graduate of the passion to sing the praises of God Hunan Theological School and had a with his fellows, that he spent over record for" great improvement" dur- two hundred hours copying the ing the seminary course. He was pos- !'longs. "

sessed of a stentorian voice, rugged eloquence, and an energetic person- Fruit After Many Yea.rs ality. His station was situated at the A LETTER recently received by a foot of "Big Cloud Mountain," and missionary in Japan has been was originally intended to reach the Rummarized as follows in 'l'he Presbymultitudes of pilgrims who annually teria.n Magazine: "When you begin visit the shrines on this sacred moun- to read this letter, please think back tain. He mingled freely with the twenty years ago, when you held mountain people as well as with these weekly meetings for railroad men at pilgrims, and a Christian community Imajo, near Fukui, and try to rememhad been organized under his leader- ber a boy of thirteen among the men. ship. In those meetings the seed of Christ's JAPAN-KOREA teaching fell into my heart, but it was like a fruit of the palm carried to the A Hand-Written Hynmal sea and long buft'eted about till it A BfTLLETIN published by South- reached land and sprouted and grew ern Presbyterian missionaries in into a tree. For twelve years my Korea contains tIle following story: faith put out shoots, till about seven "He was the father of a family of years ago-and I was not baptized three, and himself past his prime till last November. I am a member when he first heard the gospel story. of a little group of about forty, who There was no doubting the sinceiity now have a little church building and of his interest. An educated man, in February became self-supporting. but dissipated, he was without funds A few nights ago I was in one of the or property, and unable to earn meetings in this little Kobe church, more than a bare living for himself and as the hymn 'Sunshine in My and family by teaching a small Ko- Soul' was announced, my thought flew rean school. One of the essentials of back twenty years to the days when I a Korean service is singing. Every- first heard it and you taught it to one must sing-the song book takes the railroad hands at Imajo. I its place alongside the Bible, in fact learned of your present whereabouts, in many instances they are bound to- hence this letter."

gether when printed. This man had no song book, but his determination Apples Increase the Oftering D to sing the songs with the others when EXTER N. LUTZ, Presbyterian missionary in charge of the agrihe attended services, and in his family worship, led him to borrow a book cultural department of Union Chris- from the missionary, which was re- tian College, Pyengyang, Korea, is turned in thirty days. He then ex- doing work that is bearing fruit in hibited his own book, made entirely more senses than one. There has been by his hand, using a brush and a soft a big apple crop, and dozens of prom- blank paper. Fbr thirty days he had inent men are now making consider- labored through nearly the whole of ably more than formerly, thanks to every night, as he painstakingly wrote several hundred apple trees planted out each word of the more than 250 on the hill sides.

songs in the hymn book. The relative Rev. W. N. Blair, D.D., writes of

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having been present at one station library, as well as the first kinuer- when the annual offering was made to garten in Korea. He was secretary cover the budget. "The first man to the Agricultural Department in the who made a pledge came forward and late Korean Government and, in 1895, said, 'The Lord has prospered me this helped found the Independence Club year by giving me a big apple crop -a Korean political institution. In and as I have promised to give one this year he also became the editor of tenth to Him, I will have to increase the Korea Christian Advocate and my regular Sabbath offering from was co-editor of a secular daily paper.

thirty sen to fifty sen per Sunday.' ]<'rom 1902 to 1914 he was pastor of "The next man said 'I gave fifty the Chong-dong church, and in later sen a Sunday last year and this year years held various positions under the I will be able to give one yen per mission of the Methodist Episcopal Sunday.' And so it went, through Church. During his ministry he bapone of the happiest meetings of this tized nearly four thousand persons kind I have ever witnessed. This, too, and sent out ten young men into the in a year when most of the churches ministry to follow in his footsteps and are so weak financially that helpers carryon .his work.

and pastors are not being paid, and ISLANDS OF THE SEA the people generally are more dis- Schools in the Philippines couraged than I have ever seen them. " RI<JV. E. K. HIGDON, of the Dis- ciples' Mission, acting President of the Manila Union Theological "A Good Man Neyer Dies"

LION K. JUNG, Korean chief of Seminary, states that there are in the the X-Ray department of Sever- Philippine Islands 110 Protestant ance Union Medical College in Seoul, schools with an enrollment of 5,396, pays his own tribute to the late classified as follows: 26 kinder- Charles Morris whom, says The Chris- gartens with 6·00 pupils, 32 primary tian Advocate, many knew as "the ideal missionary, " and then eon- schools with 1,632 pupils, 22 intertinues: mediate schools with 1,065 pupils, 14 secondary schools with 1,722 students, A few days later an old man walked into 3 colleges with 241 students, 2 theomy office and inqnired for Morris Seunkyosa logical schools with 25 students, 5 (missionary). W'hen I told him of Mr. nurses' trainin~ schools with 180 stu- Morris's death, he said surprisedly, "Why dent nurses, and 6 Bible training -how can he dieV" And when I asked schools with 180 students. In addiwhat he meant, he replied, "Morris Seunk- tion to these schools, most of which are in session during the regular yosa told me a good man never dies." Then he related that once he was an inn-keeper by a roadside in the far north. And he school year, there are daily vacation confessed that he was a bad man, sold bad Bible schools for the summer months. Last year there were 146 of them liquor to travelers and stole money from with an enrollment of 6,131. During those who were staying at his inn. But once Morris Seunykosa came to his inn to stop over night and told the inn-keeper the the school year, week-day religious. inwonderful story of the Bible. The old man struction is carried on in many of changed his life and, ever since then, has the provincial capitals and hundreds been a good Christian. Then the old man of high school students take advanconcluded with tears in his eyes, "At least Morris Seunkyosa will never die in my tage of the opportunities offered. heart.' , The total enrollment in the regular A Korean Christian Veteran schools, vacation schools and week- day religious instruction classes is al- PSTOR CHOI PYENG HUN, most 15,000 persons. This does not whom Gerald Bonwick, writing in take into account 1,057 church schools the Korea Mission Field, calls "one which meet on Sundays only, and of the great men of his generation," have an enrollment of 80.156 children opened in 1894 the first free reference and adults. '

Work for Australian Aborigines "raw red savagery, cannibalism and skulls" change to " peace, liberty, T HE Aborigines' Friends Associa- safety, friendliness," writes of his tion has been at work in Australia field today: for over sixty years. Among the methods of work described in its We need more grace, more gifts, more latest annual report are homes and love, more heroism. The earlier missionshelters, ration depots., medical stores, aries dealt with primitive conditions and Christmas cheer, assistance in famine simpler problems; they got into closer periods, and the issuing of portions of touch with the people; their love, and zeal, the Scriptures in the native tongue. and sincerity were in those closer grips The Gospel of Luke in the Aranda more easily recognized. The man who in dialect has been a source of satisfac- the old days traveled· weary miles in a canoe tion to the Association and to the proved, by that act, his devotion in a way natives, but, says Ausiralia,n Chris- he could not do today, hurrying over the tian World, "it is in the educative same space in the comfort of a swift, features of the whole work that re- cabined launch. Similarly with the pioneer ligion is being made real. The loving who, on his knees, washed and dressed the devotion of the nurses at Point Pearce terrible ulcers-the love and spirit of servand Point McLeay, the ministrations ice were patent to all; today he has others of Mr. and Mrs. Kramer and their trained to do those services, he is multiplied native assistants ~ver vast areas of ten times, it may be a hundred times, and Central Australia, the affectionate may .spend his very life-blood in adminiscare and kindness to the native chil- trative detail; but he is removed from close dren here recorded indicate the direc- personal contact with the people, and it tion in which religion is made a takes a greater surge of love to stir the present persuasive power in the lives native heart as the pioneer did. So I say of the native peoples." that we want bigger men and better men to do the work today. News from the Solomon Islands NORTH AMERICA DR. NORTHCOTE DECK, F. R. G. S., who represents, the South Y. M. O. A. Industrial Conference Sea Evangelical Mission, an Australian undenominational society, says THE tenth annual session of the that, in looking back over nineteen Silver Bay Conference on human years of service in the Solomon Is- relations in industry was held from lands, the words that rise to his lips September 1st to 4th, under the ausare. "They shall abundantly utter pices of the Industrial Department of the memory of Thy great goodness." the Y. M. C. A. Among the speakers He continues: and leaders of discussion groups, were representatives from numer(')us com- But it is very difficult to give a fair esti- panies typical of the industry of the mate of the present state of the work in country. Subjects discussed included the Solomons, with its more than 200 en- " American Industry and the World, " tirely Christian villages, its hundreds of "The Scientific Approach to Induskeen, devoted, unpaid native teachers, and trial Relations," "Ideals for Medical its 8,000 converts…. The years of intense Service in Industry," "Improving labor at the Onepusu Bible School are now Industrial Relationships on the Railbearing abundant fruit, and in most of the roads," "Labor's View on Cooperaestablished villages there are reasonably tion, " "From Ellis Island to good teachers, able and keen to give spirit- American Citizenship," "New Reual teaching up to a growing standard_ And sponsibilities of Modern Business," the result seems always to be an increasing "Progress in Eliminating Human appetite for the things of God_ Wastes in Industry," "The Spiritual Dynamic." The Workers Papua Needs Today New England Pastors Confer REV. M_ K. GnJ~WUR, who in his twenty-five years of service in T HE tenth annual pastors' confer- Papua under the Methodist Mission- ence for clergymen of all denomiary Society of Australasia has seen nations in the Connecticut Valley, including western Massachusetts, was held under the auspices of the Pas-

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toral Union of Connecticut and the Recently someone there conceived the Hartford Seminary 'Foundation, Sep- idea that it might be a good thing tember 12th and 13th in Hartranft for these diverse groups to get ac~ Hall, the new recitation building of quainted with each other, and the the Hartford Theological Seminary. result was five "nationality nights." The leader was Rufus M. Jones, Pro- Two pageants were prepared and prefessor of Philosophy at Haverford sented, and Mexicans, Negroes, Fili- College, and well-known author, pinos, Japanese and Blue Triangle whose general theme was" The Deeper girls representing American-born Nature of Man and Man's Experience whites presented vocal and instruof God. " The conference was largely mental music, readings, pageants, and attended, and both the leader's contri- displays of handicrafts. The Japanbution and the discussion periods ese exhibit was especially artistic. On were interesting and challenging as a the Mexican night the principal adpreliminary to the fall work of the dress was given by Carlos V. Ariza; ministry. Mexican consul at Calexico. The musical and dramatic numbers of the New Negro Y. M. O. A. Buildings Negro program, with a local Negro school principal as chairman, were WITH four modern buildings in very effective. The" nationality course of erection, two building nights" were given in the Methodist, campaigns nearing completion, and Baptist and Christian churches and four more in· prospect, the service of a public school building. Although this department of the Y. M. C. A. sponsored by the Federated Mi£- is being greatly expanded. Corner- sionary Council, the large audiences stones for a $225,000 building at included many men and women out- Buffalo, N. Y., and a $175,000 build- side the Federation membership. ing at Atlantic City, N. J., were laid Groups of each race witnessed the; in .June. A building at Dayton, Ohio, programs given by others. to cost $195,000, and one at Montclair, N. J., to cost $150,000 are in Plans for Negro Ohurch Union. ', process of erection. All are expected to be ready in the fall or early winter. T W~ large Negro ~lfethodist church White citizens of Winston-Salem, N. bodIes are plannmg for organic C., have agreed to raise from $150,000 to $200,000 for the erection of a build- union. The African M. E. Church, ing on property purchased by the colored group, who raised $38,000 founded in 1794 in Philadelphia, and instead of the $25,000 which they had pledged. In the recent New York the A. M. E. Zion Church, established City building campaign the Negro citizens raised $86,000 of a $100,000 in 1796 in New York, propose to unite quota, which they expect to complete in due course. It is planned ulti- under the title of the "United Methmately to expend $750,000 in the expansion of property, equipment and odist Episcopal Church," which, it service for colored men and boys in New York City. will be noted, gives no indication of'

"Nationality Nights" a Success race. Meantime, The Christian Re- THE Imperial Valley of California corder, organ of the first of these two is unique in many respects. It is bodies, has proposed a federation ot one of the hottest places in the United States, it is below sea level, its soil all Negro churches, giving a plan in is amazingly productive, and it is inhabited by people of many races. considerable detail. W. L. Hutcherson, 5 of the Y. M. C. A. in Wichita, Kansas thinks that much finer race relation; would be secured if the Negto churches would enter heartily into the"

program of the Federal Council of"

Churches, which has provided them' with a secretary, Dr. George K Haynes. He writes: "

. I w.ould rath.er see. the Negro. Congrega- tlOnahsts exerCIse theIr prerogatives in too' Federal Council, by virtue of being' a eon~

stituent part of the great National Council they did not want to see us or have of Congregationalists, than by virtue of us read the Bible and pray. Some membership in some great super-organiza- time ago Mum-su-kanwuh, an old tion of Negro churches_ The same is true leader of the peyote religion, said, 'I of the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, the don't want to hear from your Book Methodists, etc. This is interraeial coop- or become a Christian because I might eration. get mean like the white people.' An- other one said to me, ' You're just a Negroes at a Chicago Mosque little boy yet, when you get old and wise I '11 listen to you.' Then there ' EV, JOHN VAN ESS, D_D_, of are some who say, 'I don't want to be R the Arabian ~Iission of the Re- a Christian, because all my loved ones are lost and I'd rather go to hell with formed Church in America, recently them tlian be in heaven alone!' On visited a mosque of the Ahmadiya sect the other hand are those that are in- of Islam in Chicago. He reports that terested, who appreciate our coming, it is housed in an ordinary two-story and send us on with words of enflat building, with nothing in outward couragement.' , appearance except that at the front edge of the room is a small green- J apane.se-American Christians painted dome, flanked by two slender and not very tall spires which typify REV. JOHN :111. YAMAZAKI minarets but could not function as writes from Los Angeles that the such. Twenty-nine people were pres- Japanese Christians in California, in- ent that S.unday morning, all of them stead of resenting the passage of the Negroes except two Indians. Dr. Van anti-Japanese laws, rather are in- Ess says that the speeches "were in clined to accept them as a challenge, fact quite crude and entirely lacked are sincerely trying to have their secthe subtleties which characterize con- ond generation become good Ameritroversy: of even an average mullah can citizens, and to prove by them in Arabia." When testimonies were that the Japanese are not such undeinvited, three Chicago Negroes em- sirable and unassimilable people. This phasized the racial grievance and Christian-Americanization work is beclaimed that Christianity is only a ing done very earnestly by various white man's religion. Dr. Van Ess denominations on the Pacific Coast. .continues: In Los Angeles alone there are eleven different churches at work in evangel- At the elose of the testimonies the collee- ization of the Japanese. The Presby- 'tion ,vas taken and the leader announced terian and Congregational Churches 'that prayers would be said, to be followed by have united in building a $100,000 'lee cream (shades of the prophet!). The church for the Japanese; the Meth- ('ompany adjonrned to the npstairs prayer· odists have a $45,000 building, the room whither I followed. The Indian leader Baptists a $40,000 building, the Chris- wearing a turban led the prayers, all facing tians one costing $70,000, the Re- east. Twelve Negro Int'n in two rows with formed Church a $30,000 building. uncovered heads, together with two small The Episcopal Church, while its e- boys, went through the genuflections, re- quipment is small, has the largest 'peating, after the leader, in Arabic the first Sunday-school. word appropriate to each genuflection. The women stood or sat in the back but took no Chinese Girls in California ~urtlter part. HELPING these girls to find suit- Excnses Given by So:me Indians able employment is one of the tasks of their Christian friends. Few ,VARIED experiences fall to the lot opportunities open to the Chinese girl of Robert P. Chaat, as he covers who has had no specialized training. More dangers and temptations beset the large field of the Comanche Mis- :sion in Oklahoma, of the Reformed Church in America. He writes: "Usually the people are willing to stop and listen, but sometimes find excuses for not hearing the Word of life. '~ome have even told us frankly that

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her way than that of her Occidental porters at home. Workers have been sister. Notwithstanding these handi- thrown into jail, their literature caps, the average girl who steps from burned, and their lives saved only by the sheltering mission home into the miracle. W. C. Townsend writes: outside world of industry succeeds in "Now where mobs formerly gathered making for herself a place and in to kill, sympathetic crowds listen hunkeeping untarnished her good name. grily to the Word of Life. Threaten- The American-born Chinese girl of ing frowns have turned to friendly normal family and surroundings, smiles. The workers are sought out given the same amount of education for explanations from the 'Wonderful and technical training, will easily Book.' When two students from the compete with her Western sister. In Bible Institute returned recently San Francisco a fine high school, pri- from a week-end visit to Nahaula, vately endowed for the training of their eyes beamed with joy, although girls in domestic arts, objected to ad- their faces at once wore a rather puzmitting Chinese girls because their zled expression. They had gone to highly developed technical skill would this town expecting the usual persebring them into too marked competi- cution, but instead had been received tion with the American girl. in a kindly fashion by almost every- one. Then we remembered that LATIN AMERICA 'prayer changes things.' This is the A Ni"81'agua~ Convert's Conrage beginning of great things. All Guate- mala will notice when the Gospel re- DON JUAN FLETES, of Granada, ceives a large entrance into Nahuala Nicaragua, professed his faith in and Ixtahuacan." Christ in February, 1926. A missionary writes of him: "He has been EfFective Work in Porto Rico most liberal in his offerings. Nor has he failed in his testimony as a con- T HE evangelical work in Porto verted man. A short while ago the Rico is carried on by some 300 pasmanager of the freight office here got tors, missionaries and workers, who into a discussion with don Juan, try- represent seven denominations, 200 ing to offend or insult him. He was organized churches, 332 other preachfinally led to confess that don Juan, ing places, 383 Bible schools, and though having been so short a while 138 young people's societies. These in the despised 'religion,' knew a churches have over 13,000 members great deal about it. The man was in good standing. The Bible schools hound to test the believer and finally have over 26,000 members. The told him that his religion demanded church properties, including hos- Qf him to bear all things, 'But,' he pitals, orphanages, schools and day said, 'you know that you would not schools, are valued at $1,834,535. The give me your whip and allow me to fine spirit of cooperation among these thrash you.' The answer of don Juan workers, expressed in the Evangelical was to hand the man the whip and Union, the Union Theological Semiturn his back, ready to receive the nary, and a united board of publicawhipping. But as he did so he was tion, has been emphasized in the REled to say, 'In the name of Jesus VIEW. Mrs. E. M. Irvine-Riviera Christ I receive this punishment,' writes of specific denominations that and the man did not have the courage the Baptists have taken the lead in to use the whip." having self-supporting churches, that the Presbyterian Church has distin- Prayer Answered in Guatemala guished itself in educational and health work, and the per capita giving NAHUALA and Ixtahaucan are of its adherents, and that the Congre- two very primitive Indian towns gationalists "are doing a big work for which workers in the Central from both the health and the educa- American Mission have often asked tional standpoint." for special prayer from their sup-

Church Self-Support in ,Colombia "Wild" and "Tame" Indians T HE Colombia Mission of the Pres- AT THE annual meeting in London byterian Church in the U. S. A. f t of the Heart of Amazonia Misreports that in the schools there has been a general increase in enrollment sion (World Evangelization Crusade), and self-support. There was raised Rev. Gilbert Barclay pointed out that on the field for all purposes during up to the present their workers had the past year about $80,000 (American been engaged in seeking to evangelize gold), which sum is over $23,000 more either the "tame" Indians, or secthan the amount appropriated by the tions of "wild" tribes that had been Board to the Colombia Mission for "pacified." They knew a little of the all purposes, including missionaries' dangers and trials and sufferings that salaries. A missionary writes as fol- had been gone through in relation to lows of one of the methods by which this devoted service, but there yet rethese results have been obtained: mains the larger and more insistent and tremendous problem of getting at A number of church members in Medellin the "ferocious" Indians-those who are tithers. The pastor (a Colombian) be· shoot the white man at sight. No man came enthusiastic, informed himself thor. dare approach these "wild" Indians oughly and then gave a series of sermons except the agents of the Indian Proon the subject. A tithers' league was tection Service, organized under the formed in the church, and this organization auspices and the authority of the undertook to continue the work. This Brazilian Government-men whose campaign has· had to contend against a very courage and resourcefulness are deep·seated misconception and hatred for the marvellous. This is a problem similar system which has been caused by the to that faced by John Williams, practice of the Roman Catholic Church here, Bishop Patteson and Barbrooke in the past, of collecting the tithe from the Grubb. people almost by force. EUROPE An Ex-Monk Accepts Christ Church of England Prayer Book REV. c. A. PATTON, who repre- sents the Evangelical Union of T HE recent statement by a news- South America in Cuzco, Peru, had paper that the Revised Prayer an unexpected visitor one morning in Book has been "the summer's best a Roman Catholic priest, who intro- seller" is one way of expressing theduced himself by saying: "I want to great interest that has been taken in become a Protestant, and would like this subject by Englishmen both withto come and live with you." This in and without the Church of Engman, who since his baptism has been land. The Church Assembly has known as Senor Montano, is a Bo- voted to accept the book, and Parlialivian with some Italian ancestry. In ment is expected to vote on it at its 1920 he entered the Dominican mon- autumn session. Evangelical Chrisastery in Lima, Peru, being then tendom states: seventeen years of age, and spent six years there. His refusal to accept all The emphasis of the controversial partEr the interpretations of his professors of the book is placed on a sacramental view and his occasional discussions of dif- of the Lord's Supper which was rejected by ferent points called forth the warning the Reformers and was never held by any that he must not continue in such but a very few members of the Church of ideas for they would certainly lead England,UJitil the rise -of the Tractarianhim into heresy. He secretly obtained movement. The Anglo·Catholic leaders who and read some evangelical literature support the book declare that it gives them and finally escaped from the monas- all that they have been fighting for during tery. His family has cast him off, the last forty years. I1-nd Mr. Patton has great hopes of his future usefulness as an evangel- Bishop Knox, an Evangelical, wrote ical worker. to the London Times: If the Deposited· Book is accepted by Parliament we shall have to ask ourselves

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whether we, holding this view, can continue available for those who do not· know membership or ministry in the Church of IJondon, and the promoters are people England. As citizens we shall have to con- who can secure for the guests privi- leges not ordinarily available to sider whether a Church that rests on a tourists. The house is intended for foundation of error should be the National short-period guests in the summer, but will offer accommodation at other Church. seasons to residents from other coun- tries. Detailed information may be On the othe r hand, LquoordtedWboylmThe~r obtained by addressing International supporting the book, is Guest House Secretary, 19 Sydenham Hill, London, S.E. 26". Living Ch1tTCh as saying that, since Churches in Czecho-Slovakia the book has been approved by both T HE. Evangelical Church of Bothe Church Assembly and diocesan hemIan (Czech) Brethren is a union of the Reformed and Lutheran conferences, its rejection by Parlia- Churches which took place after the war. It numbers more than 250,000 ment would lead to the disestablish- adherents and is the remnant of the old Hussite Churches. The congregament of the Church of England. tions, with the exception of one, are found in Bohemia, Moravia and Sil- Two English Churches Unite esia. Besides the Czech Brethren there are in Czecho-Slovakia other ON JUNE 15th a union was con- Protestant denominations: the Con- summated between the Reformed gregationalists, (called now the Unity Episcopal Church and the Free of Czech Brethren), the Biblists, the Church of England. In this union Moravians, and the Methodists, all of the prayers and hopes of many years them founded by special missions were realized. The Free Church of from abroad. They number alto- England was organized in 1845 to gether about 25,000 adherents. All meet the needs of Protestant Evan- these churches are of the Czech nagelical Churchmen. The Reformed tionality. Then there is a German Episcopal Church was established in Lutheran Church (in Silesia) num- England in 1846 as a result of and bering 40,000 adherents. In Slovakia in opposition to the Tractarian Move- and Ruthenia there are the Lutheran ment. The Churches had the same Church, with 370,000 adherents, Tlreform of worship, the same purpose, vailing of Czech-Slovak nationality, and held the same doctrines. An ef- and the R,eformed Church, with 210,- fort was made in 1876 to unite them, 000 adherents, prevailing of Magyar but it was so decisively defeated that nationality. the matter was dropped for many years. The union just brought about Christian Endeavor in Spain was by the unanimous vote of every congregation in both bodies. The title ALTHOUGH the population of of the new Church will be The Free Spain is overwhelmingly Roman Church of England, otherwise called Catholic, and Protestant work is car- The Reformed Episcopal Church in ried on under severe restrictions, the the United Kingdom of Great Britain Christian Endeavor movement is and Ireland. making progress. Mr. Jose Capo, secretary of the Spanish Christian An English International House Endeavor Union, writes that there are about forty societies in the country, AGROUP of leaders representing with a membership of 1,500. He says: various organizations interested "As you probably know, the evanin international fellowship have established, in a pleasant suburb of London within twenty minutes of Westminster, an International Guest House where visitors from all lands will find a welcome. The house stands in several acres of woodlands on high land near the Crystal Palace, making an agreeable retreat after days of sight-seeing in town. Advice will be

gelical Christians here are going These schools have rendered great through trying times. The difficulties services to our country. From them to be overcome by those who wish to came our first statesmen and public testify to the Gospel of Christ have servants. Many mothers in Bulgaria increased owing to restrictions put on have come from them. Throughout religious liberty; but we do not de- their existence they have exercised a spair, for God has not forsaken us. strong moral influence on our national The young people have been En- life. In the development of tolerance, deavorers up to now, but I can confi- honesty, industry, steadfastness, and dently state that they are something of learning we owe much to these more: they understand their respec- schools, which have cultivated the tive churches. Not one group has said Anglo-Saxon virtues in our Bulhauled down the flag; on the con- garian soul." trary, it is worthy of note that from time to time we receive letters asking Soviet Union Census us to form new societies." The Christian Endeavor Union publishes a A CABLE from Moscow, August paper entitled La Hoja del Esforza- . 10th, gives the total population dor. It is at present a quarterly, but of the Soviet Union in round numbers it has proved so helpful that the as 146,200,000, according to a re- Union may publish it monthly in en- port submitted the Council of Peolarged form. pIe's Commissaries by the Central Statistical Department. Russia proper Gel'Dlan Celibate Women Clergy (the R. S. F. S. R.) contains 100,- 500,000 people, Ukraine 28,900,000, AWIR,ELESS message from Ber- White Russia 4,900,000, Caucasus 5,- lin, May 9th, to the New York 800,000, Uzbekistan 5,100,000 and Times reported the decision of the Turkestan 1,000,000. General Synod, according to which women may now enter the clergy in Russian Atheist Admits Defeat the Evangelical Church as long as they remain celibates. The training T HE fact that there has been for the clergy is the same for both enough religious activity in Russia sexes: The women will be assigned as recently to cause anxiety among the teachers to girls' homes and hospitals, members of "the Anti-God Society" homes for the aged and at prisons, was reported in the August REVIEW. and will conduct religious services for Light is thrown on the situation from children and instruct girls' Bible a different angle in a lecture delivered classes. Women clergy will not be by "the Commissioner for Atheism," allowed to perform marriage cere- Jaroslawsky·Gubelman, from which monies, conduct funeral services, bap- the following is quoted: tize, preach or administer sacrament. Their salary will amount to about The fight against religion is becoming three fourths that of male preachers. endless, obstinate, and very ungrateful. According to the statutes of the Communis- American Schools in Bulgaria tic Party, every member has to carryon atheistic propaganda. But no one does it. T HE following tribute has recently Many are eager atheists only in words; been paid to American mission but in their homes one can see a lot of schools by the Church Newspaper, an icons. Women are espeeially very obstinate official organ of the Holy Synod of in their resistance to a healthy atheism. Bulgaria: "These institutions, which have existed for more than half a cen- The churches are renewed, and the clergy tury, came with the American evan- is busy getting means for gilding the domes. gelical missions, and were founded in We cannot ignore the elevation and growing the name of pure Christian morality. strength of our enemy ……. The greatest danger lies in the propagation of the sects. This renewed ' , purified" religion is the most dangerous one. But we have found it impossible to fight the sectarians.

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AFRICA took his stand in front of the AzhaJ! University (the intellectual center of Hospital Overcomes Hostilit.,- Islam) and handed the bills to the sheikhs as they went in and came out.' THE hospital conducted by the At the first meeting, out of an audi- Egypt General Mission at Shebin- ence of ninety persons, sixty were el-Kanater is a center of Christian in- sheikhs. fluence in many near-by villages. H. Frank Rose, M.D., writes of one such African Funeral Transformed village, where three of the Mission's Egyptian evangelists were bitterly A GONTRIBlTTION from an unopposed, on their first visit, by a usual source carne recently to group of Moslem sheikhs. He says: Rev. G. C. Beanland, of Yaounde, "We have visited that village fonr West Africa. One of the evangelists. times, and each time have been greatly encouraged by the responsive hearings a. of the mission is in a town where "the' granted. Further, it is my custom, when interviewing patients who are mother of the headman has been discharged, to mark an asterisk in my member of the Christian Church. She visiting book opDosite the names of died and when they went to bury her'; those who have shown special intelli- according to Bulu custom they mled gence and interest in the message. the grave with cloths, head dresses; These names are arranged according and other articles that the spirit to town or village. My records show might have use for in the spirit world: that the three patients in the hospital The evangelist, a man of strong conc most promising, from the evangelistic victions, went to the headman arid point of view, in the last few weeks told him it was not the custom that came from the very village where we Christians should follow, and that if met such opposition only a few he had gifts to give to the dead, h6 months ago." should give them in money that could be used for carrying on God '8 work; Christian Lectures for Moslems and not be buried with the body_ The headman so respected his dead I N JANUARY, 1925, missionaries of mother, as well as the Christian evan-' the Church Missionary Society in gelist, that he took all the things out Cairo began discussion meetings with of the grave, gave his mother a Chris- Moslem students. The missionaries' tian burial, had hy:rims sung and home where the meetings were held prayers offered, and then gave thebecame known as "The House of Free evangelist seventy francs that he- Speech. " Two meetings each week might send to the white missionary to< have been held since then to consider be nsed in carrying on God's work.' > not only religious and devotional themes, but questions of moral and Plans for Liberia's Progress social conduct. Encouraged by what had already been accomplished, the A~ EDUCATIONAL conference on missionaries resolved in October last ft Liberia was held this spring at to launch out upon a more venture- Hampton Institute, Virginia, under some scheme. Twelve special speakers the direction of James L. Sibley, who were invited to deliver a lecture in a is described as "educational adviser" ser'es of twelve fortnightly meetings, to American boards which have misdealing with the fundamentals of the sions in Africa." Missionaries at Christian faith. The faculty of the horne on furlough from the Lutheran, American University in Cairo placed Methodist and Episcopal Churches their Assembly Hall at the disposal were in attendance. In addition 'to of the missionaries, and for each meet- the Liberian workers there were ing 2,000 handbills were printed and others from Angola and the Cam~ distributed in the main student cen- eroun. One who was present thus ters. One Egyptian co-worker boldly summarizes some of the results achieved: "First, a curriculum was

worked out for the schools-four new minerals, the population both of years primary, four years interme- Europeans and' of natives, concendiate, and four secondary. It was trated in the towns and mining camps mutually agreed that all this work of this mineral field, is steadily inshould be as simple as possible, creasing. . . . Sixteen leaders hold adapted to the native child's environ- their classes on Tuesday night in vament, and using native arts and ma- rious places in the native town, in the terials wherever possible. Handiwork various industrial concerns, and in was stressed as important. The sec- other outlying localities. In addition, ond result was a series of readers for there are other active workers among the primary grades and the third a the laity, both men and women, who definite program of work with women are constantly bringing in new people and girls of the native village, which to be enrolled as 'hearers '. The ofaims at personal evangelization plus ficiary of the church is well organized. better home and health conditions." Twelve stewards, as a group, take the responsibility, under the leadership O·New Burial Place for Mackay of the missionary, in passing on the NE of the great names on the roll individual merits of candidates for of missionaries to Africa is that advancement from 'hearers' to 'cat- 'Of Alexander Mackay, Scottish engi- echumens', and then from that class neer. It was on June 30, 1877 that to be baptized and received into full Shergold Smith and C. T. Wilson, membership. " :after a perilous journey from the coast, reached the court of King GENERAL Mtesa, of Uganda, whence two years previously Sir H. M. Stanley had Three C. E. World Commissions sent his urgent letter to London asking that missionaries should be sent AT THE recent International Chrisout. Mackay had tried to get into the tian Endeavor Convention in country by the southern route, and Cleveland, Ohio, three commissions he did not join C. T. Wilson, whom with a world outlook were appointed. Smith's death had left utterly alone The first, consisting of members apin the country, until November, 18;78. pointed by all National and Inter- The bones of Mackay now rest in the national Christian Endeavor Unions cemetery under the shadow of the together with other youth movements, great cathedral which has been erected will meet at the call of the World's on one of the hills of Kampala, the Christian Endeavor Union to concapital of Uganda, their removal from sider ways and means for making Usambiro, at the south end of Vic- effective a world-wide youth crutoria Nyanza, being one of the most sade for peace. The General Secrestirring incidents in the week of jub- tary of the International Society of ilee celebrations. Forced to leave Christian Endeavor is executive sec- Uganda, the gallant missionary took retary of this commission. The secrefuge at Usambiro, and with his ond. consisting of members appointed faithful "boys" .around him estab- by the International Society of Chrislished there a new center of Christian tian Endeavor, the young people's delife and light. partments of all the churches, the World's Sunday School Association, African Chureh Officers the International Council of Religious Education, the Young Men's and the REV. .T. M. SPRINGER writes of Young Women's Christian Associa- the Methodist Mission in the tions, will meet to consider youth Belgian Congo: "The importance of evangelism. The Secretary of Chrisour Katanga field increases yearly. tian Vocations of the International With the enlargement of the indus- Society of Christian Endeavor is ext1)ial activities and the discovery .of ecutive secretary. The third commis. sion, consisting of representatives of

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

all young people's groups, will meet state, national and international-was to further the cause of prohibition considered, and the social, economic, and law observance, and has as its political, moral and religious phases executive secretary the Extension Sec- of the question were discussed in a retary of the International Society of, series of group conferences. The ne- Christian Endeavor. cessity of scientific temperance educa- tion was stressed. A Young People's World League Against Alcoholism Rally was held under the auspices of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Asso- AN INTERNATIONAL meeting of ciation. There were also special meet- this organization was held at ings for Sunday-school workers and Winona Lake, Ind., from August 17th teachers. Among the delegates were to 23d-the first such gathering since representatives from practically all its convention in Toronto, in 1922. the organized temperance forces of The World League which was organized in 1919, by the representatives of the United States and Canada, and fourteen national temperance bodies, from most of the other countries of from eleven different countries, now comprises fifty-six national temper- the world. One delegate, whose arance organizations, from thirty-three rival in New York received considerdifferent countries. Every aspect of able attention from the newspapers, the beverage liquor problem-local, was Mme. Safie Hussein Bey, a Turk- ish feminist, who represented The Green Crescent Temperance Society.

Answers to Questions On Moslem Lands (SEE PAGE 770) 1. About 240,000,000. 2. Arabia and Afghanistan. 3. Japan, Korea and Tibet. 4. India, with over 70,000,000 Moslems. 5. South America. 6. Africa. 7. The battle of Tours, 732 A. D. 8. "There is no God but God; and Mohammed is the prophet of God." 9. 'Five times a day; at dawn, high noon, two hours before sunset, at sunset, two hours after sunset. 10. The Koran; it is not quite as long as the New Testament. 11. Mecca in Arabia where Mohammed was born, and Medina where he is buried. 12. Raymund Lull. 13. Henry Martyn. 14. The translation was begun by Doctor Eli Smith; after his death it was completed by Doctor Cornelius Van Dyck. 15. Ion Keith Falconer, the" Martyr of Aden." 16. Samuel M. Zwemer and James Cantine. First station opened in 1891. ]7. The Rt. Rev. Thomas Valpy French, Bishop of Lahore.

18. William Whiting Borden. 19. The Rev. Moulvi Imad-ud-din, D.D., a remarkable preacher and an eminent writer of Christian truth., 2.0. Kamil El Aietany who took the name Kami! Abdul Messiah (Kamil, Servant of Christ) at his baptism.

MISSJ[ONAmr LmRARY4 ~

' 0 . 0 ii'Uli ·bUG ~ ii'UU' LAAi "biKi· GVO Any books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.- THE REVIEW.

Mother India. Katherine Mayo. xiv. dominant religious sanctions. The 440 pp. $3.75. New York. °1927. result of these observations, carried on This book goes far to justify the through a brief period over a wide claim made by its publishers, that it area and among all classes of people, is unlike any other book on India that is an appalling book which reaches has been presented to the American the conviction that the whole pyramid reader, certainly in recent years. It of the Indian's woes, material and is a book that needed to be written and spiritual, rests upon a physical base.

is therefore timely, not only as it con- In the course of her investigation Miss tributes much to a balanced judgment Mayo studied conditions in rich homes in regard to an important and historic and in poor; in cities, villages, hos- people, but is a distinct corrective to pitals and temples. She held personal statements made with much positive- interviews with government officials, ness and exaggeration in recent years high and low, Indian and British; and to opinions formed upon the basis with doctors, educators, priests, of a desire to exercise a broad toler- Swarajists. She quotes copiously from ance toward a great people. Miss publications, both official and unof- Mayo went to India in 1£Q5, "unsub- ticial. She makes no unsupported sidized, uncommitted and unat- statement, neither does she handle her tached, " for the express purpose of investigations gently. Her treatment observing the common things in daily of the Indian '8 attitude toward WOffi- human life in India. While she at- en; toward the untouchables; to- tempted to leave untouched the realms ward elementary principles of of religion, of politics and of the arts, sanitation, brings out startlingly the and to contine her enquiry to public wide gulf existing between the In- health and its contributing factors, it dian's intellectual acceptance of is impossible to avoid drawing infer- Western ideals and his translation ences in regard to religious. and po- of them into action. The author goes.

litical conditions in India since the even further in her concentration on social customs of the people are so the sanitary problem as it actually closely related more especially to their exists, and she drives home with in- religious life. The introductory chap- escapable force the fact and the reality ter of the book is a very effective that the Indian is not only his own missionary document, although it is worst enemy, but that the temper and not intended to be such. Miss Mayo calibre of his mind and his outlook on deals primarily and faithfully with life are making him increasingly an social factors of the inner life of the international concern, both social and 300,000,000 who make up the con- physical. The most impressive chap- glomerate of races and creeds which ters in the book deal with Spiritual we call India. If the reader Is Mentality, The Wages of Sin, Why Is startled, the fact that the book is Light Denied? The Quality of Mercy, thoroughly authentic, and that its dis- The Home of Stark Want, The Holy closures are substantiated by author- City. There are also very illuminat- ities, will go far toward giving him ing chapters upon Gandhi, The Re- a new and a correct attitude in regard forms and Psychological Glimpses to prevailing conditions of life and of through the Economic Lens.

794 The author has greatly strengthened ization of the characters and examples her book by numerous illustrations, in brief sentences; then follows a not selected from available supplies in translation, and illuminating notes India, but taken everyone by members explanatory of words and sometimes of her party and directly illustrative of, characters. In another section are of her text; also by appendices of valuable grammatical notes explain- real value and an index which makes ing the use of particles in Wen Li immediately available desirable refer- style, the bane of the Classical Lan- ences. guage to most students. In the tales With other reviewers, we await the and folklore selections one discovers reaction of sound Indian opinion with the Chinese way of thinking. Other great interest. Indeed, this reaction sections contain documentary papers, is already being expressed in an ef- examples of newspaper articles, and fort on the part of ill-advised Indians fourteen samples of family letters to preveut the entry aud distribution which serve as illustrations of episto- of this book in India. This ought lary writing. The indexes of Chinese not to be, and probably will not be, particles and of characters which con- the more reasoned attitude of Indians clude the volume are defective in that who are sincerely interested in the the full index refers only to lessons vital welfare and progress of their and subsections, instead of to the Mother-land. w. 1. C. pages, causing a great loss of time.

Despite this defect, the book is so Introduction to Literary Chinese. J. much more intelligible than most sim- Brandt. 503 pp. Peking: North China ilar studies that missionaries will find Union Language School. (For sale also at the Y. M. C. A., 20 Museum Road, it of great value. H. P. B.

ShanghaL). 1927. Certain Samaritans. Esther Poh} Lovejoy.

This authoritative volume is of m. Maps. 302 pp. $3.50. New York.

little value for the average reader, as 1927.

half of its space is occupied by Chinese "It couldn't be done-so they did characters. A review of it appears it !" Over and over again the Amer- here because there are now in America ican 'Women's Hospitals proved equal hundreds of Chinese missionaries, and more than equal to the emer- driven out temporarily from China. gencies.

Most of these missionaries expect to The thrilling achievements of this return to their work as soon as con- organization in Europe and the Near ditions in China make it possible. East provides the material for a book These exiles may use the period of of tremendous interest. During these their absence from the field by study- years it worked in various areas in co- ing the Classical language in this l:iperation with the American Board volume. The author has been for (Congregational), the American twenty-three years advisor to the Wai Friends Service Commission, the Chiao Pu and head of the school which American Red Cross, and the Near that Board conducted for training East Relief.

students for consular and commercial The ministry of the A. W. H. was work. For the last two years Pro- to all-men, women and children of fessor Brandt has also been teaching any nationality. The situations which in the Missionary Language School, these women met were beyond imagi- which accounts for this highly credit- nation. They fought epidemics of able volume, one of the by-products typhus, of malaria, of influenza, of of this most advanced language school small-pox, often without adequate in the Republic. supplies and a lack of trained helpers, The first ten of the forty lessons amid conditions of famine, dirt, lack give the Wen Li text of the study, of shelter, terrible crowding, and the with a Mandarin translation; then a added psychological difficulties caused full vocabulary with Wade's roman- by the ignorance, rear, bereavement and sh()ck of those they aided. We author of a number of volumes, tire- follow Dr. Lovejoy through war- less student of European religious stricken France, Crete, Greece, conditions on many trips abroad, is Turkey, Macedonia and even into notably qualified to interpret to the Russia with the greatest interest. American mind a type of Protestant With horror we see the suffering of life as yet too little understood or the deported population from the appreciated in this country.

Black Sea ports, people without a The volume by these coauthors, country, on boats with no place to without being ponderous, is encyclo- land, finally dumped on a barren predic in its scope, subjects of the island, to die-save for the A. W. H. chapters ranging from the historic We rejoice when funds become avail- roots of continental Protestantism to able and enjoy the humor of the the changing theological front or the doctor's frantic and unavailing effort latest tendencies in the youth move- to reach the Ma,uretania. with "five ments. The different bodies making hundred unprotected millionaires" up the composite of European Protes- on board. tantism are' treated with a nne ap- We feel, as we read this book, a preciation of their qualities; and great joy and pride in the executive their tasks and problems are sympa- ability, the medical and surgical skill thetically discussed.

and the utterly self-effacing spirit Under the tremendous trial which of service of these women physicians came to almost all the European of the American Women's Hospitals. churches with the economic distress M. A. L. following the war, most· Roman Protestant Europe: Its Crisis and Outlook. Catholic institutions, owing to the Adolf Keller and George Stewart. 385 pp. $3.50. New York. 1927. organization and unity of conscious- ness of that branch of the Church, This is a book for the new age. The were finely sustained in their work, Protestantism it presents is profoundly modified by the forces operating while too many Protestant institutions throughout Europe in the post-war declined and collapsed because no one period. The readers to whom it will seemed to know or care. The defect especially appeal are the great com- of our dissociated and individualistic pany whose vision has been widened, whose sympathies have been broadened Protestantism there revealed will be by the events since 1914. While deal- remedied in a measure by the fuller ing admirably with the historical knowledge and understanding and apbases of the different Protestant preciation which such books as. this are groups of Europe, the regard of the book is forward. bound to foster. One is impressed by the witness to the unquenchable energy of spiritual forces. From the midst of our materially-secure Christian institu- Of the competence of our guides in tions we look across the ocean to see this study of an unfamiliar field we our kindred in the faith, not in the may be well assured: Dr. Keller, a past only, but in the present as well, native of Switzerland, a scholar victorious over tribulation and hard- honored by degrees from universities ship of which we know nothing. Once of Europe and America, pastor for a more the ancient symbol of the Prot- time of one of the outstanding Swiss estant faith is justified-the planting churches, an adminis.trator brought of the Lord that burns but is not con- into friendly contact with every sumed.

Protestant group in Eur()pe, is proba- One is aware further in reading bly without equal in his knowledge of this volume of an expansion of European Protestantism as it is. Dr. sympathy. Beyond parochial and Stewart, a graduate of Yale, one of national church interest we are the pastors of the Madison Avenue brought into touch with sister com- Presbyterian Church of New York, munions, representing a diverse religious .culture of great value and After 48 years of service he resigned in 1920 and returned to Scotland influence, and avenues of understand- where he died in 1£126. He left be- hind him as his monument, not only ing and cooperation are opened which the buildings of the mission and the converts, but the wonderful goodwill constitute an opportunity and a chal- of the people and the seed sown for miles around. That could only be lenge. o. w. G. the result of an utter giving of self in life-long sacrifice. A life like this Shepherd of Udaipur and the Land He is a grain of wheat sunk into the Loved. Geo'rge Carstairs. 306 pp. 16 ground and its fruitage is a hundred- very clear and satisfactory illustrations fold. nom photos. $2.25. New York. 1926. The only defect of the book is that This is a readable and inspiring the mind of the reader is not ready sketch of the life and labors of Rev. for chapter two when it is inserted .James Shepherd, M.D. and D.D. and with its intricate description of the K.I.H.M., who gave his life to the traditions and people of Udaipur. city and surrounding country of The insertion at this point blocks the Udaipur, in Rajputana, India. It is reader's way towards his developing not a great book, partly because the interest in Dr. Shepherd.-F. L. author had but· meagre materials at his disposal (little else than the 1,000 City Churches. H. Paul Douglass. matter-of-fact diary of Dr. Shepherd) 380 pages. 71 tables. 59 charts and but a great life is pictured for us in graphs. 58 appendix tables. $4.00. New a way that leads the reader to admire York. 1926. and love the hero. One is stirred deeply by that life, moulded by This seems to us to be one of the blessed influences of the Spirit in most valuable religious publication of Aberdeen, Scotland, and then trans- the year although not likely to get the planted into the midst of Hinduism public eye. It is the product of a to spread the power of Christian truth scientific study by the case method and love. One's heart is moved by of 1,004 carefully selected city his unselfish devoti{)n to the people churches to discover types, tendencies, year after year and by his heroism underlying principles, cost and efin heat and in epidemics of cholera. fectiveness of types, It throws a flood No wonder he was awarded the of light on the actual operation of Kaiser-i-Hind medal of the first class. Protestant churches in cities–some- thing badly needed for years. The Dr. Shepherd was a rare combina- case studies are so numerous and intion of ordained pastor and medical tensive that there can be no question missionary. After :five years of in- but that the actual story is told. troductory work in other places in Protestant churches have developed Rajputana he took up his residence hitherto on no clearly thought out in Udaipur and extended his in- principles, and therefore with enorfluence, built and maintained his mous wastage. It is possible now to hospital, which the Maharaja named measure a church effectively and to "The Shepherd Mission HospitaL" guide its program more intelligently. We marvel at the amount of work this missionary accomplished–dis- The initial surveys made by the pensary and surgical, preaching and Interchurch World Movement have teaching, and traveling on evan- been partly salvaged and of the ],004 gelistic tours far and wide. He took churches studied, 327 were taken from a special interest in the Bhils, the the Interchurch files. savages of the neighboring mountains, and started a church among T1].is volume should be of great them which developed in a wonderful value to ministers, professors and way after his death. Dr. George students in theological seminaries, de- Adam Smith said that he was the nominational administrators, and in ll].ost remarkable man and the most devoted worker he had seen India. thoughtful laymen who want to see of neighborhood service and enlarged the money well spent which they are putting into local churches. The book budgets. These are the growing, is a great condensation of factual material, and therefore requires close winning churches. Interestingly their study, but when its technique and the structure of its charts have been per capita benevolences increase with mastered in the first seventy-five pages, it is delightful reading. the broadening of the program. Just The various types of city churches where the denominations stand in rewere determined by a comprehensive listing of activities or forms of service, gard to these types is interesting and which were found to total thirty-three, and a grouping of these 1,004 sobering reading. Those which have churches, according to number of activities, and range of activities. been adventurous and least shackled 'l'his method revealed five types: The Slightly Adapted, Unadapted, In- by custom have been most successful. ternally Adapted, Socially Adapted and Widely Variant. The well developed churches hold The dominating hypothesis that the the young people, and their Sunday eity church' is an evolved rural church is abundantly proved. The study then Schools are strong with young people takes up the response and adjustment of a church, which has its historic and adults. The Socially Adapted roots in the country, to the overwhelming forces and needs of urban Church is successful in all kinds of life. neighborhoods. This is the church Striking facts emerge. The largest which is alive to the community, group of city churches, (numbering 253 out of 1,004) is the little one which has a wide program, and a pastor church with from one to two hundred members, an average of four salaried staff. activities and a budget around $3,- 000.00. Next there is a larger number, "What is most successful is a warm- (360) of "slightly adapted" churches, having two or three more activities hearted, self-confident, opportunistic but still essentially a rural church. A majority of all city churches are as church." w. M. T. yet practically unadjusted to city life. They are as a whole relatively inef- The Christian Mission in Africa. Edwin W. ficient and costly. The rate of Smith. 192 pp. $1.25. New York. 1926. benevolent gifts for the Unadapted is $7.79 per member as compared with Africa whole, in place of Africa $12.55 per member for the Socially piece-meal, was the subject of the con- ference held at Le Zoute, Belgium, Adapted. September 14 to 21, 1926. Dr. Edwin W. Smith, of the British and Foreign The churches which have met the Bible Society, tells the story of it in challenge of the city-the Internally a volume which every student of mis- Adapted, Socially Adapted and Wide- sions should read. Fifty years before ly Variant, which include the adven- (in September, 1876) King Leopold turous residential, the downtown and had gathered a conference in Brussels the new Christian centers-are all to discuss the exploration and civilizatending in the same direction to large tion of Africa. Congo was then wellunits, well equipped buildings, nigh unknown. It is now Belgium'« salaried workers, enlarged programs one great colony, eighty times as large as the mother country. Leopold's con- ference brought together representa- tives of seven European nations. Its Christian success united scores of Christian organizations, European and American, in consideration of the needs of the great continent.

The new Africa which is leaping again into the world's consciousness is in need of everything-physical healing, political organization, eco- nomic development and spiritual re- demption. A new world awakening to Africa's possibilities has suddenly taken place and there is a trek Afri- ca-wards. The Conference brought together mISSIOnary leaders, govern- tian work for the people of Kashmir. Dr. Arthur Neve was born in Brighment officials, ethnologists, scientists ton in 1858 and went to India, under the Church Mis s ion a r y Society, and world travelers and the wholeness twenty-three years later. His life was full of self-sacrificing, fruitful service of Africa was preserved in the in Srinagar and vicinity, the story of which is full of inspiration. There thought of the Conference not only were exciting times in the days of the earthquake, plague and cholera. geographically but in respect to every Many an operation on Kashmiris was an adventure. Dr. Neve died of infield of endeavor. Government of- fluenza in 1919 and left an honored name and a monument in the hearts ficials as well as others united in of many who have turned to God.

acknowledging the central importance The Leaven of the Sadduoees, or Old and New Apostasies. Ernest Gordon. 12 DlO. of the missionary's task in the future 263 pp. $1.00, paper. $1.50, cloth. Chi· cago. 1926. development of Africa. The discus- Few Biblical students doubt that sions centered about how best to meet these are days of apostasy. So have been all the days since God first rethe need in the building ·up of the vealed Himself to man. They are also the days of faith. What is needed in Church, the education of the masses, every age is discernment and will to distinguish the true from the false the development of a health program, and to follow the Truth. Mr. Gor- don's volume on "Old and New and the solution of the land and labor Apostasies" seem to prove that today false teachers in churches and schools problems. dominate the situation. He quotes facts to show the tendency toward Dr. Smith's book gathers up all that Unitarianism in schools, colleges, seminaries and Christian institutions, is newest in relation to Africa as de- and calls attention to the growing agnosticism, skeptism and materialveloped at the Conference and pre- ism of the day. His statements, based on careful research, call for more clear sents it in such form as to enable the and courageous expressions of faith. It cannot be denied that many minreader to comprehend the startling isters of churches and many teachers in Christian schools and colleges have developments, economic, commercial, given up their faith in Christ and the Bible and are undermining the founand political which are taking place. dations of the faith in our youth. Weare thankful that there are others It cannot fail to stimulate a desire to who are building up stronger faith and purer life on the truth as God has keep the Christian movement where revealed it. We need to teach youth discernment, to bring them into vital it has long been and ought to con- connection with Jesus Christ and to prove by the facts of life that the life tinue, ill the forefront of Africa's de- of faith and obedience to God's Word and God's Son is the only life that velopment. P. H. J. L. can win.

The Search After Reality. Sadhu Sundar Singh. 12 mo. 104 pp. $1.25. 1926.

The Sadhu, an Oriental Christian, gives his view of Oriental religions- Hinduism, Buddhism and Mohammedanism-in contrast to the religion of Jesus Christ. He has lived in close contact with these cults, has studied their sacred books and has watched the lives of their followers. He sees in them truth, but not The Truth; a seeking after GOd, but a failure to find Him. His book contains thoughtful, devout observations and, while without much new light on the subject, gives interesting, if meager light from the inside, by one who has come to see the inadequacy of these religions.

Arthur Neve of Kashmir. A. P. Shepherd. Illnstrated. 12 mo. 134 pp. 28 6<'1. London. 1926.

Dr. Arthur Neve and his brother Ernest were British medical missionaries who devoted their lives to Chris- Hand Book of the Churches. A Survey outbursts of religious fanaticism, it of the Churches in Action. Edited by is quite impossible to account for Benjamin S. Winchester. 8vo. 426 pp. many outstanding characteristics of $2.00. Baltimore and New York. 1927. the Mormon system. Notwithstand- ing the opposition of the moral and! This year book contains, as usual, Christian forces, Mormonism has the up-to-date information in regard grown in a century until it has at- to American church organizations, tained greater strength than in any inter-church work and religious other period of its existence. statistics in America. There is also a survey of recent religious move- Some adjustments in Mormonism ments, such as local church federa- have been made in conformity with tions, community churches, church the civil law and custom of the land, board consolidations, inter-church co- but no one should deceive himself by operation, religious and missionary thinking that the fundamental teach- education, student Christian associa- ings have been changed. .As the au tions, theological controversies, con- thor of this book remarks about po- ventions and conferences, prohibition, lygamy : ' 'This doctrine still stands. the youth and the church, race rela- written in the official creed of the tionships, international and industrial church. Not one line of it has ever relationships and relief work. Four been erased or modified. " Like stored pages are also devoted to Roman dynamite it awaits the hour when it CatholicisIp, two pages to Judaism, is considered safe to bring it forward nine pages to religion in Europe and again. Mormon literature that teaches two pages to Eastern Orthodox this doctrine is constantly carried churches. The statistics for 1924 and through the mails throughout the 1925 report the following interesting world. figures: Members of all churches, 46,- 883,756-of whom 16,~45,000 are Dr. Snowden has only a faint hope Roman and Eastern Catholics and that Mormons can be induced to sur- 357,135 are Jewish heads of families; render their allegiance to their cult. there are 15,280,196 on roll in Sunday- He does believe that, "The growing schools and over 336,000 pupils are light of knowledge, science and edu- enrolled in 4,304 vacation church cation, Christian truth and grace, will schools; the Foreign Mission income slowly pervade and modify it." He for 1924 was $43,325,506 for United says, "Modern knowledge …. is put- States and Canada, and over $20,000,- ting dynamite under the foundation 000 (incomplete returns) for Home of Mormonism." Mission enterprises, not counting local church support. This may well be the attitude adopted by all Christians. As this This is a valuable reference book author says: Mormons "also are the for editors, pastors and others, in- children of our common heavenly terested in religious conditions in Father, and we should so regard them America. and welcome them back to their an- cestral faith and fellowship." The Truth About Mormonism. James H. Snowden. 369 pp. $2.5,0. Philadelphia. w. E. LA R. 1926. Penlune. S. E. Burrow. 8 vo. 134 pp. This very readable book contains 18 6d. Glasgow, Scotland. much valuable information about Mormonism. The author has aimed at This simple but charming story, fairness and accuracy without pas- the scene of which is laid in the quaint sionate denunciations and extrava- English town of Penlune, shows the gant statements. He points out that power of old-fashioned religion. Mormonism is a mysterious religious Excellent use is made of the Scrip- . movement that arose out on the tures to point out the successive steps American frontier. As with other in conviction, conversion and peace.

-E. A.A.

The Missionary Review of the World — June 1920

XLIII NUMBER

THE MISSIONARY EW.{h1e ': JUNE, 1920 A TRAGEDY—AND THE GRACE OF GOD.

A. CAROLINE MACDONALD A CENTENNIAL IN HAWAII BELLE M. BRAIN AMONG THE JEWS IN THE HQ.LY LAND SABETI B. ROHOL9 , . WITCH DOCTORS AND MISSIONARIES IN THE SUDAN D. S. OYLER ON THE PERSIAN ~ORDER OF AFGHANISTAN DWIGHT M. DONALDSON PROBLEMS OF EVANGELIZATION IN INDIA H. A. POPLEY $2.50 A YEAR 25 CENTS A COPY MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY .. 156 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. COOPERSTOWN, NEW YORK ,

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Review of the World fA,,.,. DELAVAN 1.. PIERSON, CONTENTS FOR JUNE. 1920 Frontispiece-Spring Time in Tokyo EDITORAI. CO'UUSNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48~ A Call from Abyssinia The New Morccco Stirrings in Guatemala Objections to Church Union in India A Blot on America's 'Scutcheon Christian. 'Americanization Programs Student Volunteer Movement Changes The Antidote to Radicalism A Tra&,edy-And the Grace of God ……..•…….•…………….. By A. Caroline Macdonald 499 The Proposed Union of Eastern Churches A Centennial and Jubilee in Hawaii …………………………………. By Belle M. Brain 506 Among the Jews in the Holy Land ………………………………… By Sabeti B. Rohold 517 Witeb Doctors and Missionaries in the Sudan ……………………………. By D. S. Oyler 523 A Fortieth Anniversary ……………………………………… By Ellen Coughlin Keeler 526 Elevating the Women of Africa •.•…•…•••…..•.••..•.••.••..••••.. By Mrs. W. C. Johnston 530 On the Persian Border of Afghanistan ••…•……•.•.•••..•…•…… By' Dwight M. Donaldson 533 Training the Church of Tomorrow •.••………•………•….•……•…•. By Wm. A Brown 537 Te:u:hing the Bible in Korea ……………………………………………………… 540 Problems of Evangelization in India …………………………………… . By H. A. Popley 543 Linking the School to the Missionary ………………………………… By Samuel D. Price 547 The Woman's Foreign Mission Bulletin ……………………. Edited by Mrs. Wm. H. Farmer 549 News from Many Lands ••.•••••••.••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••..•••.••••..•••.• "'…. SS3 The Missionary I.,ibrary ••…•..•••.•..••••••••••••..••••••••.•••••.••.•••••••••••.•…••..• 568 THB MISSIONARY RBVIBW PUBLISHING COMPANY., Inc.

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OF THE SPRINGTIME IN

JUNE, 1920

XLIII SIX A CALL FROM ABYSSINIA T HE most difficult lands and peoples to reach with the Gos- pel of Christ are naturally those that think that they have no need of further light. The Jews will not hear because they have the Old Testament and the Talmud; the Moslems refuse to listen because thpy think Mohammed superior to Christ and the Koran more fully inspired than the Bible. Th€l Oriental Christian sects have not welcomed evangelical messengers because they have considered themselves already Christians. Many of these have a name to live and are dead; they show little if any evidences of spiritual life. One of the difficult fields is Abyssinia.

"No one who has studied the missionary occupation of north~ eastern Africa," says Dr. Zwemer, of Cairo, "can hesitate as to the vast possibilities of Abyssinia. Among the unoccupied fields of the world, Abyssinia has long been a challenge. Whole tribes that were once Christian, and still bear Christian names, have become Mohammedan within· the past two decades. The situation is positively alarming. Islam is steadily penetrating into hitherto Christian districts, and making superficial progress among the restless tribes. Altogether, Abyssinia with its 200,000 square miles may have a population of between nine and ten millions. The country consists for the most part of extensive table-lands 6,000 feet above the sea, with mountains which attain to 10,000 and 12,000 feet. The whole country presents the appearance of having been broken up by upheavals and the mountains assume wild, fantastic forms. The principal rivers are tributaries of the Nile, and would form the natural lines of communication with the Sudan and Egypt.

"Religious intolerance and political jealousy have together closed Abyssinia to the Gospel messenger for centuries. There is a ready entrance for the Christian evangelist, but the oppos~tion 489

of the debased priests of the Abyssinian Church and the drastic punishmentS: inflicted by Abyssinian authorities on those who are suspected of favoring another form of Christianity are great hin- drances. " ~ But today there are clear signs of awakening in Abyssmia.

For years the rulers have been unwilling to receive Christian evangelical missionaries. The Swedish Evangelical Mission has been at work among the Gallas at Addis Ababa with some success and the 'British and Foreign Bible Society has in recent years opened the way to the hearts of the people. The sale of the Scriptures has been followed by remarkable results. Many nominal Moslems have turned to Christ and through the Swedish Evangelical Mis- sion a remarkable religious movement in the interior has taken_ hold of the Moslem population, so that in the last six years some 10,000 are said to have been baptjzed into the Christian Church.

The apostle of this movement is an ex-Sheik, Zaccaria, who changed his name to Noaye Kristos, a person of great influence in Sokoto.

The movement is evangelical and has sprung from the distribu- tion of Scriptures by the British and Foreign Bible Society.

A few years ago the Rev. Thomas Lambie and Mr. McCrory of the Sudan Mission of the United Presbyterian Church were at Nasser, a town near the border, when an Abyssinian General and his Staff- called to ask for some medicine. The General also accepted a Bible and asked: "Why do you not come into Abyssinia to teach us and to heal our sick . . . we will treat you well and will give you a delightful place to live."

As a result of this appeal money was given to begin work in Abyssinia and Mr. Lambie and a negro colporteur visited the oountry and received a hearty welcome. The General offered a sit9 on the mouutain if the missionaries would establish a hospital there. Four calls have come for an evangelical mission in Abys~ sinia-three more than were required to take Paul to Macedonia.

There are millions of pagans in Abyssinia and millions more who have only a distant and indistinct knowledge of Christ. It is a country of small villages and hamlets. The important towns are few and of small size,-Gondar 5,000, Adua 3,000, A~is Ababa, the present capital, 35,000, and Harrar 40,000. The railway re- cently completed from the coast to. the capital is an open highway, not only for trade, but for Christian influence and the future mes.- senger of the Gospel. The field offers many points of contact with the Coptic Church of Egypt and the Protestant community. No unevangelized field has a more romantic past and a stronger ap- peal to the Christian imagination. The people are awakening to their need of a better way of life and a clearer knowledge of God.

A deputation from Abyssinia came to America last summer,

EDITORIAL COMMENT

bringing gifts and greetings to President Wilson, and an expres- sion of desire for closer fellowship with this country. How soon will American Christians respond with a Mission to Abyssinia, carrying the fuller message of light and life through Christ and the open Bible!

THE NEW MOROCCO S OME remarkable economic transformations have taken place within the past few years in Morocco. The war diverted . attention from the changes in progress there under the French administration, but did not seriously interrupt the work of transformation. M. Alfred de Tarde, editor of "France-Marco," tells some of the facts in The Geographical Review. He says: "When France took up the work of political and economic organiza- tion everything remained to be done-restoration of the disordered administration; establishment of the bases of economic develop- ment; installation of medical, educational and other service; reform of the land system.. At the same time peace had to be assured and a rebellious population pacified by the combined applicatioJl of force and persuasion.

"The task was rendered more difficult by the European war. There was a call for immediate abandonment of all the country except the coasts. But General Lyautey, with a clear outlook on the future, despatched to France the forces summoned for national defense, guaranteeing to hold Morocco with the remainder. Not only has Morocco remained peaceable during the war but the zone of pacification has been extended. Today the occupied area exceeds 250,000 square kilometers, whereas at the outbreak of the war it was 180,000 square kilometers. "

Step by step the borders o~ the "pacified" area have been pushed forward by troops which build roads and bridges, railways and telephone lines for the benefit of the native population, and which include in their ranks masons, carpenters, laborers, farmers, teachers and doctors.

Casablanca is now provided with a fine, commodious harbor and its traffic is growing rapidly. When Casablanca is joined by rail with Oran and Tangier it will afford European travelers the means of shortening by several days the journey between the Old W,orld and Central and South America. Great progress has been made in the construction of highways, which, with the in- troduction of automobiles, have beeu one of the chief factors in opening up the country. The French authorities have devoted . much attention to town planning, and with the help of an expert the tendency of the European town growing up beside the native town is to overshadow, and finally to replace its predecessor. To avoid this sequence General ~yautey laid down a rule that the

native and the European towns shall be separated, a plan adopted by the English in India. The policy is in accord with moral and hygienic principles. In an intimate mixture of two such dissimilar civilizations it is rather the vices than the virtues that flourish in the Moroccan towns, with their narrow, dirty, ill ventilated streets. In the town plans of the future the first care will be to set aside a strip of ground separating the European and native sections, and on this strip all buildings will be prohibited.

With the example of European colonists before their eyes, the natives are rapidly adopting modern agricultural methods and machinery; agricultural experiment stations and other agencies are introducing new crops, better adapted to the soil and climate than the old; stock-breeding is being encouraged. The next and most important step for Morocco is for the French to guarantee religious freedom and for Christians in America and England to strengthen missionary work.

STIRRINGS IN GUATEMALA F OR TWENTY-TWO years Guatemala, a Central American republic about the size of New York State, has been under the control of one president, Don Manuel Estrada Cabrera, very much as Mexico was under the control of Diaz. The unrest and desire for release from despotism that has aroused other na- tions has also taken possession of Guatemala; and in March last the Cabrera Government was overthrown. Mr. Walter McDougall, the treasurer of the Missionary Review Publishing Company and Mr. Dwight H. Day, the treasurer of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, were in Guatemala City with other delegates to the Central American Mission Conference when the revolution broke out. Cabrera fled to his summer palace outside the capital and mobilized the army but in vain. A crowd of 30,000 people made a demonstration against the government officials; and stu- dents drew up and signed an address demanding certain reforms.

The soldiers fired on the demonstrators, killing some, but when cameras were turned on the soldiers they fled to avoid the incrim- inating evidence. The city was bombarded by Cabrera's forces and some damage was done, but in a brief time his government was overthrown, Cabrera fled and new rulers were installed in office.

The demands of the Unionist or Revolutionary party included the following reforms: .

1. A new ministry and civil service officials.

2. Abolition of graft and favoritism in government circles.

3. Compulsory and universal education.

4. The suppression of crime.

5. The enforcement of the law against public religious pro- cessions and against public worship except in church buildings.

EDITORIAL COMMENT

6. The abolition of forced labor by Mozos. 7. Adequate laws for protection of the working classes. There is hope that a brighter day has dawned for Guatemala, both politically and spiritually. Not only have the people been aroused to demand better government, but they are more eager than ever before for education, and many are ready to receive evangelical Christian truth. One' of the Guatemalan Christians told of one town of 5000 people who had accepted evangelical teachings and were ready to enter the Christian Church if only they could have proper leadership. As a result of the missionary conference, forward steps have been planned by the Pres'byterian Mission. The buildings destroyed by the earthquake two years· ago are to be rebuilt, new missionaries are to be sent out, work for the Indians is to be extend~d, a union mission press is to be established and a union mission paper published. This program will cost between $100,000 and $200,000, but the promises of the harvest fully justify the expenditure. Guatemala has been a neglected field. The difficulties are many hut are not insurmountable. There are ignorant Roman Catholics who oppose all evangelical work, but the masses are indifferent to and are ignorant of religion. The government is friendly to Protestant missions and the law provides for the free circulation of all literature through the mails.-Pray and give for Guatemala!

OBJECTIONS TO CHURCH UNION IN INDIA T HE MOVE toward ch~rch union in. India i~ ~ot without its strong opponents. While many Indian ChnstIans and some foreigners approve of the effort to unite even Anglican, Syrian and non-conformist Churches in one organization, there are those in influential positions who hold that this is neither desirable nor practical. The objections are similar to those raised against organic union in America. SOIDe of them are as follows: The ends to be attained are not as desirable as stated. Spiritual unity is most important and does not depend on organic union.

The move toward union is premature and not in harmony with the spirit of Indian thought and customs. India reveres religious men, but not ecclesiastical potentates, such as bishops.

The plans for the union of Episcopal and non-Episcopal Churches is one sided and practically amounts to the surrender of free church ideals. These plans involve many unsolved problems and pitfalls. The doctrinal basis of the proposed union is not sufficiently clear and positive, and involves elements that may promote discord.

The Ilhistoric Episcopate" and I'constitutional Episcopacy" referred to in the Tranquebar manifesto are not clearly defined and

no valid reason is given for preferring episcopacy to any other form of church government.

Organic union without true doctrinal agreement and spiritual unity may foment discord, rather than promote harmony.

These and other arguments show that there is some distance yet to go before Christians of India or elsewhere will be ready to lmite in one organized Church, even with certain latitude.

A BLOT ON AMERICA'S 'SCUTCHEON S IN IS SIN, and crime is crime, wherever they are found and by whomsoever they are committed. It is dastardly and inexcusable for Germans to torture and maltreat their enemies, for the Bolshevists to cruelly abuse the Russian bourgeois, for the Turks to murder the Armenians, for the Japanese to torture the Koreans. It is equally dastardly and inexcusable for the Americans to meet crime with crime by the torture and cruel lynching or burning at the stake of men of the Negro race. The crime with which some of these Negroes are charged is horrible and deserves the !;everest penalty, but this does not mitigate the guilt of those who meet barbarism with barbarism. Mobs break all the laws and restraints of civilization and disregard justice. The facts show that many Negroes who 'are lynched are only suspected of crime, that law is not allowed to take its course, that mob violence is unrestrained passion and that lynching neither remedies the wrong nor deters other men from committing crime.

Last year eleven Negroes were burned alive for alleged crime in the United States and seventy-three more were lynched by hanging, shooting, beating, cutting to pieces, drowning or some other barbarous method. Of these the charge against twenty-seven was murder and nineteen assaults or attEmpted assaults on white women. Some charges were as trivial as "altercation with a white man" and "not turning out of the road for a white boy in an auto."

There is need for an intensive and extensive campaign of education to instruct Negroes and to teach them self-control; and also to educate white men and women, not only in Georgia and Mississippi, but in Chicago and Kansas City. The solution of the race problem and of every other problem is Christian education. Americans need to set their own house in order and to clean the lilot on their own 'scutcheon if they are to undertake the work of correcting the evils that exist in Germany or Turkey or in Korea and China. Many plans are under way for improving the condition of the Negroes and for giving them the opportunities that all mankind should enjoy-to establish suitable homes and churches, to receive necessary education and to be treated with consideration and justice socially, industrially, politically and judicially.

EDITORIAL COMMENT

OHUROH AMERIOANIZATION PROGRAMS No LASTING benefit attaches to an Americanization program that is not a Ohristian program. If churches or Christian workers merely teach English, intellectual studies, athletics, sauitation, hygiene, social uplift and industrial betterment, they may do no more than increase the power of anarchists and crimiuals. It is not enough to develop minds and bodies. To make nil such work worth while it must not only be permeated with Christian idealism, but must have for its chief aim the leading of each individuhl to a personal surrender to Jesus Christ, as divine Lord und Saviour. This work depends for its success, not on patriotic motives or humanitarian sympathy, but on the power of the Spirit Df God.

How shall Ohristian churches help to do this needed work of making Ohristian citizens of all classes of foreigners? The Home Missions Council suggests (1) The right kind of preaching, study, investigation and prayer; (2) Better equipment for the work in churches, parish houses or rented halls; (3) Enlistment of pastors, Sunday-school workers, women, men and young people of the church in definite and intelligent Ohristian effort for foreigners in the neighborhood; (4) Classes can be formed in Sunday-schools, entertainments given, families visited, mothers' meetings held; (5) Help may be given to foreigners by Ohristian lawyers, doctors nurs~ es and teachers; (6) Recreation grounds may be opened, dispensaries established and clubs started in neglected districts.

But the Christian goal must ever be kept in view by the workers -the mauifestation of the Love of God through unselfish service, in ()rder to lead these men, women and children into the blessing of the friendship and salvation of Jesus Christ." To make this service dtectual each worker must be a devoted and intelligent follower of Christ.

STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT CHANGES A FTER OVER thirty years of existence, the Student Volunteer . Movement has made a radical change in its organization. The Executive Committee recently adopted a plan by which students shall have a large representation on the Committee. The Student Volunteer Oouncil has been formed to consist of two representatives, a man and a woman, from all the Student Volunteer Unions in North America. These proposals 'Were first brought before the .Committee in February, 1919, and the first meeting of the Council was held at Wallace Lodge, Yonkers, New York, on April JO and 11: of the present year. Fifty-four delegates were present from Unions so separated geographically as California, New Eng- + Send for the pamphlet on "Americanization." printed by the Home Missions Council, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York.

land, Toronto and Texas. The Council reviews the work of the Movement, and suggests plans and methods for making its work more effective. It also nominates the student members of the Executive Committee, which has been enlarged from six to thirty members, and is composed of fifteen student volunteers, four repre- sentatives of the Student Y. M. C. A. and Student Y. WI. C. A., five representatives of Foreign Mission Boards and six delegates-atlarge.

A surprise to some and a loss to the wor.k comes in the resignation of Dr. John R. Mott from the Chairmanship of the Executive Committee on which he has served as chairman since the Committee was formed in 1888. Dr. J. Ross Stevenson, who has filled the office of Vice-Chairman most efficiently for twenty-two years, and has served on the Committee for twenty-five years has also resigned. To fill these vacancies Dr. Joseph C. Robbins, Secretary of the American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society, was elected Chairman and Mr. Charles S. Campbell, a graduate of Yale, was chosen Vice- Chairman.

PROPOSED UNION OF EASTERN CHURCHES As A RESULT of a proposal of the Lieutenant of the Oecumen- . ical Patx:iarchate of the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Church of Constantinople in January, a special committee was appointed to consider the question of the union of the various Christian Churches, especially the union of the Eastern Orthodox, the Old Catholics and the Armenian (Gregorian) Churches. This Committee consists of the Metropolitans (Bishops) of Caesarea, Philadelphia, Elioupolis, Kirkilisa, the first Secretary of the Holy Synod and the Faculty of the Theological School at Halki.

The report of the Committee was approved by the Holy Synod on January 19th. It is, in part, as follows: "The Rapprochement and League (Union) of the various Christian Churches not only is not hindered by the existing dogmatic differences among them; on the contrary and in spite of them it is possible, and is to be 'Wished for and desirable, being necessary and in many ways useful for the best interests of the various denominations and of the whole of Christendom. As the first and indispensable condition of this desirable Rapprochement and Union, there must be put aside all the mutual distrust and ill feeling, caused from the tendency noticed in some of them to beguile and proselytize the followers of other confessions (denominations).

"Another condition is that there must be the vital interest for the well-being and strengthening of other churches also, which should not be considered as entirely strange and foreign, but rather they should be considered as akin and friendly in Christ.

"A third condition is the feeling of readiness and earnestness

19201 EDITORIAL COMMENT

in following up the happenings in the other churches, and thus learning more accurately their affairs; and also to lend them a helping hand and cooperation in their strivings for their own wellbeing.

"The acceptance by the other churches of the measure suggested we are sure would constitute the first step in their rapprochement, and this in time will greatly prepare the way to that desirable union for which the Church has ever been praying, having as its motto the last prayer of the Lord: 'I ask not only for these but also for those who are to believe in me through their 'Word, that they may all be one.' "

THE ANTIDOTE TO RADICALISM AND UNREST .

N EVER has there been such wide spread unrest in the world; so much suspicion; S'O much uncertainty; so much foreboding. Even the most optimistic find it difficult to view the future with confidence. Russia, with its 180,000,000 people, is still torn with strife and without any solid foundation. Germany is stirred hy revolution and counter revolution. Great Britain has not only her industrial and political problems at home but faces a most difficult situation in Ireland. Almost all Continental Europe is plunged into debt, into high prices, into socialism and disputes. Turkey is conquered but not controlled. The Allies are in Constantinople but Asia Minor and Syria are still the scene of fighting and massacre. Persia is strangled and almost dead. Mesopotamia and Arabia are claimed by one people and ruled by another. India is a seething mass, with Moslems, Hindus, Parsees and British seeking to control. Afghanistan is a threatening neighbor. China is flivided against itself and is seeking protection against an aggressive neighbor. Korea is in the grip of Japan, but struggling for liberty'. Japan herself faces industrial and political revolution with a demand for democratic government and economic justice. Many familiar with conditions predict another world war centered in Asia. In Mrica, Egypt and the Sudan are kept in control only hy the British military power and many other parts of the continent are in similar state. The mandates for the former German <lolonies in Africa and the islands of the sea are not yet in successful operation. In Latin America, Mexico is in the throes or another rebellion, Guatemala has just overthrown a president of iwenty-two years standing and many other republics know not what change or government tomorrow may bring. In North America, the newspapers of the United States are filled with reports of robberies, murders, strikes, anarchistic plots and uprisings. New York City is a hotbed of radical organizations and propaganda. Many business men predict a panic and everywhere there are signs that

the' Americans, like' other nations, have not learned the great lesson~ the war should have taught us.

n is a dark picture for those who look at the shadows. Is there then no light ~ Many are placing their hope in human nature and human institutions, in armies and navies, in better laws, in a League of Nations and internationalism, in social justice, and bet- ter industrial programs, in Americanization and secular education.

But our troubles all come from human failure and cannot be remedied by human experiments. At the root of all is selfishness and a fear that others will take for themselves what we wish for ourselves. The only light and power that will make the world brighter and better must come from Above. That Light must shine upon men in all lands and be reflected in human lives to brighten the lives of others:. .

To change the figure, the foundations of human society have been shaken, and men are struggling for another foothold. Bol- shevism or radicalism is the expression of dissatisfaction with exist- ing conditions and the under man's attempt to gain control. There is only one ground of hope and that is God as revealed in Jesus Christ and His message of Truth and Life. Self-sacrifice must take the place of selfishness, and service must crowd out indulgence; faith in Christ must displace faith in human institutions, a con- sciousness of the primacy of the spiritual must crowd out the grasping for material things; love must displace hatred and jealousy. Bolshevism and similar cults must be uprooted and something better planted or it will spread over the earth like witch- grass.

There is one class of people that holds the secret of the cure for Bolshevism, socialism, atheism, radicalism-whatever it may be called-and those are the men and women who live and proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ and undertake to educate the rising generation to know and follow Him. What a wondrous difference it would make if every boy and girl could be taught to accept the'

teachings of Jesus Christ and to surrender to His control! Chris- tian City Missions, Home Missions, Missions in every land are the program for humanity today. Christ himself must reign in the world before we may hope for any abiding peace and prosperity.

The work of regenerating mankind is too great a task for human agencies. God alone is equal to the undertaking.

RESULTS OF THE INTERCHURCH CAMPAIGN The Financial Campaign of the Interchurch World Movement resulted in pledges of about $173,000,000 out of the $338,000,000 which was set as. the goal. The "Friendly Citizens" failed utterly to respond giving only about $3,300,000 out of $47,000,000 in the budget. The Baptist Campaign has thus far reported $55,000,000 of its $100,000,000 fund. All the returns 'are inc()mplete but the disappointment in the financial campaign means that, the Interchurch Movement will greatly curtail expenditure and a plan is under consideration to reorganize the whole work. More will appear in regard to this in our next Dumber.

POSSIBILITIES IN JAPAN-SHALL THEY SERVE GOD OR THE

One hundred thousand juvenile delinquents are arrested annually in Japan. Shall these boy. be among them?

A Tragedy-And The Grace of God BY A. CAROLINE MACDONALD, TOKYO, JAPAN A FEW YEARS AGO in the city of Tokyo, there occurred a terrible tragedy which was destined to change the course of my whole life work. One night a quiet young Japanese man, with whom I was acquainted and who was trusted by the officials over him, committed a horrible murder. I went to the prison to visit the man and ,to bring him what help I could. He passed through a terIjfic spiritual struggle from which he came out steadied and strengthened to face whatever the future mig~t bring. So marvellous was the change in the man that a prison official borrowed his Bible and read it as he patrolled the prison corridor at night. This official became a Christian and was baptized. He said to me: "We are used to crime here but we never saw true repentance before."

This was the beginning of my work for Japanese prisoners. During the past" :five or six years I have visited' practically every man under condeIllllation of death in this prison and many of them have gone into the beyond with quiet hope.

One day a big, rough, outspoken jailor, a friend of mine with a 499

SHALL THE CHURCH OR THE PRISON WELCOME THE NEEDY IN JAPAN A recently built _prison for First Offenders in Tokyo kind enough heart when he understood, said to me, "Why do you waste your time coming to see people condemned to death? They cannot do any more harm. Why bother with them 1 You had much better confine your attention to those who are coming out again. " As a matter of fact I was doing both as best I could, but I tried to tell him what Christians thought about life, both here and in the hereafter.'

Very different was the comment of another and more thoughtful official, when talking of a man who had just died in triumphant faith. at the gallows. Just before this condemned man's life was taken he had written in a simple way the story of his life and of his conversion, and had left the manuscript. to me. "You will translate that story into English, will you not?" the official asked. He kn~ no English, so that request seemed an odd one, but he went on to explain: "People talk so much nowadays about the fundamental differences between the East and the West, their different psychology, their different makeup, and the inability of either to understand the other. Here we have had behind these prison bars a marvellous example to the contrary. Here we have had an. ignorant, uneducated man, steeped in crime from his childhood, with much of his life spent in prison and his life ended on the gallows. And what happened T One of another race, of another background and education and outlook, and a woman at that, touched him with the

A TRAGEDY-AND THE GRACE OF GOD

WHITHER SHALL THESE GO TO FIND THE SECRET OF SUCCESS IN LIFE? Some Japanese Day Laborers waiting for work universal message or God's love, and the man's soul awoke and he entered into Life. I want your people to know the story."

It is the "uttermosts" that test the sufficiency of Christ's evangel, and it is the gospel of Christ alone that makes possible a real internationalism.

Some time ago I sent a Bible to a man in prison, a Buddhist priest, who had received a death sentence for some atrocious crimes. A few months later when I went to see him I was told that the man was so desperate that he had smashed the iron bars of his cell and that it was not safe to have me see him. The official suggested that I write him and that I did at once. I gradually learned his life story from the letters that began to come to me. He was a man of education, had been or some standing in the priesthood, and had made a pilgrimage to Tibet. He had been a chaplain with the army at the time of the Russo-Japanese war. Drink had been his undoing, and he wrote down the harrowing details of the crimes into which drink and its attendant follies had led him. These letters make a rare study in comparative religion as they reveal the way in which the living Voice of Christ broke through the crust of a formal and hereditary religion after all hope had gone out or the man's soul.

He gradually quieted down and I was allowed to see him. Extra precautions had to be takeIl, however, and seven officials were

present where ordinarily there would have been only one. The man stood in the midst, hand- cuffed, but quiet and steady. He was the first to speak and he said with a sad pathos in his voice, "If I had known this teaching ten years ago, I should not have been here. " Two thousand years since the Christ came and still men do not know Him!

His last letter to me but one was about Peace. His last, a note writ- ten on the morning of his execu- tion, thanked me for what he said I had done for him. They told me afterwards that he had died in peace-this man who had erstwhile smashed iron bars, who was so desperate that he could nat be taken out of his cell, the man whom even the jailors had feared; this man had quieted at the touch of Ohrist.

The prison problem is not a problem in itself. It is only a symptom of disease in the body politic. Prison work is not a work TIME AND ETERNITY IN THE PRISON in itself. It is only a point of de- hCe]ociks ·l~ OChff:ii~tiaf nG°Th:O;i~tf uKTeoS:leJ:isG~~ parture for work which ramifies into every department of life. I Shepherd was presented by Miss MacDonald went to see a man in jail who was being detained, pending the decision of his case in the appeal court. His wife and only child were in the country at the time and I wrote to the Christian pastor there and put her in touch with some Christian people. Later the man was let out on bail in order to arrange his affairs and his wife came up to Tokyo t.o be with him.

Shortly afterward I received word that their little child had ·died, and a day or two later a frantic telephone message came that the wife was very ill and begging me to send a doctor. The woman grew worse and I was then asked to get her into a hospital. It is sometimes embarrassing to be thought omnipotent! It was a .difficult matter but I finally discovered a hospital that was willing to examine her if I could take her there. I borrowed a friend's motor and set out in state for the grubbiest part of the city. The

TRAGEDY-AND THE GRACE OF GOD

woman was carried to the motor on her husband's back, bundled in with her husband besides her and we sped on through the narrow streets, the observed elf all observers. Arrived at the hospital the disease was pro- nOUllced contagious, I and the motor and the chauffeur were disinfected and the woman was sent off to the isolation hospital.

By the next day the husband had taken the same disease and was sent to the same hospital.

He left word for me to let his lawyer know what had happened, for the poor fellow was only out on bail. A visit to the lawyer MRE.RSNHOIRROOSFUKKOES-TUHG!E'; PCRHISROISNT,IAJANPAGONV· opened up a new series of adventures which in turn .tapped other curious streams of life. The man and his wife finally re- covered and came to see me, thin and wan, but very thankful. They had both come along a weary road to the knowledge of God, through prison, through the sorrow of death, through pain and illness, but they had learned the 'Vay of Life. The m;;tn has since been ac- quitted by the court of Appeals and is now free both in body and in spirit to begin life over again. "Behold I have refined thee: I have chosen thee in the furnace of affliction."

Much of my time is spent in visiting the four or five prisons that are open to me in Tokyo. In the federal penitentiary alone, where the wa.rden is a Christian, I visit over one hundred men and see each one individually for I keep in mind that someday every man will come out and it is well to know his disposition, his back- ground and his tendencies so far as possible. It is a day's work to see a number of prisoners, each with his own problems and his own soul's agonies. It takes something out of one to try to help them to endure, and to endure with hope. It takes also three hours of the day merely to go and return, and half of that time on foot!

I seldom return from prison, from other visiting, or from school (for I teach in a women's college in Tokyo) but that I find.

people waiting to see me. Now it is a man just out of prison, or a mother or a sister or a wife of someone inside. A man con- templating suicide reads in the newspaper that someone' 'comforts"

men in prison, and he goes to the prison gate, asks my name and address and turns up at my house to he ~"comforted" also. Per-

KOSUGE; PRISON Interior of a Workshop- -Thc Governor is standing in the center feet strangers come with stories of the struggles of their own inner lives, or their family troubles and expect me to solve their problems.

One young lad, a bookbinder by tr~de, n{'rvous and overworked, walks in without ceremony and has to be quieted down by mpthods most .i~ediately effective. Once he was put forcibly to b€d that he might have some rest, .

. Then comes a quiet, thoughtful youth who has serious questions to ask about the problems of life and d.eath and who wins his way through into a steady faith and life of service for others.

A big fine looking fellow who had bem a man of affairs in IJis time, hut through misfortunes of his own making has come down in the world, comes in like a cyclone, and rails at the universe. I let him rail, for most of what he says is true and one might just as well face facts. He is now earning an honest living with his hands, cares for his two motherless little girls with the tenderness of a woman, and has thereby learned to know the care of God for us.

They come morning, noon and night, the weary and the worn and the sad, not always the poor and the ignorant, but always the needy. Tell me the Japanese are not wanting the gospel of Jesus Christl When the heart of Japan is touched she will be won and, I venture to say, not until.then.

Last Christmas, one huudred and fifty people came to my

A TRAGEDY-ANPTHE GRACE OF GOD 50S

house to celebrate the day. We took out all the partitions and put out all the furniture and sat on the matted fioor. There we were, '

prison official, policeman, gendarme,private detective, with th~ir wives and children, sitting cheek by jowl with ex-prisoners and; their families, the wives and mothers of men in prison, orchestra'

players who gave an entertainment, young lads from a department store who had previously taken possession of the house and decorated it, clerks from the Stock Exchange, one of whom ex- plained pictures of the life of Ohrist. There were other ordinary sinners like ourselves, all of us having at least one thing in common, namely, that none of us would have had any Ohristmas at all if we had not had it there together. .

Often I have been asked to go and get men our of prison and take them to my own home until I could find other friends for them. I have in mind men who have struggled and won and are living earnest Ohristian lives today, and I have known others for whom the battle has bee.n too keen.

I have touched here only the outer edge of the things that have come to me since the days of that first tragedy, but they indicate the opening of a whole new world of opportunities, hitherto untouched by Ohristian effort. These must be conserved for the further advancement of Ohrist's Kingdom in Japan.

Tokyo is the third city in the world in size and has all the modern problems that are vexing every nation but that are here greatly aggravated because of the extraordinarily rapid growth THJ;; INTJ;;RJOR OF A WORKINGMJ;;N' S I,ODGING HOUSE–TOKYO

of Japan's modern life and industry. In this great city of three million souls there is practically no Christian effort being made to .cope with the very serious social and industrial conditions that largely vitiate our attempts at direct evangelism. It is not a sub- merged one-tenth but more nearly a submerged one-half that con- cerns us in Tokyo, the largest city in the world unequipped with any adequate community betterment activities. The most acutely needy section, the one in which are focussed most of the problems that are menacing the life of the nation, and the one towards which the unfortunates inevitably drift, is the ward called Asakusa. Here, compressed within an area of less than two· square miles, is a population of 266,349. Within its boundaries is a large amusement park, 75 acres in extent, with 28 huge moving picture shows and 1heatres, through which, it is said, 50,000 people pass every night bent on various pleasures. Close by is the widely known and infamous Yoshiwara, a licensed prostitute district containing 30 acres of land, 228 houses and 2362 licensed women. These two places represent the dominant influences of the district. The ordinary people of the section are for the most part unskilled laborers, a class exposed more than any other, to temptations of every sort. Crime and juvenile delinquency abound. This is the section with which my work has brought me into closest contact.

The great need of these people for the blessings of the Gospel of Christ and the opportunities all ready at hand call for a large advance in our work in their behalf. Plans have been drawn up to take advantage of the contacts brought about through the ramifications of my prison work to establish in the heart of the district a well equipped community work, in which many will cooperate, based squarely on Christianity and interpreted by constructive service of the most practical kind. Such a center will stand as a social and spiritual lighthouse in the darkest spot in Japan, it will become athe training ground for Japanese social workers and may serve as model for subsequent enterprises of the same type. A group of prominent Japanese Christian men have already guaranteed to raise in Japan $75,000 towards the enterprise and a number of missionaries are also making practical efforts to llring the plan to fruition. Prominent Christian leaders in America have given the plan their enqorsement and recommend it to the boards for financial help. Careful estimates indicate that it will require a capital of about $300,000 to put the enterprise on a working basis. The cooperation of many will be needed, in xboney and in prayer, if God's obvious leadings are to be followed through the open door into this needy field of Japan's exploited classes. Will you cooperate with our Japanese fellow Ghristians to establish a fellowship among the weary and the heavy laden which shall have its center in the Cross of the serving Christ?

CITY OF HONOLULU AS IT LOOKS

A Centennial and A Jubilee in Hawaii BY BELLE M. BRAIN, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK Author of' "Transformation of Hawaii," "Holding the Ropes," "Love Stories of Great Missionaries," etc.

T HE YEAR 1920 is marked by two anniversaries of importance in the Hawaiian Islands. One hundred years ago, on March 31, 1820, the brig Thaddeus, one hundred and :fifty-one days out from Boston, brought the :first missionaries to the islands. Fifty years ago, on June 15, 1870, at the jubilee celebration of this event, the American Board announced the completion of its work and Hawaii was formally declared to be a Christian nation.

In 1778 when Captain Cook discovered the island, he found there a race of degraded savages living in grass huts and worshiping idols. They had no marriage rite and were given over to every form of vice. Men had many wives and women many husbands. One woman, after she became a Christian, confessed that she had had forty husbands, usually several at a time.

They wore little or no clothing and nakedness caused no shame. While the Thaddeus stood at anchor in Kailua Bay, the missionaries invited the king to come on board and dine with them. One can imagine the shock to the re:fined senses of the cultured New England women when he arrived in a "narrow waist girdle, a green silk scarf thrown over his shoulders, a necklace of large beads and a crown of scarlet feathers!" Shortly aftel"Ward he came again with :five wives, all with practically no clothing. It was hinted to him that he would be more welcome in a more adequate costume, so neJ{t day he arrived in cocked hat and silk stockings!

507

Cannibalism was almost un- known in the Islands, but in- fanticide was so common that fully two-thirds of the children perished in this way. The women were lazy and pleasure-loving, and children were too great a care. If a baby was fretful it was not an uncommon thing for the mother to dig a hole in the mud floor of her hut, stuff the baby's mouth with rags to stiflle its cries, and bury it alive with- out a trace of emotion. After the advent of the missionaries, when the women came to a realization of their sin, they wept A SAMPLE OF OLD HAWAII bitterly for the children they What Hawaiians worshipped when the missionaries had murdered. lI1:any confessed that they had put to death six, arrived eight and even more. "I have had thirteen children," wailed one woman, "and I buried them all alive. 0, that you had come sooner!" .

Human sacrifices also took a heavy toll of life. The making of a new idol usually cost at least one life (no god would con- descend to take up his abode in it, unless a human sacrifice was .offered), and such occasions as the illness or death of a chief, the building of a temple, or the launching of a royal canoe took many more. "No humble Hawaiian," says one of the missionaries, "could be assured that he might not be seized and offered to the gods before night as a peace offering' or to insure victory in tomorrow's battle."

The curious custom of tabu (boycott or prohibition) kept the islanders in bitter bondage. A chief was tabu and so were his lands. It was tabu for women to eat with men, and certain choice foods were tabu to women. Even a chiefess could not taste the cocoanuts and bananas that grew on her own lands and were her own property.

There 'Were, too, seasons of tabu when everything was at a standstill. The people were not allowed to leave their huts, and fire, light and all kinds of work were strictly prohibited. As noise angered the gods and rendered the tabu ineffectual, the most solemn silence was maintained during the entire period. Dog's mouths were tied shut to keep them quiet and chickens were bound in cloth or put under calabashes to keep them from cackling.

After the people became Christians, visitors to the islands

1920J A <;ENTENNIAL AND A JUBILEB IN HAWAll; ~

A SAMPLE OF RELIGION IN NEW HAWAII The Kawaiahao Christian Church in Honolulu often expressed surprise at the way in whicll. the Sabbath was kept-the strict New England Sabbath brought by the missionaries. But this was not to be wondered at. Its restrictions seemed mild compared with the old-time tabus.

The penalty for violating tabu was death and there were no exceptions. "Don't you think," said an anti-missionary visitor to Kamehameha V., "that things are really worSe now than before the missionaries came ~"

"I leave you to judge," was the reply. "Since coming into my presence you have broken the old law of tabu in three ways. You walked into my presence instead of crawling on your hands and knees; you crossed my shadow j you are even now sitting in my presence. In the old days anyone of these things would have cost you your life."

The early Hawaiians were ignorant as well as degraded. They had no written language and even the great Kamehameha I., the " Napoleon of the Pacific," who united the islands in one kingdom and ruled them with great wisdom, could not comprehend the mystery of written words.

"I can put Kamehameha on a slate," a ship's captain once said to him, and proceeded to .do it.

"That's not me-Kamehameha," said the great chief as he studied it.

The captain then said that by putting marks on the slate he could have his handkerchief brought to him. He wrote the order and the king sent it off by a servant. In a few minutes the man returned with the handkerchief. The king took the two-the slate und the handkerchief-and carefully compared them. . They did not look alike and they did not feel alike, and great conqueror though he was, he was cO:[llpletely mystified.

The story of the mission of the American Board to these degraded savages begins with a dark-skinned heathen lad sobbing on the steps of Yale Oollege. This was Obookiah, a young Hawaiian whom a ship's captain had brought to New Haven. He wanted an education but had no one to teach him. Hence his tears. One of the students (Edwin M. Dwight, afterwards a prominent minister) took compassion on him and began to teach him. But as he had no place to live, another student, Samuel J. Mills (the haystack hero) sent him to his father, a Oongregational minister in Connecticut, who received him as a son and gave him every advantage. Six years later he united with Mr. Mills' church and announced his intention to return to Hawaii to preach the Gospel. He was now a keen, intelligent young man with easy, graceful manner and was a powerful, living argument for foreign missions. Christians everywhere were greatly interested in him. But in February, 1819, he suddenly became ill and died. This cut short his plan of carrying the Gospel to Hawaii, but the churches were so greatly stirred that the American Board decided to take it up.

Hiram Bingham, a student at Andover, volunteered to go in Obookiah's place and Asa Thurston, a classmate, agreed to go with him. Others joined them and on October 23, 1819, a party of seventeen, including a physician, a farmer, a printer, and three young Hawaiians from a missionary training-school in Connecticut, set sail from Boston. Another young Hawaiian, a native prince who had been in America, also embarked at this time.

After a voyage of almost five months, the party reached Hawaii on March 31, 1820. The native lads, eager and impatient, pushed off in a small boat before the Thaddeus anchored, but soon returned with the most astonishing news. The great Kamehameha was dead, his son Liholiho reigned in his stead, heathenism was overthrown and idolatry was abolished! These events had culminated in' November, 1819, shortly after the Thaddeus left Boston.

The reforms had been accomplished largely through the influence of two royal women, Kaahamanu, the dead king's favorite wife, and Keopuolani, the young king's mother. Tabu had been

A CENTENNIAl. AND A JUBII.EE IN HAWAII SI1

formally broken at a feast given by the king at which his wives .and other: women sat down with the men and ate food hitherto tabu to 'Women. As the gods failed to take vengeance, the king proceeded with other reforms. Strange to say, the priests themselves urged him on, and when at last he gave orders to destroy the idols and burn the temples, Hewa Hewa, high priest of the war god, applied the first torch. For the first time in history, it is said, "idolatry threw down its own altars," and the nation was without a religion.

'1'he missionaries rejoiced greatly to find the way so strangely prepared, but at first the King refused to allow them to land.

THE FIRST "MORNING STAR"-A MISSIONARY SHIP FOR THE PACIFIC This was built with money contributed by Christian Children in America and was sent out from Boston in 1856 He had just put down one religion and was not sure he wanted another! At last, after thirteen days, he gave reluctant permission to stay one year provided they "behaved themselves well."

The early days were full of hardship. At first the missionaries were obliged to live in grass huts and had to depend largely on supplies from home that were months on the way and when they arrived were often badly damaged. Flour usually came moldy, or so hard it had to be chopped with an axe. Water and firewood had to be carried long distances and letters from home caine sometimes as much as eighteen months after they were written. At times it seemed unbearable. But these New England pioneers, like their Pilgrim forefathers, were cast in heroic mold

and nothing could turn them from their holy purpose of winning lost souls. When they landed, the owner of a trading vessel in port deciared that ladies of such refinement could not live among such repulsive savages, and offered them free passage whenever they wished to go home. The first sight of the natives had indeed been a shock and several of the ladies had been obliged to retire to hide their emotion, yet none of them even so much as thought of accepting the ship owner's kind offer.

One of the greatest trials .of the early days was the suspicion with which they were regarded by the king, but this soon gave way to a feeling of confidence, and the work progressed very well.

The peoplfl shQtwed a willingness to listen to the Gospel and the congregations on the Lord's Day steadily increased in size. People came long distances to attend divine worship, many of them in canoes which were moored along the beach during service. At Honolulu as many as one hundred or more could often be counted.

The two dowager queens, Kaahamanu and Keopuolani, were among the earliest converts and gave large assistance to the work.

One of the first tasks of the missionaries was reducing the language to writing. The people were much interested and were eager to learn, but the king and chiels insisted on being taught first, so a school was opened for the royal scholars. After lour months, when the king could read fairly well, he was not only willing but anxious for the common people to be taught. They, too, made rapid progress and left their savage sports for the new accomplishment. .

The work of translation was pushed as rapidly as possible to .

provide reading matter, and schoolbooks, tracts and portions of the Bible were soon ready. They were printed on a little press sent out from Boston, which later on, after the arrival of a larger press, was sent to the missionaries in Oregon. It was the first printing presS set up west of the Rocky Mountains and is still preserved in a museum in Oregon.

The most famous of the converts was the high chieftess, Kapiolani, ruler of a large district in southern Hawaii. Though idolatry had been overthrown, many of the people were still under the spell of Pali, the goddess of fire who was supposed to dwell in the famous crater of Kiluaea. The fear of the goddess was such a hindrance to the Gospel that in December, 1824, Kapiolani resolved to go to the crater and break her power. Her people tried to deter her, but failing in this, a large company of them went with her.

Arriving at the crater she led the way down the steep, rocky pathway, across the hot lava beds to Pali's stronghold-a great lake of molten lava known as Halemaumau, the "House of Ever- lasting Burnings." Travelers all describe it as a terrifying place,

1920j A CENTENNIAL AND A JUBILEE IN HAWAll

SAVED BY CHRISTIANITY FROM INFANTICIDE OR WORSE IN l{AWAII Little Hawaiian children in a Mission School yet Kapiolani fearlessly stood on the brink and hurled stones into it to challenge the goddess. Then she 'turned to her people and told them that Jehovah was her God and they must not be afraid Df Pali. After this a hymn was sung and the whole company knelt while prayer was offered.

This brave and heroic deed won for Kapiolani a tribute from Thomas Carlyle, who tells the story in his "Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell." It takes rank with that of Elijah defying the priests of Baal on Mount Carmel and Boniface in Germany cutting down the sacred oak of Thor. .

In 1823 · a second company of missionaries arrived from Boston to reinforce the pioneers, and these were followed at intervals by other companies until there was a goodly force in the islands. Though there were, of course, many hindrances to the work, the blessil1g of God was upon it and it grew with great rapidity.. At the end of six years there were 25,000 pupils under instruction and the islands were dotted over with churches and school houses.

In 1837 a revival broke out which was one of the most remarkable in the history of missions. It came in answer to the prayers of the missionaries for an outpouring of the Holy Spirit and was a truly wonderful'time. Little children were found on

BOYS OF A lI1IS SION SCHOOL IN HONOLULU their knees praying in hanana and sugar cane groves and the churches, though very large, could not accommodate the crowds that came thronging to them.

The Wprd of God .wa s full of power and there wer e many conversions. During the .five years ending June, 1841, over 7,000 new members were received at Hilo alone, and the church there under Titus Coan became the largest in the world. The revival continued in full force for six years and was felt in all parts of the islands. The great majority of the converts stood the test of time. It is said that those who went to California during the gold fever took their religion with them and were "noted among the toughs of all nations as men who would not drink or gamble or profane the Lord's Day. 'I As Christianity progressed, a strong missionary spirit took possession of the people. They felt that they ought to do for others what American Christians had done for them. The missionaries fostered this spirit and in 1850, thirty years after the Thaddeus brought the pioneers, the Hawaiian Foreign Missionary Society was formed in Honolulu. The Micronesian Islands were selected as a suitable field, and in 1852 the first company of missionaries was !;lent out. It was to assist in this work that the first M ornin,q Star was built with money contr ibuted by the children in 1856, and was sent out from Boston.

The most famous of the native missionaries was the Rev. James Kekela who worked for a time in the Marquesas Islands

A CENTENNIAL AND A JUBILEE IN HAWAII ·51S

where there were the 'Worst cannibals in the Pacific. While ther.e he won great renown by saving Lieutenant Whalon, a United States naval officer, from being killed and eaten. It was done at the risk of his own life, and when President Lincoln heard the story he sent him a gold watch and other gifts to the value of $500, together with a letter thanking him for rescuing a United States citizen. Kekela was very proud of this watch and wore it as long as he lived. It is now in the possession of his daughter Susan.

In 1863 the American Board began to feel that its work was done and decided to withdraw gradually from the islands. To this end native pastors were placed over the churches and no new missionaries were sent out, although those already on the field were retained to keep charge of the work until the new order of things was fully established.

Finally, on June 15, 1870, at a great jubilee celebration of the mission held in Kawaiahoe Church, Honolulu, the Board publicly announced its withdrawal. It was a great occasion, attended by more than '3,000 people, including the king and queen, the cabinet and representatives of many foreign nations. Congratulatory addresses were made and Hawaii was formally proclaimed a Christian nation.

THE HAWAIIAN MISSION BUlI,DING IN HONOLULU The headquarters of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association and the memorial to early missionary work

Fifty years work and a little more than a million dollars in money (during the same period about four million came back to this country in trade) sufficed to transform a race of ignorant, degraded savages into an intelligent Christian nation. Such is the power of the Gospel.

As the transformation was wrought largely by American missionaries and the islands have now become a part of the United States, every American should be familiar with the story.

••• THE HAWArrAN ISLANDS TODAY The Hawaiian Islands now contain a population of about 250,000 people. This is an increase of 70,000 or 40% over ten years ago.

The situation has changed considerably since the American Board withdrew its missionaries fifty years ago. The incoming of Asiatics has introduced a large heathen element into the population and has made it once more a mission field. The present population includes 107,000 Japanese; 5,000 Koreans; 22,000 Chinese; 25,000 Filipinos; 35,000 Hawaiians and mixed; 35,000 Europeans and North Americans and 20,000 Latin-Americans and Portuguese. It is a Pacific melting pot, but the non-Christians have brought their own religions and have erected their own heathen temples. The Japanese immigration is now restricted but the natural increase by birth is about 5,000 a year. Buddhism is aggressive and there are 78 Buddhist and Shinto temples in the islands.

The Hawaiian Evangelical Association was formed in Honolulu in 1863 and since 1904 has been aided by the American Missionary Association (Congregational). Aggressive and successful Christian werk is being carried on but it needs to be greatly strengthened anet ~xtended.

In a later number of the REVIEW we plan to have an illustrated article on "Present Conditions in the Hawaiian Islands," by Dr.

George L. Cady, who has recently returned from a tour of investiga- tion in the "Cross Roads of the Pacific" where so many nation~ alities meet and produce many problems; D. L. P.

The Jews In The Holy

BY REV. S. B. ROHOLD, F. R. G. S., TORONTO, CANADA Superintendent of the Christian Synagogue, Toronto The whole condition of life in Palestine has changed as a result of the war. Not only the deliverance of Jerusalem by General Allenby, the Balfourian Declaration of November, 1917, and the signing of the Armistice have been factors in this change, but since the Arm- istice there have been many new factors in the situation. Many friends of Israel who visited the Holy Land before and after the signing of the Armistice came away with wrong impressions as to the power of the Jews and the attitude of the military and civil offi- cials. Many have been alarmed about the future missionary work in Palestine. In reality, there is no cause for alarm, for the transition has brought great and material change in the attitude of Jews, Christians, Moslems and of military officials. This present favorable ~tate of affairs may of course undergo a change if Christians remain inactive..

Practically all the government officials appeared very cordi'al and ready to aid missionary work. The earnest, considerate missionary could always get aid and encouragement from these officials.

The change in the attitude of the Jews is so remarkable that it cannot be adequately described. Their whole life seems to have undergone a radical change. There is now apparently no bitterness, no arrogance, toward Christians; on the contrary, a spirit of inquiry prevails. The discord and schism between the Orthodox, Reformed and Radical Je'Ws, the Zionists and anti-Zionists, give the mission- aryan unprecedented opportunity. Their national aspirations make them readers of the Bible, including the New Testament. They say, ."We must study our history and the life of our nation from all angles. The Word of God is Life and Jesus is the Light of men. "

This favorable attitude of the Jews today toward the claims of our Lord Jesus and toward the missionaries is the same that the Rev. J. I. I~andsman and Mr. P. Levertoff of the Hebrew Christian Testimony to Israel found in Russia after the first revolution. The spirit of liberty and tolerance swayed the Russian Jewry then, but the Christian missions to Israel could not meet the situation, and the Christian Church did not take advantage of that un~rooedented op- • My statements and conclusiens are based on (1) Personal knowledge 01. the country, peoples and Janguages~ having ~en born in JerusalC'!Jl. studied ~and lived there .till ~y. conversion; ~peak.ing Arabic Hebrew, Yiddish, and Judeo.Spamsh. (2) Personal contact With miSSions and m1SSIonarles, (Hebr;w Christians and Gentile Christians) and Christian friends, in Egypt, Palestine and Syria. Since my conversion, twenty~two years ago, I have made four :I?1issionary t01;1rs in Pa~e.stinef my l!lSF visit being during June, July and AUfiUst, 1919. (3) Pe~sonal. IntercOUrse With the m~h.tary and Civil officials in Egypt, Palestine, and Syn,a. (4) C~)fl~Ht wlt.h different classes, commumtIes, sects and enTironments of tho Jewish people durmg my mIssIonary Journeys.

517

portunity. Now the same spirit sways Palestine. Will these un~ precedented opportunities in the Holy Land be allowed to pass as those have passed in Russia? .

A Hebrew Ohristian testimony to Israel, free from all sectarian- ism, is needed in the Holy Land. God has used the saintly life of gentile Ohristians to the salvation of many a son and daughter of Abraham, but it has been acknowledged by foreign missionary lead- ers that whatever the position of the Ohristian Europ€an missionary may be in the foreign field, it is the native that must be used to win the native-the Ohinese Ohristian to reach Ohina; the Japanese to reach Japan and the Indian to reach India. This is more true with regard to Israel. While actual conversion is the work of the Holy Spirit, prejudice must be overcome. With the Jew there is the feel- ing of superiority, the belief that he has the true God and all others are idolaters'. Oenturies of prejudice and accumulated bitterness because of ,persecutions from so-called Ohristians have made the Jews mistrust the Gentiles and attribute all kinds of wrong motives to them.

Some Gentile Ohristians have thought that they are more ac- ceptable to the Jew than is the Hebrew Ohristian, because the Jew!!

do not exhibit to them the open bitterness which they show on the first approach of the Hebrew Ohristian. This is a fallacy. Those who have labored amongst Israel know that the Jew does not love the Gentile missionary any better than he loves the Hebrew Ohristian, but considers the Gentile harmless. He knows, however, what is the zeal and value of a consecrated Hebrew Ohristian. .

It has been recognized that those appointed to the foreign mis- sion fields must be the best qualified and most consecrated men and women available; the learning of the native language and literature is obligatory. This has not been the case with the missionary to the Jews. Gentile Ohristian missionaries usually have to rely upon sf'cond-hand information. They do not mix with the daily life of the Jews and are not acquainted with their literature, laws, traditions and customs. Many have not even reached the stage of appreciating the Jewish mind. Very few have mastered Yiddish and Hebrew, still fewer are familiar with their literature in its vernacular. There- fore they must depend upon some Hebrew Ohristiau for their infor- mation and often they rely upon a broken reed.

To meet the present unprecedented opportunity in Palestine true Hebrew Christian Testimony must be established in the Holy Land. Such a witness will serve a three-fold purpose: (1) calling on the Jew to repentance, to be reconciled with their long rejected Messiah and Saviour; (2) calling on the non-Ohristian Gentiles to give up their idolatries and to be washed in the Blood ot' the Lamb; and (3) to awaken the Ohurch of God from her passiveness. The Hebrew is called to be such a triune witness.

AMONG THE ~EWS IN THE HOLY LAND

Some missions, while under the name of Jewish missions, yet carry on their work for both Jew and Gentile. This is a matter that causes great concern. If a Society advertises work amongst Jews and Gentiles, and carries on work among both, we can say very little against it. But when a Society or an individual claims to minister to Israel and yet spends all its income and energies on the Gentiles because that is an easier field, it is not right. Naturally, it does not work well for the Jewish c a u s e . i THE STATIONS OCCUPIED 1. JERUSALEM. The most attractive and most important field on account of its inheritance, world position, variety of peoples and religions.

(1) The London Jews' Society has a church, a hospital, a boys' school, a girls' school, and a house of industry (for printing, bookbinding, and olive-wood work) and an inquirers' home. This is the best equipped mission in Palestine. During the war everything was closed, but when I was there the church services, free dispensary, and olive-wood work were reopened.

(2) The Christian and Missionary Alliance has a mission to the natives, yet all its missionaries seek to reach the Jews. Before the war, they had a Reading Room on the .Jaffa Road for the Jews, in charge of a Hebrew Christian. The Rev. Arthur Payne is rendering exceptionally good and efficient service.

(3) Dr. and Mrs. Wilkinson have settled there and I suppose have established definite work.

(4) The Egypt General Mission, under Miss Annie Van Somer, has opened a book-store in charge of a Hebrew Christian.

(5) The Bible Society has a fine Book Depot on the Jaffa Road. (6) The Bishop of Jerusalem has decided to employ a missionary to the Jews in connection with St. George's Collegiate Cathedral. (7) A number of individual consecrated Christian workers have the cause of Israel at heart. Among these are Miss Brown, who brought with her two assistants, Miss Stone and Miss Cooper; Miss Dunn ha's also returned and there are others, who are not missionaries in the ordinary sense, yet are doing good work for the Master. Wlith all these, the situation is not fully met. Jerusalem is a homogeneous mixture of people and there is ever prevailing religious strife amongst the Christian, Latin, Armenian, Coptic and Abyssinian Churches. The varieties of an idolatrous Christianity and the many varied phases of evangelical Christi~ty are misun- .r derstood and misapprehended by the ews and Moslems. To meet the immediate needs, two hundred per cent of missionary efforts are required at once for Jerusalem.

2. HEBRON-The Jewish community is not very large here, but it is one of the ancient solidly orthodox Jewish communities. OV-'!l'r

to the Turkish misrule and Nfohammedan fanaticism, the community ~as not fared so well, but now, a new life is in process, as the city is very sacred to the Jewish heart and mind, and therefore one of the important fields. The United Free Church of Scotland has a well- oquipped hospital there under the care of Dr. Patterson. A new one is being built. This work, though under the Jewish CJommittee, is carried on for both Mohammedans and J ewe.

3. JAFFA-Here is one of the most important ports for Palestine.

(1) A junction for many of the Jewish Colonies, and besides, the modern model city of the Zionists, Tell-.,A.vive, has been built here with great success. In the center stands the modern Jewish Semin- ary, High School and Teachers' Training College, exerting great influence over the younger Jewry in Palestine. (2) The London Jews' Society Mission is in the care of a Hebrew Christian, Mr. D.

Gold. (3) The United Free and Established Churches of Scotland have jointly taken over a work for both Jews and Gentiles. .

4. TIBERIAs-In this ancient city, stronghold for Jewish ortho- doxy, the United Free Church of Scotland has a well-equipped hos- pital and mission under the care of that venerated missionary, Dr.

'rorrance, and a well-equipped staff of nurses.

5. SAFED-" The city on a hill," has two well-equipped missions, schools, and a hospital under the London Jews' Society and the United Free Church of Scotland.

6. DAMASCUS AND BEIRUT-Though these two cities are outside of Palestine proper, yet they are in Syria and they ought to be taken into account when considering Palestine missions. In Damascus.there are two missions; (1) Irish Presbyterian Church under the care of Dr.

MacFarland, two lady missiOFlaries and a staff of nrutive teachers who are doing splendid work. This, too, is a united work for Gentiles and Jews. (2) The work of the London Jews' Society is under the charge of the able and venerable missionary, Rev. Cannon Hanover.

At Beirut, the Established Church has a mission. From Damascus and Beirut itinerant missionaries ought to be sent out to distribute literature and witness to the Jews all around Lebanoh.

In giving the unoccupied fields, naturally we will have to leave out a number of the small cities, and be obliged to take in two or three cities that do not come within the borders of Palestine, but yet are very vital to the carrying on of aggressive evangelistic work in the Holy Land.

1. HAIFA-Mr. D. C. Joseph returned to his old sphere of labors early last June. He owns a magnificent property and has been preaching the Gospel in Palestine for over thirty years, but feels that he cannot possibly continue alone to bear the strain of this important field. .

Haifa we could call a strategic point. It is a very important ,j1'l:nction and it is going to be a strategic center for the whole of

AMONG THE JEWS IN THE HOLY LAND

Palestine, especially for aggressive missionary propaganda. It is already a great railway center as the Beirut and Damascus Railway, in the Hadjas, the Kantara and Jerusalem Railway, all have their term- inal there. Haifa has a natural harbor which makes landing safe winter. If Beirut is to become a French port, then Damascus, Arabia and Galilee will undoubtedly make Haifa its port and it may even become the port for Mesopotamia; It is the market place and center for many of the Jewish Colonies. It is already a central place for Zionist activities. The TechJnicum, that wonderful Jewish technical college, is already built. Haifa, therefore, should be considered a very important missionary center, for which the magnificent property of Mr. D. C. Joseph would form a nucleus. .

2. ACRE-Or (Akka) is another important center, but its Jewish community is small, and as it is only a short distance from Haifa, the missionaries could easily visit it.

3. NABLOUS (or Shechem), one of the ancient cities, is a strong Mohammedan center. The Jewish Community is small but it may increase and in the meantime, missionaries should visit it from other centers.

4. JEWISH COLONIES-The forty-two Jewish Colonies have no Christian missions. These make a very fertile field, and while we cannot expect that Jewish Colonies managed by their own 'municipal Boards, would allow a Christian missionary to build a mission there, the missionary is welcome. In distributing literature and in conversation with Jews, I found it a very favorable field. This work is far too large for one or even for two missionaries. A regular staff ought to be engaged whose business would be to visit these places and carry on an aggressive rmissionary work. With the exception of a few missionaries who have occasionally visited these Colonies, they form an entirely" unoooupied field," but a very attractive one. There are a number of other little cities where Jews ljve which ought to be visited by a Hebrew Christian witness.

5. EGYPT-Egypt has two Jewish mission stations, Alexandria, occupied by the Church of Scotland, and Cairo, by the London Jews' Society. Port Said, though oatside of Palestine, is a very important field, and should be taken into serious consideration, as it is the "Gateway" to Palestine as well as to Africa, Australia and India. There is no Hebrew Christian witness there but a city of such strategic importance should not be left without a witness to the Jews.

If a Bible School means the establishment of a missionary training school for Jewish missionariees, then Jerusalem is the plMle and I believe that the different missionaries, Jews and Gentiles, would welcome such an institution. A school of such character must be strong and well equipped. At present the existing colleges and Bible schools are absolutely inadequate to prepare a missionary for work

among the Jews. If Jerusalem is not found practicable then Haifa. is the next best place.

Industrial missions have proved their helpfulness to Jewish work. Naturally the orthodox as well as the reformed, radical and the Zionist Jews will not look kindly on a converted Jew, and will not be apt to keep him in employment. Palestine, above all countries, demands something of such It nature that will prepare converts for self-support. Haifa would be a most suitable place because it is a central place, a junction and a port; a large center for immigration. Three kinds of work could be established and would make the mission self-supporting-(l) A soap factory (Olive-oil and refuse gives a splendid opportunity). (2) Printing and book-binding particularly are needed at the present time. (3) An olive-wood factory would pay for itself.

This is a hasty view of Palestine in its relation to missions to the Jews. Large organized missions, hospitals and industries are not essential though they may be very helpful. What is needed is an undaunted Hebrew Ohristian witness with a clear message, the primary object being to bear testimony to all kinds and classes of people, and to make the Jewish Oolonies the chief aim and object of its testimony. The workers should always go by twos if possible. The second thing which is Qn my heart is the establishment of a definite Bible School to train men and women for this peculiar vocation of missionaries to the Jews. Such witnesses will bear a "triune testimony"-to the Jew, to the Gentile, and to the Church of God.

IF I HAD EATEN MY MORSEL ALONE "If I have eaten my morsel alone !" And ever of them that have largest The patriarch spoke in scorn, dower What would he think of the Church Shall heaven require the more; Were he $hown heathendom, huge, Ouri is knowledge, affiuence, power, forlorn ; Ocean from shore to shore. Godless and Christless, with soul un- While East and West in our ears have fed, said, While the Church's ailment is fullnes~ "Give us, oh, give us your Living of bread, Bread !" Eating her morsel alone. And we eat our morsel alone!

I am debtor alike to the Jew and the "Freely as ye have received, so give," Greek, Bade He who hath given us all.

The mighty apostle cried, How can the soul in us longer live Traversing continents souls to seek, Deaf to their starving call?

For the love of the Crucified. For whom the blood of the Lord was Nineteen centuries since have sped; shed, Millions are perishing; we have bread, And we eat our morsel alone. And His Body broken to give them bread, If we eat our morsel alone. -Selected.

WAITING AT THE MISSIONARY CLINIC. UNITED

MISSION. DOLEIB HILL. EGYPTIAN SUDAN.

Witch Doctors and Missionaries in the Sudan REV. D. S. OYLER, KHARTUM, EGYPTIAN SUDAN Missionary of the United Presbyterian Church T HE Sudan, with its many tribes and different languages, of. fers a challenge and presents many opportunities to the medi. cal missionary. For generations the witch doctors of the Sudan have treated the diseases of the people. The fear of evil spirits leads them to look upon the medicine men as able to cure by their enchantments; these practitioners of occult powers are feared -accordingly. Some have secret doubts as to the skill of the witch doctors but back of the skepticism always lurks the fear that pos!;,!ibly they have powers at their command and they are reluctant to incur their wrath.

The medicine man relies on charms and signs for the healing of diseases, rather than on the use of herbs. A small child lodged a bit of grass in its throat and the distressed parents made haste to consult the medicine men. Several were visited, and each demanded a sheep as a fee, and after receiving it passed his hands over the head of the little sufferer and uttered some incantations.

523

He then declared the case cured.. Later the child was brought to the misSion and the parents were surprised at the ease with which the gras's was removed.

The cure for sn,ake bite is another example. The afilicted man is placed on the ground, and the witch doctor sits down beside him, takes a bowl of water, and breaks bits of bark into it. He beats the water till a foam appears and pours the froth on the ground, telling the patient that it is the poison leaving him and entering the ground. When the patient recovers, as is sometimes the case from a not very poisonous bite, the medicine man claims all the credit. But should the patient die the doctor says that the man did not have faith, and for that reason his power was made of no avail.

The Shullas of the Sudan recognize two classes of medicine men, the good, and the evil. The good are willing to practice their powers for pay, but the evil always use their charms for destruc- tive purposes. • Allied to the good witch doctors are men in whom are said to be the spirits of ancient kings. When they speak as the represen- tative of the king they have the power of prophecy, and are thought able to heal certain forms of diseases, especially of children.

The medicine men are specialists. Each practitioner can treat only one form of disease or injury, or can give protection against only one kind of impending danger, through the inter- vention of spirits. Thus the powers of darkness hold the people in bondage to the mel'iicine men. The fame and power of the witch doctor increase with every successful treatment, but his failures are excused.

The spread of disease is facilitated by failure to isolate cases and by the fact that they have no real cures for disease. Con- tagious diseases are fortunately rather rare, but when they invade the, country their spread is rapid. Infectious diseases are more common, and extend very rapidly, owing to the manner in which the people eat from a common dish. The men of a section of a vil- lage take their meals together, the boys eat together, as do the wom- en and girlff. Many are thus infected while taking food.

The Shullas know only their immediate neighbors so that they are satisfied with existing conditions. They are anxious to know the future, and their desire for comnnmion with Infinite is used by the medicine men to hold them in bondage to witchcraft. Slave raiders and unscrupulous traders have often been the first intro- duction of the Nilotic tribes to civilization, but in spite of the suffer- ing inflicted on them by foreigners they are still well disposed toward outsiders.

When the missionaries first entered the Egyptian Sudan the .

natives expected that they would try to exploit them, as the mer-

WITCH DOCTORS AND MISSIONARIES IN THE SUDAN

chant and slave raider had done. They were curious but also to some eXtent indifferent, and as they became acquainted with the missionaries in many cases the acquaintance ripened into friendship. Thus their attitude toward the mission is changing. They no longer expect to be cheated or deceived by the missionaries.

At first they looked upon the mission doctor as similar to their witch doctors, but the results obtained by the use of medicine soon changed this attitude. Each failure to cure a disease raises a doubt in their minds, while every successful treatmemt means that many others will come. When once the people are convinced that· 'the doctor is able to help them they are naturally anxious to procure his services.

The work among the Shullas was opened first, and it was not unusual to have Dinka and Nuer patients travel more than a hundred miles for treatment. Many walked for days in the tropical heat hoping that their diseases might be cured. Others were brought down the river in little native canoes by their friends. The sacrifice they made during the journey was an evidence of their faith in the physiciall The pioneer doctor among the Nuers spent some years in the Shulla country, and was known to many Nuers, before he had entered their country. ]'rom the first he had all the work he could do and when he went home on furlough the government 'officials said that all through the Nuer country the people were asking when Dr. Lambie would return.

The natives being accustomed to having their diseases treated by magic expect the supernatural to have a very prominent place in the treatment of their maladies. The mere taking of medicine seems very commonplace to the native mind. Thus they are ready to have prayer offered in connection with the treatment, and rightfully explffined it becomes a powerful means of advancing the Gospel.

In the evangelization of the Sudan a strong conflict will be waged between the Christian physician, and the medicine man. The advancement of medical science means the downfall of the superstition which now holds the people in bondage. The witch doctor, who has made a good living from the practice of .his occult powers will not readily yield the supremacy to the modern physician, but will endeavor to maintain his power.

In time science will vanquish superstition, and as the people come to the light they will seek the physician, rather than the witch doctor, and at that time they will also seek the great Physi. cian of Souls.

·A Fortieth

The Birtkday of the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church a BY ELLEN COUGHLIN KEELER, PHILADELPHIA, PA. N JUNE 6, 1920, the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church will celebrate its fortieth birthday. The anniversary gift, which is to be a crowning effort of forty years work, stands statistically as 40,000 new' members, 40,000 new subscriptions' to the organ of the Society, "Woman's Home Missions" and $40,000. In reality, this combined force of personality, propaganda and money will be used to provide for deaconesses and missionaries when they have become "sunset members"; and to enlarge two of the national training schools of the Society, the McCrum National Training School for Slavonic Young 'Women at Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and the San Francisco National Training School.

Committees of survey were appointed to visit the institutions of the Society, to make investigatioI).s and to reaommend improvements in equipment and educational facilities. As a result of these surveys. the following reconstruction measures are being carried out: A new Church and Mission House for the Indians at Yuma, Arizona. Extensive changes at the New Jersey Conference Home, Morristown, Tennessee. A new domestic science room at Rebecca McClesky Home, Boaz, Alabama. Equipment for a domestic science room and living rooms at Haen Home, Savannah, Georgia. The Home at Asheville, North Carolina, placed at -the disposal of the younger girls from Allen Industrial Home. New Equipment at Browning Home, Camden, South Carolina. The establishment of a Seminary and training school for Negro girls and women in the state of Virginia. The building of a Negro Orphanage. A new building for Brewster Hospital at Jacksonville, Florida. Additional buildings for the children's homes,-Mothers' Jewels Home, York, Nebraska and Peck Orphanage, Polo, Illinois. The rebuilding of the Hilah Seward Home at Sinuk, Alaska, destroyed by fire August 29, 1919.

The history of the Women's Home Missionary Society reveals remarkable growth. Forty years of courageous effort to relieve misery and create wholesome home-life among the destitute and friendless of the land has made the Society a highly specialized agency of Americanization. Paths of progress have led from its Industrial Homes, project schools graded through Kindergarten, primary, grammar and normal courses-in states where public education was retarded or nil; from mission Hospitals, Deaconess Homes, Misssionary Training Schools, Community Centers and SZ6 Religious Social Settlements. The Society has for forty years administered to all races of people under the Stars and Stripes.

It has taught their boys and girls how to read and write, and work and worship God. It has taught the Negro girl to cook, sew, make geds, sweep and set a house in order; the Negro boys to plant and plow and rebuild his cabin. It has shown the Indian how to irrigate the land and has coaxed him from a wigwam to a cottage.

It has brought bright-eyed Spanish-American girls from adobe huts to its spacious boarding schools. .

For a time, before public sentiment had made an organization such as the Woman's Home Missionary Society possible, some sympathetic people had made an attempt to relieve the misery and helplessness of the Freedman of the South. They sent missionaries to the most needy localities, paying the salaries from private purses.

The formal organization of the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church took place at Cincinnati, Ohio, on June 6, 1880. The Society received its first contribution in September and in October sent out its first missionary to work among the freedmen of the South. The Negro boys were being cared for by the Freedman's .Aid Society but when they had finished their studies, they returned to their wretched homes and were in danger of lapsing into the old ways of living. This condition in the home could be alleviated only by the education of the girls in home-making. As a result Industrial Schools and Homes have been established in many centers in the South.

When the Woman's Home Missionary Society turned its face toward Utah to wipe out polygamy and to reconstruct the thinking, the homes and practices of Mormons, it had not chosen a "royal road to service." No harder and no more ambitious task was ever attempted by consecrated women. In the South were many people in need of homes, in Utah each man was busy setting up more than one hearthstone for himself. The more women he could win the better he felt himself to be. The order of work in the South was missionary, industrial, educational. The plan had to be reversed in Utah. It became educational, missionary, industrial.

In the South the Society worked supplementary to the Church.

But success in Utah depended upon standing staunch on the firing line of a great frontier. Furthermore, all the laws in the universe would not open the doors of Mormon homes to the Church, nor could legislation make "Christian Americans out of Mormon de- votees." To the woman with needle and thimble and a propensity for finding out things through a neighborly chat, with the ability to teach a lesson on all occasions, was the call given to reach the polygamous wife and mother who guarded her religion and her children with strict surveillance. The Society planned with an eye to a future public school system. Little Lucy Webb school

houses were planted. These answered for educational purposes and later for missionary work. Mter ten years of rapid changes in Utah, the Society determined to carry forward its w:ork from a tlifferent angle. At present the work centers around the Missionary Deaooness Home, Davis Hall, Salt Lake City; and Ogden Esther Home and Sterling Hall, at Ogden-a Christian boarding home for self-respecting working girls, and Deaconess work at Bingham Canyon.

There was a question in the minds of many as to the success of the Industrial Home among white girls of the South, because it was feared that girls from a land where work was relegated to the Negro, would not take to housework willingly. It was decided, however, to build Ritter Home at Athens, Tennessee, and by patient cultivation to win the southern white girl to the training she so much needed. The Society has now six successful Industrial Homes of this kind in the South.

Educational conditions in Mississippi convinced the leaders that it was imperative that the Society should take the lead in developing the educational system in that part of Mississippi where Bennett Home and Mather Academy were located. The faculty was chosen from normal and college graduates, and the teaching has been up to date in primary, intermediate and academic departments. The Settlement work at Cedartown, Georgia, is the result of work done by McClesky and Rust Home girls. It is an outstanding example of the modern city work done by the Society, the girls being trained in its own schools.

City mission work in New Orleans in the French and Italian quarters developed until 1899 when the Bureau of Local" City Work was dissolved into that of the Deaconess Bureau. The Deaconess work began officially in Oetober, 1888. Deaconess Homes were established wherever there was an opening. Almost at once these Homes became not only centers from which workers went out with help and relief to the surrounding community. They also became lodestones to which unfortunate and sick came for help. Departments of relief were organized, and dispensaries fitted up, so that the Deaconess homes are homes with Orphanages, hospitals, dispensaries, day-nurseries, employment bureaus, farms, fresh air camps, cafeterias, social settlements or industrial work.

The outstanding Hospital and Training School is the Lucy Webb Hayes National Training School and Sibley Hospital at Washington, D. C. Following closely upon its reputation for excellent training and splendid hospital service are the National Training Schools in thirteen other cities i.n different parts of. the country.

There were moving hearth-stories for the women to find among the Indians. There, in cooperation with the government, the

A FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY S29

mISSIOnaries taught the Indian wo.men to. weave the famous Navajo. blankets and o.ther trades that the Red Man might establish himself as a member o.f the eco.no.mic Wo.rld. The So.ciety built churches fo.r the Christian Indian and pro.vided an Esther Ho.me fo.r Indian Girls at Haskell Institute.

In the Spanish-Mexican field the missio.naries fo.und that the usual metho.ds of o.pening wo.rk applied in o.ther fieldls were of little avail. Peo.ple did not care fo.r kindergartens; they did· not approve of day schools and resented any stimulus to active labor. It was fifteen years befo.re the peo.ple accepted educatio.n as a necessary training for their youth. To.day there are three industrial homes and one religio.us settlement. The girls who. pass thro.ugh these industrial homes co.me from a unique enviro.nment, with the advantage of many strains of blood, lacking only the opPo.rtunity to. make the most of themselves except as given to them by Christian women.

Porto Rico, Hawaii and Alaska have been fields of most striking endeavor and success. The George O. Robinson Orphanage at San Juan and the Susanah Wesley Home at Honolulu are monuments of Christian love for American girls of foreign blood. In the frozen Northland stand Industrial H@mes, hospitals, schools and a Community Building built by the Wo.man 's Home Missionary Society. Every bit of sto.ne, wood, eqnipment and supplies have been sent from the United States to. Alaskan territory.

No resume of the work of the Wo.man's Home Missionary Society is complete without reference to the heroism of its missionaries. During forty years they have cleaned up bad spots in America as thoroughly as the marines wiped out machine gun nests in France. They have been as tender and skilful as the Red Cross nurses. They have been the faithful army on the firing line where it was hard and dangerous and where privations, need, and sufferings were a necessary part of the work. Many times their appointments were far out on the prairies where the ~ed Indian roamed, still battling against the civilization that claimed him. They were sent to the far Northland where separation from home and loved ones was as complete as anywhere on the globe.

Far to the South, the hot dry winds of the desert towns sapped the strength of the missionaries as they struggled for a hearing in the Mexican quarters of refugees from over the border. In city streets, foreign as any street in Canton, they walked with courage derived from prayer and faith in God. With surpassing patience they wrestled with the perplexities of foreign-speakiRg strangers. In crowded slums they have ministered to the sick and dying. There is almost no part of our land where the workers of the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church are not known!

the Women of

BY MRS. w. C. JOHNSTON OF ELAT, WEST AFRICA Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, U, S, A.

,SOMETIMES hesitate to tell of results in Bulu land lest the I average audience receive the impression that mo~t of the women have been helped. To say that one missionary baptized 1709 adults in eleven months, that he has 19 communion points, or that he organized seven churches in three months might leave the im- pression that the whole lump had been leavened.

Only last July an elder called on the missionary to go out fi1"e miles, from' the station to the town of Evina. The chief who is said to have had 178 wives, was ill and fourteen of these wives were confined in a pen for being the cause of the old chief's illness. There was also a witch doctor there with a string on which there was a hook which the women were to swallow. If innocent the hook could be withdrawn without any trouble.

The "poison. cup" is not used in our part of Africa, nor are twins killed as in Nigeria; but there are child wives and in many places a girl of ten lmmarried is considered an "old maid." Wom- en are still bought and sold, are put in pawn for gambling debts, are used as beasts of burden on the road, or are loane'd to their hus- band's friends.

The Bulu say Bote be ne mevale meva (People are of many kinds). That includes missionaries as well as people in other walks of life. Efficient workers are needed for the elevation of the womanhood of Africa.

Again to quote the Bulu, efficiency is MevaZ meva (of mallY kinds). Mrs. is a very efficient woman along many lines.

She took high honors in her class at a large co-educational insti- tution. She is just the woman to do translating work. If a co- worker is ill she is a good nurse. The missionaries' enjoy being entertained at her home for she is a good housekeeper and sets one of the best tables in the Mission. She can teach either vocal or instrumental music. If a mother and child have to leave un- expectedly. for home Mrs.— can make them an outfit.

But if you ask an Mrican woman her opinion of Mrs.—- she will tell you that she is one aiz (hard, cold, distant). She does not like to shake hands with a native because of the dirt and for the same reason does not like to have them in her home, or to go into theirs. While she is a bright conversationalist, she yet asks- "What would I talk to them aboutT" An African woman cannot be brought out of her low spiritual and social condition at the end 530 of a ten foot pole. The missionary must stretch out her bare hands and even arms when the hour of need comes. An efficient missionary for the work of elevating he~' black sister, is one whose life is so full of the spirit of the Master that it will overflow and touch the lives and hearts of the women all around her. Her life must be a prayer-filled life or else she will not have the grace to stand the dreadful, disgusting, every-day occurrences that are magnified many times by the missionaries'

physical condition due to the enervation of the climate and the necessary doses of quinine. , A missionary must have common sense and place herself in such relationship to the native women that she will understand their way of thinking. Read Mary Slessor's life or Jean Macken- zie's "Black Sheep" and you will see how a woman that "thinks black" reaches the heart of the African woman.

Oh, the mistakes of the new workers! It was our privilege to bu~ld in Bulu land the first church paid for entirely by native con- tributions. We were so busy telling the natives about what God wanted, that we had not stopped to find out what they were thinking about, until we were brought up short by discovering that some of them were thinking that by buying a little corner of the church they were also buying a seat in heaven.

Friends sent out Bible pictures, and what was more natural to one "thinking white" than to decide that the pictures should be given out to the women of the S. S. Class for good attendance.

Result T Some of the women thought they were receiving tickets of admission to heaven, and that when they died all they had to do was to show one of these cards to God.

On one itinerating trip I was trying to tell the women that heaven would be a place of rest. Mr. Johnston, coming into the palaver house after I had left, heard the women telling the men that heaven was the place where women rested and the men did the work. These mistakes were made by not "thinking black."

The woman missionary is taking the African women into a new world where, until they can grasp the higher things, the white woman must be the prop. She cannot expect the black woman to glide from the ground, as does the .aeroplane, but her progress must rather be like the snail which by the aid of a twig or a tree trunk leaves the ground at its slow pace, and the height to which it will attain will depend on whether it has chosen the twig or the tree. The African woman at her snail's pace is capable of reach- ing a great height from the place where she started, if the mission- ary who is her guide and friend is a tree trunk and not merely a twig. , House-to-honse visitation is the bftlt mode of contact with the Mrican woman. Two or three women will gather in one of the

little huts and while satisfying their curiosity, a missionary has a good opportunity to teach them about God. A missionary husband and wife live happily together because they obey God's commands and God is the head of the home. The missionary's children are better because they are taught to obey their parents because it is God's command. We white people keep our bodies clean because they are the temples of the living God. We do not give our little girls in marriage, for God has given them to us as a sacred trust to train for Him. If trained to fear God and obey their parents in the Lord, then, when they are old enough they choose their own husbands and make contented homes.

The African mothers are also reached through the little ones. They love their children as much as we love ours, but through their dreadful ignoran(le only a small percentage of their children live .past babyhood. The BuIu knows nothing of the artificial feeding of babies, and as a consequence if a mother cannot nourish her child it dies. Missionaries have now introduced artificial feeding and thus have saved the lives of many little ones. The mother may be reached through a sick baby that she supposed was be- Witched, but 'Was really suffering from the effects of the sun on the shaven head and bare spine. The mother is taught that a banana leaf used as an umbrella may save the little one's life.

At the funeral of one of these little ones, death may be made less hideous by a few flowers and a little dress of clean cloth around the body. The body of a firstborn man child may be taken firmly but gently out of the arms of the grandmother rolling on the ground, and placed in a crude box for a casket, and thus sympathy is shown.

When the native· women can be kept from some of the hard work, making the garden, bringing wood and water, cooking the food, tending the children and carrying the husband's load OB the path, then she should learn to read before she is taken into the Church. But under present conditions it is asking too much of the busy Mrican woman. If the husband is a Christian he should teach his wife to read before he is admitted to the Church. It is very essential that girls. should be in school. Where they do not have Christian parents it should be a boarding school where the girls can have the great spiritual and moral truths instilled into them. While the girl is in school the missionary should Rot see how much book knowledge the girl can be taught, but rather that she be taught to read God 's Word, and is trained for her wifehood and motherhood. A nation can rise no higher than the motherhood of the land, so that there is a grave responsibility on the women missionaries to train the women spiritually. Civilization will then follow just as surely as day follows night, and it will be a civilization that will endure.

the Persian Border of Afghanistan '

Missionary Experiences in Meshed Eastern Persia BY REV. DWIGHT M. DONALDSON, MESHED, PERSIA Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.

"Peace be unto you, sir." "Grace and peace be unto you, uncle." "God willing, your honor's health is good T" "Praise be to God, I am alive and able to serve my distinguished friend.' I "Your kindness is great, may God lengthen your life. But pardon me, what books are these 1" "This is 'The Law of Moses,' this, 'The Psalms of David,' and these four are 'The Gospels of Jesus.' " "Was His Highness, the Prophet Jesus, a doctor and are these medical books T" "My friend's understanding is good, for Jesus was indeed the great physician who ministered not only to the pain of the body but to the grief and fear of the heart." "Excellent, you have spoken wisely, for the body suffers now and then, but the heart is burdened always. Are these books in the Persian language 1" "By all means, it is for your coming that God has made them ready and it is the Persian language that you speak. Here, (opening to the ninth chapter of St. John) read this over for yourself while I see how long you will have to wait to see the doctor. May I see what number the man gave you at the door?" "Number 146." "Well, I am very sorry, but the doctor is seeing number 33 now, so there are one hundred and twelve patients ahead of you. But kindly see if you can find room to sit down and make yourself comfortable.' , "Again your kindness is great. Are you willing to sell me this little bookY" "The meaning of that book is beyond man's power to pay for, but the cost of printing it in Persian is ten cents. If you pay me ten cents you may take the book and keep it. And may God bless you as you read, so that you may see that Jesus, the great doctor, had a cure even for the burdens of the heart." And so another copy of Scripture was sold and another Mohammedan visitor sat down in the waiting room of the Meshed Hospital and began to read. It was about eleven 0 'clock in the morning. The one doctor was seeing the patients as rapidly. as he could. The minister in the waiting room had been busy since 533

seven 0 'clock. He had sold forty~five copies of Scripture and had read and explained man)' passages to groups that would sit quietly and listen. But just at this moment he took a pencil sketch of a letter out of his pocket and read it over to himself. It was a letter that he was to send back to the Christian friends in America. Here is the paragraph on which he was working: "Meshed is the only American mission station in the Eastern half of Persia, the newest station, with the largest opportunity yet developed for medical mission work. From the beginning of medical work in December, 1915, until Feb. 28, 1919, the hospital and dispensary were open for twenty-seven months and fifty-three thousand, five hundred and forty-five patients received treatment. That was an average of about two thousand patients a month. During the cholera epidemic the doctor was asked to be public health director, so the hospital had to be closed. At another time the doctor had a severe attack of typhoid fever and the work was at a standstill again. Scarcely had he recovered and taken up his duties· when the influenza not only reached East Persia, but attacked the one American doctor in East Persia, so once more the hospital had to be closed. There were other doctors in what is called the East Persia Mission, but these stations were all in the western half of Persia."

At this point our missionary friend was interrupted by a merchant from Afghanistan, who had been to see him at his home the day before.

"Well, well, my esteemed friend is prompt, for it is exactly the hour of noon. You will find the books you bought yesterday there in the corner. They are all wrapped lip and ready." And here is a little list of them: 25 Hebrew Pentateuchs. 50 Pushtu Psalms of David. 100 Persian Gospels of Jesus. 2 Arabic Bibles. 30 Persian Testaments." "You have stretched out trouble for me, sir. 'But I have one more request to make." (He called his servant who had been standing outside, and the servant brought into the room a huge tray that was filled with large white grapes.) "I want to give this present to Haji Ibrahim, who is in your hospital. Would it be too much to ask you to show me where he is f" "As grapes to the thirsty, so to me, (helping himself) is this opportunity to serve my friend. Come with me upstairs and you will :find Haji Ibrahim and five other Afghans who are all in one room. Your visit will give light to their eyes." When they got upstairs and entered the room where the Afghans were, they were greeted with a burly "Klmsh amadid, Sahib," (you have come happily, sir) from several of them who

i920] ON THE PERSIAN BORDER OF AFGHANISTAN

seemed to maintain the good nature and rugged vigor of their race, even on their sick-beds.

After a little conversation, in which the expression of gra.titude for the grapes was the principal subject, the missionary ex~ cuseCil himself this wav: •• And now, again, friends a.re about to separate. So jt IS always and everywhere. Before our friend here starts back on his long caravan journey far into Afghanistan, I want to rea~ this little prayer for travelers."

He opened his Bible and read the 121st Psalm in Persian, very slowly and reverently.

As the missionary was coming down to the first floor a servant told him that an "officer" was waiting to see him. He found that the officer was the Chief of Police.. Ordinarily the necessary exchange of courteous remarks would have taxed his versatility in the use of the Persian language, but this time, when'he saw his visitor, ~e gave a regular shout of praise to God, for he knew that a great thing had happened. The wife of the Chief of Police had been almost given up to die at the time of childbirth. Against the protests, especially of the women in his family, the miss~on doctor had been summoned and had spent a whole night at the home. The result was that the woman lived to be the mother of a healthy baby boy. The proud and happy father had come to thank the doctor, and to pay for his services. The missionary treasurer for the hospital gave him a receipt for thirty dollars. By doing emergency service for the wealthier families in the city the mission doctor was able to supplement the income of the hospital. .

After a few minutes the doctor came out of his office and spoke to the Chief of Police and told him to have the mother come to see the missionary lady who lived just across the street from the hospital. She could explain how to take care of the baby, how to dress, feed and bathe him so that he might not be one of the eighty per cent of Persian babies that di~ in infancy.

And so the morning passed for the doctor and the minister al'l they worked together in the Meshed Hospital. What is it accomplishing within the sacred "healing place" of Islam, the "Holy city" of Meshed~ A Persian Christian, who lives in the quarter of the city where the doctor did his largest service during the cholera time, has just sent word that there are now forty people in his own neighborhood who are reading the Bible and who are much drawn toward Christianity. He goes on to say that if one missionary evangelist could spend his entire time in talking with Moslems, by the end of a year there would be a thousand converts.

THE DEAF THE FIRST STEPS IN SCIENCE IN THE CHEFOO

There are probaMy over sixty thousand deaf children in China, every one of whom ought to be in school, while in fact less than two hundred are now being taught.

The first school for the deaf in China was established by a missionary of the Presbyterian Church in 1887 at Chefoo, and was for boys only. In 1906 the work was enlarged by the addition of a department for girls. During the past twenty years seventy-nine boys and thirty-six girls have been in attendance, amply proving by their attainment that the deaf can be educated-an idea which the Chinese at first ridiculed. but now regard as miraculous.

As a result of this pioneer work, several other schools have been opened.

The Ex-Commissioner of Commerce and Agriculture, Chang Kien, who is greatly interested in education, has apened a school in Nan Tong Chow; a Chefoe graduate has a private school in Hangchow ; a class for girls is taught in connection with the Methodist School for girls in Kucheng; and a school has just been opened in Peking. The teachers for these places are trained at Chefoo, where the aim is to give a practical training to Chinese teachers who wish to extend the work, in the best methods used in other countries which have been adapted to the Chinese Mandarin language.

Pupils have come to Chefoo from thirteen out of the eighteen provinces.

and from both Christian and non-Christian homes. To see them read and write, understandingly, the complicated Chinese characters, and lisp even imperfectly the words they have learned to speak by watching the teachers' lips. is most touching. To see. tears coursing down the parents' cheeks, as they realize what it means to their child to be taught, is not an unusual sight. It means not only to understand and to be understood, but freedom from the superstition that they are possessed with an evil spirit, and from persecution.

Lack of funds has greatly limited the work of the Chefoo School, the boys' school being closed because of iAnamdeerqiucaa.te* and unsuitable buildings, and need of another trained teacher from • The needs of the Chefoo School ire: $61000 to complete the building fund: another trained teacher and her salary; extra gifts to meet loss on exchange and high cost of living; twenty more schoJarships at $60.00 a year each; $15.000 mo~e for .th,e Endowment fund. ,Gifts may be sent, to r:en~~i~~~HYo~a~it;~easurer, Board of ForeIgn MISSIOns of the Presbyterian ChUl"ch. 156 Fifth 536

the .Church of

BY REV. WILLIAM A. BROWN, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS W HAT SHALL be the attitude of the next generation towards the missionary enterprise' How shall the Church of that day view the Christian crowds in America and around the world T What shall be that gene-ration's measure of missionary interest and service T The answer to these questions rests very largely with the present workers among the youth of America. The Sunday-school is in reality the key to the situation.

The missionary enterprise is intimately bound up with the bighest human values in terms of men and money. In the Sundayschools of today are the youths who "numerous and fresh as the morning dew" should go forth in the all-prevailing Name to win the world to Christ. In the Sunday-schools are the children and the youth who some day will become stewards of the vastest treasures of wealth which have ever been entrusted to the people of any generation. In the Sunday-schools the children and youth gather in ever increasing numbers about the missionaries' Book, wherein are taught the marvels of redeeming grace. There they may learn how wonderfully the God of Calvary won victories in the elden day. And God is winning still!

The Sunday-school not only has the wonderful Evangel to give to the world-"the Good Tidings of Great Joy" which are for all people-but the Sunday-school is in itself a great evangelizing agency. In these days the best Sunday-school teachers and other workers are beginning to realize that they are really evangelists, and they can never be finally satisfied until all their pupils become devoted followers of Jesus Christ. Missionary work is evangelism on a world encompassing scale. Sunday-schools will enter upon their career of largest Christian usefulli.ess when they become in fact missionary training schools.

There is great need for the members of our Sunday-schools to be trained in a knowledge of missionary work, first of all for their own sake. A. young man talked with me on the train one day. He was a fine fellow in many ways, but he had a very serious defect in his Christian education. He had been regular in his attendance at Sunday-school but evidently he had been taught, poor man, to think of God only in the past tense. He could not think of Him as actually at work in the world today. He knew how the Gospel was brought to Corinth, but he knew nothing about how the Gospel had been taken to China.

If Barnabas and Paul could cause great joy in the villages of 537

Palestine as they told of the Gospel triumphs in their first mission- ary joumey, why not fire the imagination of the growing generation with the story of the Gospel triumphs in our day' And the mem- bers of our Sunday-schools need the quickening of interest for their own faith and devotion.

. Besides, only by imparting to the oncoming generation a finer knowledge of the other people in the world oan we ever hope to overcome the growing national and racial suspicions and antip- athies which are all too apparent at the present time. The good people whom we do not like are the people whom we do not know. Have a care lest those in our Sunday-schools are as helpless as the heathen, when they ought to be as helpful as the first Christians.

There is also great need for the pupils in our Sunday-schools to be trained in missionary work itself. There is such work near practically every Sunday-school in America,-:-a bit of work within the reach and within the capacity of the scholars in the Sunday- schools. If they are led to do this nearby work for God they will be trained for other work for Him. In one community where the people were left largely to themselves, they grew indifferent to the ways of God, and the place came to have a bad name. Then a member of a neighboring Sunday-school became interested in them and won the children. Later the Gospel message reached the parents, and now that community is known far and wide for devotion to God.

There is a still greater reason why the pupils in our Sunday- schools should be trained in the missionary spirit. The principles of Christian stewardship should be carefully taught in all Sunday- schools. Covetousness is a heinous sin, and selfishness is the cause of the' evils that affect all orders of society in America today. The cure for covetousness is in Christian stewardship. The people of America will never hold right views about property and about industry until they are taught to recognize the fact that God alone is the absolute owner of everything and that man is .forever a steward in all things. Children and youth should be taught clearly to distinguish between God's right of ownership and man's privilege of possession.

One day when an appeal was made (for money) a boy re- sponded generously. Some of the older members of the Church thought the boy's gift was far beyond his means, as it probably was, . for he had to go without his lunch one day a week for an entire year in order to meet his subscription. But in the giving of that one subscription the boy became so bound up with the missionary enter- prise that he has since followed his Master into missionary work upon two continents. This is perhaps the chief value in missionary giving, for it is apt to carry the giver with it.

Those in our Sunday-sohools should be so trained in missions that they shall be completely captured for the missionary enter-

TRAINING THE CHURCH OF TOMORROW

prise and so that many of them shall devote their entire lives to the extension of the Master's Kingdom. All life is a ministry, and all service ranks the same with God whether it be :r.endered over here, or over there. The ,program of the Master is as varied as the , need, and the workers will find today abundant opportunity for the exercise of every kind of gift.

We too often neglect to enlist the youth in God's service and then we undertake to do with difficulty what- we might have done earlier with ease and greater effectiveness. There are spiritual tides in the lives of growing boys and girls-and if we were wise enough to avail ourselves of these favoring life currents we could .do far greater service for God. This is as true in the matter of life service as it is true of susceptibility to the evangelistic appeal.

Impressions largely determine the channels in which the life streams flow, and most of these profound impressions are made in early life. Why should we postpone the matter of recruiting for the high Christian calling until the direction of life currents is setT Again the pupils in our Sunday-schools need to' have teachers who are so thoroughly devoted to the missionary enterprise that they realize that one cannot be a Christian at all without being missionary. With such teachers the Sunday-schools of America would quickly become missionary training schools. One such teacher taught in a little school in a small village. There were . never more than a dozen little folks in her class" but out of that class of little folks there later went five foreign missionaries to bless the needy world. When this teacher, late in life, said, "I always wanted to be a missionary," one of the members of that class wrote from a foreign field: "You always made each of us feel that we ought to be missionaries."

Thus it rests largely upon the teacher as to whether or not the Sunday-school becomes an effective missionary traiillng school.

What teaching value is there in a missionary lesson, or in a mission- ary incident, or in a missionary personality, if the teacher does not believe in the missionary enterprise? .We cannot impart to others a faith which we ourselves lack. .

What measureless missionary possibilities there are in the 18,000,000 scholars in the Sunday-schools of North America! Al- most anyone can see that there must be future missionaries in such a multitude, but who will disclose to the teacher the missionary possibilitil1S in her class right now? The evangelization of the world waits largely upon the teachers in the Sunday-schools, for the world will be evangelized in that generation in which the Christian teachers of the you.th determine that they shall an be- come missionaries of Christ at home or abroad.

A GREAT SUNDAY SCHOOL RALLY OF 15,000 PEOPLE IN SEOUL

The Bible In

O NE PECULIARITY of the Sunday-s c h 0 0 I in Korea is that the old rather than the young make up the strength of the membership.

The numbers will doubtless come close to 150,000. One Qf the latest developments is to seek the attendance of the children of the non–church member. _ The Korean Bible pocket is indicative of the zeal of the adults for Bible study. The children of the church members have also come under the influence of the Bible school.

– So called "Ragged Schools"

are being organized in many parts of the country. In China similar schools are called "Rag COMING. KOREA Tag Sunday-schools." These aim First Member Sunday School Cradle Roll, Seoul to reach the child who is outside of Christian home influences. Frequently such schools are held-in the open, under some tree or 'Wherever a little projection can be found. The teacher will attract' an audience by showing Bible picture rolls or small Bible picture cards and at the close of the lesson a small picture may be given to the good listeners. Recently a missionary wrote that he C(!)uld use a half ton of such pictures to advantage.

The Korean Sunday School Association is supervising and stimulating the Sunday-school work. Rev. J~ G. Holdcroft is the Korean Secretary, representing the World's Association, but he can only give a fraction of his time to this important work. The International uniform lessons are generally used and a number of books on Sunday-school work have been published in Korean.

One important feature of the work in Korea is that practically all of the Christians are Bible students. They come from long distances and at great personal cost to participate in short term Bible study courses which are conducted in the various mission stations. At such centers ten three-hour evening sessions are held, one each week for ten weeks. The first teacher training institute was in progress in Seoul when the recent -difficllUies be- tween the Japanese and Koreans became acute. Over 200 were in 541

attendance consisting of teachers of all grades, who met in the auditorium of the Pierson Memorial Bible School. Chosen Christian College, which is located in Seoul, is planning to give lectures on Sunday-school organization and methods as a part of the course in the Biblical Department. More than one-third of the students are already helping in the Sunday-school work. The Correspondence Bible Course was taken by 1200 Christians in all parts of Korea during the past season.

The Korean Christians were at first strongly opposed to the holding of the Eighth Convention of the World's Association in Tokyo. The Annual Conference of the Korean Methodist Church, on recommendation of the Sunday-school Committee, however, adopted a resolution in which they stated that: Whereas, we believe that the Church in Korea should be represented in any such meeting of the Church Universal, We recommend, that each District, and as far as possible, each Quarterly Conference, endeavor to send representatives to the said Con- vention." ••• The Korean Sunday School Association adopted the following " Standard" in 1917: (1) To meet as a Sunday-school every Sabbath in the year. (2) Each sc~ool to elect a superintendent and a secretary for a year. (3) Division in classes according to advance made in Bible study as well as according to age. (4) Five minute review and questions on the lesson by the superintendent or other officer. (5) Weekly meeting of teacher-training class.

(6) Observe Rally Day on the second Sunday of October, each year.

Korean Sunday-schools vary in attendance from 2,000 to 3,000 in the large city churches to five or less in the meeting places in the remote villages. The Korean Secretary, Mr. Holdcroft, added: "Even the average of these did not find it quite to the liking (i)f the Korean mind to observe the above standard. The election of a superintendent to serve for a year was against the Korean custom of rotation of office, that each might be given opportunity to show his skill at leading, and the limitation of the five minutes placed upon the closing remarks was also a distinct shMk to the older Koreans, many of whom had been taking 30 minutes or even a full hour for these 'closing remarks.' "

It would be hard to find in America a parallel to some of the interesting features of the work in Korea. One of these is a Sunday-school which requires three sessions to accommodate its pupils. One group is obliged to gather outside the church waiting tlieir turn to enter. Too few Sunday-school buildings in America are working up to capacity. With a full time Sunday-school Secre- tary in Korea the progress would be still greater. S. D.P.

of Evangelism in

By REV. H. A. POPLEY, ERODE, SOUTH INDIA Forward Evangelistic Committee of the National Missionary Council C HRISTIAN evangelism has won some of its greatest triumphs and fonnd some of its greatest obstacles in India. A Hindu leader said a little while ago to an Indian friend, "Christianity has conquered China and Japan, but these are only primary :schools; India is a College, and here you must do much more to -conquer. " India is proud of her religious past. And while Hinduism is the most tolerant of religions it is also the most elusive and the widest in its range. In the North we find virile Mohammedanism. In the South we meet the "specious make-belief of theos- -assurance of the Jains, as well as the boldness of Indian nationalism. In the South we meet the "specious make-belief of theos- 'ophy" and the all absorbing Pantheism.

From the Punjab to Travancore the whole country is throbbing with a new: life, and young men are knocking at the portals of a new age. A new unity is evolving out of the variety of the Indian peoples. The Christian students are as keenly national as are the non-Christians. Up on the slopes of the Himalayas a young Christian student, with blazing nationalism, has started a Home Rule League in his own town. The Christian students in one of the Central India Colleges recently trooped down to the station to get .a glimpse of Mahatma Ghandhi as he came through; and in sleepy Travancore, they talk eagerly of the new era of responsible government into which India is now entering. There are tremendous possibilities in Indian nationalism and there is reason to hope that young India will rise to the new tasks which responsible government involves. But the biggest task before the Christian -enterprise in India today is the task of evangelism.

The tour made by Dr. and Mrs. Sherwood Eddy last year was .arranged by Christian leaders in India to stimulate the Christian Church to personal evangelism; to conduct evangelistic meetings .among prepared audiences of Hindus; and to speak to preparednon-Christian students. With Dr. Eddy were associated Mr. Stanley Jones, Mr. B. C. Sircar, and a number of other evangelistic workers, both men and women, in different parts of India. The tour comprised altogether forty-three centers from Lahore in the North to Nagercoil, ten miles from Cape Comorin in the South; from Poona in the Wrest to Elloire, beside the Bay of Bengal. Conferences for Christian workers ,were held in thirty-three centers. In thirteen oonters meetings for non-Christians were an important part of the programme, and meetings for non-9hristian students in seven.

543

No records were kept of the number who attended the meetings, but at Maramon in Travancore there were 30,000, while at Tranquebar there were only fifty. The average probably was about 500. For some of the conventions people walked over 100 miles and spent eight days on the journey. The central subject presented at the conventions was personal evangelism, the greatest work in the world. Reports show that the delegates left the meetings eagerly desir0US of putting in practice in their churches and villages the principles and methods recommended. The personal work classes were a regular feature of every convention and studied the little book prepared by Dr. Eddy called "The Greatest Work in the World~" Over 25,000 copies of this little book have been published in nine different languages. There was abundant testimony as to thQ need for emphasis upon the subject of personal evangelism, as in the Mass Movement areas, the pastors and catechists acknowledged that they had been in the habit of thinking of people in crowds or in classes, and had not been dealing with them one by one. As a result, many hundreds of Christians began to speak to others concerning their spiritual life and many hundreds more were won to a new life of consecration and service. In addition Hindus and others stood up and confessed their faith in Christ. Definite decisions were also made to study the Bible, to pray for guidance.

Of course this method is not possible unless there has been can:" siderable preparation by Christian workers, and unless the audience is a mixed one of Christians and non-Christians. It is, I believe, the first time that it has been tried in India. China has used it with success, but Mr. Eddy says that the Indian responds to it even more than the Chinese. There is no doubt that it presents a magnificent opportunity to the Christian workers to follow up the impressions of the address, and it also ~ves to the non-Christian hearer the opportunity to .bring out his doubts and difficulties straightway. Christian and non-Christian begin to exchange ideas with one another, and an atmosphere of sympathy is created and maintained. It is also a very good thing for keeping up the interest of the Christians themselves in personal work.

An important feature of the work among the Christians was the emphasis upon follow-up. In all the workers' conventions where the workers were drawn from the villages all around, they were asked to go back to their villages and hold conventions of their own for their Christian people and to carry with them the message of the meetings. In many different places in both North and South this was done, and so ,.the message was spread far and wide. In the towns personal work groups were formed and members of each church arranged for their leaders and groups.

All to the real results among Christians large numbers made a new start and many who had been nominal Christians entered the

19201 PROBLEMS OF EVANGELISM IN INDIA

abundant life of service and sacrifice. In reference to the non-Chris- tian meeting it is not easy to be so definite regarding results. There were instances of individual decisions and in many places men are regularly studying the life of Christ, and definite contact has been established between Christians and Hindu enquirers. The total number of those who decided was, however, small.

Some of the chief lessons and problems which emerged from the experiences on this tour were: 1. Evangelism needs time. In many places neither mission- aries, pastors, nor church members had time for evangelism. The missionaries were too busy with other things, the Indian Christians were too busy with earning their livelihood, and there was no time for anything but a haphazaTd and spasmodic evangelism. It is impossible to effect any large advance in evangelism until more people are prepared to give time to it. We are not going to win India simply by giving to evangelism a little spare time now and then. Evangelism is considered a part of all mission work, but it is often the last thing Christians find time to do.

2. The second lesson was the realization of the wonderful opportunity before a well-planned, steady and sympathetic evangel- ism having its center in regular personal evangelism by the Chris- tian Church. At Lucknow, for instance, the people were not at all interested in the war or any other thing, but they wanted to hear about religion. Out of this tour grew a plan for a united sys- tematic evangelistic effort in Christian colleges. A number of col-I leges have decided to bind themselves together to pray for each other, to plan for a regular evangelistic effort year after year, aiming at definite decisions by college students. This has been called a Covenant or League of Colleges, and has already been en- dorsed by a number of colleges in both South and North. In the High School at Scriviliputtur Christian boys realize the value of evangelism and go out two by two without money and without food during every summer vacation to do Christian work.

3. Another lesson is the need for steady and continuous effort. Many evangelistic workers have determined that this special effort shall continue and that there shall be agencies available to help forward the steady progress of the work in all the places visited. In many places the meetings were simply one part of a big movement which continues steadily towards its objective. It is no use arranging for special efforts unless one keeps in mind at the same time the absolute necessity for continuity and all that it involves.

4. The tremendous value of personal evangelism to lead to decision and to provide for a steady continuance of the work was another lesson. There is no method more powerful than this, and no method which needs less organization, and which ensures better continuity. This fact has gripped hundreds of Christians in India

and is going ts grip many more still. In the Nandyal district is a society called "Kristya Naharam," established by a layman as a result of a dream. There are three stages called Balya, Youvana and Purana. The Balya stage has twelve rules among which areincluded thrift and soul wining: saving money and saving souls. A. brotherhood of St. Andrew has been started in Sivakasi, every member going forth to win his friends as Andrew did.

5. The value of evangelism for promoting union among different churches was evident. In some of the conventions were Anglicans, Baptists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Wesleyans-all united in the prosecution of a common "task. The first evangelistic conference of the S. P. G. and C. M. S. took place at Courttalam, and some S. Po G. ministers said they had never attended such a convention in their lives before.

6. The two big problems to be faced are first that or winning men to take an open stand for Christ, and second that of finding many more Indian evangelists of the type that can win men.

There are literally hundreds of people in India who have found in Christ a new hope and a new teaching, such as India needs. But to take the one decisive step and to unite publicly with the disciples of Christ is too much for them. In one town a college professor who had made up his mind to publicly profess his faith in Christ found the strain so great that he fainted before he could do so. In another place a man who admitted that he had accepted Christ in his own life shrank from the final step because of his family. Sometimes the problem was that they were intellectually CODvinced, but the backing of experience was not there. There are men occupying the highest positions in public life and in society who are just outside the Kingdom longing to enter in. There is also the great need for outstanding Indian evangelists who speak with authority.

7. There is ample evidence from every part of India that the greatest obstacle to the winning of men to Christ lies in the Christian Church itself and in missionaries themselves, such as the un- Christian example of many in the Church and the disparity between preaching and practice, the lack of a vital and persistent personal evangelism, the lack of sympathy with Indian aspirations, the prejudices that warp the judgment and stem the life" of many workers. There is great need that' we discover and discard everything that prevents God from working out His purpose in India. We can see no cause for boasting, but every cause for self-examination to be sure that our name is written in Heaven as among those who share in the love of our Father and the service of His Son Jesus Christ.

The School To The

BY REV. SAMUEL D. PRICE, D. D., NEW YORK E ACH YEAR as Christ- mas approaches the Sur- plus Material Depart- ment of the World's Sunday School Association sends out material to at least 1400 mis- sionaries. These gifts come from friends of Christ in the home land and range from small picture cards to an auto- mobile, and from a card punch to a church bell. Each an- nual packet contains also a A BIBLE PICTURE ROLL IN TIBET hearty holiday greeting, two daily Bible reading calendars and Christmas and Easter musical services. Letters of thanks come back from hundreds of mission- aries who express their heart's gratitude, while they tell of more things that will help in their work. Thus far more than 36,000 people in America have been introduced to missionaries abroad and have tbus shared in their work by giving of their surplus to supply the missionary's need.

A list of special requests is aliNays. on file. There are now calls for a number of typewriters, blackboards, baby-organs, bells, kindergarten materials, raffia for blind workers, cornets, violins, special books, and many other things indispensable in the life work of a missionary. Memey is frequently sent to the Superintendent of this Department that some special gift may be purchased. Last September a request was made for a Ford car to be used at a hospital in India. A woman in Pennsylvania promptly forwarded a $1,000 Liberty Loan bond and the car is now helping to save life in India. A young man recently came to the office and handed the writer money to be used in buying blackboards for two workers in Egypt and to purchase large Bible lesson picture rolls for as many workers as possible. There are now more than 1,000 special requests on file waiting for some one to come forward with an o,fier of cooperation with these workers on the frontiers.

Some who cannot help with large gifts send what they have in the way of pictures, lesson helps, illustrated papers in English~ books from their own library, teacher-training helps, scrap books, postal card chains, handkerchiefs, pen knives, etc., almost any article one might use if 10,000 miles from home, and working with old and young.

547

From recent letters received from missionaries, note a few sentences that sheuld stimulate to special action. A missionary in India writes: "During the past year we received a number of picture post cards and now a new correspondent to whom you introduced us is sending us some magazines. These are all very much appreciated and we can use them to good advantage in our work."

Another from Korea says: "A graduate of our Girls' Academy is teaching a village school far from the railroad and from even the helps we enjoy. She says an organ would aid her and the people greatly. I wonder if anyone wants to send her a baby organ. She has been so brave and faithful to Christ in her struggle for her education we should like to see her have as much encouragement as possible." (About $35 would purchase and transport that greatly needed baby organ.) Another from Ajrner, India, writes: "I could use 50 of one kind of Easter or Christmas programs or both. We especially desire large Bible lesson picture rolls, graded lessons for kindergarten, primary, junior and intermediates in lots of not less than ten copies. "

From Chefoo, China, a missionary sends this request: "The Academy now has 300 students, mostly of the ages 16 to 21. This school has many boys able to read English and could use to good advantage books of all kinds for its library. We could also use geographical and historical pictures such as those issued in the National Geographic Magazine. We could also use, and would probably appreciate it more than anything else, a talkin$ machine with records. Our primary schools have an enrolment of over 900, and were receiving before the war dolls, Sunday-school cards, picture rolls, scrap boeks, etc. We need these things more than ever, also kindergarten material of all sorts."

A werker among lepers in India writes: "We are especially pleased to be able to give many of the pictures to patients at the Leper Asylum now in our charge. If there is any class of people for whom I feel it worth while doing something it is for these poor people. The whole Asylum is made bright with the large pictures of the Sunday-school rolls."

• For a pamphlet giving tuIl Information write to the Surplus Material Department, World's Sunday School Associ.tic>n, 216 Metropolltan Tower, New York City, Indicate your denomination In tuIl, distinguishing between "North" and "South" If that term applle.. 'State what you have to give, or send money for special things if you wish. Obtain a card of tntroducUOD to a mlssiona.ry and then forward the packages directly to the torelgn field. It Cl>Sts 32c to mall tour pound. of pictures abroad. Letters from the missionaries w!ll come with heartiest thanks, Write now tor Information about dressing dolls and then start your packages of joy before November that these dons may be distributed at the coming Christmas season. Ee sure and Include something choice tor the missionary too. It costs 12c per lb to man dolls and the paokage can weigh up to 11 Ibs' J No one need have a dull day who Is thus a foreign mis8iOnary at home.

Woman's Foreign Mission

EDITED BY MRS. WM. H. FARMER, MONTCLAIR, N. J.

THE FINANCIAL campaign of the Interchurch World Move- ment is over, an achievement "not by might, nor by human power, but by my Spirit, saith the Lord of Hosts."

Many churches made excellent use of their weekly calendars for public- ity. Three weeks before the every member canvass a Michigan church printed a passage from the eighth chapter of Second Corinthians as rendered by Moffat's translation of the New Testament.

."You are to the front in every- thing, in faith, in utterance, in knowledge, in all. zeal, and in love-do come to the front in this gracious enterprise as well.

"I am not issuing an order, only using the zeal of others to prove how sterling your own love is. (You know how gracious our Lord Jesus Christ was. Rich though He was, He became poor for the sake of you, that by His poverty you might be rich.) But I wilI tell you what T think about it; it is to your interest to go on with this enterprise, for you started it last year. you were the first not merely to do anything but to want to do anything. Now, carry it through, so tbat your readiness to take it up may' be equalled by the way you carry it throughso far as your means allow. If only one is ready to give, according to his means, it is acceptable; he is not asked to give what he has not got. This does not mean that other people are to be relieved and you to suffer: it is a matter of give and take; at the present moment your surplus goes to make what they lack, in order tbat tbeir surplus may go to make up what you lack. Tbus it is to give and take."

the alert for suggestions, it may be be n.ble to enter the background able to reach many very desirable of students' lives," declared Mrs. young women who had never before 11 urray Frame, President of the given definite thought to mission ~orth China Union Women's Col- lege. "I have been twenty-two years service." in China, but I always felt handi- One of the most constructive sug- capped in understanding the people because I never lived in the interior," gestions of the Administration Com- stated another well-known missionary. mission was that student volunteers be given advice in the selection of The. new candidates' knowledge their courses, so that they may of China will not be limited by what prepare for a definite phase of work they see from the car window, plus on the foreign field. "When I first experience in a large city. Houseentered college I wrote to my board, boats, wheelbarrows, sedan chairs telling them of my desire to become ;md mule litters Will all do their a missionary and asking their advice share in impressing upon them the in choosing my electives," declared fact that every sixth person in the one of the delegates. "They replied world lhes on a Chin«se farm and by congratulating me on my choice that beside the great back country. of life work and asking me to write the coast towns shrivel into 'insignifito them again when I was ready to cance. go. Very much at sea regarding my From Report of Elsie McCormick. course, I turned to my pastor for help. He advised me to specialize STEWARDSHIP HINTS on languages. I therefore majored in French and German, which I have "We were going over our family not had occasion to use more than budget for the year," said a well-tothree or four times. If someone had do business man recently. Suddenly only told me to take up economics I looked up at my wife with a gasp and sociology, my efficiency on the of astonishment, 'Do you see what field would have been donbled." we have done?' I exclaimed. 'for Though President Ellen F. Pendle- amusements and the automobile we ton of Wellesley College warned have allotted ten times as much as against too much specialization on the we are planning to give to the church part of undergraduates, she heartily and charities. I never realiz;ed it approved of the suggestion that the before.''' Together they went over boards give them general guidance the figures. What they had set aside and that they spend a year or two for benevolence would just about in intensi e preparation for a definite buy one new automobile tire. The branch of mission work after receiv- price of one tire-for God! ing their diplomas. The Christian steward recognizes But even after she has' had prac- that God is the owner of his life tical experience at home the young and wealth; he acknowledges his missionary's time of probation is stewardship by setting aside first of by no means over. The Commission all a definite proportion of his inon Secondary Education recom- come for God's use. mended that after a period of lan- Ruage study new mission teachers "THE POSSIBLE IMPOSSIBILITY" learn China from the inside, either by itinerating with an evangelistic The year they decided to try it worker or by residing' for a time in out, they looked at each other a the interior. little startled, neither of them sus- pecting the money miracle! "Unless a teacher is able to speak to old women and little children. He said: "I suppose you realize unless she knows the home condi- the children may suffer if we carry tions of her pupils. she will never this thing out!"

She said: "They may suffer if we

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

don't! A thing that's RIGHT to do, or as Solomon phrased it: THERE is right to' do-that's all there is to IS THAT SCAT'I'ERETH AND do. Probably there are lots of fami- YET INCREASET:-r AND THERE lies like ours all 0" er this country IS THAT WITHHOLDETH MORE who honestly want to practice Chris- THAN IS MEET BUT IT TENDtion stewardship, only THEY DON'T ETH ONLY TO POVERTY. DARE! I'm thinking it may do the children more good in the end than- MARGARET ApPLEGRATH. music lessons, 'for instance." WORK IN SOUTH INDIA "But $150 out of my $1500 seems a bit steep," he admitted. "I sup- (From a missionary's letter; pose we couldn't start in giving less than a tenth until we got used to it." Every Sunday afternoon, as you know, we hold a Sunday-school "And be meaner than the Jews with the caste girls in the regular were? not much!" school building. Although this Sup- day-school is not compulsory in an) This was the dawn of their new way it is largely attended, and not day. For he took a small account only by the girls of the school but book and in fear and trembling we have one large class of small started a -family budget, with a tenth caste boys and another class of set down conspicuously in the Lord's women, some of them former stucolumn every month. It was only dents in the school, and others through this bookkeeping that he dis- mothers and sisters of the girls themcovered the miracle at the end of selves. To illustrate the real interest the year: their nine-tenths minutely which these children take in the administered for their own needs, Bible lessons I wish to tell one had gone exactly as far as had the incident that happened a little time entire ten-tenths the previous year, ago. We had the story of the rich when they aimlessly spent from man and Lazarus and at the close month to month, never quite knowing of the regular lesson time I as usual where the money went. was giving them a. review of the lesson, and when this was over one The writer's father remembers of the Brahman boys rose and said, with keenest delight that young man', "Mother, one thing that I do not face in the prayer service when he like about this story is how could told of the miracle! "It's down in the rich man who is evidently of black and white!" he exclaimed: "I high caste allow Lazarus to dip the know to a penny that we made nine- tip of his finger in water and send tenths equal the ten-tenths. I was him to cool his tongue when Lazarus' bound I wasn't going to have it fall body was full of sores." The boy through, you see, but never dreamed had no sooner asked the question I'd make money! And as for the than, before I could possibly gi"e Lord's tenth-I guess we never had an answer, one of the bright little such pleasure in applying any money Brahman girls jumped up and said, before. We've pro"ed that where "Don't you know that Lazarus was your treasure is, there will your in heaven and we won't have sores heart be also. We read up about in our body in heaven?" I conthings, you know," he added with sidered the subject finished; the beautiful simplicity. child's answer was enough. Surely tbis is a proof that the Bible in- Little by little, as business grew, struction in our caste Girls' School I,e increased the proportion from a is not thrown away. tenth to a fifth, for from the first possi!:le impossibility he went on to During the last few months we prove the boy of John Bunyan's have opened a night school for Sudra memorable couplet: "A man there (the 4th or farmer caste) boys was, some called him mad: the more he gave away, the more he had";

and young men on the east side of seem to love the Bible study, One the town.· These boys and young of these boys was baptized last month men have to work hard all day and three more are thinking ser- long and have had no chance to get iously of taking the step. We could an education. We have this small get many more boys but we want school running in a rented building to select carefully and build this and they come here every night, work up on a sure foundation. except Sunday, and study from about These boys and those who are look- 9 o'clock often until midnight. They ing after them need your prayers. learn hymns and hear Bible stories two hours each week and I go to Every Sunday morning from 8 them from time to time and review until 9 o'clock I have charge of them in their work, and thus keep the large Sunday-school of our in touch with them. church here. We have an enrolment of over 800 and an average attend- N ow about the boarding depart- ance of 650. I give a good deal ment for the caste boys in ,the com- of my time to this Sunday-school, pound. Very near our bungalow trying to make it interesting not only two dormitory buildings are closed to the children and young people but by a high wall where the Bible to the old people as well. Then women in training used to live. every Sunday afternoon from 4 These buildings not being in use we until 4 :30 comes the Sunday-school started this new branch of the work among the caste children in the last January. At present there are town, and so the days are filled, to 10 boys in the boarding school with say nothing of visiting the sick in a young man of the Sudra caste the hospitals and in their homes who came to me about 9 years which I consider not only a duty ago to study the Bible and was con- but a privilege. More of the grace vertecl. He lives with these boys of God, more strength and more and acts as a big brother to them. time; thi3 is what is needed. He is a fine lad and his influence over the boys is exceptional. These SUMMER SCHOOLS OF MISSIONS l)oys cook for themselves. I have FOR 1920 given them garden seeds and in their yards they have a nice garden started 1. Los Angeles, Calif. May 31-June 5 from which they get vegetables for 2. Minneapolis, Minn. May 31-June 5 their own curries and also to bring 3. Oklahoma City, Okla. May 31-June 5 to the bungalow to sell to "Mother" as they call me. They would be 4. Winter Park, Fla. .June 3-10 . very glad ·if I would take the vege- tables as a gift, but that I will not S. Winona Lake, Indiana. June 24-July I do. I am constantly with these boys June 2S-July 5 and am very fond of them and I 6. Blue Ridge, N. C. think they love me, They are affec- tionate lads and a word of sorrow 7. Chambersburg, Penna. June29-July7 or reproof for any wrong deed is sufficient for them. Although they S. Northfield, Mass. July S-15 are caste boys from heathen families they attend all the regular meetings 9. Silver Bay, N. Y. July 9-19 of the church. On Saturday fore- noons for nearly two hours I have 10. Estes Park, Colo. July 9-19 a meeting with them in which we take up the history of the Christian II. Oxford, Penna. July 10-lS religion, the life of Christ, singing of hymns, etc. 'They are committing 12. Bay View, Mich. July 11-16 to memory many Bible portions and 13. Montreat, N. C. July 11-18 14. Mount Hermon, Calif. Jnly 13-20 .

IS. Asilomar, Calif. July 13-23 16. Lakeside, Ohio. July 20-28 17. Ocean Park, Me. July 20-30 IS. New Concord, Ohio, July 20-27 19. Lake Geneva, Wis. July 23-Aug 2 20. Seabeck, Wash. July 2S-Aug 7 21. Wooster, Ohio. Aug 4-12 22. Xenia. Ohio. Aug 10-17 23. New Wilmington, Pa. Ang 14-23 24. Tarkio, Mo. Aug 14-22 25: Lake Geneva, Wis. Aug 17-24 26. Chautauqua, N. Y. Aug 22-28 27. Dallas, Texas, Last of Sept.

28. Tuscaloosa, Ala. Last of Sept.

29. Boulder, Colo. No date given

fROM MrANY

MORICA Faithfulness in Kamerun Soul Winning in the Jungle HEN German authority came to W FA BIBO had a severe case of A ophthalmia, and when the' skill erun, the Basel Missionary Society an end in the German Kam- of the missionary doctor saved the was compelled to cease its activity sIght of one eye he pledged himself because many of its representatives to thirty days' service in taking the in the field were Germans. The Gospel to his people. At the end of work was taken over by the Paris tCll days he reported eight persons Missionary Society, and when Pastor won to Christ. "I've just begun," Allegret in 1917 went to Fumban to said Afa Bibo.· Later the Mission call the scattered Christians together distributed a number of workers' he found that the king hac,l gone over books in the B),llu language, with the to Mohammedanism and had re- proviso that each book must be re- quired all his subjects to follow his turned at the end of three months if example. All the Christian places of by that time the owner had not won worship had been turned into a convert. When two months were mosques. M. Allegret obtained per- up, Afa Bibo was asked, "What has mission from the king to hold a the book been doing?" meeting with those who at one time "It has been working," said Afa belonged to the Christian Church.

Bibo. Said the king: "I have no objec- "But what has it done?" tions; my people are quite free; but "Perhaps it has won twenty-five," I know that they do not wish to be was the answer. Christians any longer, and have ac- "I do not understand 'perhaps,' cepted the Mohammedan religion."

said the missionary. The meeting was held and many So Afa Bibo 'went home for his present said they preferred to be book in which he had entered the Christians but the king's order com- converts on his prayer list. There pelled them to be Mohammedans, were forty-nine names enrolled. among them some of the wives of This was some years ago, but Afa the king. Finally, a young man Bibo is still in God's service, says Dr. arose and said decidedly: H. L. Weber, a medical missionary "I will remain a Christian and con- to West Africa for the past eighteen fess Jesus, even if the 'king should years. fulfil his threat and should behead me." Upon this eleven others, Christian CWer in the Sudan mostly young men, declared that they MISSIONARIES at Doleib Hill, also would serve Christ, even in the Sudan, are rejoicing that view of what the king might do to Nodok, their first convert, has been them.

elected chief of his village. With these twelve young people, An incident which occurred some Pastor Allegret now went before the weeks ago shows the friendship of king, and said to him: "Look, these the Shullas for the mission. When people are remaining true, and wish trouble among the cattle at the sta.- to serve Christ!" The king' did not tion threatened the .milk supply, the dare to condemn them to death.

Shulla king s.ent a present of a fresh With this beginning. the congre- cow, that the "babies of. the foreign- gation has been again built up, and ers" might have milk. at the latest celebration of the Com- United Presbyterian. mUl110n over 200 Christians were in SSJ

attendance. Furthermore, with the able to gIVe him fullest information.

permission of the king, two out-sta- It was a most impressive scene as tions of the Mission have been re- these two very old and very notable established. chiefs pleaded with their respective The Christian. peoples to yield themselves to the dominion of Christ.

Death of Molcamba of Barotse-Iand The Christian Express REV. ADOLPHE JALLA write~ }~or Girls in South Africa from Rhodesia of the death of Molcamba, prime minister of Barotse- CHRISTIAN Association work for land, and an enlightened Christian the European girls in South Afman. Molcamba and Litia his broth- rica centers around large commercial er-in-Iaw were the first Christian and industrial localities. Cape Town, converts of the country, and both Pretoria, Durban-all the principal were loyal in their Christian service, towns of South Africa-have their in the face of great temptations. He hostels, probably the largest and paid a visit to England in 1902. most complete being at Johannesburg. There are sewing and reading circles'

Purity League at Inanda an.d classes £Or literature, ambulance NEGRO Christians in South Africa work, home nursing, physical culture feel it is high time to refute the and social subjects, while swimming, charge that social purity is unknown cooking, dressmaking, and other among people with black skins. A courses are arranged at intervals as recent gathering at Inanda, Zulu Mis- occasion arises. Bible classes and sion, lasting for several days, took devotional meetings are held not only steps for the formation of a Purity on Sundays but during the week as League. Addresses were made by well. In the early mornings, services natives and missionaries, and a con- are held in one of the worst localities stitution was drawn up and signed of the city, while once a fortnight the by more than a hundred young men colored children are gathered toand women. gether for a jolly afternoon, when they have either games or fancy Ch.lef Kbama on l'reaching Tour work, or perhaps some Bible stories. C. M. S. Review. REV. R. HAYDEN LEWIS of the L. M. S. Mission in South Af- Man of Faith in Madagascar A rica, last year made an extended LITTLE church in Madagascar has a church of which its memevangelistic tour accompanied by Chief Khama, an earnest Christian bers are justly proud. The entire convert. Services and tribal meet- cost of the building and materials ings were held in the villages and was met by an old Sihanaka Chris- cattle posts and a new church was tian, past seventy years of age. At opened at one of the largest out- the time of building, influenza raged stations. Upon the return of the on all sides. Workmen were struck partv to Serowe, the aged chief of down or fled through fear. Every the Hereros paid a visit to Khama in morning before lsunrise this un- order to personally commit his people daunted old man went to superintend to Khama's care. All the Hereros and encourage the work. When were called together and at the con- urged by his friends to stay at home clusion of this meeting Samuel Ma- he said : harero asked Khama many questions "No, I must· go. God's House about the Church and the rules and must be built, and if the people can- customs which were supposed to not do it, then I must. I have asked guide the conduct of Christians in Him to protect me until the work :; regard to all of which Khama was done, and I know He -.v'ill.

J920] NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

His prayer was answered, for this gwuped according to states and counfaithful servant went to and from his tries. These will illustrate actual work untouched by the disease, and mission work being done by Conthe work of buildIng was at last com- gregational agencies. pleted. Presbyterians Work Toward Union Centenary in Madagascar THE effort to unite all Presbyterian THE centenary celebration of the bodies persists, although many founding. of the Madagascar' attempts have failed. Four distinct plans have been proposed: (1) com- Mission, in August, 1818, has been plete organic union resulting in one solid church; (2) organic union acpostponed until October, 1920. The cording to the synodical plan, with an Assembly composed of commisplans outlined are as follows: sioners elected by the synods; (3) organic union on the basis of provin- (1) The Madagascar Continuation cial or regional Assemblies, with one Supreme National Assembly as the Committee, representing the seven capstone of tbe system; (4) union in a Federal Body, having only ad- Protestant Societies at work in the visory powers; (5) a Federal union, with clearly defined powers and reisland, propose that each mission sponsibilities, but which conserves the autonomy of the constituted churches should arrange an evangelistic cam- in doctrine and discipline, and all lo- cal interests, including the tenure of paign in the territory occupied by it, property.

so that every village therein shall be At a meeting in Atlantic City in March tbe Northern Presbyterian visited and brought into touch with Church favored union in one solid <;hurch, while tbe Southern Church the Gospel. inclined toward union on tbe regional basis.. Virtually, the proposals have (2) A large memorial hall to be narrowed to these two. A committee was appointed to submit plans fm a erected at Tananarive. future meeting.

(3) The churches in Imerina pro- The Presbyterian.

pose to build a Boys' Home and a The Y. M. C. A. War Funds Girls' Home for students coming in THE financial statements of the National War Work Council of to study at the capital. . the Y. M. C. A. shows that between April 26, 1917, and December 31, (4) The most important proposal 1919, the amount received was $161,- 722,649.42. During the same period, is the one by which the churches of up to the time when the Council turned over its unfinisbed work to "Vales seek to extend their work in the International Committee, the to- t tal amount expended was $129,082,- unevangelized parts of northern 917.43, of which $602,589.56 was for religious work. This leaves an un- Madagascar. expended balance of $32,639,731.99. The Executive and Finance Commit- These proposals will be considered tees recommend that of this balance in consultation with the Paris Mis- sionary Society and the French au- thorities.

NORTH AMERICA PUgriIn Tercentenary Celebration AN INTERNATIONAL Congre- gational Council, to celebrate the Pilgrim Tercentenary, will be held in Mechanics Hall, Boston, June 29 to July 6. Four hundred voting delegates, representing the United States, Canada, Great Britain, South Africa, Australasia and mission lands, will determine the organization and policy of the Council. Every Congregational church in the world has been invited to send a corresponding delegate. More than half an acre of floor space in Mechanics Hall will be devoted to exhibits,

$5GO,000 be appropriated to the Loyal tur and $15,000 for the Rentechint~la Legion. Work in the American Army has almost entirely been turned Hospital. ' over to the War Department of the Government, but service under the 'AGroup EvangeIis,n Y. M. C. A. still continues in France, METHOD that has commended It:J.!y, Czecho-Slovakia and Poland. itself to Methodist workers by successful results in Indiana and The following facts are also of in- New England is that of group evanterest: The receipts from the first gelism. By this method six or eight campaign in the United States were pastors band together and visit the $5,113,666; from the second cam- different charges of the sub-district, paign $53,334,546 and from the third specializing in the various aspects. of campaign $100,759,731. Overseas re- revival work. One does the preachceipts amounted to only $105,381. ing, another attends to the Sunday- The expenditures included $38,809,- school activities, another works with 642 in the United States and $52,- the men of the church, another meets 382,786 for American forces over- with the Epworth Leaguers, another seas. The loss on foreign exchange assists with the music, another holds was over ten million dollars. For the after meeting, and one looks af- Allied armies and prisoners of war ter securing publicity. The areas nearly twenty million dollars were from which reports have come show spent. The New York headquarters a total of 46,123 converts in a cost $2,730,027, and publicity $1,421,- period of sixty days, a result which 233. The estimated future expenses surpasses that of any corresponding include $11,950,000 for work in period within the last four years. Europe and Turkish areas, and $10,- 000,000 in the United States for Neglected Migrant Workers American headquarters expense. appropriations to army" navy, educa- MEASURES are being considered tional serv-ice and interracial work by the Interchurch World and reserves. movement for the care of the 22,000 fruit' and vegetable cannery migrant Lutheran Foreign Missions workers of the eastern states. The majority of the workers are women. THE United Lutheran Board of The states involved are New York, Foreign Missions is one of the New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. Boards that is financially embar- and women's missionary boards of rassed, having a deficit of $97,396 on the following communions will b~ March 1st. In spite of this, twenty- asked to share responsibility: Chrissix new missionaries were appointed tian, Methodist Episcopal. Methodist at the meeting of the Board on Protestant, Presbyterian (U. S. A.). March 25-sixteen to India, four to United Presbyterian, Ref 0 rm e d Japan, five to Africa and one to Ar- Church in America. and Reformed gentina. These reenforcements are Church in U. S. greatly needed. There are also under way plans for new equipment in In the sections from Texas north a number of the mission fields. to Canada, and during the period These plans include $43.000 for mis- from June to September, the Home sion buildings in Buenos Aires. Ar- Missions Council plans to make life, gentina; $17,000 for buildings in more worth while for the migrant Monrovia, Liberia; $25.000 for a harvest hands by erecting tents in Boys' High School in the Muhlen- centers where the harvest groups burg Mission and $60,000 for a new gather, to furnish recreation, relicollege building near Guntur, India; gious services and an open forum $8,000 for a Traintng School in Gun- for discussion. Cooperation will be sought from local churches and farm bureaus.

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

California has petitioned the Inter- forty Koreans as charter members.

church Migrant Group Section to Mr. Choy intends to establish other send two Protestant teachers for two churches in the Middle West wher- model farm camps to be established ever there are sufficient numbers of in Santa Clara County. Christian Koreans to justify a sep- arate organization.

~eeds of City Negroes Korea Review.

HE Home Mission Survey has re- T vealed the fact that the urban New Academy for Indians A 7:egro is less concerned about his FARM of forty acres and farm- house have recently been purspiritual vvelfare than his rural brother. Non-church membership is chased near Smithville, Okla., as a the exception among Negroes in the beginning for the Willis-Fulsom Aca- country districts, but invariably the demy, intended primarily for Indian membership falls off when they mi- boys and girls but will include chil- grate to cities. New York City has dren of white mountaineers. A ter- only 28,000 Negro church members ritory of twelve hundred square miles out of a total Negro population of lies around it, with no other high 145,000. school advantages. The Academy Y. w. c. A. for Chinatown opened in September, 1919, with a faculty of three and a student enrol- A YOUNG Women's Christian As- ment of twenty, classes being held in soCiation is being organized ill a rented storehouse. Rev. Estill A.

the Chinatown of New York City. Townsend, the principal, asks for A petition, signed by the leading wo- selected books for the library, which men and several of the merchants now consists of about two hundred of that district, asks assistance of the and fifty volumes.

National Board in organizing an As- sociation. There are about one hun- Edncational Center for Indians T dred and fifty Chinese women and HE American Indian University at Wichita, Kansas, founded girls in New York City, a few of them students but most of them through the efforts of Rev. Henry wives, mothers and daughters of Roe Cloud, is to train Indians from Chinese business men, who are inter- the 150 tribes for leadership of their esting themselves in everything that people. The Indian constituency American women do. This Chinese grows constantly, contrary to popular Association will endeavor to train opinion. In 1890, it numbered 248,- women in citizenship, American cus- 253, in 1919, 336,000.

toms and Christian living.

"In establishing an Association, LATIN-AMERICA we are hoping to learn of the best Missionary Obligation in Guatemala elements in American womanhood, GUATEMALA is making a brave and at the same time retain our ideals effort for the fourth time in as of Chinese civilization," said one of many centuries to rise above the ruins the leaders. of the earthquake of 1917. Central Korean Church in Chicago America is not only marked by com- mercial opportunity but is full of THE first Korean Church of the missionary opportunity and obliga- Middle West was dedicated in tion.

Chicago, Ill., in September of last The delegates to the Regional Con~ year. This church is under the care ference of missionaries of Latin of the first Methodist Church of America, held in Guatemala City last Evanston, and Rev. N. Y. Shay has March, met near the ruins' of the been appointed pastor, with about Presbyterian Mission Church. More

than '200 persons were packed into Great Britain are the King's referthree small rooms for Sunday-school ence to the need of further regulaservice in the home of a missionary. tion in his address at the opening of Others came to the door constantly, Parliament; the Bishop of London looked in on the crowded rooms and has spoken in favor of limitation of turned away in disappointment when the drink traffic; and many areas in they saw that entrance was impos- Scotland are going "dry" through losible. cal option.

A Paraguay Church Mission Methodist Conference in London REV. HARRY WHITTINGTON A FIFTH Ecumenical Methodist writes that the church at Bana- Conference has been called to nal, Paraguay, plans a forward step meet in London in September, 1921, to evangelize the surrounding district. in the great Central Hall of West- Two horses have been secured, the minster. There are signs that by workers contribute their time and the the time of this meeting the various church assumes responsibility for in- Methodist bodies in England will cidental expenses. Two trips each have become one. month will be made, one toward Miranda, the other toward Aquidau- American Friends in France ana. Each trip covers about a week, and the workers go by twos. Other THE American Friends continue to districts will be visited as time goes give good account of themselves on and the way is open. Persistent efforts are continually being made to in reconstructive work in France and drive the missionaries out of Bana- other war torn lands. About 1500 nal, and to close the church and acres of land have been plowed up school. and made ready for planting in the Argonne region west of Verdun, and EUROPE the farms stocked with chickens, goats, rabbits, bees and larger live Temperance in Great Britain stock. About 22,000 fruit trees have been planted, 1400 houses erected and PROHIBITION in Great Britain is twelve cooperative stores. Homes not looked upon with favor for are built only for those families three reasons. First, it is an inno- which have no surviving men. vation; second, it denies men liberty to drink what they like; and third, Other beneficent work of the much money of individuals and of Friends' Mission includes the buying institutions is invested in breweries and quartering of three hundred cows and distilleries. Nevertheless the just outside of Vienna, from which cause of temperance is gaining in milk is supplied at cost to child wel- Britain. There are many Britishers fare organizations. Four young men who care more for their fellow men of the Friends' Unit are superintendthan they care for their appetites or ing two hundred Bulgarian prisoners their pocket books and these people in the rebuilding of villages in the are working to put down body and Toplica Valley. Another group has soul destroying strong drinks. established an orphanage in a Serbian America's example and experience is industrial center. All these brotherly also an eye opener. If industrial and activities are directed from Philadelmoral progress shows that America is phia, Pa. reaping large benefits from prohibition, England will have an unanswer- War Loss ot French and Belgian Protestable argument in favor of destroying her drink traffic. ants Among the signs of promise in 'THREE million dollars is estimated by the Federal Council of Churches as the obligation of Ameri-

i920] NEWS FROM. MANY LANDS

can Protestants in aiding French and days of the war ate now living on a fortified island near Vladivostok, Belgian Protestants to recover from once the private property of the Czar. The children have had no communiwar's disaster. It is calculated that cation with their parents who sent them away in care of teachers when this total will rebuild all the local starvation threatened. They were church edifices which the war de- two years in reaching Vladivostok and are now under the care of the stroyed-ali ruined manses also-and Red Cross. It is uncertain how soon' effort can be made to reunite them to start going again all the educational their families.

and charitable institutions for which Christian Associations in Iceland funds failed while the war continued. REV. FRIDRIK FRIDRIKSON, After all this there will be enough while a student in Copenhagen, came in contact with the Y. M. C. A. surplus to clear up the debts on the and when he returned home to Iceland he started a movement in French missionary society, and enable Reykjavik. In spite of much skep- ticism, after two years' effort he was its excellent work in Africa to con- rewarded by seeing a Y.. M. C. A. organized, and a few months later a tinue unabridged. It is proposed to Y. W. C. A. The latter now numraise tHis sum in three annual in- bers 400 members, and the former about 600. staJlments. A proof of the vital power of the The Continent. Association movement was given in 1917 when 20,000 Danish crowns The Gospel in Italy were collected, mostly among the members, for a new up-to-date build- PROFESSOR VITTORIO BANI ing for the members of the town affirms that evangelical teaching clubs. in Italy has driven the Roman clergy Apostle to the Maltese to study the Bible. The Roman MALTA, the Melita of Paul's day, authorities have been constrained to now has a missionary of Paul- ine spirit named John Falzon. Reissue a new translation of the Gos- cently, he has been shepherding Mal- tese who have emigrated to Tunis. pels, and sold it through the Society Here are a few extracts from his diary: of St. Jerome. Prof. Bani says that there are today two Catholicisms, a 24th. I went again along the streets looking for Maltese. I found poor minority which follows the Pope fourteen. Two of them told me that they had been s.een in my company implicitly, and a new type which by other Maltes.e people, and that they had been warned to avoid me. recognizes in the Pope only a tradi- They replied, 'We are free men and will approach any we like.' We have tional head of the Church. This ma- talked much on religion and they have promised to come to a meeting jority adheres to Catholicism because in my house. I am praying.

it is not yet able to adapt itself to 28th. Six Maltese men from evangelical worship.

Norwegian Clergymen Form League A HUNDRED or more Norwegian clergymen have formed a league under the name of the Union of Clergy Loyal to the Faith. The aim of the organization, of which the Chairman is Prof. E. Sverdrup, is to work for the deepening of the spirituallife by Bible study, to strengthen the positive forces in the State Church, and to counteract the work of unbelieving theologians.

Record of Christian Work RusSian Refugee Children EIGHT hundred Russian boys and girls from seven to sixteen years of age who have been separated from home and parents since' the opening

among the recently arrived came to lead, though the demand for Scrip- my house: My heart is filled with tures in the Turkish language will joy. I spoke on Acts xvi and gave doubtless exceed that of any year. a clear and full message of the Gos- We are doing all we can to get. pel. They listened with great glad- ready." Bible printing was impos- ness and joined with devotion in sible last year in Constantinople, yet prayer. 24,296 copies of the Scriptures. were distributed. 29th. Other three newly arrived Maltese men came to my house. I Watehman-Examiner. entertained them with God's Word on Luke xv. 11-32. They seemed Christ and Mah<>met greatly touched by God's Word and joined devoutly in prayer. AN AMERICAN journalist writ- ing from Damascus in the maga- Record of Christian Work. zine Asia records a conversation with a Moslem professor, in which the lat- lUOSLEM LANDS ter instituted a remarkable and sur- prising contrast between Jesus of 'rurks Turning Toward Christianity Nazareth and his own accepted prophet. "The personality of Jesus," HERETOFORE it has not been a said the Mohammedan savant, "is majestic simplicity. The personality . problem to provide for Moslem of Mahomet is complex superman." inquirers in Turkey for the reason Then after a pause he added: "The that there were so few inquirers. higher type is Jesus." Certainly Generally speaking, the most that has such an understanding observer canbeen attained in one hundred years not be far from the Kingdom of of work in Turkey has been the win- God; and it is interesting evidence ning of regard for missionaries as how, in a clear mind, even though its friends, and the lessening of fanati- predispositions may run opposite to cism against the "infidels." Christianity, the character supremacy of Jesus compels reverence. As Since the war a changed attitude Bushnell said, it literally "forbids His is manifest. Turks, both men and classification with men." women, are coming to the missionaries for instruction as to the Chris- The Continent. tian way. They are declaring their dissatisfaction with Islam, and their Student Volunteers of Constantinople feeling that Christianity is true and has something better to offer. These THE Student Volunteer Union of inquirers are not yet a great multi- Constantinople which was organtude, but they are enough to forecast ized last December seeks to enroll in a mass movement toward real reli- its membership all those in Constantigious emancipation that will gain nople or its vicinity who during stumomentum in that discouraged land. d!;nt days either in Great Britain or North America allied themselves with Missionary Herald. the Student Volunteer Movement. Sixteen or more persons have signi- Bible Distribution in Turkey fied their interest not only in main- taining the fellowship known in stu- TURKS are buying the Christian dent days, but in promoting the aims Bible, according to a letter from for which such a body may most usethe Secretary of the American Bible fully stand in the Near East. Society in Constantinople. He says: One important phase of the work "We have what will prove, I think, of the Union is that of gathering to be an unprecedented demand for items of information which will be the Scriptures for the coming year. useful in the hands of Student Vol- There are indications from all sides that this demand will be large, and this in all the languages used here. Probably Greek and Armenian will

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

unteer secretaries in the home lands necessity of working. Army mules as they seek to interest students in came to the rescue bringing military the life· and problems of the Near rations from the camps on Bethle- hem Road, making it possible for East. soup kitchens to be maintained by Occident and Orient. charitable organizations serving for several days 15,000 people daily. "Happiness Factories" The A. E. F. canvas Leave Camp "HAPPINESS Factory" is the became uninhabitable early in the name given the Rescue Home storm. Sixteen soldiers on leave were sleeping in the Army Y. M. in Adana where fifty-five girls are C. A. hut and ten more in the small kept busy enough to make the mem- mess room in a stone building nearory of past horrors a vague shadow. by. Since everyone's clothing was The Home is, as a matter of fact, a wet and fuel was scarce, there was bam-like structure of unattractive little sleeping other than naps beappearance, but the busy hands flying tween shivers. At midnight the gale among the rug looms, heads bent at its height drove such a bank of over embroidery or eyes watching snow against the side walls of the their fruit preserving are justification wooden hut that it suddenly caved in, for the name of the Home. At pres- bringing the roof with it. Luckily, ent there are fourteen such Happi- the wall held in the end where the ness Factories in Armenia. men were sleeping, allowing them to flee uninjured, in all states of attire, Snow in Syria and Palestine plunging through drifts shoulder-high and dragging after them blankets, BEIRUT during the past winter trousers, shoes, blouses, and other im- experienced bitter cold, and at pedimenta. They naturally sought one time had the phenomenal experi- the already overcrowded mess hall of ence of eight inches of snow. Great the "Y" and in five minutes it beaamage was done to olive and fruit came the acme of confusion. trees and many of the historic and ornamental trees in the mission com- Anti-Zionists Parade pound fell from the weight of snow on their branches. AN ANTI-ZIONIST demonstra- tion in Jerusalem on February Jerusalem in February experienced 27 was a picturesque protest against the colonization of Palestine by the a record-breaking gale, driving a Jews. Arabs and Bedouins' intro- duced an element of the desert into thirty-inch snowfall in drifts shoul- the motley concourse of about 8,000 der-high. Great destruction and suf- people who marched through the fering resulted. A large corrugated streets, carrying banners proclaiming iron mill building, two cinema thea- anti-Zionist sentiments without threat tres, the Evelyn RoUtschild Army of violence. Y. M. C. A. hut, and about fifty dwellings collapsed. All communica- One cause of the antipathy to tion by road, railway, and wire was Zionism has been the influx of a cerbroken, leaving the city isolated. tain type of Jew from Russia, a type wholly different from the Jew famil- Emergency measures were taken iar in Palestine. He cares nothing by the Military Governor, who set for his religion, and is looked upon the hardy Yorkshire garrison troops as Bolshevist. With the coming of digging out the ancient city, for the the British Army this new type of native populace was too astonished Jew began to exhibit a very haughty and bewildered to act. All business and overbearing attitude. was abandoned as men huddled around stoves or kept to their beds. Food shortage of so serious a nature followed that the governor had to threaten bakers and storekeepers with jail terms to impress upon them the

Traveling Eye Hospitals souls who rather enjoy gallivanting RAV~LING Eye Clinics in the over the country, seeing the sights T Nile Valley are proposed by mis- and getting fed gratis by the faithful.

sionaries to deal with the prevalent And their bowls are not always eye diseases of the land of the Pharoahs. It is hoped to equip four auto empty. * * * Sundar Singh has ambulances, possibly using those sal- won knowledge and certainty out of pain. Today, Sundar believes as ever vaged from the war, and send them in suffering. But it must be suffer- out to visit villages as yet unreached ing to some good for others. This by missionaries, medical or evangelis- Christian saint would never line his tic. This hospital fleet would be shoes with sharp nails or walk bare operated by denominations already foot over a path of live coals; he in the field. would never while away his time re- Extending Work in Persia posing on a bed of spikes or squat- ting between three fires. Yet he is NOT the least part of missionary glad to swim icy rivers in the Hima- work in Persia has been evan- layas or to receive blows in the face gelistic service among the British (literally turning the other cheek) or soldiers. Some of these had not to be thrown down into a well been inside a church or attended any amongst rotting corpses (as happened religious. service since leaving home. Prayer meetings were held for those to him in' Tibet), for the sake of the Cross.

already Christians, and quite a large India Sunday School Union number of conversions from among the others rejoiced the hearts of the HE India Sunday-school Union is workers. Reports of this helpful T a dearing house for Sunday- ministry went back to mothers, wives school ideas. One finds its leaflets in and friends in England, and many remote villages from Travancore to prayers of thanksgiving found ex- the Himalayas, and its long estab- pression from them. lished examination scheme has stimu- The soldiers also caught a new lated thousands of boys and girls glimpse of mission work, and one and teachers of India to sustained efwho had been particularly impressed fort in Bible study. A correspond- asked how he could get into mission- ence course of teacher training has ary work in Persia himself. . been developed in which more than a thousand have secured certificates.

INDIA Examinations have been held m Sadhus-Hindu and Christian twelve languages.

AN INDIAN journal recently Christians in the Madras Corporation pointed the contrast between Hindu and Christian sadhus (holy THE Indian Government has apmen). pointed two Indian Christians, "Our typical yellow-robed religion- presumably to represent Indian ist seems to consider dirtiness next to Christian interests, in the Madras godliness, whereas Sundar Singh Corporation. There are now four takes his bath as seriously as his Indian Christians in the Corpora- prayers, remarks the writer who tion. This is an important recogni- goes on with the comparison as fol- tion for Christianity in India.

lows: "In India there are over five mil- Schools for Missionaries' Children lion sadhus,-five million wandering, THERE is but one school in all Inyellow-robed 'renouncers.' It is conceivable that half or even three- dia which affords a satisfactory fourths are indolent instead of pious environment and courses of study for the children of missionaries. This

1920J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

was founded eighteen years ago at holiness begin to creep into his mind; Ko-dai-kanal, South India, and is and what has been regarded as an maintained jointly by a number of act of devotion appears as a filthy Mission Boards. As a result of the custom, perilous to health. Indian survey, a chain of such schools is proposed to extend across The fantastic theories about the India. cause of disease cannot long endure inspection under a microscope, for Systematic Giving in S1a:m the one who learns how typhoid con- tagion is spread by impure milk does I N ORDER to unify the Christian not take seriously the explanation of forces, contributions from the the gods' displeasure. Furthermore, various communities around Cheng- a man whose religion forbids him to mai are brought in quarterly and take life, even of an insect, stands placed in a central fund, a quarterly aghast when he sees in the water he conference being held at the same drinks a thousand living creatures. time when discussions are largely given over to the subject of steward- CHINA ship. The envelope system is in use in all the churches. In some cases A Seventy-Filth Milestone each member of a household pledges a definite amount, while in others. a THE oldest Presbyterian mission certain amount per family is prom- station in China, at Ning-po, is ised. This has resulted in doubling completing its seventy-fifth year. A the contributions. recent feature of the service there is the institutional work in the crowded Student Hostels in India business section near the East Gate. Outside the city wall is Dzongteh THE importance of hostels, or Girls' School, the continuation of the Christian boarding houses for first school for girls to be opened in . students in India, is shown by the vig- China, and close by is one of the first orous protests awakened at the clos- Presbyterian churches erected in ing of the Montgomery Hostel, of the China. The historic Fuzin Church, S. P. G. College in Trichinnopoly, built seventy years ago, still has the . because of some disorder among thl' largest auditorium in Ningpo. The students. The other boarding places pastor is a son of a Christian minin the town are said to be no better ister, and his own son is now studythan "pig sties," and detrimental to ing theology in America. the health and morals of the students. The hostels are built to provide the Community Service at Glnling young men with good, clean, wholesome surroundings, but they are not ALL but two of the sixty-five stualways appreciated until they are lost. dents of Ginling College for wo- men are registered for definite social Science as a Christian Ally work. The half-day school for girls of the neighborhood is the largest GROUND glass is usually fatal to single undertaking. Thirty-five pu- Hinduism-that is to say' the pils come from one to four o'clock microscope is one of the most potent five days in the week and receive sysforces in destroying superstition by tematic instruction of primary grade. revealing the wonders of modem The students conduct a Sundayscience. When an Indian boy looks school having an average attendance through a high-powered microscope of 110 small children; and a twoat a drop of water taken from the hour mothers' meeting is held each "sacred" River Ganges, and sees the Sunday afternoon, followed up by world of germ life swarming in that visiting in the homes. In the governdirty water, lurking doubts of its ment orphanage a Sunday-school and monthly missionary meeting are con- ducted by Ginling students.

New Theological School ITCigarettes from "Honorable" Anlerlca IS hard sometimes for the mis- A CENTRAL theological school sionary to explain the various will be opened in the autumn of kinds of people from her native counnext year at Nanking in connection try who come to China. One day a with the Episcopal Mission. The Chinese woman appeared at a meetproposal is heartily welcomed by the ing in one of the out-stations, puffing other missions at Nanking. a cigarette. Both face and hands were yellow beyond native coloring Nurses Needed from excessive cigarette smoking. Politely the missionary asked her not FROM China a medical missionary to smoke in meeting. "But," ex- sends this appeal: "Weare at the claimed the woman in amazement, stage where the whole progress of holding out her cigarette, "these come modern medicine in China is being from your honorable country." It retarded by the absence of a nursing took some time for the missionary to profession among the Chinese wo- explain that people from her "demen. It is becoming increasingly based" country were of varied types easy to get a good foreign-trained and different purposes. Chinese doctor; our equipment is rapidly becoming as good as is to be The Continent. found anywhere in the wide world. But we have no nurses. That is be- Wanted-A School coming the cry of medical missions in China today: foreign nurses to A CHINESE woman of Canton conduct training schools in connection wanted her son to enter a Chriswith our hospitals." tian school. When she applied she was told there was no dormitory . "Self-Come" Water room. She then asked how much it T HE average' Chinese rustic is be- would cost to erect such a building. wildered by the unaccustomed When told $3,999 she said, "AU comforts of a mission hospital. right; I will build one." Are Chris- Having indicated his intention of un- tian schools appreciated by the Chi- dergoing treatment, he first makes the nese? Bible Study.

acquaintance of the uniformed bath Rag Tag Sunday Schools boy, a muscular factotum who mag- "WHEN is Sunday? How many more days?" question the little nifies his calling and takes profes- beggar children of Tengchowfl1, sional pride in the output of hi." de- Shantung, China, when they chance to meet the missionary in the IPartment. When simple hot water street. Ragged, dirty and often naked, carrying their smaller brothers and soap do not produce results and sisters on their backs or breasts, and some carrying their little baskets which satisfy his discriminating taste, in which they put their millet cakes, sweet potatoes, or other food they he brings into play an aid similar recelve by their begging. They nev- ertheless have a bright smile for the to a curry-comb. After this process white missionary who teaches on Sunday i-n the "Rag Tag" Christian the patient is introduced to a clean Sunday-school. The School, com- posed almost entirely of these little ;suit of clothing, while his own ap- street waifs, has a total enrolment of 400. The missionary has not the parel is rendered innocuous by fumi- heart to tell one of them to go home. to put.on a garment and return. gation. Not infrequently a patient from the backwoods manifests a su- perstitio,+s fear of the "self-come"

water, but owing to the familiarity which is supposed to breed contempt he may in a few days become one of those who amuse themselves by turning the water on and off at the risk of flooding the whole establish- ment. G. VV. HAMILTON, M. D.

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

They often have but one garment, This Committee investigates condi- and that is kept for the winter. tions and gives counsel regarding Therefore we would rather have the matters of missionary policy. children come without clothes than not to come at all. So eager are they Geometric Prt'lgression to get to Sunday-school each week . that long before the hour for as- REV. CYRUS A. CLARK, of Mi- sembling they are in their appointed yazaki, writes that twenty-eight seats. A bright colored post card or and a half years of work in Hiyuga a Sunday-school card, of which we have resulted in five so-called inde- could use between four and five hun- pendent churches, six churches still dred each week, is ample reward for receiving aid; gospel preaching in their silent interest in the story of the sixty or more places; and twenty- boy Jesus. These they paste on their four Sunday-schools, with 1600 regu- black mud walls, above their mud lar attendants. A non-Christian law- brick beds, and teach their parents yer of the community gave the fol- each week the Golden Text. lowing testimony to the work of the mission: "You cannot estimate OTTO BRASKAMP. the value of Christianity by the nU(ll- ber of Christians. Only to have JAPAN -CHOSEN given the people of the province the idea of only one living and true Federated Missions in Japan God, vs. the 8,000,000 gods of Japan is an achievement great beyond esti- COOPERATIVE effort has brought mate." very encouraging results to Protestant mission work in Japan. Social Service The Conference of Federated Mis- sions was formed in 1902, and was I N COMPARISON with the habit- followed by a Federation of Pro- ual lack of cooperation between testant Churches and a Continuation state and federal authorities in Committee, practically uniting the America, the celerity and thorough- two. The small area of Japan and ness of some Japanese officials is the rapid progress of Japanese commendable. Much has been as- churches have contributed to the complished in the field of govern- success of cooperative effort, for the mental philanthropic work, and the reports of the meetings of the fed- O'Hara Institute for Social Research erated missions are widely published is one agency worthy of mention. and awaken much interest. Prac- The objects of the Institute are: tically all of the Protestant Missions are included except the Prot~st:lnt 1. The study of labor and social prob- Episcopal of America and the Sf'ciety lems. for the Propagation of the Gospel, of England. 2. Investigation by experts of special problems. The Conference of Federated Mis- sions serves as a mediUM"! for refer- 3. Publication of books by experts on ence and united effort for the cooper- social questiol'ls. ating agencies. The Federation of Churches is a distinct organization to 4. To offer prizes for best essays on support cooperative evangelic,il activi- social problems. ties, to express Christian sentiment on social and moral questions, and to 5. To hold meetings for discussion of promote united evangelistic, educa- social questions. tional and benevolent Christian work. The Continuation Committee was or- An experiment at Imamiya is the ganized in 1913 to coordinate all Parents' Consultation Bureau. Any evangelical mission forces in Japan. home problem may be brought here for advice. Osaka has three public lodging houses for laborers, accom- modating in all over three hundred men. One hundred and twenty

municipal apartment houses have side the churches. The Koreans are been built, in connection with which a poor people, but their gifts for this day nurseries are established to pro- year will reach $7000. Included in vide for children of working moth- this budget is a hospital to be built, ers. and toward which one man has Cooperation with these movements given $300 for the purchase of a on the part of Christian leaders will site; another gave $250 and two mean the opening of doors where others $25 each. The Women's Christian ideals can 'be of far reach- Evangelistic Society of Pyeng Yang ing value. Japan Evangelist. voted $400 toward a house for Mr.

Pak. Korean Christians also con- '.rwo Christian Examples duct missions for their own country- A YOUNG Japanese farmer whose men in Siberia, Hawaii and else- family are active opponents of where.

Christianity walks ten miles to attend church service every Sunday morn- Promises in Korea L ing, remains all day until after even-ITTLE change has taken place in Korea as a result of the different ing service and then walks home, reaching there past midnight, with regime. The police methods have the farmers' early rising hour fast not been materially reformed. Ar- approaching. rests are not to be made during Another young Japanese Christian church services, but tortures con- was recently married and instead of tinue as a method of examining pris- taking a honeymoon trip gave the oners. Prisons are not allowed to amount of money this would have be heated in winter, so that some cost to the little preachi':1g place he prisoners have been frozen to death.

attends. Now the Christians there On the other hand, mission colleges are discussing how to spend such are now permitted to teach any lan- unexpected wealth. guage they please and mission schools can hold religious exercises. The Rorean Foreign Missions "Christian Messenger," the Korean I N KOREA, where there are 17,- union church paper, has received per- 000,000 heathen and only 300,000 mission to publish world news, and Christians, one-third of whom are the circulation has risen from 2800 communicant members of the Church, to 7000. It contains two pages of a foreign mission is maintained. In news items, and is a marked conces- 1918, their two missionaries at Lai sion on the part of the Japanese Yang, Shantung, China, were re- authorities.

ported as doing such splendid work among the Chinese that they already The Bible by Correspondence C had a church of 80 members. These ORRESPONDENCE Bible study helps to satisfy the desire of Korean pastors had to learn the Chi- nese language. Rev. S. S. Pak is Christians iJl. remote districts for a now a third missionary to Shantung, fuller knowledge of the Scriptures.

and Dr. Y. S. Kim has been added No less than 1200 in Korea have to the staff. He will conduct a large taken such a course during the past clinic. One new church was built in year. The students are residents of 1919, and nineteen persons have re- all parts of Korea but the work cen- cently been baptized. ters in Pyengyang and is under the The Mission covers the city of Lai direction of Rev. W. L. Swa11en.

Yang and the surrounding country in each direction for a distance of ten New Interest in Leprosy T miles. Three schools, well attended HE Japanese government has granted permission to Severance by Chinese boys, have grown up be-

NEWS FROM MANY LAi-ms

Medical College in Seoul to install turn she had been on furlough only a ward for lepers and a chair for twice. leprosy. This means that students in the college can study leprosy at first U. S. G. Jones of India hand, thus acquiring adequate kno~l­ edge of the disease to ultimately wIpe REV. U. S. GRANT JONES of it out of the land. Dr. A. G. Jullunder, India, died on Decem- Fletcher of the Chosen Mission will ber 22, in a lonely out-district at- have charge of this new work. tended only by two faithful Indians. Mr. Jones was graduated from Continent. Wooster University and Allegheny, Pa., Theological Seminary, and OBITUARY NOTES through Dr. J. C. R. Ewing was per- Dr. Howard S. BUM of Beirut suaded to become a missionary to In- ON SUNDAY May 2nd, the Rev. dia. In 1887 Mr. Jones took up his Howard S. Bliss, D. D., President work at Ferozepur, and the following of Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, year was transferred to Lahore for Syria, died of tuberculosis 31t Saranac district work. uLnaukse~alNlyewstrYonogrk.andDbr.eaBulttisfsulwCa:shr,aisntian character and rendered dlstm- Mrs. Arthur H. Ewing of India guished service both in America and Syria. He was only sixty years of age MRS. ARTHUR EWING, for but his heartrending experiences in several years a Missionary of Beirut during the war and famine the Presbyterian Board in India, rebroke down his health. He was born cently lost her life by being run down in Syria, the son of Dr. Daniel Bliss of by an automobile in New York City Beirut, who preceded his son as presi- as. she was alighting from a trolley dent of Syrian Protestant College. car. Dr. Howard Bliss was graduated from Amherst College in 1882 and from George S. Fisher of Kansas Union Seminary in 1887. After a few years as assistant pastor of Plymouth MR. GEORGE S. FISHER, Gen- Congregational Church, ~r~oklyn, .he eral Secretary of the Gospel 'became pastor of the Chnshan Umon Missionary Union of Kansas City, Congregational Church in Montclair, Missouri, died of typhoid fever on N. J., where he did a remarkable March 22 in Guayaquil, Ecuador, work. In 1902 he was called to the where he was visiting the mission 3tapresidency of the College in Beirut tion of the Society which he founded. and there served for eighteen years Mr. Fisher was formerly a Y. M. C. A. during a period of great storm and secretary, and Rave up that work to esstress. Under Dr. Bliss' administra- tablish the "faith mission" which has tion the College won many friends done a great pioneer work in Morocco and grew to be one· of the best known and the Sudan, in Ecuador and Colomand most influential Christian insti- bia, and among the Navajo Indians in tutions in the Near East. America. Mr. Fisher was a strong personality. a staunch believer in the Miss Holliday of Persia Christian faith and a fearless advo- cate of the strictest Gospel truth. His AFTER thirty-five years of service "Sound the Alarm" articles in "The in Persia, Miss Margaret Y. Gospel Message" called attention to Holliday died March 17 in Indiana- many errors that he believed to be polis from illness directly due to the taught or practiced by religious leadsufferings caused by the war. She ers. Although at times his judgment was seventy-six years old. Miss Hol- was probably defective none doubted liday was the daughter of Rev. Wil- his sincerity or his loyalty to Christ and liam A. Holliday. Until her final re- the Bible. He was a "spiritual detec- tive," and in many ways rendered truly sacrificial Christian service.

Africa; Slave or Free? By John H. In so far as Mr. Harris states

Harris, with preface by Sir Sydney personal convictions, they are Olivier. xix, 244 pp. London: these: The main features of the Student Christian Movement 69. New Africa should be nine. The 1919. relationship of European or Ameri- can Powers should be that of trus- It might be said of this little teeship; the fundamental article of Yolume, intended for the use of administrative policy should be mission study classes in British without respect to color; African universities, as was said of "Dawn sovereignty should be vested in its in Darkest Africa," by the same inbabitants; in land policy, a safe author: "It cannot but be an ad- and adequate tenure should be se- vantage…. that the Government, cured for each native tribe; the Parliament and the general public labor policy should include comshould learn what one so eminently plete freedom of contract; commerqualified as Mr. Harris to instruct cially there should be no discrimithem in the facts of the case has nating barrier raised because of to say on this subject." Sir Syd- race or color; "equal rights for all ney Olivier's ten-page introduction civilized men" should be the motto is also a fine piece of interpretation upon the franchise banner; elemenof a book and its cause. tary education for all and an open doop. for the highest education Mr. Harris has gathered material should be provided; and in the from his many years of residence matter' of religion, missionaries in Africa and his study of the should be entirely free to teach the documents in the case, but he does Christian faith by example and prenot write as a statistician or gov- cept. This conclusion may seem ernment advocate of his cause. He obvious, but the reader will see places before the reader the African that it is not present in many in his environment, surrounded by cases; Africa is not wholly free, his greatest problems, chief among aside from the technical items of which are labor, which he is loath actual domestic slavery and conto render and which the white tract labor under certain foreigners. overlord demands secondarily; land We know of no other book in which is his life and without which which such serious problems are the same white master cannot "car- considered so satisfactorily and so ry on"; and thirdly the universal briefly, and hence we commend objection of the world against his this one with great pleasure. race and color. Three-fourths of the book are devoted to these sub- Plans for Sunday School Evangelism. jects. The last fourth discusses By Frank L. Brown. 12mo. 223 African education, industrial mis- pp. $1.50 net. Fleming H. Revell sions, religious movements in that Co., New York. 1920. continent, and the critics of Christian Missions to Negroes. The This book is of value to all in- Africa of tomorrow as nurtured terested in evangelism, or leading under the League of Nations closes young people into living contact the series of topics. It is a piece with Jesus Christ as their Lord of reasoning which ought to appeal and Saviour. It is written by a to students; for facts, arguments, man who has had unusually wide statistics, testimonies of eminent and successful experience in the observers, abound and help the reader to form his own conclusions. (Continued on page 471) 568

The Missionary Review of the World — March 1918

A GLADDENING SIGHT IN A KOREAN VILLAGE-THE MAIN STREET OF CHAI-RYENG, KOREA, FILLED WITH BIBLE

WOMEN RETURNING FROM MORNING PRAYERS AT THE CHURCH EVIEW~ VOL. March, 1918 NUMEER THREE XLI.

SIGNS OF THB TIMES ENCOURAGING SIGNS IN MEXICO RECENT bappenings in Mexico illustrate how God makes even "the wratlJ of men to praise Him." Out of the bloodshed and suffering of the last several years have come remarkable results. First, there is a great desire among Mexicans to hear the evangelical message. Religious abuses as well as economic abuses brought about the revolution and the leaders of the new regime are almost entirely opposed to the old Romanized Christianity, which has opposed progress and education. Realizing the need of some form of Christianity they have turned to enquire whether Protestantism is the religion to furnish the necessary dynamic for national transformation. The common people, too, have been shocked into a new spirit of openmindedness and everywhere seek to hear the Gospel. At no time in its historv has Mexico made such demands on Protestant ministers for the p;esentation of their message as it is making today. Workers everywhere are overburdened with these numerous and insistent calls.

Second, we note the development of autonomy among the Mexican churches. The foreign missionary, who has assumed heretofore the large part of the dkection and support of the young church, has been absent from the country a great deal during these years of revolution so that the burden of leadership, both spiritual and financial, has largely fallen on the Mexicans. The remarkable way in which they have met this responsibility has been a new demonstration of the Church's strength. It has also brought the denominations together in such a close fellowship that at their national convention, held in Mexico City last March, they !lppointed a committee to study the question of one united evangelical church for Mexico. Another result has been the emphasis placed on the service side of the Gospel. Evangelicals, many of whom are prominent workers in the new political program of their

country, are now realizing that religion should contribute to the practical solution of all the many social, moral and educational problems involved in the difficult period of reconstruction now being faced.

We note also the ~omprehensive plan of cooperation among the mission boards. This plan was first worked out at Cincinnati in 1914, when most of the missionaries had been driven out of Mexico by the revolution. One of the most far-reaching cooperative programs ever laid out for any mis&ion field was then projected. It was considered by many so idealistic that it would never be carried out. In spite of continued political disturbances, however, some of the most important parts of the program have already been accomplished and others are rapidly being consummated. Territorial adjustments have been carried forward in a remarkable way. The Presbyterians (North) hav~ withdrawn their work from all of Northern Mexico and concentrated upon what was practically unoccupied territory in the south. The Southern Presbyterians are preparing to transfer their field from Tamaulipas and Nuevo I..eon to the south, where all Presbyterian work will be consolidated. The Methodist Episcopal Mission has readjusted its boundaries, yielding some territory to the Presbyterians. Few adjustments in the north have been made so far, but these are being worked out and will no doubt soon be accomplished.

The Union Theological Seminary opened its doors in Mexico City last May. This institution is supported by seven Mission Boards: the two Methodist and two Presbyterian Boards, the Congregationalists, Disciples and Friends_ The first five students to present themselves were members of five different communions.

'l'he merger of the several different mission printing plants has been approved by the boards concerned and the details of the project are now being worked out to include the publication of a union paper and the establishment of a union book depository.

A Committee on Cooperation in Mexico, representing all the communions, has been named to study the whole program of the Mexican Evangelical Church and work with the general Committee on Cooperation in Latin America in carrying out cooperative plans. Sub-committees on education, literature and evangelism are considering what should be done along those lines. When it is remembered that before the revolution there was not a single cooperative missionary enterprise in Mexico, no division of territory and no committee to foster interdenominational work, it will be seen that remarkable progress has been made.

The restrictions placed by the Government on religious work are serious, but are not so much more drastic than those which existed under the former constitution. Some ten years ago a company of missionaries became restive under the constitution then in effect and asked President Diaz whether or not they were obeying the law. He inquired if they had been molested in their work and when they said

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

"no," the President told them that the best thing for them to do was to go ahead doing their duty as they conceived it and not bother with technicalities until they were instructed otherwise by the authorities! So far as we can learn the authorities have in few instances indicated their desire that Protestant missionary work should change its program. Foreign ordained men have ceased to administer the sacraments (which is what is meant by the phrase in the constitution ejercer el ministerio), but find more than they can do along the lines of administrative work, encouraging the national church and answering calls for addresses. The present situation is not ideal, for missionaries object to the Latin way of letting things go loosely with no clear-cut, exact definition. All who know anything of the many-sided Mexican problem will be willing, however, to accept the situation and take advantage of the multiplied opportunities everywhere beckoning.

In these extremely difficult days of reconstruction for Mexico it is well to remember how far from ideal were the reconstruction days after the American Civil War and how every possible force was needed to pull through them. The foreign missionary enterprise will have most influence in Mexico by taking a helpfU'l. rather than a critical attitude toward the present situation and bending its every energy to help the people into that new life toward which they are so heroically struggling against all the odds of ignorance, clericalism and vested interests.

In a recent address in Boston a Latin American business man, E. de Ia Garza, Jr., expressed the following conviction concerning the great need of Mexico: "The day on which you gentlemen of the United States will send into Mexico the Bible and missionaries instead of soldiers, when you will send school teachers instead of armies, and transports filled with foodstuffs instead of rifles, that day you will do a great service to humanity, to Mexico, and to yourselves."

LIBERTY AND LICENSE IN RUSSIA BEFORE reaching hasty conclusions in regard to the situation in Russia and the conclusion of a separate peace between the Central Powers of Europe by the Bolsheviki de facto governmf'nt of Russia it will be well to read Dr. John R. Mott's illuminating statement in this number of the REVIEW. Russia has, temporarily at least, become disorganized. After :fighting heroically for three years, in spite of indescribable hardships, in the face of tremendous obstacles, and with immense sacrifices, Russian Armies more than once prevented the Central Alliance from winning decisive victories. Then last March came the revolution which overthrew the autocratic Gevel'nment of the Czar and put in the saddle :first the idealists of the Kerensky Government and recently the socialistic anarchists of the Boisheviki. Lenine and Trotsky have won their place of leadership in Russia first by the promise of peace, second by the promise of a divi-

sion of land among the soldiers and peasants and third by the promise of a socialistic government. The Bolsheviki are not yet an organized political party, but a mob obsessed by certain ideas and mistaking license for· liberty.

Many well informed friends of Russia predict a short term of power for these men who have usurped authority. In the meantime chaos reigns in Russia. Already the land is divided. The Ukraine Republic has been formed in the southwest (bordering on Rumania and tIle Black Sea) with a population of about 25,000,000 people. Finland has declared its independence and Poland and Lithuania are in the hands of Germany. Siberia may also set up an independent government. It is too early to predict what the final outcome will be. In the meantime, as Dr. Mott points out, there are good reaSOllS fDr being patient and for maintaining faith in the Russian people. France had her reign of terror in her revolution, and America passed through a long period of reconstruction after the Civil War. New Russia cannot be made in a day. We must watch and pray and hope and help whenever possible.

In the meantime Russia is in a state of chaos. One who recently came from Petrogl'ad says that there is no peace and order there. Ner- VOllS uncertainty marks each day. Stores and factories are looted, men are shot down, trains are robbed by soldiers and criminals, transporta- tion facilities are disorganized, famine and ab.iect poverty stare families in the face and there is confusion and panic. One writes: "There is no discipline, no police, no courts of law, all the prisons are emptied and their contents let loose on society, on top of that there are some 2,000,000 deserters, most of whom live on plunder. This gives some idea of the state of the country." All this is not only a terrible expprience in Russia, but is a crushing blow to the cause of freedom represented by the Allies. Russia, the great nation of 180,000,000 people with more man force than any other combatant, and the first to enter into war with Austro-Germany, is tlle first to withdraw from the conflict. It is well to read Dr. Mott's article to see why they llave withdrawn and why there is still hope for Russia.

In the meantime it is encouraging to believe that conditions in Russia can never revert to the despotism that once existed there. For a time, freedom has taken the form of license; the discarding: of, old restraints imposed by the autocracy has left them without the control of laws and good government; the overthrow of the church hierarchy authority has been accepted by many as an overthrow of religion.

There is unspeakable suffering in Russia today. The vast nation needs unselfish friendship, the masses of people need education-enlightenment as to the real meaning of life, liberty and religion. It is a time to prepare for entering Russia with the pure Gospel of Christ, unhampered by formalism and superstition; a time to plan for Christian education for tI1e future leaders of Russia. No nation has greater possibilities for evil or for good.

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

PERSIA AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION T B:E stupendous upheaval in Russia, no less than the great French. Revolution before it, is bound to exercise a far-reaching in· fluence upon widely separated and most diverse classes and peoples. On the west, it may do more to disintegrate and destroy the autocratic military regime of Germany than the armies of the Allies.

On the southeast, it seems proba.ble that it will bring immense and per- haps startling changes to Persia. The destinies of that little nation is too closely tied up with Russia not to feel more vitally than almost any other neighbor the effects of the political explosion.

We recall the strong Persian movement toward a constitutional regime before this war began. Had it not been for Russian jealousy of all liberal ideas within and without her borders, Persia, under the guidance of men like our own Shuster, might have definitely set her feet in the path of political and social progress. But autocracy could not tolerate a democratic movement in Persia any more than it could permit it at home, for "evil companionships corrupt good morals" (R.

V.). Consequently, Russian power was exercised in a most arbitrary way to check political reform and many reformers suffered the extreme penalty for their enlightened views. Persians will never forget how Sikat-ul-Islam, the chief ecclesiastic of Tabriz, was hung on the most sacred day of the Persian calendar for no other reason than that he was an advocate of constitutionalism.

Now that the lid has blown off in Russia, Persian liberalism has once more raised its head. Newspapers, of which there was a prolific crop in the days of the revolution, but which almost ceased to exist when denied freedom of speech, once more have begun to appear and to advocate reforms. Political parties again raise their heads and issue their manifestos. A demonstration has been reported from Tabriz in which Persians, Armenians and Russian soldiers took part, when fiery speeches were made in honor of the revolutionists who fen a few years ago in their vain effort to regenerate their fatherland.

The outlook in Persia is, however, not all rosy. The wrongs that the Persians have had to endure at the hands of their northern neigh· bors (wrongs that have been winked at by Great Britain) have em- bittered them against the Allies. The propaganda of Pan-Islamism has added fuel to the flame; and unfortunately the great mass of the people is almost rabidly pro-German and pro-Turkish in their sym- pathies. The fact that their sacred places, Bagdad and Jerusalem, have fallen into the hands of the Allies has been a bitter pill to them and in the relaxation of Russian power they openly speak their ani- mosity. The demoralized conditions in the Russian Empire have not helped to improve the situation in Persia.. Ilast summer the Russian troops (no longer under strict discipline) angered by the natural and inevitable depreciation of the ruble, wbich reduced the purChasing

power of their pay one-fourth its former value, deliberately burned the bazaars in the city of Urumia, inflicting an incalculable loss on that already much afflicted city_ The food supply of the country is almost exhausted and the price of grain is four or five times the usual price, so that the recent announcement that the Russian army would continue in Persia as the "guests of the country" means that the burden of supporting these unwelcome "guests" will fall heavily upon the impoverished people. In the midst of the elements of a great conlI.agration or sudden explosion the missionaries occupy a very trying position, calling for the earnest prayers of God's people for them and for the work of Christ in that troubled land.

The hope has been expressed by the Rev. Dwight M. Donaldson, of the Presbyterian Mission at :lIeshed, East Persia, that with the outlook for religious liberty in Russia the missionaries in Turkestan and Khorasan may push their work vigorously, since there will no longer in Ueshed be the feeling that the Christian missionary is living in this sacred city of Islam on the crest of a volcano. It looks as though after the war Afghanistan also might be opened to western commerce and enlightening influences. The Church should be ready to enter in and possess the strategic points of Khorasan, which lies on the Afghan border.

SIGNS OF THE REBIRTH OF INDIA T HE only way to describe India today is to say that she is being reborn. A new nation is rising out of the old life. Customs which were thougl1t eternal are now crumbling. A social order which seemed forever fixed is changing. Caste is losing its hold; the depressed peoples are pressing upward. Hinduism is filled with reform societies that are adopting Christian missionary methods and ideals. Their enthuiasm is superb. They mean to so change Hinduism as to make it clean and modern. Some of them call attention to the supposed purity of early Hinduism and call the people back to that golden age. Others see no hope except in a purging of all Hindu life. These re- (orms are by-products of missionary work. The sad thing is that few of the Hindu leaders see that their hopes are doomed to disappointment unless they put Jesus Christ at the center of their new order. But many look for the day when the influences now at work will bring the educated leaders of Indian thought into personal touch with Christ, when they will look to Him as the fulfilment of their aspirations.

Dr. Fred B. Fisher, chairman of the India Mass Movement Commission of the Methodist Episcopal Church, writes of what he terms "the most remarkable convention I ever attended," held in Bombay. It was in early November. About five thousand people were present, as representatives of the various castes comprising the "untouchable" classes. These depressed classes have never before dreamed of assert-

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

mg rights or even expressing hopes. They have been the social and economic slaves of the land and have been denied the privilege of human beings. Fifty millions of them have slaved through the years without a dream of any better state in this world, and only the remote hope that in some future existence they might, by transmigration, be born Brahmins. Now, five thousand of these people have come together to discuss their united attitude toward the Home Rule Movement in India and to decide on precautions to safeguard their civil rights. It is one of the political miracles of all time.

Several high caste gentlemen were present, among them Sir Narayan Ganesh Chandevarkar, whose sympathy was so genuine that he was elected chairman. In his opening address he referred to these 130called "untouchables" as brethren–a remarkable word in such connection. He further said: "The progress of India depends upon the elevation of the depressed classes here represented. It augurs well for the country that these classes are coming forward to claim social and political rights. The political reforms to be carried out should be such as would benefit all the classes and all the communities. The depressed classes form one-fifth of the total population, and in fairness they should not be excluded from the benefits of national life. It is the duty of the leaders of the so-called untouchable communities to follow the spirit of the times and safeguard their interests."

Many educated and cultured men, who have allied themselves with the depressed constituency, have claimbed up from the ranks of the untouchables. Some of these were born in low-caste villages, but educated in Christian mission schools and are now clerks, stenographers and telegraphers. Others are independent business men, teachers or preachers. One of the leaders is Mr. V. Sohoni, of the Depressed Classes Mission, a Hindu society. The fact that so many low-caste men have become educated and are able to hold their own in debate and conversation with the high castes has made the latter think in serious terms.

The resolutions passed by the conference are full of significant prophecy. In substance they call for: 1. Separate representation in the Provincial and in the Imperial Council. To this end a commission was appointed to call upon Mr. Montagu, the newly appointed Secretary of State for India, during his Indian trip.

2. Establishment of free and compulsory education without delay. 3. Immediate removal of the disabilities of the depressed classes regarding the use of schools, medical dispensaries, public offices, public wells and all other institutions. 4. The removal by the higher classes and politicians of the advanced school of the stigma to the depressed classes. The proceedings of the entire conference were most orderly, ill spite of the fact that difference of opinion was evinced on several topics. Three rousing cheers for the King-Emperor brought to a close this

epoch-making gathering. It heralds the dawn of a new day and gives promise of the emancipation of fifty millions of people. May they be led into fellowship with Ohrist, whose representatives have been used by Him to open these gates to new life! The Ohurch should be ready to receive these multitudes as fast as they come and, so help to mold the future democracy of India.

WORK FOR THE OHINESE IN FRANOE T HE war has brought an unexpected opportunity to reach a hun- dred thousand Ohinese who have gone to work in France. ]fis- sionary leaders consider this of great importance, viewed from the standpoint of future missionary operations in Ohina.

Some time ago a Young Men's Ohristian Association secretary, formerly in Ohina, tried an experiment on a small scale in behalf of the Ohinese in one camp in France. These men have very restricted liberty and their evenings are unoccupied. J.Jectures and entertainments were given and evening classes were starfed. The response was so enthusiastic and the condition of the camp was so improved that the military authorities gave permission for similar work in all places where the men are located. British missionary societies have been quick to see the importance of this work and have already assigned a number of men who speak the Mandarin language. The British Y. M. O. A. Oouncil has cabled to the War Work Oouncil in America for twelve missionaries equipped with the language and adapted to this type of missionary effort. The opportunity is great for the following reasons: 1. These men are away from home, strangers in a strange land, without being able to speak the language, and with nothing to engage their spare hours. They need friendship, counsel, practical guidance.

2. The effort to improve the morale of these men will strengthen the armies at the front and thus help to win the war.

3. These men, when they return to Ohina, will be able to exert a tremendo11S influence in the future developments in that fast changing country. Some of them are Ohristians already. Many more may be won before they return home.

4. These men, because of their experience abroad, will have a place of leadership in the villages and towns to which they return. They will likely have money in lJand which will give to them an important place among their fellows.

If the Ohristian Ohurch will minister to these men at this time of need, will introduce them to Jesus Ohrist and to interpret to them the spirit of Ohristian civilization, they will undoubtedly be a great PQwer for good. If, on the otller hand, they are treated as mere machines, upon their return to China they will be a great obstacle to the future evangelization of that nation. Here is another way in which good may be brought out of the evil and suffering of this destructive war.

TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF

LAST January the Foreign Missions Oonference of North America celebrated its silver anniversary at Garden Oity, Long Island. This marks twenty-five years of cooperation between the Foreign Mission Boards of the United States and Oanada. Their first meeting was held in the old Presbyterian headquarters at 53 Fifth Avenue in 1893. Then twenty-one boards were represented; now there are 178 boards and societies in the organization and from two hundred to four hundred representatives meet in the annual conferences.

These Foreign Mission Boards had an income last year of $20,- 407,861, most of which was spent in non-Ohristian lands. A part of it was used for work in Europe and Latin-America. The statistical report shows a Foreign Staff in non-Ohristian lands of 9,358 workers, and a native staff of 40,502. The Ohristians gathered into the churches in these lands are reported as 1,300,813 including 764,039 communicants. New schools have under instruction 638,327 and over four million patients received treatment in. the mission hospitals and dispensaries. The work is so vast that it reflllires a vivid imagination to conceive of the real import an~ extent of its influence. No figures can measnre the effect of the conversion to Ohrist of one man or one woman, brought up in ignorance and sin. The tables printed also report on the work of 250 missionaries in Europe and 1,663 in Latin- America_ These lands add 224,290 communicants in Europe and 115,- 668 in Latin-America.

In summing up the benefits of the twenty-five years of conferences Dr.•Tames L. Barton mentioned the fraternal confidence established between the secretaries, the larger degree of comity and cooperation between the boards, the vast stores of information gathered by joint committees, on literature. Relf-snpport, eduration, RtatiRti(,R. cahle ('ode etc., the large and small conferences conducted-like that in New York in 1900, the Edinburgh Conference in 1910, and the spedal conferences on Japan, China, Moslem I~ands, South 'America, etc.; tIle establishment of missionary headquarters with a reference library at 25 Madison Avenue; the great service rendered to all boards and the great missionary cause by the joint Committee of Reference and CQuncil. There has also been the large influence exerted on the mission field by an improvement in the missionary personnel, by an enconragement to larger cooperation and hy special interdenominational conferenceR. in separate fields. The whole Foreign Jfi!'l!'lionarv entf'rprise has become more of a coordinated and systematized endeavor to give the Gospel of Christ to the world and to uplift and enlighten

men, women and children in every nook and corner of the globe. With all this organization there is, however, no less dependence on the power of the Spirit of God to produce the desired results.

.'

A UNITED HO)iE MISSION PROGRAM .I. ~E Eleventh Annual Conference of Representatives of Home ~ission Boards of America laid special emphasis on the win- ning of foreigners and industrial classes to the Church of Christ. This conference has under consideration plans that mean closer cooperation and a more systematic program for America's evangelization. This program includes the securing of a Hoine Mission headquarters and an executive secretary, followed by a systematic study of various Home Mission fields and problems.

The papers at the recent conference considered chiefly recent Negro migration to the Northern industrial centers; the immigrants and industrial problems; the Home Mission propaganda and resources, work for the American Indians and the cultivation of friendly relations with foreign students. Some particularly illuminating plans and surveys were presented relating to the study of specific states and cities. These surveys give the basis necessary for constructive and progressive work. They also reveal the human resources at the- eommand of the church. The problems that face the church in America are tremendous and require the utmost consecration, sacrifice and spiritual power It is clear that if the Christian church does not gird herself to the task of presenting Christ in His fullness to the people of America, the materialism and sensuality of the present age will render the Church impotent and cold like the Church of the middle ages. But with the cooperation of all the forces now at work nnder the leadership and in the power of God there is no reason why a Protestant Church, of 30,000,000 members and almostnnlimited wealth, should not evangelize the remaining Indians and Eskimos, educate the immigrants, purify the city slums, upJift the negroes and make Christianity the dominant force among the mountaineers, in rural communities and on the frontiers among miners and lumber camps. To-day, when the whole foundations of society are shaken by the world war, it behooves the followers of Jesus Christ to stand and work shoulder t~ shoulder to make this land Christian for the sake of the worl(!.

We cannot believe in Christ for ourselves, unless we believe in Him for all the world. The more deeply we believe in Him for ourselves, the more certain we shall believe that He is the Saviour of the world.

Just as surely as you deepen your own spiritual life and make Jesus more your Saviour, just so surely your will believe in Christian Missions, and 10n16 to tell all that He is their Saviour, tOO.-PHILLIPS BROOKS.

A VIEW OF THE SITUATION IN RUSSIA*

BY JOHN R. MOTT, LL. D., NEW YORK, Member of the Special American Commission to Russia.

I T has been my lot to make four visits to Russia in the last twenty years. The first one of these visits was approximately twenty years ago. At that time I found that great land comparatively inaccessible. If I bad been found on a street car in converFlation with five or six other men all of us would have been subject to arrest. Such interesting meetings as I then held were between midnight and four o'clock in the morning, in absolute secrecy. It was a presumptuous thing to do, not so much because of risks to myself as because of dangers engendered for others. I went from Russia then with a sink- ing heart, never really expecting to live to see the coming day among those peoples.

I returned about ten years later. The High and Holy Synod . of the Russian Orthodox Church, then one of the most powerful bodies of the religious world, did not wish to have me go forward. on the mission which I had in view. But the powerful prime minister, Stoly- pin, desired that I should have "a square deal" Therefore the largest theatres and public halls that could be obtained in the great cities, such as Moscow and Petrograd, were crowded to suffocation night after night with the multitudes of Russian students, chiefly agnostics and Jews. There were also present other members of the intellectuals, graduates, and leading minds of the professional and industrial classes of Russia, and scores of the priests of ·the Orthodox Church. They came and stayed, not through one or two addresses only, but never less than three, and sometimes they would insist on my giving four public addresses in one evening. Every word had to be spoken through an interpreter.

I shall never forget those great seas of Russian faces. The police would not aHow them to stand in the aisles, so they stood in the vast area in front of the platform. Every night the halls were crowded with eager, wistful, inquiring, tragic faces,-for almost every face had the mark of tragedy. I suppose that there have been few Russian students prior to this immediate student generation who have not contemplated suicide or one or more members of whose families have not suffered persecution or severe repression because of their ambitions.

Late into the night and through the following day these men and women came to me singly or in groups. They seemed to think, "If we can get near this man who has brought to us a message of hope from the students of other nations, possibly we can get Some added light and strength to enable us to meet our adversity."

• An address delivered at Hotel Savoy, N. w York, January 14. 1918.

I went away from Russia then with a bounding heart. I seemed to discern the crumbling in the great wall.

A year ago last ",ummel' I returned for my third visit to Russia to promote a reciprocal arrangement, by which Russia would under· take to permit work for the German and Austro-Rungarian prisoners on condition that the middle countries would permit the same kind of work for the Russian prisoners.

On the last night save one of that visit, the High Procurator of the Holy Synod, that religious body that wanted to keep me from going forward on the special mission a few years before and which, as I learned last summer, passed a resolution at the end of my secona visit that I should not be permitted to revisit Russia, nor should I or my interpreter be permitted to speak again 011 moral and re- – ligious subjects to the students of Russia,-the High Procurator of that same Holy Synod invited me to his palace and presented me with an illuminated copy of the gospels inscribed with his own hand, expressing appreciation of the services rendered by the American people for the Russian prisoners of war. I left Russia believing that the door was beginning to open for a larger future for the penetration of those great masses with the principles of pure and vital Christianity.

AFTER THE REVOLUTION A few months ago I returned to Russia as a member of President Wilson's Special Mission. We went by .vay of the Pacific Ocean and across Siberia, returning by the same route, traverliling the vast breadth of Russia twice. The government placed at our disposal the imperial train in which the Czar and his party made their many visits throughout Russia during the previous years. We held our sessions in the parlor car in which the Czar abdicated.

We coursed our way across the great land for approximately seven thousand miles, nearly one-third the way around the world, a vast contiguous territory, located in the same belt of power in which are the British Isles and France, the United States and Canada, China and Japan; a land blending the strongest strains of Europe and Asia; a country having the three greatest religions of the world. Here we find Christianity, not only in the form of the Greek Orthodox Church, but likewise of the Ohurch of Rome, and of the Protestant communion. Russia has also more Jews than all the rest of the world combined. Russia is the third among the Moslem nations, having between twenty and thirty million Mohammedans.

When I went to Russia on my second visit, President Roosevelt, as he then was, sent with me a long letter of four type-written pages, which he authorized me to read to the young men of Russia. In that letter was a sentence that I could not then accept, but which I can now accept with positive conviction. He said: "Noland more than Russia. holds the fate of the coming years,"-a true, prophetic utterance qf what will unfold before our e;res in our own generation,

A VIEW OF THE SITUATION IN RUSSIA

I resent many of the strictures placed upon Russia in these days in our periodicals, both secular and religious, and many of the' super- ficial, hasty, ill-considered judgments and criticisms concerning that vast and complex people and that wonderful nation. This is not the way to treat an ally. The time of times to stand by an ally is in the darkest hours of that ally. That is what allies are for. Were this done wi th consistency and persistency we would not see some things that some fear we may see. But, further-more, it is not Christian. It is the duty of a Christian people to stand by any people groping toward larger light and larger liberty.

What nation has had to deal with these four great undertakings that I now mention?

In the first place to engage in the greatest war in the history of the world. Surely Russia has done that. For nearly three years before America recognized her obligation Russia maintained one vast front of this war, a front reaching nearly twelve hundred miles. Tllere she stood in isolation, not having at one elbow, as France has had through these years, the army of England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; and atthe other elbow Italy. Russia has stood alone, paying the prices, standing the impossible strain. It ill becomes a people who have just begun to get ready to pay prices to sit in hasty and uncharitable judg- ment concerning one which has gone almost to the limit in sacrificial effort.

Second: Russia has been engaged in the greatest political revolu- tion of modern times-perhaps, also, of ancient or modern times. Tllis revolution has already swung Russia from an extreme, benighted-oll, llow dark and how cruel-autocracy ()ut into the full stream of what we Lelieve is to eventuate in a well-ordered democratic republic.

In the third place: Russia has been busied, as she is now chiefly engrossed, with the most remarkable social revolution of any time. With a naive simplicity that is almost tantalizing, with a courage and with a reality which put to shame the United States, England and Germany, Russia has come to close grapple with social injustices, social . neglects and social cruelties before which we still quail.

Then fourth, Russia is in the midst of a striking religious revolu- tion that has already brought with it such a large measure of tolerance as old travelers in Russia hardly believe possible. This religious toler- ance has already placed on an equality the persecuted Jews and the Roman Catholics of Poland; the Protestants of Finland and other countless sects~ large and small, which for two hundred years have had to seek the swamps and the forests. Think of it! I attended a session of the Holy Synod where they voted unanimously to receive the perse- cuted "old believers" into their great religious council.

This religious revolution has also brought a large development in the direction of the democratizing of the Russian Orthodox Church, that most autocratic of all"religious bodies. One day I had the privilege of attending in the great church in Moscow, known as the "Cathedral

of our Saviour," the democratic election of the highest ecclesiastic of the Russian Orthodox Church, the metropolitan of Moscow. Likewise at least twelve other bishops and hundreds of the clergy were elected in different parts of Russia by these democratic methods.

This religious revolution is bringing about a: purification of the Orthodox Church-a most needed purification when we recall the shocking, almost unbelievable Rasputin scandals.

This religious revolution has also brought with it the plans for the better training of the clergy Df this communion of 115,000,000 members. I myself was asked to do the absurd thing-absurd when you think of my doing it-of coming before a representative body of professors of all ecclesiastic academies and seminaries and giving a lecture on the tendencies in theological education in Europe and America. A few days ago I fulfilled a request of long standing which had been made by one of the members of the Holy Synod who asked me to select a box of books helpful to those who have to direct the pattern of the Russian Orthodox Church.

GROUNDS FOR CONFIDENCE IN RUSSIA There is an expression of a Russian that seems to me more significant than any other. He said: "You may not understand Russia, but you must believe in Russia." At the end of my first visit I almost yielded to the temptation of writing a book on Russia. I do not understand Russia as well as I thought I did then; but notwithstanding all we have heard in these last weeks I never believed so strongly in Russia as I do now.

My first ground for confidence in Russia is the character of the Russian people. They have great physical vigor and vitality. No nation has more. They have also great range, grasp and penetration of mentality. We are living virtually in watertight compartments with our lack of knowledge of the Russian language and Russian literature, and therefore lack of knowledge of the courage, the constructive ability, the creative power of the Russian mentality.

Russians also have great hearts. I said last August, when I returned from Russia, that the Russians will be the first people to forgive after this war. I do not think of any people who have more to forgive, with the exception possibly of the Belgians and the French. It is well for us to have released in this world a great deal more heart power. The Russians have it in a great degree.

They also are a religious people, perhaps the most religious people I have visited. Even agnostics in Russia are more keenly interested in religion and more responsive to the note of reality as contrasted with formalism in religion than are many of the so-called believers in other Christian countries.

The Russians likewise are great idealists. They are fairly floating today; their feet are off the ground. It exasperates some of us at times,

A VIEW OF THE SITUATION IN RUSSIA 17S

but it o.ught to. give us ho.pe in the coming day when in the midst of gross materialism more of this idealism is released.

Think of the patience also of the Russian people. Can you name a people that has shown more patience? Then there is their capacity for vicariousness. Have any people shown greater capacity for enduring suffering than certain religions and certain strata of society in Russia? These are traits on which we may well expect to see rise greatness. We may have confidence in that kind of a foundation.

The second ground of my confidence is the number and strength of the leaders in Russia. I found more leaders of outstanding ability in Russia than in any of the other nations now at war. In the provisional government that was in power a few months ago we found Kerensky, that genius, only thirty-four years of age, who turned the most difficult corner which any leader will have to turn in Russia and who, while he was not the man to build, succeeded in holding together those people so long as he did.

Then there 'was Terestchenko, only thirty-one years of age, one of the strongest men I ever met in any nation. The four strongest men in the government were all under forty.

Then I think of the parties still out of power, each of which have among them stronger men than were to be found in the party that was in power. Russia is strong at the top; and she is strong at the bottom with the peasantry; she is weak in the middle. That is a gap that cannot be bridged in a day.

The thil'd ground of confidence in Russia is the prinCiples of the Russian revolution. Let anyone who is disposed to be hasty in criti- Cism of Russia re-examine the principles of the Russian revolutio.n. He will find they are the prinCiples that brought the United States of America into being and that in the last analysis led us to join the Allies. We must believe in Russia or get out of this war.

The fourth ground of my confidence in Russia is the great ground swell of democracy that is democracy indeed. If we judge each day's reports by that principle there will creep over us a spirit of greater charity and patience toward Russia. Last September I expected that there would come counter revolutions and I believe that there will be some much more serious than any we have had yet. They will not, however, in my judgment, begin to shed as much blood as was shed in the American civil war nor will their civil war drag on as long as ours did.

Another enco.uraging trait of the Russians is their capacity for order. Russia today is governed by about nine thousand committees, but I found less disorder there than I have found in the United States since my return. I agree with Senator Root that Russia, up to this. da,te since she ha.l her revolution, has been more orderly, judged by results, than some of the countries that are criticising her.

Remember how long it took us after our Revolutionary War to make our liberties comparatively safe. Re-read John Fiske's book on

the critical period of American history. Re-read the history of the French Revolution and the prices then paid. Recall the seven years which have elapsed since the revolution began in China. Let us be patient with Russia.

Someone asks: "How does all this square with what we read in the papers every morning?" I answer: Who wrote the news? Think that through.. It is a singular thing that every member of the Red Cross Mission who has rome back from Russia, every member of the Root Mission, every member of the Stevens Railway Mission, every traveler who has come back from Russia that I have met in these intervening months has unshakable confidence in the genuineness of this Russian revolution, in its timeliness, and in the ultimate hopeful outcome.

Someone says, "How about the crumbling of the Russian army and navy?" Let me remind you of whole sections of the Russian army that are maintaining their fronts, and, of whole parts of the Russian navy that have not been seriously penetrated with disaffection. I cannot enlarge on that, but I ask you to think of the causes which have shaken the morale and weakened the fighting spirit of Russia and ask your· selves: "What nation would not be shaken in morale and weakened in its fighting spirit jf it had been subjected to these same causes or influences ?"

CAUSES OF RUSSIA'S DEMORALIZATION The Russian people are tired of this war and they do not conceal it. Surely they have a right to be tired of this war. They have already laid away over three million of their sons and brothers, their fathers and husbands, or more than all of the other Allies combined. When we have even 750,000 crosses over American graves in France and per· chance on other fronts it may be fitting for us to criticise another nation for becomin?, tired of the war. Then I think of their two million men so maimed and rnutilated-I see them now-that they can never fight again. In addition to all these think of the more than two million Russian prisoners today languishing in the prisoner-of-war camps of the Middle Continent. Do you wonder that the Russians are war tired?

The second cause explaining the shaking of the spirit of the Rus· sians and leading them to seek other paths is the knowledge that they were betrayed by their government in high places. Remember the Sturmer scandals, worse than scandals-betrayal-and you will understand what I heard a year ago last summer of one war ministry which gave out the order that at critical points on the fron~ the guns were to shoot only two shells each day, although the shells were banked up high in the reserves and these guns confronted batteries some of the guns of which were shooting thirty·six hundred sIlells a day.

Dr. Hurd, one of the American Red Cross doctors who had served the Russian army since the war began, told us of one three-day battle in which he saw over one hundred thousand Russian soldiers go into

A VIEW OF THE SITUATION IN RUSSIA

the fight and less than ten thousand men come out of it able bodied. Many went into the fight without any ammunition whatever, hoping there would be an opportunity to use cold steel. In the light of facts we can never justly accuse the Russian soldiers of lack of courage unto death in following their ideals, whether in war or in peace.

The third cause of the demoralization of parts-notice my emphasis-of the Uussiall army and parts of the Russian navy and also of large parts of thp civilian population is the flooding of the minds of the Hussian soldiers and civilians with the fascinating ideas of the Russian revolution. You cannot imagine the effect of these ideas coming to your mind for the first time. But try to imagine this thought comillg to your mind for the first time to stay there: Li,qht instead of darkness. Wellltave the Russian people been called dark people-over eighty per cent illiterate; whole classes condemned to stay in dark places through all the years. Then the noonday light breaks and they awake a11 over Hussja to know that now they and their children have the opportunity tv receive education and henceforth through all the coming days they may walk in light.

Or imagine this idea coming to you for the first time to stay as a permanent experience: Liberty instead of slavery. 'Vhat a weak word "slavery" is to represent the lot of multitudes in Russia before the revolution. Ostensibly they had liberty, but in reality worse than slavery. Then to hear the shackles break in pieces and fall at your feet and to know that they are never to be recast, and in all the coming generations your children and your children's children shall stand erect and live as free men.

Or can you imagine this idea coming to you for the first time and that it is to stay with you: Plenty in8tead of poverty. What do not those two words connote to those who knew Russia in the old days? Every night there have been lying down in Russia millions of men, women and children without having had sufficient food to satisfy the natural cravings of the body that day for food. I have met thousands of Russian students who had as their only nourishment but one bowl of soup each day. To know that a change has come, that all are now to have equal opportunity, that there is coming a chance to rise in the economic and social scale, that some day all may have necessities, and perchance after a while many may have luxuries.

Do you wonder that ideas like these coming to a simple-minded and comparatively illiterate peasnntry and working class prove to be more alluring, more attractive, more satisfying, at least for the time being, than ideas of slaughter and destruction? Would they not be abnormal were this not the case? Let us be perfectly fair.

I recognize the excrescencies in the Boishevild movement and I have found myself tempted to become intolerant. But I remember members of that party whom I met and as I recall the tragic stories of these men and remember their black background I am not surprised

that they want to make secure those principles which led them into this great struggle. There is an evil influence that is taking advantage of a good impulse and is to be reckoned with in the midst of this Bolsheviki movement; but this cannot be said of the majority of their number.

Then this Bolsheviki movement is not Russia in its entirety by a.ny means. It is a small section of the group of parties on the ex- treme left and by no means the great mass of Russia. But it should not be condemned in a wholesale way. .

The fourth cause explaining this demoralization is the masterly German intrigue propaganda. There has been nothing quite like it.

The day the Russian revolution began the death penalty was abolished and all prisoners were released. That day all the policemen were dis- missed from one end of Russia to the other. That day 185,000,000 peo- ple started on a long holiday. They have not since returned. Germany was there. Surely she was in Finland and she was in larger numbers in Sweden than many thought. She was also in another strange place-along the fighting lines. Not only the fighting Germans, but the publiCists, publicity men, writers and speakers of ability were wait- ing for the crumbling of the wall. Other thousands of German propa- gandists were inside of Russia. I am pained to say also that between Lhe day the Russian revolution began and the day our mission arrived in Petrogrud many from AmeTica bearing American passports arrived to promote the pro-German propaganda. Now these pro-German propa- gandists in these various fields had millions of dollars at their disposal.

They bought up newspapers and established periodicals; they printed and circulated pamphlets by the tens of millions. I have a leaflet print- ed in Russian by the Germans and shot over into the trenches. They also used the voice and by so doing showed better psychology and better knowled~e of Russia than the Allies have shown. Russia has been quiet for generations. Talking is now the most popular thing in Russia. A bread line which in Germany becomes irksome in a few hours, becomes an added attraction in Russia in that it gives the people that much more time to talk. Germany saw this and acted upon it. I went down on the streets of Petrograd one day and counted over two hundred meetings. The halls also were crowded. You could have found the same thing in other parts of Petrograd and in other cities all over Russia. We found it in the villages out in Siberia,.-talking and listen- ing, debating, inquiring, answering. What were the Germans there saying in their speeches, what were they writing in these articles which we had translated? Such things as these: "We fought you when you had the Czar. You have abolished him. Why should we fight each other longer? Let us be brothers." Then they begin to teach inter- nationalism, the last nation under heaven it would seem that should be teaching internationalism. Then they said: "The land is going to be divided i the great estates are going to be broken up. Go home and

A VIEW OF THE SITUATION IN RUSSIA

get your share." Hundreds of thousands went home to get their shares. Whether they will keep them remains to be seen. I doubt very much whether they will. I have too much confidence in the common sense– another trait I have not mentioned-of the Russians.

Then scores of times in Russia I heard this: "This war was brought on by the capitalists of France and England, and now the rich men of the United States of America join them. Why have your sons and husbands shot to pieces in order to fill their coffers?"

A letter from an American whom I have known for years and who has been in Russia says: "In addition to the newspapers in' the Russian language, the Germans provided artistic colored posters attacking the United States and England. These were posted up where the meetings were held and no one was allowed to touch them. One of these posters showed the Russian peasant soldier leaving the slimy trenches and joyfully preparing to enter the field of peace, where he sees his children playing about the cottage, and where the fields of ripe grain await him. Just at this point he is stopped by John Bull and Uncle Sam in the guise of bloated capitalists, who sneeringly say, pointing to the filthy trenches, 'Get back, you slaves. You are not done fighting for us yet.' Another poster showed the Germans exchanging gold, cloth and farming implements for Russian grain."

Now let me, in closing, rapidly epitomize what I think we must do. In the first place, as a religious duty, we must win this war. Otherwise it is rhetoric and an idle dream to talk about making this world a safe place for democracy, and especially for the democracy of Russia.

In the second place I use a strange word and that is: Let us as a nation "gamble" on Russia. That word puts plainly and bluntly what I mean, though I do not believe it is going to be a gamble. :we will ~ wise to spend one billion, two billions, three or more billion dollars there giving effect to the findings of the Stevens Railway Commission and of certain findings of the Root Special Commission which call for money, rather than to spend ten, fifteen, twenty, thirty billions more on the western and southern fronts. There are ways to meet immediate need and growing need and continuous need in which we can safely take the risk. Non'e of these who have come back call it a risk. Those who do so are reading through the colored glasses. And who colored the glasses?

In the third place, there must be a counter propaganda. Not of llltrigue. Our methods are those of the light; and if that prevails it invariably dissipates darkness. But at present the light does not have a chance; the truth is not being adequately proclaimed. The recent splendid utterances of our President will fall to the ground in Russia unless there they are supported by wise plans of pUblicity showing unmistakably that all the American nation are behind the President.

The Germans are saying that he is speaking for himself and the forces of wealth, not for the mass of the American people.

In the fourth place we must not only inake the world safe for democracy, but we must make the Russian democracy safe for the world. To this end we should enter into fellowship immediately with the sufferings of the Russian peoples. How they are suffering! I find it difficult to sleep at night when I think of how impossible it was to find even summer clothing in Russia; when I think of what I know of the lack of footwear; when I think of the many who are right now freezing in Russia; when I think of the multitudes of peasants who are today starving in Russia. Anything which God will let us do through the Red Cross or the Young Men's Christian Association to ameliorate these sufferings we will wisely do because the Russians have great hearts.

We sent back a message from Russia to America in which we said: "Here we find an ·infant class of 185,000,000." If you will remember that sentence you can better understand Russia. It is not inapt~an infant class of 185,000,000. Think of the traits of infants. Think of ~ow much more you can move them by their hearts than by force or diplomacy or reason.

In the fifth place we should back agencies whicl! have access to Russia-the British and Foreign Bible Society, which has had a mar· velous record in Russia; the Young Men's Christian Association, which has already sent since our return a hundred of the best young men we could get from America. Twenty of them have recently gone and I hope we can send two hundred more. They are going into the teeth of difficulties. Some of them may leave their bodies in Russia, but there is no better place in the interest of the expanding kingdom.

My final point is: You may not understand Russia, but you must believe in Russia. What man ever helped you the most? Was it not the man who, when you were most discouraged, most nearly defeated, had confidence in you and said, "I believe in you," and acted as though he did believe in you? It is precisely so with a nation. The time to stand by a people ~s when we may think they have missed the way. Time may show that they have found it in some things where we have not. Stand by them. Some day this terrible nightmare will be behind us, the tragedy will be over, the world convulsion will cease, the dark· ness will be dissipated. The ships will come ltome with the able·bodied men, with the prisoners, with the wounded; the lanes of travel will be opened and restored to their peaceful uses. We will grapple with the most difficult and transcendently important tasks of reconstruction. We will then try to have that phrase mean more than a phrase, "The family of nations." At that great moment would we 110t all prefer to see Russia at the family board? 'Therefore we will believe in Russia.

Outlook for Missions in

BY REV. A. C. WRIGHT, CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO Missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions H E who would pretend to prophesy in regard to the future of Mexico must be either very wise, very conceited or very foolish. Seven years of chil war, revolution and banditry have left the country in a pitiable condition, and nothing but the wonderful natural resources of the land has kept it from absolute bankruptcy and dissolu· tion. The Carranza Government has been established at Mexico City and has been recognized by the United States, hut the two original rev- olutionist leaders are still fighting, Villa in the north and Zapata in the south. With an independent chief in the oil region, with the con- stant bugbear of Felix Diaz organizing an opposition army and with numerous bandits Inking advantage of the condition of the country, it can hardly be said that peace and prosperity are yet in sight.

This makes the missionary problem difficult of solution. All that we can do is to accept things as they are, do the task that comes to us day by day; and trust for the future, that the way may be opened and that our present labor may not be in vain.

Credit should be given to the existing government for what it has accomplished. The Carranza government is fully established through- out the country, the President and the members of Congress were chosen by the fullest and fairest election the country has ever had, and many of the States have elected their own Governors and Legisla- lators and many cities have chosen their own municipal officers. The – main lines of railroad and telegraph are in regular service, although suffering occasional temporary interruptions on account of the oppos- ing factions already mentioned; most of the public schools are main- tained with large attendance, ordinary business goes on as usual; and, most important of all, inflated paper currency has been done away with, and real gold and silver coins form the circulating medium.

The great causes of unrest and dissatisfaction are the lack of work and the preponderance of the military element with the multiplied cases of graft and exaction which accompany it. The lack of work is caused largely by the refusal of the large companies, principally for- eign, to renew their activities under the regUlations existing, and the continuance of bandit raids.

ATTITUDE OF THE GOVERNMENT TOWARD MISSIONS The present government is sincerely anxious to secure and advance the moral and intellectual welfare of the people. In Sonora and Yuca- tan the liquor traffic has been strictly suppressed and in several other states greatly limited. Gaming laws are enforced in many cities. The

tendency is toward improvement in all these ways. The new constitution limits religious services and practices, but with the idea of regulating and improving, not of excluding.

The attitude of the government in making these restrictions has not been understood generally. It should be remembered that this is not new legislation for this country. The reform laws, established by the great patriot Benito Juarez in 1858, form the basis and ideal of the new constitution. Whatever has been added to the old law of reform has been caused by the failure of the Roman Catholic authorities to respect and submit fully to that law, and, as has been admitted by the highest authorities of the present government, these restrictions were not intended for the Protestants, but for the Roman Catholics. The attitude of the government is distinctly favorable to evangelical missions in the country and to their schools and churches, although this does not alter the fact that the great mass of the people is sincerely Roman Oatholic in heart and mind, as, indeed, it is the only religion of which they have ever had any real knowledge. At the same time it must be admitted that the restrictions of the new constitution applied impartially also affect Protestant schools and churches, limit their activities directly, and threaten to impede them serionsly. Undoubtedly there are many who will employ all available means to have these restrictions applied to Protestants as well as others.

HOW THE NEW CONSTITUTION WILL AFFECT MISSIONS In general these restrictions may be summed up under three heads: those in regard to the holding of property, to the ministry, and to schools. The law as to the holding of property has not been changed essentially from that of the old constitution, and there has been no evidence yet that the application of it will be modified greatly. Church' buildings continue to be considered the property of the nation, but so long as they are in actual use for religious services the government has not molested those holding them. It has been proposed that a rental be charged for their use, but if such a regulation were applied in a just proportion to the adherents worshipping in them, it would not seriously affect evangelical work.

The ministry is affected in two ways. None but native-born Mexicans may exercise the functions of the ministry in this country, and no minister may teach or direct in primary schools (up to the sixth year). Hereafter no foreign missionary may legally do what will be interpreted as "exercising the functions of the ministry." While there has been no official interpretation of that term as yet, there is no doubt that it will include the rites of baptism and the I;ord's Supper.

While it is probable that all of the missionary societies working in Mexico earnestly desire to have their churches develop a native ministry capable of directing all of the services, certainly none has considered it wise to take this step yet. The effect of the continued appli-

A VIEW OF THE SITUATION IN RUSSIA

cation of this rule will be to stimulate the preparation of a native ministry, and in that respect will be beneficial, but at the same time it will lead inevitably to the employment of a larger number of partially and insufficiently prepared ministers, with a corresponding detrimental effect.

While the missionaries may continue to reside in the country, and their influence and activity may still be most necessary, the strict application of this rule will limit them greatly. Recently fourteen Roman Catholic foreign priests were deported from Mexico City.

RELIGION AND THE SCHOOLS All schools up to the sixth year must be lay, that is, they may have no religious instruction whatever. No religious society may establish, maintain or direct such a school directly, indirectly, or through a third party; nor may any minister teach in them.

Some missionary primary schools are now closed, but the majority are continuing as before without any suggestion from the authorities that they wish it differently.

If present regulations were strictly applied it would seem to mean that the future educational work of our missionary societies must be along the line of superior and professional schools only. There is no regulation at all in regard to religious instruction of the children outside of the day-schools, and this may result in a new and very efficient line of activity for them.

OPPOR'l'UNITIES FOR EVANGELISTIC WORK There has been no time in the history of the country when it was so open for evangelistic efforts as now. The years of active persecution of Protestants had largely passed before the revolution began. Something toward evangelizing every state of the Republic has been done. In many of the cities attractive and comparatively large church buildings had been erected, and many young people,-often leaders in the new political movements,-had been educated in Protestant schools. While a very small percentage of the whole population is evangelical, Protestants are no longer generally despised, hated or feared. While the opposition of the new regime to the Roman Catholic priesthood and system is due chiefly to their political connections and activities, the result has been to make the common people more tolerant to evangelical influences, and often desirous to know for themselves what Protestantism really is. The soldiers are ready, and often anxious to receive tracts and Gospels and to read them. Public services are respectefJ and usually well attended. Conditions are ripe for the truly inspired evangelist.

If foreign missionaries may not now be pastors, perhaps they may train and inspire the Mexican Paul or Moody who shall do a much greater work.

DENOMINATIONAL DIVISION OF TERRITORY Begun at Cincinnati in 1914 and continued at the Panama Congress and the National Convention at Mexico City last March, a movement 'looking toward the co-operation of the various missionary societies in Mexico is promising to aid effectively in the evangelization of the country. It has resulted already in the establishment of a Union Theological Seminary in Mexico City, in which eight societies have united, and plans are advancing toward the union of the publishing and periodical interests.

A proposal for the territoria~ redistri~ution of the country between the various societies has received the approbation of the chief ones interested, and some of them have ailopted the recommendations and are putting them into execution as fast as conditions will permit.

Difficulties are not lacking, especially in the matter of interchange of large property interests at a time when new legislation has further complicated a question which has been uncertain ever since the beginning of Protestant missions. The Mexican churches were not sufficiently consulted in making plans for denomiJ;lational redistribution, so that some have opposed it, and propose to continue their same relations. This may have the advantage of bringing some to a real selfsupport. As it becomes clearer that the readjustment of territory applies primarily to the mission boards' responsibility and there is no disposition to force the churches to make unwilling changes, the plan will more and more appeal to all interested in the big problem of preaching the Gospel to all Mexico, irrespective of denominational advantages.

WHAT OF THE FUTURE These are difficult days for Mexico, but there can be no doubt that light will break forth. The almost incomparable natural resources of the country assure the business man that his investments eventuall'y will give rich returns, anil those of us who have heen longest in missionary work here are most deepl'y convinced that in spite of revolutions and counter-rev()lutions, of ohstacles that seem to be increasing, of superstitution, ignorance and vice, there is in tIle lVIexican soul a spiritual resource which will lead to bis salvation and to the redemption of the country.

The national Christian Endeavor motto is ours,-Mexico for Christ!

In a special degree faith is the mainspring of Christian miSSions. The nerve of missionary endeavor is the conviction that in the Christian revelation there is something distinctive and vital which the world cannot do without. The Question whether in the revelation of God in Christ we possess a treasure of incomparable worth is the crucial issue on which the whole enterprise depends.

-J. H. OLDHAM.

THE "GREEN GOLD OF YUCATAN" FOR

Drying heneguen or hemp in Yucatan. Last year the U. S. Market asked for 2,000,- 000 more bales of heneguen than the fields of Yucatan could supply. Heneguen is· what keeps Yucatan on a two pesos for one dollar basis Yucatan, Mexico's Utopia BY MRS. WILLIAM WALLACE, PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA YUCATAN is a little State, only 200 miles wide by 400 long, but packed so full of interesting things which are seen in no other part of :Mexico that it seems a small world in itself. Everyone of the 80,000 square miles is intensely interesting and worth while studying, whether covered with the henequen or hemp, "the green gold of Yucatan," with the prehistoric ruins of Chichen-Itza or Uxmal, with vast and sometimes forlorn and desolate haciendas, with cunning little Yucateco children, or with picturesque grown-ups.

In years gone by, missionaries have not troubled themselves greatly over Yucatan, much less missionary women. The woman missionary who first visited it could hardly believe her eyes. Was this unique land a piece of Old Mexico? Was it not some strange and curious country far across the seas? Customs, manners, people, all seemed to be of another age and sphere. The queer fruits and other foods and drinks, all, from "papa azul" to the thick and delicious ch9colate, were indescribably different. Even the common bean and universal tortilla took On an unknown savor in Yucatan. The pottery in form and color resembled that of the other Egypt on the Nile. The women's loose, snowy dresses, embroidered in many and bright colors,

so comfortable in a Yucatan climate; the spick and span white suits of the men; the clean, erect people, and their water jars and market baskets on their heads, made an ordinary street scene vivid and color- ful. Even the water did not run along the surface in the ordinary channell:! but came from queer underground caves, called "cen- otes." In some places windmills pumped tIle water from the curi- ous caverns and gave the land- scape a Dutch cast. Yucatan is nothing if she isn't picturesque and unique. One cannot help but delight in her individuality and differentness.

I t is not hard to believe that Yucatan was the seat of the high- est . form of native civilization when North Amenca was discov- ered. The descendants of a race so civilized, so cleanly, so artistic and deft wilJ serve the Lord with clean hands and pure hearts, the minute they are shown "the ascent into the hill of the Lord."

The Yucatecos are faruous for their hospitality, their generosity A YUCATAN LADY IN NATIVE COSTUME and their large families. We were feasted and if!ted wherever we went. The poor widow, who earned her living washing those fascinating Yucateco costumes and came to pay the tuition of her daughter who was at the San Angel School, was as gracious and generous with her mite as a wealthy henequen king. The church in Merida, especially, was a joy. Entirely self-supporting, the congregation was taking care of its own affairs most efficiently. Well organized, all living decent, well-{)rdered lives, everybody seemed to enjoy and practise his religion in Merida.

Yucatan has perhaps been more fortunate even in her revolutions than some districts in Mexico. For two years she has had a governor who does things. Governor Alvarado has been called everything from a "socialistic despot" to a "Utopian dreamer." As his despotism seems to be directed against smallpox, alcoholism and kindred evils and his dreams are coming to pass in the form of schools for Yucatan, why should anyone worry, least of all the missionary? Already 100,000 pesos have been expended in waging a campaign against smallpox in

YUCATAN, MEXICO'S UTOPIA

Yucatan, and another 25,000 against a plague of locusts. Rural schools have been created, about 1,200 in two years, with Mexico's best teachers in them. The farm owners are required to give the buildings and the State equips them.

The agrarian system, the curse of Yucatan, as of all Mexico, is being solved by the Utopian governor, who has already parceled out 40 acres apiece to 50,000 family heads. Laws have been made, on paper at least, regulating and protecting working women and children. There is an eight-hour law, compensation for injuries to workmen, and pro- vision made for old age. Ohildren under thirteen cannot be employed.

Slavery iSPf9hibited. An agricultural station has been established, and a school of manual arts aJld trades. The idea seems to be not only to teach the young folks how to work, but to teach them the dignity of work. It may be hard to make a people of Indian blood-and two- thirds of Yucatan's 350,000 are Indians-see that there is much dignity in manual labor. We have read amazement on many Indian faces when the missionary's wife was seen washing windows or dishes or dirty clothes. Those Indian handS, so deft in weaving hammocks and bas- kets, so skilled in drawn work, lace and .embroidery, should read- ily take to the farm, to cattle and chicken raising, to making bread and butter, when the idea of how to do it penetrates the Indian head. The most popular course in our girls' schools is the domes- tic science course. The girls think it great fun to cook and learn to keep house, and they feel no loss of dignity in doing these things.

Yucatan is willing to be helped, has even sent an Educational Secretary to the United States to find and send down to her the right kind of helpers. A man is wanted who is skilled in printing and able to speak Spanish. A woman is wanted who can take charge of domestic arts and sci- AN EVANGELICAL PASTOR IN YUCATAN- LIBORIO BLANCO AND HIS WIFE, ences. Yucatan has asked for a MAGDALENA, OF ULMA.

man who understands tropical agriculture, for several instructors in the educational department, etc.

The doors are wide open to all, including the evangelical missionary.

Another great opportunity is the medical one. Many of the little

children suffer from a disease called "palidismo" and are pitiful little creatures, with their pale faces and dull eyes. A native physicIan has made special study of the disease, which to the casual observer looks like a bad case of anemia. It is due to the heat and improper feeding. According to resigned parents, it is "la voluntad de dios" (the will of God) that their children are taken from them. Some mothers, less resigned, attribute it to too many beans in infancy, and too much coffee. If some consecrated physician would offer for the children's service, the benefit would be tremendous.

UXMAL. THE HEIGHT OF THE PEOPLE AND THE "VOLAN" AFFORD AN INTERESTING COMPARISON WITH THE HEIGHT OF THE RlUIN If the Church will do her share in helping this people, already turned toward knowledge and industry, Yucatan may be not only a beacon of progress to all Mexico, but a center from which the religion of Christ will spread through Central America.

"Now is the time for aggressive work in Mexico. The future is bright with promise; God is calling us to larger endeavor as He is opening up to us larger fields."

"If there ever was a time in the history of the world when a nation stood at the parting of the ways, Mexico stands there to-day. Fifty years from now, all the missionaries believe, Mexico will, be either Christian or atheisti~, in accordance with what is offered her at this time."

Sons of Italy in

BY REV. A. DI DOMENICA, B. D., Pastor of the First Italian Baptist Church, Philadelphia. Pa.

T HE Italians began to come to Anierica as early as 1492. When all mankind were ignorant of the true shape of the earth, it was an Italian who conceived the id(:a of its real form. 'Vhen Colum· bus, with the help of Spain, discovered the new world, England and ~"'rance each sent Italian explorers to help them secure a share in the new continent. The former sent John Cabot; the latter John of Verrazzano. The new continent was not only discovered by Italians, but was named by and for an Italian navigator-Amerigo Vespucci. Thus the history of America begins with the work of Italian discoverers.

During the first quarter of the nineteenth century, only a few hundred Italians came to America, and from 1820 to 1880 not quite 70,000 of them followed. During the last four decades, however, Italy has sent more people to America than any other nation in Europe, so that now there are over 3,000,000 of them in this country. They are to be found everywhere, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and are engaged in various occupations, covering every manual, agricultural, commercial. industrial and professional work.

Among the first Italian immigrants to America thel'e were few who could read and wri teo They started grocery stores ~ith which were invariably connected saloons, private savings banks and steamship office agencies. With these fourfold business establishments they became the lords of the later immigrants, who were dependent upon them for everything they needed.

Scores of these pri:vate banks have gone into hankruptcy and thousands of simple and hard-working people who had deposited their hardearned savings there lost all. The situation has now been greatly improved, not only by state legislation, but by the painful experience on the part of the sufferers, which has taught them to entrnst their money, not to unscrupulous men, but to reliable American banking establishments.

SOCIAL LIFE AMONG ITALIANS The Italians may be divided into three classes-professional men, tradesmen and laborers. In their economic and social life they are making tremendous strides. Their frugality enables them in a few years to save enough money to buy a home, even if they put a mortgage upon it.

Morally speaking, the Italians are far superioI" to many nationalities which have come to America_ They may drink their wine or beer, but are seldom seen drunk on the streets. Italian women may have many faults, but they love their hotne life and would make any saeri-

fice for their children. Italian women overlook the faults of their hushands more readily than do the American women. Divorces among those who were married in Italy are almost unknown; but it is not AO true of those who are married here.

The girls are usually under the subjection of their parents until they married, giving over all their earnings and received very little for their own use. I know girls who do not eyen get 25 cents a week for themselves. Their parents, of course, provide for all their neces..<;i· ties. The most extremely "Americanized" girls do not imitate their Italian sisters in this, but keep all their earnings, pay board and arE' their own bosses!

The young men born in America present one of the most serious problems we have. They seem to have given up all the good traits which their parents imported from Italy, and have retained the bad ones. On top of these they have absorbed the worst customs which American life is apt to generate. The combination of these two evils is not an easy one with which to deal. No social, civic or intellectual organization can remedy it. This is a problem which the churches of Christ must solve. The only good characteristic which these "Americanized" boys have is that, as a rule, they do not frequent saloons.

RELIGIOUS LIFE OF AMERICAN ITALIANS The professional men and tradesmen are Catholics in name only. They neither attend church nor believe in the" priests. The laboring class is composed mostly of illiterates. Even among them the percentage of those who attend church is very small. It is generally admitted that not quite 10 per cent of the Italians in America support the Roman Catholic Church by their presence in her services. Recently when I spoke of the attitude of the Italians in going to church only on three occasions of their life: at their christening, marriage and burial, a member of the church said to me: "I do not agree with you ; the Italians go to church only once in their life-when they get married, for when they are christened and buried they are taken there!"

For centuries the Italians have been oppressed by the papal system which has retarded the development of their economic, political, social and educational life. The long struggle for Italian unity, combatted by the papacy, is no more a hidden thing among the Italians of today. The impiety of the clergy in Italy and the practice of the Church in selling religious privileges and favors have led the Italians to believe that it is merely a "business establishment." Therefore they dis· card it.

The few Italians Wl10 attend church never pray to God, but to the Virgin and to their various patron saints. They do not enjoy their religion and whatever they do is more of a burden than a voluntary and joyful performance. A woman who was converted not long ago said: "During the time of my Catholic life I had thirteen children

THE SONS OF ITALY IN AMERICA

who were born in sorrow; but since I gave my heart to Jesus I had another one which was horn in the joy of the Lord."

Before the Italians are swept into infidelity and atheism the Protestant forces in America ought to come together and study all the ways and means to do a real aggressive work among them. If this work had been done twenty years ago, we would today have a different story to tell about the Italians. The work mu8t be done, not only for the salvation of the Italians, but for the salvation of America as well.

Much is being said against the hyphenated Americans, and some have gone so far as to say that Americanism must be forced upon our immigrants. They must accept it or be compelled to leave America! Alienism is not an old suit from which the hyphenated must be divested; neither is Americanism a mantle with which he can be in· vested. True Americanism is an ideal which must be born in the soul of the individual and must develop gradually in .proportion as he com· prehends for what it stands. If a foreigner has not reached the stage in which he considers it a privilege rather than an advantage to become a citizen of our beloved country, he would much better remain forever an alien than to be clothed with a mantle which he does not deserve, because he does not appreciate it. True Americanism is im· periled by those who become A.mericanized only in politics and not in ideals. It is easy to get naturalization papers; but it is very hard to understand and live up to the ideals and aspirations of an undeluded Americanism. If we desire to bring the Italians into the realm of true Americanism we must give them the Gospel. Nothing else can do the work.

Great mistakes have been made in the past by carrying on the work for Italians in unsuitable places previously used as dance halls, stores or even saloons. These places can never satisfy the artistic tempera· ment of the Italians, neither do they inspire them toward God. When the work is carried on in an American church, in most cases the room offered to the Italians is the least attractive in the building, a fact not in accord with the altruistic spirit of the American people. Before a work is started provision ought to be made to have the Mission in the midst of the Italian population, even if a lot was to be bought and only the basement dug and built for the work. If we did this the Italians would more readily come in and would realize that we mean business.

MISSIONARY FORCES AT WORK No missionary society can be too .careful in the selection of missionary pastors. Many blunders have been made in the past in engaging inefficient workers. While a great change for the better has been effected during this last decade through the different schools which are training Italian yOoung men for the ministry, yet there is still room for improvement.

The Italian priest can never become a leader of the people in America, since they have drifted away from the church which they call the "Holy Shop."

The Italian Protestant pastor is a leader of the people whom he gathers around him. They see that what he does is for their social, moral and spiritual welfare, not prompted by selfish ends. He often exercises an influence even outside of his fiock, but the area of his leadership is restricted. To enlarge and extend his leadership and usefulness among the Italian masses requires greater efforts and intensified work.

FORCES AGAINS'f PROTESTANT INFLUENOE Saloons are generally owned by "prominent" Italian politicians, who are shrewd enough to know that it. is Protestantism in America which wages war against the saloons, and, therefore, Protestants are to be fought everywhel;e. Often the saloon keepers use their influence to persuade the peasants to hold fast to the customs and traditions of their ancestors. They become promoters and organizers of celebrations of the patron saints and madonnas which the various townsfolk worshipped in their native villages. Frequently there is a .rivalry among the different townsfolk as to which of them celebrate their respective saint in the more pompous way! TIle saloon keepers, as a rule, never go to church, but they try to keep the Italians in superstition, and to get all the money they can from them.

The Italian priests do all they can to prevent the Italians from coming into contact with Protestants. They say little against atheism, socialism and anarchy, but concentrate their efforts against "the pernicious doctrine of Protestantism." Through private conversations, pU,blic preaching and the press, the priests endeavor to make the Italians believe that Protestantism is giving money to all the people who join its churches., and that they also give them clothing, flour, coal, WOOd, groceries and other things. Knowing the tender spot the Italians llave in their heart for Mary, the priests say that Protestants do not believe in her virginity! The Italians hate to be considered traitors to their old religion, in spite of the fact that they do not believe in it any more!

Before the Italians come to America they make their plans to join their townsfolk wherever they may have settled here. When they come, they renew their old associations and friendships, which very often lead them to organize Benefit Mutual Aid Societies.

When one begins to attend a "Protestant 11ission" the news is immediately spread among his townsfolk, who comment upon this shameful act, saying that he has done such a disgraceful ~hing to receive some material benefit from the Protestants. Their utterances only repeat what the priests say. The victim of this kind of persecution is ridiculed and boycotted and becomes the sC9rn of those who

THE SONS OF ITALY IN AMERICA

know him. The Italian without Christ is not free; he is the slave of many social, moral and prejudicial forces. Only those who have the moral courage to overcome this difficulty accept the Gospel. Thou- sands of them are lost to Protestantism through lack of courage to endure persecution.

While there are exceptions to the rule, the Italian press in America generally encourages the Italians to stand fast to the traditions of their fathers' religion. In almost all cases the editors and co-editors, personally, are rationalists, atheists, free-thinkers and the like; but they say they are Catholics.

A Catholic Italian paper, writing on tIle Italian Protestants, saift: "If you should ask the reason for their becoming Protestants, you will hear of two: A licentious way of living, second, their financial interest.

Everybody knows the morals of Protestants, particularly of the Italian Protestants. For them there is an eleventh_ Commandment which says: Do anything, but try to escape judgment. For them the Lutheran formula: 'Crede firmetur, pecca fortifel" (sic.!) is not a dead letter." .

No other nationality in America gambles more than the Italians.

On the whole they do not gamble for large sums of money, but for small items, such as cigars, bottles of wine or beer, and similar things.

They would play cards day and night. Sunday, of course, is the most convenient day for this pastime. They neglect many home duties through this habit. Gambiing is the greatest curse of the Italian people.

As long as the Italians do not become Protestants, no matter what kind of life they may live, they are unmolested by the priests, who are satisfied if they christen their children, perform their marriages and officiate at their funerals. The Italians, on their part, find that such an easy life is worth living! Even among the best Catholics the real spiritual life as we understand the term is utterly unknown. The life which most of them live is by no means in harmony with Christ's teaching. This state of affairs has been created by reliance on the observance of the ritualistic practices of the Ohurch. Spirituality has been lost among the debris of ritualism.

FORCES WORKING TOWARD PROTESTANTISM In spite of the fact that the Italians in America may still feel the burden of their townsfolk's prejudiceR, gossip and persecution, they do not depend upon them for their daily bread, and hence they are free from a forced submission. It does not take the Italians long to learn and feel that America is a synonym for liberty. If it had not heen for thiR spirit of freedom in America tbere would not be one Protestant mission among them. Once a common woman told me: "I am glad I am in America. Here I can dress as well as the nobles of my native town. In America I am free within and withont. Blessed be the memory of Columbus, who discovered America!"

The Italians are liberty loving people. Their long history shows clearly how much they have struggled and suffered to attain the political freedom which they are now enjoying in Italy. What they need here and there is a moral liberty which they will receive if they accept the Gospel. "If the Son shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed."

The Bible is a potent factor by which Italians are drawn toward Protestantism. As Romanists they have never been urged by their church to read the Bible.

A few years ago a society was organized in Italy among some pious Catholics for the propagation of the Bible. Its name was "The Pious Society of St. Jerome," and it published 300,000 copies of the Gospels in popular editions; but when the Roman Curia saw that the people were so eager to read the little book, she became quite alarmed; and through some mysterious hand stopped its circulation. Prof. Giovanni Luzzi in his book "'rhe Struggle for Christian Truth in Italy" says: "The Society of St. Jerome has not been dissolved by any express official act, but it has, nevertheless, been dissolved. The Curia has not killed the Society directly, but has so managed that it should expire gradually, slowly, and of itself. The noble members of the "Pious Society" have dreamed a beautiful dream, and nothing more; they have learned by painful experience that the Curia fears a reawakening of the people's conscience, and therefore does not desire the free circulation of the Gospel of Christ."

When we first introduce the Bible into an Italian family, they fear to take it, as the priests are" continually saying that it is "a prohibited book." But a few words of encouragement on our part will induce them to take and read it. When they see that "there is nothing bad in it," they continue to read the book and gradually they see that the Church of Rome does not teach and practice what the Bible says. The Bible opens their eyes and becomes for them "a lamp unto their feet and a light unto their path."

When an Italian begins to read the Bible and "tastes" the goodness of the Lord, he becomes a tireless missionary among his people. Often a converted layman does more missionary work than the missionary himself. He works among his countrymen and during his lunch hour he has the chance to work for the Master. A young man in New Haven, Conn., worked for a firm which employs hundreds of Italians. During his fifteen years' stay with that company he distributed thousands of religious tracts and New Testaments which he bought with his own money. Not one day passed by that at noon he did not gather a group of men to whom he spoke the gospel truth. When the weather permitted, he would go out to a park near the factory and hold open-air services. Through this young man many souls have been brought to Jeslls Ohrist and others have a changed attitude towarrl Protestantism. Often one can even see the illiterate carrying a New Testament in their pocket. When they find opposi-

THE SONS OF ITALY IN AMERICA

tion O'n the part O'f their friends, they take the New Testament which has been previously marked O'n sO'me impO'rtant PO'ints by one whO' can read, and says: "Here is the book . . . read it yourself. I am sorry that I cannot read it, but I know and believe that it cO'ntains God's wO'rd." This lay evangelistic work is bO'und to' bring fQrth fruit.

All PrO'testant Churches and MissiO'ns have a number of vO'lunteer American wO'rkers whO'se cO'Qperation in the work is Qf an immense value. Wherever the Americans are deeply interested in the work and in the people, the result is most encDuraging. Sympathy is a great and PQwerful attraction, and sympathetic Americans will attract the Italians to Jesus Christ. In thirty-five years of labor the Presbyterians, Baptists, MethQdists, CQngregationalists, Episcopalians, I~u­ therans and other minO'r bodies tO'day have O'ver 300 churches and missiO'ns amDng the Italians.

ThrO'ugh the PQwer O'f the GQspel a great change takes place in the life of these Italians and sO'me of their conversions are stupendQus.

A young Italian in Waterbury, CDnn., was employed as a labO'rer in a suburb of that city at $9 a week. He sent $8 of this to' his parents in Italy and lived on Qne dDllar a week! As the work was abO'ut to' be cQmpleted he and anO'ther young man were discharged. They were sO' angry at the "boss" that they decided to take vengeance. On the sam~ day, Saturday, they bought a revolver and made plans to hide in a certain place and kill him on the following Monday as he was going to wDrk! On Sunday mDrning the two yDung men were passing the First Baptist Church, where an Italian service was being held. A member of the mission was standing at the dO'or and invited them to gO' in. At first they hesitated, but finally they yielded. The preaching of the Gospel impressed them bO'th profoundly, but especially the one whO' was to commit the crime. At the end Df the service twO' people were immersed. This ceremO'ny made such an impressiO'n upon him that as sO'on as. the missionary came out of the baptistry he went directly to' him and said: "Sir, I want to' be baptized right now." The missiO'nary replied that it was impossible, since he had attended the church just once. Then the yO'ung man, pulling the revolver frO'm his pocket, related the story Df his plans; but, he added: "The preaching of the GQspel this morning and the baptism I have witnessed have changed my whole plans." He was coverted to' Jesus Christ, and to- day he is one of the leading members in our Italian church t~ere. It w~s the pDwer of the GO'spel which saved those twO' young men from earthly ruin and eternal punishment, and, at the same time, saved the life O'f their former emplDyer. Paul writing to the Italians O'f old, said: "FDr, as much as in me is I;m ready to' preach the Gospel to' you also that are in Rome." If h~ was ready to preach, the Italians must have been ready to' listen. The Italians in America are ready for the Gospel. Are we ready to' give it to' them?

A PORTION OF THE GENERAL WOMEN'S BIBLE CLASS. CHAI.RYENG. KOREA

Women of

BY WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, D.D., L.H.D., ITHACA, NEW YORK.

Author of "Korea, the Hermit Nation"; "The Mikado's Empire," etc., etc.

T HE daughters of Chosen number six or seven millions. The "Land of Morning Splendor" was set between two empires: one, vast and continental, with ancient traditions and a great literature and highly esteemed; the other, insular, contracted in area and despised. From China, revered as a perennial fountain of civilization and culture, Korea received richly. To Japan, as to a pupil nation, during many centuries she gave freely. Korea, for centuries shut up in her peninsula from the far Western world, was the pathway by which Japan was en· riched from "the Treasure Lands" of China and India.

A great system of ethics and phiJosophy was the gift of China, and was best suited for the superior and the learned. Another system of religion, originating in India, was eagerly welcomed by the common people. In a word, Confucius and Buddha have been Korea's teachers and the purveyors of her culture. At the same time the dwellers on the peninsula have suffered many times from both neighbors by military invasions' carrying with them the desolations of war.

The Koreans are a mixed race, blending the Aryan and Tartar strains. The combined forces of race, creeds, climate, food and natural environment have all been ingredients in the spiritual chemistry which makes Korean humanity different, and often winsomely so, from that of the Chinese or the Japanese.

What message did Confucianism, Buddhism and Christianity, both Roman and Reformed, each in its time, bring to womankind in the "Land of the Tranquil Dawn?"

The primitive Korean woman stands in the forefront of history a true "help meet" for man and less in subordination and seclusion than in the later days called civilized, when Confucianism had distinctly lowered her status. Though Chinese ethics and ritual control custom, yet Buddhism, introduced into Korea in the fourth century, has mothered what influences the masses in folk·lore, art, and popular literature. The India faith also brought a distinctive message to Korean womanhood, making her lot pleasanter and opening its gates to fellowship between the sexes. Nuns in the Buddhist monasteries, as well as monks, were numbered by the thousands. In 1392, after a thousand years of prosperity, when Buddhism had grown corrupt through .,great wealth and power, a palace revolution displaced the India faith as the established religion, and hundreds of religious houses were destroyed. Today, 'forests flourish and desolate loneliness reigns where there were once activo ity and a large population.

VACCINATION DAY AT THE WO MAN'S HOSPITAL–PYENG YANG The new dynasty acknowledged only Confucianism, and this was made the official cult. Buddhist priests were forbidden to enter any walled city and only the monasteries in remote or mountainous districts were spa.red. Some compromise seems to have been made, for the monks were organized into a sort of clerical militia, garrisoning the strongholds for national defense.

It was during the Buddhist era of a thousand years that colossal images called miryek (stonemen) were chiseled out of solid rock. Nearly a hundred are still extant, standing single or in pairs to represent the male and female influences in the cosmos. Today they may be found in the forests, amid the growths of trees that have sprung up where towns or monasteries once stood. One can also trace the story of the rise, progress and evanescence of settlements of the "cell brothers" and "cell sisters" in the language itself.

With the enforcement of Confucianism, the status of the Korean women was distinctly lowered. Not long ago the little daughter of an American missionary was roughly twitted by some Korean boys, with the disgrace of being a girl. She ran with quivering lip and in tears to ask her father if it were true that he was sorry that she was a girl. It was his Christian viewpoint that enabled him to comfort her by the assurance that he would not part with his darling for all the boys in creation. "In Christ Jesus, there is neither male nor female." With as genuine surprise as the Galatian gentlemen of the first century heard this word from the Apostle Paul, has the Korean received this message frQm the missionary. Even more, he has pondered and profited by it for his own blessing and that of his native land I There is abundant evidence that

THE WOMEN OF CHOSEN

the Korean male has taken this text to heart. Many husbands have been "won by the conversion of the wives."

When Papal Christianity entered the Forbidden Land" over a century ago, its teaching was distinctly cheering and uplifting to Korean women. Dallet, in his History of the Church in Korea, relates several incidents showing woman's higher estate under the gospel message, however obscured this might be by the excessive employment of symbols and the emphasis on the Church, rather than on the Eternal Word.

It was not until the country, opened by treaty in 1884; was touched by influences flowing from an open Bible, that the great uplift of Korean womanhood began. With its old name of Chosen restored in 191 I, a new forward movement was inaugurated.

The gospel message to Korea was a large one, as must needs be when borne by woman. herself. When the Lord, in his Providence, gave the Word, great was the number of prophetesses to proclaim it and healers to make it instantly visible. The Christian women in Amer- BLIND GRADUATE EMPLOYED AS MASSEUSE IN WOMAN'S HOSPITAL-SEOUL

ica resolved that, so far as they could receive it, the daughters of Chosen should have what America possessed.

In the annals of modern Christian missions, the sto-ry of Korea is unique. Into this land, Christian women -entered at an earlier period of missionary endeavor and in numbers to which there is no parallel elsewhere. The land was opened to the Gospel at a time when the gifts and energies of Christian women at home were highly developed and organized. Canada and Australia quickly sent their accomplished daughters as yoke-fellows with the pioneers from America, and all bestowed their talents in generous consecration.

The response from the heart of Korean womanhood was equally prompt. Whatever hindrances lay in heathen conservatism or pagan superstition, the daughters of the land recognized the Master and obeyed His call. The first school for girls, which was- begun in Seoul, by Mrs.

H. B. Scranton, in I 885, as the E wa Hak Tank, has now scores of pupils, hundreds of alumnae and a noble faculty of teachers. In 19 I7, :rfter thirty-two years of female education, we find Chris- tian schools for girls and for the instruction of Bible women at most of the larger mission stations. The female membership of the churches exceeds, in larger proportion at the same stage of development, the church of Japan. This means much in the spiritual control and destiny of the rising generation. The classes for Bible study, not only among the young, but those composed of older women is a phenomenal feature in Korea. There are also schools for young married women anelwidows.

After these means were set in motion for making happy homes and for training women in Christian character, hospitals and medical schools were founded for training female nurses and physicians. Here the Korean woman responded nobly to her opportunity. Esther Pak, M.D., who was the first daughter of Chosen educated in America, has had a hopeful following. In 1898, schools for the blind and later one for the deaf were established. Conferences of the workers for those deprived of sight and hearing have been held, thus giving national scope.

All of the dispensaries and hospitals, asylums for lepers, and homes for the needy of all sorts, have gospel services in conjunction with the labors of the healers. Despite the noble and abundant work done and provision made, the call for more help and larger facilities is vast and imperative. The growth of the Korean woman, from dense ignorance into intelligent church membership and spiritual Christianity, reminds one of apostolic days.

About thirty Christian day schools for girls are now in operation, some of them for ten years or more. The "Ewa Hak Tang" School of Seoul is now in its thirty-flrst year. Over a dozen Bible schools for women and about twenty-five hospitals are in active operation under direct Christian influences. The feeling of all the healers of bodies is well expressed in the words of Dr. A. G. Fletcher that "Medical work without religious instruction is a giant shorn of its strength." The hospital, so largely

served by Christian women, is a potent aid in the evangelization of Korea.

In her response to opportunity, in heeding the call of her Saviour, in sacrifice for His cause, and in upholding the Church, the Korean Christian woman is second to none on any other gospel field. Those familiar even with conditions thirty-two years ago, see today a transformation almost as great as· Ezekiel witnessed when, in the place of a valley of dry bones, stood an army of animated bodies and living souls.

Within thousands of huuseholds an equally great change has been wrought, but greatest of all is that within the soul of the Korean woman. In faithfulness and devotion, and with a personality in constant increment for good influences, she has fully equalled her father, brother, son and husband. In renouncing selfishness, worldliness, idolatry and sin she has made a full surrender to her Saviour. In seeking her life in God, she becomes a new creature for both joy and service. In the many phases of Christian work specified by Jesus himself as judgment-day tests and measured by "inasmuch," the Korean woman has walked step by step with the redeemed Korean man. Her fluency in prayer and exhortation and depth of spiritual experience excite the wonder of even those familiar with female humanity in Korea. One notable fact in family life i§ seen in the naming of girls. Instead of the former terms of contempt are those of honor and affection.

Noone can fail to glorify God that so much has been accomplished in so brief a period. Without the help of the Korean woman, such results as are witnessed today seem incredible or non-existent. All honor and credit to those in high Government authority for what has been done; but Christians, moved by the spirit of Jesus, were the founders. Fruit is easy after the seed has been brought, planted and cultivated. Christianity in Chosen today fulfills the test given by the Founder himself tothe disciples of John. (Luke 7:22.) Our faith and conviction, after nearly fifty years of prayer for this peninsular people, is, that though politically crushed, their sovereignty and independence gone, her people will yet become a mighty spiritual force not only in the empire of Japan but in the world. Not least in both leavening and the propulsive power of godliness will be the Christian woman of Korea. In the spiritual world as in nature, it is often that the richest fragrance exhales from what has been bruised. In Korea's loss, her people may, under God, find their richest gain.

"DOING THE DOCTRINE"

In Korea people use some unique phrases. When a Korean decides to become a Christian he tells his friends that he has made up his mind to "do the doctrine." This is like the Chinese convert who made this quaint confession of faith: "I am now reading the Bible. and behaving it." The Bible is first and foremost a book to read, but in China and in Korea they understand that it is also a book to obey.

War's Lessons in

BY JAMES M. SPEERS, NEW YORK Chairman of the Laymen's Missionary Movement and President of James McCutcheon and Company H OW can we maintain, develop, and direct the new measure of beneficence which has come to tIle front in the war? In seek- ing an answer to this question let us get before our minds clearly the' outstanding causes of this increased measure of giving. Were they not: First: great, concrete, commanding, soul-stirring, and soul-gripping needs, unitedly and ably presented, which appealed to everybody no matter to what division of the church he belonged. They were such appeals as those To save the starving people of Belgium, Serbia and Poland. To relieve the unspeakable suffering of the people of Armenia and Syria. To provide the Red Cross Society with funds to promote its great work of mercy on behalf of suffering humanity everywhere. To make it possible for the Y. M. C. A. to comfort and befriend our boys in the camps and on the battle-field, and to bring to them moral, religious and spiritual support and stimulus. Second: The broadest and fullest kind and measure of cooperation by all classes of people everywhere, without regard to religious or even racial differences. Third: The most complete and painstaking organization. Broadly, these were the causes-others have had their influence. Men were appealed to by the heroism of the men and women of Belgium and Armenia; by the sacrifices these people were ready to make for a principle. By the side of this heroism and these sacrifices money seemed a cheap thing. Then there was the appeal which comes from a br0ader realization than ever before of the brotherhoOd of man, of our interdependence upon one another, of the interdependence of one nation upon another, and our consequent obligation to belp one another. Selfishness, too, played its part. Men gave because of some personal interest. Their boy or their friends might be helped, or there was the broader, personal interest· in seeing that our army had the fullest measure of physical comfort and spiritual care possible. The crowd spirit, too, had its influence. It became popular to help in these causes. A man did not like to be seen without a Red Cross button. In a measure men could not resist the enthusiasm; they were swept into it. There were over three million subscribers to the Y. M. C. A. J1'und, The Red Cross secured some fifteen million members.

Now, in order to maintain, develop, and direct this new spirit and measure of giving and to turn it into missionary channels, we must make adequate use of the similar means-the same character of appeals, methods, and influences·, First of all we must present an appeal, concrete, vivid, commanding, soul-gripping, the need of a thousand millions of people of the world for the Gospel of Christ. Surely there is no other subject which furnishes so much material to make a gripping appeal of real human interest as the physical, industrial, educational, and spiritual needs of this heathen world.

These needs must be presented in a way to give people an adequate conception of the bigness of the task we are confronting. The Red Cross asked for one hundred millions and they got much more than that sum. The Y. M. C. A. asked for thirty-five millions and people gave fifty-five millions. Has the church talked so much and so long about what five cents a week or ten cents a week will do that people have come to think of the work of missions as a five cent and ten cent job. Perhaps we have eheapened the undertaking in the eyes of the people by failing to make sufficiently large demands for its support.

I remember years ago asking a young man, who had never given more than five dollars in his life to anything, for a hundred dollars for a certain cause. It nearly took his breath away but he gave the one hundred dollars, and he got a larger idea of giving, as well as of'the cause, than he ever had before. Men are ready to respond in a large way if the cause demands it.

Then we need a hundred men and women to make the appeal for everyone we now have. And we must have men and women who know how to present an appeal. We had in our church some time ago a missionary, who had rendered heroic service and who had passed through thrilling experiences, but he had no more ability than a tenyear-old boy to tell about it. A lady leaving the church asked: "Who was that man, anyhow? He appeared and talked just like an undertaker." Do not send such people to make appeals. That is not their work.

I would bring home from the field for short periods frequently men and women who can tell in a way that grips the story of the needs of the field, and I would send out to the field from time to time numbers of men and women for the special purpose of getting first hand knowledge of conditions so that they might come home and tell the church about them. The need must be presented vividly, concretely, and in a way that grips.

Then there must be a far larger measure of cooperation among the denominations than ever before, if we expect people to give liberally. We will get all the money we need for foreign missions

When a united church presents its united appeal for foreign missions}' When -it prcsents missions as its chief mission in the world and the one great outstanding reason for its existellce}' When it presents the work of evangelizing the tGorld as the tGork of the whole church j When it presents this as a big enough task to tax its whole united energies. Cooperation is in the air. The war and conditions resulting from the war are bringing it about in strange ways and places. Over in Greenwich, Connecticut, there are four churches, a large and influen· tial Episcopal Church, an equally strong Congregational Church, and smaller Presbyterian and Methodist Churches. Within the last few weeks the two larger churches found themselves without coal, the Presbyterian and Methodist churches having plenty of coal. On con· ference the four churches decided to unite their services in one clmrch, using the Episcopal and Congregational churches alternately, these having the larger auditoriums, the Presbyterian and Methodist con· tributing their coal. The ministers of the four churches preach alter· nately and all four ministers take part in each service. In addition to this the colored churches of the town are given the use of the larger churches in which to hold their services in the afternoon. This is cooperation by way of the coal bin, but it may and undoubtedly will lead to larger things. I am interested in foreign missions, but I have not a cent's worth of interest in making Presbyterians or Baptists, or Congregationalists, or Methodists, or Episcopalians of the heatben peoples.. What I am concerned about is that they shall become followers of Christ. These are days in which men are very little concerned about denominational differences. Last Sunday at Camp Dix nine hundred men, including representatives from practically all of the Protestant denominations, gathered for a Communion Service in one of the Y. M. C. A. build· ings. Sixteen commissioned army officers passed the elements. The nearer men get to the trenches these days the less interest they take in things that are divisive in religion, and when they come back they will not have much patience with some of our hair-splitting denomina· tional differences. l,et the church ppepare for this, at least to the extent of getting together on our common task of world evangelization. 'rhat men will respond to a united appeal, we have recently had an abundance of convincing evidence. Third: "Ve must organize our forces for a united effort. Every town, city and state in the country was organized for Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. work and every town and community was assigned its quota of the whole budget. There is no reason why this should not be done for the greater work of evangelizing a world. We can readily plan for and estimate the total cost of such an undertaking. Having done this, why should we not assign to every town and city in

1918J TITHERS VS. OTHER GIVERS

the country its portion of that budget and have the Christian men and women of each community without regard to their denominational affiliations undertake to raise their quota? The money thus raised could be apportioned to each organization cooperating in accordance with the number of workers on the field. Other details could easily be worked out.

Such a plan will command the interest and support of men who have money to give.

Oet your vision of the need before the people.

Make it big enough and commanding enough.

Make the appeal unitedly. .Present the evangelization of the world as the work of the whole church.

Organize your force8.

Then the church will secure not only the money but the men needed to accomplish the task.

TITHERS VS. OTHER GIVERS.

A church in Charlotte, N.· C., has made a study of the returns from its duplex envelopes, with the following striking results: The non-tithers number 160. The tithers number 90.

Seventy families of the 160 non~ Only nineteen families of the 90 tithers own their homes. tithers own their homes. There- fore, 71 tithers do not own their homes.

For congregational expenses 210 For congregational expenses the members paid $1,394.oI, or $6.50 90 tithers paid $2,639.36, or $29.33 per capita. per capita.

Where the members paid $1.00 The tithers paid on an average each on an average. $4.50 each.

Whereas 210 members gave The 90 tithers gave $386.52 to $371.51 to missions-or $1.77 per missions, or $4.29 per capita. capita.

'For the building fund 210 mem- For the building fund the 90 bers gave $991.72, or $4.72 per tithers gave $956.30, or $10.63 per capita. . capita.

For all purposes, 210 members For all purposes the 90 tithers contributed $2,757.24, or $13.13 gave $3,982.18, or $44.25 per cap- per member. ita.

This shows that while the tithers were not more comfortable in circumstances than the non-tithers they give on an average 3.37 times as much for all church purposes, 4.5 as much for congregational expenses, 2.25 as much for the building fund and 2.5 as much _for missions.

AN AMERICAN ARMY Y. M. C. A. CANTEEN IN

(MRS. THEODOIfE ROOSEVELT. JR., AT THE EXTREME RIGHT) The American Soldiers in France By G. SHERWOOD EDDY, New York Association General Secretary of the International Young Men's Christian Associati01t Author of "With Our Soldiers in France"

Dr. Eddy has spent much time in the last three years among the American and British soldiers in France and England. These extracts from his recent book give an unusually vivid picture of the conditions and needs of the work. The book is one of the most impressive war books that has appeared.-EDlToR.

W E recently visited many of the each building to accommodate two five hundred centers of the thousand men a day. Every night this winter 15,000 men will be crowding Young Men's Christian A:ssociation in the meetings, lectures and concerts; and twice each week 12,000 men will the British and American armies. To be gathered in religiouli meetings. The give you an idea of the work, let me great red triangle on the door sym- bolizes the three-fold work which is describe what we are doing in a great being carried on in each hut, and 60,- base camp from which I have just 000 men a day are being ministered to come.

In the center of the camps die Y. M. C. A. has erected thirty e-reat huts,

THE AMERICAN !::iOLDIERS IN FRANCE

in body, mind and spirit. To grapple rows beyond are men burned in their with this task, 100 picked men are eyes or lungs, and some of them from serving as trained workers and 67 head to foot, with this deadly gas, ladies are rendering heroic service at which has scorched its way right their own e~pense. Twenty ministers through the clothing, and in some have given up their churches for the cases burned off the skin.

period of the war to serve in thest; Here in the center of the camp huts. Here are some of the finest stands the great Young Men's CHris- minds of England, serving at the tian Association hut, 60 by 120 feet, counters, lecturing at night, coming in which is furnishing the model for our close personal contact with the men. new American buildings at the front.

Among the men who have been work- As we enter the great social hall, there ing here are Professor Burkett, the are hundreds of men seated at the New Testament scholar; Professor tables or lined up in long queues filing Bateson, the great biologist; Profes- by the counters to get their hot coffee sor Holland Rose, the- historian, and or tea and refreshment:.. Next is the Professor Oman, all of Cambridge; large lecture hall which will hold 500 Rev. E. A. Burroughs and others, of men, or can be thrown open so that Oxford; Principals Cairns and Fra- the whole hut will accommodate an ser of Scotland; a distinguished group audience of 1,200 men. There is a of missionaries, including Butcher of lounge and quiet room for prayer and 'New Guinea, Dennis of Madagascar, Bible classes. Outside the hut is a Dr. Farquhar and Dr. Datta of India, large platform, where scores of the while Lord W m. Cecil has been lec- patients are playing games in the open turing on China. air, and beyond is the cricket and foot- AT A CONVALESCENT CAMP ball field where the hardier men are winning back their strength. Let us step into a typical hut to get an idea of the work. Here is the For three nights we have been con- Young Men's Christian Association of ducting meetings in this hut. Five a convalescent camp. Weare in the hundred men assembled the first night, midst of a city of white tents, accommodating 4,000 patients who are re- as we spoke on "The Greatest Battle covering from their wounds before re- of the War, or The Fight for Char- acter." The same number gathered turning to the front. The camp is on the second night, on the subject, fed from twelve surrounding hospi- "The Real Issues of the War," and tals, each accommodating from 1,000 six hundred men gathered on the third night, as we spoke on "Over the Top to 4,000 patients. I see the awful and After, or Death and What Lies price in human suffering and life that Beyond." More than three hundred men signed decision cards and rethe war is costing. . mained to the after-meetings. On two nights, second after-meetings were The first tent outside the Young held, where men from Australia, South Africa, Canada and the States, Men's Christian Association is filled and the British Isles, spoke of the sins of their past lives and of Christ's with a few of the thousands of men power to save, even in the midst of the temptations of a great base camp. who are suffering from the new German gas. It is odorless and invisible and the men do not know for several hours that they have been gassed, not until the terrible symptoms suddenly break out upon them. This first boy can only whisper, for his lungs are TEMPTATIONS IN A FRENCH VILLAGE badly burned. The next boy is blinded and asks us to write a letter to his Here in this typical French farming mother, but not to mention his eyes. village of a thousand people, a thou- The next two cots are empty. Both sand American soldier boys are quar- the boys died in the night of pneumo- tered. These are the men of the First nia caused by the gas. Down the long Division, scattered along behind the

AMERICAN SOLDIERS BILLETED IN A FRENCH VILLAGE French lines, being licked into shape no social life, save the French girls as ·rapidly as possible to take their in the doorways and on the street corplaces in the trenches for the relief ners. Think of these men shut up of the hard-press.ed French lines. here through the long winter, with nothing to do in the evenings but t9 The first impression we receive is drink French wines and to follow their the enormous moral danger to which natural impulses. these men are exposed in this faraway foreign land. Some of these Here on the village green stands a men tell us that they have just been big tent, with the sign "The American paid from two to four months' salary Y. M. C. A." across the red triangle in cash. Here are men with several that is already over five hundred cenhundred francs in their hands, buried ten in France, and which symbolizes in a French village with absolutely no the ministry to the whole man-body, attraction or amusement save drink mind and spirit. Inside the tent, as and immorality. Here in this little the evening falls, scores of boys are village the only prosperous trade in sitting at the tables, writing their letevidence is that in wines and liquors. ters home on the letterheads provided Our boys are unaccustomed to the for them. 'This is the only social meetsimple and moderate drinking of the ing place in the entire village outside French peasants, and are plunged into of the wine shops. Here are men these drinking places with their pock- gathered about playing checkers, domets full of money. inoes and other games. Another group stands around the folding bil- Will the friends of our American liard tables. A hundred men have boys away here in France try to realize taken out oooks from the circulating iust the situation that confronts them? library, while others are scanning the Imagine a thousand healthy, happy, home papers and the latest news from reckless, irrepressible Arne ric a n the front. Our secretaries have been youths placed down in a French vil- on the ground for a week, working lage, without a single place of amuse- frum five o'clock in the morning until ment, unless it is a drinking hall; and

THE AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN FRANCE

midn1ght. They have unpacked their each day is spent with the French goods and are doing a driving trade troops, and the other half in training ovtr the counter and meeting the sol- by themselves. dier's needs, to the value of some $200 a day. After a hard morning's drill the men take their mid-day meal and Outside, a baseball game is exciting throw themselves down for a few minthe rivalry of two companies; while utes' rest. After the noon rest the just at the door.of the tent a ring Colonel assembled three battalions and is formed and the men are cheering put them through the first regimental pair after pair as they put on the box- review since landing in France. In ing gloves and with good humor are the early afternoon he asked us if we learning to take some rather heavy would address the troops. Some two slugging. thousand men were marched in close formation around the large military A TYPICAL DAY wagon, on which we were to stand. The mules were unhitched and the What is the life that our boys are men seated on the grass, while the living here at the front? Let us go band played several pieces. A great through one typical day with the bat- hunger of heart would possess any t3.lion quartered in this village. At man with half a soul if he could look five o'clock in the morning tIle firsr into the faces of these boys, beset on bugle sounds. The boys are quickly the one hand by the temptations of a on their feet, dressing, washing, get- French village and facing a terrible ting ready for the day's drill. By six- winter in the trenches, against the forty the men have reached the drill German guns and poison gas. Here, ground and are ready to begin the with no church save the great dome eight or nine hours of hard drill and of God's blue heaven above us, seated exercise that is before them~ Half of THE INTERIOR OF A "FOYER DU SOLDAT," OR Y. M. C. A. HUT, FOR THE FRENCH ARMY

on the green grass, under the warm ease. The war has dragged this moral summer sun, we have the priceless privilege of trying to lay the founda- menace into the light of day. The tions for the life of these men here in the danger of wartime. eight hundred gathered here are a We were encouraged by the splen- small part of some thousands of simidid support of the officers and the warm-hearted and eager response of lar cases in France. The London the men. The General in command attended one meeting and pledged us Daily Mail of April 25th, 1917, referhis support for our whole program for the men. Three Colonels presided at ring to the report of the military to three successive meetings, and gave the work their strong moral support. the House of Commons, stated that In no other army in Europe have the officers taken such a keen interest in there had been some two hundred the moral welfare of the troops, combined with such constant and efficient thousand cases of venereal disease in co-operation with every effort to surround the men with the best moral the British army in France alone. This influences. does not include England or the men After nine hours of hard drill, the men swung cheerfully down the hill- on the other fronts. More ominous side into the village street. Now they have lined up and with fierce appe- still is the fact that in every place tites are waiting for the evening meal. Here on the table are huge piles of yet investigated the majority of the good home-made bread. It is almost the first white bread we have had after men were corifessedly living in imthree months of brown bread in England and France. Here are heaping morality amid the temptations of the plates of delicious pork and beans, tinned salmon, plenty of fried pota- base camps in France. As one Comtoes and piping hot coffee. This was followed by a delicious pudding, better m<tnding Medical Officer said: "There than the men would have had in their own homes. Well-fed, well-clothed, is enough venereal disease in these well-equipped, sleeping under Uncle Sam's warm blankets, on comfortable military camps now to curse Europe !rold Medal cots, our boys are well cared for. for three generations to come." One At the close of the day the Colonel young major said: "Every day I am commanding the First and Second battalions of the infantry regiment, called losing my boys. I've lost more men t~e men together in the open square of the village, and after a band con- through these forces of immorality cert, invited us to address the troops on the moral issues of the war. than through the enemy's shot and THE CAMP OF THE PRODIGALS shell."

One of the saddest places to visit It is a wonderful sight to see such in France is the "Camp of the Prodigals." The men before us are not men transformed by this inwrought the wounded who' have fallen on the field of honor, bllt the sick, and, quite moral miracle, by the touch of the livfrenkly, they all have venereal dis- ing God. Here in the very center of this camp of needy men stands the Y.

M. C. A., endeavoring to meet their every need, and even here the red triangle shines with the hope of a new manhood for body, mind and spirit.

Every day at the hour ,f opening there is a scurry of feet as the men rush in to the one center in the whole camp where they can congregate and where every need is supplied. The Colonel in command takes particular pride in the Y. "M. C. A. for his men and states that crime among them has been reduced~' per cent since it started. .

THE WORK OF PREVENTION But even greater than the privilege which the Asi:ociation has in minister- ing t9 the fallen. is its work of pre- vention in the other camps. Just up the road is a swearing old major in command of a unit which has always had the worst record for immorality and disease of any camp on the plain.

He finally came in and demanded a "The Young Men's Christian Asso- Y. M. C. A. hut for his men. A few ciation is equal to the best battleship weeks later he came in and said, in afloat," said one of our American of- ficers. After seeing some of the trepunctuated language which could not mendous temptations of our boys these be printed: "For a year and a half days, the Association has rented a my camp has led all the rest as the large building at this place and put it worst in venereal disease, with some at the disposal of these men of the Patrol Squadron while they are on twenty-five fresh cases per thousand shore. They are subjected to awful every week. The first week after the temptations when they come ashore. I Y. M. C. A. was opened we had only appealed to them for clean living. At ten cases, the next week six, the third the close, fully half of the men crowdweek only two, and it has not risen ed into the large hall, and decided for above that since. Your Association clean living and a Christ-like life. is the – – best cure for this evil." The Young Men's Christian Asso- In view of all this we must lay ciation today has the opportunity for influencing the lives of literally milclaim to the whole manhood for God. lions of men and boys in these war- We add extracts from a recent let- ring zones. Pray that none of us may let this opportunity escape us." ter writteri from Somewhere in France by J. M. Clinton, an American, who also speaks from first-hand knowl- edge: ("British Official Photograph.") A Y. M. C. A. HUT UNDER SHELL FYRE ON THE BRITISH WESTERN FRONT

MBTHODS

Edited By MRS. E. C. CRONK, Columbia, S. C.

Secretary of the Committee on Methods of the Federation of Women's Foreign Mission Boards FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD OF MISSIONARY LITERATURE FIRST-LEAFLETS A young New Y0rk physician was visiting a patient. Brilliant prospec~s A YOU N G Frenchman was were before this young doctor. H~s .wounded at the siege of San practice was growing rapidly and hIS income was taking on large propor- Quentin. As he lanquished on his tions. His fame was growing also, and his host of friends were forepallet his eye fell on a leaflet. He casting that John Scudder would read the leaflet and it changed all soon be one of New York's foremost the rest of his life. Before the physicians. Church of the Consistory in Paris stands the monument of that French On this day, as he waited in the soldier with a Bible in his hand. On home of a patient, he picked up a the monument is the name of Ad- copy of a leaflet, "The Conversion miral Coligny, the great leader. of of the World, or the Claims of Six the Reformation in France. Havlllg Hundred Millions," written by those brought the conviction of the truths two pioneer missionary spirits, of the Reformation to the heart of Gordon Hall and Samuel Newell. Coligny, the leaflet journeyed on. Dr. Scudder asked permission to The next reader was a Sister of take the leaflet home with him. Mercy, who was nursing ~he soldier. There he read it, over and over Terror-stricken and pemtent over again, until the claims of those six having read such a bold statement hundred millions without the Gosagainst the Church of Rome, the pel and without medical care took Sister fled to the Lady Abbess to hold upon his heart, so that he fell confess her guilt. To determine the on his knees before the Lord, who extent of the Sister's guilt it was had said: "Go ye into all the necessary for the Lady Abbess to world," asking "Lord, what wilt read the leaflet. As she read, a great thou hame me to do?" Because of light shone in her own heart. Con- the call which came to him through that leaflet Dr. John Scudder went to vinced by this light she was com- to India as the first medical mis- sionary from America. Because he pelled flee from France to the Pa- blazed the ,vay, his nine children, latinate. With her she carried the and not fewer than fifteen of his leaflet containing its message of grandchildren, have followed in his truth and light. Just a leaflet it was, train and given their lives to miswhich cost only a few cents; but it sionary service. At a recent N orthwas destined to "stand before field Conference a company of miskings." The Lady Abbess became sionaries stood on the ulatform. the wife of William of Orange, and When the presiding officer requested the leaflet with which she fled from all who were not descendants of this France influenced his stand for the grand old pioneer to be seated, we truths of the Reformation. All this came to pass because some unknown scarcely missed those who sat <lown person left a leaflet on a hospital pallet. for wonder and amazement at the of women has brought the same number of Scudders who were fur- conviction to thousands. loughed representatives of this great missionary family at this one con- A ,yell-known lawyer carries in ference. Thousands of lives have his pocket a convincing missionary been saved, hospitals have been leaflet. Often when making an opened and tens of thousands of address he takes it out and reads souls have been led to our Saviour several paragraphs. When he is because a hundred years ago a traveling with a friend or talking to woman laid a missionary leaflet on a group of men he skilfully steers the conversation around to a point her table. which enables him to pull out this telling bit of missionary ammuni- *** tion and fire it.

A speaker had finished his elo- "Value Received" in Three-Cent Stamps quent missionary appeal. Eagerly the audience had followed his every "THAT letter is not worth three word. At the close of the meeting cents," said a woman as she they flocked around him. was sealing an envelope. "Oh," c;aid one woman, as she "Why not make it worth it?" sugwrung the speaker's hand with ardent appreciation, "If only I could gested the woman who always went speak as you do! If only it were loaded with missionary leai~ets, as pLssihle for me to pass that wonder- she slipped one into the envelope. ful addre8s on to others i" "Postage rates are so high," she added, with the shrewd smile of the "It is," said the speaker, with close trader. HI always try to get quiet grace. "For five cents you can my money's worth out of every get it at the book counter by the stamp. I know so many of my letdoor as you go out." ters are not worth three cents that I have just formed the habit of slip- It is not easy to surrender the al- ping a good missionary leaflet in luring impossibility of standing be- with them to be sure I get· value fore the multitudes and swaying received. them with our eloquence, to the prosaic possibility of standing before "The business men all do it," she the book counter and passing our continued earnestly, "and it seems coin across it. The larger possibility to me that we who are about the for most of us, however, is in the King's business ought to be as wide- awake to use every opportunity for latter stand. informing and interesting people in His business." How to Use Leaflets Readings by' Elocutionists R EAD them and have other people read them. A young A N almost untouched field is girl was asked to read a leaflet at a this. Great multitudes of people missionary meeting. When she had are interested and entertained by finished the reading she said, "I elocutionists, but few teachers of must confess that I promised to expression or professional readers read this, under protest. I was have ever had their attention dicommg to the meeting especially to rected to the thrilling stories of ask the pre~!dent to quit bothering missionary heroism. A woman who me about attending this missionary is eager to circulate missionary leafsociety, but I have stood up here lets in every way possible recently and answered with my own mouth sent to the teachers of expression every objection I had expected to in a number of colleges and to promake, and I have convinced myself fessional readers and story-tellers, that there is really no reason why I whom she knew, copies of leaflets should not come and that there are many reasons why I should." That same leaflet read aloud in gatherings

with dramatic possibilities, and under eighteen. Twenty-five lea'flets stories which any story-teller would were exhibited from which choice gladly welcome. The results were of declamation was to be made. Connot only the enlisting of these testants were also given the privleaders, but the reaching of hun- ilege of writing their own declamadreds of people who heard them. tions, subject to the approval of the Some of the readers who had never committee. Admission was by considered missionary literature in ticket, though no charge was made. their search for material found here Each contestant was given twentypathos and humor, romance and five tickets marked with his number, heroism in their finest forms, and it being understood that those who were delighted over their introduc- had their full twenty-five tickets tion to a new realm of material. One brought in on the night of the conteacher of expression was called on test, by persons who were present, again and again to give Elsie Sing- scored one additional point. The master's "Unconquerable Hope," house was full of people and the published in The Atlantic Monthly, boys and girls were full of enthuand reprinted in leaflet form. Two siasm. Their voices rang out clear professional story-tellers who regu- and strong in the splendid recital of larly tell stories to many children missionary heroism. Not one of seemed never to have known before them failed to catch the fire of the that there was anybody in mission- great purpose of the heroes of whom ary books except abnormally good they told, and not a heart in that little boys and girls who did noth- audience but that was touched, not ing but sit still and die early. They a conscience but that was quickened. were amazed to find that the "plenty The offering for missions, taken of action" called for in their story- while the judges were meeting, was telling outlines abounded in such a the largest one we ever had. The fascinating way in the missionary judges were invited guests, not constories they received, which were nected with the congregation. A gladly added to their store. missionary library of six volumes was presented to the winner and a Declamation Contests generous friend gave a copy of "Liv- ingstone, the Pathfinder" to every A WIDE range of possibility is contestant. The results were so far- suggested by this description of reaching- we have decided to make a Declamation Contest: our Missionary Declamation Con- test an annual eyent." "V-/e realized that our boys and girls were learning to talk every- What Some Folks Do thing else except missions. The fire insurance companies had offered a with Missionary Leaflets prize for the best essay on fire prevention. The D. A. R.'s had stirred A T Christmas time she bought the whole community by Revolution copies of an attractive leaflet, Declamations. The V. C. T. V.'s exquisite in its holly and Christmas had conducted a fine contest on bells, and irresistible in its missiontemperance that awakened much in- ary appeal, and mailed one to each terest and did much good, so we de- of the friends to whom she usually cided to have a Missionary Dec- sent Christmas cards. lamation Contest. We put up,' in the Sunday School building, a poster * * '" telling all about it, and a register for entries. There were two classes A young people's society eager for entry. Class A was open to to use every opportunity to reach boys and girls under fifteen, and the entire congregation with a mis- Class B to those over fifteen and sionary appeal mailed to each mem- ber at Easter a dainty leaflet which brought to each one the glad Easter

BEST METHODS

meaecshsaghe~ar"tHethies Risen," and laid on out from a Japanese napkin, she compelling Easter tucked in an attractive' missionary leaflet. "No human being," thought commission, "Go and Tell." she, as she smiled at her own cun- ning, "would be mean enough to *** eat my lunch and throwaway my leaflet unread, and no human being She was a plain, unassuming little could read this leaflet without being body who would scarcely dare ad- interested." * * * dress a word to an audience; but she longed to speak a missionary message. She bought as many copies of a good missionary story Several prominent business men, as there were scholars in the pri- who wanted to make a missionary mary department of the Sunday investment that would count, School and handed one to each child bought hundreds of copies of "Con- at the close of the session. fessions of a Business Man," by *** George Innes, and mailed them to A pastor who mailed a parish successful business men, many of paper to every member of his con- whom had never had any idea be- gregation each month gladly acceded fore that really big business men to the request of the missionary so- were interested in missions.

ciety to enclose a timely missionary *** leaflet with each paper. A primary Sunday School super- *** intendent has a birthday box into When scores of young girls, who which the children put missionary were guests at the luncheon given gifts. Then she has another birth- at Northfield at the 1917 Home Mis- day box which brings a birthday sion Conference assembled, they gift to them. It is a plain paste- found leaflets for place cards. board box, decorated attractively, *** with cut-out missionary pictures. On A woman who knows how to the inside of the box is a collection avoid ruts, suggests missionary leaf- of pictures and the most interesting lets as occasional place cards for stories to be had in leal1et form.

regular meetings. Let every mem- The birthday child is allowed to take ber locate her place by a leaflet on the box home on Sunday and to which her name is written. Note keep it for a week. A fter reading absentees and have their leaflets car- all the stories t he one pronounced ried to them by women who will "best of all" is to be kept for a make them wish they had been birthday gift and the others re- there and who will interest them in turned. New leaflets are constantly the next meeting, and tell them added.

about the work. If a personal call *** is not possible in every case, mail "Get into the habit of attaching a the leaflet with a note from the pres- missionary leaflet to every gift you ident or some other officer. make," said a literature enthusiast.

*** "If you are giving a doll to a little A North Carolina business man girl, tie an attractive missionary has in his office a row of pigeon- story to dolly's arm. If you send a holes futI of missionary leaflets. ball and bat to a boy, see that a When he sends out a letter he en- rousing story of miSSIonary heroism closes the leaflet he thinks will mean or :l story of some boys of other most to the person to whom he is laads is fastened on to them. Nestled writing. in your bouquet of flowers, atop *** your bowl of fruit, i:1side the dainty A hostess was putting a dainty bag,-let there be just the mission- lunch in a dainty box for a departing ary leat1et best suited to reach the guest. Right on the top, peeping person who is to receive the gift.

When you get off a train do not be group of girls who had read it and so particular to picK up all your had been helred by its message. belongings. You might leave a missionary leaflet behind. Who knows Missionary Travellers who will come along and pick it up? Perhaps a John Scudder may M RS. C. N. McHose, of Lancaschance that way." ter, Pa., has routed and started on their journeyings some interest- *** ing missionary travelers. She says: A summej: conference had ad- "For some time we felt that, in journed and most of the delegates our chnrch, too few of our women were ready to start to the trains. A had a chance to enjoy the splendid member of the faculty, who was missirmary literature whish we used staying over, looked at the depart- in our mo~thly programs. We, th~re­ ing delegates with a sinking heart. fore, called for leaflets, magaztnes and other missionary literature "My last chance with them is which our active members had on gone," she said to herself. "I won~er hand. We received enough to prewhetlier I reached any of them WIth pare sixteen "ery interesting boxes a message that will abide!" which we called 'Missionary Trav- elers.' Four women were chosen to Then she thought of another personally conduct the journeyings chance which might be hers. Hurry~ of these missionary travelers to the ing to her room she selected a num- homes of shut-ins, of mothers who ber of leaflets. As she said goodbye had small children, and of other she gave each one a leaflet, as a women who for various reasons last-chance gift. Had she given them could not or would not come to the earlier they might have been packed regular meetings." away to be read at the more convenient season which never comes. SECOND-MAGAZINES Now there was no place to put them out of sight, so every leatlet was Ten Things to Do read soon after the delegates started on their homeward way. with Missionary Magazines *** 1. Read them. yourself-especi- ally this Review. Even though sub- At another conference a demon- scriptions be paid in advance, the stration was made of the possibility unread pages of missionary periodof having a certain leaflet read by icals explain the ignorance of church everybody on the grounds, within folks in regard to the missionary enforty-eight hours. Six girls entered terprise. a contest to see which could secure the most readers. Each girl was 2. Read them aloud to your famgiven a cardboard folder attractivelj ily and to some of your shut-in decorated on the back. On the in- neighbors. side were blanks for the signatures of the readers secured. Hither and 3. Pray through them. As you thither the girls went in their search read, turn every recorded blessing for readers. When the reports were into a prayer of thanksgiving. Make turned in there were more signatures every worker mentioned an object than there were delegates, which, upon of intercession, and every need reinvestigation, revealed not a stuffed ported a subject for petition. ballot, – but an interest which extended beyond the delegates to out- 4. When you have read them side guests and to the force em- pass them on to some one else. After ployed hy the hotel. you have read this issue of the RE- VIEW, send it to a friend with a per- A beautiful tribute sent to an sonal note, suggesting. that after :lUthor was a copy of one of her own reading the March number he or she leaflets with the autographs of a will not likely want to miss any other numbers. Constitute yourself

a subscription agent and make it homes have come some great men your business to secure just as many and women. Here dwell thousands subscriptions as possible to mission- of missionary opportunities. ary magazines. Some people subscribe for two copies in order to THIRD-BOOKS have one to file and one to lend. The Missionary Opportunity 5. Include subscriptions to missionary magazines in the gifts you of the Public Library make. The interest of one of the great missionary leaders of our day SAID a great missionary publicist, began through a subscription to "There are enough missionary people in any city or town to get all THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE the public recognition they want if they make a concerted effort to se- WORLD presented to him by a friend; cure it." Acting on this suggestion the gift was not even welcomed on a number of missionary leaders in its first visits and found a straight several cities have concerted to secourse to the waste basket; but read, cure the regular addition of new misas the days went by, it brought a sionary books to their public ligreat missionary awakening. braries. Lists of books in line with the general mission study themes 6. Have your society make a are prepared and requests for them bridal present of a year's sUbscrip- are sent in by a sufficient number of tion to a missionary magazine to library members to guarantee their every bride who comes into the con- addition to the library. On the misgregation. sionary workers of our towns and cities rests the responsibility for see- 7. See that missionary magazines ing that missionary books are placed are on the tables at your public li- in our public libraries. braries, Y. M. C. A., and Y. W. C. A., and other reading rooms. Traveling Libraries 8. Make a list of the colleges you For the workers who do not have know and if the leading missionary access to public libraries two good magazines are not on their reading plans have been suggested for travtables, persuade some interested eling libraries: friends to help you put them there. First. A library of carefully se- 9. Investigate the missionary lected, up-to-date volumes purchased periodical situation in your Sunday by a conference or district organiza- School. See that your denomina- tion. This library travels from one tional magazine and Everyland, that society in the district to another, best of all missionary magazines for staying with each for two weeks, children, are circulated freely. A without any cost to the hostess exgirl who is now in New York pre- cept express charges to the next paring to sail as a missionary to point. Japan was asked what had been the strongest influence in her mission- Second. A library at literature ary determination. headquarters, the volumes of which are sent out upon request. Such "The pictures and stories in our libraries include books of reference, little Sunday School missionary sets of mission study books, biogpaper which was my companion on raphies, etc. They are mailed to Sunday afternoons, as I sat in the workers who write specifically for forked limbs of the old apple tree special volumes or for help along at home. led me to the foreign field," certain lines, and must be returned was the answer. within a prescribed time limit.

10. See that the children's mis- Sunday-school Libraries sionary magazines go to all the orphans' homes and rescue institu- The Sunday-school library pre- tions, of which you know. From sents two missionary problems: out of our orphanages and rescue

How to get missionary books in it they already have new books to be and how to get them out of it. The on hand and are added. literary trash being circualted by Sun- not us i n g at day-school libraries, as well as by home. This plan A p pro p riatc other libraries, is responsible for will save money. money from the many of the false ideas and ideals treasury for new of life which our boys and girls Also it will secure books. 'Secure alhave. While most libraries have ex- s 0 m e beautiful so special contricluded volumes of the cut-throat type, bindings which butions from inshelf after shelf is given to volumes will look well on terested friends almost as pernicious in their influence. the shelves. Also if more money is The impossible hero who runs away needed. Get each from home on Monday, secures a fine it will unload on :lass to donate position on Tuesday, is promoted on your Sun- the price of a Wednesday, succeeds the general man- day – school li- new book each ager on Thursday, is made a member brary many books year. Present to of the firm on Friday and becomes the which have lan- your mIssIOnary president of the company ere sets Sat- guished for read- organizations the urday's sun, is not a wholesome com- ers because of be- bpportunity a f panion for the boy who must face the i n g unreadable. the Sunday-school prosaic work of daily lessons to be Also it will likely learned, and regular tasks to be done. kill your library library. On the other hand the splendid hero- in time.

How to Get Books Out of the Library ism of the mission fields with its steady 1. Post attractive notices of new application to the duty at hand, has changed the course of many lives. See books. that your Sunday-school library intro- 2. Devote a few minutes to an induces your boy" :l.nd girls to the heroes of missions. teresting review of books recently added.

3. Tell a story or part of a story Getting Books Into the Library from a book and suggest that more like it may be found in a certain book.

How Not To Do It How To Do It 4. Arrange for books to be sent to Make up your See that you those who. are shut in temporarily library committee have at least one of people who missionary advo- or permancntly. . have no interest cate on the library in missions. committee. 5. Outline a reading course for each department.

Climbing the Ladder Encourage such Present to your A device for securing systematic sentiments officers the need reading step by step is described by as "while the for the cultiva- Miss Hutton in her new book, "The need is so great tion of the field Missionary Education of Juniors." for mission work in order to se- While this plan is especially adapted the money had cure the future better be sent to harvest. to Juniors it may be successfully the field instead used for older people as well. of being spent in Let it be unbooks." derstood that the "A genuine ladder may be used, but library commit- it is probably better for the junior In order to save tee selects all boys to make an imitation one of money have an books and keeps straight pieces of wood, using broomuninstructed book a list of desirable shower, and urge sticks sawed the proper length for the the people just to rungs, which should be eight or tCI1 bring the books in number. The ladder should be placed conspicuously in the junior room, and each rung should bear a

1918J BEST METHODS

card having plainly printed on it the A Study in name of a book. As the pupils read Investment and Returns the books, they climb the ladder. If the number of books available is A speaker addressed an audience in limited, it may be necessary to allow a rural church. Near the front sat a the children to read them in any or- bright-faced lad who listened intently. der, so that all the pupils may have At the close of the meeting the speakan equal chance; in this case a second er asked the boy for his name and adcard on each rung might be used to chess, and told him to go to the post record the names of the pupils who office every day until he got a packhc.ve read the book of that rung. Th~ age addressed to ~in:. Sh~ l!1ailed children who complete the list first him a copy of a stirrIng missIOnary should have the feat recognized in biography. The boy was delighted some simple but public way. To in- and expressed his delight in a caresure against hasty and sUj)erficial fully written letter. That was not the reading, the pupils may be asked to end of the related correspondence. answer questions, to dramatize a From the boy's father came a letter scene, or to relate their favorite inci- saying that he had been so much imdent in the book." pressed with the book and the idea of passing on missionary books that he The Menace, or the Opportunity wanted to secure a num'Der of the best ones to be had to be circulated among of the Knitting Needle the young people with whom he was associated. As a doctor and a leading "TO knit or not to knit" is not the man in his town, his opportunity for question. Knitting is unques- prescribing missionary books was untioned and unquestionable. One en- limited. The investment-one misthusiastic knitter confessed that she sionary book; the returns-a bright was on her eighth sock with an as yet Jad influenced for life, a "leading citiunrealized hope that she would be able zen" interested. and a library of the to get two enough alike to do for a best missionary books put into circupair. Even though she should have lation in a town. to send the products of her needles to the front for the use of the men who The End of the Whole Matter have lost one foot, she still holds her purpose true to continue knitting. The Lastly, and in conclusion, lend your question is, since we are knitting and missionary books. Most appropriately are going to continue to knit, how can does this suggestion stand last because we make the knitting serve a mission- more than likely it will be the last of ary purpose. Here is the opportunity your books. Even if it is, far better for the Missionary Reading Circle. is such a noble end than the ignoble Just as often as the knitters can get fate of going out of date on your own together, have someone read an in- book shelves. Said a missionary teresting missionary book aloud. Do leader as she stood before her full not make your Circle large enough shelves of ancient missionary volumes, to become unwieldly. A few people "My conscience always accuses me in the same neighborhood will make a when I see how many books I possess better Circle than many people scat- that have had only one reading. Had tered over a large territory. A group I only loaned these to my friends, few of girls would enjoy hearing Romances volumes would be here now to accuse of Great Missionaries, or The Moffats. me." "Mary Slessor, of Calabar," "An African Trail," "The Lure of Africa," Lend your missionary books. If "Missionary Milestones," and "Sons peradventure they should return unto of Italy" are among the new books all you send them forth on their mission of our women should read this y~r. again and again until they are either worn out with their journeyings or they find a permanent resting place.

Woman' 5 Home MissionJ.Bulletin

Edited by Mrs. O. R. Judd, Brooklyn, N. Y.

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS.

JANUARY has come to be regarded The need for trained leaders fcir as a red-letter month in the calen- • Home Mission study classes in sumdar of home and foreign missionary mer conferences, emphasized by Mrs.

organizations. A busy week of meet- D. E. Waid, led to the adoption of a ings between the 13th and 20th is pre- resolution calling for the training of ceded by a busier time of planning young women students in colleges in and preparation during weeks before the art of teaching Home Missions to -not excepting the holiday season. classes.

These annual meetings mark the The principal interest of the day climax for the work of the whole year centered in a discussion of "The real and the starting point for larger pro- scope of the Council of Women for grams and greater achievements. Home Missions. Is it purely advisory, The Council of Women for Home or may it function per set Are its Missions this year limited its annual activities, either advisory or active, meeting to the sessions of a single limited by the activities of the num- day, January 14th, when the sessions ber of Boards, or may it initiate move- were held in the Assembly Room of znents apart from such work as is 11n- the Presbyterian Board of Home del t~ken by the Boanls?" In the ab- Missions. The chairman was Mrs. F. seneI' of Mrs Paul Raymond, of Cali- S. Bennett, President of the Council. fomia, who was snOWbOl11Hl in Chica· On Thursday morning, January 17th, go, Mrs. Bennett explained that in a joint meeting was held with the connectiofi with Laymen's Missionary Home Missions Council at 25 Madison Movement Conferences on the Pacific avenue. Coast, women's meetings were so en- The appended extracts from the re- thusiastically supported that the need ports of some of the committees can was emphasized for some permanent hardly impress the reader with any organization, such as inter-denomina- idea of the inspiration and interest tional city federations of women in the that marked the reports when pre- interest of Missions. This calls for sented and amplified by the authors. a federation in which both home and Four words burned themselves into foreign missions shall be promoted.

the consciousness of those present: Mrs. W. C. Winsborough, of At- vision, consecration, r:o:operation, ur- lanta, Georgia, then read a careful out- gency. Each one gained a new vision line of the necessary and possible ap- of the magnitude and importance of plication of the principle 0 f comity the Home Mission task and oppor- and co-operation in local communities tunity. Each felt the call to renewed under the direction and with the help and increased consecration, adequate of the Council of Women. A com- to larger responsibility. The need of mittee was appointed and was author- co-operation, more generous and C0111- ized to recommend plans for an en- plete than ever before, was borne in largement of the scope and the policy upon us. Above all, an overwhelming of the Council so as to increase its realization of the urgency of the power as a great missionary agency.

King's business came with the convic- At the joint conference with the tion that plan must speedily be COQ- Home Missions Council on Thursday verted into action. morning, Dr. Thomas C. Moffett presented a repert on "Comity in Indian on social service; 2, more definitely Work," a record full of interest. This American missionaries; 3, more adeis the latest word concerning Indian quate training of missionaries; 4, a welfare legislation, education, comity larger and more concerted policy of on Indian fields, the distribution of de- work; 5, more comity of spirit; 6, nominational work of every kind, the missionaries under thorough sURerprogress toward full citizenship, tribes vision; 7, more follow-up work. • yet untouched by the Gospel, and the The session was crowned by a reso- Indian's response to the nation's appeal lution to call a Congress of Missions for men and money. under the joint auspices of the Home "War-time Americanization" was Missions Council and the Council of the topic of Dr. Worth M. Tippy, Women, which all the secretaries and Associate Secretary of the Federal all the members of every affiliated Council, who described the social and board shall be expected to attend.

religious conditions and needs in cen- EXTRACTS FROM RE'PORTS ters due to the enlargement of war- Executive Committee time industries. In the city of Newark alone between two and three thousand THEBy MRS. PHILIP M. ROSSMAN. houses must be built for the workers ever-broadeN-jng co-operation before July. Churches have not de- between the Council of Women veloped the community spirit nor the for Home Missions and the Home machinery for taking community ac- Missions Council is gratifying. Home tion. The religious work in war-time Mission Week was observed by the industries should therefore be co- two Councils, November 18-25, and operative. The opportunities for the theme chosen was "America for teaching English to foreigners, to the Humanity-A Challenge for Service."

five million immigrant aliens in train- The Council has been represented ing camps, and to mothers in the on the Committee of Twenty-eight, as homes, the beneficent work of the usual, by seven members. The gen- Neighbors' League-all were com- eral theme for study during 1918-19 mended to the active interest of Amer- is "Christianity and the World's ican Christians. Workers," and for 1919-20 is "The Rev. William P. Shriver, Dr. C. A. Conservation of Human Life."

Brooks, and Mrs. D. E. Waid spoke • During the year the Council has'

on the "Conduct and Administration come into close relation with The of Protestant Mission Work at Ports Missionary Review of the World, hav- of Entry during and after the War." ing two representatives on the Edi- It is not generally known that at pres- torial Council and a Home Mission ent there arrive each month from five Bulletin of four pages published in to six thousand aliens at Ellis Island. alternate issues of The Review.

Mrs. Waid, in inspiring words, pic- -It has been the policy of the editors tured the Caucasian immigration along of the Bulletin to give publicity to the our western shores, the care of the activities of the Council and to em- "Hebrew Shelter and Aid Society" phasize and give helps for the Mis- for their immigrant women and girls. sion Study Text B,ooks.

This society may telegrap~ to six hun- The Council ofWomen for Home dred cities in the United States to Missions has come into a well estab- some woman who will receive her im- lished relation with the Federal Coun- migrant sister, find occupation and cil of Churches of Christ in America, shelter, and give what assistance is as a co-operating organization, and necessary until she has become at bears the same relation to the Fed- home in her new world. The work at eral Council as does the Home Mis- Ports of Entry should set for itself sions Council.

the following standard: 1, in every Last Spring the Federal Council Port of Entry an advisory committee sent out a call to its constituent and

co-operating membership to meet in The books for 1918-19 are well unc., Washington, D. May 8-9, "for der way. The general theme being prayer and conference; to prepare a Christianity and the World's Workers.

suitable message for the hour; to plan The title of the Senior book is "The and provide for works of mercy; to Path of Labor." The book will be a plan and provide for the moral and symposium consisting of an introduc- religious welfare of the army and tory chapter by Mrs. F. S. Bennett; navy, and to formulate Christian du- one on lumber camps and mining ties relative to conserving the econo- regions by Miss Miriam Woodberry; mic, social, moral and spiritual forces the City will be treated by Miss Grace of the nation." Scribner; the Negroes by Mrs. L. H.

The Council of Women for Home fIammond; the Exceptional Peoples of c., Missions was represented by five dele- the South by Dr. Calfee, President gates and signified its intention of Normal Institute, Asheville, N. and assuming the obligations which are Rev. A. J. McKelwey, secretary of the result of world conditions. The Child Labor Bureau; the closing chap- following outline of duties was pre- ter on the Church and its relation to pared and sent to constituent and cor- the World's Workers wiII be written responding organizations: American- by the Rev. Walther Rauschenbusch, jzation of foreign-tongued people, D.D.

preservation of child labor laws and The Junior book, caIled "Jack of All standards of labor, the care of Ne- Trades," will be the work of Miss groes attracted north in large num- Margaret Applegarth, so favorably bers by high wages, conservation of known through her fascinating Lead- food and suppression of personal ex- er's Supplements for the Junior Books.

travagance, assistance in local Red She will also prepare the supplement Cross work and provision of suitable for this book and a surprise envelope amusements and recreation for sol- containing one take-home card for diers arid sailors off duty. each chapter, making six in all. This The commission on Inter-Church take-home material is designed to fur- Federations of the Federal Council of ther impress the thought of the chap- Churches of Christ held an Efficiencv ter in an interesting way upon the Congress in Pittsburgh, October 1 to child and also enlist the co-operation 4, to which the Council of Women for of the mother at home.

Home Missions sent five representa- Your representatives from the Com- tives. This Congress has been consid- mittee on Home Mission Study ered the finest example of Protestant Courses and Literature on the Com- unity ever shown. The war situation mittee of 28 have earnestly sought to has emphasized the importance of find a theme for the books of 1919 and Protestant unity as never before, and '20 in line with the general theme of the motto over the platform was a the entire Committee, in order that quotation from the high-priestly the value of the unified effort might prayer of our Lord, "That they may be be maintained. The folIo wing state- one, as we are one; that the world ment sets forth the thoughts on the may believe that Thou hast sent Me." subject and the method of approach: "It has already been voted by the HOME MISSION STUDY COURSES Committee of 28 that the mission By EDITH H. ALLEN. study for 1919-20 shall fall into line with the Federal Council's campaign T HE year has brought an unusual for the Conservation of Human Life, number of problems, making it which is to reach its climax that year.

needful for the committee to hold more We live in the faith that the recon- meetings for the discussion and con- struction following the war will then sideration of its work than in any pre- have been begun. In any case, the vious twelve months. vast destruction of life incident to the

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN

war will be foremost in the conscious- see to it that this spirit is instilled into ness of our whole people. This will the minds and hearts of the children, not fail to appal, whether the destruc- that they may be prepared to do their tion be esteemed the reckless wastage share in molding the America of. the of war or the sublime sacrifice of life future. They must be taught-even for the sake of humanity's life. The during their early years-through mis- Church mediates a gospel of the life sionary education, that, knowing, they abundant and the supreme demand of may love, and loving, they may serve.

the period wiII be the application of It has been agreed that home-mis- that gospel under the impulses and sionary material for the use of leaders sanctions of a quickened democracy. of children of the primary age is one The community in which each church outstanding need which this Commit- is located will become hallowed under tee of the Council may help to meet the process. The task of community by supplementing the work of the bclil~ling will take on a new sacred- Boards. A study of the material for ness. 'Whether the need be the com- children published by the denomina- fort and restoration of homes shat- tional Boards reveals that more stress tered by the war, or the nurture of is being put on this important phase workers emaciated by the feverish in- of missionary work. Several Boards dustry of the times, or the weaving have their children's work well or- anew of moral fibre, snarled and torn ganized, and are providing suitable by the terrible strains of camp and material carefully chosen and based battlefield, human life will have be- on the principles of child psychology.

come unprecedently precious. This Committee is collecting a few "We can think of no more vital ap- simple stories-with illustrations–of peal than the mission of the Church children on our home missionary to mediate the abundant life where fields. The plan is to send out all the each organization can most closely stories together, but have each printed touch life. A reconstructed society in a separate leaflet, so that they can will require a reconstructed life. We be used not only by the leaders, but, must call upon each man and each if desired, be given to the children to woman to accept his and her imme- take home and read for themselves.

diate responsibility to make the Church a fit instrument of renovation AMONG IMMIGRANTS in his community. By ESTHER N. E. LEWIS. "It is therefore recommended that T the Home Mission Study theme for HE Immigrant INork Committee of the Home Missions Council 1919-20 bear emphasis upon the local church as an agency for social recon- purposes to hold, next spring, in New struction, and center about the gen- York City, an Italian Protestant Con- eral theme of community service." gress. On the sub-committee hav- ing in charge preparations· for this INTERESTS AMONG CHILDREN Congress, we have two representa- By EDITH SCAM MAN • tives. We still have but three Protestant T HE hope of the world of tomorrow missionary workers at Ellis Island, the lies with the children of today. Jews having two, and the Catholics "Preparedness"-the word has been two. The number has been so re- spoken from thousands of lips during duced at Commissioner Howe's de- this strange, sad year of 1917. Chris- sire, because of conditions existing tian women who believe that the spirit there affer America's entrance into the of Christian brotherhood is the only war, and the detentiotl there of Ger- real solution to the grave problems man prisoners. The missionaries now vhich are facing our own land and work with greater freedom than was confronting the whole world, must for a time permitted them.

FROM MANY

LATIN AMERICA can; and the enormous cost of living in Mexico. A Fair Deal for Mexico Considering the distressing eco- R EV. JOHN W. BUTLER, D.D., nomic conditions in Mexico, excellent one of the pioneer Methodist mis- reports were presented by missionsionaries in Mexico, has been greatly aries on churct and school work. stirred by the publicity given to mis- People everywhere flock to the leading articles and lectures by a trav- churches to hear the Word of God, eler to Mexico, named Morrill. Dr. and their children would flock to mis- Butler says: "We do not claim that sion schools if more of them were everything is right in Mexico. But if, open. in a nation which was founded by men and women seeking more perfect civil The conference recommended that, and religious rights, after nearly a in view of the great spiritual awakencentury and a half there still exist ing of the Mexican people and their social, economic, and religious con- willingness to ilear the Gospel, the ditions to be lamented, how can we time had come for a united effort to expect that in a country which, dur- do definite evangelistic work. The ing all its national life, has had to live continuation committee of the Napractically without the Bible and with tional Convention of Mexico City is only a defective Christianity we could considering the question of a revival find no faults? campaign that shall embrace the en- tire repUblic. "Among other statements made by Mr. Morrill are these: That the Mexi- Porto Rico Leper Sunday School cans are filthy and diseased; that the president is chief of bandits; that the A PRESBYTERIAN elder coninitial letter of Mexico stands for ducting an Episcopal Sunday murder; that the country is full of school in which Catholics, Episcothieves and is nearer hell than any palians and Protestants of all deother nation. Can it be wondered that nominations are the members, is every decent Mexican bitterly resents a weekly event on Leper Island, all this? A little more fairness would Porto Rico, says The Churchhelp to bring about> better internation- mati. This island is located near the al relations." entrance to San Juan harbor, where the government has provided for the Mexican Missionaries in Conference physical care of the people who were mourning because there was no one M ETHODIST (South) mission- to look after their spiritual welfare. aries at work among Mexicans A minister had visited them only both in Mexico and in the United twice since 1916, when an Episcopal States held a conference in December clergyman visited them and establishto consider various important ques- ed church services and a Sunday tions arising out of the work at this school. At first no one could be found time. Among these were the vital prob- to take charg-e of such an important lems produced by the new constitution work, but the "jefe," or caretaker in of Mexico; the destruction and re- charge of the island, was an elder ill building of the churches; the reopening the Presbyterian denomination-an of the schools or the closing of those "ancient," the man said-and he connow open; the seriously reduced num- fented. So now the Episcopalian litber of workers, American and Mexi- t"rature is furnished by the Bishop and a Presbyterian elder teaches th~ ings will arise a new and greater Snn.j,IY ~chool lessons (tl all snrts 01 work for the people of Guatemala. Christians. Soul-Winning in Chile A Mexican Missionary to Costa Rica S UNDAY school leaders in South T HE Evangelical Church in Mex- America are not forgetting the ico is showing signs of ,<piritual chief object for which the Sunday maturity, for the first foreign mission- school exists, namely, to lead young ary has been appointed. Rev. Eduardo people to Christ. Rev. George P. How- Zapata, who is the product of Meth- ard, Sunday School Secretary for . odlst work in Mexico, has beer. set South America of the World's Sunday apart for service in Costa Rica. One School Association, writes that in an of the interesting facts about this little evangelistic campaign in Santiago republic is the interest shown in pop- they had 250 converts during the two ular education. In some years it has weeks, and in Valparaiso 407, all devoted ten per cent of the national adults, came forward. One Sunday revenues to this purpose. They now during the campaign Decision Day claim to have twice as many school was observed in all the Sunday teachers in the country as they have schools and "the army of young dis- soldiers in the army. Elementary in- ciples filled the hearts of the super- struction is compUlsory and free to intendents and teachers with joy." It both sexes. It is a wonderfully thriv- will be a year or more before the ing repUblic. What seems now to be older converts are ready to j Din the lacking is the Gospel of Jesus Christ. church, but the young folks from the The Mexican missionary chosen to Sunday school are the kind that are open the way in this good work has most needed. Out of one school there many excellent qualifications for the were ninety young people, mostly undertaking. adolescents, who made the choice for Christ. The teachers and older mem- A Blow to Guatemala hers joined hands and formed a circle around these new soldiers of the cross T HE earthquake which razed binding them to eternal loyalty t~ Guatemala City to the ground Christ. in December destroyed the fine new mission buildings of the Presbyterian Brazilian Christians Church so that the missionaries are entering fully into the fellowship of T HE r~ligious situation in Brazil the sufferings of the people while contams many reasons for en- they devote all their energies to min- istering to the injured and destitute. couragement. Some of these are Among the mission buildings destroy- ed were the large brick church, accom- given by Rev. George Lennington in modating about 500 people, the mis- sionary residences, the girls' boarding an article in Mexico. He states that school, where there were fifty stud- ents, the hospital and nurses' training men of the highest standing in public school of brick and the new printing plant. These represent many thou- and professional life are sympathetic sands of dollars' investment and little has been saved. The spirit of the mIs- with evangelical views. Senor Ruy sionaries, however, is not quenched. Thirty-five years of work is behind Barbosa, who was prominent at the them-foundations have been well laid. There is good reason to believe first Hague Conference, is sometimes that out of the ruins of the old build- called a Protestant, because of his ex- pressed desire to see the Bible in the hands of everyone. One of the speak- ers a.: the Regional Conference of the Panama Congress in Rio de Janeiro was the editor of the greatest Portu- guese publication in the world 0 Journal di Commercio. '

Hundreds of Protestant church

buildings are springing up all over Government by Christian people in the country, some of which are of general will be exhibited in turn by artistic beauty and intrinsic value. The them towards their Hebrew brethren giving, in some cases, has reached al- who believe in Jesus as the promised most apostolic abandon. Three in- Messiah of Israel."

dividual churches could be named, The Hebrew Christian Alliance is each of which pours into its own sup- planning an automobile evangelistic port and benevolences more than ten campaign in Jewish centers this sum- thousand dolIars gofd during the mer. A Hebrew Christian has of- twelve months. One, if not two, of fered the use of his car which will these has given in some years over carry a banner with the inscription: twenty thousand dollars. Another evi- "If I forget thee, 0 Jerusalem, may dence of personal consecration is the my right hand forget her cunning."

giving of the young men to the min- istry. The salaries are pitifully low, Bible Study in the Camps but ministers are coming by the T HE slogan, "An organized Bible score, and the churches meet the class in every company in every challenge with heroism as they pro- camp, and a Testament in every envide the support for each one. The listed man's pocket," presents a treproblem of their adequate training is mendous challenge, which has been one which the evangelical forces in accepted by the National War Work Brazil must meet. Council of the Y. M. C. A. The NORTH AMERICA problem of materials is being ably dealt with. Orders have been pJaced A Conference on the Jews for hundreds of thousands of Testa- F ROM January 22d to 25th an in- ments, and thousands of copies of teresting conference of those in- tested devotional booklets have been terested in the evangelization of reprinted in cheap form. But nevv Israel was held in Chicago at the courses of study had to be prepared Moody Tabernacle. During the ses- to meet the exceptional conditions of sions a telegram was read from an the varied types of men. Three new honored member of the University books are being used by tens of thou- Zionist Society of N ew York asking sands of soldiers, "Thirty 'Studies for a resolution in support of the About Jesus," for somewhat mature British declaration in favor of a Jew- students; "Jesus as a Friend Saw ish national home in Palestine. The I-lim," fifteen studies in the Gospel of following resolution was unanimously adopted in the presence of 3,000 Mark, a very simple course on a new people: plan; and a very practical study of the pressing problems of the officer as well "The friends of Israel assembled in conference under the auspices of the as the private, thoroughly tested in the Chicago Hebrew Mission, founded by Officers' Reserve Training Camps last Wm. E. Blackstone, consisting of Gentile and Hebrew Christians, Jan- summer, entitled "The Soldier's uary 22d-25th, 1918, take pleasure in Spirit."

The problem of leadership is a still greater one.

declaring their sincere sympathy with, and joy in the timely declaration of Dr. Stearns and Missions the British Cabinet favoring the es- REV. D. M. STEARNS, of Ger- tablishment in Palestine of a national . !llantown, Pa., in presenting his home for the Jewish people. m I"sAsIso nI.IaI rfyo report for w1e91a7g, asinta tes: "The conference expresses its af- rmer ye ars tes- fection for all Jewish people and earn- tify that without personal appeal by estly hopes that the spirit of liber- letter or otherwise, God, whose we ality shown to them by the British are and whom we serve, has been

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

pleased to place in our hands the which prepare men and women to $74,128.23 of this report to help give be effective exponents of that the Gospel in all the world, that the Spirit."

Church may be gathered, and the time of His return come to set up Christians in Bohemia and America His Kingdom of Righteousness and A LTHOUGH America is at war Peace on earth. The same is true with Austria, strong ties bind of the $961,876.56 received and dis- the people of the two countries tobursed in the past twenty-nine gether. One of the most wide-awake years." evangelistic churches, in a large American city, is Bohemian. Around This money has come from Bible this church are hotbeds of sin and Classes and from individuals and ignorance, anarchy and infidelity, has been sent to all parts of the mixed with throttling superstition. world field, especially large shares In that church are many awakened having gone to the Mildmay Mission, London, and other work for and converted in Bohemia. A social Jews, to the Lee Mission in Calcutta, settlement worker in a godless city Belgian Relief, and the Scripture in the heart of America hails from Gift Mission. Bohemia. Several of the former workers in the American Board mis- Large Baptist Plans sion in Bohemia are doing valiant A G REA T movement among service in the coke regions of Penn- Northern Baptists contemplates sylvania. The "big brother" to the the raising of a million dollars addi- immigrants of all nationalities in a tional to the original budget of the great manufacturing city of the Northern Baptist Convention for the United States is a Chnstlan Boheyear ending March 31, 1918. This mIan. sum includes the special war-work fund of the Northern Baptist Con- Christian schools for training vention of $150,000, special emer- young women to work among forgency amounts under the work of eign-speaking peoples in America are the Education Board, amounting to ever looking to the churches in Bo- $175,000, and the Foreign Mission hemia for recruits. All over America Society emergency funds, amounting are workers who look over the seas to a little over $200,000, the balance when speaking of their spiritual to be divided among the other so- birth-place. The work among the cieties. five million Slavs of America would be largely at a standstill were it not This movement also seeks the for the workers who have come from deepening of Christian thought and Austria.

life, to the consecration of wealth, Caring for Migrating Negroes and to the devotion of laymen more C whole-heartedly to the great tasks of HURCHES in the North are be- ginning to awaken to the responsithe kingdom. It declares in its appeal, "that even in the midst of war bility of caring for the Negroes com- and in addition to whatever taxes we ing from the Southland. Many of these cheerfully pay, and whatever con- newcomers have been members in tributions we make to such great churches in the South and they love worthy agencies as the Red Cross the Church and are willing to be and the Young Men's Christian As- guided in her ways.

sociation, we shall maintain with un- The five hundred thousand N e- abated vigor and in undiminished groes from the South who are now strength those agencies of the invading the Northern States are Christian Church which express and providing by their presence a chal- cultivate the Spirit of Christ, and lenge to the Christianity of the

North. Unaccustomed to the ways and also the British, French and Ital- of the North, these Negroes come as ian Army Headquarters in Europe.

strangers and are finding the north- ern cities a far different place than From the Ashes of Halifax what they had supposed. The re- N EVER before in any extensive sulting overcrowding of the Negro disaster were the essential prinsections of the cities has a practical ciples of disaster relief so quickly esrelationship to the life of the whole tablished as at Halifax. In less than community. twelve hours from the time the Amer- ican Red Cross unit from Boston had Methodist churches are at work on arrived, the necessary features of a the problem in Chicago where the good working plan were accepted by Chicago City Mission and Church the local Relief Committee. Extension Society is giving aid; in Dayton, Ohio, where the local Negro The relief funds, from whatever church in doing yeoman's work; in source received, were all placed in the Cincinnati, where workers meet hands of one Finance Committee. The trains and provide temporary shel- granting of relief, of whatever sort ter; in Philadelphia, where a great it might be, was placed under one centent has been erected by the Phila- tral management, and it was deterdelphia City Society for evangelistic mined that all records should be services, where a clearing house will cleared through one registration bube maintained by means of registra- reau. The giving of emergency relief tion cards. Negro preachers from in food, clothing and other things was New York are conducting preach- not allowed to wait upon the perfecing services at the railroad camps in tion of this system, but a small man- aging committee was appointed to New Jersey. carry out and interpret the general In similar ways work is being done policy determined upon by the Ex- in other places. But more is needed.

ecutive Committee.

A Japanese Y. M. C. A. Deputation , The Halifax disaster will leave a A GIFT of $10,000 has come from permanent mark upon the city for at Japan to aid the Young Men's least a generation because so ma~y of Christian Association in America. the living have been blinded or maimed Of this sum $5,000 has been contrib- for life. But it is possible that the uted by the Emperor and Empress of Japan on Christmas Eve as an expres- disaster may also leave a mark of an- other sort for it is confidently believed sion of appreciation of the splendid by those 'who took part in the relief work done by the Y. M. C. A. in the Japanese Army at the time of the work during the first few weeks that Russo-Japanese war. When Major- Halifax will gain as well as lose. The General N. Hibiki, of the Imperial sturdy qualities of its citizens will Japanese Army, and Chief of the "jap- bring "beauty out of ashes."-The Survey.

anese Y. M. C. A. Deputation to the EUROPE Allied Armies, presented greetings to the Federal Council of the Churches British Hebrew Christian Conferences T of Christ in America on January 10th HE Church of Christ seems to be waking up to her responsibilihe emphasized the importance of the Christian leadership of Japan in the ties for the evangelization of Israel.

Orient and urged the necessity for Under the auspices of the Continua- missionary work in that country. tion Committee of the World's Mis- "For," said he, "if we win Japan for sionary Conference, a "Conference of Christ, we win Asia." Representatives of Missionary Socie4- This Christian deputation will visit ties working amongst the Jews" was the camps in America and in Europe held in the Board Room of the British

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

and Foreign Bible Society, London, Danish Foreign Missions on October 31, 1917. In addition to T HE Foreign Mission Society of the members of the special "Commit- Denmark has had an income of 575,000 crowns (about $488,(00) durtee on Christian Literature for Jews," ing the past year. Of this amount a number of churches and societies about 20,000 crowns were spent for were represented. The Conference the support of Lutheran missionaries was called for the purpose of survey- who were suffering in India on acing the present position, and the out- count of the war. The society is car- rying on mission work not only in Inlook for missions to the Jews, and, in dia, but also in Manchuria, China. In particular, to discuss suitable mission- the South India field the society has ary literature as an indispensable aid eight mission stations occupied by to evangelistic effort. ~ .Conference forty-four male and female workers. is to be called of all societies at work In Manchuria there are ten stations and forty-six male and female misamong Jews to consider plans to avoid sionaries. The native Christians at overlapping. the two places are above 4,000. The society sent out eight misison workers On January 23d another conference last January and hopes to send out on missionary work among the Jews four more this coming March. Four was held in the Christian Institute, of the twelve are men. War and hard Glasgow, Scotland, by representatives times do not seem to slacken the efof the Presbyterian Churches. This forts of this society to Christianize the world.-The Lutheran Companion. is another sign that the Spirit of God is working not only among the dry bones of the House of Israel, but also within the Church, on behalf of Israel. The call to the Glasgow Conference stated: "The new situation created by the War Opportunities in Austria emancipation in Russia of one-half of R the Jewish people, by the prospective EV. JOHN S. PORTER, of the American Board Mission in influx of Jews into Palestine, and by the changed conditions which will Austria, writes of the new opportuni- everywhere prevail after the war, de- ties brought by the war for spreading mands the earnest and prayerful con- the Gospel.

sideration of all the Churches. Ques- "Soldiers from all parts of Bo- tions of policy and method, of future hemia, even from the remotest ham- expansion, and of co-operation are all lets, were mustered into service in ripe for discussion." Prague and other centers where they French Churches in War Time were given gospels and Testaments by their fellow-soldiers or by Christian T HE m u c h – t r i e d Protestant workers who came in contact with churches of France have been them in hospitals, barracks, or on the showing how faithful they are in ad- street. There has never been any versity and with what courage and such dissemination of the good seed faith they have maintaIned their work of the Kingdom possible in Austria, during the three long years of war and as has been seen during the war. invasion. For the second time, the Doors, long shut tight and fast, have Foreign Missionary Society has ended all at once opened to the Gospel of the the financial year without a deficit. printed page; and also to living testi- This has been partly owing to the in- mony from God's children. Again crease of contributions in the foreign and again have we received letters field, and partly to increased help from from our soldiers asking for copies of France. While contributions of over the Scriptures in various languages $2,000 have been fewer, the number of for comrades in arms."-From the small subscriptions has increased.- Envelope Series. American MeAtl Record. One of the colporteurs of the Arner-

ican Board conceived an unusual plan MOSLEM LANDS to put the Scriptures . in circulation. Moslems and Christ's Return He obtained a permit, the like of which T had never before been granted in Aus- HE recent experiences of a Ger- man pastor in Asia Minor are tria, namely, to sell and give away gospels and Testaments on the mili- made the subject of an article from tary trains that passed through the which The Moslem World quotes: railway center where he lived. The "What is now the most burning Red Cross workers went through the question in the Orient? The Second cars with hot tea and coffee. Right . Advent of Christ. How many times behind them was the messenger of have I been asked: 'What does your Christ with the Word of Life. Eager Holy Book say about it?' At present. hands of sick, wounded and well were the most widely distributed book in stretched from all sides for the Scrip- Turkey is a Turkish tract, written by tures. When the colporteur was a devout Mohammedan, which is read drafted, he was providentially given everywhere with great interest. Its a place as a nurse and has had un- contents are as follows: 'The present usual opportunities to be a witness to war will wage for six years. Then a men of all ranks and nationalities and great power will come and take Conto circulate the Word of God among stantinople. Following this there will be a rallying of all Moslems and a officers and privates. speedy victory. This, however, will For Young Women in Petrograd be short, for the Antichrist will come -enemy of both Christian, Jew, and T HE first city Young Women's Moslem. His rule will endure forty Christian Association in Russia days, and will be the most dreadful recently opened its doors to the girls which the believers have ever experiof Petrograd. Two Americans speak- enced. But then will Jesus come, and ing poor Russian achieved it. At the establish a kingdom of peace for forty initial reception, about three hundred years.' guests were present, including' the "I have been literally stormed with American ambassador and various questions: 'When will Jesus come?' Government officials. An old school 'What does the Bible teach concerning for the deaf and dumb with modern this ?' 'Have you no suspicion, no equipment, such as lighting and heat- suggestion, no hint, no feeling that ing, has been secured for headquar- He is near?' "

ters in an ideal locality, only a block from the principal street. The quar- Turkish Propaganda in Persia ters at present, already charged with I N Persia the term Turks is com- Association atmosphere, comprise two monly applied to Mohammedans big rooms, two class rooms, and a living in Azerbaijan and in Caucasia, large salon to be used for gymnasium who were at one time Persians, when and evening affairs. Caucasia was a part of the Persian Registrations for classes in English Empire. Some of these people have have exceeded all expectations, three recently appeared in Persia, styling being in progress at the same time themselves "Social Democrats," or three times a week. Besides these; patriots, and urging that Azerbaijan there are two French classes and a is not a part of Persia; that the in- class in Russian was about to open habitants are not Pers!an, but Turks when the last letter was written. in the Caucasian sense of the term, Mme. Orjensky, of the Red Cross, and that they should separate them- rejoices in the work because it is "so selves from the rest of Persia and join friendly and intimate and the girls the Caucasian Turks to form a sep- exhibit such deep appreciation." Pres- arate independent state.

ent conditions make the work difficult. This new nation was, of course, to

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

be separate from Russia and to com- cational work from one end of India prise Caucasia, Azerbaijan, Turkistan, to another. If the Government curbs Gherguzistan and Bashgiristan. The the missionary in his liberty to teach advocates of this movement claimed his religion, he must either refuse to to be members of a Society in Cau- accept further government grants, cut casia known as Turk Federationists, down all his school work to such lim- and in this instance it would seem as its as appropriations from home will if the word Turk carried a double pay for or go out of the educational significance. On the one hand they business entirely. N either of these laid great stress on the establishment courses is desired by Government at of a new nation, but put it forward present.

as their second aim that all Moslems of whatever sect or tribe should be- Punjab Mass Movements come autonomous. A third idea about which less is said openly at present is F OLLOWING the example of the that the new nation, as soon as it be- United Provinces and the Westcomes. an established fact, sh<JUld de- ern India Missions, the Punjab Misclare Itself part and parcel of the old sion of the Church Missionary Society Osmanli Empire. It is believed in Tabriz that Caucasia and Aberbaijan has issued a survey of the mass movewere promised to Turkey by the Ger- ment within its sphere. It deals only man Emperor in the event of victory, and it would seem as if the intention with the work carried on among the now was to insure that these two 789,857 Chuhras of the villages, the provinces should still become part of agricultural laborers of the province, the Sultan's Empire whichever way manv thousards of whom have bethe war goes.-The Near East. . come Christians, while thousands more INDIA wish to enter the Christian Church, and does not deal with the 1,478,974 other untouchables who as yet have been little influenced. Of the Naro- TThe "Conscience Clause" in India wal district, which contains 270 vil- HE discussion of the relation of lages, the survey says: "There is now mission schools to the Govern- not a village left where there are Chuhras living some of whom are not ment of India and particularly regard- under instruction, and it is almost safe ing the principle involved in the ac- to say that in ten years' time, if propceptance by many of the schools of the erly worked, there will not be a grant-in-aid, which has been going on for some months, has reached an acute Chuhra left in the district." The last stage through the introduction by the fifteen years have witnessed 4,000 bap- Government of a "conscience clause" . tisms in the district as a fruit of the into the charter of the new Hindu C. M. S. work. The new workers needed for the proper development of University of Benares. This clause the mass movement work in the Cenrequires that all Hindu students shall tral Punjab only, that is exclusive of ?e exeII?pted from ~ttending religious those required for the frontier stainstruction-even In a Hindu uni- tions, for Sindh, and for the mission versity. Indians demand the enforcement of hospitals and schools, etc., are seven the "conscience clause" in all govern- European clergymen, ten Indian ment-aided Christian schools. But the clergymen, seventeen European wo- men, and a hunored Indian village Government thus far withstands the readers and teachers.-C. M. Review. demand as it is not in position to take over all the educational work being An Indian's Gift to Education done in India by mission boards. The A Government knows also that the re- GIFT which marks an era in edu- cation for women in Inaia hall ligious motive is the prevailing and inspiring motive of all this fine edu- been contributed from native sources,.

and promises to be an important foun- India, and of what Christ is accoll)- dation for the future of Indian women. plishing. Several of these men are The Mahraj of Tekari, in British East going back with a pocket-book full of India, has execut ~d a deed of his en- notes taken from lectures, which they tire estate for tIle purpose of pro- will use at home. Others, while fol- viding a residential institution, where lowers of Christ, had never thought girls between the ages of five and much of missions, except as misguided eighteen may be trained along modern movements carried on by bluestock- lines, irrespective of caste or creed. inRs. Some of these have become en- After the liabilities of the estates are thusiasts, realizing that evangelization secured, it is expected that this insti- and all Christian service associated tution will have an annual income of with it is the very life of the Church about $325,000. Sir Sayid Ali Iman and the hope of the world. Particu- is giving a piece of land, worth 40,000 larly has interest been aroused in mis- rupees, which will probably be the site sionary educational work, largely of the new inftitution. through the visits of two Indian gen- tlemen-Prof. P. Ponsonby, of Gor- Subduing a Criminal Outbreak don College, Rawalpindi, and Prof.

M R. SAMUEL BAWDEN, a Bap- Siraj-ud-din, of Forman Christian tist missionary in South India. who has been in charge of the Erus- College, Lahore. A number of men kala Industrial Settlement, a colony have voluntarily banded together to of criminals under government direc- do something to support missionary work when they return home.

tion, has had a serious mutiny to deal with. It took some revolver shots and A Five-Year Program for Burma a considerable show of force to subdue T HE annual meetings of the Amerthe ringleaders, but he was successful. ican Baptist Mission in Burma Mr. Bawden writes in Missions about were held in Bassein, last October, the settlement, which at last accounts followed by the fifty-second annual had an enrollment of 1,106: "It is a meeting of the Burma Baptist Missionwonderful opportunity, and we are ary Convention-an assembly of about praising God for the chance to touch twelve hundred delegates, representso many lives to better things. Last ing the indigenous Baptists of all Tuesday night I had the privilege of races, associated for the prosecution telling something of our work to a of evangelistic work in Burma and roomful of the convalescent soldiers countries and tribes adjacent. up here, and they seemed much interested in a missionary who could carry In the "Five Year Program for a revolver in one pocket, a strap in Burma," special attention was given to another, and a Bible in his hand. It the strengthening of high schools, the enlistment of high-school and college seemed to be a new idea of the church students for Christian work, the promilitant to them. I still have a lot of duction of vernacular literature, and hard work before me in the training a concerted evangelistic campaign. of these people." The preparation will last a year, fol- British "Tommies" Hear of Missions lowing the lines found successful in India. It will aim to fire the churches T HE British troops in India have with the spirit of evangelism, stir pas- offered an important field for tors and other workers to enthusiasm, Y. M. C. A. work. One of the secre- and inspire and train the great body taries engaged in serving these men of church members for participation; speaks of the value of the Association to build up the most perfect possible as a great missionary opportunity. organization, and co-operate, so far as Some of the soldiers were keen mis- possible, with other denominations; in sionary enthusiasts, eager to know of short, to bring to bear all the Chris-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

tian forces in Burma upon one final, theater for the snake. Theaters here short, incisive and decisive campaign. are always in connection with the tem- -Journal and Messenger. ples and supposed to be pleasing to the gods. When the flood was on they An Object Lesson in Siam were holding a service to appease the river gods which they had enclosed A T a conference of Christians in in two transparencies. One was a the church at Petchaburi, Siam, lizard and the other a snake."-Life on the wall behind the pulpit there was and Light. pictured the building of a city wall.

Christians were represented in various stages of spiritual health-one sick, Mr. Wang of Wuchang R one lazy, another dead. Others were EV. EDWARD ROWLANDS, a missionary of the London Misshown to be throwing up their work, and some working faithfully at their sionary Society in Wuchang, China, tasks. The speakers each took one special phase of Christian life and cen- writes of one of the native Christians: tered his speech around it, referring occasionally to the pictured represen- "Mr. Wang is one of the most sainttative behind him. On the last day of ly men in the Three Cities (Hankow, the conference a huge basket full of Hanyang and Wuchang). wooden bricks was brought in, each brick bearing on its face the line: "I "These were the words of a missionconsecrate myself." Whoever was ary of the Wesleyan Society, and they willing to take one was asked to come indicate the position Mr. Wang holds forward and build an actual wall. in the church life of our centre. While Everyone who did so wrote his name this is so, he belongs pre-eminently on his brick. The evangelists selected to Wuchang and to the L. M. S. Havcertain bricks, for the owners of which ing been baptized as far back as 1879, they became responsible. The result by Mr. Bryson, he is a real link with was a practicallessoh which has taken the past, while the house in which he great hold on the people of Petcha- lives is on the first plot of ground buri.-The Continent. bought by us, or any other Protestant Mission, in Wuchang. In appearance he is tall and dignified and gentle- manly. Though not a scholar of the Chinese literary type, his culture has CHINA been attained since being in the Floods and Idolatry in North China Church. The Bible and his Christian colleagues have been his chief edu- W RITING from North China of cators. His wife, though untaught, is the serious floods which oc- kindly to a degree, and her influence curred there in the autumn, an Ameri- is a great help to all. Their house is can Board missionary anticipated a the cleanest Chinese house 1 have ever hard winter and intense suffering and seen.

famine. "If Mr. Wang has faults, they are in "The river broke its west bank yes- the direction of caution. He is a little terday, but flooded only a small area, unprogressive, but his positive qualias the restraining dike held. The ties far outbalance these drawbacks. people of the one small village that In times of upheaval, such as the suffered carried their few things (a Revolution of 1911, he is steady and wheelbarrow will always move a Chi- balanced. On moral issues he is firm nese family) on to the dike. There as a rock and will endure any obloquy some one found a tiny snake, and they rather than compromise his principles.

cried, 'This is the god that makes the "It is to such men that China must river rise, and he is angry.' So from look more and more in the future for their poverty they arranged for a help in the deeper life of the Spirit.

JAPAN-CHOSEN school on account of lack of class Attacks Upon Christianity in Japan rooms, equipment and teaching force. The chapel seats only seven hundred, F OUR issues of a magazine called so that the evangelizing equipment of The Great Nation were publis~ed the school is thus restricted.-The in Tokyo from August to November, Congregationalist.

1916, devoted to open hostility to the Christian religion. Some of the ,ar- An Interesting Request ticles were well written, showing a O NE of the missionaries of the knowledge of the Bible and of ration- Presbyterian Church at Matsualistic criticism. The animus of the yama, Japan, recently received a postal articles appears from the fact that the from a young man, not a Christian, most bitter attacks were directed which reads: "Imagining that it will against the Salvation Army and the be very good for us that we consist of Anti-Prostitution Movement. One the party whose are anxious to study section was given over to a symposium in the Bible, I wish you that, would of opinions of prominent men about Christianity and its inconsistency with you not teach us the Bible and lead Japanese patriotism. Many leaders of us to the heaven, if you please or the Empire were quoted against Chris- not." tianity, but in some instances they subsequently disclaimed the statements The missionary writes: "A gratifyattributed to them. A repulsive car- ing evidence of the work of the Holy toon appeared on the cover of each Spirit is a group of young men who seem to be earnestly studying the number. Bible. Almost every day one or more come to 'ask a question.' The card This outburst" was a short-lived af- quoted above is an evidence of the fair. In any case while it might have spirit they show. Returning at night exerted an influence upon ignorant and superstitious Japanese, if contin- from a meeting with the women, I ued indefinitely, it would never have found four of these young men waitbeen able to secure the support of ing for me. They had come earlier manv real leaders in Japanese affairs. in the afternoon and waited two hours, It affords a challenge to reconsecration then went to their supper and returned and redoubled effort for the Chris- with their Bibles under arms. They have, as a group, seemed to spring into tianization of the great empire of the being and seem to be an answer to Pacific. prayer. It is such a wonderful op- portunity."

Growth of the Doshisha HE interest which Japanese feel A Korean Penalty for Gamblers T in their great Christian univer- T sity, the Doshisha in Kyoto, is evi- HOSE who have come to know the Korean people intimately denced by the generous gift of $30,000 find in many of them a marked sense from Mr. Yamamoto, one of her grad- of humor. A picturesque illustration uates, toward a modern library build- of this trait is found in the following ing. Christian leaders in Japan feel story of a Korean magistrate: "When that it marks the inauguration of a he forbade gambling and a group of new period of such benevolences. The gamblers were caught, he took them Doshisha deserve recognition as one to the market-place, had a mat spread of the foremost institutions of Chris- for them, gave them a pack of cards tian instruction. This year the en- and some capital, and told them to rollment is over a thousand. More gflmble now to their heart's content.

than five hundred men and women When lunch-time came he told them qualified in the entrance examination they liked gambling so much they who could not be received into the would not wish to stop for lunch. At

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

supper-time he made the same sym- rocco. Slaves who are ill-treated can pathetic remark, to the amusement of change their masters, or apply for the gathered crowd. The sun set, and their freedom. Women· slaves who the marketers began to leave for their bear children by their masters becom'; homes and the peddlers to gather up free and their children are free. Lotheir wares, but Mr. Kim generously cal 3.dministration by the Bashas or gave a servant some money and told Kadis is always subject to revision by him to buy a pack of candles, 'enough the French authorities, before whom to last all night.' When the culprits the records come. Public slave marsaw the candles lit, they began to plead kets have been abolished, though prifor deliverance, promised to move vate places for selling slaves exist. from the county if he let them off this once. On that promise he let them go, The needs of liberated women slav.es and four weary, hungry, sinsick gam- are looked after by the service of the blers ran for the nearest inn and dis- Habous (who appear to be a religious appeared the next day." foundation under the Moslem priests),· who see that they are protected from the dangers to which they would be AFRICA exposed_ The older women are em- The Significance of Gordon College ployed in cleaning the mosques; the young women and girls are placed in A WRITER in Asia recalls a char- respectable families, and the Habous acteristic illustration of Britain's provide funds for those families whO' policy in dealing with Mohammedan cannot afford to pay for their services. peoples in the following: The authorities do not fail to advise the Habous of the liberations which "After Lord Kitchener had shat- are granted, and all the former women tered the Mahdi's army at Omdurman, slaves are benefiting from the measit was a clear head, no less than gen- ures which are taken.-Anti-Slavery erosity, that prompted him, after the Reporter and Aborigines' Friend. close of his military campaign, to be- gin a campaign for English subscriptions in behalf of a Mohammedan in- Abyssinia and Christianity I stitution, the Gordon Memorial Col- NASMUCH as few States of the world have so old a Christian reclege at Khartoum. He was simply building up a new and better organ- ord as the Kingdom of Abyssinia, ized Mohammedan community to re- there was much consternation when place one that had been ruined by the young Emperor, Lij Yasu, became fanaticism. If he had made the col- a Moslem. According to a writer in lege a Christian institution he might Life and Work, this apostasy is be- have lost the fruits of Omdurman. lieved to have been the result of Ger- The Sudanese at first were sorely puz- man influence. Notwithstanding the zled by what seemed to them a kind- discontent aroused by the act, and by ness so utterly illogical that it was his libertinism of life, the Emperor accepted as the whim of either a fool managed to maintain himself in power or a mocker." by the aid of Mohammedan tribes on Many, however, will contend that a the Eastern border. Opposition grew, Christian institution bearing General and on September 27th last,. during Gordon's name would, in the long run, the celebration of the national feast- have done far more both for the Su- day, the head of the national church, danese and for Great Britain's hold the Abuna Matheos, solemnly released upon them. the Abyssinian nation from its oath French Reforms in Morocco . of allegiance, and declared Lij Yasu to be deposed from the throne. There- °T HE British Consul at Fez has been after, amid scenes of popular enthusi- asm, the Abuna proclaimed Zaouditou, . lecturing in London on the great work accomplished by France in Mo- younger daughter of the late Emperor

Menelik II., as Empress, and installed upon their farms. Deeply burdened Ras Rafari as Regent and heir to the were their. two white teachers by th<. throne.-The Christian. drought that seemed to have entirely withered up the lean souls of these The Church Army in Africa same lamenting neighbors. In par- ticular, we felt burdened for the sal- T HE Church Army is doing effec- vation of the boys. Quite a number tive work for the British soldiers were Christians, earnest followers of wherever they are located. In British the Lord, busy with the King's busi- East Africa the war had been in prog- ness. But very many were still outress only a short while when a hut was side the fold. Above all other needs established at Narobi, from whence, we felt the need of a revival in the after a short time, the work was ex- Mission, and we got down to definite tended to German East Africa. The prayer for it." natives do a vast amount of building with what they ca11 bandas. This is a After describing how the answer species of matting material, which, in came in abundant measure, and about the skilful hands of the natives, is forty young people were converted, exce11ent for temporary huts. The she continues: Church Army has utilized this bandas and the labor with excellent results. "To nearby towns the fires spread. Thousands of troops have found peace Men and women would start up from and shelter in these characteristic their beds at midnight and hurry along buildings. the four miles of beach to the mission for prayer. No building could accom- Something similar in the way of modate the throngs. We chose a cool, creative ability is to be found in Egypt. shady, grassy spot in the bush close By using the mud of the Nile and by, where, under a magnificent macommon rushes it is possible to erect hogany tree, we held our revival servfor less than $500 a hut capable of ices. Ours? No, God's." seating 800 men. ANew Station in Africa The Church Army started, in the early' days of the war, with a tent ill I T has long been the hope and the Alexandria, and at that time there was expectation of the American no other place where the men might Board to open a station, or rather a go. The Church Army was the pio- chain of stations and outstations, to neer of Christian and social work for extend from its plant at Beira, on the the troops in this great center.-The coast, in Portuguese East AJrica, up Life of Faith. to Chikore, on the western boundary of Rhodesia. Frequent tours have A Revival in the African Bush been made into various parts of the territory, but these have not been fol- A METHODIST missionary, Miss lower by permanent occupation, and Maude Williams, writes from the government has not permitted na- Krooland. West Africa: tive evangelists unaccompanied by white misisonaries to settle there, be- "The drou~ht that withers and kills cause the mission itself is located in the crop that is to be your daily bread Rhodesia. However, when Dr. Willand butter-what a 'grievous thing it iam T. Lawrence, of Mt. Silinda, and is ! How much more sad the spiritual drought that withers a human soul! Rev. J. P. Dysart made a visit to Go· And off here .in the Africa bush, we were in the midst of both kinds of goya's kraal, in Portuguese East Afdrought, equa11y disastrous to the poor rica, the chief, Gogoya, was very cor- Kroos. Loudly, were our brown- dial and hospitable to his missionary skinned neighbors lamenting the loss visitors. It is near his kraal that the of their rice, as the rains were delayed Portuguese have now granted to the and the sun continued to blaze down American Board a concession of 1,000

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

acres, which must be proved up or leased him only to find they had made obtained on the same terms that any a mistake and soon imprisoned him other settler could obtain it. again. Some American soldiers re- leased him and he immediately showed The Native Church in South Africa his gratitude by opening a saloon a la Americana. The saloon and its at- T HE tendency on the part of the tending evils became so bad that even native church to throw off for- the soldiers could not stand it and the eign control is one that is more or less old man was imprisoned again. In evident in most mission fields. That prison some one gave him some Scripit has gained very little headway in ture in Spanish which he read and by South Africa may be inferred from it was converted. When released he an article which appeared in Intvo, in sought a missionary and was baptized. the course of which a native Christian, Now for seven years this man has discussing the question whether the preached for us. There is no con~ natives were fit to manage their own gregation which does not want him. religious and political affairs without There are no preachers nor mission- European supervision, says: aries who do not love him. He has had at least a thousand converted un- " 'A time is reached in the history of der his preaching. Tithing Bands and any race when they become better able preachers called into the ministry are to manage their own affairs, but in fruits of his work and Victorino J orregard to our people in their present da's face, once drawn with sin, has stage of enlightenment, that time is taken on a Christian smile, and his not yet. Save in some unknown parts home is a happy one with a wife whom where our people may have progressed he dearly loves." in civilization and Christianity, the white man must govern the native race Church Union in Australia in political and church matters, bet':ause if he does not, and as things are T HE pressure of war times has 110W, not only will the natives suffer brought about in the churches of themselves and disturb their own peace Australia a marked advance toward and impair their own prosperity; but union. An all-day prayer-meeting of they will be a danger. t.o civilized the ministers of all Protestant churches neighbors, ('very one wlshmg to be a in Sydney recently took place at the law unto himself, as is shown in thp. Chapter House of St. Andrew's Cavarious religious sects which have thedral, the letter of invitation being wrought so much havoc in various issued conjointly by the archbishop of South African religious denomina- Sydney, the moderator of the New tions.' "-The Christian Express. South Wales Presbyterian Assembly, the president of the Methodist Confer- ISLANDS OF THE SEA. ence, and the Chairmen of the Baptist and Congregational Unions. The sig- A Twice-Born Filipino natories perceived that "changes of a most radical and far-reaching nature A METHODIST missionary, Joshua are being wrought by the war; that F: Cottingham, of the Philippine the powerlessness of the churches in Islands, tells the following story of a the face of the press of evil around us life transformed by Christ: is profoundly disappointing and de- pressing, and that the time has come "At forty-four he seemed like an for the churches to emphasize the old man. Sin had made fearful in- things upon which they are agreed roads upon him. Two women not his rather than those on which they difwives had gone ahead of him to a bet- fer." "One feels," comments The ter or worse world. He was a gam- H omite-tic Review, "that reunion may bler, cock-fighter and worse. The easily become a fetish. I t is all too Spanish Government had had him in jail. The Aguinaldo Government re-

easy to forget that the essential of a To win these calls for siege work run- strong church is not unity, but life, ning through many years."

and that the coming together of any number of moribund religious com- OBITUARY NOTES munities forced into co-operation by John Jackson of London .

their inefficiency and by the pressure J OHN JACKSON, F. R. G. S., ediof hostile forces does not remedy, but torial secretary of the Mission to rather' accentuates, their lack of life, Lepers, died suddenly on December On the other hand, a union movement 3rd, as he was entering a train at Purbased not upon utilitarian motives, but ley Station for London. For more informed by a spirit of brotherly love than twenty years Mr. Jackson. was and of loyalty to a common Lord, the organizing secretary of the M!swould surely save a desperate religio.us sian to Lepers and ably served Its situation and can not be too heartIly cause by voice and pen. He was the welcomed." founder of the All Nations Missionary Union, originally called The Mission- Moslems in Java ary Pence Association; had traveled N OWHERE in the world are Mos- in the Far East and in America and lem women so accessible as in was widely influential in all missionary Java, writes Rev. H. B. Mansell, an effort. He was a man of ability and American Methodist missionary in fine spirit who served his generation that field, and he feels that a much by the will of God. Among the best more vigorous policy should be adopt- known of his books are "In Leper ed toward the Moslem population. He Land," an account of a seven thouis quoted in The Moslem TVarid as sand mile tour among the lepers of saying: India; and "Mary Reed, Missionary to Lepers." "If we continue our present policy we will in some measure reach the Canon R. Sterling of Gaza p3r0e0~i0a0b0lyCahfifneecstethbeutthwiretyw-ioldl dnemvielrlioanps- T HE news of the death of Canon of Mohammedans. In British terri- Sterling of Gaza has come as tory the growing predominance in a sad shock to his many friends. numbers of the Chinese and Indians, Great, indeed, is their loss; but greatest, perhaps, that of the Arabictheir readiness to accept Christianity, speaking popUlation of Philistia, and our lack of adequate financial re- among whom he had lived and sources may justify a neglect of the Mohammedan problem; but in Nether- worked all his missionary life. Gaza was his station. He went there in lands India and especially in Java that 1893. Although the foundation was is the missionary problem. We can- laid by others and good work was done by his own colleagues, it is not not seriously consider evangelizing too much to say that Dr. Sterling made Java unless we intend to grapple with the Gaza work what it was. Despite this the greatest opponent of our faith. the eclipse of war, it cannot but be as- We must also recognize that in spite sociated wi~h his name for years to of all the good and faithful efforts put come. into this field no great ingathenng from Islam has been secured by any society. .The victories in Battakland, Rev. John W. Baird of Samokov.

R in Minnehassa, in Amboyna and else- EV. JOHN W. BAIRD, of Sam- okov, Bulgaria, in the Balkan where, have been among animistic peoples not yet converted to Islam. Mission of the American Board, died These victories, while useful in pre- on November 9, at Los Angeles, Cal., venting the spread of Mohammedan- at the age of seventy-one years. He ism, do not shake its hold on the mil- had served forty-five years in the lions who already bow toward Mecca. Near East.

THlBMISSXONARY

~ Voyages on the Yukon and Its Tribu- Part II, when the Yukon tributaries taries. A Narrative of Summer Travel are visited on board the Pelican, passes in the Interior of Alaska. By Hudson to the narrative plan of his earlier vol- Stuck, D.D., F.R.G.S. Illustrated, xvi, ume. The windings of the Porcupine, 397 pp. $4.50 net. Charles Scribner's Chandalar, Tanana, Iditarod and Koyu- Sons, New York. 1917. kuk rivers are the threads upon which the author strings gems of mission remi- T HE well-known Episcopal archdea- niscences, adventures near to thrills, con writes this de luxe volume as comments upon screech owls, the wona supplement and complement to his fas- derful salmon, nature's greatest gorge, cinating work, ."Ten Thousand Miles the glacier, owls and rabbits and wolves with a Dog-Sled," in which winter ex- again, in "divagations" which he apoloperiences of a tireless missionary are gizes for but which his readers will apset forth. From Whitehorse in Canada, plaud. reached by one hundred and ten miles of rail from the Pacific, the present Yu- Archdeacon Stuck is no narrow Icon journey of two thousand two hun- churchman. In Part I the work: of the dred miles to the ocean begins with a Jesuits at Holy Cross Missions is genlittle steamboat pushing ahead of her at erously lauded, while his references to first a troublesome barge which she later the Russian Church Mission and Dr. jack-knives around sharp points and Sheldon Jackson's Presbyterian work generally manceuvres in a masterly way. show the catholicity of this Great Heart On the Yukon tributaries the mission of the North. His account of the progasoline launch, Pelican, with the hibition victory in the Koyukuk reveals author standing for hours at the wheel the public spirit and humanity of the while she slowly grinds up stream is the missionary explorer. This volume is sight-seeing craft which moves through likely to satisfy the friepd of missions scenery and among sparsely scattered and the general public which cannot fail peoples whose respective beauty and to respect the cause because of the perstrangeness are here interestingly depict- sonality and breadth of our author. ed, with Dr. Stuck as an ideal guide and interpreter. Popular Aspects of Oriental Religions. By L. O. Hartman, Ph.D. Illustrated, Part 1. might be mainly written for pp. 255. $1.35 net. The Abingdon the summer tourist down the Yukon, Press, New York. 1917. but the author is a scientist and a missionary always, with the skill to make his T HE method of the writer is that of form of presentation popular. Natural the observer and scholar in describhistory, as it used to be called, and eth- ing successively the principal religions nography are his servants to make Alaska of Asia,-Animism in Korea, Confuloved. Except for the dreary, monoto- cianism and its rivals in China, Hindunous Yukon Flats, the down stream ism in its varied forms in India, Budjourney is made picturesque for us, while dhism in its cradle land and in other the future development of the country ,Asiatic countries, Mohammedanism in and its possibilities for the immigrant its unaltered form in many lands, a~d and the aboriginal inhabitants are spoken the purer faith and practice of the handof with the impressiveness of an author- ful of Parsees in India. His aim acity. Eccentricities of Arctic travel, like cords with that of most students of rethe midnight sun seen at Fort Yukon, ligion in these times. the northernmost point of our journey, by boat-loads of tourist "sunners," are Dr. Hartman believes that "there is commented on in a most charming way fundamentally an Eastern type of mind with quotations from the Snark: and and attitude of soul with which the stu- dent of these religions must come into other old-time favorites.

some sort of sympathy before he can hope that Faith as seen outside its natal land to understand in any satisfactory meas- -in Ceylon, the Tibetan highlands of ure the meaning of their doctrine and India, in Burma, China and Japan.

life." His reading and travels revealed Mohammed and his creed, carried far two extremes that "must be avoided in by his followers, all of whom are his seeking a correct estimate of the relig- evangelists, Islam's peerless Taj Mahal, ious life of the Far East. The first is latter day reforms and practical devel- represented by the attitude of the nar- opments and Islam's future are interest- row partisan who seeks to establish the ingly discussed. The Parsee Fire Wor- superiority of Christianity by featur- shipers are the last religionists to be de- ing the strange and sometimes degrad- scribed, and very effectively in the form ing doctrines and customs of these re- of a most interesting dialogue between a ligions without giving full credit for Ic~hristian and a Parsee who presents his their nobler aspirations; the other ex- religion in Bombay where one sees it at treme is represented by the silly senti- its best.

mentalists who find, especially in India, His summarizing chapter ends with the complete solution for the religious these words: "In Christ the Christian problem, and by a process of glossing faith· possesses a power that brings re- over the sickening facts and reading into sults in terms of the highest conceptions the Hindu teachings the great Christian of which humanity is capable; while truths, declare that the Far East is the non-Christian religions, in spite of their original source of all that is true, good lofty ideals and purposes, falter and and beautiful. In view of these two largely fail in the realm of actual life."

dangers, the author has sought to orient On the whole this volume is the best himself, to find the meanings behind the one for the average lay reader who needs symbols, and, most of all, to give full to be interested and entertained as he credit ,for purity of motive, worthy pursues his studies in religion.

ideal, and noble expression in life Thirty Years Among the Mexicans. By Alden Buell Case. Illustrated. 8vo. wherever found in his observation and 285 pp. $1.50 net. Fleming H. Revell study of these great faiths. But he has Co., 1918. tried as well to discern their real weak- Here is a view of Mexico from the nesses and their general tendencies in relation to the upward improvement of inside. From wide experience, with the race." keen insight, true sympathy and in The book bears out this declaration of interesting style, Mr. Case, a mis- the author exceedingly well, despite the sionary of the American Board, de- brevity of its chapters. But it does more. scribes his experience during thirty It constantly bears in mind the Chris- years' residence in the country. The tian propaganda as it stands in contrast story is divided-like Gaul-into with these ancient faiths. Korean ani- three parts-Peace, Revolution and mism is seen to be a help to the wonder- the Outlook. The scenes of mis- ful extension of Christianity-in-that coun- sionary life are vividly pictured and try. The chapter on Chinese religions is help the reader to understand the brief and inadequate. In the chapter on Mexican and the missionary prob- "the mystical Hindus," Dr. Hartman lem. The revolutionary days are de- shows varied phases of Hinduism with scribed clearly and acutely.

some emphasis of its values for the Occi- Mr. Case looks hopefully into the dent, especially in its spiritual longings as future. He asks for educators for compared with our materialism. Its de- Mexico, for religious teachers and grading influences are also recorded. He for Christian example on the part of mentions Theosophy and reform move- Americans. Those who read his book ments due in part to Christianity. With will understand Mexico better and Buddha's Deer Park Sermon in Benares will take a deeper interest in the as a starting point, one looks out upon evangelization of the people.

The Missionary Review of the World — December 1917

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7J.I £ .D M? J( SIDE OF THE ])II~K CONTINENT A MAP OF THE CONTENTS-OUR VIEW OF THE WORLD IN THE DECEMBER REVIEW Articles Indicated by Titles, New. Items Indicated by Number..

VIII

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~ i $ For Use in Church Calendars and Missionary Meetings " i 1. The type of Chinese womanhood is shown by the fact that when three of them were asked by their American hostess what they would like best to ========5 see, did not choose the theatre, or other "sights," but desired. to visit I institutions for the feeble-minded, the deaf and the blind, so that they might take home to China a knowledge of the methods used. (See page ii 909.) :==========_ 2. The great need of Africa is shown by the fact that in one town, not far ====~ from a mission station, twenty wives of one man, all suspected of having caused his death by witchcraft, were buried alive in his grave. (See page =_ _ 891.) 1=_ 3. A hopeful sign in West Africa is that the people recognize the character of iI Jesus as the ideal for Africans as well as for white men. A missionary among them says he is often asked if Jesus was not a blackman. (See page 891.) ~~ 4. The abnormal social and moral conditions among the 10,000 white civilian ~ ~ population of the Canal Zone give especial significance to work of the I~ Union Church, Panama. (See page 905.) 5. Over 3,000 Chinese coolies, now at work for the Allies behind the lines in France, journeyed across the Pacific, through Canada and then across the Atlantic, in the special care of a medical missionary from Foochow.

(See page 944.) !=~ 6. Eye-witnesses in Persia describe the Armenian refugees there as in "the ll! state of oriental street dogs, with whom they compete for offal." One who has seen the dogs of an Eastern city needs nothing Ipore to complete the picture. . (See page 945.) 1_ 7. There is only 0Fne medical hmissbiondary ifnAthehw~ole of Kdhofrasan'ha tAerfrihtory I as large as rance on t e or er a fg amstan, an rom t e g ans =_!§ themselves have come calls for an intinerating doctor. (See page 945.) _ 8. A village community in India, made up of former thieves, now has evening 1= prayers as an established feature of their life. (See page 946.) 9. Special meetings, conducted by a Chinese preacher, have resulted in the ===== ~ the decision of over fifty students in Canton Christian College to enter . =====_1= the Christian life. (See page 948.) 10. Nearly 500,000 women and girls are reported to be employed in factories in Japan. More than half of these are under twenty years of age, and the =~ working day is often from twelve to sixteen hours long. Wages are about fifteen cents a day. (See page 950.) =_==__ 11. More men are said to have volunteered in one day in America for war service than all the men and women who have gone out as missionaries to 5===~ foreign fields in the 'last fourteen years. (See page 951.) 12. The generosity of Christians on the mission field is shown by a Samoan vil- lage church of only thirty-eight members, who gave last year, out of J ~ great poverty, £130 ($650) to the work of the London Missionary So- ciety. (See page 955.) iUUlllIIllIIlIUllllllllllllUllIlIlIIlIIlIIllIIlIIUUUlIlIIlIlIlIlIUlllllllllllllllllllllllUllIlIlIIllIlIlIIlIIH1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIUlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUllUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUO "~t~·h liCI( R.,n.-.t:n! a Pro((J,l.lnt II…",,"~. I.·h~ OH''tIOO ..I,lllun ha,"ing in R:.)iJenl.:c .It k.1M nnc :mui{'"an, Eump..:.IIl. ,_y. . .~ 1-'….. h'f'~"" or "hite Smllh :(rll.::10 Mis!o.ionar). "t:",.

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MISSIONARY

EVIEW~ VOL. December, 1917 NUHBER TWELVE XL SIGNS OF THB TIMES THE BIRTH-THROES OF RUSSIA I N spite of revolution and counter revolution there is reason to hope that Russia will yet come out of darkness into light, out of bondage into liberty. The nation is in a struggle for life, not only against a powerful and subtle enemy without, but against disintegrating factors and dangerous diseases within. The one hope for Russia is that God is allowing her to struggle in order that the great nation may come to an end of her confidence in political and physical forces and may find her salvation in Him.

Russia is engaged in a fourfold conflict-a battle against the Central Empires of Europe, a political revolution of democracy against autocracy, a social upheaval of the masses emerging from under the aristocracy, and a religious struggle to establish full liberty of belief and worship. Everywhere the old is being replaced by the new. With the millions of Russians uneducated, after years of oppression and misrule, and with no experience in self-government, it is no wonder that Russia is still in the agony of effort to bring a new nation into life.

In the midst of the turmoil, the outlook for Christian progress was never brighter. While the nation may not become Christian, individuals in Russia have an opportunity, such as they have never before known. Not only have Gospels and tracts been distributed broadcast among prisoners in Germany but a Christian work has been established among the nine million Russian soldiers in their training camps and trenches. Five hundred Christian workers have been called for to work in Russia. In addition to the Y. M. C. A., the Methodists and Baptists from America, the Bible and Tract Societies and the missions to Jews are already working in Russia, and other organizations plan to enter the field. The Russian authorities are beginning to realize that in Evan-

gelical Christianity is their greatest hope for stability, intelligence and courage for the Russian troops and people. As old Russia dies there is hope for the resurrection of a new Russia.

The worst and most startling events are usually reported in the newspapers. The undercurrent of progress· is often overlooked. Letters and reports from those who have been or are in the country give a brighter view, especially of the religious oudook. Mr. Robert Feder, of Petrograd, a brother of Pastor William Fetler, writes of encouraging meetings for soldiers and sailors in Finland and many conversions.

The Russian Baptist Union sends out traveling evangelists and is appealing to the Russian Bible Institute, conducted by Pastor Fetler in Philadelphia, to send over more men or to move the Institute to Russia. The Evangelical Christians are giving generously to extend the work of evangelization-the Baptist Church in Petrograd alone giving 2,000 roubles. A Lettish Baptist Congress has appointed a committee and two pastors to help Lettish refugees.

One of the new forms of aggressive Christian work now possible is that of open-air preaching, and evangelicals are taking full advantage of it. It is quite a usual thing now to march through the principal streets of Petrograd singing hymns, waving banners and preaching at any convenient spot. In the gardens also, where people congregate, meetings are ,held, and everywhere the people listen with extraordinary attention. If any disturbance is made by unsympathetic hearers, it is at once quelled by the people themselves, and the preachers are encouraged to proceed.

The meetings are attended by much blessing and conversions are frequent, especially among th~ soldiers. The quietness on the battle front has been utilized by the believing soldiers for energetic preaching. The commanders are not opposed to the work, for they have found that, whatever may be the case with others, "Believing soldiers honorably perform their duty."

Much is being done by the distribution of Gospel literature, and there is the opportunity of increasing this work indefinitely. The magazine called "The Guest," founded by Pastor W. Feder, and now carried on by Pastor N eprash and other helpers in Petrograd, has a wide circulation and is greatly prized. A constant stream of Bibles, Gospels and tracts has also gone out from the publishing office of "The Guest," but, so great is now the demand that it cannot be fully met. The old editions of many works are sold out, and the very high prices for printing make it extremely difficult to issue new editions. The atheistic propaganda, which has sprung up since the revolution, makes it all the more necessary that this good work should be increased. The people are eager to read; they will read anything. Unfortunately, there is a tendency to turn to atheism through seeing they have been misled by their many Russian priests j they have lost every belief in religion. Here is a marvellous opportunity for Christian literature.

OF THE

The Christian work being done will have a steadying and healthful effect upon the life of the nation at this crisis. An appeal to citizens from the IISociety of Christian Students," while showing full sympathy with the political aspirations of the people, presses upon them the need for taking the Christian position.· The appeal throughout is pertinent and forcible, and closes with the statement: "We know that Christ is able to change our life and make us a pure and strong people. Then we must construct our life upon a solid foundation of brotherhood and liberty."

In Moscow, at the beginning of the revolution, when all were occupied with the one matter, how most quickly and surely to consolidate their newly won liberty, a Soldiers' Christian Society was formed with eighteen believing soldiers. They began to hold meetings; procured tracts and books at their own expense; carried on a vigorous aggressive campaign, and succeeded in making a considerable impression among their fellows. They believe that by confining their work to their fellowsoldiers they are preparing for a great harvest of blessing throughout Russia when the war is finished and these soldiers go to their homes in all parts of the land. This opens up a hopeful prospect.

There is, however, danger that the new found liberty will run to license and that in place of turning to God, men and women in Russia will turn from Him. They have been oppressed and misled in the past and many have lost all faith in God. They need Bibles and Christian workers in Russia to stem the tide of infidelity and extend a clearer knowledge of God as revealed in Jesus Christ.

ITALY TODAY AND TOMORROW I N every country the biggest problems are vitally connected with religion, but in some the religious situation is especially critical. This is true of Italy, which is full of cynicism. "Roman Catholicism is on trial. The Church of the Vatican must render a full accounting for its tenure of centuries, and Protestantism is asked to submit a program," says Rev. B. M. Tipple of Rome. This is as important to the future of Italy as are the plans of the Allies to stop the Austro-German drive on the front.

Many new factors have recently entered into the situation. England, a Protestant nation, is the trusted friend of Italy. American relief work and statesmanship have made Protestant America a strong missionary force. The hundred thousand semi-Americanized, semi-Protestantized Italians who have returned from the United States to fight for their native land are exerting an influence among their own people. A million copies of the ScriptUres have also been distributed in the trenches and American Christians have organized great, practical religious centers in European tamps and trenches.

The future Christian program in Italy will be social and practical

and its message will be simple and direct. Christianity will be broadly humanitarian, big in its scope and commanding in its organization. Let us hope that it will also be vital and regenerating.

r A Waldensian chaplain in Italy, who gives his impressions of the great war and its problems in A oice from Italy tells of finding a Roman Catholic chaplain sitting in his small wooden barrack with a New Testa- ment before him, a copy of "Jesus of Nazareth" and "The Christian Religion." "Books so well written and with such a wide outlook are not found in our literature," he said, "and if I am to give my soldiers the nourishment they need I must make large use of your evangelical writers."

The daily bread which this Roman Catholic offers his men consists of good counsel on the march, gentle admonition when under punishment and words of comfort to those who have sad news from home. "In the Sunday sermon," he says, "I do not allow myself to come under the. dominion of any man or system of ideas, however venerable, but seek with all my power to preach only the simple Evangel. I have found that nothing else draws our soldiers so powerfully, and nothing else answers their heart need in the same degree. And when I return to my parish in Tuscany; I shall follow the same method, because these years of war have brought forcibly home to me the fact that the true, spiritual evangel, freed from the distortions and travesties of men, has today the same power as it had twenty centuries ago."

Protestant workers in Italy are preparing for this new day. More churches and better churches are needed with more evangelical preachers and better preachers. A program is required fitted to Italy's needs and with men and women to work it. Schools are called for to educate the young-but they must be Christian schools.

PROGRESS IN THE PHILIPPINES T HE United States took over the Philippine Islands from Spain about seventeen years ago and almost immediately Protestant mis- sionaries entered the newly opened door. Anyone who has visited the islands or has read of the progress made since that time has evidence of the vast difference between the practical results of liberty and of oppression and recognizes the contrast between ignorance and superstition fostered by Rome and the religion of the open Bible' which teaches the people to read and think for themselves.

Twelve years ago the Evangelical Union of the Philippine Islands was organized "for the purpose of securing economy, comity and efficiency in the service of God in this archipelago." The territory was apportioned between the several Protestant Christian missions, doing away with overlapping and the waste of effort.

Some of the results of this program and effort are revealed in the

OF THE TIMES

following figures: There are today 160 evangelical missionaries in the islands, and a large number of Filipino native helpers. Over 200 young men are in the mission schools preparing for Christian work. There are six mission schools exclusively for women; four boarding schools for boys; six mission printing plants; and twenty student dormitories. There are now over 75,000 evangelical church members and as many more adherents. There is a Young Men's Christian Association building for Americans; one for Filipinos in Manila, another for Filipino students and a very successful army branch at Fort McKinley. There are two Protestant orphanages, eight hospitals and twenty dispensaries in the islands, operated by the evangelical missions. There are in Manila six evangelical churches for Filipinos, one for Chinese, and four for Americans. The American and the British Foreign Bible Societies distributed over 100,000 Bibles and Testaments last year in the Philippines, printed in twenty languages and dialects-this is in a land where, twenty years ago, it was a crime for Filipinos to own or read a copy of the Bible and where a colporteur was imprisoned and then deported for selling Scriptures.

WINNING MOSLEMS IN INDIA M OST people know of the traditional difficulty of reaching Mos- lems with the Gospel, but comparatively few know of the success that is attending the work today in Africa, India and Malaysia. An interesting report from the Wesleyan Mission in India describes some of the methods used among the sixty million Moslems in that land.

In Lucknow a number of Moslem boys attend the mission high school, where they receive regular Bible teaching. In the street preaching, more Moslems are reached than Hindus. Many Moslem girls and women also hear the Gospel through the schools and Bible women. In the villages, the catechists constantly preach to Moslems and many women and girls are influenced by the mission dispensary.

At Fyzabad and Akbarpur, bazaar preaching is done regularly and a large majority of the hearers are Moslems. In the surrounding villages, the catechists preach to Moslems while the Woman's Association continues a thorough work among Moslem girls and women.

In Benares are more than 60,000 Moslems and many of them are influenced by the daily preaching at Bulanala (preaching hall). Many Bible portions and other Christian books are sold to Moslems and a special lantern lecture is frequently delivered showing extracts from the Koran, and photographs of Bible manuscript.

For many years the missionaries and their Indian colleagues have proclaimed the Gospel to the Moslems and some converts have been won. One, a Haji, is now a catechist in the Akbarpur circuit. Another is receiving instruction at the theological institution at Benares. A third, who attended a missionary's Bible class in Bengal, is now a Christian

preacher in Bengal. It is certain that women in Moslem zenanas have accepted Christ, though they have been unable to obtain baptism.

Rev. C. P. Cape, a missionary in India writes: "I am more than ever convinced that India is at present the strategic point to reach the Mohammedan world. I have worked for twenty-eight years, partly among Mohammedans, and I have never seen such a change in any community as in the Mohammedans during the past two years or so. They come in crowds to purchase books, Gospels and the Psalms, especially, and come with good questions-not the old routine questions of twenty years ago. Prayer is behind this great change. By humbly seeking the guidance of the Spirit of God we are taught how to approach the Mussulman. We are far more successful when we speak to him as a sinner than as a Mohan'medan. If we can touch the sinner, the Mohammedan has to give way. The Moslem needs the only sinless prophet of Islamour Lord Jesus Christ. How shall a young Moslem cleanse his way? He must have the help of the living Lord. In India he worships the saints and their tombs, because Allah seems to be very far away. The Moslem needs Christ as a Saviour, if he would rise to the level of God's purpose for him. The Power of Islam is not equal to that demand, but as Christians, we have the secret of the Power that will save Mohammedans.' , A MISSION TO MOSLEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA T HE growth of Mohammedanism in South Africa has already been noted in the REVIEW. Intermarriage of Christian women with Moslems is one of the chief methods of the propaganda. The situation is peculiar in that among the Moslems here the women are not secluded, public opinion is favorable to Mohammedans Christian children are legally adopted by Moslems.

The Rev. S. Garabidian, formerly a missionary in India, has been working for Moslems in Cape Town for five years under the auspices of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel; as a result many former Christians have been reclaimed. Women workers in the mission are especially needed to look after women and girls in each Mohammedan center. Four or five hundred men and women have been rescued from Islam, including some Indian and Malay Mohammedans. The Christian Church must occupy adequately the outposts of civilization before they are captured by the forces of Islam.

COMMlBNT

!~~~~~~ .

SHALL WE CURTAIL MISSIONARY GIFTS IN 'VARTIME?

SELDOM has there been a time when there were so great and so many demands for money and for men as there are today. The pressure toward secularization of giving and effort is unprecedented during this world war. The attention of the members of the Church of Christ is turned to the battle field. The war and preparations for war fill our secular and religious press and tens of thousands of church members are either at the front or are preparing to go. Death and destruction fill the public mind. Vas there ever a time when the church more urgently needed a field for action beyond the line of physical and temporal warfare-a call to service and sacrifice based upon the highest Christian principles and the most unselfish devotion?

N ever in history has there been a time when the African and Asiatic races so needed the impact of pure Christianity. They, too, live in an atmosphere of war. They have been distracted, and are still, with the spectacle of so-called Christian nations in mortal combat. They have found it difficult, and even impossible, to interpret the history of the present hour in the battle fields of Europe in accordance with what they know of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. They are ready to listen to one who can interpret the true meaning of the Gospel as it applies to the life of the individual of society and the nation. They see the breaking down of civilizations which they were coming to consider supreme and need to build their confidence and their institutions on firmer foundations.

Furthermore, the forces of evil and sin are unusually active at the present time. Not only are there temptations to doubt and infidelity and materialism, but new and startling allurements to evil thrust themselves upon men with unprecedented force. The only remedy, the only power by which these temptations can be overcome, is the pure and saving Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. All men-white and black, brown and yellow -need the same panacea and the only way in which those in other lands are reached is through the missionary agencies of the Christian Church. These agencies have established and conduct institutions in every land that stand for the purity and power of Christ. Through these agencies perishing men may be reached and reached now.

Again, we see in India, China, Japan and Africa, lands that contain more than one-half of the world's population, a general movement toward democracy. This spirit of democracy is selfish, and filled with unholy ambition. It is without a sense of responsibility for other nations and is often unjust, unrighteous and un-Christian. Such a spirit would be

a menace, not only to itself but to America and England and to the world. It seems inevitable that these democracies shall increase in influence and power. Here is an imperative call to the Church of Christ to see that these nations are permeated with the spirit of Christ. It is a question whether their purpose shall be supremely selfish, or shall be dominated by a spirit of service to the world; whether they shall attempt to exact from the world by force that which gratifies their own unholy ambition, or shall give to the world that which they can give to benefit mankind. The great missionary movement must be supported more generously than ever before, in order to bring the impact of Christ upon the nations. This can be done only by unusual devotion and self-sacrifice of the men and women of the churches at home. The preservation of world peace and the continuation of the spirit of fraternal co-operation depend in a large measure upon the way in which Christians mobilize all available spiritual forces and bring them to bear upon the problems of Asia and Africa, of Latin America as well as of Europe and North America.

Moreover this time of disintegration is also a time to prepare for reconstruction. The forces and agencies that prove themselves most vital now are the forces and agencies that will be recognized as supreme in the period that follows the war. Physical force, human organization and mental acumen are being tested and are found wanting. Tt is for Christians to prove the supreme power of Christ and His principles. Finally, there was never a time when the missionary forces were in more need of strengthening. The staff in almost every field is depleted by death, by the withdrawal of German missionaries, by the assignment of men and women to duty with military forces. The increased cost of living, the dangers of travel, the difficulty of securing supplies, the political unrest in many lands, and the increased cost of exchange in foreign lands all make it imperative that, if the Church of Christ is to prove a worthy steward of the Grace of God, Christians must devote themselves with unprecedented earnestness to prayer and service; and must give their money more lavishly, not only to war causes but to the spiritual work of missions.

THE CHURCH AND THE CONFLICT E VERY patriot is thinking, talking, living for the great conflict that is shaking the world to its foundations. Churches are taking an unprecedented interest in soldiers and sailors. Their life in camp and trench is made as vivid as possible in literature, sermons and pictures; their needs and sacrifices and achievements are kept before us. Pastors stir their people to save on food, fuel and clothing for the soldiers, to work for them, pray for them, send gifts to them, buy liberty bonds for them, train as nurses, ambulance drivers. or for the Home Defence Guard to help the cause; to give largely for Red Cross and Christian

COMMENT

Association work that those at the front may not suffer unnecessarily, but that sacrifice may be shared by all and that the victory may come more speedily. The churches are loaning their pastors as chaplains while they pay for substitutes; they open their buildings for Red Cross work and for visiting soldiers and sailors; service flags and honor rolls are displayed prominently and letters are read from absent ones in training camps or trenches. Prayer meetings take on a new earnestness and power as those at home enter into fellowship with the dangers that threaten those abroad. Every true man and woman is seeking to do his or her "bit"-is asking; "WThat can I do to help ?" Things, that seemed impossible in the way ·of service rendered, and in sacrifices made, are now taken as a matter of course. And men are better for it, of course. Their eyes have a new brightness and their step a new elasticity, their prayers a new fervor and their whole life a new purpose and power.

Here are some of the ways suggested in which churches encourage and co-operate with the soldiers;- WHAT CAN THE CHURCH DO?

1. Keep an honor roll of those in service-post conspicuously. Inspire all to loyalty. Encourage enlistment of volunteers.

2. Appoint good correspondents to keep them in touch with the church at home.

I. Send calendars, books, local papers and Christmas gifts to those in service. ,. Give the pastor leave of absence to visit the camps. 5. Keep the Y. M. C. A. secretaries infonned of the men from your church. G. Save on food, fuel and luxuries. Raise a war fund to help in this great conflict. 7. Read from the pulpit the letters from those at the front. S. Hold prayer meetings for them and remember special needs and individ- uals by name. S. Welcome all those who serve the flag-especially those who represent you. 10. Remember that you are partners in a great Gause and that your respon- sibility is as real as of those at ~e front. You will then share· in the victory.

If every church and every Christian would earnestly follow out these suggestions what fellowship and unity it would engender, what power would be felt both at home and abroad!

There is a parable here. The Church has another conflict on hand -still greater than that in Europe and one that is for even greater ends -the extension of the spiritual and eternal Kingdom of God. How many pastors and how many Christians stand ashamed because of their lack of interest and co-operation in the great Christian campaign, when they consider what they are willing to do for a cause in which they are

really interested and for which they are ready to sacrifice. How many missionaries-soldiers of the Cross-have left the home church with great hopes and have seen these hopes die because they have been left by the church to serve alone. Read over the list of "What a Church Can Do" and see in how many of these ways you and your church are whole-heartedly sharing the burden and heat of the day with the missionaries on the firing line of Christendom.

CONSTRUCTIVE WARFARE A WFUL as is the destruction-often wanton and useless destruc- tion-caused by war, there are at the same time constructive fea- tures in such a conflict. Foundations-political, ethical, social and spiritual-are shaken and while some strllctures fall, many more find themselves resting more firmly on solid rock. Science, both for destruc- tive and constructive service, always advances in wartime. Medical and surgical skill is developed to a high degree to protect the armies from dis- ease, and to counteract the effect of bullets, shells and bayonets. Roads and railroads are constructed for military purposes that have been neglected in times of peace. For instance, a British railroad now connects Egypt with Palestine and has been brought across the desert to within forty miles of Jerusalem. After the war, travelers will be able to make this journey in a few hours, whereas it formerly took days. Classes and parties who were formerly at enmity or misunderstood each other are united in a common cause. Organized work advances in efficiency to conserve food supplies, to manufacture munitions, to raise money and to direct a united campaign.

Christian forces are also uniting in moral and spiritual constructive work, more than ever was thought possible in times of peace. Under the auspices of the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations, Baptist, Congregational, Episcopal, Disciples, Methodist, Presbyterian and Reformed clergymen and laymen are uniting to help the soldiers and sailors. They conduct services, do personal work, teach Bible classes and unite in reform movements, generally, without denominational bias. They seek to exalt Christ and save men, and'so to build up the Church without regard to the churches of a particular sect. When the foundations are well and truly laid on the Rock, Christ Jesus, this is constructive work of the first magnitude. One result of the war may be the breaking down of denominational barriers as well as of political and social distinctions. It is well to recognize no distinctions that Christ Himself does not set up, but at the same time it would be disastrous to build on the sand of human ethics and personal righteousness. These are the superstructures which stand or fall as they conform to the divine standards and are built on the Son of God and His righteousness, the only Foundations that stand sure for time and eternity.

NEED OF EDUCATION IN THE ARTS OF

.A group of warriors in Afri(:a The Dark Side of the Dark Continent The Men~al and Moral Degradation of Feti~hism BY THE REV. ROBERT H. MILLIGAN, TACOMA, WASHINGTON The atlthor of this article 'Was for some years a missionary in West Africa. He has given a vivid picture of his experiences and observations in two volumes-"Fetish Folk of West Africa," and "The Jungle Folk of Africa."-EDITOR.

T HE African lives in a world of confusion and disorder; a world of magic, running at random and haphazard; where the stone that falls downward today may fall upward tomorrow; where birds may wear foliage for feathers and animals moralize as men. One gges toa wedding, and it turns out that the groom is a leopard in the form of a man, who, in the midst of the ceremony, carries off the bride. One goes to a funeral and the corpse sits up and talks, or breaks loose and

runs away. This is the world in which the African lives; a world in which there is no law, and things happen without a cause.

The mental degradation of the African is often overlooked through the deeper regard for his moral degradation. Therefore it is my pur- pose to depict, first the mental degradation, and over against it to sug- gest the new and transforming conception of God and the world which the Christian religion conveys to the African mind.

Carlyle has said: "What notion each forms of the universe is the all-regulating fact with regard to him." There are two !lntithetical con- ceptions of nature-that of the unsophisticated child-man, like the Afri- can, and that of the ultra-sophisticated product of civilization, such as Herbert Spencer. According to the former, all is Will and there is no law; according to the latter, all is law and there is no Will. The Chris- tian conception is the synthesis of these two. Nature is the product of a single Mind, and its laws the operation of an immanent Will. As Browning expresses it: "All's love, yet all's law."

Looking out upon nature the child-mind of the African discovers no reign of law. Since will is the cause that he knows by experience, he instinctively attributes natural phenomena to a personal will; not to one will, however, but to many, according to the infinite variety in natural phenomena.

To this chaotic conception of. nature we must add another idea of fearful import. It is only to the reflecting mind that nature seems benef- icent. Her greatest forces, her constant ministry, are not obvious. A man thinks more of one month of sickness than eleven months of health j he is more observ:ant of the storm than of sunshine, more conscious of adversity than prosperity. The laws of health-for instance, the tend- ency of the cut finger to heal and the broken bone to knit; the laws of growth, the ministry of nature's fertility-all nature's kindness is unob- trusive, while her cruelty arrests the attention because it is her unaccus- tomed mood. The African derives his conception of nature from the devastating tornado, from the scarcity of meat and the hard work neces- sary to procure his food, from sickness that disables him, and death that bereaves him of his friends. It is, therefore, a part of his philosophy that the myriad spirits that rule nature and reside within it are evil and are at enmity with him. They may be placated, and even rendered favor- able, but a far greater number are hostile; and the motive of his worship is not devotion, but fear. He worships the spirits of his ancestors that he may obtain their help against all other spirits. .

If then we would understand the African we must bear in mind his conception that, since innumerable warring spirits preside over nature, therefore uniformity and constancy are not to be expected. The rain- bow, he says, is a serpent, which has the power of making itself visible or invisible at will. If a mountain disappear behind the clouds he be- lieves that a spirit who inhabits the mountain has removed it and brings

DARK SIDE OF THE DARK

it back when the sun shines. At the utterance of a magic word a ship may sink, a house may fall, a man be reduced to physical and mental im- potence.

When Du Chaillu visited a certain town in which the people had never before seen a white man, they regarded him as a spi.rit, and de- clared that a great rock near the town had been moved by him. But when smallpox broke out in their midst and followed Du Chaillu with the persistency of fate, they did not doubt that he had caused it and made no effort to protect themselves against contagion. They regarded him with increasing fear and hostility until at last he and his party fled from the natives who pursued him with poisoned arrows. But they soon de- sisted from the pursuit; for, they declared, their arrows rebounded harm- less from his body, and sometimes even passed through him and did him no injury.

Nevertheless, the native is no fool. He is true to his philosophy of nature; but his philosophy is wrong. He knows nothing of the doctrine of one divine Intelligence presiding over all nature, whose laws are constant and uniform.

The very axioms of the African's belief obliterate the line between nature . and the super- natural, and habitual lying makes the character of truth vague and uncertain. He has an imagination as vivid as reality; we may under- stand something of the degraded mental condition by such character- istic incidents as the following: A man dying in the hospital at Gaboon turns his solemn, beauti- A TYPE OF CONGO NATIVE ful eyes towards one who sits be- Note the tribal marks on the face, made with side him, and tells in confidence a knife raising the skin what has brought about his death.

It is strange how approaching death, as if to testify to man's divine origin in the hour of his most appalling defeat, dignifies the countenance of the . lowest with a mysterious dignity that transcends all differences of color and races.. This dying man relates that some weeks past, having gone on a journey, and during the night having wondered what his friends at home might be doing, he thought he would visit Gaboon, leaving his body while his spirit alone traveled through the air. But on the way he met a company of spirits making a similar journey, one of whom was an enemy,

who, recognizing him, gave him a fatal thrust in the side. He quickly returned to his body; but in the morning he felt the weakness resulting from the fatal stroke, and from that day had grown weaker and weaker, until death was now upon him.

A certain man, evidently without the slightest intention of untruth- fulness, tells how journeying one day in the forest he had met two strange men who, by fetish power, had thrown him to the ground, had opened his body, and removing his intestines, had stuffed him with dry grass instead, which would have injured him for life, butthat a doctor o( his own tribe found him, reopened him, removed the hay and put real intestines in its place. I knew a man in Gaboon of whom the whole community believed that he frequently changed himself into a leopard, in order to steal sheep or to avenge himself upon his enemies. This particular man denied that he had any such power. But sometimes men confess or claim that they themselves possess it; and in some cases they seem to believe it. It was in a village near Gaboon that a broken-hearted chief once told Du Chaillu that his son, who had been his joy and hope, had been accused of killing two men of the town by turning into a leopard. The old man at first passionately defended his son. But to his horror the son, stepping forward, confessed the charge, and that he had indeed transformed himself into a leopard and killed the two men-he did not know why. With the chief's consent the son was burned to death over a slow fire. And the sight of that horrible death was ever in the old man's eyes.

A man walking in the forest usually carries suspended from his neck a medicine, contained in a goat's horn, the effect of which is to make him invisible to an enemy, even if he should meet him in the path. * Another fetish, somewhat similar, will turn the bullets of an enemy's guns into water-if the enemy should see him and shoot at him. And he may carry still another fetish which, if danger overtake him, will whistle in his town, however far away, and summon his friends to his help. It is obvious that several of these fetishes are superfluous if the others are to be relied upon. The native therefore does not fully trust his fetishes. And besides, there is always the fear that some enemy may have a stronger fetish than his own.

More important than these are his witch-medicines, which hang in his house to protect him against witchcraft in the night. One of these builds an invisible fire around him while he sleeps-invisible to all but witches-and through that fire no witch can pass. Another accomplishes the same purpose by changing his flimsy bamboo hut into a house of solid stone with thick walls and having neither doors nor windows. It looks like the same bamboo hut, and he can still see through the cracks, but in reality it is a house of solid stone. If he were cultivated he would probably affirm that this miracle of transubstantiation takes place not in the accidents but in the essence of the bamboo.

• The word "medicine" and the word "fetish" are interchangeable, being translations of the same native word. It is the living spirit in a medicine that effects the result.

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But the most powerful and most sacred of all his fetishes is the ancestral relic, possessed by every grown man. It is the skull of the father or other ancestral relation. Here fetishism becomes ancestorworship. The skull is the residence of the dead father, and if it be treated well, that is, kept in a warm and dry place, the father will confer almost every kind of favor. His other fetishes are compelled to obey him. If they occasionally become rebellious he will pU'.1ish them-often by hanging them in smoke. Most fetishes have a horror of smoke . But the ancestral fetish he never punishes. Indeed, if he, neglect it the ancestor may punish him. Many a hunter's gun has refused to fire just at the critical moment because of such neglect.

THE AFRICAN'S KNOWLEDGE OF GOD The African speaks of a God, who made all things. But he con- ceives of God as a very big African chief with a great many wives.

Some of their fables in which God figures are not repeatable. He re- gards men and women with con- tempt, and as a rule ignores them.

They, therefore, regard Him with neither love nor fear, and they do A FETISH WORSHIPPED IN WEST AFRICA not worship Him. ..

The task of the missionary is, first of all, to make known God's character, and thento inject the idea of God into nature. He does both by presenting Jesus Christ. The African gets an entirely new conception of God when he looks into the face of Christ and hears Him say: "Who- soever hath seen me hath seen the Father." His first lesson on nature he also learns from Jesus. Jesus stills the storm on Galilee, and the value of the miracle for the African, and for us, is not the wonder of it, but the lesson that the Father is present in all storms and always rules the sea and the wind, which are not under the control of demons. Jesus heals the leper, and we learn God's power over all disease, and that a loving Will afflicts and heals. He raises Lazarus from the dead, and reveals that even death is never in the hands of a malignant foe, but under the control of a sympathetic power. The thought of the African is com- pletely r'eversed by this revelation of God. Nature is not the result of myriad spirits hostile to himself, but the product of one single Mind, and its laws the expression of a constant and loving Will. It is as if the forked lightning at which he trembles in the darkness should flash upon the storm-cloud the word Father-transforming fear into faith.

A certain native named Toko, of the Mpongwe tribe of Gaboon, who had been for some years a Christian, went back into the interior among the Fang, preaching the Gospel. The Fang were notorious robbers, who, at every opportunity, plundered the cargo of traders as it passed in boats up and down the river. One day while Taka was preaching some one interrupting him said: "I don't believe that God is good, as you say. If so, why did He make this river so crooked that in order to reach the coast we have to travel nearly twice the straight distance?"

"My friend," replied Toko, "God knew that you wicked Fang were going to live along this river, and that you would plunder passing boats; and He made the river crooked so that you can't see the boat coming until it is so near that you have not time to get out to it before it is past."

Whatever we may think of the teleology, observe the underlying attitude toward nature, and the radical change of view it implies. God is over nature, which is therefore under law, is sympathetic towards man, and working on the side of righteousness-a view that dooms fetishism and witchcraft.

After a few years of persistent work and patient waiting, I saw scores and scores of such people mentally and morally transformed; and more marvelous was the result from such a beginning. It is truly astonishing how the African mind, despite its crude materialism and its degradation, grasps ultimately the spirituality of God and the spiritual nature of true worship. Let one instance suffice for illustration: The women of West Africa, in preparing their food (the cassava, called also "manioc") bury it in the ground beside a stream for several days. A fellow missionary, one day examining an old woman who presented herself for baptism, and careful lest she might regard the water of baptism as a fetish, asked her a question regarding its significance, to which she replied: "When I bury my food in the ground I mark the place. What use would the mark be if there were no food there? Baptism is but the mark: God dwells in the heart."

THE MORAL DEGRADATION IN AFRICA Alum, forty miles from the coast, was one of the largest towns on the Gaboon, and was the dividing line between the people of the coast, who had long been in contact with civilization, and the wholly uncivilized people of the interior. The venerable chief of Alum boasted the ra're distinction of a beard. He wore it in a single tight braid, tied at the end with a string as venerable as the beard itself. At my departure he came forward and assured me of his good will by solemnly taking my hand in his and spitting in it. The theory of this beautiful custom is that the native means only to blow with his breath, symbolic of imparting a blessing, and that the spitting is incidental, a "by-product"-so to speak -of the blessing.

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That night, as we lay at anchor in the middle of the swift-rolling river, with the moonshine lying in silver ringlets across its surface, the boat-boys asked old Sonia to tell them a story. Sonia was a white-haired old man with the heart of a child. He had as many stories as Uncle Remus, of whom he often reminded me; but his best stories were the incidents and adventures of his own life. When a young man he had lived as a trader at this Fang town, Alum, opposite which we were anchored. He told us about a bat- r=~' =..-=~~"""'=""'–=;"""""__;;;;;;;;;;,, tle he had witnessed, which was fought upon the river at this very place where we lay; a battle between Alum and another town which then stood on the .opposite bank, but of which nothing now remained.

Alum was already old at the time of the war, but the other town was new, the people having come re- cently from the far interior, being driven forward by the hostility of more powerful clans behind. There was no quarrel between the towns; but the people of Alum thought it would be good policy, and extreme- ly virtuous, to practise bravery by making war upon their new neigh- bors at the very beginning, while they still had them at considerable disadvantage in the matter of num- bers.

First, I believe, they stole a woman. Then followed a guerrilla warfare, in which each side killed as they had opportunity, waylaying individuals, or rushing from am- A DEGRADING INFLUENCE bush upon a party of venturesome A native dancing woman in full t1ndr ess stragglers. In this way a number were killed on each side; and the war, which was first undertaken without any serious motive, was soon prosecuted with feelings of deadly hate and a purpose of revenge. Every night, from each town, the wail of mourning for the dead was wafted across the river and curses were mingled with the mourning.

At length one canoe attacked another in the river, where they had been fishing. Immediately, other canoes came to their help and still others, ever so many of them, pushing off rapidly from each side until all the men of the two towns, young and old, were in the middle of the river, where they fought to a finish. When fighting in canoes, whatever

other weapons they may have, they carry a small battle-ax, which is used especially to prevent the capsizing of the canoe by those who are already in the water. Sonia told how, again and again, they severed a man's hand at a blow, or completely disabled him. They swim so well that they could still make a strong fight after being capsized. The battle was long, and the river ran red with their blood. Those who were killed were carried by the curr~nt out to the sea to feed the,sharks.

The people of the new town lost. Those of them who were left pulled down their town and moved to another place. In- a few years nothing remained of it but one or two skeletons with the grass growing through their ribs. But for years afterwards the superstitious native, passing along the river in the dead of night, heard again the noise of battle-fierce cries and dying groans. And whenever this sound is heard, they say, again the river runs ted like blood.

One incident of the war, prior to the final battle, I recall, as Sonia told it that night.

The people of Alum captured a man of the other side and his son, a little boy. They bound the father, and before his eyes deliberately killed his son-and ate his flesh. The main motive of cannibalism, under such circumstances, would be neither wanton cruelty nor a vicious appetite, but fetishism. By eating one of their number they render the enemy powerless to do them any further injury. Some time afterwards they slew the father. But already they had broken his heart, and with hands uplifted he welcomed the death-blow.

The whole story, with its inhuman cruelty, was the more impressive because of the striking contrast of Sonia's own character. The emotion with which he told it indicated how his heart had been wrung. He said not a word about any effort of his to dissuade the people from their wickedness, but I knew him well, and I was confident that the part he had taken was not unheroic. Sonia was one of the first, and one of the best, of the native Christians.

Yet the African is not wantonly cruel. He is by nature affectionate. But he is the victim of a false iqeal. He exaggerates the virtue of courage. Courage is identified with manhood, and all other virtues recede in the perspective of character except as they support courage. I repeat that the African is by nature affectionate, but he is disposed to regard his affection as weakness, and certainly not necessary to manhood. According to this ideal of courage, woman,-who in all lands represents the gentler virtues, devotion, compassion, patience,-woman is contemptible. And thus relegated to a place of inferiority and contempt, woman sinks to a lower level of degradation than man. Unmitigated cruelty is the characteristic of the men; revolting licentiousness, the characteristic of the women. Both are victims of a false ideal and the lack of a moral standard.

Character is further demoralized by three factors, that one may

DARK SIDE OF THE DARK

mention. First: Since man has no noble origin, no divine kinship, he has no inherent dignity that would distinguish him essentially from other animals.

Second: Since his religious belief and worship are predominated by fear-the fear of hostile spirits, and the fear that any or every man around him may have a stronger fetish than his own-the conse- quent attitude of man toward man is distrust.

Third: His destiny is not hopeful or ennobling; death is an evil, and the future life is as bad as this life, or worse.

Their licentiousness is not to be described, but I would speak of their cruelty. Having so Iowan estimate of human nature, human life is cheap. In those tribes that are beyond the immediate re- straints of the foreign governments, it is said that nineteen out of twenty persons die by violence. This ac- counts for the surprisingly sparse population of Africa.

Many of this number are killed in war, which is a chronic condition. Most wars begin with the stealing of a woman by a man of another tribe or village. As a rule the women aL"e glad to be stolen. One woman whom I knew gave as a reason for such an elope- ment, that her husband was so homely she could not live with him.

Not long before I left Africa, dur- ing a certain war which began with the stealing of a woman, after many persons had been killed, a ANOTHER CAUSE OF DARKNESS young man named Minkoa, a bright An African witch doctor young fellow, manly and hopeful, was out in the forest hunting, when he was suddenly. shot by one of a party who were hiding along the path. Minkoa's sister was married to the very man who shot him, and they had been intimate friends and had visited much together, but the man did not know that it was Minkoa when he fired the shot in the dark forest. Having wounded him, and

seeing him fall to the ground, he sprang forward to complete the work, and in that moment recognized his friend and brother, Minkoa. With a cry of grief he fell beside the wounded man and with his own body would have saved him from further injury, but the rest of his party having come up, they flung him aside with a curse, and standing over Minkoa, fairly riddled his body with bullets. Compassion, or affection, under such circumstances, is a weakness and must be suppressed as incompatible with real manliness.

But it is supposed that at least as many Africans are put to death· for witchcraft as are killed in war. The African seems hardly to conceive that there is any such thing as a natural death. Even if a man is killed in war some one may be charged with having bewitched him. For, without doubt, he wore a fetish for safety, but a witch had broken the spell of the fetish. It is dreadfully significant that his wives are the first to be charged with his death. Except in the immediate vicinity of the foreign governments, wives convicted of witchcraft are usually buried alive with the dead body of the husband. In one town that I knew, not far from the present Elat, twenty women, wives of one man, having been charged with his death, were thus buried alive with his body. An enormous grave is dug, and the body placed in the middle. The women's legs are broken and they are thrown into the grave, while drums are beaten furiously to drown their cries.

The African belief regarding death is demoralizing. The universal human shrinking from the dead, with them, becomes terror, and takes the form of a belief that the dead will do them harm, even their own relations. Therefore, while some are wailing the mourning dirge to appease the dead, others sometimes beat drums and shout and curse, that the dead one may be afraid to return. In certain tribes of the interior, conceiving that the spirit still has some connection with the body, they seek to disable it by burning the body, or by beating it with clubs and breaking the bones. Death is an unmitigated evil, and the dead are always wishing to be back in the flesh.

There is no doubt, however, that despite his cruelties, and beneath all his degradation, the African has a truly moral nature. The universal practice of the ordeal is evidence that he is essentially moral j though at first sight it would seem rather to indicate moral imbecility. Sometimes a hen is set on eggs and the accused person is adjudged guilty or innocent according as the greater number of chickens hatched are male or female. This is a mode of trial for less serious offences. More commonly in case of witchcraft a mild poison is administered to the accused in a drink. Sometimes it only produces vomiting and does him no harm. But if he is seized with vert!go and staggers, he is adjudged guilty. The notorious Calabar bean is widely used as an ordeal poison. Frequently both the accused and the accuser ar~ compelled to submit to the ordeal. In at least one African tribe, when one person charges another with certain

DARK SIDE OF THE DARK CONTINENT

serious offenses they are both (accused and accuser) tied to stakes some distance apart, on the brink of the river in the neighborhood of crocodiles, and whichever of the two is seized first is adjudged guilty. The other is then set free. The ordeal, therefore, is a form of judicial trial in which supernatural aid is relied upon to take the place of evidence and to determine guilt or innocence. And what does it imply? It implies an irrepressible instinct that wrong-doing deserves punishment, and that somewhere at the heart of the universe there is a moral power that connects guilt and retribution. So the African, knowing of no A CROWD OF AFRICANS WAITING FOR THE GOSPEL righteous God to execute justice, attributes wrath to the dumb forces of nature; these, he conceives, are in league against the wrong-doer and will execute vengeance.

And even more clearly does the African prove his moral nature by the ceremonies which he ha,s instituted for the relief of a sense of guilt. Blood is often used in these ceremonies; the fresh blood of fowls, or of sheep or goats. The people are seated on the ground, and the priest passing along pours the blood over their heads and shoulders. To most of them it is a mere ceremonial and removes the curse without reference to the heart. Such a scene often recalled the observation of George Adam Smith, that the essence of heathenism is not idolatry but ritualism. M any of them shrink from the blood, lowering their heads to keep it off their faces. But I recall an occasion when one poor woman, having confessed that she had killed her slave in anger and that she had since known no peace, welcomed the blood with eager upturned face and

eyes of infinite longing, in the spirit of that disciple who said: "Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head."

But in nothing else does the African reveal his essentially moral nature more than in his immediate recognition and acceptance of the character of Jesus as the human ideal, although it is an ideal that traverses all his former conceptions, that antagonizes his dearest social customs and condemns that conduct which has been his very boast. Jesus is so immediately understood by the African that we are often asked whether Jesus was a black man. He recognizes the character of Jesus as the authoritative standard, even while he refuses to conform to it; and its authority is based wholly on his perception of its intrinsic superiority. He finds in Jesus the complete definition of his own con- sCience.

CHRIST, THE LIGHT OF THE AFRICAN To this all but hopeless ruin of humanity Christ imparts a new con- ception of man, destined soon to become a governing principle and to create a new society; a new conception, first, of the dignity of man's nature, derived from his kinship with God; second, of the possibilities of his character, revealed in the character of Jesus himself; third. of the greatness of his destiny can only be described in the extreme language of rhapsody. It is not wonderful that this new conception of man should be morally transforming; that, for instance, it should impress even the African mind with the sanctity of human life.

Cannibalism disappears as soon as the Gospel becomes intelligible; and long before they accept it as individuals. A war arose between two villages on the Gaboon, in a community where the missionary had preached not more than a year, for the people had recently come from the far interior, where cannibalism was commonly practiced in war and was their boast. The town making the attack came on a very dark night, intending to set fire to the other town; which only required that the blaze be started in one place, the houses being so close that all must burn together. They were led by two young men whom I knew. While the rest of the party were hiding, these two, going forward, saturated the thatch roof of the first house with ke];'osene, and were striking a match, when the noise was heard by the man inside. He quietly arose, moving stealthily as a cat, opened the door, and discovered the two young men standing a few yards in front of him. He took deliberate aim and fired twice. One man fell dead instantly; the other, frightfully wounded, reached his friends, who put him in a canoe and took him back to his town, where he died a few days later. I have said that one of the two fell in the street. A few years before, they would eagerly have devoured thtf body, both as a feast, and as a fetish protection against the enemy. For cannibalism is a part of fetishism. The fetish belief still remained strong as ever, but they revolted from the practice; and having cut the body in pieces and boiled it, they smeared the grease upon their foreheads and breasts, hoping that it would thus avail for their protection. But they did not taste it. In former times they would boast of eating an enemy; now, these same people are ashamed to confess it, and it is the most offensive charge that one town can make against another. Surely it is ideas, and not bullets, that rule the world. Cannibalism is being abolished, even as slavery has been abolished, and as war (we hope) will soon be abolished, at the instance of the same idea -the Christian estimate of the worth of a man.

A service among such people, who had not learned the etiquette of Christian worship, was seldom lacking in elements of sensationalism, or even in occurrences that were slightly shocking. In the middle of the sermon, a chief interrupting, says: "Vhite man, won't you please stop preaching and sing again? and won't you dance with your singing? I don't like singing without dancing, and I don't like preaching at all." . But if ever I am tempted to yield to discouragement I think of such Christians as Sonia, and marvel at the results of a few years. Or, I think of Lucina, an Mpongwe woman. Lucina's husband, preferring a dissolute life of drunkenness and polygamy, left her with five young children, and very poor. But when he accepted a dowry for their daughter and sent a portion of it to Lucina, she sent it back to him say- ing that 'if he had sold their daughter for a price, her conscience would not allow her to share it with him. I think of Ntyango, also an Mpongw~-of his Christlike gentle- ness, and his solicitude for those who had not heard the Gospel. NtyaWgo died about the time I went to Gaboon, and was buried in the mission graveyard. Some years afterwards the workmen were cutting grass in the graveyard. Among them was a Fang man of the interior named Biyoga, whom Ntyango had taught to read when he was a small boy. As Biyoga was cutting grass and occasionally spelling out the names on the tombstones he found Ntyango's name on one of them. Sacred memories stirred the heart of the wild Fang. The next day he came to me and told me that since the days, long ago, when he had known Ntyango he had never met another man like him. All the time since finding his name and while working beside his grave he had been thinking of him, recalling his kindness to the Fang, especially to the children, and his Christian teaching, and now he wished only to be the kind of man that Ntyango was.

Throughout the length and breadth of darkest Africa there are such men and such women-an ever-increasing multitude-who are daily offering the same prayer as Christians in all other lands: "Thy kingdom come!" And it has the same meaning to all. It is a prayer that the spirit of Christ-the spirit of love and self-sacrifice, the spirit of Calvary-may become infinitely dominant in the hearts of men..

A VIEW OJ:II THE 'pANAMA CANAL ZONE AT

The result of the United States Government physical sanitation and construction

on "·The Zone"

The Spiritual Needs in a Government Monopoly BY REV. SIDNEY S.·CONGER, BALBOA, PANAMA Some conception of the moral and spiritual needs of the Panama Canal Zone is given here by the pastor of the Ame,·iean Church. Christians of America {lre responsible for giving the Gospel to this isthmus.-EDl'IoR.

T HE Panama Canal Zan.e, or, as its inhabitants universally call it, "The Zone," is scarcely less remarkable as a community than it is geographically. It is technically a part of the Republic of Panama, yet there is no part of the United States,. not even the District of Columbia, which so completely belongs to our Federal Government as does "the Zone" j for every square foot of its land is held in title by the United States government, and no other title can be acquired by any individual or corporation.

It is a community of persons under one employment-that of the United States. The Navy, the Army, the Panama Canal, the Panama Railroad, all these are but departments of Uncle Sam's business. Furthermore, it is a community with but one concern: the great watery highway along whose banks it extends, from ocean to ocean. The soldier and the naval sailor are there to protect it. The officials and the clerical staff are there to administer it, to collect its dues, to pay its bills. The pilots, the railroad'men, the machinists, the operators of the great coaling plants and dry docks, the ship-fitte!"s, the boiler makers, the many other mechanics, ate there to care' for the vessels that use it; and the men of the locks and of the dredging division are there to keep it open. And the men of the municipal division, the building division, and the Quartermaster's department are there to look after the people who look after the Canal, while the same may be said of the doctors a and nurses, dentists and ministers. Again, our Zone community is unique in that it is population transferred from its home environment and planted in another; not by a gradual emigration, but by one great political and economic stroke, carrying a language and institutions of its own into the midst of an alien land. For the language of the Zone is English, its unskilled laborers are British subjects, black or colored; its skilled laborers, its administrators and its protectors are American citizens.

The Zone, once more, is unique as a sort of State-Socialistic experiment under American supervision. Almost everything is done by the government. The individual cannot own land or houses. He cannot open a shop or rent rooms, though he may offer the free hospitality of

THE NEW AMERICAN BIBLE HOUSE ON THE "ZONE"

his home. His house, apartment, or bed in a room, are assigned him. He buys his supplies from the Commissary. If his electric light fails, he telephones the electrical division. If his door-key is lost, dr his wife decides that she wants different furniture or a new house, he calls up the Quartermaster. Should his boy sprain his ankle, he applies to the official doctor at the Dispensary. Should he seek amusement, he finds it provided at the nearest club house. His meals, unless he keeps house, he secures at a hotel conducted by the administration. If he has an automobile, it must be kept in a government garage.

Almost the only thing the government does not provide for him is a church, and there is some provision even for that. The largest of the army posts have chaplains, and the two big hospitals at Ancon and at Colon Beach each have two-a Roman Catholic and an Episco- palian. In general, however, the Zone civilian is left to provide his own moral and religious environment as best he may. The typical white Zone resident is American-born, young and vig- orous, with open eye and mind, and a purpose of getting on in the world, equally keen at work or play, and with all the normal passions and appetites of youth. ~specially does he need the Christian faith, because he is subjected not only to the ordinary temptations and dangers of his age but to many others as well.

First: He feels the relaxing influence of a humid tropical climate on his Northern physique, temperament and will.

ON "THE ZONE"

. THE BIBLE SOCIETY B. OAT FOR T.HE PANAMA CANAL Second: He lacks the conservative influences of home, of wide and long-established acquaintance and reputation, and of well-supported and well-known institutions, strengthened by sacred and tender associations. He generally expects to live only a. brief time on the Zone, and cannot plan there a permanent home of his own.

Third: He lives in proximity to the Panamanian cities of Panama and Colon. These towns have stood at the half-way house of a great trade route since the discovery of the American Continent. Black, white, red and yellow races mingle in their streets an'd in their blood and their general moral tone is lax and low.

Their vice districts are large, conspicuous and appalling in the depth of their degradation. They offer to the young American, newly come from his home in the United States, all the fascination of the exotic, the unexpected, the different.

The home standards, if to him they have been mere conventions or external rules, will now seem to his suddenly expanded· vision merely provincial. He rarely stops to ask himself how much these new, loose, free customs may have to do with the inferiority which characterizes the population. His strength must lie in standards, not of external application, but of his own heart and soul and mind-vital and fundamental conVictIOns. Here is the pre-eminent need of the young Zone American, soldier, sailor, machinist or civil servant; man, woman or adolescent.

We believe that in Jesus Christ may be found exactly the strength,

the vision, the wisdom, needed as a preventive. And so Christian men and women on the Canal Zone set up for themselves a little more than three years ago a Union Church.

It is organized in a Collegiate form. One executive committee for the whole Zone supervises the work in all its general features, and local committees in each church-direct local matters. There are four organized churches, with regular services every Sunday. There are six Sunday-schools. Two or three Sunday-schools at military posts which have no chaplains owe their foundation largely to Union Church effort; and Union Church energy helps to support evening song services with occasional addresses at these -points. Three pastors are employed, who must be regularly ordained ministers in good standing in Evangelical churches. It is hoped soon to employ a fourth.

Services are held in various buildings, the use of which is granted by the Government. In most cases it is only a partial use, and in nearly all the housing is inadequate, inconvenient, or both. This is the great present difficulty of the organization.

The five school buildings now under construction on the Zone are estimated to cost $550,000, ranging from $200,000 at Balboa to $4-3,000 at Gatun.

The Roman Catholics of the United States, with local assistance, have provided at Balboa a building consistent with these structures.

The Southern Baptists of the United States, the only Protestants to establish a denominational work for whites, have a neat concrete building at Balboa Heights.

But the very unity which makes the great Protestant organization of the Zone self-supporting, makes it impossible for the church to receive denominational funds. Its wage-earning and salaried people, without a single capitalist, cannot furnish the cash for buildings, and the work of the organization is consequently much hampered.

The white civilian population of the Zone is about ten thousand, divided as follows: (I) BALBOA, 3,400; (2) CRISTOBAL, 2,500; (3) ANCON, 1,800; (4) PEDRO MIGUEL and PARAISO, 1,400; (5) GATUN, 1,100.

The largest army posts have chaplains. An active mission for Spanish-speaking people is maintained in Panama proper by the Methodist Church, with an English service at the Sea Wall Church. There is a close co-operation between this work and that of the Union Church. The latter organization, which ministers to the needs of nine-tenths of the Protestant portion of the white civilians, is also aiding several mis- -sions, and at least three chaplainless army posts.

Christians in the United States should not leave out of their thought these brothers of ours on the new big outpost at the great ocean cross-roads of the Western Hemisphere.

SOME CHINESE STUDENTS IN

"Entertaining Angels Unawares"

A Christmas with Chinese Maidens in America D URING the year 1917 America has ,entertained many dis" tinguished guests from Europe ,and the Orient. , Picturesque and important embassies have honored us, emphasizing by their: coming the new spirit of internationalism which is to usher in the era of peace and good-will. Many of our guests have come on important errands, not merely to exchange fraternal greetings, but the spirit manifested in the welcome to them cannot fail to ,have its effect in establishing friendship.

For many years there have been other groups of Orientals coming quietly and unannounced to our shores. They have not always been welcomed, as they should have been, owing to prejudice and to stupid legislation. And yet we trust that the Oriental students who have been coming for three decades to study in American colleges have not gone back without some appreciation of our interest and sympathy. '

Still farther back in the nineteenth century is the tenderly beautiful story of N eesima, the lonely, friendless Japanese boy, who, without introduction, walked into the heart and home of the Boston merchant~ Alpheus Hardy, and later took his name. Joseph Hardy Neesima gained much from his years of study in Amherst College and in Andover

Seminary. He gained far mor~ from the personal friendship and family life of the Christian gentleman, Alpheus Hardy. The story of the great university founded in Japan shows the marvelous influence that Neesima exerted on the life of his nation, and we wonder if there did not come to his benefactor as great joy and blessing as to the lad he befriended.

With the advent of larger groups of Oriental students in American colleges, there is· danger that they may, because of their very numbers, have fewer opportunities for intimate and friendly relations with the people of America. There are clubs and conferences and a natural. grouping together of Oriental students, with a lessening of their need for the hospitality of American homes. We are losing delightful opportunities for friendships and we cannot afford to miss the possibilities of a clear understanding of these neighbors of ours. They are our allies, who are fighting the fight for democracy with us, and they may become our allies in freeing the world for the great Liberator of souls of men.

That wise statesman with imagination, John Hay, applied the Golden Rule to international relations. He conceived of generous and fair treatment and a basis of friendliness as of greater value than an uhwilling indemnity wrested from a defeated foe. He refused to take advantage of China's misfortune and influenced our nation to return the indemnity fund paid us after the Boxer rebellion. China, with imagination and idealism equal to that of Mr. Hay, applied this fund to a cementing of the friendship by sending groups of students to America for their education. She also built the great Indemnity College near Pekin, where American professors and teachers interpret science, literature and western thought. Unfortunately, we have not always appreciated the opportunities China has given us to meet her representative young men and some have gone back to say, "I was in America for a term of years. I never was invited into it Christian home or welcomed to a Christian church."

With the coming of the first group of Chinese girls under the Indemnity Fund, the Young Women's Christian Association prepared the way by the appointment of a special secretary, Miss Margaret Burton, to act as friend and adviser for Oriental women students. Miss Burton has established most cordial relations with them. They love her and confide in her. She has also introduced them to homes where they have been welcomed during their holidays.

Of the ten girls of the first group, who came from China in the year 1914, all were Christians, and all but one had graduated from schools founded by American missionaries. Those who know those two fine schools, MacTyere, in Shanghai, arid Laura Haygood, in Saochow, are not surprised that in the competitive examinations for all China, most of the successful candidates were sent up from these two institutions of the Southern Methodist Board. The girls came to America under the care

"ENTERTAINING ANGELS UNAWARES"

of Dr. Wong, a representative of the Government of China stationed in Washington. They are required to spend a year in certain of our best preparatory schools before entering college.

One New England home was honored with the presence of six of this group during their first Christmas holidays, and will never lose the de- lightful memories of acquaintance with them. As they met their un- known hostess on Beacon Hill, Christmas eve, 19 I 4, they were overjoyed to see again school friends from whom they had been separated on their arrival in America. The community Christmas tree on Boston Common first attracted their attention, and they were fascinated with gay shop windows and displays of decorations and gifts. There was only just time for dinner at the Club when the bells of the Church of the Advent rang out for the glorious Christmas music. After the service came the carols on Beacon Hill, for on Christmas eve Boston becomes a country village again in the renewal of its beautiful old customs. Then Christmas eve must see our Chinese friends on the train and out into the country where they were to spend a real New England Christmas. The snow was falling on the pines and the bells were striking midnight as they came into. the fire-light of hOlJle, the first home in America that these girls had seen. They found six scarlet stockjngs hung by the chimney and sprays of mistletoe over the doors, and then, still chattering eagerly in English and Chinese, six tired, happy maidens were tucked into bed. The stockings were filled, and not until one o'clock was the entire h~use­ hold at rest. In the early dawn they were awakened by exquisite music. Angelic voices seemed to unite in wonderful harmony.

"Joy to the World, the Lord has Come, Let Earth prepare Him room,"

sang these angels in Chinese, and then after a pause came that exquisite hymn, "Silent Night, Holy Night."

As the last verse died away each heart echoed the line, truly, "Jesus, our Saviour is here." Christmas had dawned in a new and beautiful fashion. The music ceased, the angels fled back for another nap before breakfast, but some of us could not sleep for joy that the Lord had come and had spoken in that American home through these Christian girls of China. L~ter there was a Christmas tree and more singing, and aNew England Christmas dinner.

The days slipped by with holiday festivities and many invitations. Some of the girls had unusual tastes, and when they were given their choice of entertainment, one eagerly suggested a visit to the "Imbecile school," explaining to the bewildered hostess: "You know there is the most wonderful sChool for the feeble-minded near Boston. We are so anxious to learn their method, for we have no such school in all China and there are so many of those helpless little children." Two were eager to see the schools for the blind, the deaf, and still another with medical aspirations could not restrain her joy over a promised X-ray demonstration in a Boston hospital.

. These girls, guests at the table of our nation, are thinking not of how they are to serve themselves, but of what they may carry back to the hungry and needy in China. They are studying medicine, dentistry, social service, music, physical culture and domestic science. Many are preparing to be teachers, others are hoping to develop a Christian litera- ture in China, and all a're intensely interested in the novel features of our we American homes and sodallife. We confess that had wondered a little 'whether a ten days' vi~it might not be a strain. It might have been with strenuous American col- lege girls, but such were the charm and gentleness of these Chinese vis- itors that we have been delighted to repeat the experience.

At a house party last summer the ten girls in the accompanying picture made a real "Rosebud garden of girls," and the China rose, sweet and old-fashioned, need not fear comparison with the American Beauty. We earnestly hope our Chinese guests will not make the mistake of imi- . tating what is least desirable in American dress and customs. They are not oilly witty and well mannered, but are most attractive in their dainty modest Chinese dress. Their Christianity is real and apparent. They won all hearts, 'and kind neighbors were eager to assist in entertaining them. To each of the ten Chinese mothers went across the sea the photo- gra'ph of their daughters in the garden, with a letter from a mother whose own daughter is in a far country and who knows that God made all mothers' hearts from the same pattern. Should not the Christian mothers in America be true allies to those mothers of the East who have 'so bravely sent their daughters to our care?

Long ago "Wise Men from. the East" followed the star until "it came and stood over the place where the young child lay." There were angels and shepherds and a Heavenly song, that first Christmas night in Bethlehem. The star moves westward now,. and these from the East seeking wisdom have followed it over the sea into this strange new country. May they not fail to find among us a loving welcome, doors wide open, and in our homes the Child, the Mother and the light of the Christmas star.

A SEQUEL FROM A CHINESE MOTHER To THE SISTER WHO LOVES My DAUGHTER AND ME: I am going to write you a few lines, I thank you very much indeed for your kindness towards my child dfld me. Although we ar·e of a different nationality, yet we are all sisters through Jesus Christ who died for us, thus making the people of the whole worM His sisters and brothers.

A lthough I cannot see you face to face, yet I have been thinking of you very often. To me prayer IS a means of communication with faraway friends through God. May God bless you.

You asked me why I was willing to let my daughter go so far away from home.

It is opportunity. I could never support her if she had not taken and passed the government examinations. Then there is our HeavenlyIfather who will guide her, no matter where she is. You were brave, too, to have let your daughter go so far.

We, as mothers, have the same comfort in trusting our Lord for our daughters. …

.Sincerely yours, MRS. LI CHEUNG.

the Jews of

BY THE REV. ISAAC LEVINSON, F.R.G.S., LONDON L ITHUANIA lies on the shores of the Baltic Sea, and comprises several Of the western provinces of Russia and of the northeast- ern parts of Poland and Russia. It originally embraced only the "way-wade ships" of Wilna and Troki, but in its palmy days during the 13th and 14th centuries it extended its borders until it stretched from' the Baltic to the Black Sea. In the 16th century its territory to the south and southeast became more restricted, but it formed a 'compact State which included Polotski, MoghiIef, Minsk, Grodno, Kovno, Wilna and Brest, and stretched as far south as Chernigov.

Originally, a grand duchy, its dukes were frequently kings of Poland, so that Lithuania was more or less closely identified with Polish politics, until in 1659 the duchy was merged in the Kingdom of Poland. The third partition of that Kingdom, in 1705, brought Lithuania under the dominion of the Russian Empire, where it has remained until today. The Lithuanians, who number about three millions, are an agricultural people, the trade in the towns being generally carried on by Jews, Germans and Poles.

Little is known of the origin of Lithuania's large Jewish population. There is evidence that two distinct streams of immigration were respon-' sible for it; the earlier apparently coming from the East,. while the later, originating in the 12th century, was largely the result of the persecution which the Jews of Germany had undergone at the hands of the crusaders.

During a considerable part of their history the Jews of Lithuania enjoyed a large measure of prosperity, and in religious freedom fared far better than their Polish and German co-religionists. Many of their Grand Dukes were wise and tolerant. One of them, Alexander, called Witold, granted them in 1:3 88 a charter, whose provisions are instinct with the spirit of liberty. We may cite trom the 37 sections of the charter as given in the Jewish· Encyclopedia one or two which may be fairly regarded as representative.

. One section permitted them to buy and sell on the same footing as Christians. Another provision, to which special interest attaches in view of the hideous "blood accusation" so often brought against the Jews, is as follows: "Since the papal bulls show that Jews are forbidden by their own law to use human blood or any blood whatever, it is .forbidden to accuse Jews of using human blood. But in the case of a Jew accused of the murder of a Christian child, such accusation must be proved by three Christians and three Jews. If the Christian' accuser is unable to prove his accusation, he shall be subjected to the same punishment as would have been inflicted on the accused had his guilt been proven."

The lot of the Jews of Lithuania was not always as happy as when they lived under the beneficent rule of Witold. Little more than a cen- tury after-in 1495-an order was promulgated for their general ex- pulsion from the country, an order which did not long remain in force, for in 1503 they were permitted to return. So the fortunes of Lithuanian Jewry varied, until coming into union with Poland they shared the ex- perience of the Jews of that land. For the most part their history, since then, has been written in blood and tears.

Lithuania has ever been a stronghold of Jewish orthodoxy. The "reform" movement has never been encouraged there; but the Cabala, with its mysticism, its magic, and its superstition, has taken deep root in the land. This strange philosophy may and does exist in union with Talmudic Judaism. Formerly every Lithuanian Jew "was compelled by the communal elders to train his children in Talmudic lore, and the Tal- mud and its endless commentaries became the sale source of information and instruction." It is still the one great authority: colleges abound for the teaching of its doctrines; its rabbis are of the "straitest sect"; and the great mass of the people are still driven in their sorrows "to seek con- solation in the dry formalism of Talmudic precepts."

It is among this population, with its sore need of the Gospel, that the work of the British Jews' Society is carried on. Its headquarters are at Wilna, the capital of the district of that name, which in Hebrew literature is described as the Lithuanian Jerusalem. In normal times it has a population of about 100,000, of whom fully a third are Jews; but in the early days of the war the Jewish population was enormously increased by the influx of thousands of refugees.

Special interest attaches to the establishment of the British Society's Mission in this city. About 1884 the missionary in Warsaw took an itinerant journey through Lithuania, and was greatly impressed by his favorable reception in many_populous Jewish communities, and by the readiness with which Jews accepted the copies of the New Testament which he offered them. Many of them had never before even heard of such a book, and they re.ad it with eagerness. Returning to Warsaw the Missionary had evidence that the seed of the Word had borne fruit. One Jew, Ginsberg by name, wrote: "The reading of the New Testament you kindly granted me has awakened within me a new spirit. I am ready to suffer for Christ's sake." Others wrote in a similar vein and expressed the desire that a Mission be opened in the city.

Among those who thus received blessing from the study of the New Testament were three young men in one of the rabbinical academies. One knew that I was in England and had become a Christian, and I suspect that he had been in the habit of accompanying his use of my name with a few pious curses I Now, however, he began to bless, and wrote to express the earnest desire that we might send a missionary to Wilna. This seemed impossible, but the way was providentially opened when a friend,

WORSHIP IN

who heard of the open door, generously undertook to contribute $500 a year towards the cost of this mission. At the same time a Hebrew Christian, formerly a rabbinical student in Wilna, came to London and earnestly desired to labor among his brethren. Thus we were led both to the means and to the man for the new mission station.

The work extended in the course of time to Kovno, and both there and at Wilna great blessing attended the work of the missionaries. Converts of these missions are today preaching the Gospel in many parts of the world.

It may safely be stated that fully eighty per cent. of the Jewish population of Wilna do not know in the evening where they will obtain food the next morning. The services of a Christian doctor are naturally greatly appreciated by such a population; and Dr. P. Frohweill, who has been laboring there for many years, has won the affection of multitudes. In some cases whole families have been brought to Christ through his instrumentality.

There is an urgent call for a forward movement in Lithuania, where are many towns with huge Jewish populations that have no missionary. Unutterable sorrow has visited the Jews of this region in common with the Jews of other lands, where war drives its cruel ploughshare through homes and hearts. Be it ours to carry the sweet consolations of the Gospel of Christ to those who are now suffering this latest phase of the age- . long martyrdom of their race, and to witness-to them of One Who alone can bind up the broken of heart and heal their deep, incurable hurt. .

Devil Worship in Guatemala BY PAUL BURGESS, QUEZALTENANGO, GUATEMALA Missionary of. the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A W E have just had a terrible experience. A few nights ago . three of our finest young men, two of them members of our . congregation in this city, took advantage of the beautiful moonlight to scale the volcano, Santa Maria, at whose foot our city lies. With them went two Indian servants. They reached the top of the volcano without mishap and, tired out by the climb, lay down to sleep in a cave near the summit, expecting to awaken in time to see the glorious sunrise view which this mountain affords and to return to their homes in time for dinner. They thought they were alone on the summit, but no sooner were they well asleep than a company of Indian witch-doctors came up behind them, having seen them pass farther down the mountain. They came armed with guns, axes and machettes,and before their five victims were well awake had murdered them all. Their bodies were then thrown into the crater of the volcano as an offering to the spirit

which dwells there. The bodies were extricated from the crater with great difficulty two days later and brought here for burial. About thirty suspects are held in the jail, and it is probable that several of them will be shot very shortly. We had long known' that the witch- doctors threw babies into the volcano as an off~ring to the spirit. It was also known that a young Indian had recently taken his half sister up the mountain, a girl of about ten years, and returned :withbu't her. When tortured to confess what had become' of her, his orily answer had been that "the spirit had swallowed her." But these things" were 'happening among the Indians themselves, and'we did not tikemllch p.otice. Now that three of the finest young men of our city have perished, two of them foreigners, we are aroused and many are" forcrtnlri.ding all the witch- doctors up and killing them off in one gtand.,'hecatomb. . , But ther~ is a more excellent way. "Let me illustrate this with a personal experience. Across the 'river :from Santa' lJaria is another volcano, the Semata, which is" also used' by the witch-doctors: as a sane· tuary to worship the sun and the spirit of the volcano. 'Ab6ut its. foot, as about the foot of 'Santa Maria, live a lot of Indians, mostly witch- doctors who make a living from their black arts. But the ~ood news of the Gospel reached these latter, imd two 'families of the witch-doctors believed it and threw all their paraphei-nalia into the river and began to pray to God instead of the devil and seek to do His will., Last Feb- ruary Mrs. Burgess and I with our three children spent our vacation living in the woods with these same witch-doctors far from the strong arm of the law, with no weapon but love to defend ourselves. The non- believing Indians were at first suspicious of us, but we went to visit them, held service in the woods for them to which some of them 'came, and sought to explain the love of God in Christ as best we could. At first we could get no milk from them and had t6 send a servant on a sixteen- mile tramp to get it every day. After we had been there a couple of weeks, however, these same Indians came and offered us a cow which should be ours as long as we needed it. When we came to leave, three Indian men who had formerly had only hate and suspicion for the Pale- face Qame up to tell us good-bye, put their arms about us, and called us "brother." , The poor Indian has been oppressed and kept in ignorance, exploited and denied justice for past 400 years. It is a, wonder that the tragedy of Santa Maria is not enacted much oftener than it is. It is the blind revolt of beings who have been denied justice and who nevertheless long for more life and fuller even as you and I.

Yes, the Gospel does make a difference I It does not convert every one, but I am sure that if the Church at home had been true to its light, and if we here on the field had not been so busy with the many things which are not always "that better part," this awful murder would never have occurred. God help us to be truer to our work. Amen.

A NAVAJO WOMAN WEAVI~C A

Conditions Among the Navajo_Indians BY REV. HOWARD A. CLARK, FORT DEFIANCE, ARIZONA (A Statement approved by the Presbytery of Northern Arizona) T HE Navajo people, though the real Americans, present conditions similar to those that we find in Asia or Africa. " Here are ancient customs; a strange language; a religion as ignorant of God as the religion of China, India or Africa. Here are worshippers of the Sun God like the ancient Phrenicians, or the modern Fire V orshippers of Mesopotamia. Here men have as many wives as the Mohammedans. Here are sorcerers who profess to drive out evil spirits, like the exorcists of Korea. Here men and women and little children are as fearful of a dead body as the pagans of East Africa who contended with the faithful Susi over the body of Livingstone. Prayers are offered to the sun, the dawn, the earth, the mountains, the wind, and"even to bears and reptiles. Sad to relate, in some parts of this field priests of Rome are seeking to add to this list a great number of "saints," good and bad.

While the Navajo is religious, there is nothing in his religion that leads a soul nearer to God, and nothing that will help him in his fight against evil. On the other hand, there is much that will lead him deeper into sin. The medicine man is the religious leader of the tribe; but in many cases he is neither a spiritual man nor a moral man. In fact, some of the most religious are at the· same time the most immoral. The Na"vajo separates his religious life from his moral life as easily as a Turk separates himself from his wife.

The Navajos are a great and growing tribe. In 1870 they num- bered 7,000. Today there are 32,500 and they ar-e increasing at the rate of five per cent. each year. Their reservation cannot contain 'them, so they have overflowed and about one-third of the tribe are living on the public domain. The country they occupy in northern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico is nearly three hundred miles in extent from east to west and more than one hundred miles from north to south.

Their hogans are found all the way from Albuquerque to the rim a f the Grand Canyon. Much of the western portion of this re- gion is an almost barren waste, while the eastern section is mountainous.

Over this vast territory thirty-two thousand men, women and children, with flocks of sheep and goats, wander about the country, having no certain dwelling place. Their homes, made of logs and mud, are built in the shape of an Eskimo hut and are nearly void of furnishings. A door-way, two feet wide by four feet'

high, always faces the east in honor of the sun. A blanket is hung in place of a door, and a hole in the roof lets out the smoke and lets in the light. The fire built on the dirt floor in the A NAVAJO BABY IN HER CRADLE center 0 f the hogan is used both for heating and for cooking. The family sits on the floor, eats on the floor and sleeps on the floor. There are no chairs, no tables with cloth and napkin, and no spring beds. The Navajos have few home comforts; yet are sometimes well to do in flocks and herds. Though poor as a race, they are and always have been a self-supporting and self-respecting people. They receive no allowances from Washington, though their children are being educated at the expense of the Government. With plenty of good mutton, bread and coffee the Navajo does not go hungry. His dress is simple. The garb of the

71 CONDITIONS AMONG THE NAVAJO INDIANS

women is more modest than that of many white girls and women seen on the streets of American towns and cities. It isa blessing that the white man's civilization ha.s not been adopted in every respect.

Of the 32,000 Navajos, possibly 3,000 can read and write-though this estimate may be too high. Itincludes the boys and girls nOw attending school, of whom there are 2,000 out of a population of 11,000 children. This gives us 9,000 children of the Navajos growing up without a school education.

The needs of this people are great. How shall we meet them? We must ever keep in mind the words of Christ, "Cleanse first the inside of the cup and the platter, that the outside thereof may become clean also." How useless and foolish to cleanse the outside of the Navajo_ people and leave the inside full of filth and wickedness I It is quite clear that the one outstanding need of the Navajo is the Gospel of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. And we feel it to be the duty of every worker, whether in camp, school or hospital, to preach the 'Vard.

Many years ago, those in charge of the department of Indian Affairs at Washington seemed to realize the uselessness of giving an education without a Saviour. Accordingly, two hours a week were set apart in every Indian school for religious instruction. In addition to these two hours the children were sent to the Sunday-school and the church service. of the denomination instructing them. This has afforded a splendid opportunity for bringing the Gospel to this people, and especially of presenting the great truths of sin and salvation to the rising generation. All of our Navajo schools are now receiving religious instruction, the work being done by the Presbyterian and Christian Reformed churches. The Roman Catholics carryon their work at some points: School Support Enrollment Religious Instruction Tuba, Ariz. Government 175 Presbyterian ': Kayenta, Ariz. 30 " Leupp, Ariz. 100 Corn Fields, Ariz. 30 Ship Rocks, N. M. 150 Two Grey Hills, N. M. 75 Christian Reformed Crown Point, N. M. 120 Luka Chuka, Ariz. 30 Roman Catholic Chin Lee, Ariz. 200 Presby. and R. C.

Ft. Defiance, Ariz. 400 " " Tohatchi, N. M. 175 Chr. Ref. and R. C.

Rehoboth, N. M. Mission 76 Christian Reformed Tolchaco, Ariz. " 26 Pres~yterian Ganado, Ariz. 40 Farmington, N. M. 60 Methodist St. Michaels, Ariz. " 150 Roman Catholic The Christian Reformed Church has a well equipped hospital at Rehoboth, New Mexico, and is doing good work for our Navajo people.

The Presbyterian Church has a hospital at Ganado, and another to be built in the near future on the San Juan River. The National Indian Association has a hospital at Indian Wells and the Presbyterian Church has a mission there working in conjunction with it. The Baptist Church

THE HOME OF A NAVAJO CHRISTIAN AT TOLCHACO, ARIZONA is doing mission work for the Navajos about Keams Canyon, though their principal work is with the Hopi Indians some fifteen miles away. At Tuba, Ariz., the Gospel Union of Kansas City is conducting a mission that was one of the first to be established among the Navajos. The Presbyterians are also conducting a mission at Carriso, Ariz.; and at Ft. Defiance the Episcopal Church sustains an excellent hospital for diseases of the eye, ear and throat. Totaling the mission work, it is as follows: Baptists, one mission station; Methodist Episcopal, one mission school; Protestant Episcopal, one mission hospital; Gospel Union, one mission station; Christian Reformed, one hospital, one school and four mission stations; Presbyterian, two schools, two hospitals and eleven mission stationsj Roman Catholic, one school and five mission stations.

A beautiful spirit of harmony exists between the workers of the different denominations doing work among the Navajos. A few years ago the Reservation was divided in such a way that each denomination was made responsible for a certain territory. The plan has worked admirably and today there is no sign of any friction. Protestant Christianity presents a solid front as it fights under the banner of the Lord Jesus Christ, our Lord. This sympathy and harmony have been brought about largely by the Southwest Bible and Missionary Conference which meets near Flagstaff, Arizona, every August. For ten summers the missionaries of all the denominations working among the Indians of the Southwest have gathered here for Bible study, prayer and conference.

These meetings have been a great blessing to the missionaries, and now the native converts meet with us. Here the native Christians come in contact with Christians from other tribes, with missionaries from other fields, and with such Bible teachers as Dr. R. A. Torrey, of the Los Angeles Bible Institute, A. C. Gaebelein, editor of Our Hope, and others. The conference has grown to an attendance of about one hundred and fifty.

AMONG THE NAVAJO INDIANS 92I

The past summer there was inaugurated a camp-meeting campaign, in which the missionaries and their interpreters come together at a given point and spend five or six days working in the Indian camps. The evening services are made attractive by stereopticon pictures of New Testament scenes. The response of the Navajos is very encouraging and promises good things for the future.

Large portions of the Bible have been translated into this language and are being printed by the American Bible Society. Native helpers are being taught to read it, and the boys and girls in government and mission schools are being instructed so that they may read it to their own people. The erroneous belief of the Navajos that Christianity is the white man's religion and the Bible the white man's book is doing much to hinder the work; but every effort is being made to correct this false view and to fill boys and girls with a desire to read this Word of God and explain it to their own people. This should be one of the most powerful means of training the Navajos. Five years hence scores of young men and women will be able to read God's Word in their own language to the people now sitting in darkness.

Unfortunately, much of the work of the Roman Catholic Church among the Navajos is political and ceremonial. The influence of the head men is sought, with promises of worldly advantage, in order that through them the tribe may be won. While a number of these leaders have been won to Rome, they are still very ignorant and pagan in their wor:>hip and life. The head men call the councils in which decisions are made affecting the welfare' of the tribe. At a council held a year ago, a vote was taken to expel the Protestant workers from the field. In spite A MISSIONARY VISITING A NAVAJO SUMMER SETTLEMENT

of this fact, we rejoice to know that the Navajos as a tribe are more friendly toward Protestantism than toward Catholicism.

The Church of Rome does not oppose Sunday games and the round dance. The Protestant missionaries passed the following resolution reo cently by unanimous vote: "That it is the expressed feeling of the mis· sionary body of the Southwest Bible and Missionary Conference in ses· sian at Cliffs, Arizona, August 10-20, 1916, that the card game, the social dance, and the Sunday amusements should be discouraged as being detri. mental to the spiritual growth of the children in our Indian Government schools." At some of our Government schools a boy must either engage in Sunday games or forfeit his place on the school team; and the girls and boys are offered no form of amusement on social evenings other than the round dance.

Men are needed for this work among the Navajos-men well· equipped and filled with the Spirit of God. Money is needed for a rapidly growing work that is yet in its beginning. But above all, there is need for a native ministry. One young native evangelist is now in the work, and others are in training. But the training off the reservation does not quite fill the need, as they will come back knowing the English Bible fairly well; but unable to use the Navajo Bible, which must be their chief strength. All the missionaries see the great need of a training school centrally located on the Navajo reservation, if there is to be hope for the speedy evangelization of this great tribe. Many students that return from non-reservation schools, with high hopes and with a desire to help their own people, are unable to fulfil their ambitions and rapidly sink to a life that is little above the lives of those who have never had the ad· vantages of school.

Here is a great opportunity among these 32,000 unsaved Indians of this great tribe 'in Navajo land.

NAVAJO INDIAN SCHOOL BOYS AT PLAY, LUEl'P, ARIZONA

WORK OF THE DOMS-OR THIEF

Burning Corpses on the Ganges Ghats The Thieves of Benares BY REV. C. PHILLIPS CAPE, BENARES, INDIA Missionary of the Wesleyan Methodist Mission, 1898 T HE Doms are a criminal tribe, numbering about eleven hundred people in the Benares District. Probably ninety per cent. of the adult males have been in prison. They are thieves by profession and one of their sayings is: "The Dom's boy is highly intelligent, he steals wherever he goes." They steal the garments of the pilgrims who bathe in the Ganges; they snatch nose-rings from the women in the fairs; they loot the merchant's house, and take his brass pots, his rupees and notes; they will even plunge into the river to strip a corpse of its raiment and bracelets. The children are taught to steal by their mothers, who are themselves experts in thievery.

These people spend much of their time in begging and fill their spare moments with basket making and in corpse burning. The village Dam burns the Hindu dead which are brought to the Ganges for cremation; the city Dam works as a scavenger for the municipality.

The Dam is filthy in appearance and habits. He will not eat monkeys or lizards but does not refuse a horse that has died of disease, though he may have to dispute its possession with jackals and vultures..

If the Dom has money he will gamble or drink himself drunk.

Then he will quarrel and fight and go to prison, unless he can persuade the policeman to be merciful. As the policeman's pay is only two dollars and fifty cents a month, he does not always despise the Dom when he brings gifts.

The Dom is outside the pale of Hinduism, being regarded as an outcast by people who themselves are excluded from the temples, the sacraments, arid the Shastras. The Dom is at the bottom of the social scale; though he himself is willing to accord that distinction to the wash- ermen. As his touch is pollution, a dozen Doms would clear the streets of Benares quicker than a British regiment. The Dom is to the Hindu what the pig is to the Moslem. .

Such alCe the people we have been trying to help for the past ten years. A Dom .who hid been with . the British expedition to Tibet, .found on his return to Benares, that he was entitled toa medal and some money. He was only a sweeper, but because he had shared in the dangers and privations of the cam- paign, he received a medal, bearing the image of the King-Emperor.

Besides the medal he had the money, which he wished to keep for his own use. So he went to an In- dian pastor, who had for years preached outside his hut, and told him he wanted to be a Christian.

He was quite frank : if he remained a Dom, the police would take his money; if he became a Christian, he might gain deliverance from the A VILLAGE DOM AT HOME police. He hoped the missionary would help him. We· talked to him of the tyranny of the Devil; and after instruction, we received him into the Church. That was the beginning of the movement which has resulted in over 600 Doms becoming Christians and receiving baptism.

In order· to reform them, we preach the Gospel to them and tell them of God's love. It is difficult for them to understand because all the superior persons they have ever known have hated and despised them. Our kindness is, however, making it possible for them to believe in the love of God.

THIEVES OF

The Doms are so p00r and improvident that they quickly become the prey of the money-lender, who will let them have a loan of 16 annas if they will pay four annas every month for the accommodation. .We therefore assist them with small sums of money at a low rate of interest.

We visit them in prison and remind them of God's affection. Only God can tell the good that has come to Moslem and Hindu jailers who have witnessed' the missionary's concern for the criminal outcast. We PREACHING TO rHE VILLAGE DOMS OF BENARES meet them at the prison gate. In the old days they went straight from prison to the drink-shop to be entertained by their friends and to be spCinkled with the drink to cleanse them from the defilement of the prison. Now they come at once to the Mission Compound where they have tea instead of sharab and get the latest news of all their friends.

Through the kindness of the municipal officials we are able to find them honest employment as city scavengers. The police have preyed on the Dom for generations. If we find that our Doms are being harried by the police we intervene. Fortunately the British magistrates are with us. Then we teach the people hymns and the catechism. The adults learn a little with extreme difficulty. They should have been captured haIfa century ago. Fifty years of poverty, oppression and crime are not friendly to the divine in man; But still traces of their origin can be . found. When we see a Dom woman hugging to her breast for many

THE CITY DOMS-THE HOUSE OF THE HEAD MAN days a baby dreadfully smitten with small-pox, covering it inside her one garment to protect it from the light, we know that these people who have so much to learn have something that they can teach. ADorn woman is a better mother than many a London or New York lady.

We have opened schools for the children, but as they can earn money by sweeping the streets, begging or making baskets, the attendance of the child at school is a real loss to the parent, who is too shortsighted to realize the compensation that the future will bring. Sometimes we have to make good this loss to the parents if we would save the children.

W e att~nd their public dinners, and as these last for twelve hours, from seven in the evening to seven in the morning, and are often given in very dirty quarters, our attendance is more of a duty than a joy. By attending these dinners we see that no strong drink is consumed; we prohibit indecent dancing and acting; we assist the police in preserving order, and their own honor; we entertain the Dams with a few fireworks and gramaphone selections; we encourage the children to sing Christian hymns; and we see them all off to their work in the mormng.

We help them in sickness. There are no hospitals in the villages, and the native doctors are often both knaves and fools. The city Doms are generally unwilling to attend the free Government hospitals, as the

apothecary, they say, will not give them good medicine without a fee.

We have to deal with these people as we find them and when they re- fuse to visit the hospitals, we must serve them as best we can.

o The Dams' belief in wizardcraft is being dispelled by our showing them that for a pain in the head, or elsewhere, better than all the incan- tations of the wizard, is a dose of castor oil. I was compelled to open an abscess one day on the back of one of our Dams.. I found that simple operation was the nearest way to the man's heart. "Sir," he said: "I will serve you whenever I can, I will serve you to the end I" He is the official hangman. 0 These people suffer greatly from malarial fever, and we help them 0 by administering quinine which we receive from the Health' Officer and other friends. It is interesting that the drug is on sale at all the post- offices in British India, wrapped in packets contaifling directions for its use. It is recognized by the Government that in many villages every man must be his own physician. In such places anyone with a little knowledge of medicine and a little common sense, can be of much help to the sick.

The Government of india has tried to reform the Doms and has failed, because it had .to depend upon unsuitable subordinates. We, with the Salvation Army, are succeeding because we have reliable, sympa· THE VILLAGE DOMS COM,PLAIN, 0 THAT THEIR ROOF LEAI<S

thetic and enthusiastic Indian colleagues. Then we have Indian Christian evangelists living close to these people and helping them whenever possible.

One of our workers is an ex-Brahmin. To see this man sittil1g by . the bedside of a sick Dom, giving him milk and medicine and teaching him the Sacred Law, is to see a miracle of the Living Christ.

THE RESULT These people are not yet saints, but now they can become saints. Hinduism gave them no chance: we give them a chance. Once they were hopeless, now they know of a way to rise. Gradually they will be able to understand "the Christian view of life, the Christian standard of values, their divine sonship and their heavenly citizenship." Some of them still fight, still drink, still steal, still have recourse to the wizards. But those of us who have known the work from the beginning, can register a marked improvement. Some of the children can read and write: they know their catechism and sing Christian hymns. The drink- shopkeepers complain that our work is interfering with their trade. The indecent dancing has utterly ceased. Saturnalia may still be found in India, but no longer at the dinner of our Dams.

The District Magistrate reports that, as the result of our efforts, there has been "a marked diminution in the criminal habits" of the Benares Dams. The health officer of the mun~cipality, a Brahmin trained in England, reports that our Doms, who are his servants, do their sweeping much better now than in the old days.

The wizards are losing ground. The ghosts of a leper, a madman and a British soldier have lost their terrors for our people.

Our mission to the outcastes is a highly valuable object-lesson to the caste Hindu and Moslems of ·India. Their Shastras condemn us, but their human hearts approve. These people have been so dreadfully handicapped in the days that have gone, that they will only be fit for menial service for many years to come. But we read with pleasure that two of our evangelists and three theological students are ~x-Doms. Not long ago we were taking the body of a Christian Dom through the city of Shiva, to the place of cremation. As our people carried the corpse through the city, they cried, "Victory to Jesus: .Tesus is true." Some priests turned and said, "Cry 'Victory to Ram, Ram is true'." They were asked, "But what has Ram done for the Doms, that they should take his name ?"

What has Hinduism done for the 60,000,000 outcastes of India? It has despised, despoiled and degraded them. And what has Jesus done? He has shown himself their dying, their undying friend. Through the homage of outcastes and of sinners, Jesus shall reign in India.

Problem of the Aliens in America*

REV. JAMES I. VANCE, D. D., NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE CLOSING the gate to the alien is a Christian country, we will never do it really no solution of our immigra- in a heathen country. God has driven us into a corner, and is saying to the tion problem. The alien is already here. Church: "Now do your duty or die!" Besides, is it a Christian solution? There never was a greater opportunity "There is no difference between the Jew than that which now confronts Protes~ and the Greek, for the same Lord over tant Christianity in America to evanall is rich unto all that call upon him." gelize the alien. And the alien is con- vertible. He can be Christianized. America cannot, if it would, be a Christ is not only "the power of God hennit nation. The day is past for any unto salvation" to Sons of the AmerpeQple to bar themselves off from the ican Revolution, to Colonial Dames, to rest of mankind. In these days of wire- Daughters of the Confederacy, to memless telegraphy and aerial navigation and bers of the Grand Army of the Repubuniversal language, the pulse-beat of the lic, but to the Italian in the ditch, to race kin cannot be ignored. There are the Hungarian in the coal mines, to the no longer any desert solitudes. The Pole in the packing-house, to the Jew races have become the people. from the steppes of Russia, to the Hindu from the filth of India. The tide of The problem can be solved only by immigration rolls in, carrying on its the Gospel of .Christ. We are not crest a matchless opportunity to the afraid of any shipload of foreigners who Christian Church. come to us loyal to the Cross of Christ. They cannot come too soon or too often. Are we meeting it? What does the We welcome them. But what if they immigrant think of our Christianity? are not Christians? What if they are only Does it impress him? Does he believe nominal Christians? Is is not evident that we believe it? Do we give him that our salvation as a nation depends Christian treatment? Not always. A upon our making them Christians? Ruthenian priest says: "My people do There is a stronger bond than love of not live in America. They live undercountry. It is love of Christ. And neath America. America goes on over when men find Christ, they are one, their heads. My people do not love though they come from the ends of the America. Why should they, from what earth. they see of it?" The wretchedness of many of these aliens in a strange land is Therefore, this question is a great mis- enough to move to pity the sternest of sionary problem. It rises up before us. that guild whose shibboleth is: "Amer- It is imperative. In what is no doubt ica for the Americans I" a providence, God has brought the ends of the earth to us. We were slow in Only Christianity can solve the probtaking the Gospel to them. The lem, but it will take a new brand of Saviour seems now to be saying: "I ChrIstianity, not this formal, fainthave waited long, but my people are slow hearted, self-indulgent, dress-parade to go. After nineteen hundted years, Christianity, but one that can stand bad two-thirds of the world are without the smells and foul sights, and go down to Gospel. I will bring the nations to my the gates of hell to save a lost soul, that people." They are here at our doors. has enough of Christ in it to love It is a glorious missionary opportunity. iniquity into goodness, and hostility into brotherhood! The success or failure ofrforeign missions is going to be settled here at home. If we cannot Christianize the -heathen in * From an address delivered in New Orleans, La., March 13, 1917.

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CONDUCTED BY BELLE M. BRAIN, 38 UNION AVENUE, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK SCRIPTURE LESSONS FOR MISSIONARY TALKS AND MEETINGS Comparatively few missionary ",'ork- Church at Home and A broad, built his ers know how to wield the "sword of leading editorial around the Arabicword,- the Spirit, which is the Word of God," Tfuddul, which is largely used to-day in in behalf of missions. Yet, with the ex- the land that gave our Saviour birth. ception of prayer, no weapon is so Condensed and adapted as follows, it is powerful in promoting. the cause. fine for use on Christmas programs.

The Scripture lesson need not be dis- "Spending one year in Syria, I daily tinctively missionary to be effective. heard people talk in the Arabic lan- Whatever deepens spiritual life tends guage," says Doctor Nelson, "but I did also to develop the missionary spirit. not learn many Arabic words. But I "The supreme method of securing did learn one because I heard it so often money for missions is that of promoting and it had so many nice meanings. the spiritual life of the people," says John R. Mott, in The Pastor and "The word is 'tfuddul.' Do not put Modern Missions. Experience proves the vowel u between the first two letters that this same "supreme method" will and make it 'tufuddul/ but put the tip win men as well as money, will stimu- of your tongue in the top of your mouth, late prayer, and increase interest and and blow it off so as to give the sound attendance. of if together. The word changes its Nor need a Scripture lesson be long to be effective. A few verses or even a form according to the persons spoken to. single text, wisely applied, will ac- They say 'Tfuddur to a man; 'Tfudcomplish more than a whole chapter duli' to a woman; 'Tfuddulu' in speak.- read without aim. ing to two or more persons.

This month we present a series of "Now for the meaning. When I Scripture lessons with applications from went with a missionary into a room full missionary literature. Most of them of Syrian men, they all rose up and stood have already been used and found effec- (for the Syrians are 'very polite) until tive. It is hoped they may prove help- the misionary said 'Tfuddulu.' Then it ful to pastors for use in missionary was proper for them to sit down. sermons and addresses; to Sunday-school superintendents and teachers for brief "I was at a Christmas-tree festival in talks or illustrations in their classes; to one of the mission schools in '!I,Jount Women's and Young People's Societies Lebanon where they had made a pretty as the basis of devotional services in their Christmas tree by draping a barrel for monthly meetings; and to study classes the trunk and setting large pine boughs in deepening spiritual impressions. into it. Around this make-believe tree they had made on the floor a pretty TFUDDUL mosaic with alternate circular rows of pine cones and large yellow oranges. MARK 11: 1-6. After the entertainment, when a young Syrian was gathering up the beautiful Away back in May, 1887, Doctor large pine cones into a basket I requested Henry A. Nelson, the editor of The a lady near me, who could speak Arabic to ask for one for me to take home. She did so and the young man set the basket

METHODS 93

down at my feet, saying, 'Tfuddul/ as· "If He should come into your Sab- he threw apart his hands with a gesture bath School and say, 'Who of these boys of generous welcome. and girls are willing to give themselves "I once rode with my missionary wholly to Me, to do whatever I tell daughter to a village a little way up them, to go wherever I send them, to Mount Lebanon and called on a Syrian help make Me known to all children.

family. They had prepared for us nuts and all people?' would you not look up and fruits and cake. These were placed into His face and exclaim, 'Tfuddul, on a low table and we sat down beside Lord Jesus-here am I; send me?'

it on cushions on the floor. The women "He is in your home; He is in your were standing to wait on us. But the Sabbath School; He is in your church.

missionary lady said, 'Tfuddulu/ and You do not see Him. But He sees you.

they were so modest that she had to say, 'The Lord hath need of you.' Will not 'Tfuddulu, tfuddulu,' several times be- your heart respond, 'Tfuddul, Lord; fore they would eat with us. speak, for Thy servant heareth."

"You see the word means every sort of welcome. In one case we might THE TEST OF LOVE translate it, 'Sit down and be comfort- JOHN 21: 15-17 WITH JOHN 10:16. able' j in another, 'Make yourselves at home'; in still another, 'Help yourself At the close of a great mass meeting for to as many as you like.' Spoken to one men held in connection with the first camat the door it means, 'Come in and feel paign of the Layman's Missionary Moveperfectly at home.' It takes a good ment in Detroit, Shenvood Eddy used many of our words to express what the Syrians mean by the one word, 'tfuddu!.' John 21: 15-17 with such telling effect "There comes to my mind a very that strong men :wept and the whole sweet and solemn meaning. this word vast company passed out in absolute 'tfuddul' might have. If the owner of silence. Nor did the impression pass that colt (Mark 11: 1-6). for which quickly away. From one of a little Jesus sent the disciples, had spoken in group who boarded a Woodward Ave- Arabic, whe·n they said, 'The Lord hath nue car for their homes in the suburbs, we learned that each man took a seat by need of him,' he would have said, himself and that during the entire ride 'Tfuddulu, t/uddulu,' and helped to un- of five miles not one spoke to his fellows. tie the halter. The passage is so familiar that it may "And I suppose that to-day when the deepen the impression to read it in one little Syrians who have learned so much of the many new versions. In Weyof the Bible from the missionaries, read mouth's New Testamel{t in Modern the sweet words of Jesus, 'Behold, I Speech the rendering is especially helpstand at the door and knock,' they say ful and reverent. We have found it very to Him, 'Tfuddul. tluddul/ if they are effective in connection with John 10 :16. ready to open their hearts. "Other sheep I have"-herds of red "And you, happy American child, if ones as well as white in America; the dear Lord should come into your of yellow in China; black in Africa; and home on Christmas Day and sit in the brown in the Islands of the Sea.* j!;reat arm chair and you should show Him the books and toys, the new gar- "What though the flesh be black or ments and the money that had been given white or brown; to you on His birthday; if He should The loving Saviour wore for all the say, 'How freely you have received! thorny crown." How much are you willing to give to make Me known to children all over the world?' Would you not look up * See "The New Testament i1f. Modern into His kind face and say, 'Tfuddul, Speech." by R. F. Weymouth, D.Lit., Boston; Lord Jesus i take all you will?' The Pill1rim Press.

THE MEASURE OF LOVE British and Canadian Christians have JOHN 3 :16 already made almost unm;Iievable sacri- fices for God and native land. Yet, A Scripture lesson used at the close of great as these have been, they have not a discourse or program may have very yet measured up to the· saqifice prac- great power. tised day by day by the humhlest Korean Pilkington realized this when he Christians as a matter of course. The brought his stirring pamphlet on The following story reprinted from The Gospel in Uganda to a close with a Youth's Companion puts us all to shame.

strong plea based on John 3 :16. Lead- ers of study classes on Africa will find PLOUGH WORK. this of great value just now. But, by substituting for Africa the name of some "Our minister is always talking to us other field (as India or China) or some about sacrifice. I am getting tired of it.

special class (as the Lepers or the Jews) He expects us to give, give, give all the it may be used at any time or for any time. He seems to think that the Church people. We reprint it as follows from is the greatest institution in the world/'

Pilkington of Uganda.* "Perhaps he is right. But I agree A LAST WORD. with you that we can't always be giv- ing to the Church. There are other Now comes the question: Is all (our things to be thought of. I· am afraid our minister is rather visionary." interest) to end here?

Oh let, let us be real! Emotion is no The first speaker was a wealthy bus- substitute for action. You love Africa, iness man, the second a successful law- do you? God so loved that He gave- yer. Both had very large incomes and God gave-what? Superfluities? lived not only in comfort but in luxury.

Leavings? That which cost Him noth- They were church members and gave ing? "generously" ; but neither knew the We salve our consciences by doing meaning of the word "sacrifice."

little, and refuse to recognize the fact A few months later these two men that the work for which the Lord died joined a party that was going around is not being done. the world. Before they started, their Let us confess that hitherto we have "visionary" pastor asked them to take only been playing at Missions. God has note of any interesting and unusual given us much more than our miserable things they might see in the mission- efforts have deserved. ary countries through which they passed.

Let us begin in a new way. They promised–carelessly perhaps.

New prayer; new giving; new going. In Korea one day they saw a boy in The World for Christ, Christ for the a field by the roadside pulling a rude World, in this generation! plough· while an old man held the A LIVING SACRIFICE handles and guided it. The lawyer was amused and took a snapshot ofthe Scene.

ROMANS 12:1 WITH 2 SAM. 24:24 "That's a curious picture! They must be very poor," he said to the missionary Sacrifice is the keynote of the hour. In who was acting as guide and interpreter all nations at war (our own included) for the party. governments are demanding of their subjects sacrifices in the way of men, "That is the family of Chi Noui," money and service unmatched in the was the quiet reply. "When the church history of the world. If the Church is was being built· they were anxious to to keep up her work, she must do like- give but had no money; so they sold wise. their ox and gave the proceeds. This spring they are pulling the plough them- *By C. F. Harford-Battersby (Revell: New selves."

York). The lawyer and the business man·

METHODS

were silent for some moments. Then his mission hut-house, we salute those of the business man said, "That must have 'our own company,' Messrs. Swan and – been a real sacrifice." Faulknor," he says. "Cut off from the outside world as they are, no doubt 'the "They did not call it so," said the banner over them is love'; yet there is missionary. "They thought it fortunate sadly waving over their little far-away they had an ox to sell." cabin the yeltow flag of quarantine. Faulknor, a shining saint, has found Neither man had much to say, but Africa one long hospital of pain. when they reached home the lawyer took the picture to his minister and told "Two men all alone in the lonely inhim the story. terior seem a poor, inadequate sort of testimony, yet so normally necessary is it "I want to double my pledge," he to be mighty in word and deed that the said. "And give me some 'plough sick man prayed while the strong man work,' please. I have never known what preached; thus he also serves who only sacrifice meant. A converted heathen stands and waits. In the mouth of two taught me. I am ashamed to say I have witnesses, word and deed, every word never yet given anything to my church that cost me anything."

It seems to be a law of the Kingdom that there is no success without suffering. If you succeed without suffering it means that someone suffered before you. If you suffer without succeeding; one who comes after you will doubtless have the success.-Edward Judson.

How much does the average church was established, for while Mr. Swan member ever sacrifice for his religion? preached Calvary his good friend Faulk- How many that call themselves Chris- nor carried the cross of pain. Bedridden tians ever sold the ox and harnessed tho he was for many a day, he soon themselves to the plough? found that when God permits you to take a back seat you can have a very HELPING BY PRAYER good time. There was many a song of triumph even under that drooping yel- 2 COR. 1: 11. low flag and, as the average African can look through your body like glass, In this busy age most of us seem to Faulknor's 'living epistle' was eloquent prefer to be Marthas busily engaged in the whole day long, ever answering the active work rather than Marys sitting challenge of the relentless Negro stare. at the feet of Jesus, communing with Him. Yet Mary "chose the better "God in all lands must cross His part." Church before He can crown it. The burden of Faulknor's suffering may have Prayer is an absolute need and no looked to outsiders like a tombstone work can be truly successful without it. hung around his neck. But in reality To those shut out from active participa- it was only a weight necessary- to keep tion in God's service by reason of ill- down the diver while he was collecting health, lack of education, or other hin- pearls. drance, it is a great joy to know that prayer is power and that it can be ex- "It is the late George Muller of Ihiserted by anyone of God's children, no tal, who tells of one of the pearls matter how humble or _ weak. In brought up from these depths of suf- fering. One day his vast enterprise on "Thinking Back," * Dan Crawford the Ashley Downs was down to zero for the orphans' 'daily bread,' but the tells a strong story illustrating this. dinner-bell rang in heaven and a much- "Here on the spurs of the Bunkeya needed gift arrived. Where did it co~ Hills, where Frederick Arnot first built

from? Mr. Muller says a sick mission- en!' On at least one occasion this verse ary from the wilds of Africa was the was brought home to me with peculiar donor-this man who had been shut up force.

in the interior, grievously, almost per- "Away off in the direction of Cum- manently disabled. Yet so grateful was bum, during one of my early tours, I this bodily wreck for a safe return to was tempted one day to shake off the England that he struck !lis slender bal- dust from my feet and go. With my 0 ance and poured it all at his Master's helpers I had camped in a new place, feet;" and had been trying hard to get the people to come and listen to the Gospel, "A VERY PRESENT HELP" but they would not. I concluded that PSALM 46. it was a hard place and told my staff of workers that we were justified in Psalm 46, called "Luther's Psalm" leaving it and moving on elsewhere.

because it was his help and stay during "Toward noon I went into mv tteennt~ the stormy times of the Reformation, closed down the sides, let the littie seems especially fitted to bring comfort punkah swing over ~y head and rested, in these dark days of sorrow. At his preparatory to startmg off for the °next second inauguration ,last March, Presi- place. Soon I began to hear the hum dent Wilson chose its opening words, of voices. But I took no special notice "God is our refuge and strength, a very because I had given up the place.

present help in trouble," as the passage "Just then a basket with supplies was to be kissed when he took: the oath of brought to my tent by a coolie who had office. walked all the way from Ongole, seven- To missionary workers the tenth ty miles, with the basket on his head. verse, with its assurance of the ultimate In the accompanying letter, Mrs. success of missions, should be a source Clough quoted my favorite verse to me. of strength. The very existence of the 'Be still, and know that I am God.' missionary enterprise seems threatened, While reading this, some of the preachbut it wiII surely triumph in the end. ers put their heads into the tent and It was this text that helped to carry said, 'Sir, there is a big crowd out °here ; Doctor John Everett Clough, the "Hero of Ongole," through his trying the grove is full; all are waiting for yet triumphant work for the Telugus you. Please come out.' vf India. In his autobiography, Social Christianity in the Orient,* he relates "Times of spiritual consolation lik~ this carne to me often, and I always took them as being sent by Jesus Himself."

– the following incident showing how it TURNING COWARDICE INTO helped 0 him one day: COURAGE "On my long tours 0 I left Mrs. DEuT. ~O: 1-9. Clough in charge of the compound and all that pertained to it. While thus Many will be surprised to learn that holding the fort, she followed me all in Bible times the Children of Israel over th~ district with baskets, carried were drafted for military service (Nurn. by coolies, containing water and bread 31: 1-6) and that there were Causes of and supplies, with my mail. And she exemption (Deut. 20: 1-9) as at the knew where my source of strength lay, present timoe. and what Bible verses to quote to me when I stood in need of encouragement. One of these causes was cowardice. All through my missionary career there The fearful and faint-hearted were was one verse that carried me farthest. turned back:. No coward was wanted in Itwas: 'Be still and know that I am the army of the Lord. God; I will be exalted among the heath- N or are cowards wanted at the pres- ent time. Yet many are finding it not ~ lI1acmjIlan ComPany: New YorI<o altogether easy to be brave in the face

of present conditions. "All of us need my bad deeds to him. I cannot endure a new baptism of courage and confidence that thing. I am of a peculiar cow- in these days," says The Christian Her- ardice!' And she looked at me with a ald. "Confidence in God who has be- kind of subdued agitatiol!-a reluctance, stowed such blessings in the past; c;ourage a wistfulness. ill our own hearts to go forward/' " 'Who gave your mother her peculiar There is no question about the need, courage?' I asked her, and she told me but how are we to meet it? Perhaps Zambe [God] had given it. Then we Jean Mackenzie's story of how the thought it 'would be useless to go to "peculiar cowardice" of Andungo. the Obam Ze until God had given Andungo girl wife of the old r.hief, Obam Ze, was something to go on. These things an' turned into a "peculiar courage" through past the endurance of trembling girls faith in Jesus Christ, may prove help- like Andungo. ful. She tells it as follows ill An A frican Trail: "It would be six weeks after this con- versation when Andungo came to see me "When one desires to become a person in my house, and she showed me her new of God, there are things to be done, dif- face. There was the face of a person ficult things. Young women must con- of God. Every African missionary win fess to brutal husbands the secrets of know what I mean. And she said in her their wild years, must suffer stripes and soft, hurried voice that God had given the outcry of the village. How strongly her courage, peculiar courage, so that God calls these girls. themselves can tell. she had endured to go to Obam Ze. One of the weakest of these, how well To him she had said that she could no I remember her reluctance I We were longer be a person of the world, she sitting in her brown hut, the hut near- was drawn to be a person of the tribe est old Obam Ze's palaver house, for she of God. And she must tell him all her was then his favorite. Andungo was in disobediences and some things of shame. her early twenties, pretty and gentle 'Go away I' said Obam Ze. 'Take away with that grace of manner which so your bad deeds, don't spoil my ears with much distinguishes many forest women. them, I cannot endure to ·hear them I'

"We had spoken of many things, the "This reluctance of Obam Ze is not things of the gardens and of the village. characteristic-other husbands have a I spoke at last of the things of the new peculiar courage with which to listen tribe-'Are you never drawn by these to the trembling confessions of the little things ?' I asked Andungo. There was new things, and there are women who then an agitation behind that young will carry the marks of these hours to face, a wistfulness and a reluctance. their dying days."

"She spoke softly with an exaggeration CONCERNING THE COLLECTION of caution. 'I am indeed drawn, every day I am drawn. The womeL of this HAGGAI 2:8; PSALM 50: 10, 12; PHIL.

village who are Christians, they speak 4:19. continually words that draw me. My heart agrees to their w:ords, and my Mary Slessor rarely worried about heart draws me. My mother is a per- money. She believed that God had unson of God, she speaks to me words that limited resources and would supply all draw me. But, ah, my friend I I am her need. The following paragraphs of a peculiar cowardice 1 My mother, from Mary Slessor of Calabar,* by she is of a peculiar courage; when she W. P. Livingstone, show how fully her was first drawn to become a Christian faith was justified: she just went to her husband and confessed her bad deeds and endured her "Money had no place in her interests; beatings and the talk of the village. But, she never thought of it except as a means ah, my friend! How could I bear to of carrying out her projects.· 'How I go to Obim Ze and open the word of * Doran: New York.

wish we could do without it I' she often "Several addresses had been delivered and the collection was announced. As is used to say. often the case, the audience drew a sigh "Her salary she counted as Church of relief and made a stir in changing positions. Some began to whisper and money and never spent a penny of it to carryon a conversation with those on herself except for bare living. 'You sitting near them. say,' she wrote to one giver, 'that you would like me to spend the money on "She stood it as long as she could, my personal comfort. Dear friend, I then rose and,' regardless of all the need nothing. My every want is met dignitaries about her, rebuked the audiand supplied without asking.' ence for their want of reverence. Were they not presenting their offerings to the "Her belief was thus expressed: Lord? Was that not as much an act of 'What is money to God? The difficult worship as singing and praying? How thing is to make men and women. could they then behave in such a thought- Money lies all about us in the world, less manner? There was something of and He can turn it on to our path as scorn in her voice as she contrasted theeasily as He sends a shower of rain.' way in which the Calabar converts pre- sented their offerings with that of the "Her faith was justified in a marvelous well-educated Edinburgh audience. way, for throughout all these years and When she sat down it was amidst proonwards to the end she obtained all she found silence. 'What a brave woman,' needed and that was not little. She re- was the thought of many." quired funds for extension, for building, for furniture, for teachers' wages, for ADDITION BY SUBTRACTION medicines, for the schooling of her children, and many other purposes. Yet JUDGES 7 :1-8 she was never in want. Nothing came from her people, for she would not ac- In these days when we have grown accept collections at first, not wishing to customed to thinking in large termsgive them the impression that the Gospel millions of men and billions of moneywas in any way connected with money. we are apt to place too much dependence It came from friends, known and un- on numbers. Yet in God's army it is quality, not quantity that counts. One known, at home and abroad, who were truly consecrated Christian, who puts interested in her and in her brave and himself wholIy at God's disposal and lets lonely struggle. There was scarcely a God work through him, is worth a mail that did nOt bring her money. hundred half-hearted ones who care mostly for themselves. This is the lesson "'It often happens,' she said once, God teaches through Gideon. Victory came not by adding to his forces, but by 'that when the purse is empty, imme- subtracting those not fit. diately comes a new instalment. God is superbly kind in the matter of money. At the present day true success can only come by the same process. At the I do not know how to thank Him. It close of her fine volume, Fifteen Years is wonderful how we ever fail In our Among the Top-Knots,* Mrs. Horace trust for a moment.' G. Underwood has put this striking paragraph: "On one occasion when she was a little anxious, she cried, 'Shame on you, "God placed an angel with a flaming Mary Slessor, after all you know of sword which turned every way at the Him!' " gate of Paradise…. Some of us are ready to pray that God would place To her, giving was an act of worship another such flaming sword at the gate and as such to. be engaged in with the of our mission fields, so that no man or same reverence as singing and prayer. On one occasion, tho excessively timid *American Tract Society, New York. and fearful in the presence of a crowd, she fearlessly rebuked an Edinburgh audience for their behavior while the collection was being taken up. Mr. Livingstone tells the story thus:

17] BEST METHODS

woman who could not or would not "If you inquire of the scientific, prac- brave a baptism of fire should enter. tical farmer who manages this great There is no more place on the mission estate, 'Where did this corn come from?'

field for the fearful and unbelieving than he will say, 'It was selected from our in heaven itself. Like Gideon's army, last year's crop. These are the best let the applicants be reduced till only the ears from over six 'thousand acres.' He resolute, the consecrated, those who be- will show you a machine with which he lieve in God, the people and themselves, takes off the imperfect grains at either are accepted for this mighty privilege, end of each ear. The picked grains of this high calling." these picked ears are to be used for plant- At home we need the same lesson. ing. He cannot afford to sow 'nub- In our eagerness to make things "go" bins.' ,He that soweth nubbins shall we sometimes entrust the Lord's work reap-corncobs.

to those not spiritually fit because they "The very highest service the corn have time, talent, education, prestige, can render is to be seed for the next money. Occasionally we go so far as year's crop.

to enlist aliens in the work-men and "'The Church of Christ needs the women who have not yet made their picked ears, carefully nurtured in the peace with God. best schools and institutions for train- , "The spirit of the Lord clothed itself ing them. Yet hear that youthful Jonah, with Gideon" (Judges 6:34, R. V. struggling with the call to 'go to that margin). God grant that only those great heathen city,' and murmuring, may engage in His service who, through 'How can I bury myself in China?' And His grace, are fitted for an honor like well-meaning but foolish friends are this. telling him, 'It would be a great waste THE GREAT SPIRITUAL of your brilliant talents.' PARADOX "'Buried,' did you say? That is what they are going to do with all that JOHN 12: 23-28 magnificent corn. That is what it A "corn of wheat" may be kept for was picked out for. It is worth bury- milleniums in perfect condition-witness ing. By and by there will be a great those found in the mummy-cases of resurrection and then a glorious har- Egypt~but it cannot bring forth fruit except it die. vest. Did not the Lord of the harvest say, 'Except a corn of wheat fall into This was Christ's teaching before He the ground and die, it abideth alone; went to His death in order that many but if it die it bringeth forth much might live and it is a lesson needed by fruit ?' Here is the great spiritual para- us all. In the following paragraphs dox that all nature joins with the Au- from The Evolution of New China,· thor of life in declaring: ' He that sav- William N. Brewster puts it in a way eth his life shall lose it, and he that los- that makes it very strong: eth his life for My sake, the same shall save it.' "In Northwest Iowa there is a great corn ranch. Among the ranch buildings "Wherever your life is spent, if fruit- is .a seed corncrib. It is a tight, double- ful, it must be buried. The only ques- tion is, Where? In what soil? The walled building with a furnace in the virgin soil of the Orient is the richest basement and the temperature is never in potential harvests. Has the Lord allowed to fall below forty degrees no of the harvest picked you, as a large, matter how cold the weather outside. full ear, fit for seed in the great fields The corn is laid upon racks away up of His planting? What higher honor .to the ceiling and the ears do not touch can you ask:? It is not death for which one another. Each ear is of the largest He has chosen you, but life; life persize and perfect in form. petuated, life multiplied, life enlarged • Eaton & Mains: New York, infinitely."

Woman's Foreign Mission

Edited by MRS. WILLIAM H. FARMER, Montclair, N. J.

A FRIENDSHIP LEAGUE OF steadily succeeding. But we are not do- ing our part in furnishing this growing LITERATURE literate element with material for read- ing. If the literary output of all Wom- U NDER the auspices of a committee en's Missionary Societies in the Orient of our Federation called the "In- was distributed among the women of terdenominational Committee on Litera- those countries, it would average not fifture for Women and Children in Mis- teen pages annually. Would you like to sion Lands" (chairman, Miss Alice M. be limited to fifteen pages of wholesome Kyle, Congregational House, Boston, literature a year? Of course, some have Mass.), a delightful league for the more than others-but many who can young people of mission fields has been read have scarcely anything to read. formed. The impulse for this expression of Christian altruism came from the Can we, who depend so much on books following incidents of girls in India: and magazines for stimulus, food, in- struction and enjoyment, be willing to A little girl, Lilavati Singh, who, "eat our morsel alone?" though belonging to India, had learned English, once read "Little Women," What is true of the needs of India for by Louisa Alcott. She found in it a Christian reading is no less true of China world of fun and friendship, activity and and Japan. While India has many diainterests which she had never dreamed lects, practically the whole of China has actually existed or was possible for a girl. one written language. From Shanghai In later years, when Lilavati Singh be- to the borders of Tibet, and from Yuncame known in both hemispheres as a nan on the west to Manchuria and the leader among Oriental women, she gave boundaries of Siberia, the same books much credit to this book for stirring her may be used. Moreover, there is an inimagination and giving her the impulse creasing desire for Christian teaching. to make such a life possible for girls of This limitless field is practically un- India. touched so far as the women and chil- An Indian school girl, who has lately come in contact with Christianity for the dren are concerned. Miss Laura White first time through attending a Chris- writes of the eagerness with which the tian school, has been so interested in the women receive stories like "Ben Hur," work of Jane Addams, about which she or little pamphlets giving hints as to has read in magazines in the school li- home making and mother craft. Her brary, that she has made it her serious magazine, The Woman's Messenger, ambition "to be a Jane Addams for has a wide circulation and goes into India." many homes.

Do not these anecdotes point to a need In Japan, Miss Baucus, and Miss and an opportunity? Dickinson in Yokohama, have tried to reach Japanese girls and women with We are constantly lamenting that only uplifting tracts and stories. This is done one per cent. of the women and' girls of largely through private means, for here India can read and write. That is, in a also, the Mission Boards have given but population of girls and women equal to small sums for work: among women and . the whole population of North and children. A new enterprise is just start- South America, we have only as many ing there under the auspices of the Chris- . literate members as the population of the tian Literature Society of Japan, looking city of Philadelphia ! We are trying toward coordinated effort to bring hard to remedy this situation, and are wholesome and pure literature to thousands of eager-hearted Japanese women, Cut out this blank and mail it to Miss who are now reading immoral novels be- Alice M. Kyle, 14 Beacon Street, Boscause nothing else is offered them. ton, Mass. Checks should be made pay- able to Lila V. North, treasurer, and The Chinese and the Japanese revere sent to her address, Bradford Academy, the printed page. A Chinese coolie will Bradford, Mass. carefully pick up and preserve every fragment of newspaper he finds, A very special effort will be made to and the street in Tokyo, Japan, help children who join this League to with book stores lining each side,· where feel the attraction of its friendly service. thousands of French, German and English books are on sale, bears testimony to "What will the money do?" you ask. the fact that these nations are hungry A share of $1 provides for 3 copies of for literature. a magazine to be distributed free in India. One hundred such shares are They ask for bread, these Oriental necessary to insure the publication of the sisters of ours j shall we permit stones or magazine each year. $1 will provide poisoned food to be offered to them? four Chinese children with twelve num- Shall the low-grade French novel be bers of Happy Childhood, a small illustranslated into Chinese and Japanese be- trated magazine. fore our clean English fiction reaches them in Oriental garb? Shares of from $25 to $250 will make possible the translation of some such Here are practical suggestions offered book as "Pilgrim's Progress," "Ben Hur" to help us share the privilege of the (abridged), "Polyanna" (adapted) , printed page with the growing literate "Robinson Crusoe," and pamphlets on element among women and girls in all Health, Temperance, Hygiene, Housemission fields: hold Management, and similar helpful reading matter. MEMBERSHIP REGISTER A CRUSADE IMPERATIVE (Membership may be renewed each year) Adopted by the Executive Committee (Underline the statement you subscribe to, and of the Federation of Women's Boards of fill in the blank spaces as may be necessary) Foreign Missions of North America, October 5, 191 7. I. I wish to join the Friendship Library League by sending- RESOL UTION : The price of a book for a school or col- The Senate of the United States has lege library in some mission field. passed by more than two-thirds majority the Federal Amendment to the Constitu- A magazine for a school or college li- tion prohibiting the manufacture and brary in some mission field (mention sale of intoxicating liquors in the United name of magazine). States. The bill will come before the House of Representatives early in De- $ ………. , to be spent for a school or cember. If this bill passes the House college library in India, China or and is ratified by prohibition legislation Japan. in two-thirds of the States, the Federal Amendment becomes law. II. I wish to join the Publication League by taking- In view of the following facts: a. That the liquor traffic involves A share of $1.00 toward some Christian us in enormous taxation, ex- magazine printed on the' mission field. ceeding ten times the amount received from license revenue, A share of $25.00 (or $………. ) for and printing books or pamphlets in some b. That it is responsible for the use' Indian vernacular language, in Chi- of large amounts of grain which nese or Japanese. might be utilized for food', and A share of $…… '" for general pub· licity connected with the work of this League.

III. I wish to contribute to the Expense Fund $ …….. to be used as the Committee sees best.

Name ………………………… .

Address ………………………. .

Date …………………………. .

c. That our Government is morally DAY OF PRAYER responsible for enormous quanti- ties of rum exported to Africa OF OF THE FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S BOARDS and other foreign countries, FOREIGN MISSIONS We urge the women of our missionary societies to take immediate steps in local Friday, January the Ele'IJenth, Nineteen circles and union societies and Federa- tions to secure strong action on the part Hundred and Eighteen of the churches, missionary organizations, local bodies of men, and prominent T HE Executive Committee of the individuals, in favor of this Federal Federation of Women's Boards, at Amendment and of State legislation its meeting in New York City, October where it has not already been taken. 5, 1917, appointed Friday, January II, 1918, as a Day of Prayer for Foreign We recommend that such action be Missions. All Women's Missionary Ortelegraphed or written on or before De- ganizations-Denominational and Intercember 1st to Congressmen representing denominational-are requested to, obthe several States or districts from which serve it IN TRUTH as a DAY OF the communications are sent. PRAYER. Never was intercessory prayer more needed than today, when the The form of the telegram to be as world is full of suffering and sorrow. follows: The hours to be observed are from Representing (name of body). IO A. M. to 4 P. M., the noon hOlar be- ing optional. In the past, when the noon We earnestly request your vote in the hour has been set apart for a special seraffirmative for Federal Amendment to vice of humiliation and confession, rich the Constitution to prohibit manufacture blessings hav'e been the result. ' and sale of liquor in the United States. OUTLINE OF PROGRAM-TOPICS (Signed) …………….. . 10-11 A. M.-Praise and Thanksgiving. With the hope that a great united Scripture: Psalm 100 :1-5: Psalm 145 :1-10. movement may rid our land from the curse of drink and protect countries 11 A. M.-12 M.-Mission Work and Workwhere we are carrying the Gospel of ers in all lands. Scripture: Col. 4:2-4: Christ from the frightful devastation of Eph. 6 :18, 19 i 2 Thess. 3:1, 2. liquor sent from our country, we plead for immediate united action by all Wo- 12 M.-l P. M.-Prayer for the Spirit of Humen's Missionary Societies. miliation and Confession. Scripture: Jas. Let women in every city and town take the initiative in this campaign. 4:10; 1 Peter 5:5, 6 i Isa. 57:15 i Psalm Send the strongest possible message 51 :1-13. signed by voters. If material is. needed 1-1.30 P. M.-For Native Church and Union for mass meetings secure the pamphlet Colleges for Women. Scripture: Mark "Defeat or Victory," by Mee and 6 :34-37, first clause. Holden. We should learn by the tragic 1.30-2 P. M.-For Home Church. Scripture: mistakes of our Allies. The price of the John 17 :9-11, 15-26. pamphlet is 25 cents. Address, Ameri- 2-3 P. M.-For Nations at War. Scripture: can Issue Publishing Company, Wester- Isa. 32 :17, 18 ; Hosea 10 :12; Psalm ville, Ohio. 46 :8-11 i Isa. 2 :4. 3-3.30 P. M.-Young Women's Hour. Scrip- A course of four lectures on "WorId ture:EccI.12:1; Provo 8:17; Psalm 144:12. Friendship" is to be given in November 3.3H P. M.-Quiet Hour and Re-consecrain Providence, R. I., Yonkers, N. Y., and tion. Scripture: Jas. 4:8; Heb. 10:22 i Montclair, N. J. Churches of all de- Rom. 12:1 i 1 Chron.' 29 :5, last clause. nominations are uniting in this interest. We must Christianize international trea- The program will be published in full, in ties, and strengthen missionary giving. leaflet form, by the Central Committee. Afte-r the middle of November, order copies of Miss M. H. Leavis, West Medford, Mass. Price per 50 and 100 copies to Women's Boards at reasonable rates.

NOTB.-Please have above inserted in your denominational periodicals.

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN 94I

THE SISTER COLL~GE MOVE- been evidenced in the campaign plans of MENT the Sister College Movement.

MRs. MARY CARR CURTIS First, an arrest of thought comes with Student Secretary Woman's .Foreifl.n Mis- a Stock-taking Poster on the college bul- sionary Society, MethodISt EpIS- copal Church letin board-a girl who is spending $50 a year on "eats" and fun, and has (de- ' T ducting what she pays in tuition) an an- HE world-encircling chain of col- nual$2So gratis spent by the Univer- leges for women planne.d by ~ed,er­ sity on her education, gives 2Sc a year ated missionary leaders has given nse ~o for the girl without a college chance! Closely following the personal implia movement among women students In cation of such statements, dormitories America known as the "Sister Colleg;e Movement" which, even in its incipI- and campus are placarded with the Sister ency, is re,cognized as " on~f0 ~he I.m- College slogan, "Share Your Spending portant factors in promotmg mterna- Money!"

tional friendship." Various publicity schemes, including At a time when war cries fairly deaf- advertisements and articles in the college paper, prepare for the rally, whi.ch someened the world, twelve churches from times is a woman's mass meetmg or a four nations joined in founding the Wo- limtern-slide lecture; sometimes a Chimen's Christian College in Madrasthe first time in all history, we are t?ld, nese or India banquet or a Japanese tea party with all the "pep" and pretty ways when different nations and denom,?ations have actually joined in holding of college life. Pledges are usually taken pro perty! Ginling College, Nanking, and the Union College in Tokyo came s'heenrte~esfowllohwo eadrebyapapocratinovnaesds of the ablater as strong links in the chain. . to various Such adventures in faith and unaOlm- members of the missionary committee.

At Northwestern University last year ity have not failed to stir the soul of the a committee of ten, each with ten assistcollege student. ants, planned and carried out the cam- The challenge of the church is being paign. They held semi-monthly meet- ings of devotion,. business and discussion met by the college mind, the college throughout the year. Missionary litera- ture was read in preparation for their heart and the college pocketbook. . ' Even before the chapel bell rang Its first rapturous summons at Madras for work; educational posters planned; a the girls of South India, their college lantern-slide lecturt: arranged; pictures from Isabella Thoburn College and letwas the college of Ame~ican girls, ~nd ters from its Y. W. C. A. officers dishigh in the halls of quamt old CarlIsle hung the legend, "Dickinson girls for tributed; a leaflet printed to give each girl as she paid her pledge, and a scrap- India girls." book record pf the committee work made It was in April, 1915, at De Pauw for the benefit of future committees. University, that three splendid resolu- While $600 for Isabella Thoburn 'tions were passed-the Magna Charta College- was a welcome contribution to of the Sister College Movement: the treasury of the Methodist Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, of even I. That 'a college in the Orient ~e taken as a Sister College in a really SIS- greater value to that Board is the trainterly way. ing of one hundred young women as II. That the plan be presented to missionary workers. every girl in college. Of inestimable value to the cause of III. That contributions be asked on missions is the attitude of students who the "share-your-spending-money" plan. realize intellectual and moral equality The scientific, systematic side of the with those they are helping. Missionary American college girl, which goes along work is not Lady Bountiful tossing a few with her big heart and love of fun, has pennies to "poor" miserable, sufiering

heathen," nor is it merely satisfying curi- Movement, paper SOc, cloth $1.00.) Sherosity about "those queer girls over wood Eddy. ~apter III, Student Life in there." It finds a basis of respect for an Japan. Appendix Band C. Chapter VI. Oriental neighbor, even "as thyself," and mission study classes appear in a new NAMIKO, a realistic nove1.-(Yura Kusha, light. Tokyo, about 30c.) Toku Tomi. These books may be ordered from The Thirty-five Methodist colleges are now affiliated with seven colleges in the Methodist Book Concern, 740 Rush St., Chi- Orient. In colleges of other denomina- cago, III. tions, the plan has started and colleges like Smith, which pledges $1,000 an- GINLING COLLEGE, NANKING, CHINA. nually for the Chair of English Literature and History in Ginling College, PAMPHLETS. while not using the nomenclature, might be counted in the Movement. Ginling College, 1915.-Presbyterian Mis- Further information may be had by sionary Press. addressing the writer at Carralta Place, Salem, Ohio. Bulletin of Ginling College, Announce- BOOKS FOR THE SISTER COL- ment, 1915. Issued by Board of Contro1.

LEGE CAMPAIGN Constitution of Ginling College, 1915.

EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN JAPAN.-(ReveIl, "Starting A College In China."-Mn. $1.25). Margaret E. Burton. Lawrence Thurston, Shanghai.-American EVOLUTION OF THE JAPANESE.-(ReveIl, $2.00). Sidney L. Gulick. Incomparably the best Presbyterian Missionary Press, 1915. exposition of Japan's evolution and na- tional character, as weIl as of its people, Ginling College, Report of the President that has been published in any western tongue. pp. 463. 1915-16. May, 1916, Nanking, China. '

SUNRISE IN THE SUNRISE KINIlDOM.-(Mission- MAGAZINES. ary Education Movement. SOc. pp. 233.) John H. DeForest. Brief and interesting Bulletin of the Federation of Woman's text-book, intended primarily for church Boards of Foreign Missions (now depart- young people's classes; useful statistics. ment of Missionary Review of the World).

CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT IN THE JAPANESE EM- October, 1914 ……………… page 15-16 PIRE.-(Missy. Education Movement. $1.2S. June, 1915 ………………… page 6- 7 pp. 371.) 1916 Year Book Japan Confer- June, 1916 ………………… page 10-13 ence of Federation Missions. July, 1916 ………………… page 7. 9 October, 1916 ……………… page 12 CHRISTIAN EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN THE EAST; being addresses delivered at a Con- Woman's Missionary Friend: ference of University Women at Oxford, Sept. 4-10, 1912. London Student Chris- October, 1915 •.•••.•…….. page 351-353 tian Movement, 1912. pp. 160. February, 1916 .•…•……. page 51 June, 1916 ……………… page 203 .WESTERN WOMEN IN EASTERN LANDS.- October, 1915 ………….. .. (Macmillan Co.) Helen Barrett Montgom- April, 1911 ………………. page llS ery. Chapter V, The New Woman of the Orient. SOc. The Missionary Review of the World: June, 1917, page 460-462. -THE KING'S HIGHWAY.-(Central Commit- tee United Study of Foreign Missions, INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP West Medford, Mass. SOc). Helen Bar- rett Montgomery. Chapter VI" The Hid- CARDS FOR CHRISTMAS den Leaven. "A PRAYER FOR WORLD FRIENDSHIP." By -Dux CHRISTus.-(MacmiIlan Co. SOc). Harry Emerson Fosdick. William Elliott Griffis. Contains outline map, themes for study or discussion, book "A CHRISTMAS MESSAGE FOR WAR TIMI!.n lists. By Lucy W. Peabody. Price S cents each. Purchase in quantity. *These books will be donated by the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, if not SPECIAL HELPS FOR PASTORS AND OTHER already in your library. CHRISTIAN WORKERS-A STUDY COURSE THE STUDENTS OF ASIA.-(Student Volunteer "A New Era in Human History." 10 cents. A four weeks' study of world reconstruc- tion suited for Prayer Meetings, Adult Bible Classes and Men's Groups.

"Helps for Leaders of Discussion Groups." 15 cents.

Package of Additional Helps. 25 cents. Issued by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America and The World Alliance for International Friend- ship, 105 East 22d Street, New York City.

fROM

EUROPE try, where the new draft army is under- going training. It is intended, further, British and German Missions so far as funds permit, to open Salva- tion Army rest rooms in every city near SPEAKING in the United Free a camp site or where soldiers in large Church Assembly Mr. J. H. Old- numbers are quartered in armories.

ham, of Edinburgh, alluded to the effect The MeAll Mission of the war on missions generally, and observed that. the work of British mis- REV. GEORGE T. BERRY, Amersions had been maintained unimpaired. The extent of the mission work of the ican secretary of the MeAll Mis- Protestant churches of Germany was larger than was generally realized. The sion, writes from France: total work of German Protestant missions was roughly about three times as "The more I see of the work: of our large as the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church missions combined. beloved mission, even in these days of Mr. Oldham, in speaking of the situation created in the Gold Coast by the tragedy and sorrow, the more my own removal of the German missionaries from Basel, said that the Government faith in its future deepens and expands. had written to the Foreign Missions Committee asking whethet the Commit- The station at Rouen I have never seen tee could take over the work if the Basel Mission had to come to an end, or more absolutely alive nor its devoted whether they would be willing to cooperate with the Swiss part of the Mis- director more in earnest, and this despite sion if it could be reorganized on a basis satisfactory to the Government. A dep- the absence of a score of helpers who are utation of their missionaries in Calabar had visited the Gold Coast and had writ- serving as volunteers among the army of ten of the great opportunity that was now presented there and expressed the nurses or actually at the front with the hope that the Church would rise to a new sense of responsibility in the matter. colors. At least 10,000 refugees from Salvationists at the Front the north and from Belgium have found OVER $900,000 had been spent by shelter, food, clothes and friends in our the Salvation Army in France and big SoIidarite at Rouen, and the 'Femi- Great Britain in the construction and maintenance of more than 200 rest nine Group' continues to' sew and sew rooms, 183 hutments, 70 hostels and 35 ambulances before America entered and sew for their loved ones on the batthe war. At the beginning of August, the first American contingent of Salva- tle line, or for the still poorer ones all tionists, consisting of twenty officers, sailed to begin work among the Ameri- about them. And it is the friends in can soldiers in France. America who have made this service pos- Army huts and rest rooms have also been opened and are being opened at sible." . many of the cantonments in this coun- Mr. Berry speaks of Paris as being "so sadly familiar, yet strange," with sad faced women in black blouses standing at the motors of the tramways, collect- ing fares in the crowded cars or wash- ing down the streets with hos;. Men on crutches, with arms in sI.ings or bandaged eyes, are on every corner. The mission meetings for women are well attended though, and have gone on without inter: ruption."

Gipsy Smith in France GIPSY SMITH, who has been at . work: in France under the auspices of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, recently wrote: • "The leaders of a large majority of

the huts in France are clergymen, whose During the past year I received in my churches have loaned their services for own home about 24,000 patients. All a period to do this work. That means had opportunity to hear the Gospel. a closer sympathy on the part of the Many took the New Testament and Church for the Association movement tracts which were offered to them i a and a new respect on the part of the spirit of in:quiry was manifested and we men, for the clergy. hope soon to be able to see definite fruit.

"The Association is, by its army work, "The work in Lodz, a city in Russian proving itself to be a communication Poland, harboring 170,000 Jews, has trench for the churches. My message to been carried on uninterruptedly during the American Association movement is the past year. Missionary Kohl writes that it should put all it has into the work that the visitors at the Bible Depot were -money, brains and heart. The boys are no fewer than during the year before, built of big stuff, and they are worthy yet the number was a good deal smaller of far more than we can ever give them than before the. war." or do for them. The more we do and give, the greater will be the harvest." MOSLEM LANDS IN ASIA Chinese Coolies in France The Refugees' Problem D R. JAMES F. COOPER, of FOG- M ISS BUTTERFIELD, an Amer- chow, China, has gone to France, ican missionary in Jerusalem, tells with his Chinese medical assistant and of having received many pitiful appeals four nurses, to look after the health and from representatives of the thousands of comfort of some 3,000 Chinese coolies, Armenian refugees who were living east who are working for the Allies behind of the Jordan under the open sky, with the lines. Knowing their language and scanty clothing and almost no food. their ways, and desiring to do his full Some of the men who came to her had share in the great struggle, he offered been deacons in American missio'n himself for this service when the British churches in their own cities. One of authorities called for a medical volun- these said: teer. He conducted his strange army across the Pacific, across Canada, across "I have been sent by our members to the Atlantic, and now he is their Good you for advice. We have no home. Our Samaritan in France. What an illustra- food and clothing are insufficient. Many tion of the far-reach of the war, its rami- are dying of starvation. 'IUousands of fications into the distant parts of the our people in Armenia have been cast earth! And what a testimony it is of into the river. Some have been collected the readiness of the missionaries to turn in rooms, and after being covered with their hands to. any service which comes oil, have been burned to death. Thoualong! sands have died on the roadside as we were fleeing. Our wives and beautiful Missions to Jews in Russia girls are being carried off into harems. What shall we do? We have been D R. FOHWEIN, a representative of promised food if we will change our re-' the Society of Friends of Israel at ligion. Shall we turn or starve? Can work in Wilna, Russia, writes: you not help us in some way?" "What could we say?" says Miss Butterfield. "The work during the past year was "There was but one reply we knew to chiefly a work of love and consisted of make. It was this: 'Go back and tell healing the sick, feeding the hungry, and your friends that if they die with Chirst comforting the unfortunate, and this op- they will be happier than if they live portunity was always used to point to without Him.''' She concludes : "We Him Who was an example for this ser- have heard of many who stood true to vice 'of love. To this we must add the Christ in the face of extreme suffering. biblical lectures, which, by permission of On the other hand, many have been unthe authorities, we could take up again. able to stand the test and are nominally,

FROM MANY LANDS ,945

·at least, bearing the name of the religion from ripening crops, living unsheltered on stones, indescribable rags, starvation, of their oppressors." sickness and filth, human beings in state The Wa'r in Bible Lands of oriental street dogs with whom they compete for offal. Work already done "T HE course of the present war," by Americans for Armenians, Syrians, writes a contributor to the Sun- and Assyrians is national triumph, but day School Times, "has already carried vastness of continuing need is overus over the whole range of human his- whelming. Turkish speaking re-inforcetory from Genesis to Revelation. Th<:: ments and field reorganizations on larger first attack on Bagdad brought the loca- scale necessary. Congregational Presbytion of the Garden of Eden into our terian Mission Turkey, Persia vindidaily telegrams, ;md made us look up the cated by brilliant present service of ABC nations of antiquity-Assyria, Aemricans and trained helpers. Babylonia, and Chaldea. The attempted invasion of Egypt carried us back to (Signed) "ELLIS-BEURY."

Egypt; and now the counter attack ot A Substitute for a Doctor Egypt carries us into Sinai, through the Desert of Exodus, and into the Holy T HE Rev. Dwight M. Donaldson, Land. The tragedy of Greece, through of Meshed, not a physician, is at- her king now expelled and the Allied tempting in a small way to give medical force at Salonica, lead us into the almost assistance to the people with whom he unexplored scenes of the Book of the is working. He writes: "Our friends Acts and the early centuries of Christian' who know that we are not physicians church history. All Bible lands-:-Asia wonder at this, but we only have one Minor, Mesopotamia, Persia and Egypt, medical missionary in all Khorasan (on with Syria and Palestine, the Holy Land the border of Afghanistan) as big ill itself-have resounded to the tread of actual territory as either France or advancing or retreating armies, and ly- Germany. Dr. Hoffman is kept busy ing as they do at the juncture of tht' at his little hospital at Meshed, but three continents of Europe, Asia, and with his co-operation, we fitted out a Africa, these Bible lands must continue small medical case and when we cannot to be a battleground for the powers who help the sick we try to send them to the are warring for the extension of their hospital. As I am writing, an invitapossessions, or spheres of influence in the tion has come from Afghans themselves most remote portions of the habitable for us to itinerate in their country with globe." a doctor." But there is no doctor to send! From Eye Witnesses T HE American Committee for Ar- Mission Property Destroyed menian and Syrian Relief sent two DETAILED reports from Rev. Dr.

commissioners, William T. Ellis and E. E. Lavy deal with the prospects Charles H. Beury, who went at their of reopening the work of the Church own expense to investigate conditions in Missionary Society in Bagdad. The en- Persia and the Russian Caucasus. The tire equipment of the hospital has been following cablegram, dated October 9, lost, with the exception of a portion of has been received from them: the building, which is still intact. The "If what we saw to-day in Sunni house, in which were stored the goods, Mosque U rumia could be transplanted not only of the Mission and the mission- ten hours westward to Madison Square, aries, but also of most of the Europeans New York, every newspaper in America in the city, has been looted; even the would ring with story of most abject iron bars have been taken from the win- spectacle in world at war and millions dows; while the bricks, wood and other for relief would follow straightway. things prepared for the new hospital Refugees from mountain villages, driven have been stolen. Practically the whole

of the school equipment likewise has were the merciless persecutions that oc- vanished. curred. But finally the District Super- intendent of Police proposed that a suit- INDIA able village where there was arable land be made available for settlers, and that Freed'from Fear of Devils all of this criminal tribe, who desired to live a new life of honesty, be invited to F RIGHTENED by visions of devils,a come and settle in this village under the Chinese woman, her husband and 7 special care and oversight of a Christian I:hildren moved from one house to another pastor and teacher. Gradually the news in the Chinese quarter of Rangoon, Bur- of this admirable arrangement spread and mah. She went to the Joss House to whole families soon began to move to the worship and brought idols from there to village and take up land. A house for her home; put up devil papers and made the pastor was erected and he began the offerings, etc., but all in vain. The dev- work of instruction and spiritual leaderils would not let her sleep. The nerv- ship. The result has been almost pheous strain was too much for her health nomenal. Evening prayers have for a and, utterly miserable in mind and body, long time now been the daily feature of she came to Kim Tin, a Chinese woman this unique Christian community. The who has taken hospital training. This Hindu and Mohammedan police officers wise little nurse not only took her to a recognize the change in the lives of these good doctor, but also began telling her people, and ask the missionaries, "How of God's Son, Jesus Christ, who came did you do it?" into the world for the purpose of delivering all who trust in Him from the Giving Up Idolatry power of devils. The woman was attracted by her words and came every T HE people of Lahore, India, are day to report her state of health and to getting more of a conscience about hear more of this good news. Kim Tin idolatry than ever before," writes Mrs. told her that she ,must trust God, not F. M. Vilson, a missionary of the idols, and that she must clear lier house of any tokens of idolatry. So the wom- M. E. Church. "I wish it were PQSan returned all the idols she had borrowed from the Joss House, tore down sible for you to be present on one the devil papers and cleaned the house. occasion, such as we frequently have, This was the beginning of a new life of when all the people of a caste decide t& freedom and peace. give up idolatry. They gather together and after final discussion, decision A Community of Former Thieves and prayer, the leaders demolish the public shrine. It is interesting to watch A CRIMINAL tribe of Hindus,whose the expression on the faces of the existence was largely one continual people. With some it is one of triumph, round of thieving, getting caught and with others a sort of grim determinaimprisonment, seemed almost hopeless tion, and with a few there is sometimes material to the first mission workers who a look of lingering fear, lest the spirit went among them; and even when a few which they have believed for so many did come to the point of desiring baptism, years has resided in that shrine may have it was found that their motive in it all power to injure them." was that the Mission might be able to secure them immunity from punishment Child-Murder to Appease Gods for their crimes. Still, the work went on and gradually the truth of the Gos-' A CALCUTTA daily paper repel began to sink down into their hearts. cently reported a trial in which Some began to give up stealing and went three women and their Guru (religious to farming, but the police refused to be- preceptor) were charged with killing lieve in their good intentions and many two little boys. The act of murder was perpetrated by the women at the insti-

FROM MANY LANDS

gation of the' Guru to appease the gods, SIAM AND ANNAM with the assurance that, after having ONE been offered as meat, the children The Bible for the Kamoo People would be found alive again! The jury ?f the large. tribes in French in the case found a verdict of murder terntory bordenng on the King- against the Guru and the mother of the dom of Siam is that of the Kamoos.

children. In some reflections on the Four years ago a young Kamoo man incident, an Indian missionary, Rev. came. for treatment to the Presbyterian G. P. Barss, of Tekkali, says: HOSPItal at Lakawn, Siam. While un- "As long as there is a country where der treatment, he was converted, and such crimes may be committed in thl! when he was finally allowed baptism, he name of religion, and where the biog- could read and pray and had brought raphies of their gods allow the people two of his fellow tribesmen to accept to think that theft, licentiousness of the Christ as their Savior. Now he limps worst types, cruelty and murder are of- only slightly and travels with great vim ferings acceptable to them, just so long and energy. He has proven himself a good evangelistic worker, not only does that land most urgently need the among his own people, but among the Lao as well. revelation of God as it is in Jesus Christ." The Kamoo people have no religion The Agricultural Missionary other than spirit worship. They have no written language, so when it was sug- M RS. SAM HIGGINBOTTOM gested that through this young Kamoo is a great help to her husband in man a translation of the Bible for that his remarkable agricultural enterprise in tribe be begun, the Lao written character Jumna, not only by her sympathy with was chosen for the purpose. The transhis work, but in her dispensary, where lation work is most laborious, but the she ministers to over thirty patients wife of the head physician assists, and every morning. She writes in The there is a Lao scribe. When the trans- Presbyterian: lation is read to the Kamoo men who come to the hospital for treatment, they "The farm grows in popularity so fast are delighted with it and want the work that missionaries who said five years ago hurried up, we could never get students are now beg- ging us to tuck a pet protege in some- where so he can get an agricultural Siamese Learn to Listen IT training. Several such have had to-be is a never-ceasing wonder to the turned away in spite of our two new dormitories, built since going horne. Re- missionary in Siam to see the people quests come for agricultural advice from of the villages listen attentively while he rich and poor, high-caste and low-caste. is preaching. Preaching they are used to, Our American farm machinery is in but not to listening. For many cen~ great demand, and better still, the na- turies it has been the custom among the tive ruling princes' are constantly ask- Siamese Buddhists to take their offering ing to borrow the agricultural mission- to the temple and put it down, then go aries for whom they are willing to pay off into some corner and talk to groups double expenses, and allow them to of friends and acquaintances about the preach in their States, where mission- price of food or the last murder in their aries have never been allowed before. neighborhood while the priest preaches My husband is to sit on an Advisory at the top of his lungs in Bali, a lan- Agricultural Council called· by the Gov- guage which even he himself cannot un- ernment to suggest plans for the devel- derstand.

opment of scientific agriculture in ~n­ But there is something in the Chris- dia." tian religion that they can really un- [The story of Mr. Higginbottom's work for derstand and believe, and in many places India was graphically told in the REVIEW for April, 1916] the whole viIlage, except the few per-

sons told off to watch the houses, will sit cured the position of physician in the.

in the missionary's tent and listen earn- Government's women's dispensary at estly at each meeting for many days. Koukong, a city between Hongkong and Rev. Paul A. Eakin, afPetchaburi, re- Canton. Here she worked five years cently visited seven different villages and and her many good deeds are much at every place, there is no organ or talked of. Her assistance to the local graphophone or stereopticon to draw the' church, both as an evangelist and as a crowds, but simply announced that there truStee, did much for its success. Money would be preaching, and young and old and honors came to her, but through all were there. she remained the modest, gentle lady her childhood had promised. Formerly, when CHINA one asked parents to sen<i their girls to Conversions in Canton College school, the answer was likely to be, "Who can teach a sweet potato any- S PECIAL services, whic~ were hel~ a thing?" or, "Girls can't learn." But . few months ago in Canton ChrIs- since Dr. Wen graduated and won ijIld tian College, had most gratifying re- held the position she has in a strange sults. The preacher for both meetings city, no one has dared to cast further was the Rev. Frank Lee, of the Bap- reproach on women's education. tist Mission. Mr. Lee was born and reared in America, and combines in his Consequences of a Temple Fire preaching much of the intelligence, I N Fenchow, Shansi Province, China, strength, and earnestness of our best where the American Board has a Western Christianity with a very deep station, there was a big fire in a temple love for his fellow-countrymen in China. some time ago. I t began while 1,500 At the close of a very earnest and ap- people were crowded into the courtyard pealing address on Sunday mormng, Mr. and the men stampeded, leaving the Lee called upon those who were pre- women and children behind, so that pared to accept Christ and give their over sixty were trampled upon and lives to His service to confess their de- killed or injured. The police all ran cision by rising. Without a moment's away, but after a hard fight, the mission- hesitation forty-seven students stood up aries kept the fire from spreading to in all parts of the hall. the native houses and managed to ex- tinguish the flames in the end of the Six others later made the same' deci- sion, bringing the total up to fifty-three. temple where the gods, "The Judges ot , Arrangements were made at once to con- nect the converts with the various Hell," lived. They "saved" these gods, churches in Canton. Special classes were but not without damage to their false also formed for them, so that their faces and bead decorations and finally, Christian life may be strengthened and as the people drew near, the missionaries rightly directed, especially in its early could not resist the temptation of point- stages. The result of these meetings is ing to the sorry plight of these deities, a great encouragement and inspiration to sitting among the ruins of their temple.

the teachers and the Christian students, The next day the magistrate sent the and it cannot fail to strengthen the re- thanks of the city to the missionaries and ligious life of the college. the Chinese church members who had A Chinese Woman's Success helped, together with a contribution for the sufferers from the fire, who were D R. JANE WEN, a Chinese woman being cared for in the mission hospital. physician in South China, has re- Then the temple managers invited the cent1y died at the untimely age of twen- Americans to a feast, and the Chief of ty-nine. She was a village girl with an Police arranged for the missionaries to unquestionable thirst for knowledge. conduct preaching services in the temple She gradually worked her way up to the court, in order that the people might Hackett Medical School, graduated, se- learn the "Jesus doctrine." These ser-

FROM MANY LANDS

vices went on with great success and since she is one of a few women of his were extended into the suburbs. Two own race that realizes and undertsands thousand pieces of Christian literature his peculiar aspirations. Her slightest were placed in the shops of the city. pre-nuptial wish is law."

New Work in South China Evangelism in Manchuria T HE Tai speech of Indo-China, R EV. D. c. DAVIDSON writes spoken by as many in South China from Hulan, Manchuria: as in Siam, is one of .the great languages "There is at present in China a of Asia. . The Cantonese in China are steadily rising spiritual tide. The week of evangelism at Chinese New Year was of the Tai race, of one blood with the observed throughout the country, pracpeople of Siam, and Canton is his- tically every member taking part. Here torically a Tai city, so that the traveler, our week: stretched out to a fortnight. familiar with the Tai speech, hears at Every morning we met at the chapel for least a third of the Cantonese talking prayer, from haH-past nine to ten. Then much as do their neighbors in Siam. we all, loaded up with Gospels and other Scripture portions and tracts, Counting the Cantonese people as Tai formed up in the main street in proin speech as well as in race, tht; T ai cession. A bell-ringer went in front, reach the grand aggregate of nearly sixty then two men each carrying a huge flag; million people. To reach them-especial- then a man with a square canvas inly the five to ten millions in South China scribed in Chinese, 'Hulan Christian -workers must be sent among them Church Veek of Evangelism Execuwho can speak in the Chinese tongue. Efforts to reach them in Chinese have tive.' Then there were five men carry- irig £lags on which were the characters failed, but so far no Board has been able to open up a definite work for these people. The missionaries who have 'Loved,' 'Gave,' 'Believeth,' 'Perish' learned the Tai speech are peculiarly (this was painted in black, the others in fitted for the task, and the Presbyterian red), 'Life'-the five leading ideas from aoard opened in the early part of this John iii. 16. Off we went, singing the year the first station of the North Siam . hymn 'The Kingdom of God has come.' Mission at Chiengrung, in Yunnan Every few hundred yards a halt was made, the crowd gathered round in three province of Southwestern China. or more groups, and as many speakers Education vs. Plural Marriages began addressing them. Then the bell- ringer moved on again, after a few A RECENT writer in the Far minutes, and the procession followed. This went on till between two and three . Eastern Review points out the P. M.; it took: eight days to do the whole effect of Western education on the city in this manner. Then each day at Oriental custom of plural marriage, and five we met in the chapel, which was especially the influence of the Young elaborately illuminated for the occasion, Men's and Young Women's Christian outside and in;·and preaching to the Associations in bringing about the heathen went on till nine o'clock.- change. Record of United Free Church of Scot- land. "Marriages among the returned girl students take place soon after they reach JAPAN-CHOSEN China again and scarcely one nuptial is drawn between two foreign educated Chinese that does not contain an agree- War Times in Japan ment, either explicit or tacit, that the REV. DAVID S. SPENCER, of wife shall be the only wife so long as the Methodist Mission in Nagoya, she shaH live. The wife with foreign Japan, notes these four elements in the education is a precious thing in China effect of the war on missionaries in in the eyes of the returned student, Japan: ( 1) The 'rise in the cost of liv-

ing and its effect upon all our work: as Such conditions result from the fact missionaries. For example, the cost of that Japan is developing rapidly in all building has more than doubled since the superficial elements of civilization, last year. (2) The new lines of activi- but without the corrective influence of ties which we are called upon to under- Christian principles. It is for the church- take in the interests of our sons and • es of Christendom to say whether this brothers on the French front, and our condition shall persist, leaving Japan to Allies in Mesopotamia. (3) The re- develop a pagan civilization that will ligious awakening manifest in Japan, to- shame and threaten the world.

gether with such a scramble for money among certain classes as we have never Fruits of a Revival before seen in this land. To meet this new demand, we are ill-prepared. Now IN Ong Nang Hi in Chennampo, that Japan is all open, we must, as a Korea, the old mud-walled, mud- Church, not be found unfaithful to our floored, thatch-roofed church is miserably trust. Advocates of a strong national- inadequate. Both money and work; istic campaign are pushing Shintoism were needed to start a new building.. with all their might, and Buddhism, Then a revival spread all over the disawakening to the meaning of the crisis, trict and Christians became enthusiastic is redoubling its efforts. But with un- over building a new church. 1 he pastor flinching faith on the part of the Chris- said, "I do not think if all the congretian Church, we need not doubt as to gation owns was sold,' it would bring the outcome. Christianity has, on the 300 yen." Yet these revived Christians whole made a mighty impression upon subscribed a total of 250 yen. One Japan, and we shall win if we fight on. woman went to the moulltains for a e4) The missionaries are also making week, gathered wood and, carrying it a contribution to the war of sixty-five into the village, sold it in the street. husbands, brothers, sons and daughters. Three other women cut off the long~ black hair of which they were vain and Factory Slavery in Japan sold it.

GALEN FISHER, in "The Chris- The revival produced another re- tian Movement in Japan/' draws markable effect. Forty men went to the seacoast to bring in timbers for the a terrible picture of the exploitation of church, but they could not budge the girls in Japanese factories. There are .great logs. In discouragement they 471,877 women and girls employed, went b;tck to the village. Here they which is 56 per cent. of the personnel fasted and prayed for three days. At of these establishments. Sixty-four per length a great spiritual revival came; cent. are under twenty years of age, they returned to the seacoast and from and of these, twenty-three per cent are thirty to sixty men moved the logs, and under fourteen years. Hours range from almost before they knew it, the timbers twelve to sixteen in silk and weaving were in the site for the new church. factories, and night work is common.

A Not infrequently the ~irls eat their rice How Korean Women Give while tending their machines, for to take PRESBYTERIAN woman misthe allotted time would incur the ill-will ()f the foreman. The weighing of 1,350 sionary in Syen Chun, Korea, girls after a night shift showed an aver- writes that the native Christian women, age loss of weight of one and a half who make up the Women's Missionary poy-nds, and in the succeeding day shifts Society, are supporting twelve out of this weight is not recovered. Wages the eighteen missionaries who are at run from 26 to 31 yen a day (say 14 work under that presbytery. She says: cents), which is a little more than one- "I have been interested in hearing how half what is paid to male factory they get the money, for Korean women workers. have no money. One young woman

FROM MANY LANDS 95

whose family wouldn't let her have ber was 473, in 1906. Last year, in money for the missionary society got ten spite of the war, 772 sailed for the eggs and gave them to a poor woman field. These missionaries have included nearby; when the chickens were big ordained men, laymen, educationalists, enough to sell, they divided the profits doctors and Y. M. C. A. workers. The and both became members of the mission- women include the wives, unmarried ary society. One old lady wanted to be- teachers, physi~ians and Y. W. C. A.

long here but couldn't earn anything secretaries.

and hadn't a thing to sell. Her brother While these figures may seem large thought she needed a new skirt and. gave to those who have a small idea of the her one yen. 'Joy!' says the old lady, importance and value of missionary 'I don't need a new slcirt, I'll give my work, they are disgracefully small com- money to the missionary society.' " pared with the number of men and women who have arisen to the call of NORTH AMERICA their country to serve in the European TSunday-schools and the Syrians war. More men have volunteered in one day in America for war service than HE Christian Sunday-school chil- all the men arid women who have gone dren of the world are uniting in a to foreign mission fields in the last four- plan to help the suffering children of the teen years. As Mr. F. P. Turner, the lands to which Christ first came. The Secretary of the Student Volunteer Sunday-school War Council, which com- Movement, says: "Evidently the ma- bines the interests of the International jority of the 20,000,000 Potestant Sunday School Association, the Sunday Church members do not take seriously School Council of Evangelical Denomi- their responsibility to evangelize the nations and the World's Sunday School world." Will they -learn a lesson from Association, is issuing an appeal to the the lavish expenditure of men and money 20-miIlion Sunday-school children of the in the present war?

world to make a Christmas offering for Work for Soldier Boys the starving children in Armenia and Syria. It is hoped that a fund of T HE Methodist Board of Home Missions has set out to raise $250,- $1,000,000 will be raised before Christ- 000 to provide facilities for re-enforcing mas. Methodist chaplains in the camps, and Methodist churches around the camps. The American Red Cross in Wash- The plans for the Michigan camp, for ington has establishe<1 a special Sunday- example, illustrate what it is proposed school department to reach millions of to do. There are 36,000 men there and Sunday-school children through the various religious bodies.

Fourteen Years of Recruiting the Young Men's Christian Association has some forty workers in it, with half OVER 8,500 new Protestant mis- a dozen buildings. Every day 6,000 sionaries have gone out from North recruits out on leave, will flock to the America to the foreign mission field dur- neighboring towns, Battle Creek, Kala- ing the past fourteen years. Five thou- mazoo, etc., with time and money to sand of these have been women-in- spend. A large proportion will be lads cluding 2,122 wives of missionaries. from Methodist homes. It is proposed This in itself is an evidence of the very to have at least one Methodist church valuable work that the Student Volun- always open, as a rendezvous where teer Movement has done, for most of these boys, their mothers and friends, these recruits have been enlisted through will be welcome, and will find "some- the efforts of this Movement. The larg- body who cares." Of course, there will est number sent out in anyone year be "meetings"–evangelistic, social, en- was in 1912, when 800 missionaries tertaining, with the best speakers and went to the field. The smallest num- other features that can be secured-but

the object of it all will be to befriend tian work in their native land. Pastor.

the soldier, as the folks' at home would Feder, who, was exiled by the former like to have him helped~ Russian Government, is now free to re- turn to Petrograd, but he believes that Winning Souls in New York he can serve his country best by remain- ing in America for a time to train pas- T HE work on the streets of the tors and teachers, who will carry the Bronx during the summer outdoor message of Life to New Russia. Roman evangelistic campaign of the National and Greek Catholics and Jews are re- Bible Institute of New York has been ceived into the school, where they are most encouraging to all who have the ad- taught English and other branches in vancement of Christ's Kingdom at heart. addition to Bible instruction. The men In the interval between April 11 and live at small expense and the school is October 11 more than 36,000 men and dependent on free will offerings for sup- ,women of the Bronx have heard the port.

Gospel message as it has been proclaimed each day at the outdoor meetings held by LATIN AMERICA the workers of the Institute at its Bronx Influence of Mexican Protestants Gospel Hall, 499 East 153rd Street. Of this number, 614 have professed to ac- R EV. w. A. ROSS writes in The cept Christ as their personal, Savior. In Christian Ohseroer: "For some connection with the Bronx Gospel Hall, yeilfS Protestants in Mexico have influ- there are two indoor Sunday-schools. enced public and social life in a way far The regular school has an enrollment of beyond .what their numerical strength a little more than 200, while the Italian would cause one to expect. This influschool is new and has a membership of ence has been exerted in a larger way, 125. Of the 25 teachers engaged in perhaps, through the public schools these schools, many are from among the taught by Protestant teachers than in converts of the Hall. any other way. Graduates from Evan- In quite another r~gion of the city- gelical normal schools have been sought, the section known as "the Tenderloin" after by the State authorities for places -the National Bible Institute is doing of importance in the schools. This has , a fine work through its McAuley Cre- been especially true of graduates from morne l.1ission. Striking testimonials the Evangelical schools for girls and , from refonned drunkards and others at women.

the evening meetings show the power "But it has been left for the present· that is going out through these channels. struggle for political liberty in Mexico Other lines of activity are outdoor meet- to elevate to places of prominence in ings, home visitation, indoor evangelistic civil and military life a number of services, Sunday-schools and Bible classes. Evangelicals. This has been noted more than once and has created comment.

A New Link with Russia Some have said that this fact makes it – evident that the present struggle is a pASTOR FETLER, of Petrograd, Protestant movement. It would be who was last year in charge of the nearer the truth to say that Protestants Russian Bible Institute heJd in the Sec- generally have been in sympathy with ond Avenue Baptist Church, New York, this movement because they have always'

has now opened an Institute in Phila- been ready to throw off political and re- delphia under the auspices of the newly ligious tyranny, and very naturally in organized Russian Missionary and Edu- this struggle we might expect to find cational Society, 6f which Dr. Cortland some of them taking a leading part. The Myers is president. Property has been training they have received' would lead- purchased for the Institute and 128 them into such a movement and their young Russians have begun their studies capacity would' enable them to rise to to prepare them for evangelical Chris- places of prominence~"

FROM MANY LANDS 953

A Hand-Written Bible One of the most influential men in South America said to a traveler: "It is sad, H OW much do you value your sad to see my people so miserable when Bible? Rev. F. S. Onderdonk re- they might be so happy. Their ills, physports the story of the conversion of one ical and moral, spring from a common of his Mexican friends. One Sunday source, lack of religion." No country in morning this Mexican had gone to town the world is more in need of real Chrisfor the express purpose of getting tianity. drunk. (It is the custom of Mexicans to get drunk. on Sunday. On that ac- Orientals in South America count you can scarcely get any work done on Monday.) While walking T HE Argentine year-book records down the street he saw a little girl hide 19,800 Mohammedan Turks. Onesomething under her mantle. It was a half its Syrian population is also reckcopy of the New Testament and Psalms. oned as Mohammedan.· There are two My friend asked to be allowed to see mosques in the Brazilian city of San it. He took the book and for two hours Paolo, and Arabic papers are published stood there reading as if glued to the there and in Argentina. Into the rice spot. At the end of two hours he said fields of Brazil, Japanese colonization to the little girl: "Run and tell your societies are pouring immigrants by thoumother that I must have this book for sands, and we may well remember that two weeks." Next day. he bought a Count Okuma recommended the coasts pile of paper, a number of candles, pens of Chile, Mexico and Peru as a field and ink, and for two· weeks, although he of influence for Japan, and an asylum had to work hard during the day, he for the excess of her population. .Peru sat up until one and two o'clock every has large and prosperous Chinese and night transcribing the New Testament Japanese elements; the Chinese are rapand Psalms. At the end of two weeks idly becoming the merchants of Panama; the work was finished. For many years and in Jamaica, after two hundred years that was the only Bible he had. Fin- of English control, eighty per cent. of ally he heard that twelve miles over the stores are operated by Chinese. Acthe mountains a colporteur was selling cording to a report, there were in 1913 Bibles, so he went and bought some. in British Guiana one hundred and thirty thousand East Indians and the South American Religion number was said to be rapidly increas- ing. N OMINALLY, the people of Brazil are Roman Catholics. For four AFRICA hundred years the Roman Catholic Church has been without a rival in An Oasis in the Sudan South America, free and favored in her enterprise. With what result? Bishop I N many mission lands, a truly Chris- Kinsolving, of the Protestant Episcopal tian home is like an oasis in the Church in Brazil, asserts that not two desert. It is a place of beauty and rein a hundred of the students acknowledge freshment from which many thirsty soul., relationship with any religious organiza- drink living water. Rev. Stephen Trowtion. One who was for six years a bridge, of Cairo, tells of one. of these Roman Catholic priest in South America oases: said several years ago: "I do not think that the Church in any case reaches ten "In the great Mohammedan provinces per cent. of the people, and in many of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, there are many Egyptian and Syrian Christians places this is saying too much. J do not employed in Government positions, These Christian officials are- thus very believe that of the one million people in much isolated; they have no Church ser- Buenos Aires there are two hundred vices, are never visited by Christian pasmen on any given Sunday at service." tors and the nearest missionary is some-

times hundreds of miles away. Here lage not far away that he visited a few and there, British officers, loyal to weeks ago, and he said that he saw Christ, have encouraged and helped these enough human bones there, if put native officials to persevere in their togther, to make at least fifty Christian faith. One of thes.e Christian skeletons. Ten days away from here, we officers is Major Stigand, formerly In- visited an independent mission station~ spector for the Mongalla Province, a and there they told us of a secret society tropical district in the extreme south, that dig up dead bodies and eat them j bordering on Uganda. From time to so that the people bury their dead se- time Mrs. Stigand invited the Egyptian cretly, and try to conceal the pla<.:e officials to her own home for a prayer- where they are buried. meeting in English. One of these men told me that these gatherings and the Memories of Mary Slessor kindness shown by the Major and his wife were among the happiest experi- T HE Record, issued by the United ences of his life, and had established in Free Church of Scotland, tells of him a definite and clear Christian faith. the keen remembrance in Africa of the In a frontier town amid the tropical wonderful life of Mary Slessor. At heat, most white officials would not Akpap, the principal town of the up- think of planning for a prayer-meeting. river people who first heard the Gospel Major Stigand is now Governor of the from her, two women missionaries go White Nile Province and has shown a about safely, evangelizing the district,. personal interest in the work carried on although it is one of pagan people and by the three missionary families at wild bush. There is no man missionary Doleib Hill. He is a man of command- at work there, but one of the women ing presence and has a distinguished preaches and acts as pastor. The Chris~ record as a big game hunter and as an . tian people have recently sent a gift of author. Mrs. Stigand is an American about $100 to the Slessor Memorial woman from Washington, D. C. Home, a notable offering from their scanty resources. Twelve girls are in Spiritual Need in the Congo the Home at Calabar, all betrothed to Christian young men, and learning DR. and Mrs. John M. Springer, who housework, sewing, and the making of are in charge of the Methodist palm-oil and starch. Congo Mission, write of Kobongo, where they have decided to open a sta- Africans Learning French tion: A ITER speaking and teaching in "We held a service yesterday morn- German for many years in the ing and one in the afternoon. We had West Africa Mission, it is now neceshardly started the morning service, when sary, with the change of Government, the chief broke in, saying that he wanted for French to take the place of the Gerus to stay here. He wanted a mission- man. A smaIl dass of nineteen former ary to come and live. He seems to be school teachers was organized at Batanvery glad to have us; in fact, every vil- ga the latter part of last year, and that lage that we have come to, almost, has work has now broadened out into a .made the same petition, wanting us to dass of 228. A band of 140 picked come and stay. Poor things, these na- young men students will form the vantives have broken loose from their old guard of the French speaking force in moorings, and they have nothing to the mission. Throughout the Cameroun guide them in the present state; they Mission, the spiritual life of the people don't know what to do, and they turn to the missionary, knowing that he is IS steadily deepening. In seven months sure to be a disinterested friend. There is no doubt but that these people need there were 1,000 confessions of faith, missionaries. The chief told us of a vil- although the regular teachers and preachers of the people were not with them.

FROM MANY LANDS

IA New Station in Africa dren of the neighborhood who came to T has long been the hope and expecta- our playground last vacation. In fact, tion of the American Board to open a they are happy to have a part in any station,. or rather a chain of stations and work for others and we have difficulty outstations, to extend from its plant at in restraining their generosity so that Beira, on the coast, in Portuguese East they may have suitable clothing them- Africa, up to Chikore, on the western selves. boundary of Rhodesia. Frequent tours have been made into various parts of the Membership Twice Doubled territory, but these have not been followed by permanent occupation, and the A N increase in Sunday-school memgovernment has not permitted native bership from 1,800 to 8,000 in evangelists unaccompanied by white missionaries to settle there, because the mis- two years is the record of Bulacan sion itself is located in Rhodesia. How- Province of the Philippine Islands, ever, when Dr. William T. Lawrence, about twenty-five miles north of Manila. During the past year there have been of Mt. Silinda, and Rev. J. P. Dysart some 2,500 conversions in the same dismade a visit to Gogoya's kraal, in Portuguese East Africa, the chief, Gogoya, trict. This has been almost if not quite was very cordial and hospitable to his duplicated in two or three other parts missionary visitors. It is near his kraal of the islands. that the Portuguese have now granted to the American Board a concession for The Rev. J. L. McLaughlin, Sunday- 1,000 acres, which must be proved up or obtained on the same terms that any school Secretary for the Philippines, other settler could obtain it. states that he believes the Islands are on the eve of one of the greatest evan- gelistic movements that has ever been seen there.

For the Indians in Fiji ISLANDS OF THE SEA BRITISH missionaries in Fiji are en- deavoring to carry OQ evangelistic· Rescuing Filipino Waifs work among the 50,000 Indians now SOME of ~he mestiso children, as living there. They write: "If we those of mixed blood are called in could but, undo what has been done in the Philippines, who have been deserted by their mothers, have especially roused the character of the Indian peoples durthe pity of the Presbyterian missionaries ing the past centuries, the task of evanin Cebu, one of whom writes of them as follows: gelizing the Hindus and Mohammedans in Fiji would present but few difficulties. "The transformation of these waifs of the street, familiar with every form But before any constructive work can be of evil and vice, into earnest little Chris- done, we have to combat influences of tians has been the source of unending the ancient Indian religions and convince joy to those who have watched and as- them of the truth of Christianity. The sisted in the miracle. Other mestiso Hindu sides with us on SOme matters children have been placed here by their fathers who wish them to have a Chris- against the Mohammedan. and the tian education. We now have a family l10hammedan stands with us on other of ten children and seven others have questions against the Hindu, and both been with us at different times. They take their joyful part in the morning Hindu and Mohammedan unite in many and evening prayers, singing lustily the directions against us. Oh, for a visitation hymns they come to know so well lead- by the Holy Spirit of God, the Reing in prayer, and payin!!; close 'atten- vealer, Who will make known the truth tion to the Bible study. They are anx- of GO? to these people! We are trying ious to help others to know Jesus and to polIsh up some raw, local material to gave up unselfishly to the ragged chil- help us in this work, but in the very nature of things some years must elapse before an efficient ministry can be evolved. We are, therefore, asking this

year that some tried and faithful men of that has been published consecutively ill matured character and experience be se- the English or in any other language. cured from India to assist us." In 1896, he was elected to a position on the Moravian Board of Missions, which Samoa's Record Gifts required his removal to Herrnhut, where he spent the remainder of his life, A GROUP of twenty-five Samoan except for visits to the Moravian mis- villages last year gave £1,700 to sions in Labrador, the Himalayas and the work of the London Missionary other parts of the world, and an extend- Society. Rev. Paul Cane, a missionary ed tour in the United States and Canamong them, tells how it came about: ada. "I think it ~as chiefly due to the little village of Le Tui, a small inland village Dr. Edward Guerrant of Kentucky of seventy-eight people. Last year and the year before, in proportion they did DR. EDWARD GUERRANT, the best of all our villages. I told them who built seventy-five churches for this in their yearly meeting, and the pastor in England said, 'Missy, we will do his people, the poor and illiterate mounbetter this year (l916).' They all be- taineers of the Appalachian mountains gan to work. Even the babies were of Kentucky and Tennessee, died last quiet so that their mothers might help. summer. As the first evangelist of the The other villages heard that Le Tui Kentucky Synod, he found his opporwas going to give a big collection, and tunity; but so enormously did the work they said, 'We can't let Le Tui beat us,' develop under his hand that the Synod and so they, too, ,began to be in earnest. feared that it could not support it. It But such was the zeal of Le Tui that instructed Dr. Guerrant to retrench and only two large villages could beat them. not build so many churches. He re- Our largest village gave £ 160, and a11- signed as Synodical missionary, declaring 9ther large village gave £145; then that if no other course could Iielp, God came small, great-hearted Le Tui with could pay for the schools and churches £ 130. Truly a mighty work! A church and missionaries. And God did. Dr. of thirty-eight members, an inland Guerrant organized the Soul Winners' community of seventy-eight people who Society, and in the sixteen years foIlowhave to carryall their produce to the ing he personally raised $175,366.95 for beach before they can sell it. What does financing the work, all by prayer. the home church think: of the love alJd zeal of the church of Le Tui ?" Rev. Chas. J. Ryder, D.D., of New York OBITUARY T HE senior Secretary of the Ameri- can Congregational Missionary As- Bishop La Trobe of Herrnhut sociation, died on September 24 and was buried at Stamford, Conn. Dr. Ryder T HE Moravian Church has lost one was borr. on Christmas Day, 1848. From of its best-known missionary lead- his first and only pastorate in Medina, ers in the death of Bishop Benjamin La Ohio, he was called to the Southern Trobe, on October 4, at Herrnhut, Field Superintendency of the Associa- Saxony, in the seventy-first year of tion and, after two years' service, behis age. Born in England, of missionary came District Secretary for New Engstock, he became, on the completion of land. In 1896 he was made Correspondhis theological studies, Assistant. Secre- ing Secretary in the New York office and tary of Moravian Missions am! later brought to this responsible position a Secretary, with headquarters in London. practical knowledge of the work. Dr. Here, for the next twelve years he edited Ryder's service extended over a period Periodical Accounts, a quarterly maga- of thirty-five years-nearly one-half of zine, unquestionably one of the oldest, its history-and he outlived every mem- ber of the Executive Committee except if not the oldest missionary periodical one.

New Pacific. By C. Brunsdon itual forces for which

Fletcher. 12mO. 325 pp. $3.00. Mac- stands affect and are affected by politi- THE millan and Co., Limited, London. 1917. cal, military, economic and educational New Pacific takes us to Aus- conditions. The student of foreign tralia and the South Seas, a part of missions, therefore, must keep abreast of the best thought on questions which afthe world which does not bulk largely fect the world in general, and that part in the thought of Americans, but of of it in particular, which deals with the which we need to think more often than nations in which foreign missionary we do. In that far-off region are not work is being conducted. only an island of continental dimensions, but many other islands, which, The American university presidents though comparatively small in area, are and professors exert a large influence in beautiful for situation and strategic in shaping public opinion, as has been estheir relation to international condi- pecially marked since the outbreak of tions. The author has spent nearly all the war. Unfortunately, it has not al- of his life in New Zealand and Aus- ways been wholesome, but we are gratetralia and has been for a score of years ful for this volume by President Nichothe editor of the principal daily news- las Murray Butler, of Columbia Unipaper of Queensland. He has made a versity.. It is an eminently dignified and careful study of German plans in Aus- statesmanlike discussion of themes now tralia and the South Seas and he makes challenging the thoughtful attention of an amazing revelation of the character- intelligent men everywhere. istic system and thoroughness' with The theme to which the writer frewhich Germany long sought to strength- quently recurs is that we are facing new en her interests in that part of the world conditions; that the American world, while Europe and America gave people are not sufficiently unified in no heed. After the outbreak of the war, spirit or dear in purpose to enable them Australia and New Zealand promptly to meet these conditions in the most ef- fective way; that "there is not yet a seized these German colonies and they nation, but the rich and fine materials are now administering them. What is out of which a true nation can be to be done with them after the war? made;" and that "our chiefest task is The Peace Conference alone can determine this. Mr. Fletcher gives clearly to prepare our hearts and our minds to . and forcefully the Australian point of do our full duty as Americans to bind view as to what should be done with up the wounds of a stricken world and them after the war. He pays a high to lead the way to that new constructribute to the influence of missionaries tion of the overturned political fabric."

in the South Seas, particularly to those Japan in World Politics. By K. K. great men of God, James Chalmers, Kawakami. 12mo. 300 pp. $1.50. The George Brown, and L. Fison. TMacMillan Company, New York, 1917. A World in Ferment. By Nicholas Mur- HE pre-occupation of the public ray Butler. 12mo. 254 pp. $1.25. mind in the great war that is ra- Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, ging in Europe has obscured, for a time, 1917. some other questions of large inter- FOREIGN missions stand, among national import, but these questions 'still other things, for the international remain. Among the most serious is our mind and the international outlook:. It relations with]apan. That empire is the calls upon Christians to think: in world first of the nations of the eastern world terms. It recognizes, too, that the spir- to attain self-consc;iousness and to take

her place in the world's councils, and the work of the Carnegie Peace Endow- it is natural, therefore, that pending ment. It is one of the readable of the questions should assume their most acute many volumes that have appeared regard- form in connection with japaq. ing japan.· It shows breadth of.mind, Among the writers who are doing intimate knowledge of history, political much to throw light on these problems economy, international law, and the are Professor K. K. Kawakami and manners and customs of Americans as Professor Inazo Nitobe. Professor well as japanese.

Kawakami has now added to his welI- The author clearly shows how the known books-"Asia at the Door" and world has now become such common "American-japanese Relations"-a third ground that the interests of nations may volume, entitled "japan in World Poli- clash at the most distant places, as, for tics," which is an exceedingly able dis- instance, the Dutch and the Eng- cussion of the subject. It should have lish encountered each other on the the careful study of thoughtful men and South African veldt, and Japanese and women, particularly in missionary cir- Russians renewed acquaintance, under cles, where the importance of friendly strained circumstances, on the plains of relations is keenly felt. Mr. Kawa- Manchuria. Professor Nitobe says: kami is a loyal japanese, but he has "Though I do not desire a rupture of lived so long in the United States and friendship between the United States has such real sympathy with us that he and her friends, she may yet face some is able to take la dispassionate view of of them in unamiable converse on the A.merican merits and defects. Indeed, pampas of South America." He pre- he sadly says that the "Americans ac- sents a wealth of information about cuse him of subserviency to the cause Japan, its national characteristics, its of japan and the Japanese denounce morals and religious beliefs, its educa- him as slavish to a country whose citi- tional and economic conditions, its col- zenship I have not been permitted to ac- onizing policy, and its relations to the quire." He carefully explains Amer- United States. This volume is one that ica's issues with japan, Japanese immi- no student of Far Eastern affairs and of gration to America, japan's dealings international relations can afford to miss.

with China, her course in Korea, her alleged interest in the Philippines, and Forty-five Years in China. Reminis-· her "designs" upon Mexico, while the. cences by Timothy Richard, D.D., three closing chapters deal with the Litt.D. Cloth. 8vo, net. $3.50. Il- Anglo-Japanese AIIiance, German-Jap- lustrated with photographs. Frederick anese relations, and the Russo-Japanese A. Stokes Company, New York, 1917.

Entente. This book will contribute in FOR nearly half a century, Dr.

no small degree to that better under- Richard has been one of the great standing of the position of Japan which Christian leaders of China. Going to the American people need to have and the field in 1869 as a missionary of the which can form the only stable basis of Baptist Missionary Society of London, satisfactory relations between the two England, and engaging for a time in the Governments. work of the Baptist Mission, his special gifts ere long drew him into a wide The Japanese Nation. By Inazo Nitobe, interdenominational and national ser- A.M., Ph.D. 12mo. 334 pp. G. P. vice. He made a thorough study of Putnam's Sons, N ew York and Lon- Chinese history, literature and religion, don, 1917. and became famous as a scholar and T HIS volume is based upon the leC: writer. He gained an extraordinary in- tures which the author delivered fluence over the Chinese and has proba- in five leading American universities as bly had as wide perllonal acquaintance one of the exchange professors under and as close intimacy with Chinese offi- . the plan firllt ,proposed by Mr. Hamilton cials and scholars as any other foreigner Holt, and afterwards made a part of and a far greater influence and intimacy

9 1 7] THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY·

than most of the foreigners in China. Council of Churches in St. Louis, last In 1891, he engaged in special literary December. They are studies in the work under the auspices of the Chris- great questions of international rela- tian Literature Society of England, tions, Christian unity, social relations, Scotland and China, and he has been race problems, industrial reconstruction, prolific in books, pamphlets, magazine religious education and evangelism.

and newspaper articles. He united to pro- The addresses are not published, but the found scholarship and unusual intellec- reports of the commissions furnish some tual ability a force of personality that good material for a reference library on commanded the respect of Chinese and religious and social subjects. There is foreigners alike. He was a man of no index-which is unfortunate-but strong convictions and his plans and the books give a clear idea of the great methods did not always commend them- variety of work and problems before selves to some of his missionary associ- the Christian Church. The manifest ates; but no one has ever questioned his danger is that in the multiplicity of unselfish devotion and his splendid pow- forms of effort for the improvement of ers. The Chinese Government be- mankind, we will lose sight of the great stowed upon him the honor of the essential of individual, spiritual regenera- Double Dragon, and the Red Cross tion.

Society decorated him for his remark- The volumes are somewhat overload- ably efficient services in famine relief. ed with· resolutions, proclamations, lists In this volume, Dr. Richard has crowd- of names, letters and appeals. They ed a wealth of information about China. contain more general statements than It is really an autobiography by one of vital facts, more appeals and plans than the most remarkable men who have reports of things accomplished. One vol- lived in the Far East during the last ume deals with peace and arbitration, half century. It is of interest and value another with Japan, and others with co- to all who wish to keep in touch with operation in education and world re- the great re-constructive movements in demption.

China. Dr. Richard truly says in his introduction that "these reminiscences The Immigrant and the Community. By tell of sympathetic efforts made to guide Grace Abbott. Bvo. 303 pp. $1.50 net.

the spiritual leaders of China to a vision The Century Co., New York, 1917. of the Kingdom of God, with its promise of a hundredfold in this world, and W AR 6me is an opportunjty to in the world to come, life everlasting. overtake the immigrant problems These efforts have meant the uplifting in America. Almost no foreigners are of China in various ways, through better now coming and those who are here are religion, better science, better means of being kept busy with work at higher communication, better international com- wages. Americanization is necessary; merce, the institution of modern schools Christianization is even more important. and colleges, the founding of a modern press and the establishment of new in- Miss Abbott, the director of the Im-. dustries and manufactures over a coun- migrants' Protective League of Chicago, try as large as the whole of Europe." has given us a volume of valuable facts and studies, growing out of experience. How shall we protect the newcomers The Library of Christian Co-operation. from those who exploit them for vicious Edited by Charles S. MacFarland. Six and selfish purposes? Some employment volumes. 8vo. $5.00 a set. $1.00 each. agencies regularly supply women and Missionary Education Movement, New girls to vicious resorts. The immigrant York, 1917. laws- seek to protect the country against immoral women, but not against im- T HIS library contains the report of moral men. Miss Abbott shows the the commissions and sessions of safeguards that are being raised and the the quadrennial meeting of the Federal weakness in our system of dealing with

the immigrants. She advocates more Churches of Christ in America by the municipal lodging houses, better edu- Missionary Education Movement, New cation and more wholesome recreation, York. 191 pp. 1917. but she does not deal with the problem of remaking both people and environ- A BIG little book containing the ment through Christian teaching. There addresses of Drs. Jowett and is no other adequate solution. Vance, President King, and Messrs. Robins, Mott, and Speer at the meeting These studies are of especial value to of the Federal Council in Washington all in immigrant communities, those ,May 8 and 9, 1917; also the reports of who seek to win these men and women various committees. A valuable volume for the national ideals and service, and for pastors_ who seek to adjust their minfor the Kingdom of God. The men and istry to the needs of a crucial time. women come to America for a better opportunity to live and they should here Big Jobs for Little Churches. By John find true ideals, true kindness, true god- F. Cowan, D.D. 12mo. 160 pp. 25 liness. cents net. Revell, 1917.

Conditions of Labor in American Indus- T HE country church' has problems tries. By W. Jett Lauck and Edgar and possibilities all its own. Dr. Syden Stricker. 8vo. 403 pp. $1.75 Cowan sees these and gives advice from net. Funk & Wagnalls Co., New York a wide experience. He is a bright and forceful writer and ministers of country Rand London, 1917. churches will find inspiration, ideas and ESULTS of recent investigations practical working plans here. Among are here collected and separated the subjects discussed in relation to the under various heads-Labor forces, Church are the school, the farm, librawages, employment, working conditions, ries, automobiles, town improvemeQts, living conditions and health. It is a sports and union movements. There is book of facts for reference. an excellent bibliography.

The Christian Confederacy. By Her- Co-operation in Coopersburg. By Ed- . bert Booth. 12rno. 164 pp. 50 cents mund deS. Brunner. 12mo. 95 pp. 50 net. The Goodsped Press, Chicago, cents. Missionary Education Move- 1917. ment, New York, 1915.

H ERBERT BOOTH is a son of the H ERE is a practical example of what founder of the Salvation Army, can be done in a town where and in recent years has been an inde- Christian forces will get together. pendent evangelist, laboring in the British Isles, Canada, Australia, South Africa and the United States. Bur- Apostles of the Belgian Trenches. By J. dened with a conviction that Christendom is suffering from a widespread Kennedy McLean. Illustrated. Paper. lapse of faith in the doctrines of Chris- Is. Marshall Brothers, Ltd., London, tianity, his book: is a plea for an organ- 1917. ized confederacy of the faithful in all the churches to combat the rising tide of T HIS is the fascinating story of the unbelief. Such a plan demands the or- work. of Mr. and Mrs. Ralph ganizing power of a J ohn Wesley or a Norton for the Belgian soldiers. It is a William Booth. practical, spiritual work: which has al- ready resulted in the distribution of The Churches of Christ in Time of War. thousands of Scriptures, in the giving of Edited by Charles S. MacFarland. A 31,500 Christmas boxes to homeless men Hand-book for the Churches. Pub- and in the conversion of hundreds of lished for the Federal Council of Belgian soldiers. The work is supported by voluntary contributions.